Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pii-pile-chunk3-850000-900000

like 0

[ "Growers watch fields for resistant weeds\n\nBob Scott and Chris Tingle | Feb 14, 2003\n\nApproximately 75 percent of the soybeans grown in Arkansas are Roundup Ready. ", "This is around 2.5 million acres. ", "The percentages of acres that are Roundup Ready in other states, have not risen to quite this level.", "\n\nThe reason for the large number of acres in Arkansas is the genuine need for the technology. ", "Palmer amaranth and common cocklebur long ago developed resistance to herbicides such as Scepter and Classic in the state. ", "Arkansas also has documented populations of Prowl/Treflan-resistant pigweeds and goosegrass.", "\n\nCouple that with a long growing season, plenty of rain or irrigation, crop rotational issues and a large soil bank of weed seeds and you have a perfect fit for using Roundup Ready soybeans and glyphosate.", "\n\nHowever, considering the history of herbicide resistance, it seems only a matter of time until the Roundup technology meets a fate similar to herbicides that have come (and gone) before.", "\n\nHerbicide resistance builds up over time when the same herbicide is used again and again to control weeds. ", "It works a lot like natural selection. ", "You kill all the susceptible weeds and somewhere out there in the field a lone plant survives. ", "This plant has a unique enzyme system or some other trait that allows it to withstand the herbicide application.", "\n\nIt goes to seed. ", "Some of its progeny have the same trait. ", "When the same herbicide with the same mode of action is used again, it is not effective on these plants. ", "With continued use of this product, the resistant population continues to build and eventually takes over the field. ", "At this point the herbicide that used to work so well is no good, at least on that weed.", "\n\nWith other modes of action this process has taken as little as seven years. ", "So the question keeps coming up at grower meetings this spring — “When will we get resistance to Roundup?” ", "You might already have it.", "\n\nSeveral species of weeds have already been documented with glyphosate resistance. ", "In Australia, some ryegrass has been found to be resistant to glyphosate and several other herbicide families and Roundup-resistant goosegrass has been documented in the Northeastern United States.", "\n\nProbably the most famous weed in the Delta right now is glyphosate-resistant marestail or horseweed. ", "In Tennessee where no-till cotton is grown, resistant horseweed populations have grown significantly over the last three or four years.", "\n\nA few suspicious fields have been tested and observed in Arkansas, but there have been no documented cases yet.", "\n\nThe 2.5 million acres of Arkansas Roundup Ready soybeans get treated one or two times with glyphosate in crop. ", "Some possibly get a burndown application of glyphosate followed by two in-crop glyphosate treatments. ", "In addition, we have conventional burndown acres, Roundup Ready cotton, and Roundup Ready corn which all receive at least one application of glyphosate.", "\n\nIt would be safe to say that over 4 million acres are treated with glyphosate annually in Arkansas. ", "To say the least, this is a tremendous amount of selection pressure. ", "In the past, it was believed that due to the complex enzyme system that glyphosate interacts with, the buildup of resistance would be unlikely. ", "However, the recent development of resistant weeds in the field and subsequent lab studies show that resistance can happen.", "\n\nAlso, there are theories that “weed shifts” and not resistance will be the first real challenge for the soybean technology. ", "This is similar to the shift in perennial weeds that is observed when fields go from conventional tillage to no-till. ", "The bottom line is that no matter how resistance develops, once you have it you need new technology.", "\n\nThe most disturbing thing for soybean weed control is that companies are not looking very hard for new soybean herbicides right now. ", "If widespread resistance were to happen today, we would have to rely on old chemistry coming back into play.", "\n\nWhat can you do to prevent resistant weeds from building up on your farm? ", "The most obvious thing is rotate chemistry. ", "In other words, do not use glyphosate for a season or at least for one of your applications. ", "I suggest using paraquat (Gramoxone) as a burndown in place of Roundup, for example.", "\n\nHowever, you have to make sure that the herbicide that you switch to is not the same mode of action. ", "For example, switching from Roundup to Touchdown would not be changing your mode of action. ", "You would still be putting the same selection pressure on your farm.", "\n\nAnother option is going back to conventional soybeans. ", "Although the yield gap is now almost gone, there are still some very high-yielding conventional soybean varieties out there and the cost of many conventional herbicides has gone down.", "\n\nMany conventional herbicides are still not as economical as glyphosate, but compared to what you used to pay, they are cheaper.", "\n\nMany herbicide resistance strategies involve simply tank-mixing glyphosate with another herbicide. ", "This is fine for the management of a specific weed problem. ", "However, in the grand scheme of things, you are still applying the same selection pressure on your farm again and again. ", "So tank-mixing is better than nothing, but still promotes resistance.", "\n\nRoundup Ready soybeans and Roundup herbicide offer the most economical and broad-spectrum weed control ever available for soybean farmers. ", "In all probability, we will continue to use this technology as much as possible until resistance does develop.", "\n\nIt is unlikely that widespread rotation of chemistry and crops will be utilized to prevent the buildup of resistant weeds. ", "In the words of several growers, “It is just too good and too cheap not to use.”", "\n\nOne thing we can do is to watch our fields very closely and report any suspicious weeds that survive one or more applications of glyphosate. ", "Prior to any re-treatment, these weeds should be sampled and studied. ", "If you suspect that a weed or weed population has survived a glyphosate application that in the past has controlled that weed, please contact your county agent.", "\n\nBob Scott is the University of Arkansas Extension weed specialist. [", "email protected]. ", "Chris Tingle is the University of Arkansas Extension soybean agronomist." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.012269938650306749, 0, 0, 0, 0.008130081300813009, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0.005319148936170213, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009345794392523364, 0, 0, 0.005076142131979695, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0, 0.010869565217391304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0070921985815602835, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02857142857142857, 0, 0.027777777777777776 ]

[ "/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n * Copyright (c) Red Hat. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n * Licensed under the MIT License. ", "See License.txt in the project root for license information.", "\n *--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/\nimport { equals } from '../src/languageservice/utils/objects';\nimport * as assert from 'assert';\n\nsuite('Object Equals Tests', () => {\n describe('Equals', function () {\n it('Both are null', () => {\n const one = null;\n const other = null;\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, true);\n });\n\n it('One is null the other is true', () => {\n const one = null;\n const other = true;\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('One is string the other is boolean', () => {\n const one = 'test';\n const other = false;\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('One is not object', () => {\n const one = 'test';\n const other = false;\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('One is array the other is not', () => {\n const one = new Proxy([], {});\n const other = Object.keys({\n 1: '2',\n 2: '3',\n });\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('Both are arrays of different length', () => {\n const one = [1, 2, 3];\n const other = [1, 2, 3, 4];\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('Both are arrays of same elements but in different order', () => {\n const one = [1, 2, 3];\n const other = [3, 2, 1];\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('Arrays that are equal', () => {\n const one = [1, 2, 3];\n const other = [1, 2, 3];\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, true);\n });\n\n it('Objects that are equal', () => {\n const one = {\n test: 1,\n };\n const other = {\n test: 1,\n };\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, true);\n });\n\n it('Objects that have same keys but different values', () => {\n const one = {\n test: 1,\n };\n const other = {\n test: 5,\n };\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n\n it('Objects that have different keys', () => {\n const one = {\n test_one: 1,\n };\n const other = {\n test_other: 1,\n };\n\n const result = equals(one, other);\n assert.equal(result, false);\n });\n });\n});\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.008130081300813009, 0, 0.02702702702702703, 0.016666666666666666, 0.00039108330074305825 ]

[ "I remember Jesus telling us “…..If you give so much as a glass of water to these little ones…….(for you to do so, it shall be noted in Heaven. ", "Gandalf)….but low unto you if you should ever bring harm to any of them…(for this too shall be noted in heaven and it shall not pass. ", "Gandalf)\nFather in Heaven please give me strenght for my heart is breaking. ", "Gaza the road to hell. ", "http://cid-bd838dd923c11aa0.skydrive.live.com/self.aspx/GAZA%20THE%20ROAD%20TO%20HELL/010609%20TUE.mp3 produced by : Gandalf’s Staff, with contributions from Heresy and France 24.", "\n\n4 Responses to WHOLESALE MURDER IN GAZA\n\n“In violation of international law, Israel has confiscated over 52 percent of the land in the West Bank and 30 percent of the Gaza Strip for military use or for settlement by Jewish civilians…From 1967 to 1982, Israel’s military government demolished 1,338 Palestinian homes on the West Bank. ", "Over this period, more than 300,000 Palestinians were detained without trial for various periods by Israeli security forces. “", "Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation,” ed. ", "Lockman and Beinin.", "“Under the UN Charter there can lawfully be no territorial gains from war, even by a state acting in self-defense. ", "The response of other states to Israel’s occupation shows a virtually unanimous opinion that even if Israel’s action was defensive, its retention of the West Bank and Gaza Strip was not…The [UN] General Assembly characterized Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza as a denial of self determination and hence a ‘serious and increasing threat to international peace and security.’ “ ", "John Quigley, “Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice.”", "\n\nAll Jewish settlements in territories occupied in the 1967 war are a direct violation of the Geneva Conventions, which Israel has signed.", "“The Geneva Convention requires an occupying power to change the existing order as little as possible during its tenure. ", "One aspect of this obligation is that it must leave the territory to the people it finds there. ", "It may not bring its own people to populate the territory. ", "This prohibition is found in the convention’s Article 49, which states, ‘The occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.’” ", "John Quigley, “Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice.", "”Excerpts from the U.S. State Department’s reports during the Intifada1988: ‘Many avoidable deaths and injuries’ were caused because Israeli soldiers frequently used gunfire in situations that did not present mortal danger to troops…IDF troops used clubs to break limbs and beat Palestinians who were not directly involved in disturbances or resisting arrest..At least thirteen Palestinians have been reported to have died from beatings…’1989: Human rights groups charged that the plainclothes security personnel acted as death squads who killed Palestinian activists without warning, after they had surrendered, or after they had been subdued…1991: [The report] added that the human rights groups had published ‘detailed credible reports of torture, abuse and mistreatment of Palestinian detainees in prisons and detention centers.” ", "Former Congressman Paul Findley, “Deliberate Deceptions.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.00558659217877095, 0.002976190476190476, 0, 0.014705882352941176, 0.10526315789473684, 0, 0.002570694087403599, 0.04918032786885246, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.05, 0.002398081534772182, 0.017543859649122806 ]

[ "I spent some time this morning on Morning Joe and then with Carol Costello (fellow NEOer) on CNN Newsroom, working in my theory of the state of the GOP primary now. ", "I’ll join Don Lemon tonight for more on this subject. ", "After last week’s debate and Meet the Press Sunday I feel like my 15 minutes is being revised and extended. ", "But, never miss an opportunity to opine when folks are listening.", "\n\nI was very surprised by Governor Walker’s stepping aside, as he was not only a wonderful and successful governor and a very good man, he also had plenty of Super Pac money. ", "His gracious explanation for his exit — the need to focus the GOP primary electorate– ought to be on the front edge of all candidates’ brains this evening. ", "The country has to elect a GOP president. ", "Has to. ", "Thus sacrifices of personal ambition have to be made. ", "I salute Governors Perry and Walker –who between them have won seven statewide races in key states– for being men as big as the country’s need. ", "They could have battled on with Super Pac dollars and low cost air tickets, but putting the country ahead of ambition is a noble thing and they get credit for doing it.", "\n\nI now see four types of GOP primary voters, and not all of them are conservatives or even Republicans, as Independents and even Democrats can vote in some of the early primaries and the candidates who plan on winning have to take that reality into account as they plan their campaigns.", "\n\nThere are the “True Believers,” to use Eric Hoffer’s term, and they have picked a candidate and are sticking to him come Hell or high water unless and until he drops out or wins. ", "These folks are primarily behind Dr. Carson or Senator Cruz or Governor Huckabee or Senator Santorum or Donald Trump. ", "Though some of these voters have a natural home in another “True Believer” camp if their man drops out, some will scatter to the candidates in other categories. (", "I don’t sense a lot of overlap between Carson and Trump voters, for example.)", "\n\nThe “Buckley Voters” –who tend to support the most conservative candidate they see as plausibly winning (not long shots, but plausible winners) in the fall of next year. ", "Governors Walker and Perry supporters were primarily from this group of voters, and I expect those voters to gravitate to either Carly Fiorina or Senator Rubio, with a few hanging on to the hopes of a Governor Jindal rebound. ", "Some of these voters will think Governors Bush, Christie, and Kasich are “the most conservative candidate who can win,” but for various reasons, I think of those three as more squarely in the third category, and voters in this second category as less likely to support these three than the other two I mentioned, but more likely to move to them than to a “True Believer” candidate if both of these candidates fade.", "\n\nThat third category is “center-right governing conservatives,” Republican primary voters who want to get legislation passed by assembling coalitions in D.C. that include some Democrats. ", "The rhetoric here is also more inclusive more of the time than the others, and less combative most of the time, though the lines are blurry. ", "What isn’t blurry is that these three are aiming primarily at New Hampshire primary voters where Independents can vote in the GOP primary. (", "It is the case in South Carolina that anyone can vote in either primary as they declare when they walk into the booth which party primary they wish to participate in, and it is certainly the case in many other early states that non-Republicans can vote in the GOP primaries. ", "Playing for Independents in the Granite State and eslewhere is a key part of each of these three campaigns.)", "\n\nThe fourth group of voters are what I call “Uniques.” ", "They are in it to support a candidate for a unique reason or because of unique appeal. ", "Senator Paul draws heavily on the Uniques, as does Lindsey Graham, though their voters are completely separate camps. ", "Senator Paul’s are from the libertarian wing, and Senator Graham’s are from the “defense first” part of the party combined with folks who want him to upset the apple cart in his home state of South Carolina in order to send the race towards an open convention." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.024242424242424242, 0.018518518518518517, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.011428571428571429, 0.00641025641025641, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0.005952380952380952, 0.003484320557491289, 0.011049723756906077, 0.03389830508474576, 0, 0.012987012987012988, 0, 0.01327433628318584, 0.004830917874396135, 0, 0, 0.007142857142857143, 0.0036363636363636364, 0, 0, 0, 0.025423728813559324, 0.007692307692307693 ]

[ "Q:\n\nOpenSSL x509 Certificate: Add Extension with X509_add1_ext_i2d()\n\nContext:\nI'm generating an x509 Certificate using APIs in OpenSSL. ", "I first create the X509 structure like this:\nX509 *x509 = X509_new(); // Assume no errors\n\nWhat I'm trying to do:\nNow I want to add an extension to this Certificate. ", "Specifically, I want to set the \"Extended Key Usage\" extension to the value serverAuth,clientAuth. ", "To do this, I am attempting to use the OpenSSL function x509_add1_ext_i2d(), which has the following signature:\nX509_add1_ext_i2d(X509 *x, int nid, void *value, int crit, unsigned long flags)\n\nI'm calling that function passing a C-String for value, which I assume is not correct. ", "Here's the call I'm making:\nX509_add1_ext_i2d(x509, NID_ext_key_usage, \"serverAuth,clientAuth\", 0, 0)\n\nWhat's Happening:\nI'm getting an EXC_BAD_ACCESS (code=EXC_i386_GPFLT) exception when that line of code runs. ", "I'm assuming that's because the value I pass in has to be some sort of special thing (an octet string? ", "Some sort of other OpenSSL value?)", "\n\nWhat I Need:\nWhat do I need to pass for the value parameter in order to correctly set that extension to the string value serverAuth,clientAuth? ", "Or, alternately, why am I getting the listed exception? ", "Note: If I remove this line and attempt to generate a certificate without extensions (with other properties such as Name, expiration date, etc. ", "that I have excluded here for brevity) it works just fine.", "\nI have spent an entire day pouring over OpenSSL's (ridiculously poor) documentation and Googling. ", "Everything I can find discusses how to add extensions to certificates from the command line rather than in code. ", "I cannot track down what the hell this function expects to see in the value parameter.", "\n\nA:\n\nAfter some more rooting around in OpenSSL's source, I stumbled across a function in the makecert.c example that also does this. ", "I've cleaned it up slightly, and here it is. ", "You pass in the NID of the extension you want to set and a simple string value for it. ", "Very handy:\nBOOL addExtension(X509 *cert, int nid, char *value)\n{\n X509_EXTENSION *ex = NULL;\n X509V3_CTX ctx;\n\n // This sets the 'context' of the extensions. ", "No configuration database\n X509V3_set_ctx_nodb(&ctx);\n\n // Issuer and subject certs: both the target since it is self signed, no request and no CRL\n X509V3_set_ctx(&ctx, cert, cert, NULL, NULL, 0);\n ex = X509V3_EXT_conf_nid(NULL, &ctx, nid, value);\n if (!", "ex) {\n return NO;\n }\n\n int result = X509_add_ext(cert, ex, -1);\n\n X509_EXTENSION_free(ex);\n\n return (result == 0) ? ", "YES : NO;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0072992700729927005, 0, 0, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0, 0.011904761904761904, 0.011111111111111112, 0.014814814814814815, 0 ]

[ "With Da Vinci's Demons returning on March 22nd, IGN has your first look at the new characters fans can expect to meet in Season 2.", "\n\nLoading\n\nIma (Carolina Guerra)\n\nCarolina Guerra as Ima in Da Vinci's Demons.", "\n\nKing Ferrante (Matthew Marsh)\n\nMatthew Marsh as King Ferrante in Da Vinci's Demons.", "\n\nDuke Alfonso (Kieran Bew)\n\nKieran Bew as Duke Alfonso in Da Vinci's Demons.", "\n\nAmerigo Vespucci (Lee Boardman)\n\nLee Boardman as Amerigo Vespucci with Tom Riley and Greg Chillin in Da Vinci's Demons.", "\n\nLeonardo da Vinci (Tom Riley) will be traveling to far off lands this season, as he searches for the fabled Book of Leaves and his mother's secret history, bringing him into contact with several new potential allies and enemies. ", "You can learn much more in this exclusive behind-the-scenes video, which includes new footage from Season 2, along with interviews with the cast and series creator David S. Goyer.", "In addition, check out these photos and bios for the new Da Vinci's Demons characters.", "The Inca High Priestess is as strikingly beautiful as she is formidable. ", "Ima has an influence over her people that even the emperor, Topa Inca, doesn't possess.", "Feared leader of one of the most powerful nations in Italy, King Ferrante’s known to proudly display the mummified corpses of his enemies. ", "But an unlikely alliance proves to be a far more valuable addition to his collection.", "As son of Ferrante and future king of Naples, Alfonso never loses sight of the power within his grasp. ", "However, his own ambitions could be his biggest downfall if he impudently gets in the way of his overbearing father.", "A purveyor of curios, Amerigo does a lucrative business in securing exotica for the wealthy. ", "His connections prove valuable to da Vinci and his friends, but he’s always looking for a way to profit, sometimes at their expense.", "\n\nLoading\n\nDa Vinci's Demons: Season 2 begins March 22nd on Starz." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.007692307692307693, 0.01282051282051282, 0.023529411764705882, 0.025974025974025976, 0.04132231404958678, 0.008658008658008658, 0.00558659217877095, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.011494252873563218, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0.009708737864077669, 0, 0.010752688172043012, 0.007575757575757576, 0 ]

[ " United States Court of Appeals,\n\n Fifth Circuit.", "\n\n No. ", "92-1744.", "\n\n Richard W. PICKENS, et al., ", "Plaintiffs-Appellants,\n\n v.\n\n LOCKHEED CORPORATION, et al., ", "Defendants-Appellees.", "\n\n May 21, 1993.", "\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.", "\n\nBefore KING, HIGGINBOTHAM and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n PER CURIAM:\n\n This case is the latest and last of a series of cases brought by Richard W. Pickens (\"Pickens\"),\n\nTexas Extrusion Corp. (\"TEC\") or Pickens Industries, Inc. (\"PII\") seeking to set aside part or all of\n\nthe provisions of a joint plan of reorganization applicable to Pickens, TEC and PII which was\n\nconfirmed by the Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas in 1984 and affirmed by this\n\nCourt in Texas Extrusion Corp. v. Lockheed Corp., 844 F.2d 1142 (5th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 488 U.S.\n\n926, 109 S.Ct. ", "311, 102 L.Ed.2d 330 (1988). ", "The district court denied relief here on the basis, inter\n\nalia, that all the claims in the lawsuit were barred by the doctrine of res judicata and on the basis that\n\nthe lawsuit was not brought within six months of the entry of the order approving the joint plan of\n\nreorganization as required by 11 U.S.C. § 1144. ", "The district court was indisputably correct in\n\ndismissing this case. ", "All the claims asserted by Pickens, TEC and PII either could have been brought\n\nin the many previous proceedings or they were brought and ultimately rejected.", "\n\n Although we would be just ified in assessing sanctions against Pickens, TEC and PII as\n\nLockheed has requested, we have elected not to do so. ", "Our decision, however, is without prejudice\n\nto Lockheed's right to re-urge the imposition of sanctions should Pickens, TEC or PII attempt to act\n\nin contravention of the order and judgment rendered herein.", "\n\n We expressly forbid Pickens, TEC and PII, and each of them, from taking any action or filing\n\nany pleadings concerning any matter or issue of any nature arising from or connected with the\n\flitigation or causes of action heretofore asserted or existing between Pickens, TEC or PII, on the one\n\nhand, and Lockheed Corporation or any of its affiliates, on the other hand. ", "Without first obtaining\n\nthe express approval of a judge of this Court, neither the Clerk of this Court, nor the clerk of any\n\ndistrict court or bankruptcy court within the Fifth Circuit shall accept for filing any pleading or other\n\ndocument proffered by or on behalf of Pickens, TEC or PII as to any such matter or issue, including,\n\nwithout limitation, motions for rehearing or rehearing en banc in connection herewith, which we\n\nexpressly forbid them to file.", "\n\n The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED and the mandate shall issue forthwith.", "\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.015625, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.015503875968992248, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0.01818181818181818, 0.01593625498007968, 0, 0, 0, 0.0031645569620253164, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.019736842105263157, 0.014563106796116505, 0.0158311345646438, 0.01079913606911447, 0, 0 ]

[ "The interaction of MHC products and corresponding MHC-recognition structures expressed by thymocytes is probably a major factor in the proliferation, differentiation and selection of MHC-restricted T cells within the thymus. ", "In situ evidence suggests this is the case, since the MHC-restricted antigen receptors patch to areas of contact with Ia+ epithelial cells in the thymic cortex. ", "Definition of the interaction between MHC products and thymocyte recognition structures is crucial to the understanding of T cell differentiation within the thymus. ", "This proposal addresses this interaction in situ and in vitro, comparing young and aged thymuses, where in the later, epithelial Ia expression is reduced and thymus function has declined. ", "In situ immunoelectron microscopic studies will focus on four aspects on the interaction between MHC products and thymocytes: 1) expression of Ia by epithelium and hematogenous cells; 2) expression of recognition molecules by thymocytes, i.e., antigen receptors and L3T4 molecules; 3) simultaneous distribution of these molecules at sites of cell contact; and 4) the consequence of aging on their expression and interaction. ", "The second part of the proposal will examine cultured thymic epithelial cells and their interactions with thymocytes in vitro. ", "After defining epithelial heterogeneity in vitro as it is known to exist in vivo. ", "The following topics will be addressed: 1) expression of epithelial Ia in response to soluble immune factors and non-immune agents; 2) the ability of epithelial cells to interact with thymocytes via MHC recognition structures and the effect of this interaction on epithelial Ia expression, and 3) the comparison of epithelial cells from adolescent and senescent thymuses to respond to Ia-inducing agents and to interact with thymocytes. ", "The in situ and in vitro studies will complement each other, where each approach provides unique information and confirms hypotheses based on evidence derived from the other. ", "Identifying the interaction(s) between thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells with involve MHC molecules will advance our knowledge of the thymic role in cell differentiation and may provide important insight into the process of thymus involution and senescence of T cell function observed in aged laboratory animals and man." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter" }

[ 0.013333333333333334, 0.006211180124223602, 0.006060606060606061, 0, 0.002352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.002288329519450801, 0, 0.003076923076923077 ]

[ "Use your head like Sadio and subscribe to the Liverpool FC newsletter Sign me up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nJamie Carragher has controversially claimed Manchester United have a stronger squad than Liverpool - and believes Jurgen Klopp made a mistake in letting Nathaniel Clyne join Bournemouth on loan for the remainder of the season.", "\n\nThe Reds stuttered into a second Premier League draw in a row after being held by West Ham United at the London Stadium on Monday night, a result which opens the door for Manchester City to move top of the table on Wednesday against Everton.", "\n\nKlopp 's side will hold a game a hand on their title-rivals as a result, facing Manchester United when City take on Chelsea in the League Cup Final later this month.", "\n\nLiverpool 's latest stalemate could prove to be a significant twist in the race for the title, with the Reds needing to find a response after dropping seven points in their last five matches - more than they had dropped in the opening 20 league matches of the season.", "\n\nCarragher has admitted he is concerned by the decline of his former side, identifying the struggles of James Milner and Keita as evidence of United's superior squad depth, but it was one transfer decision that started his assessment of the draw on Monday evening.", "\n\n“I said yesterday Manchester United have a better squad than Liverpool. ", "People may have thought it was a strange thing to say but I think we’re seeing little signs of it,” he said on Sky Sports’ Monday Night Football.", "\n\n“On the right back situation, Klopp’s made a mistake letting Clyne go. ", "I know there were a couple of injuries but you don’t need to let him go — keep him there.", "\n\n(Image: (Photo by Matthew Peters/Man Utd via Getty Images))\n\n“At the moment James Milner has played there twice now and watching him you can’t quite believe he played left back so well for so long. ", "He looks like someone completely out of position.", "\n\n“Keita, who he paid big money for looked quiet and keeps losing the ball. ", "Firmino doesn’t look himself. ", "Salah we didn’t see anything from tonight.", "\n\n“I think that’s a worry going forward, not in terms of this pressure in the lead, more that when there’s a few injuries in different positions it doesn’t look like that solid Liverpool side we’ve seen for the last few weeks.”", "\n\nVideo Loading Video Unavailable Click to play Tap to play The video will start in 8 Cancel Play now\n\nHowever, he urged his former side not to give up as he made it clear the title race is far from over.", "\n\n“I think there were was a lot of frustration out there tonight. ", "I think there were a lot of poor performances. ", "I couldn’t believe how bad Liverpool were tonight, but I also think there needs to be a bit of perspective that Liverpool are still top of the league.", "\n\n“If Liverpool go one or two points behind City and Tottenham, they’re still in the race for the league.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.017326732673267328, 0.012345679012345678, 0.011976047904191617, 0.0037174721189591076, 0.01509433962264151, 0, 0.006896551724137931, 0.0273972602739726, 0, 0.01, 0, 0, 0, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943 ]

[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nThe collective term auxin refers to a class of compounds sharing similar physiological functions in plants. ", "Auxins are well characterized as growth promoting phytohormones, occurring at low concentrations across plant species. ", "They are known to be essential for the regulation of a wealth of different processes, such as cell elongation, initiation of lateral and adventitious root growth, flower and fruit development, and fruit ripening \\[[@B1-plants-03-00324],[@B2-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Albeit indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is considered the major auxin in plants, a number of additional naturally occurring compounds that exert auxin effects have been reported to date (e.g., 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid \\[[@B3-plants-03-00324]\\], and phenyl-2-acetic acid (PAA) \\[[@B4-plants-03-00324],[@B5-plants-03-00324]\\]). ", "Moreover, a variety of IAA precursors such as indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-acetonitrile, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) \\[[@B1-plants-03-00324],[@B6-plants-03-00324]\\], and indole-3-butyric acid \\[[@B7-plants-03-00324],[@B8-plants-03-00324]\\] exhibit auxin-like effects, most likely due to their conversion to IAA.", "\n\nAlthough much is known about the physiological functions and effects of auxins, the biosynthesis of substances of this compound class still remains partially elusive ([Figure 1](#plants-03-00324-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nThe main portion of free IAA in plants is seemingly produced via a two-step pathway involving tryptophan aminotransferases (TAA1 and TARs) and flavin-containing monooxygenases of the YUCCA family (YUC1-11) \\[[@B9-plants-03-00324],[@B10-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "However, there is additional evidence that the biosynthesis of IAA, at least to a certain extent, may also proceed via a number of other metabolic routes, which are classified in terms of their intermediates. ", "These routes are thought to act either in parallel or in a developmentally regulated manner \\[[@B11-plants-03-00324],[@B12-plants-03-00324],[@B13-plants-03-00324],[@B14-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "One of these biosynthetic pathways is supposed to lead from L-tryptophan via IAM to IAA and appears to be one of the two major pathways commonly used in bacteria to produce IAA \\[[@B15-plants-03-00324],[@B16-plants-03-00324],[@B17-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Previous work provided growing evidence for the existence of a comparable IAM-pathway to be operative *in planta* as well, suggested by the following observations: (i) in a number of independent studies IAM has been identified as a natural constituent of several plant species including *Citrus unshiu* \\[[@B18-plants-03-00324]\\], *Prunus jamasakura* \\[[@B19-plants-03-00324]\\], *Curcubita maxima* \\[[@B20-plants-03-00324]\\], as well as in *Arabidopsis thaliana*, *Oryza sativa*, *Zea mays*, and *Nicotiana tabacum* \\[[@B21-plants-03-00324],[@B22-plants-03-00324]\\]; (ii) IAM hydrolyzing activities have been reported from *Triticum* *aestivum* and *Pisum sativum* (whole plant extracts) \\[[@B6-plants-03-00324]\\], *O.* *sativa* (callus extracts) \\[[@B23-plants-03-00324],[@B24-plants-03-00324]\\], as well as from *Poncirus trifoliate* (fruit extracts) \\[[@B25-plants-03-00324]\\]; and (iii) amidases from *A.thaliana* and *N.tabacum* capable of converting IAM to IAA*in vitro* have been identified \\[[@B26-plants-03-00324],[@B27-plants-03-00324]\\].", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f001}\n\nLike the bacterial IAM-hydrolases from *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* \\[[@B28-plants-03-00324]\\] and *Pseudomonas syringae* \\[[@B29-plants-03-00324]\\], *At*AMI1 is a member of the amidase-signature superfamily, characterized by a glycine and serine rich stretch of approximately 50 amino acids, which contains most of the catalytically relevant amino acid residues \\[[@B30-plants-03-00324]\\]. *", "At*AMI1 is located in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, acts as an obligate monomer of approximately 46 kDa, and is mainly expressed in tissues with high meristematic activity, for instance young leaves and floral buds \\[[@B31-plants-03-00324],[@B32-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Moreover, *At*AMI1 specifically converts IAM to IAA*in vitro*, while refusing most other naturally occurring amides as substrates. ", "On this basis, a tentative involvement of *At*AMI1 in auxin biosynthesis in *A. thaliana* has been suggested.", "\n\nDue to these lines of evidence, implying a possibly broader importance of IAA biosynthesis through the IAM-pathway in plants, it appeared intriguing to us to investigate whether IAM-amidohydrolases are restricted to only very few plant families or if this enzyme class shows a broader distribution in the plant kingdom. ", "The identification and functional analysis of comparable AMI1-like enzymes from various plant species would likewise highlight a broader presence of the IAM-dependent IAA production and point towards a general concept in auxin biosynthesis.", "\n\nThoroughly analyzing the wealth of emerging genome data from plants, we were able to identify a reasonably high number of AMI1-like proteins. ", "Phylogenetic comparison revealed substantial sequence homology between those proteins and *Arabidopsis* AMI1. ", "To gain further insight into the function of these enzymes, we chose four amidases from *O.sativa*, *Sorghum bicolor*, *Medicago truncatula*, and *Populus trichocarpa* in this study and compared them to *At*AMI1 \\[[@B26-plants-03-00324],[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "With respect to enzymatic properties and subcellular localization, we observed considerable similarity between the four candidate enzymes and *At*AMI1, although the selected amidases displayed lower specific activities towards IAM when compared to the properties of *At*AMI1. ", "Furthermore, we were capable of demonstrating that all examined amidases are additionally able to convert phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM) to the naturally occurring auxin, PAA. ", "We also show that PAA is endogenous to *Arabidopsis*, and that it exerts an auxin-like effect in *Arabidopsis* root growth bioassays.", "\n\n2. ", "Results and Discussion\n=========================\n\n2.1. ", "Identification of AMI1-like Proteins in Plant Genomes\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nHomologs of the *Arabidopsis* *YUC* gene family have been identified and characterized from several plant species including petunia, rice, tomato, maize, and pea \\[[@B33-plants-03-00324],[@B34-plants-03-00324],[@B35-plants-03-00324],[@B36-plants-03-00324],[@B37-plants-03-00324]\\], suggesting a widespread occurrence of the YUC-dependent IAA biosynthetic pathway in the plant kingdom. ", "In contrast, CYP79B2/B3 and NIT1-3 enzymes seem to be restricted to the *Brassicaceae* \\[[@B22-plants-03-00324],[@B38-plants-03-00324],[@B39-plants-03-00324]\\], which contradicts a general importance of these enzymes in auxin biosynthesis. ", "To investigate the distribution of AMI1-like proteins in the plant kingdom, the *Arabidopsis* IAM-hydrolase (*At*AMI1, At1g08980) nucleic acid sequence, as well as the translated primary amino acid sequence, were used to query publicly available databases (e.g., Phytozome, Plant Gene Duplication Database) for candidate IAM-hydrolase orthologs. ", "The *in silico* analyses provided indication for 47 *At*AMI1-like proteins from 38 plant species ([Figure 2](#plants-03-00324-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIt is noteworthy to mention that, at least to the best of our current knowledge, all plant genomes published thus far contain one or more *At*AMI1-like sequences, which may suggest an important function of this enzyme class in plant development, as the gene is conserved across a large number of plant species. ", "The notion of a wider distribution of AMI1-like proteins in higher plants is further strengthened by the previously mentioned identification of IAM and detection of IAM-hydrolase activities in various other plant species, respectively. ", "In the first place, however, the obtained results indicate a broader distribution of *At*AMI1-like proteins in the plant kingdom.", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f002}\n\n2.2. ", "Subcellular Localization of Selected Plant Amidases\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe high degree of sequence homology between the *At*AMI1-like proteins compared in [Figure 2](#plants-03-00324-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"} made it tempting to speculate that the identified enzymes also share similar functions. ", "In order to gain deeper insight into their functional properties, we selected four candidate amidases both from monocot and dicot species, namely *O.sativa* *Os*AMI1 (Os04g02780), *S.bicolor* *Sb*AMI1 (Sb02g039510), *M.truncatula* *Mt*AMI1 (Mt1g099370), and *P. trichocarpa* *Pt*AMI1 (Pt13g02200), for further investigation. ", "On a protein level, the selected candidates show an overall amino acid identity of 57% (*Os*AMI1), 58% (*Sb*AMI1), 66% (*Mt*AMI1), and 68% (*Pt*AMI1), respectively, relative to *At*AMI1. ", "As shown in [Appendix Figure A1](#ap1-plants-03-00324){ref-type=\"app\"}, in particular the region of the amidase signature, containing most of the catalytically relevant amino acid residues \\[[@B30-plants-03-00324]\\], shows a high degree of amino acid identity. ", "Consequently, there is reason to suspect that they share similar function.", "\n\nIn a first set of experiments, the subcellular localization of chimeric GFP fusion proteins was investigated in transient assays. ", "In each experiment, 5 μg of plasmid DNA, facilitating the *35S*-promoter driven expression of the corresponding fusion construct, were transferred into leaf epidermal cells of *A. thaliana* by particle bombardment. ", "Like the AMI1 enzyme from *A.thaliana*, the amidases from *O.sativa*, *S.bicolor*, *M.truncatula*, and *P.trichocarpa*, appear located to the cytoplasm of epidermal cells when transiently expressed as GFP fusion constructs. ", "Moreover, the microscopic assessment of the intracellular protein localization shown in [Figure 3](#plants-03-00324-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"} provided further evidence for a diffusion of all studied amidase-constructs into the nucleus and an accumulation in the nuclear pocket, thus, delivering results similar to those obtained for the*Arabidopsis* AMI1:GFP fusion construct that has been shown to be able to diffuse through nuclear pores. ", "However, as previously shown, the nuclear localization of *At*AMI1 is most likely not by reason of a specific nuclear import, but rather due to the compact conical shape of the protein \\[[@B30-plants-03-00324],[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\].", "\n\nThe obtained results are consistent with predictions of the TargetP \\[[@B40-plants-03-00324]\\] and PredictNLS server \\[[@B41-plants-03-00324]\\], detecting neither nuclear localization signals or signals for the secretory pathway nor mitochondrial and plastidial import signals in the primary amino acid sequence of the analyzed enzymes. ", "In any case, the similar cellular localization pattern of the tested amidases adds an additional cue highlighting a possibly comparable function of the polypeptides.", "\n\n![", "Localization of amidase GFP fusion proteins in epidermal cells of *Arabidopsis thaliana*. ", "The images show typical results of confocal laser scanning microscopic studies, using differential emission light filter sets. ", "The upper row provides transmission images, followed by the GFP channel (GFP-fluorescence), showing the fluorescence of the GFP-fluorophore between 500 and 530 nm. ", "Next, the chlorophyll-autofluorescence is shown in a separate channel (650 to 798 nm). ", "In the bottom row, an overlay of the fluorescence channels is depicted. (**", "A**) Transformation with an empty GFP-vector (pSP-EGFP), cytoplasmic control; (**B**) Transformation with an *AMI1*:*GFP* construct from *A.thaliana* \\[[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\] (positive control); (**C**) Transformation of an epidermis cell with the *Os*AMI1:GFP construct; (**D**) Transformation with the chimeric GFP:*Mt*AMI construct; (**E**) Transformation with the *Pt*AMI:GFP vector; (**F**) Transformation of the *Sb*AMI1:GFP construct. ", "Scale bars for each set of pictures are included in the figure.](plants-03-00324-g003){#plants-03-00324-f003}\n\n2.3. ", "Functional Analysis of the Selected Plant Amidases\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo assess whether the proteins possess IAM-amidohydrolase activity*in vitro*, the respective cDNAs from *O.sativa*, *S.bicolor*, *M.truncatula*, and *P.trichocarpa* were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pTrcHis2 (Invitrogen) for in-frame expression with a c-myc/hexahistidine double tag in *Escherichia coli*, strain BL21-AI (Invitrogen). ", "Recombinant proteins were isolated from bacterial lysates by Ni^2+^-nitrilotriacetate affinity chromatography. ", "As displayed in [Figure 4](#plants-03-00324-f004){ref-type=\"fig\"}, due to general difficulties in expressing amidases in bacteria, the amount as well as the homogeneity of the purified protein fractions varied considerably. ", "For this reason, the measured enzymatic activities have to be taken with some caution.", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f004}\n\nIn order to compare the biochemical properties of the recombinant amidases to those of *At*AMI1 in terms of specific activity and substrate selectivity, equal amounts of total protein (5 μg each) from desalted elution fractions were utilized. ", "In this series of experiments, substrate concentrations of 10 mM were used. ", "The data for the substrate specificity are shown on a relative scale normalized to the activity towards IAM (100%) ([Figure 5](#plants-03-00324-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nGenerally, the substrate preferences of the amidases from *O.sativa*, *S.bicolor*, *M.truncatula*, and *P.trichocarpa* were similar, but not identical, to those of *At*AMI1. ", "Under the used conditions, the best substrate found was phenyl-2-acetamide (PAM), a compound that is endogenous to *Phaseolus mungo* \\[[@B42-plants-03-00324],[@B43-plants-03-00324]\\], while an occurrence in *A. thaliana* has not yet been described. *", "In planta*, PAM might arise from turnover or breakdown of glucotropaeolin, a L-phenylalanine derived benzylglucosinolate \\[[@B44-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The product of the amidase catalyzed PAM conversion, phenyl-2-acetic acid (PAA), has been shown to occur in a number of different plant species, including *P.mungo* \\[[@B45-plants-03-00324]\\], *Solanumlycopersicum*, *N.tabacum*, and *Z.mays* \\[[@B4-plants-03-00324]\\], as well as *Tropaeolum majus* \\[[@B5-plants-03-00324]\\], but to our knowledge, occurrence of PAA in *A.thaliana* has not yet been reported.", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f005}\n\nTo further explore the enzymatic parameters of the enzymes, pH, as well as temperature optima, were estimated. ", "These data are given, together with the specific activities, in [Table 1](#plants-03-00324-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "All enzymes displayed highest conversion rates at a pH between 6 and 7.5, characteristic for cytosolic proteins, confirming the previously described intracellular localization of the proteins. ", "Relative to the other compared polypeptides, *Os*AMI1 exhibited a slightly lower temperature optimum, at 27 °C, which might be explained by differences in the plants' habitat. ", "Whereas *A.thaliana*, *S.bicolor*, *P.trichocarpa* and *M.truncatula* grow on dry land, *O.sativa*, as a helophyte, has a high tolerance towards flooding. ", "For the latter, evaporation of water from the paddy fields, accounting for a slightly cooler microclimate \\[[@B46-plants-03-00324]\\], might be the reason for an evolutionary adjustment of the enzymatic parameters to higher activities at lower temperatures. ", "However, when trying to determine the *K*~m~ values for IAM, it was found that none of the enzymes followed a classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics but rather followed a sigmoidal curve progression, which resemble the results obtained for *At*AMI1 \\[[@B26-plants-03-00324]\\], and might indicate an allosteric mode of action. ", "Due to solubility constraints of the substrates and inhibitory effects of the organic solvent (either methanol or ethanol), substrate concentrations of more than 25 mM could not be assessed. ", "At this concentration no saturation of the enzymatic reaction could be observed, thus, preventing the calculation of apparent *K*~m~ values (data not shown). ", "In most instances, the analyzed amidases displayed quite similar characteristics to *At*AMI1, showing comparable pH and temperature optima, although some distinct features were found as well. ", "Most strikingly, the amidases from both *O.sativa* (*Os*AMI1) and *P.trichocarpa* (*Pt*AMI1) showed an approximately ten-fold decrease in specific activity towards IAM, whereas the amidase of *M.truncatula* (*Mt*AMI1) displayed a 100-fold decrease in specific activity for the same substrate*in vitro*. ", "Nevertheless, the examined polypeptides showed clear amidase activity, converting preferentially PAM and IAM relative to other tested amides. ", "In assays with empty vector controls and heat-denatured protein fractions, respectively, no considerable substrate conversion was detected. ", "The highest background activity for the non-enzymatic conversion of the amide substrates to the corresponding free acids was detected for formamide and benzamide, with 0.14% and 0.11% of the enzymatic IAM conversion, respectively. ", "A summarized overview of the enzymatic parameters is given in [Table 1](#plants-03-00324-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nplants-03-00324-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nComparison of the enzymatic parameters obtained for recombinant amidases from *S.bicolor*, *O.sativa*, *P.trichocarpa*, and *M.truncatula* with those of the *A.thaliana* AMI1 ^a^.\n\n Parameter *At*AMI1 *Sb*AMI1 *Os*AMI1 *Pt*AMI1 *Mt*AMI1\n ----------------------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------\n Amino acid identity to *At*AMI1 \\[%\\] 100 58 57 64 66\n Intracellular localization cytoplasm/nucleoplasm cytoplasm/nucleoplasm cytoplasm/nucleoplasm cytoplasm/nucleoplasm cytoplasm/nucleoplasm\n Specific activity (IAM) \\[pkat mg^−1^\\] 3070 ± 520 2378 ± 324 375 ± 52 329 ± 22 37 ± 3\n Temperature optimum \\[°C\\] 37 45 27 37 35\n pH optimum 7.5 6 7.5 7.5 7.5\n Calculated molecular weight \\[kDa\\] 46 45 50 53 57\n\n^a^ The data shown are means ± SE from at least three independent experiments.", "\n\nIn summary, besides a cytoplasmic/nucleoplasmic localization similar to that of *At*AMI1 ([Figure 3](#plants-03-00324-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}), all of the examined enzymes are indeed functionally related with respect to their enzymatic activity. ", "They all catalyze the conversion of IAM to IAA*in vitro*, albeit with different specific activities ([Table 1](#plants-03-00324-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Nonetheless, our enzymatic studies provided clear evidence to support their recognition as plant PAM/IAM-amidohydrolases. ", "Together with the observation that the *N.tabacum* homolog of *AtAMI1* also encodes for a functional IAM-hydrolase \\[[@B27-plants-03-00324]\\], the presented results highlight a widespread occurrence of IAM-hydrolases throughout the plant kingdom. ", "This is supportive of a conserved and presumably basic role of AMI1-like IAM-hydrolases in plant development and a tentative contribution to auxin biosynthesis in particular.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Occurrence and Auxin Activity of Phenyl-2-acetic Acid in Arabidopsis\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe determination of substrate specificities of the examined amidases revealed a particular preference for the conversion of PAM to PAA. ", "To investigate this aspect in closer detail, we first tried to analyze whether PAA has an impact on the root development of sterilely grown *Arabidopsis* seedlings, as earlier described for *P.sativum* \\[[@B47-plants-03-00324]\\], *Avena sativa* \\[[@B48-plants-03-00324]\\], and *T. majus* \\[[@B5-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "As shown in [Figure 6](#plants-03-00324-f006){ref-type=\"fig\"}, PAA exerts an auxin-typical effect on primary root growth. ", "The required dose to phenocopy the impact of IAA, however, was approximately 50-fold higher. ", "This finding is in agreement with previous work of Koepfli and colleagues \\[[@B47-plants-03-00324]\\], assigning PAA 5% of IAA activity in pea.", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f006}\n\nSecondly, we determined the steady-state levels of PAA and IAA in leaf tissue of both sterilely grown and soil grown *Arabidopsis* plantlets. ", "After purification and analysis of the methylated extracts, PAA was identified as an endogenous compound in *A. thaliana* by full-scan mass spectrometry ([Figure 7](#plants-03-00324-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nNext, the content of PAA in two- and six-week old plants was investigated ([Table 2](#plants-03-00324-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Previous reports give a free IAA content of approximately 30 to 60 pmol (g FW)^−1^ for two-week old *Arabidopsis* seedlings \\[[@B21-plants-03-00324],[@B49-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "In contrast, the PAA content in leaf tissue of sterile grown plants was slightly higher in two-week old plantlets. ", "This is in contrast to an observed 10- to 100-fold lower concentration of PAA relative to IAA in *T. majus* \\[[@B5-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The presented results may hint at the dynamic nature of auxin concentrations that have been demonstrated within the plant and throughout its life cycle.", "\n\n![", "Detection of endogenous PAA. ", "Endogenous PAA in sterile-grown *A.thaliana* was analyzed by extracting the organic compounds from rosettes of two-week old plants with boiling methanol in the presence of 1 nmol \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA standard (Sigma). (**", "A**) The extract was pre-purified by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by GC-MS. ", "Under these conditions, PAA elutes at 4:55 min. ", "The upper panel shows the extracted ion chromatograms for endogenous PAA (*m*/*z* 91 and 151) and stable isotope labeled \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA (*m*/*z* 92 and 153); (**B**) The middle panel shows the characteristic full-scan mass spectrum for co-chromatographed endogenous PAA (*m*/*z* = 91, 151) and \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA (*m*/*z* = 92, 153); (**C**) Fragmentation and structure of the \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA methyl ester. ", "As the two ^13^C atoms in \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA are attached to the acetate side chain, which is cleaved during ionization, only the mass of the parent ion of the labelled standard shows a shift of +2 atomic mass units relative to the endogenous compound. ", "In consequence of fragmentation, however, the mass of the fragment of the standard PAA is shifted by only +1 atomic mass unit.](plants-03-00324-g007){#plants-03-00324-f007}\n\nplants-03-00324-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nPAA contents in two-week old and six-week old leaf tissue of *A.* *thaliana* ^a^.\n\n Plant Age (Weeks) Free PAA pmol (g FW)^−1^ Free IAA pmol (g FW)^−1^\n ------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n Two weeks 98 ± 6.4 35 ± 2.7\n Six weeks 23 ± 2 15 ± 1\n\n^a^ Shown are means ± SD from three independent experiments.", "\n\n3. ", "Experimental Section\n=======================\n\n3.1. ", "Plant Material and Plant Growth Conditions\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nAll experiments were carried out using either *A.thaliana* (L.) Heynh. ", "ecotype Col-0 (originally from Nottingham *Arabidopsis* Stock Centre, NASC, stock N1092), *O.sativa* L. cv. ", "Millin (obtained from Yanco Rice Research Institute, Yanco, NSW, Australia), *S. bicolor* (L.) Moench *var.* ", "Redland, *M.truncatula* Gaert. ", "cv. ", "Jemalong A17, or *P.trichocarpa* Hook. (", "Botanical Garden, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany). ", "While leaf material from poplar was directly taken from mature trees grown in their natural environment, *S.bicolor* and *M.truncatula* seeds were sown onto a mixture of soil and sand (2:1) and cultivated in a greenhouse at 22 to 24 °C during daytime and 18 to 20 °C over night, with a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. ", "Unless stated otherwise, rice was grown in Murashige and Skoog medium \\[[@B50-plants-03-00324]\\] containing 3% (w/v) sucrose and 0.3% (w/v) gelrite (Duchefa, Netherlands). ", "The photosynthetically active radiation was no less than 150 μE·m^−2^·s^−1^ (supplementary light, if required, from sodium-vapor lamps).", "\n\n3.2. ", "RNA Isolation and RT-PCR\n-----------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and the first strand cDNA was synthesized from 2 μg of total RNA using Oligo(dT)~15~ primer (Promega) and an AMV Reverse Transcriptase (Promega). ", "The PCR parameters for the amplification of the amidase genes were 95 °C for 10 min followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 45 s, 58 °C for 45 s, and 72 °C for 90 s; for the amplification of the coding regions, a proofreading polymerase (Pfu, Fermetas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany) was used. ", "The primers used for PCR are given in [Table 3](#plants-03-00324-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Obtained fragments were either subcloned into the vector pGEM-T easy (Promega) or pBluescript SK(+) (Stratagene) and sequence integrity was subsequently verified by commercial sequencing (GATC, Konstanz, Germany; Sequencing Service, Ruhr-University Bochum, Dept. ", "of Biochemistry I, Bochum, Germany).", "\n\nplants-03-00324-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nPrimers used for cloning of the described amidases.", "\n\n Primer Name Sequence (5\\'--3\\')\n ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------\n *Os*AMI1-SacI-His2C-For 5\\'-TAT[GAGCTC]{.ul}TATGGCGATGGCGGGTGGAG-3\\'\n *Os*AMI1-KpnI-His2C-Rev 5\\'-TAT[GGTACC]{.ul}GTGATTGGAGGACCAAGTTTTAG-3\\'\n SbAMI1-SpeI-pUC-For 5\\'-TAT[ACTAGT]{.ul}ATGGCGATGGGCGGCGATTAC-3\\'\n SbAMI1-SmaI-pUC-Rev 5\\'-TAT[CCCGGG]{.ul}GAGAGAGGAGTCTGGTGAGC-3\\'\n *Mt*AMI1-XhoI-His2B-For 5\\'-TAT[CTCGAG]{.ul}ATGGAAACAGCCTCAGACTATG-3\\'\n *Mt*AMI1-XbaI-His2B-Rev 5\\'-TAT[TCTAGA]{.ul}TATTTTTCAATGTTATCATAAATACTC-3\\'\n *Pt*AMI1-XhoI-His2B-For 5\\'-TAT[CTCGAG]{.ul}ATGGAACGAGACCCGGATTATG-3\\'\n *Pt*AMI1-XbaI-His2B-Rev 5\\'-TAT[TCTAGA]{.ul}TATTTTTCAGTGATCTCAACCTG-3\\'\n *Mt*AMI1-BglII-pUC-For 5\\'-TAT[AGATCT]{.ul}ATGGAAACAGCCTCAGACTATG-3\\'\n *Mt*AMI1-SalI-pUC-Rev 5\\'-TAT[GTCGAC]{.ul}CTATTTTTCAATGTTATCATAAATACTC-3\\'\n\nRestriction sites are underlined.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Generation of Bacterial Expression Constructs\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nAll DNA fragments were amplified of total cDNA of the different species using PCR with gene-specific primers ([Table 3](#plants-03-00324-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In case of the rice amidase, the DNA fragment was inserted into the expression vector pTrcHis2C (Invitrogen) by using the *Sac*I/*Kpn*I sites. ", "The DNA fragments of the amidases from *Medicago* and poplar were integrated into the *Xho*I/*Xba*I site of the vector pTrcHis2B (Invitrogen). ", "The *S.bicolor* amidase cDNA fragment was inserted into the *XhoI*/*HindIII* site of pTrcHis2A (Invitrogen). ", "In the four resulting constructs pTrcHis2C-*Os*AMI1, pTrcHis2B-*Mt*AMI1, pTrcHis2B-*Pt*AMI1, and pTrc2A-*Sb*AMI1 a translational fusion of the amidases with a myc/(His)~6~ double-tag was generated.", "\n\n3.4. ", "Preparation of GFP Amidase Fusion Constructs\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nConstructs suitable for the analysis of the intracellular localization of the deduced amidase GFP fusion proteins were obtained by cloning the amidase fragments into pSP-EGFP \\[[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The amidase fragment from pTrcHis2C-*Os*AMI1 was digested with *Sac*I/*Kpn*I and integrated into the same sites of pSP-EGFP. ", "The *Sac*I/*Sal*I fragment from pTrcHis2B-*Pt*AMI1 was also cloned into pSP-EGFP, resulting in a *Pt*AMI1:GFP fusion. ", "As all C-terminal GFP fusions of the *Medicago* amidase lacked*in vivo* fluorescence, a N-terminal GFP-tag was fused to this amidase by using the vector pUC-GFPn \\[[@B51-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "To obtain a suitable DNA fragment, the coding sequence was amplified by PCR, adding restriction sites for *Bgl*II and *Sal*I, respectively ([Table 3](#plants-03-00324-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "After subcloning of the resulting DNA fragment into pBluescript SK(+) and sequencing, the *MtAMI1* *Spe*I/*Sal*I fragment was introduced into pUC-EGFPn. ", "In case of the *S.bicolor* amidase gene, the coding sequence was amplified using primers that added *Spe*I/*Sma*I sites to the corresponding DNA fragment. ", "After cloning into pBluescript SK(+) and sequence analysis the *Spe*I/*Sma*I fragment was introduced into the *Spe*I/*Sal*I site of pUC-EGFPn.", "\n\n3.5. ", "Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Amidases\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nTo express hexahistidine tagged amidases 300 mL of 2xYT medium were freshly inoculated (1:10) with appropriate over night cultures and incubated at 37 °C under constant shaking. ", "Protein expression was induced with 1 mM IPTG when an OD~600~ of either 0.6, in case of the *Mt*AMI1 construct, or 1.3, for the *Os*AMI1 and *Pt*AMI1 constructs, was reached. ", "The cultures were transferred to either 4 °C (*Mt*AMI1) or 30 °C (*Os*AMI1, *Sb*AMI1, *Pt*AMI1) allowing protein expression to occur for at least 18 h. Thereafter, bacteria were harvested by centrifugation (4,000 *g*, 15 min, 4 °C) and pellets were resuspended in 1/10 of the culture volume of lysis buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 10 mM imidazole). ", "The samples were then snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and then kept at −80 °C until further use. ", "Complete cell disruption was subsequently achieved by a combination of incubation with lysozyme (45 min, 4 °C) and ultrasound (120 s). ", "The soluble protein fraction, obtained by centrifugation (35,000 *g*, 15 min, 4 °C), was sterile filtered (0.22 μm) and used for Ni^2+^-affinity purification. ", "The chromatography was carried out in accordance to the manufacturer's protocol (Qiagen).", "\n\n3.6. ", "Transient Expression in Plants and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTransient expression and subsequent microscopic analysis was carried out on the basis of Pollmann*et al.* ", "\\[[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "In brief, leaves from two- to three-week old *Arabidopsis* plants, grown on ½ MS plates \\[[@B50-plants-03-00324]\\] under environmentally controlled conditions, were bombarded with 1 μm gold particles at 6.5 bar pressure. ", "The particles were emitted from a particle inflow gun as described by Finer and coworkers \\[[@B52-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "After bombardment, the plants were kept for one day under constant conditions (8 h light at 24 °C, 16 h darkness at 20 °C, photosynthetically active radiation 105 μE·m^−2^·s^−1^ from standard white fluorescent tubes). ", "The transformed leaves were then analyzed with a confocal laser scanning system (ZEISS LSM 510 Meta).", "\n\n3.7. ", "Assay for Amidase Activity\n-------------------------------\n\nAmidase activity was estimated by measuring the ammonia released from the amide substrates during the reaction as previously described \\[[@B30-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "In short, the different substrates (10 mM) were incubated with 5 μg of purified protein in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, at 30 °C in a total volume of 0.3 mL. For background control, heat-inactivated enzyme (20 min, 100 °C) and empty-vector control samples were used. ", "After an incubation time of 4 to 6 h, aliquots of 100 μL were taken and the reaction was stopped by adding 100 μL each of 0.33 M sodium phenolate, 0.02 M sodium hypochlorite, and 0.01% (w/v) sodium pentacyanonitrosyl ferrate(III) (sodium nitroprusside). ", "After incubating for 2 min at 100 °C, each sample was diluted with 600 μL of water, and the absorbance was read at 640 nm. ", "Each experiment was calibrated using NH~4~Cl solutions of known concentrations.", "\n\n3.8. ", "Root Growth Assay\n----------------------\n\nThe root growth bioassay was carried out according to the work of Zimmerman and Hitchcock \\[[@B53-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Plants were grown aseptically on ½ MS medium \\[[@B50-plants-03-00324]\\] containing 1% sucrose, solidified with 0.8% gelrite (Duchefa, The Netherlands) or on the same medium supplemented with either 10 nM to 10 mM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; from 100 mM stock in methanol) or 10 nM to 10 mM phenyl-2-acetic acid (PAA; from 100 mM stock in methanol). ", "Plates were wrapped in gas-permeable surgical tape (BSN medical GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) and grown vertically under constant environmental conditions (8 h light at 24 °C, 16 h darkness at 20 °C, photosynthetically active radiation 105 μE·m^−2^·s^−1^ from standard white fluorescent tubes) for two to three weeks. ", "Subsequently, the root lengths of at least ten individual plants per treatment were determined.", "\n\n3.9. ", "Auxin Extraction and Purification\n--------------------------------------\n\nThe extraction and purification of auxins and other organic acids was carried out according to a previously described method \\[[@B54-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Approximately 0.1 g of two- and six-week old *A. thaliana* leaf material was added to 1 mL of pre-warmed (65 °C) methanol and the extraction conducted for another 60 min at room temperature under gentle shaking. ", "Prior to the extraction process each sample was supplemented with 1 nmol of \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA and 50 pmol of \\[^2^H~2~\\]-IAA (internal standard). ", "Cell-free supernatants were dried under vacuum and pre-purified for subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. ", "For this, the dried residues were dissolved in 30 μL methanol to which 200 μL diethyl ether was added, followed by ultrasonic treatment (Sonorex RK510S; Bandelin, Berlin, Germany). ", "The particle-free sample was then applied to a custom-made microscale aminopropyl solid-phase extraction-cartridge \\[[@B55-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The cartridge was washed with 250 μL of chloroform:2-propanol = 2:1 (v/v), and the PAA containing fraction subsequently eluted with 400 μL acidified diethyl ether (2% acetic acid (v/v)). ", "The eluates were taken to dryness using a vacuum centrifuge, re-dissolved in 20 μL methanol, and afterwards treated with 100 μL ethereal diazomethane and transferred to autosampler vials (Chromacol 05-CTV(A) 116; Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). ", "Excess diazomethane and remaining solvent were removed under a gentle stream of nitrogen, and the methylated samples were then taken up in 15 μL of chloroform.", "\n\n3.10. ", "Quantification of Endogenous Phenyl-2-Acetic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid from Arabidopsis thaliana\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnalysis was performed by GC-MS on a Varian GC 3400 gas chromatograph coupled to a Finnigan MAT Magnum system. ", "Compounds were separated on a VF5ms column (Varian), 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm film. ", "The temperature program was 50 °C for 1 min, followed by an increase of 30 °C·min^−1^ to 150 °C, and kept at this temperature for 4 min. ", "The temperature was further increased to 250 °C with a velocity of 20 °C·min^−1^. Thereafter the temperature was kept at 250 °C for 5 min. ", "An aliquot of 1 μL of each sample was injected into the GC-MS system. ", "PAA eluted at 4:55 min under these conditions, while IAA eluted at 12:15 min. ", "Full scan spectra were recorded for the peaks co-eluting with authentic methylated standards and the mass spectra compared to spectra obtained from authentic standards. ", "For the determination of free PAA, the molecular and tropylium ions at *m*/*z* 151/153 and 91/92, respectively (ions deriving from endogenous and \\[^13^C~2~\\]-PAA) were monitored. ", "For IAA, ions at *m*/*z* 189/191 and 130/132 (ions deriving from endogenous and \\[^2^H~2~\\]-IAA) were analyzed.", "\n\n3.11. ", "Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting\n--------------------------------------------\n\nDenaturing gel electrophoresis was performed according to Laemmli \\[[@B56-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The discontinuous systems consisted of 4% stacking gels and 12.5% resolving gels. ", "Protein blotting onto nitrocellulose was carried out electrophoretically overnight (4 °C, 60 mA) as described by Towbin and colleagues \\[[@B57-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Immunodetection followed standard procedures \\[[@B58-plants-03-00324]\\] with goat anti-rabbit IgG-conjugated alkaline phosphatase as the secondary antibody and 4-nitrotetrazolium blue and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate as substrates. ", "As primary antibody an α-AMI1-antiserum, previously described \\[[@B31-plants-03-00324]\\], have been used.", "\n\n3.12. ", "Phylogenetic Analysis\n---------------------------\n\nThe phylogenetic tree was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method \\[[@B59-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together was calculated by a bootstrap test with 500 replicates \\[[@B60-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The evolutionary distances were computed using the Poisson correction method \\[[@B61-plants-03-00324]\\] and are in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site. ", "All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (Complete deletion option). ", "Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA5 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, MEGA Software).", "\n\n3.13. ", "Statistic Analysis\n------------------------\n\nThe data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's B *post hoc* test to allow for comparisons among all means. ", "Statistical analyses were conducted using PRISM version 5.03 (GraphPad Software).", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions\n==============\n\nOn the basis of sequence similarity, it was possible to identify more than 40 AMI1-like candidate amidases in publicly available plant genome databases ([Figure 2](#plants-03-00324-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Four *At*AMI1-orthologous, namely *Os*AMI1 (*O.sativa*), *Sb*AMI1 (*S.bicolor*), *Mt*AMI1 (*M.truncatula*), and *Pt*AMI1 (*P.trichocarpa*), were selected and closely analyzed.", "\n\nTaking an*in vitro* approach, it was possible to provide evidence for their capability of converting auxin precursors like IAM, but also PAM, to naturally occurring auxins ([Figure 5](#plants-03-00324-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table 1](#plants-03-00324-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Our results infer that an amidase-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway is likely to be widely established in plants to produce auxins. ", "Intriguingly, our experiments revealed a specificity of the compared enzymes for PAM ([Figure 5](#plants-03-00324-f005){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is a biosynthetic precursor of PAA, described to be endogenous to *P.mungo* \\[[@B42-plants-03-00324],[@B43-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "PAA has been demonstrated to be endogenous to *A. thaliana* ([Figure 7](#plants-03-00324-f007){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table 2](#plants-03-00324-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}), while we were not able to quantify PAM in the same plant with the equipment available in this study. ", "Our findings confirm previous studies, which demonstrated that PAA is an endogenous constituent of many plant species including *P.mungo* \\[[@B45-plants-03-00324]\\], *S.lycopersicum*, *N.tabacum*, *Z.mays* \\[[@B4-plants-03-00324]\\], and *T.majus* \\[[@B5-plants-03-00324]\\].", "\n\nPAA has long been known to trigger auxin-like effects (e.g., the initiation and stimulation of adventitious root growth \\[[@B62-plants-03-00324],[@B63-plants-03-00324]\\]), although with considerably lower activity relative to IAA \\[[@B64-plants-03-00324],[@B65-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, PAA may act as an effective auxin under some developmental circumstances, emphasized by the observation that it was more efficient in lateral root formation in pea seedlings than IAA \\[[@B66-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "In addition, PAA is assumed to have both antifungal and antibacterial properties \\[[@B67-plants-03-00324],[@B68-plants-03-00324],[@B69-plants-03-00324]\\]; it was isolated from culture extracts of *Azospirillium brasilense*, pinpointing an involvement in defense mechanisms, protecting this bacterial strain from other soil inhabitants like for instance *Agrobacteria* and thus providing an advantage for*A. brasilense* to survive in its natural habitat. ", "A comparable protection mechanism for the defense against microbial pathogens could also be effective in plants.", "\n\nIt is generally accepted that the major portion of physiologically active auxin is produced via the indole-3-pyruvic acid-pathway \\[[@B9-plants-03-00324],[@B10-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "On the basis of our results, however, we suggest that IAM/PAM-amidohydrolases may also contribute to auxin biosynthesis, most likely in a pathway parallel to the main route. ", "Genetic work from Zhao and coworkers \\[[@B70-plants-03-00324]\\] highlights a possible role for an IAM hydrolase-dependent IAA biosynthesis, as they demonstrated that *yuc* double and triple mutants were rescued by the tissue specific co-expression of a bacterial tryptophan 2-monooxygenase (iaaM), but not by exogenous application of auxin. ", "The authors claim that iaaM converts tryptophan to IAA once it is expressed in plants. ", "This statement is, however, not entirely correct because several studies clearly showed that overexpression of iaaM (e.g., in petunia) produced very high levels of IAM in these mutants \\[[@B71-plants-03-00324],[@B72-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "While IAM contents in control lines were determined to be \\<1 pg/g fresh weight, the IAM levels reached 2.8 up to 25 μg/g fresh weight in leaf tissue of transformed plants. ", "In addition, it has been shown that the petunia plants transformed with the *p19S*::*iaaM* construct also contained around 11- to 12-fold higher IAA levels, which implicates the action of downstream acting indole-3-acetamide hydrolases, functionally homologous to the bacterial iaaH enzyme, capable of converting the accumulated IAM to IAA. ", "Thus, effective conversion of IAM to IAA in the *yuc* mutants co-expressing the *iaaM* gene, but no additional *iaaH* gene, is implicated. ", "Alternatively, it may be concluded that IAM by itself, or any other compound that is produced from IAM is responsible for rescuing the *yuc* phenotype. ", "Most intriguingly, it has recently been shown that YUC6 is capable of converting not only IPyA to IAA, but to also accept phenyl pyruvate as substrate to produce PAA \\[[@B73-plants-03-00324]\\]. ", "The results presented here may point towards a co-evolution of enzymes involved in auxin production to establish dual activity for the production of IAA and PAA, respectively.", "\n\nCurrently, the elucidation of the*in vivo* function of *At*AMI1 is of utmost importance to our lab and preliminary data obtained from mutants overexpressing the protein support our conclusions. ", "At this stage, however, we cannot yet postulate that the enzymatic activity of *At*AMI1 *in planta* is unambiguously linked to IAA production*in vivo*. ", "Nevertheless, the results of the present study will help to further elucidate the enzymatic basis of auxin biosynthesis in plants.", "\n\nThe research was supported in part by a grant from the German Research Foundation (Grant No. ", "SFB480-A10 to SP), a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant No. ", "BFU2011-25925 to SP), and by the Marie-Curie Actions program from the European Community (Grant FP7-PEOPLE-CIG-2011-303744 to SP).", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank Jutta Ludwig-Müller, Technical University Dresden, Germany, for providing *M.truncatula* seeds.", "\n\nBeatriz Sánchez-Parra, Henning Frerigmann, Marta-Marina Pérez Alonso, Víctor Carrasco Loba, Ricarda Jost, and Mathias Hentrich all had substantial contributions to accomplish the presented experiments. ", "Moreover, they critically reviewed the manuscript for its intellectual content. ", "Stephan Pollmann designed the work and wrote the manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest. ", "See Figure 8.", "\n\n{#plants-03-00324-f008}\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^2]: Present address: Institute of Botany Chair II, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0, 0.007246376811594203, 0, 0.0038314176245210726, 0.021604938271604937, 0.0220125786163522, 0, 0.01937984496124031, 0.004784688995215311, 0.021164021164021163, 0.0199203187250996, 0.012404580152671756, 0, 0.013888888888888888, 0, 0.02586206896551724, 0.01818181818181818, 0.007326007326007326, 0.011029411764705883, 0.007633587786259542, 0.009174311926605505, 0.009316770186335404, 0.0125, 0.006944444444444444, 0.00909090909090909, 0.011406844106463879, 0.0036231884057971015, 0.0058823529411764705, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0, 0.02004008016032064, 0.020833333333333332, 0.011560693641618497, 0, 0, 0.012711864406779662, 0, 0, 0.017699115044247787, 0, 0.009230769230769232, 0.0106951871657754, 0.0038314176245210726, 0, 0, 0, 0.004464285714285714, 0.002288329519450801, 0.00851063829787234, 0.0058997050147492625, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012195121951219513, 0, 0, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.012396694214876033, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.008849557522123894, 0, 0.0028011204481792717, 0, 0.005988023952095809, 0, 0.008, 0.013422818791946308, 0.012254901960784314, 0, 0.004366812227074236, 0, 0, 0.005681818181818182, 0, 0.0038910505836575876, 0.009287925696594427, 0, 0, 0.005208333333333333, 0.006600660066006601, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0.004329004329004329, 0, 0.00267379679144385, 0.0040650406504065045, 0.006493506493506494, 0.00819672131147541, 0.016194331983805668, 0.011494252873563218, 0, 0.010676156583629894, 0.012698412698412698, 0.00819672131147541, 0.010752688172043012, 0.028169014084507043, 0, 0.012552301255230125, 0.004878048780487805, 0.007692307692307693, 0.017142857142857144, 0.008695652173913044, 0.022222222222222223, 0, 0, 0.034482758620689655, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.020833333333333332, 0.007352941176470588, 0.00398406374501992, 0.00322061191626409, 0, 0.0196078431372549, 0.006134969325153374, 0.018518518518518517, 0.027522935779816515, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0.025, 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.005813953488372093, 0, 0, 0.026923076923076925, 0.0035587188612099642, 0.011111111111111112, 0.022813688212927757, 0, 0, 0.003243243243243243, 0, 0.0038314176245210726, 0.006993006993006993, 0.013986013986013986, 0.009174311926605505, 0.01015228426395939, 0, 0.0033444816053511705, 0.008, 0.00847457627118644, 0.005263157894736842, 0.0051813471502590676, 0.006535947712418301, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.007957559681697613, 0, 0, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0.03571428571428571, 0.00904977375565611, 0.01694915254237288, 0, 0.019801980198019802, 0, 0.004484304932735426, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0.00625, 0.011494252873563218, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.00881057268722467, 0, 0, 0, 0.0055248618784530384, 0.013986013986013986, 0.0106951871657754, 0.00398406374501992, 0, 0, 0.009375, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.02564102564102564, 0, 0.005555555555555556, 0.009009009009009009, 0, 0.0111731843575419, 0, 0.018404907975460124, 0.008333333333333333, 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0.006060606060606061, 0.011299435028248588, 0.009259259259259259, 0.009615384615384616, 0, 0.017964071856287425, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.005714285714285714, 0.007168458781362007, 0.007407407407407408, 0.01107011070110701, 0.0037593984962406013, 0.014652014652014652, 0.0176678445229682, 0.013333333333333334, 0.00881057268722467, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0.005747126436781609, 0.011730205278592375, 0.011494252873563218, 0.012711864406779662, 0.011560693641618497, 0.008797653958944282, 0.014388489208633094, 0.013157894736842105, 0.015463917525773196, 0.011428571428571429, 0.00510204081632653, 0.013157894736842105, 0.007692307692307693, 0.010526315789473684, 0.022222222222222223, 0.023076923076923078, 0.015503875968992248, 0.024509803921568627, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.03424657534246575, 0, 0, 0, 0.024390243902439025, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\npaper-tabs event listener to change selected?", "\n\nIn addition to paper tabs, I have other areas where a user can click to navigate. ", "So, I want to set the paper-tab manually when this happens.", "\nFor paper-tabs, is there a event that I can fire in another template to change the selected attribute value? ", "I saw that there was a iron-select but I think it fires after a change. ", "In addition, I tried this.fire('iron-select', 1); in another template and the paper-tab did not change. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can bind to the paper-tabs' selected attribute or you can change the value of the paper-tabs' selected property.", "\nExample:\n\n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html>\r\n\r\n<head>\r\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\r\n <title>JS Bin</title>\r\n <base href=\"http://polygit.org/polymer+:master/components/\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-tabs/paper-tabs.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-header-panel/paper-header-panel.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-toolbar/paper-toolbar.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"iron-flex-layout/classes/iron-flex-layout.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-radio-group/paper-radio-group.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-radio-button/paper-radio-button.html\">\r\n <link rel=\"import\" href=\"paper-button/paper-button.html\">\r\n</head>\r\n\r\n<body class=\"fullbleed\">\r\n <template is=\"dom-bind\" id=\"app\">\r\n <paper-header-panel>\r\n <paper-toolbar>\r\n <paper-tabs selected=\"{{selected}}\" attr-for-selected=\"name\">\r\n <paper-tab name=\"one\">One</paper-tab>\r\n <paper-tab name=\"two\">Two</paper-tab>\r\n <paper-tab name=\"three\">Three</paper-tab>\r\n </paper-tabs>\r\n </paper-toolbar>\r\n <div class=\"container\">\r\n <paper-radio-group selected=\"{{selected}}\">\r\n <paper-radio-button name=\"one\">One</paper-radio-button>\r\n <paper-radio-button name=\"two\">Two</paper-radio-button>\r\n <paper-radio-button name=\"three\">Three</paper-radio-button>\r\n </paper-radio-group>\r\n <div class=\"button-group\">\r\n <paper-button data-name=\"one\" on-tap=\"selectTab\">One</paper-button>\r\n <paper-button data-name=\"two\" on-tap=\"selectTab\">Two</paper-button>\r\n <paper-button data-name=\"three\" on-tap=\"selectTab\">Three</paper-button>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n </paper-header-panel>\r\n </template>\r\n\r\n <script>\r\n (function() {\r\n var app = document.getElementById('app');\r\n app.selected = \"one\";\r\n app.selectTab = function(e) {\r\n app.selected = e.target.dataset.name;\r\n };\r\n })();\r\n </script>\r\n</body>\r\n\r\n</html>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0015527950310559005 ]

[ "Alors qu’un sujet a vu le jour sur le forum officiel concernant la complexité des boss des missions ou des raids, il nous a paru intéressant de vous faire part des informations révélées par Tannim222 sur ce sujet, comme le montre l’image ci-dessous :\n\nN’oubliez pas que nous pouvons utiliser notre mécanique du Momentum pour des rencontres récurrentes afin de changer leurs capacités, de s’affranchir des contrôles, et éventuellement changer leurs comportements. ", "Plus le rang du PNJ adverse est élevé, plus nous devons travailler avec des PNJ aux mécaniques individuelles. ", "Et au fur et à mesure que les rangs des PNJ s’élèvent, les rencontres peuvent devenir plus complexes. ", "Un exemple ici était celui d’un autre PNJ qui en guérissait un autre. ", "Il a été dit que c’était juste “plus de HP” à battre pour gagner. ", "Je postule que ce n’est pas forcément le cas. ", "Si le méchant A est l’objectif et qu’il est guéri par le méchant B, alors le méchant B n’a pas nécessairement besoin d’être vaincu pour gagner, et vous n’avez pas nécessairement à vous battre avec cette guérison supplémentaire. [", "NDLR : tuer le méchant B n’est pas obligatoire pour battre le méchant A, c’est au choix.] ", "Et si vous aviez 2 Stalwarts dans votre équipe et un avec la Maîtrise Cible Vivante. ", "Il va tanker le méchant B, alors le méchant B arrête de guérir le méchant A. Pendant ce temps, l’autre Stalwart aide l’équipe car il a [la maitrise] Battle Leader. ", "Ou peut-être que vous avez un commandant qui peut toujours contrôler le méchant B, peut-être même un charme qui fait que ce guérisseur travaille pour votre propre équipe. ", "Soudain, on change de rapport. ", "Deux tactiques différentes. ", "Pourtant, les deux sont viables. ", "La rencontre est ouverte à de multiples configurations d’équipe possibles pour travailler ensemble vers une victoire sans que les développeurs n’aient à appliquer une méthode particulière. ", "Et cela ne veut pas dire qu’il ne devrait pas y avoir de rencontres particulièrement difficiles, avec des phases différentes où diverses actions sont nécessaires. ", "Il y a beaucoup de place pour toutes sortes de rencontres avec une myriade de mécaniques.", "\n\nLe momentum et la façon dont les missions seront scriptées sont donc des éléments qui feront que les rencontres seront toujours différentes. ", "Fini les rencontres aux strat’ fixes, fini les missions et raids torchés en 2-2, bonjour le travail d’équipe et l’adaptation. ", "De cette façon, toutes les classes auront un rôle à jouer et les rencontres n’en seront que plus intéressantes et interactives.", "\n\nQuant au Momentum, Shadow Elusive donne des informations supplémentaires :\n\nBien sûr qu’ils le peuvent [NDLR : des contrôleurs qui contrôlent les PNJ afin de bloquer le momentum des ennemis]. ", "La mécanique du momentum n’est pas construite par le mouvement, elle est construite en attaquant et en prenant des attaques. ", "En fait, il est construit par n’importe quelle combinaison de choses qui a le plus de sens pour un archétype/build particulier, il y aura pas mal de peaufinage dans les tests de jeu. ", "Mais s’il s’agit d’un tank, je vous garantis que l’accumulation de DPS va faire péter son compteur [de momentum]. ", "Si c’est un attaquant, se faire frapper le fera aussi. ", "Si vous êtes guérisseur, nous élaborerons probablement une formule pour permettre à la guérison de gagner du momentum, et sinon, une autre formule qui garde les choses justes. ", "C’est un momentum métaphorique, pas au sens physique du terme. ", "Maintenant que j’y pense, il pourrait être intéressant de faire un boss dont le momentum-mètre passe par le toit s’il est rendu immobile…*méchant rire*\n\nLe momentum est donc directement lié aux coup. ", "Être contrôlé ne signifie donc pas ne plus avoir de momentum. ", "Bonne nouvelle pour le PVP 😉 Mais ce n’est pas tout, ca Tannim indique qu’il existe d’autres éléments qui permettront de rendre les rencontres interactives et dynamiques pour éviter d’être lassé par toujours les mêmes stratégies :\n\nComme l’a indiqué Shadow Elusive, le momentum se construit en effet en frappant et en étant frappé, ou plus précisément en prenant des mesures. ", "Ces actions comprennent le buffing, la guérison, le contrôle, le débuffing (ces derniers sont considérés comme des attaques). ", "L’idée de Shadow du momentum qui monte quand le patron est contrôlé est quelque chose que nous avons envisagé d’utiliser. ", "En particulier pour permettre au patron de briser les contrôles qu’il subit et éventuellement le rendre plus difficile à contrôler pendant un certain temps, au détriment de son momentum-mètre. ", "Il faut cependant faire attention à ne pas accorder trop d’importance au momentum pour des rencontres uniques. ", "C’est un mécanisme utile, mais pas le seul. ", "Rien ne dit que nous ne pouvons pas encore utiliser les points de vie d’un boss, les séquences chronométrées ou d’autres états pour déclencher un changement dans l’événement de la rencontre.", "\n\nTout ceci augure donc de belles rencontres avec une participation de tous les joueurs, quelque soit leur classe ! ", "Exit les recherche d’AT particuliers pour aller en raid ou en donjon, chacun aura sa place. ", "Décidément, avec City of Titans, vous pouvez être qui vous voulez ! ", "😉 Vivement qu’il sorte !", "\n\nSource : https://cityoftitans.com/comment/162325#comment-162325" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.004319654427645789, 0.01818181818181818, 0.00980392156862745, 0.04285714285714286, 0.015151515151515152, 0, 0.013100436681222707, 0, 0.023529411764705882, 0.012195121951219513, 0.03508771929824561, 0, 0, 0, 0.010582010582010581, 0, 0.011235955056179775, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0.015463917525773196, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0.03636363636363636, 0.017045454545454544, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0.03225806451612903, 0.013297872340425532, 0.007936507936507936, 0.00819672131147541, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0.015789473684210527, 0, 0, 0, 0.041666666666666664, 0.015384615384615385 ]

[ "Zobellia galactanivorans\n\nZobellia galactanivorans is a gram-negative marine bacterium isolated from the surface of red algae of the coast of France. ", "Z. galactanivorans forms yellow colonies with a bacillus or diplobacillus morphology. ", "Furthermore, it is mesophilic and can grow degrade carrageenans and agars - both found in the cell wall of red algae. ", "Z. galactanivorans contains the gene porB which encodes the enzyme β-porphyranase-B.\n\nFunction of β-porphyranase-B \nβ-porphyranase-B is a catalytic enzyme that hydrolyzes the β-D-galactopyranose (1→4) α-L-galactopyranose-6-sulfate linkage in porphyran.", "\n\nComparison of β-Porphyranase-B and β-Porphyranase-A \nThere is a 35% sequence similarity between β-Porphyranase-B and β-Porphyranase-A. Furthermore, orthologs between Z. galactanivorans and Bacteroides plebeius-1698, a strain of Bacteroides plebeius, contain a sequence similarity of 48%-69%. ", "Homologous genes between other Bacteroides species only have a 30% sequence similarity. ", "Moreover, porphyranase genes in both Z. galactanivorans and B. plebeius are located in similar orders along their chromosome, or are syntenic.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nType strain of Zobellia galactanivorans at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase\n\nCategory:Flavobacteria\nCategory:Gut flora bacteria\nCategory:Bacteria described in 2005" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006666666666666667, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0.003968253968253968, 0, 0, 0.007042253521126761, 0.00966183574879227 ]

[ "Q:\n\nOverwriting class variable and concurrent Flask requests\n\nI'm running a python Flask server to perform tricky algorithms, one of which assigns cables to tubes.", "\nclass Tube:\n max_capacity = 5\n cables: List[str]\n\n def has_capacity(self):\n return len(self.cables) < self.max_capacity\n\nThe max capacity was always 5, but now there's a new customer that actually has tubes that can fit 6 cables.", "\nWhen I receive a request, I now just set Tube.max_capacity = request.args.get('max_capacity', 5). ", "Then each instance of Tube will have the correct setting.", "\nI was wondering if this will keep working if there are multiple requests being handled at the same time?", "\nAre the Flask (I use Gunicorn as WSGI) processes all separate from each other such that this is safe to do? ", " I don't want to end up with strange bugs because the max capacity changed halfway through a request because another request came in.", "\nEDIT:\nI tried this out and it appears to work as intended:\n@app.route('/concurrency')\ndef concurrency():\n my_value = randint(0, 100)\n Concurrency.value = my_value\n time.sleep(8)\n return f\"My value: {my_value} should be equal to Concurrency.value {Concurrency.value}\"\n\nclass Concurrency:\n value = 10\n\nStill, I want to know more about how multiple Flask/Gunicorn requests work to be certain.", "\n\nA:\n\nWSGI applications are typically served using multiple processes - eventually on different servers -, and requests from a same user will be handled by the first available process. ", "IOW: you do NOT want to change any module or class level variables on a per-request basis, this is **garanteed* to mess up everything. ", "\nIt's impossible to tell you exactly how to solve the issue without much more context, but in all cases, you'll have to rethink your design.", "\nEDIT:\n\nhow do processes behave? ", "If one of them sets the value, does another process see that value as well?", "\n\nOf course not - each process is totally isolated from the others - so changing a module-level variable or class attribute will only affect the current process. ", "But since processes are not tied to clients (which process will handle a given request is totally unpredictable), such kind of changes in one process will not necessarily be seen in the next request if it's served by another process. ", "AND:\n\nOr, is a process re-used, and then still has the value from the previous request?", "\n\nprocess are of course reused, but that doesnt mean the same process will be reused for the next request from a same user - and this is the second part of the issue: when serving another user, your process will still use the \"updated\" max_capacity value from the previous user. ", "\nIOW, what you're doing is garanteed to mess up everything for all your users. ", "That's why we use external (out of process) means to store and share per-user data between requests - either sessions (for volatile data) or a database (for permanent storage).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0.0040650406504065045, 0, 0.017543859649122806, 0, 0.009174311926605505, 0.007518796992481203, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0.007407407407407408, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0, 0 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'We present a new framework for calculating multi-jet observables through resummation. ", "The framework is based on the factorisation of scattering amplitudes in an asymptotic limit. ", "By imposing simple constraints on the analytic behaviour of the result when applied away from this limit, we get good agreement with the known lowest order perturbative behaviour of the scattering amplitude, and predictions for the behaviour to all orders in the perturbative series. ", "As an example of application we study predictions for Higgs Boson production through gluon fusion at the LHC in association with at least two jets.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Jeppe R. Andersen'\n- 'Chris D. White'\ntitle: A New Framework for Multijet Predictions and its application to Higgs Boson production at the LHC\n---\n\nEvents with many energetic particles will form the backbone of many search strategies at the LHC for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, but will simultaneously test our understanding of SM processes. ", "Energetic particles of QCD charge will be detected as jets, and events with multiple jets require the calculation of scattering amplitudes with a high number of external quark and gluon (parton) legs. ", "However, the calculation of the SM contribution to such processes beyond even the lowest order in perturbation theory is notoriously difficult. ", "Despite recent impressive progress in the calculation of many multi-leg scattering amplitudes at both tree and one-loop level, the first two radiative corrections in the perturbative series (i.e. full next-to-next-to-leading accuracy) for observables at the LHC are known only for very few cases[@Harlander:2002wh; @Anastasiou:2002yz; @Anastasiou:2003ds].", "\n\nOne estimate of the effect of higher order corrections beyond what is currently calculable in full fixed-order perturbation theory can be obtained by interfacing the fixed perturbative calculation with *parton shower* programs[@Sjostrand:2007gs; @Bahr:2008pv], which sum the effect of further *soft and collinear* radiation (i.e. of low invariant mass) to all orders in perturbation theory. ", "As we will demonstrate in this paper, there are important processes where the perturbative corrections from *hard* radiation (i.e. of large invariant mass) is sizeable. ", "In such cases, the parton shower approach cannot be expected to capture the dominant effect of higher order corrections. ", "In this letter we will develop an alternative formalism for estimating the all-order perturbative corrections, which does not rely on the description of only soft and collinear radiation. ", "Instead, the formalism will utilise results on the factorisation of matrix elements in the opposite limit of infinite invariant mass between all radiated particles. ", "We will see that without further modifications, the results obtained in this limit lead to a poor approximation of LHC scattering amplitudes. ", "However, known analytic properties of the full perturbative amplitude can be incorporated, such that the approximate amplitudes agree well with the full result at low orders in perturbation theory. ", "The approximate amplitudes can then be applied to any order in the perturbation expansion, where the full results are incalculable.", "\n\nWe will validate the approach by considering Higgs boson production through gluon-gluon fusion (GGF) (mediated by a top-quark loop) in association with at least two jets (the $hjj$-channel). ", "We will explicitly compare our approximate amplitudes with those obtained using full fixed order perturbation theory, where such results are known. ", "This process can be used to search for the Higgs boson [@Klamke:2007cu], and also potentially to measure its couplings to the top quark [@Hankele:2006ja]. ", "The $hjj$-channel also has a large contribution from *weak boson fusion* (WBF)[@Cahn:1983ip; @Dicus:1985zg; @Altarelli:1987ue], and by suppressing the GGF-contribution it is possible to measure the coupling of any Higgs boson candidate to the electro-weak bosons, and thus determine[@Plehn:2001nj] whether the properties of the candidate match those of the SM Higgs boson. ", "The suppression of the GGF-contribution is achieved[@DelDuca:2001fn] to some degree by applying specific event selection criteria, as discussed in Table \\[tab:cuts\\]. ", "However, only by calculating higher order corrections is it possible to estimate the efficiency of such cuts.", "\n\nThe current state of the art in fixed order perturbation theory for Higgs boson production through GGF in association with at least two jets includes only the first perturbative corrections, and is presented in Ref.", " [@Campbell:2006xx]. ", "The effects of further soft and collinear radiation were studied in Ref.", " [@DelDuca:2006hk]. ", "In the limit of infinite top mass, the coupling of the Higgs boson to gluons through a top quark loop can be described as a point interaction[@Wilczek:1977zn; @Dawson:1990zj; @Djouadi:1991tk]. ", "This approximation was applied in all these studies, and will be applied also in the present one, although this is not essential to the approach.", "\n\nWe will start motivating the need for considering the hard radiative corrections to higher orders by studying the leading order predictions in full QCD for Higgs boson production in association with hard jets. ", "We apply similar event selection cuts to the study of Ref.[@Campbell:2006xx] as detailed in table \\[tab:cuts\\][^1]. ", "All of the following results are obtained by choosing renormalisation and factorisation scales in accordance with the study of Ref.[@DelDuca:2006hk], and the following values for the Higgs boson mass, vacuum expectation value of the Higgs boson field and top quark mass respectively: $$m_H=120\\text{GeV}, \\langle \\phi\\rangle_0=\\frac v {\\sqrt 2}, v=246\\text{GeV}, m_t=174\\text{GeV}.\\nonumber\n$$ We also include a factor multiplying the effective Higgs Boson vertices, accounting for finite top-mass effects [@Dawson:1993qf]: $$K(\\tau)=1+\\frac{7\\tau}{30}+\\frac{2\\tau^2}{21}+\\frac{26\\tau^3}{525},\\quad \\tau=\\frac{m_H^2}{4m_t^2}.\\nonumber\n$$ We choose the $k_t$-jet algorithm as implemented in Ref.[@Butterworth:2002xg] with $R=0.6$, and the parton distribution functions of Ref.", " [@Martin:2004ir]. ", "For the strong coupling [$\\alpha_s$]{}, we choose renormalisation scales as in Ref.", " [@DelDuca:2006hk] ([^2]).", "\n\n --------------- ------------ ----------------------- ---------\n $p_{j_\\perp}$ $> 40$ GeV $y_c\\cdot y_d$ $<0$\n $|y_{j,h}|$ $<$ 4.5 $\\vert y_c-y_d \\vert$ $> 4.2$\n --------------- ------------ ----------------------- ---------\n\n : The cuts used for all results in this letter, in terms of rapidities $y_i$ and transverse momenta $p_{i,\\perp}$. The suffices $c,d$ label cuts that must be satisfied by at least two jets, whereas $j$ labels conditions that must be satisfied by all jets; $h$ labels the Higgs boson.[]{data-label=\"tab:cuts\"}\n\nWith this, we find (using matrix elements from `MADEvent/MADGraph`[@Alwall:2007st]) the tree-level cross-section from the QCD generated $hjj$-channel to be $281^{+210}_{-111}$fb, where the uncertainty is obtained by varying the common factorisation and renormalisation scale by a factor of two. ", "For the three jet sample, all jets must satisfy the left-most cuts of Table \\[tab:cuts\\], but we also require that there exist two jets $c,d$ satisfying all the right-most cuts in Table \\[tab:cuts\\]. ", "We then find the leading order cross section for the production of Higgs Boson plus three jets ($hjjj$) to be $257^{+262}_{-120}$fb. ", "The requirement of an extra hard jet with an accompanying [$\\alpha_s$]{}-suppression leads only to a 9% suppression compared to the leading order prediction for $hjj$. The [$\\alpha_s$]{}-suppression of the matrix element is compensated by the integration over a large phase space for the third jet. ", "The large size of the three-jet rate (which obviously depends on the event selection cuts) was already reported in Ref.[@DelDuca:2004wt], and clearly demonstrates the necessity of considering hard multi-parton emissions.", "\n\nWe will now describe a method for approximating the perturbative scattering matrix elements for multi-particle production to any order. ", "We start by recalling the result of Fadin and collaborators (FKL)[@Fadin:1975cb], that in the limit of infinite invariant mass between all produced particles (the Multi-Regge-Kinematic (MRK) limit), the leading contribution is given by processes of the form $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha(p_a) + \\beta(p_b) \\to \\alpha(p_0) + \\sum_{i}^{n-1} g(p_i) + \\beta(p_n)+h(p_h)\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $\\alpha,\\beta\\in\\{q,\\bar q,g\\}$, and the partons are ordered according to rapidity in both the initial and final state. ", "These processes allow neighbouring particles to be connected by gluon propagators of momentum $q_i$, such that $p_i=q_i-q_{i+1}$. We have explicitly checked that at leading order, partonic configurations which are not captured in this framework account for only 0.8fb (0.3%) and 24fb ($<10\\%$) of the two and three-jet rate respectively, even when there is no requirement of large invariant mass between all particles.", "\n\nIn the MRK limit, the scattering amplitude for the remaining configurations factorises, and the results of Ref.[@Fadin:1975cb] can straightforwardly be modified to include also the production of a Higgs boson. ", "In the case of the Higgs boson being produced between the jets (in rapidity) these amplitudes take the form:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\begin{split}\n i&{\\cal M}_{\\mathrm{FKL}}^{p_ap_b\\rightarrow p_0\\ldots\n p_jhp_{j+1}p_n}=2i\\hat s\n \\left(i g_s f^{ad_0c_1} g_{\\mu_a\\mu_0}\\right)\\\\\n &\\cdot\n \\prod_{i=1}^j \\left(\\frac{1}{q_i^2}\\exp[\\hat\\alpha(q_i)(y_{i-1}-y_i)]\\left(i g_s f^{c_id_ic_{i+1}}\\right)C_{\\mu_i}(q_i,q_{i+1})\\right)\\\\\n &\\cdot\\left(\\frac 1\n {q_h^2}\\exp[\\hat\\alpha(q_i)(y_{j}-y_h)]C_{H}(q_{j+1},q_{h})\\right)\\label{FKL}\n \\\\\n &\\cdot\\prod_{i=j+1}^n\n \\left(\\frac{1}{q_i^2}\\exp[\\hat\\alpha(q_i)(y'_{i-1}-y'_i)]\\left(i g_s f^{c_id_ic_{i+1}}\\right)C_{\\mu_i}(q_i,q_{i+1})\\right)\\\\\n &\\cdot\\frac 1 {q_{n+1}^2}\\exp[\\hat\\alpha(q_{n+1})(y'_{n}-y_b)]\\left(i\n g_s f^{bd_{n+1}c_{n+1}} g_{\\mu_b\\mu_{n+1}}\\right),\n \\end{split}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $g_s$ is the strong coupling constant ($\\alpha_s=\\frac{g_s^2}{4\\pi}$); $f^{abc}$ colour structure constants; $y_i,y_i'$ are the rapidities of the emitted particles; $\\hat{s}=(p_a+p_b)^2$ is the partonic centre of mass energy. ", "The factor $C_{\\mu_i}$ is a [*Lipatov effective vertex*]{} describing the emission of gluon $i$. This has the explicit form:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!C^{\\mu_i}(q_i,q_{i+1})=\\left[(q_i+q_{i+1})_\\perp^{\\mu_i}-\\left(\\frac{{\\hat{s}}_{ai}}{\\hat{s}}+2\\frac{q_{i+1}^2}{\\hat{s}_{bi}}\\right)p_b^{\\mu_i}+\\left(\\frac{\\hat{s}_{bi}}{\\hat{s}}+2\\frac{\\hat{q}_i^2}{\\hat{s}_{ai}}\\right)p_a^{\\mu_i}\\right],\n \\label{eq:lip1}\n \\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $\\hat{s}_{ai}=2p_a\\cdot p_i$ and similarly for $\\hat{s}_{bi}$. The notation $q_\\perp$ denotes the projection of a 4-momentum onto its transverse components. ", "Also, $C_H$ is an effective vertex coupling the Higgs to off-shell gluons via a top quark loop, whose form has been calculated in [@DelDuca:2003ba]. ", "The exponential factors $\\hat{\\alpha}(q_i)$ encode the leading virtual corrections (see e.g. Ref [@Fadin:1998sh]): $$\\hat\n \\alpha(q_i)=-\\frac{g_s^2\\ N_c \\ \\Gamma(1-\\varepsilon)}{(4\\pi)^{2+\\varepsilon}}\\frac\n 2 \\varepsilon\\left(|q_{\\perp i}|^2/\\mu^2\\right)^\\varepsilon,\n\\label{alpha}$$ where singularities have been regularised using dimensional regularisation in $D=4+2\\varepsilon$ dimensions, where $\\mu$ is the renormalisation scale and $N_c$ the number of colours. ", "The colour factors in equation (\\[FKL\\]) are for incoming gluons. ", "The form of the amplitude is the same for initial state quarks, apart from different colour factors.", "\n\nEq.", " (\\[FKL\\]) formally applies in the so-called [*Multi-Regge-kinematic*]{} (MRK) limit. ", "Thus, it is clear why this may be a good starting point for describing matrix elements with many hard partons. ", "Firstly, it can be applied at any order in the perturbation expansion. ", "Secondly, it does not rely upon soft and collinear approximations.", "\n\nThe multi-gluon emissions have in fact not previously been studied directly as implemented in Eq.", " (\\[FKL\\]). ", "Instead, a simplified version has been used, which is equivalent in the MRK limit. ", "In this limit, the squared 4-momenta fulfil $q_i^2\\to-|q_{\\perp i}|^2$, and the squared Lipatov vertices $-C_{\\mu_i} C^{\\mu_i}\\to4\\frac{|q_{\\perp i}|^2|q_{\\perp i+1}|^2}{|k_{\\perp\n i}|^2}$. This means that in the products of Eq.", " (\\[FKL\\]), only squares of *transverse* momenta appear. ", "Extending these kinematic approximations to all of phase space (not just the MRK limit), the sum over $j,n$ and the phase space integral over the emitted gluons can be approximated by solving the *BFKL-equation*[@Balitsky:1978ic]. ", "In this form, the framework has previously been extensively applied to other processes. ", "In the present context (after implementing local 4-momentum conservation, which is strictly sub-leading in the BFKL approach), we find by expanding the solution in powers of [$\\alpha_s$]{}that the lowest order BFKL results for the $hjj$ ($554$fb) and $hjjj$ ($775$fb) cross sections differ from their full leading order counterparts by $97\\%$ and $200\\%$ respectively. ", "The kinematic approximations are clearly inadequate in describing amplitudes in general at the LHC.", "\n\nInstead, we define a set of amplitudes based on Eq.", " (\\[FKL\\]) as written, supplemented by the following guidelines:\n\n1. ", " Use of full virtual 4-momenta: Rather than substituting $q_i^2\\to-|q_{i\\perp}|^2$ as in the BFKL equation, we keep the dependence on the full 4-momenta of all particles. ", "This ensures that outside of the MRK limit, the singularity structure of the approximate amplitudes coincides with known singularities of the full fixed order scattering amplitude.", "\n\n2. ", " Positivity of the squared Lipatov vertex: The square of the amplitudes in Eq.", " (\\[FKL\\]) are not positive definite, when the effective Lipatov vertex is applied to momentum configurations very far from the MRK limit. ", "It is here possible to obtain $-C_{\\mu_i}C^{\\mu_i}<0$, where the minus sign arises from the contraction of the gluon polarisation tensor. ", "We choose to remove the contribution from the *small* region of phase space where this happens.", "\n\nThese modifications combine known analytic behaviour of the full scattering amplitudes and the factorised expressions obtained in the MRK limit to any order in perturbation theory.", "\n\nWhen these modifications are made, the resulting amplitudes do indeed approximate well the known perturbative results at low orders, and thus can be reliably used at higher orders, where full results are unknown or computationally unfeasible. ", "Using our approach, we find an ${\\ensuremath{\\alpha_s}\\xspace}^4$ contribution to $hjj$ of 321fb and ${\\ensuremath{\\alpha_s}\\xspace}^5$-contribution to $hjjj$ of 217fb, within 16% and 7% of the full results respectively. ", "In general, we find good agreement in a large region of phase space, and the level of accuracy reported here does not require any fine tuning of cuts. ", "This is summarised in Fig.", " \\[LO\\], and one sees that the approximate results are well within the uncertainty associated with the full results, obtained by varying a common renormalisation and factorisation scale by a factor of two.", "\n\nHaving validated the approximation at low orders in [$\\alpha_s$]{}(where it can be compared with known fixed order results), we now consider results obtained using matrix elements with any number of final state partons, which at present cannot be calculated using standard perturbation theory. ", "The divergence in Eq.", " (\\[FKL\\]) arising when any $p_i\\to 0$ is regulated by the divergence of the virtual corrections encoded in $\\hat\\alpha$. Thus the resulting formalism is efficiently implemented in a Monte Carlo generator following the method for phase space generation outlined in Ref.", " [@Andersen:2006sp]. ", "Given that one knows the full tree level results for 2 and 3 partons, however (and they are also computationally quick), we have combined these results with the approximate matrix elements using a suitable matching procedure. ", "We find a total cross section of $499^{+527}_{-307}$fb. ", "The large uncertainty in the total cross section due to scale variations however is not reflected in the distribution of the number of hard jets as shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:FKL\\]. ", "One sees a significant number of events with more than 3 hard jets.", "\n\nThe transverse momentum spectrum of the Higgs boson when produced in association with at least two hard jets is shown in Fig.", " \\[fig:ptH\\]. ", "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of this quantity, in contrast to the completely inclusive Higgs boson $p_t$ spectrum, which has previously been studied in the literature. ", "The tree level 2 parton final state predicts a bimodal structure, which ultimately arises from the azimuthal correlation between the jets. ", "This structure disappears when extra radiation is added, giving a qualitatively different behaviour. ", "The significant difference between the fixed-order spectra emphasises the importance of considering yet higher order corrections.", "\n\nIn summary, we have outlined a technique, not relying on a soft and collinear approximation, for estimating scattering amplitudes with multiple partons to all orders in perturbation theory, and demonstrated its application to Higgs boson production (via GGF) in association with at least two jets. ", "Our technique is based on the FKL factorisation formula of Ref.", " [@Fadin:1975cb], with important modifications which ensure that the singularity structure of the amplitudes coincides with known all-order analytic properties of the perturbation expansion. ", "At low orders in [$\\alpha_s$]{}, where the full fixed order result can be obtained, our description agrees well, which verifies the trustworthiness of the approach. ", "It captures both real and virtual corrections, and can be applied at any order in [$\\alpha_s$]{}in a computationally efficient manner.", "\n\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nCDW is funded by the Dutch Organisation for Fundamental Matter Research (FOM). ", "We thank Vittorio Del Duca, Eric Laenen, Gavin Salam and Jos Vermaseren for encouraging conversations, and also the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics.", "\n\n[28]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}bibnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}bibfnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}citenamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}url \\#1[`#1`]{}urlprefix\\[2\\][\\#2]{} \\[2\\]\\[\\][[\\#2](#2)]{}\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , ****, (), .", "\n\n(), .", "\n\n(), .", "\n\n, , (), .", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , ****, (), .", "\n\n, , , ****, ().", "\n\n, , , , , ****, (), .", "\n\n(), .", "\n\n, ****, ().", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n, ****, (), .", "\n\n[^1]: If further a rapidity veto on jets is applied, the effects studied in Ref.", " [@Forshaw:2007vb] may need to be taken into account.", "\n\n[^2]: For the resummed results presented later, some freezing of the coupling [$\\alpha_s$]{}is necessary below a suitable low scale $Q_0$. However, the results are fairly insensitive to this choice.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0.015584415584415584, 0.004975124378109453, 0, 0.008450704225352112, 0.005089058524173028, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0051813471502590676, 0, 0.01935483870967742, 0.013404825737265416, 0.011976047904191617, 0, 0.004608294930875576, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0.05, 0.015544041450777202, 0, 0.0047169811320754715, 0.008620689655172414, 0.0064516129032258064, 0.05263157894736842, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0.0034762456546929316, 0.01, 0.007518796992481203, 0, 0.004545454545454545, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0.0023923444976076554, 0.009433962264150943, 0.0035335689045936395, 0.003305785123966942, 0.013422818791946308, 0.002127659574468085, 0, 0, 0, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.012048192771084338, 0.008658008658008658, 0, 0.008658008658008658, 0, 0.005420054200542005, 0.010101010101010102, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0.005847953216374269, 0.005555555555555556, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0.007194244604316547, 0, 0, 0.005494505494505495, 0, 0.004524886877828055, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0, 0, 0.0037174721189591076, 0.047619047619047616, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0, 0.007874015748031496, 0, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0, 0, 0.0033333333333333335, 0.031746031746031744, 0.005235602094240838, 0, 0, 0.006756756756756757, 0.030120481927710843, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018867924528301886, 0, 0 ]

[ "Reduction of copper(II)-bleomycin: a model for in vivo drug activity.", "\nThe effect of aliphatic thiols, including glutathione, cysteine, and dithiothreitol, on the anaerobic reduction of Cu(II)-bleomycin was examined. ", "At neutral pH, cysteine is more efficient in reducing Cu(II)-bleomycin than either dithiothreitol or glutathione, while at alkaline pH the rate of reduction with all three reagents increases substantially. ", "A kinetic treatment suggests that 2 equiv of thiol is required for each mole of Cu(II)-bleomycin reduced. ", "Material balance studies verify this stoichiometry. ", "If anaerobic reduction of Cu(II)-bleomycin is carried out in the presence of Fe(II), iron is chelated by the drug. ", "This metal-drug complex is capable of degrading DNA when O2 is introduced. ", "The extent of DNA degradation, as measured by the release of malondialdehyde-like chromogens from the DNA, is directly dependent on the amount of Cu(II)-bleomycin reduced." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0.006802721088435374, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "YOU MAY ALSO LIKE\n\nSizing\n\nPoor quality After wearing this item once and washing in on delicate/gentle cycle and hanging to dry it faded to an almost white color on both arms and the hood and stretched out so bad I cant even wear it. ", "Not worth the money! ", "January 15, 2014" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "PMCBBCode [url=https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/tree-of-life-wonder-for-civcraft-2282132/][img]https://static.planetminecraft.com/files/resource_media/screenshot/1327/2013-07-03_171036_5852984_thumb.jpg[/img] Tree Of Life[/url] by [mn=1282005]Half_Crazy[/mn]\n\nHTML <a href=\"https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/tree-of-life-wonder-for-civcraft-2282132/\" title=\"Tree Of Life Minecraft Map\"><br /><img src=\"https://static.planetminecraft.com/files/resource_media/screenshot/1327/2013-07-03_171036_5852984_thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Tree Of Life\" border=\"0\"/><br/>Tree Of Life</a> by <a href=\"https://www.planetminecraft.com/member/half_crazy/\" title=\"Half_Crazy Profile\">Half_Crazy</a>\n\nURL https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/tree-of-life-wonder-for-civcraft-2282132/\n\n\n\n1282005 Half_Crazy\n\nLevel 11 : Journeyman Architect\n\nThis is a tree that me (Half_Crazy) and Trevorious built a while ago, and it never got anywhere. ", "Unfortuantly it is in some respects similar to Zerbia, although its structure as a tree is different. ", "There are plenty of options for chests, and some parts of the build may have to be changed (eg the beacons).", "\n\n\n\nThank you for looking,\n\n\n\nHalf_Crazy.", "\n\nCredit Trevorious Progress 100% complete Tags" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.00866738894907909, 0, 0, 0, 0.02127659574468085 ]

[ "Doxford Park\n\nDoxford Park (known locally as Doxy Park) is a suburb of Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, located to the south-west of the city centre. ", "Doxford Park is also the name of a wooded area of land located within the suburb.", "\n\nDoxford Park has been built up in stages from the mid-1960s onwards, original proposals calling the area \"Silksworth Township\". ", "It is surrounded by the A19 to the west, farmland to the south, Silksworth to the North, and Tunstall to the east. ", "It is bisected by the B1286 Doxford Park Way dual carriageway.", "\n\nMany of the houses in Doxford Park were becoming unsafe and uneconomic to repair so Gentoo (formerly the Sunderland Housing Group) is undertaking a massive programme of renewal to redevelop the estate.", "\n\nRenamed 'Beckwith Green' the development has been split into 6 phases with phases 1 to 3 of the project now complete. ", "Plans for a new £11.6m retirement village on the Beckwith Green development were announced by Gentoo, and will be phase 4 of the regeneration program. ", "Work is due to start on this phase in March 2013 and be completion in mid-2014.", "\n\nThe plans for Phase 4 include 40 extra care apartments, 40 apartments and 14 bungalows. ", "The aim is to create a village where residents can continue to live independently but with support always to hand.", "\n\nPlanning permission for phase 5 of the regeneration program was submitted to Sunderland Council in Nov 2012 - however there has been no confirmation from Gentoo as to when construction on phase 5 will commence.", "\n\nAt the centre of the suburb lies a shopping centre built in the late 1970s and initially named the President Carter Shopping Centre, after it was opened by U.S. President Jimmy Carter during an official visit to the region in 1977. ", "Following redevelopment in mid-1990s the centre is now a large Morrisons supermarket.", "\n\nDoxford Park is home to one school Mill Hill Primary School and an adjoining nursery [Mill Hill Nursery]. ", "The Portland School for children with special needs was opened in the nearby Chapelgarth area in December 2001 by Prime Minister Tony Blair. ", "For secondary education, most children from the area go to Farringdon Community Academy in the nearby estate of Farringdon.", "\n\nThe Doxford International Business Park is located less than a mile away from the estate.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Venerable Bede School\n Benedict Biscop CofE School\n\nCategory:City of Sunderland suburbs\nCategory:Sunderland" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.006944444444444444, 0, 0, 0.017391304347826087, 0, 0.009852216748768473, 0.008333333333333333, 0.006622516556291391, 0, 0, 0, 0.009433962264150943, 0.008547008547008548, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0.014184397163120567, 0.008130081300813009, 0.01098901098901099, 0 ]

[ "C4H9Br\n\nThe molecular formula C4H9Br, molar mass : 137.02 g/mol, may refer to:\n\n 1-Bromobutane \n 2-Bromobutane \n tert-Butyl bromide" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0 ]

[ "resource \"aws_instance\" \"foo\" {\n count = \"2\"\n lifecycle { create_before_destroy = true }\n}\n\nresource \"aws_instance\" \"bar\" {\n count = \"2\"\n lifecycle { create_before_destroy = true }\n}\n\noutput \"out\" {\n value = \"${aws_instance.foo.0.id}\"\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0 ]

[ "I teach at Lehigh University in eastern Pennsylvania. ", "I work on British colonialism, modernism, postcolonial/global literature, and the digital humanities.", "\n\nTuesday, April 20, 2004\n\nA Small Defense of Northrop Frye: 'Plasmatic' literature, and the Creature/Creator distinction\n\nNOTE: I've modified and corrected the entry below a bit since originally posting it.", "\n\nNorthrop Frye is one of the key members of the earlier generation in literary criticism, though his works have lately vanished from the syllabi of graduate seminars in today's Ph.D. programs. ", "He is best known for his book The Anatomy of Criticism (1957), as well as his theory of \"archetypes,\" though he wrote many other books, including one I've been reading recently, The Secular Scripture (1976).", "\n\nFrye is sometimes associated with the movement known as the New Criticism, since he is roughly contemporary with the famous critics of that era -- Frank Kermode, Cleanth Brooks. ", "But his work really aimed to move away from the debates about taste that were prevalent in the New Criticism, and towards a more democratized approach to literature as an expression of myth. ", "The New Critics had an obsession with the originality of the poetic voice, wherease Frye believed that literature is the product at least of a 'literary society', if not society in general (the latter would be the view currently held by most contemporary literary critics).", "\n\nI am not by any means trying to make a conservative gesture, where I would hold up Frye as somehow right about everything, only we no longer believe him. ", "Rather, I think his work might benefit from being read freshly, without the baggage of the culture wars or the radicalism of deconstruction.", "\n\nFrye merits respect, but critical respect. ", "Though contemporary critics are often derided for their dependence on jargon, one learns by reading Frye that jargon is nothing new -- Frye peppers his works with difficult Greek terms: mythoi, dianoia, kerygmatic. ", "Frye claimed to be using a \"scientific\" method in his critical theory, and argued in The Anatomy of Criticism that there is an observable order to literature as a whole: \"just as there is an order of nature behind the natural sciences, so literature is nota piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words.\" ", "However, if one attempts to read his work after The Anatomy of Criticism carefully, one sees a style of writing that is more anecdotal than methodical. ", "The school of criticism called \"structuralism,\" which peaked in the mid-1960s, was in fact much closer in its method to hard science.", "\n\nThe Hopkins Guide To Literary Theory has the full text of a greatly helpful essay by Richard Stingle on the evolution of Frye's work, including summaries of the arguments of his various books as well as a detailed engagement with Frye's life-long obsession with Blake. ", "However, the best account of Frye's career can be found in the first chapter of Frank Lentricchia's After the New Criticism.", "\n\nHere let me invoke just two small points in Frye's The Secular Scripture that I have found intriguing. ", "One is a distinction Frye makes between properly religious epic and what he calls romance:\n\nThe secession of science from the mythological universe is a familiar story. ", "The separating of scientific and mythological space began theoretically with Copernicus, and effectively with Galileo. ", "By the nineteenth century scientific time had been emancipated from mythological time. ", "But in proportion as the mythological universe becomes more obviously a construct, another question arises. ", "We saw that there is no structural principle to prevent the fables of secular literature from also forming a mythology, or even a mythological universe. ", "Is it possible, then, to look at secular stories as a whole, and as forming a single biblical vision? ", "This is the question implied in the ‘secular scripture’ of my title. ", "In the chapters that follow I should like to look at fiction as a total verbal order, with the outlines of an imaginative universe in it. ", "The Bible is the epic of the creator, with God as its hero. ", "Romance is the structural core of all fiction: being directly descended from folktale, it brings us closer than any other aspect of literature to the sense of fiction, considered as a whole, as the epic of the creature, man’s vision of his own life as a quest.", "\n\nThough many have attempted to argue that romance is in some way a descendent of religious narratives, Frye makes the case that the two are really separate. ", "Frye's insistence on this separation -- which is a predecessor of the high-culture/low-culture distinction that still exists in literature today -- runs throughout The Secular Scripture, as it does through several of his other works. ", "Contrary to expectation, Frye is primarily interested in the low mode of literature, the small epic of the \"creature\" rather than the big epic of the \"creator.\" (", "A knowledge of Latin verb forms is also helpful here, for the \"creature\" derives from the past participle, suggesting it is the object of creation, in contrast to the \"creator\" who is the subject.) ", "For Frye, literature is secular not because it is written by non-believers, but because all major literary forms derive from the realm of folktales and folk culture, which predate the Church, and which have survived outside of religious institutions for millenia.", "\n\nThis interest in high (religious) narrative and popular (folk) romance leads to a second distinction, between the real world and the world of fiction and myth. ", "In the world of fiction, truth and falsehood are irrelevant. ", "What is needed is a term to describe literary mimesis, and Frye comes up with one in 'plasmatic':\n\nGreek critics distinguished verbal structures as true, false, and plastic, or more accurately plasmatic, the presenting of things as they conceivably could be. ", "Truth and falsehood are not literary categories, and are only approximately even verbal ones. ", "For the literary critic, at all events, everything in words is plasmatic, and truth and falsehood represent the directions or tendencies in which verbal structures go, or are thought to go. ", "This leads to a general distinction between serious and responsible literature on the one hand, and the trifling and fantastic on the other.", "\n\nHere what seems to be a second distinction is really another version of the first: plausible stories are seen as respectable, while fantastic tales are 'low'. ", "But isn't \"serious and responsible\" a secular analogue for 'sanctioned by the church'? ", "So what emerges is a mirror of the first break. ", "Again, one respectable (plasmatic) style of storytelling would seem to be the more valuable, but Frye's imagination leads us inevitably to the trifling and fantastic tales. ", "The latter spring without mediation from the human imagination, and Frye finds them fascinating.", "\n\nNo comments:\n\nLinks, Selected Posts\n\nAmardeep Singh, Associate Professor of English at Lehigh UniversityOn Twitter\n\nI have been working on several digital projects in Scalar. ", "All three are currently in progress as of summer 2017.", "\nOne is digital archive I am calling \"The Kiplings and India.\" ", "Working with a team of graduate research assistants, we have been building the site in Scalar here. ", "Feedback welcome; it's a work in progress.", "\n\nI have also been working on a Digital Collection called \"Claude McKay's Early Poetry (1912-1922)\" This project began as a collaborative class project called \"Harlem Echoes,\" a digital edition of Claude McKay's \"Harlem Shadows.\" ", "The new version of the project is much-expanded, including McKay's early Jamaican poetry as well as his uncollected political poetry from magazines like The Liberator and Workers Dreadnought." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.004830917874396135, 0.005154639175257732, 0, 0.016666666666666666, 0, 0.007326007326007326, 0.00641025641025641, 0, 0, 0.018604651162790697, 0.0032258064516129032, 0, 0, 0.01845018450184502, 0.016129032258064516, 0.009523809523809525, 0.005917159763313609, 0.008403361344537815, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.006329113924050633, 0.004273504273504274, 0.006172839506172839, 0, 0.0076045627376425855, 0, 0, 0.003861003861003861, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0.010416666666666666, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.015873015873015872, 0, 0, 0.008695652173913044, 0.005235602094240838 ]

[ "J-A23032-19\n\n\nNON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37\n\n MALLORY J. MOHNKERN, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF\n : PENNSYLVANIA\n Appellant :\n :\n :\n v. :\n :\n :\n MICHAEL A. GOULD : No. ", "1767 WDA 2018\n\n Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 6, 2018\n in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County\n Civil Division at No(s): GD 17-003538\n\nBEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., KUNSELMAN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.\n\nMEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED DECEMBER 12, 2019\n\n Mallory J. Mohnkern (“Mohnkern”) appeals from the Judgment,1 in the\n\namount of $15,569.52, entered in her favor, and against Michael A. Gould\n\n(“Gould”). ", "We affirm.", "\n\n Mohnkern and Gould were involved in a motor vehicle accident on\n\nFebruary 12, 2016, during which Gould rear-ended Mohnkern while she was\n\nstopped in traffic on Freeport Road in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.2\n\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\n1 Mohnkern purports to appeal from the Order denying her Motion for Post-\nTrial Relief. ", "However, an appeal properly lies from the entry of judgment,\nrather than the denial of post-trial motions. ", "See Nitardy v. Chabot, 195\nA.3d 941, 944 n.1 (Pa. Super. ", "2018). ", "Because the trial court entered\nJudgment in this case before Mohnkern filed the instant appeal, the appeal is\nproperly before us.", "\n\n2At trial, Gould admitted that he was at fault for the accident. ", "See N.T.,\n11/13/18, at 60.", "\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\n On March 7, 2017, Mohnkern filed a Complaint in negligence, claiming\n\nthat she had suffered various injuries as a result of the accident, including,\n\ninter alia, traumatic brain injury, headaches, dizziness, panic attacks, and\n\ninjury to the head, neck and spine. ", "Mohnkern also alleged damages including,\n\ninter alia, pain and suffering, lost wages and earning potential, and continued\n\nmedical expenses.", "\n\n Gould filed an Answer and New Matter on March 28, 2019, asserting\n\nthat some or all of Mohnkern’s injuries were unrelated to the accident.", "\n\nMohnkern filed a Reply.", "\n\n Following additional procedural history not relevant to this appeal, the\n\nmatter proceeded to a jury trial on November 13, 2018. ", "Prior to the start of\n\ntrial, Gould presented several Motions in limine. ", "Relevantly, Gould sought to\n\nexclude evidence concerning Mohnkern’s medical expenses and wage loss.", "\n\nThe trial court granted the Motions in limine.", "\n\n Before the start of closing arguments, Mohnkern presented a Motion to\n\nPermit Counsel to Argue for a Specific Dollar Amount for Non-Economic\n\nDamages During Closing Argument, asserting that the jury would have no\n\nevidence to guide them in choosing an amount of damages, and that selecting\n\nan amount would require speculation. ", "The trial court denied the Motion. ", "On\n\nNovember 15, 2018, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Mohnkern,\n\n\n\n\n -2-\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\nreflecting awards of $7,500.00 for past pain and suffering, and $7,500.00 for\n\nmental anguish.3\n\n Mohnkern filed a Motion for Post-Trial Relief, requesting a new trial\n\nduring which her counsel could argue for a specific dollar amount for non-\n\neconomic damages. ", "The trial court denied Mohnkern’s Motion.", "\n\n The trial court entered Judgment, upon Praecipe by Mohnkern, on\n\nDecember 6, 2018. ", "Mohnkern thereafter filed a timely Notice of Appeal and a\n\ncourt-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Concise Statement of matters complained of\n\non appeal.", "\n\n Mohnkern now raises the following question for our review: “Whether\n\nthe parties in an action involving non-economic damages for personal injuries\n\ncan argue to the jury for a specific amount of damages during closing\n\narguments to the jury?” ", "Brief for Appellant at vi.", "\n\n “[W]hen reviewing the denial of a motion for new trial, we must\n\ndetermine if the trial court committed an abuse of discretion or error of law\n\nthat controlled the outcome of the case.” ", "Long v. Mejia, 896 A.2d 596, 599\n\n(Pa. Super. ", "2006). ", "Further,\n\n [u]pon review, the test is not whether this Court would have\n reached the same result on the evidence presented, but, rather,\n after due consideration of the evidence found credible by the trial\n court, and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the\n verdict winner, whether the court could reasonably have reached\n its conclusion.", "\n____________________________________________\n\n\n3 The verdict was subsequently molded to a total of $15,569.52, to reflect\ndelay damages.", "\n\n -3-\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\n\nB & L Asphalt Indus., ", "Inc. v. Fusco, 753 A.2d 264, 267 (Pa. Super. ", "2000)\n\n(citation and quotation marks omitted).", "\n\n Mohnkern argues that her counsel should have been permitted, during\n\nclosing arguments, to argue to the jury for a specific amount of money for\n\nnon-economic damages. ", "See Brief for Appellant at 7-23. ", "Mohnkern claims\n\nthat, due to the evidence presented at trial, “the jury had no monetary amount\n\non which to start their deliberation.” ", "Id. at 8. ", "Mohnkern acknowledges that\n\nexisting case law prohibits counsel from requesting a particular amount of\n\nmoney for non-economic damages, but points out that the key cases were\n\ndecided more than a century ago, and asserts that the issue should be\n\nrevisited. ", " Id. at 9, 10-11, 16. ", " Additionally, Mohnknern points out that\n\nPennsylvania is one of a minority of states that prohibit counsel from arguing\n\nfor a specific lump sum or a per diem amount relating to non-economic\n\ndamages. ", "Id. at 9, 16-17.", "\n\n Counsel in civil cases are prohibited from making statements to the jury,\n\nduring closing arguments, concerning the amount of non-economic damages\n\nexpected. ", "See Nelson v. Airco Welders Supply, 107 A.3d 146, 161-62 (Pa.\n\nSuper. ", "2014) (en banc); see also Stassun v. Chapin, 188 A. 111, 111 (Pa.\n\n1936); Joyce v. Smith, 112 A. 549, 550-51 (Pa. 1921). ", "Underlying this rule\n\nis the idea that a jury should determine the amount of non-economic damages\n\nto award based on the evidence presented at trial, rather than at the\n\nsuggestion of counsel. ", "See Wilson v. Nelson, 258 A.2d 657, 659-60 (Pa.\n\n1969) (stating that “[j]urors should render their verdict on the basis of\n\n -4-\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\n\ndeductions from the evidence presented and not on the basis of some\n\ncalculation, independently proposed and arrived at by trial counsel.”); ", "see\n\nalso Joyce, 112 A. at 551; Bullock v. Chester & Darby Telford Road Co.,\n\n113 A. 379, 380 (Pa. 1921). ", "Our Supreme Court has also stated that “any\n\nstatement to the jury by counsel that calls the juror’s attention to claims or\n\namounts not supported by the evidence is error.” ", "Wilson, 258 A.2d at 660\n\n(emphasis added). ", "Thus, counsel may not request a specific award, ask the\n\njury to apply a particular formula for calculating damages, or otherwise\n\nprovide a suggestion concerning the amount claimed or expected. ", " See\n\nNelson, 107 A.3d at 164 (concluding that, where plaintiff’s counsel “provided\n\nthe jury with a formula to calculate damages and an amount to plug into that\n\nformula[,]” and requested at least $1 million for each category of non-\n\neconomic damages, the trial court abused its discretion by failing to issue a\n\ncurative instruction or grant a mistrial); Wilson, 258 A.2d at 659-60 (stating\n\nthat trial court did not err in requiring, during closing arguments, plaintiff’s\n\ncounsel to remove a chart depicting dollar figures for various damages,\n\nbecause the proposed figure for loss of future wages was unsupported by\n\nevidence); Bullock, 113 A. at 380 (requiring a new trial where plaintiff’s\n\ncounsel argued specific amounts of lost wages, including future wages, to the\n\njury during closing arguments); Joyce, 112 A. at 550-51 (concluding that\n\ncounsel’s suggestion that plaintiff was entitled to “thousands of dollars” for\n\npain and suffering was improper). ", " But see Clark v. Phila. ", "Coll. ", "of\n\nOsteopathic Med., ", "693 A.2d 202, 206 (Pa. Super. ", "1997) (concluding that\n\n -5-\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\n\nthe trial court properly declined to grant a mistrial after plaintiff’s counsel,\n\nreferring to a drawing of a triangle with a horizontal line drawn through it,\n\nargued to the jury that plaintiff’s medical expenses were only the “tip of the\n\niceberg,” and her non-economic damages remained below the horizontal\n\n“water line,” because the statement did not suggest a specific sum).", "\n\n The trial court denied Mohnkern’s Motion to Permit Counsel to Argue for\n\na Specific Dollar Amount for Non-Economic Damages During Closing\n\nArgument, and Motion for Post-Trial Relief, on the basis that any request for\n\na particular sum of damages would be improper. ", "See Trial Court Opinion,\n\n2/5/19, at 2-4. ", "While we are sympathetic to Mohnkern’s assertions, we must\n\nagree that any such statements or requests by counsel during closing\n\narguments are prohibited under the current law of this Commonwealth.4\n\nTherefore, we are constrained to conclude that the trial court did not commit\n\nlegal error or abuse its discretion in denying Mohnkern’s request for a new\n\ntrial.", "\n\n Judgment affirmed.", "\n\n\n\n\n____________________________________________\n\n\n4 We observe that, without any guidance or evidence concerning a requested\namount of non-economic damages, a jury’s verdict may be no less arbitrary\nthan an amount specified and proposed by plaintiff’s counsel at trial. ", "Cf.", "\nJoyce, 112 A. at 551 (cautioning against “any suggestion to the jury of an\narbitrary amount”). ", "We therefore urge our Supreme Court to revisit this issue.", "\n\n -6-\n\fJ-A23032-19\n\n\n\n\nJudgment Entered.", "\n\n\n\n\nJoseph D. Seletyn, Esq.", "\nProthonotary\n\n\n\nDate: 12/12/2019\n\n\n\n\n -7-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.005235602094240838, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.011204481792717087, 0, 0.03508771929824561, 0, 0, 0.014925373134328358, 0.038461538461538464, 0.0034965034965034965, 0, 0, 0.04, 0, 0.0273972602739726, 0.010101010101010102, 0, 0.005952380952380952, 0.02857142857142857, 0.004975124378109453, 0.024390243902439025, 0.010869565217391304, 0.006896551724137931, 0, 0.038461538461538464, 0, 0.043478260869565216, 0, 0.0025575447570332483, 0, 0, 0.044444444444444446, 0, 0, 0.030303030303030304, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0049261083743842365, 0, 0, 0.04285714285714286, 0.01652892561983471, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0.018867924528301886, 0.005747126436781609, 0.023255813953488372, 0, 0.0030737704918032786, 0.03225806451612903, 0, 0, 0.03333333333333333, 0, 0.014492753623188406, 0.023809523809523808, 0, 0, 0.003676470588235294, 0, 0.010416666666666666, 0.017241379310344827, 0.012048192771084338, 0.03571428571428571, 0 ]

[ "Pulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis.", "\nAnti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents have recently been approved and recommended as effective and relatively safe drug therapy for ankylosing spondylitis. ", "In light of this major advance in the management of these patients, recent observations on the pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis are reviewed. ", "High-resolution computed tomography abnormalities were found to be prevalent (range 50-85%) in ankylosing spondylitis even in patients with early disease, and in those with normal chest radiographs and without respiratory symptoms. ", "The high-resolution computed tomography changes included apical fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, emphysema, bronchietasis and pleural thickening. ", "In general, the high-resolution computed tomography changes were of mild degree, and no correlation was observed between high-resolution computed tomography abnormalities, pulmonary function test variables and indices of ankylosing spondylitis symptoms and disease structural severity. ", "Spontaneous pneumothorax was reported to be a rare complication, but tended to occur in those patients with fibrobullous disease. ", "The clinical significance of the high-resolution computed tomography abnormalities remains to be determined. ", "Most of the published studies are cross-sectional, and are limited by lack of control subjects matched for age, gender and tobacco use. ", "Studies to correlate high-resolution computed tomography changes with bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsies as well as prospective studies on long-term evolution of these findings including those patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents are needed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Underneath my mom's kitchen sink are two supply ines for an unused washing machine. ", "I couldn't stop the drip on one side so I capped it. ", "Did I make a mistake, where will the water accumulate. ", "Thanks for your help." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "For our age of wonks and white papers and warring experts, there ought to be a word — something just short of, though not shorter than, schadenfreude — for the gentle thrill inspired by a social-science finding that mildly unsettles one’s ideological opponents.", "\n\nI’m thinking of the satisfied tingle a liberal might get from a study that suggests high taxes are good for economic growth. ", "Or the spring added to a libertarian’s step by a report that environmental regulations hurt the poor.", "\n\nOr the pleasure that I took recently from the headline: “Study: Having daughters makes parents more likely to be Republican.”", "\n\nWhy pleasure? ", "Well, because previous research on this question had suggested the reverse, with parents of daughters leaning left and parents of sons rightward. ", "And those earlier findings dovetailed neatly with liberal talking points about politics and gender: Republicans make war on women, Democrats protect them, so it’s only natural that raising girls would make parents see the wisdom of liberalism …\n\nBut the new study undercuts those talking points. ", "Things are more complicated than you thought, liberals! ", "You can love your daughters, want the best for them, and find yourself drawn to conservative ideas! ", "Especially if you’re highly educated, which is where the effect was strongest! ", "Better dust off a different set of talking points — maybe something about the family as the source of all oppression and how deeply internalized patriarchal norms make parents subconsciously inclined to tyrannize their female offspring and then we can argue about that!", "\n\nYes, I’m afraid this is actually the kind of internal monologue that comes with arguing about politics for a living.", "\n\nBut let me make a more limited, more personal argument on the subject. ", "The next round of research may “prove” something completely different about daughters and voting behavior. ", "But as a father of girls and a parent whose adult social set still overlaps with the unmarried, I do have a sense of where a daughter-inspired conservatism might come from, whatever political form it takes.", "\n\nIt comes from thinking about their future happiness, and about a young man named Nathaniel P.\n\nBut his type does exist, in multi-tudinous forms, wherever successful young people congregate, socialize, pair off. ", "He’s not the worst sort of guy by any means — not a toxic bachelor or an obnoxious pick-up artist. ", "He’s well intentioned, sensitive, mildly idealistic. ", "Yet he’s also a source of immense misery — both short-term and potentially lifelong — for the young women in his circle.", "\n\n“Contrary to what these women seemed to think,” Waldman writes of Nathaniel P.’s flings and semi-steady girlfriends, “he was not indifferent to their unhappiness. ", "And yet he seemed, in spite of himself, to provoke it.”", "\n\nHe provokes it by taking advantage of a social landscape in which sex has been decoupled from marriage but biology hasn’t been abolished, which means women still operate on a shorter time horizon for crucial life choices — marriage, kids — than do men. ", "In this landscape, what Nate wants — sex, and the validation that comes with being wanted — he reliably gets. ", "But what his lovers want, increasingly, as their cohort grows older — a more permanent commitment — he can afford to persistently withhold, feeling guilty but not that guilty about doing so.", "\n\nWaldman’s portrait of Nate’s romantic life is sympathetic enough to have earned her fan mail from young men. ", "But it’s precisely because Nate is sympathetic rather than toxic that the “Nathaniel P.” phenomenon — or what Rebecca Traister has dubbed “the scourge of indecisive men” — is a hard problem to escape. ", "Indeed, it seems like one of the hidden taproots of well-educated women’s work-life- balance angst, and one of the plausible explanations for declining female happiness in a world of expanded female opportunity.", "\n\nAnd lurking in Waldman’s novel, as in many portraits of the dating scene (ahem, Lena Dunham, ahem), is a kind of moral traditionalism that dare not speak its name — or that can be spoken of only in half-jest, as when the novelist Benjamin Kunkel told Traister that the solution was “some sort of a sexual strike against just such men.”", "\n\nBecause Kunkel is right: One obvious solution to the Nathaniel P. problem is a romantic culture in which more is required of young men before the women in their lives will sleep with them.", "\n\nTo the extent that parents tend to see the next generation’s world through their children’s eyes, that’s an insight that’s more immediately available through daughters than through sons.", "\n\nAnd no matter what the next study says about your likelihood of actually turning into a Republican, once you’ve flirted with that insight, you’ve tiptoed a little closer to something that might be described as social conservatism.", "\n\nEven if you live in Brooklyn.", "\n\nRoss Douthat writes a column for the New York Times.", "\n\nAs you comment, please be respectful of other commenters and other viewpoints. ", "Our goal with article comments is to provide a space for civil, informative and constructive conversations. ", "We reserve the right to remove any comment we deem to be defamatory, rude, insulting to others, hateful, off-topic or reckless to the community. ", "See our full terms of use here.", "\n\nMore in Opinion\n\nMany people read Christmas stories at this time of year. ", "I read reports and studies to help me get into the holiday spirit. ", "One caught my eye this week. ", "There have been a lot of macro theories and studies over the years, half-baked as well as plausible, if not evidence-based, about what significantly affects the overall crime rate, both good...\n\nTEACH AMERICAN HISTORY CBS “Sunday Morning” had an excellent segment on Pearl Harbor and the attack on Dec. 7, 1941. ", "The curator of the Pearl Harbor Museum made a single short comment that was quickly glossed over, but I believe is of great importance. ", "He stated that many visitors to his museum don’t really know much at all about World...\n\nAs those we elect formulate plans to address Minnesota early-education needs, one word should guide their thinking: prioritize. ", "The clear priority for targeted investment should be the estimated 40,000 low-income children identified as “left behind” for lack of access to high-quality early-education programs. ", "The payoff of prioritizing — in terms of human potential, subsequent learning and avoided costs — is...\n\nMichele Kelm-Helgen and Ted Mondale and other appointed factotums of the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority could have been given a couple of tickets to the football games and I’m betting nobody would have squawked. ", "They did some heavy lifting. ", "They got U.S. Bank Stadium built. ", "But the MSFA , ostensibly to entertain guests for purposes of marketing the building. ", "Are...\n\nMOURNING OUR CLASSMATES On Dec. 1, 2,000 hearts broke as we mourned our classmates (“Heartbroken’ school mourns two girls’ deaths in car crash”). ", "Yet, as we struggled to support one another under the weight of our grief, we found strength in our community. ", "To our teachers and administrators, thank you for giving us a time to commemorate our peers. ", "To...\n\nWhile much remains to do in his 12th and final year in office, St. Paul is a more vibrant place than it was when Chris Coleman was elected mayor in 2005. ", "He last week announced his decision not to seek another term, deferring talk of a run for governor in 2018 for another day. ", "His message to those gathered Thursday,..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.004694835680751174, 0, 0, 0, 0.012121212121212121, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.018018018018018018, 0.009950248756218905, 0, 0.011869436201780416, 0.010526315789473684, 0, 0, 0, 0.037037037037037035, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.013157894736842105, 0, 0, 0.003205128205128205, 0.007352941176470588, 0, 0, 0.009259259259259259, 0, 0.029411764705882353, 0.011627906976744186, 0, 0, 0, 0.006211180124223602, 0, 0 ]

[ "The effect of quinidine and other oral antiarrhythmic drugs on serum digoxin. ", "A prospective study.", "\nWe compared the effects of quinidine and three alternate antiarrhythmic drugs on serum digoxin concentration in 63 patients before and during administration of quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, or mexiletine. ", "Quinidine increased digoxin concentration by at least 0.5 nmol/L in 21 of 22 patients: Mean serum digoxin rose from 1.2 nmol/L to 2.4 nmol/L (P less than 0.001). ", "Procainamide, disopyramide, or mexiletine increased serum digoxin by 0.5 nmol/L in one of 41 patients. ", "Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting develop soon after starting quinidine therapy in 10 of the 22 patients who received quinidine but in only five of the 41 patients who received procainamide, disopyramide, or mexiletine (P less than 0.01). ", "Quinidine prolonged the PR intervals from 160 +/- 14 ms to 183 +/- 26 ms, but procainamide, disopyramide, and mexiletine did not change the PR interval (P less than 0.005). ", "In digitalized patients, quinidine increases serum digoxin concentration, increases digoxin's effect on atrioventricular conduction, and produces more adverse gastrointestinal effects than procainamide, disopyramide, or mexiletine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.005780346820809248, 0 ]

[ "Save\n\nStelara effective for induction, maintenance of UC regardless of biologic history\n\nPerspective from Stephen B. Hanauer, MD ADD TOPIC TO EMAIL ALERTS Receive an email when new articles are posted on . ", "Please provide your email address to receive an email when new articles are posted on Subscribe ADDED TO EMAIL ALERTS You've successfully added to your alerts. ", "You will receive an email when new content is published.", "\n\n\n\nClick Here to Manage Email Alerts You've successfully added to your alerts. ", "You will receive an email when new content is published.", "\n\n\n\nClick Here to Manage Email Alerts\n\n\n\nBack to Healio We were unable to process your request. ", "Please try again later. ", "If you continue to have this issue please contact customerservice@slackinc.com.", "\n\n\n\nBack to Healio\n\nSAN DIEGO — Stelara was effective for the induction and maintenance treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis whether or not they previously failed biologic therapy, according to data from the UNIFI study presented at Digestive Disease Week.", "\n\n“Ustekinumab [Stelara, Janssen] is an IL-12/23 blocker that’s approved for Crohn’s disease, and ... is also effective in induction and maintenance of clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis,” Bruce E. Sands, MD, of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, said in his presentation. “", "But here we are looking at two distinct populations who came into this study.”", "\n\nIn the UNIFI trial, researchers randomly assigned patients to a baseline intravenous induction dose of ustekinumab (130 mg or weight-range doses of about 6 mg/kg) or placebo. ", "Responders entered into maintenance therapy and received either 90 mg of ustekinumab (every 12 weeks or every 8 weeks) or placebo.", "\n\nThe trial included an analysis of the drug’s efficacy in patients who previously failed biologic treatment (51.1% of randomized patients), of which 98% had failed at least one anti-TNF, and 32.6% failed both anti-TNF and Entyvio (vedolizumab, Takeda).", "\n\nDuring the induction phase of the trial, both doses of ustekinumab were superior to placebo regarding clinical remission in patients who were either biologic failures (BF; P < .001 for both doses) or non-biologic failures (NBF; P < .05 for both doses).", "\n\nIn the maintenance phase in both BF and NBF patients, the proportion of patients who achieved clinical remission was greater for both the every 8 weeks and every 12 weeks ustekinumab groups compared with placebo (BF P < .001, P = .044, respectively; NBF P = .024, P = .020).", "\n\nAdditionally, a greater proportion of NBF and BF patients in the ustekinumab every 8 weeks and every 12 weeks groups achieved each secondary endpoint of maintenance (clinical response, endoscopic healing, corticosteroid-free remission and clinical remission in baseline remitters) compared with the placebo groups.", "\n\n“Ustekinumab was effective for induction and maintenance treatment of moderately-to-severely active UC as assessed by clinical response, clinical remission, endoscopic healing and steroid-free remission,” Sands concluded. “", "This effectiveness was also observed in patients with a history of biologic therapy failure which included both TNF antagonists, and as well as patients who had experienced and failed both anti-TNF and vedolizumab and patients without a history of biologic therapy failure.” – ", "by Alex Young\n\nReference:\n\nSands BE, et al. ", "Abstract 833. ", "Presented at: Digestive Disease Week; May 18-21, 2019; San Diego.", "\n\nDisclosures: Sands reports financial support for research from AbbVie, Allergan, Arena, Boeringher-Ingelheim, Celgene, Ferring, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Otsuka, Pfizer, Protagonist, Rheos Medicines, Synergy, Takeda, Theravance Biopharma R&D and TiGenix. ", "Please see the study abstract for all other authors’ relevant financial disclosures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0048543689320388345, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.020833333333333332, 0, 0.012658227848101266, 0.01056338028169014, 0.009404388714733543, 0, 0.005649717514124294, 0, 0.007905138339920948, 0.003937007874015748, 0.007246376811594203, 0.0031645569620253164, 0, 0, 0.022727272727272728, 0, 0.015384615384615385, 0.027450980392156862, 0 ]

[ "Sexually transmitted Escherichia coli urethritis and orchiepididymitis.", "\nWe describe herein a case of uropathogenic Escherichia coli urethritis and orchiepididymitis in a heterosexual man, which he had acquired sexually from his girlfriend. ", "The identity of the genital isolates from both partners was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.014084507042253521, 0.005917159763313609, 0 ]

[ "The Hip Hop culture can be broken down into various elements... These elements, like Voltron, somehow when combined properly form up a complex yet eloquent entity called the Periodic Table of Hip Hop Elements. ", "This is that blog. ", "All topics will be limited to anything and everything that is relevant to the Hip Hop culture." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.009523809523809525, 0, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCreating a substring with a varying number of chars\n\nvoid findNthRoot(string x) {\n if(x.find(\"rt:\") !", "= string::npos) {\n unsigned position = x.find(\"rt:\");\n double n = position - 1;\n double z = position + 3;\n string str1 = x.substr(n, 1);\n string str2 = x.substr(z, 1); \n }\n}\n\nint main() {\n findNthRoot(\"2 - 1 + 32rt:43 - 89\");\n}\n\nAs part of a calculator program, users can enter nrt:x to represent the nth root of a number x. The code I have written above works perfectly fine, but only if the user inputs a root with a single digit n and a single digit x. So my substrings str1 and str2 in this case would be 2 and 4 respectively. ", "I need the substrings to take the entire number followng rt: and the entire number before rt:. ", "I cannot figure out how to do this. ", "I know this is because I have 1 in x.substr(n, 1) but since the user can enter any number they want, I need to somehow be able to account for that.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn <cctype> header you have the function std::isdigit() that tells you if a character is a digit.", "\nThat way you can find the length of your substring with a simple loop :\nvoid findNthRoot(string x)\n{\n size_t position = x.find(\"rt:\");\n if (position !", "= string::npos)\n { \n size_t length = 1;\n size_t n = position - 1;\n while (n > 0 && std::isdigit(x[n - 1]))\n {\n --n;\n ++length;\n }\n string str1 = x.substr(n, length);\n\n length = 1;\n size_t z = position + 3;\n while (z < x.size() - 1 && std::isdigit(x[z + length]))\n ++length;\n string str2 = x.substr(z, length); \n }\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n findNthRoot(\"2 - 1 + 32rt:43 - 89\");\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "ACR white paper: the value added that radiologists provide to the health care enterprise.", "\nRadiologists represent arguably one of medicine's least heralded but most important specialties. ", "Although they carry sterling credentials as imaging and radiation safety experts, radiologists have lacked widespread public recognition. ", "As public and private stakeholders cast an even more intense spotlight on imaging, the vital role of radiologists must be better understood. ", "During the January 2008 ACR Forum on Future Practice Models for Radiology, participants and ACR leaders discussed the value added that radiologists bring to the health care enterprise and recommended that the ACR further study that topic. ", "The ACR, dedicated to providing quality patient care since its inception in 1924, convened the Task Force on Value Added to address these issues. ", "The task force determined the component stakeholders in the health care enterprise to whom value is added, defined the nature of the value for each constituent component, described the process of adding that value, and anticipated future trends that may affect the value proposition. ", "Recommendations to the ACR for future action are offered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.0041841004184100415, 0.0136986301369863, 0, 0 ]

[ "Garmin 920XT Officially announced\n\nAs of October 1st, Garmin officially announced the Forerunner 920XT. ", "We’ve had a look at the specifications and you can read our full preview here\n\nIt’s been long anticipated and after other models had a makeover we couldn’t wait to see what the successor of the 910XT would have. ", "Luckily somebody at Garmin made a small mistake and some images and details leaked out last Tuesday the 23nd of September, about the upcoming new Garmin 920XT. ", "It appears to become available in two colors, and a color screen, as we’ve seen from the other newer models.", "\n\nFrom the briefly available article we found the following details confirmed:\n\nGARMIN® FORERUNNER® 920XT GPS :: Train smarter and see your performance soar with the new\n\nGarmin® Forerunner® 920XT GPS. ", "Use this watch and activity tracker combo to track your steps, calories and distance throughout the day, while also getting estimations on VO2 max and recovery times when you’re training or racing. ", "Instantly see your text and call notifications, too, with the Smart Notifications feature, and share your stats and location with friends and family in real time using the Connected feature. ", "Plus, the Garmin® Forerunner® 920XT’s lets you train longer without worrying about losing a connection thanks to its 24-hour battery. ", "Features & Benefits: Built to be used for swimming, biking, and running\n\nTransition between the different sport modes with the push of a button\n\nAdvanced swim metrics: For open water and pool swimming. ", "Offers extensive swim metrics such as distance, stroke, identification, stroke count, pool lengths, drill logging, rest time, pace, and more\n\nAdvanced new metrics include VO2 max, recovery time, and race time predictor when used with heart rate\n\nWhen used with a power meter, it estimates VO2 max for cycling as well\n\nAdvanced running metrics: When paired with the HRM-Run monitor, it measures cadence, vertical oscillation, and ground contact time\n\nAlso measures record speed, distance, ascent/decent, grade, and more\n\nPaired with ANT compatible sensors it measures heart rate, speed, cadence, and power\n\nGarmin Forerunner 920XT Rumours\n\nBesides these ‘confirmed’ rumours we’ve heard that the new Garmin 920XT should support both WiFi and Bluetooth. ", "And a built in metronome so you can work on your running cadence without having to look on your watch.", "\n\nAnother feature might be that it simultaneous bluetooth and ant+. ", "As this is what we’ve seen in the recent 620 and 220. ", "And we also found hints for a quick release kit via Google, just like the 910XT has, for $21.99 USD:\n\nAnd on the cached version of Garmin’s page:\n\n\n\nNow you can use your Forerunner for multisport training — and go from wrist to bike in seconds. ", "The kit includes a quick release bracket, a wrist bracket, a bike mount, 2 pins, 2 screws, 6 bike mount o-rings and installation screwdrivers.", "\n\nWe’ve cropped out the rest as the image had been taken down and wasn’t cached.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nGarmin 920XT Announcement date and Price\n\nThe anticipation is all built up towards the expected announcement date of the Garmin 920XT which is thought to be October 11th 2014, this is on the same day as the IronMan world Championships in Kona, so that would be a sensible date to reach heaps of triathlon media in one go. ", "We also found a pre listings of the 920XT to be available ‘mid-october’, which somewhat confirms this.", "\n\nNow, what everybody has been asking, what will it cost? ", "From what we’ve gathered it will come at a price of $449 or €449.", "\n\nAdditional images we’ve found on Garmin (thanks to http://tritriagain.uk/ on a pointer where to look, scroll through these images as we currently have 12.", "\n\nOctober 1st Update\n\nMore photos!", "\n\nMarkus Unterweger is a German photographer/triathlete/blogger who posted to Twitter that he was the photographer a shoot with the Garmin 920XT. ", "He’s sharing two images on his blog which you will find below.", "\n\nGarmin Forerunner 920xt – Die ersten Eindrücke http://t.co/osynbf6k3U — Markus Unterweger (@unterwexi) September 30, 2014\n\nHere are the very nice and good size photos he posted, click on the images for their full versions:\n\nThe Garmin 920XT seems to be smaller than the 910XT which will be very nice when you’re wearing it under your wetsuit as it will be a lot easier to take off then.", "\n\nTouch screen?", "\n\nGarmin added a touch screen to the 220/620 and if we can speculate just a bit about the features based on this photo it looks like the Forerunner 920XT will have e touchscreen too. ", "The screen is not raised as the 910XT is and has a little bevel around it. ", "Just like the 220/620, to protect the screen from easily scratching.", "\n\nUPDATE: Garmin introduced the 920XT\n\nAs of October 1st, Garmin officially announced the Forerunner 920XT. ", "We’ve had a look at the specifications and you can read our full preview here" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.019230769230769232, 0, 0.0125, 0, 0.0049504950495049506, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0.014925373134328358, 0, 0.006657789613848202, 0, 0, 0, 0.012244897959183673, 0, 0, 0.003048780487804878, 0, 0, 0, 0.01282051282051282, 0, 0.00684931506849315, 0, 0.010309278350515464, 0, 0.00546448087431694, 0, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJava paintComponent running but not showing\n\nso I just want to paint a square in a random part of the screen as a custon JComponent:\npublic void paintComponent(Graphics g){\n Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;\n if( this.good ){\n g2d.setColor(Color.green);\n }\n else{\n g2d.setColor(Color.red);\n }\n g2d.fillRect(this.x, this.y, this.w, this.h);\n System.out.println(\"painting\");\n}\n\nhere is the method that calls painting via repaint()\nprivate void stateChange(){\n \n double rand = Math.random();\n \n if (rand < 0.5){\n this.good = !", "this.good;\n }\n setLocation(this.x,this.y);\n repaint();\n}\n\nthis.x and this.y are constantly changing, but I know that works. ", "When I run my code, it prints \"painting\" where it should, but nothing is showing up. ", "Am I doing something wrong?", "\nextra code:\nhere is what I put for trying to get it to show up:\n\\\\in JComponent constructore\nsetOpaque(true);\nsetVisible(true);\nsetSize(this.w,this.h);\n\nA:\n\nMy guess: you have a while (true) loop that ties up the Swing event thread, so while you are changing state, the GUI can't repaint itself to show it happening. ", "Either that or your JComponent's size is very small, too small to show the image.", "\nFor an answer that's more than a guess, you'll need to ask a more complete question with pertinent code.", "\nNote that your paintComponent(...) method override is missing its call to the super's method.", "\nNote: you can test the JComponent's size by adding a getSize() method in your paintComponent:\npublic void paintComponent(Graphics g){\n super.paintComponent(g); // **** don't forget this.", "\n Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;\n if( this.good ){\n g2d.setColor(Color.green);\n }\n else{\n g2d.setColor(Color.red);\n }\n g2d.fillRect(this.x, this.y, this.w, this.h);\n\n // TODO: ***** delete this lines\n System.out.println(\"painting\");\n System.out.println(getSize()); // **** add this***\n}\n\nNote: you should not call setSize(...) on your component. ", "It is usually misleading as it's often ignored by the layout managers.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem, based on the example code you've provided, is the fact that you are actually painting out side of the bounds of viewable space of the component.", "\nWhen painting, the top, left corner of the Graphics context is 0x0, Swing has already translated the Graphics context based on the position of the component, so...\ng2d.fillRect(this.x, this.y, this.w, this.h);\n\nIs actually (possibly) painting beyond the viewable area of the component. ", " For example, if the x position is 10 and y is 10, but height and width is only 10, 10, you are painting at position 10x10, which would be beyond the viewable space of the component, instead, you should try something like...\ng2d.fillRect(0, 0, this.w, this.h);\n\nOr, based on your example code,\npublic void paintComponent(Graphics g){\n Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D) g;\n if( this.good ){\n g2d.setColor(Color.green);\n }\n else{\n g2d.setColor(Color.red);\n }\n super.paintComponent(g2d);\n}\n\nInstead....\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00510204081632653, 0, 0, 0, 0.006289308176100629, 0.012345679012345678, 0, 0, 0.005235602094240838, 0.005128205128205128, 0, 0, 0.013937282229965157, 0.003780718336483932 ]

[ "Getting started : an overview on raising and handling Drosophila.", "\nDrosophila melanogaster has long been a prime model organism for developmental biologists. ", "During their work, they have established a large collection of techniques and reagents. ", "This in turn has made fruit flies an attractive system for many other biomedical researchers who have otherwise no background in fly biology. ", "This review intends to help Drosophila neophytes in setting up a fly lab. ", "It briefly introduces the biological properties of fruit flies, describes the minimal equipment required for working with flies, and offers some basic advice for maintaining fly lines and setting up and analyzing experiments." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0, 0, 0.013513513513513514, 0 ]

[ "Q:\n\nadd icon and text in JMenu in swing\n\nI am working on swings. ", "I have to create a mainscreen consisting 10 menus. ", "\nI have created the form by JFrame and menu by JMenu. ", "Now that menu should contain text and image both and action performed method should be called on clicking of the menu so that action could be performed on clicking of the menu button.", "\nRight now I'm making Jmenu with JMenuItem and icon on image icon but I want the menu with icon and text \nmy current code is \npublic class MenuScreen extends JFrame implements ActionListener{\n\n Container cp;\n JMenuBar menuBar;\n\n JLabel logo;\n public MenuScreen() {\n super(\"\");\n cp=this.getContentPane();\n cp.setBackground(Color.gray);\n\n menuBar= new JMenuBar();\n logo=new JLabel(im);\n cp.add(logo);\n logo.setBounds(100,80,500,350);\n\n helpmenu= new JMenu(\" Help \");\n homemenu=new JMenu(\" Home \");\n fieldsmenu= new JMenu(\" Fields \");\n backmenu= new JMenu(\" Back \");\n forwardmenu= new JMenu(\" Forward \");\n panelmenu= new JMenu(\" Panel \");\n searchmenu= new JMenu(\" Search \");\n quickmenu= new JMenu(\" Quick \");\n infomenu= new JMenu(\" Info \");\n exitmenu= new JMenu(\" Exit \");\n mastermenu= new JMenu(\" Master \");\n tarrifmenu= new JMenu(\" Tarrif \"); \n contactmenu= new JMenu(\" Contact \");\n webmenu= new JMenu(\" Web \");\n wordmenu= new JMenu(\" Word \");\n legaldictionarymenu= new JMenu(\" LegalDictionary \");\n budgetmenu=new JMenu(\" Budget 2012 2013 \");\n memberdetailmenu= new JMenu(\" Member Details \");\n\n Font f1= new Font(\"Arial\",Font.", "BOLD,16);\n\n budgetmenu.setFont(f1);\n legaldictionarymenu.setFont(f1);\n helpmenu.setFont(f1);\n\n JMenuItem backmenuitem= new JMenuItem(backicon);\n backmenu.add(backmenuitem);\n\n JMenuItem exitmenuitem= new JMenuItem(exiticon);\n exitmenu.add(exitmenuitem);\n\n menuBar.add(helpmenu);\n menuBar.add(homemenu);\n menuBar.add(fieldsmenu);\n menuBar.add(backmenu);\n menuBar.add(forwardmenu);\n menuBar.add(panelmenu);\n menuBar.add(searchmenu);\n menuBar.add(quickmenu);\n menuBar.add(infomenu);\n menuBar.add(exitmenu);\n menuBar.add(mastermenu);\n menuBar.add(tarrifmenu);\n menuBar.add(contactmenu);\n menuBar.add(webmenu);\n menuBar.add(wordmenu);\n menuBar.add(legaldictionarymenu);\n menuBar.add(budgetmenu);\n menuBar.add(memberdetailmenu);\n\n setJMenuBar(menuBar);\n\n /*\n Adding Listeners to the menus where required \n\n */\n searchmenu.addActionListener(this);\n\n }\n\n public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)\n {\n JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,\"clicked\");\n if(ae.getActionCommand().equals(\"Search\"))\n {\n\n SearchForm frm=new SearchForm();\n Dimension screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();\n frm.setBounds(0,0,screenSize.width, screenSize.height);\n frm.setVisible(true);\n\n } \n\n }\n\n public static void main(String args[])\n{\n\n MenuScreen frm= new MenuScreen();\n\n Dimension screenSize = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getScreenSize();\n frm.setBounds(0,0,screenSize.width, screenSize.height);\n frm.setVisible(true);\n}\n}\n\nplease help me.", "\n\nA:\n\nUse the constructor JMenuItem(String text, Icon icon)\nIf you want JMenu with Icon and Text do \nhelpmenu= new JMenu(\" Help \");\nhelpmenu.setIcon(..);\n\nA:\n\n- For the JMenuItem use JMenuItem((String text, Icon icon) constructor,\n- And for JMenu try using the constructor which takes String as an Argument JMenu(String s), and method setIcon()\nFor setting the special key options on the MenuItems use setAccelerator()\nEg:\nmyItem.setAccelerator(\n KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.", "VK_P, ActionEvent.", "CTRL_MASK));\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.015384615384615385, 0, 0.018518518518518517, 0, 0.01725327812284334, 0.004576659038901602, 0.018442622950819672, 0.05555555555555555, 0.07142857142857142 ]

[ "This invention relates to novel sulfonylurea herbicidal compounds, agriculturally suitable compositions thereof and a method of using them to control the growth of undesired vegetation.", "\nNew compounds effective for controlling the growth of undesired vegetation are in constant demand. ", "In the most common situation, such compounds are sought to selectively control the growth of weeds in useful crops such as cotton, rice, corn, wheat and soybeans, to name a few. ", "Unchecked weed growth in such crops can cause significant losses, reducing profit to the farmer and increasing costs to the consumer. ", "In other situations, herbicides are desired which will control all plant growth. ", "Examples of areas in which complete control of all vegetation is desired are areas around fuel storage tanks, ammunition depots and industrial storage areas. ", "There are many products commercially available for these purposes, but the search continues for products which are more effective, less costly and environmentally safe.", "\nThe \"sulfonylurea\" herbicides are an extremely potent class of herbicides discovered within the last few years. ", "A multitude of structural variations exist within this class of herbicides, but they generally consist of a sulfonylurea bridge, --SO.sub.2 NHCONH--, linking two aromatic or heteroaromatic rings.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,394,506 discloses herbicidal orthoalkoxycarbonylbenzenesulfonamides such as ##STR1## wherein wherein\nR.sub.2 is H, F, Cl, Br, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, NO.sub.2, SO.sub.2 CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, SCH.sub.3, CF.sub.3, N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, NH.sub.2 or CN;\nX is H, Cl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 or OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 ; and\nY is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 substituted alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, etc.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "81/4874 discloses herbicidal sulfonamides of formula ##STR2## wherein\nA is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl radical which is substituted by halogen or various other organic substituents or a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkenyl radical which is substituted or unsubstituted.", "\nX is O, S, SO or SO.sub.2 ;\nR.sub.1 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or YR.sub.5 ;\nR.sub.2 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, CO.sub.2 R.sub.6, YR.sub.5, NO.sub.2 or CONR.sub.7 R.sub.8 ; and\nR.sub.3 and R.sub.4, each independently of the other, are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, halogen or alkoxyalkyl of at most 4 carbon atoms.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "82/5042 discloses herbicidal sulfonamides of formula ##STR3## wherein\nA is C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkynyl;\nX is O, S, SO or SO.sub.2 ;\nR.sub.1 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or YR.sub.5 ;\nR.sub.2 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, CO.sub.2 R.sub.6, YR.sub.5, NO.sub.2 or CONR.sub.7 R.sub.8 ; and\nR.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently of one another, are hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, halogen or alkoxyalkyl of at most 4 carbon atoms.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "82/5671 discloses herbicidal sulfonamides of formula ##STR4## wherein\nA is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl radical or a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkenyl radical which is substituted by halogen or various other organic substituents;\nX is O, S, SO or SO.sub.2 ;\nR.sub.1 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or YR.sub.5 ;\nR.sub.2 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, CO.sub.2 R.sub.6, YR.sub.5, NO.sub.2 or CONR.sub.7 R.sub.8 ;\nR.sub.3 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, halogen or alkoxyalkyl of at most 4 carbon atoms; and\nR.sub.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylthio.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "82/7439 discloses herbicidal sulfonamides of formula ##STR5## wherein\nA is a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl group which is substituted by halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfinyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylsulfinyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylsulfonyl, or it is a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkenyl group substituted by one of the above substituents;\nX is O, S, SO or SO.sub.2 ;\nR.sub.1 is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or a YR.sub.6 group;\nR.sub.2 is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, YR.sub.6, CO.sub.2 R.sub.7, NO.sub.2 or CONR.sub.8 R.sub.9 ;\nR.sub.3 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, halogen or alkoxyalkyl having at most 4 carbon atoms;\nR.sub.4 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;\nR.sub.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, methoxymethyl, cyanomethyl or cyanoethyl;\nR.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are each C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkynyl;\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "83/0441 (Swiss priority 1/25/82) discloses herbicidal benzenesulfonamides of formula ##STR6## wherein\nR.sub.1 is H, halogen, NO.sub.2, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxycarbonyl;\nR.sub.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, each unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms;\nR.sub.3 is halogen, H, NR.sub.4 R.sub.5, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 halogen atoms or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, or is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy, unsubstituted or substitutued by methoxy, ethoxy, or 1 to 3 halogen atoms;\nA is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylene or C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkenylene, each unsubstituted or substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl;\nm is 0 or 1;\nE is N or CH;\nX is oxygen, sulfur, SO or SO.sub.2 ; and\nQ is, in part, OH, CN, NR.sub.6 R.sub.7, SO.sub.2 R.sub.8, cycloalkyl or COC.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "83/3779 (Swiss priority 5/26/82) discloses herbicidal benzenesulfonamides of formula ##STR7## wherein\nA is C.tbd.", "CR;\nm is 1 or 2;\nE is CH or N;\nZ is oxygen or sulfur,\nR is, in part, H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.9 alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.9 haloalkyl; R.sub.1 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl or YR.sub.5 ;\nR.sub.2 is H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, YR.sub.5, CO.sub.2 R.sub.6, NO.sub.2 or CONR.sub.7 R.sub.8 ; R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, each independently of the other, are H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 haloalkylthio, halogen, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkoxyalkyl, NR.sub.9 R.sub.10 or OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NR.sub.9 R.sub.10.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "83/6449 (Swiss priority 9/1/82) discloses herbicidal benzenesulfonamides of formula ##STR8## wherein\nR.sub.1 is H, halogen, NO.sub.2, amino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl or a QR.sub.7, CO.sub.2 R.sub.8 or (CO).sub.n NR.sub.9 R.sub.10 radical;\nR.sub.2 is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, halogen or alkoxyalkyl containing not more than 4 carbon atoms;\nR.sub.3 is C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl which is substituted by one or more fluorine or bromine atoms or by one or more hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, (Y).sub.m CO(Z).sub.n R.sub.8, SO.sub.2 NR.sub.11 R.sub.12, S(O).sub.p C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl or S(O).sub.n C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl groups and which may additionally be substituted by one or more chlorine atoms;\nR.sub.4 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkoxy;\nR.sub.5 is H, halogen, NR.sub.13 R.sub.14, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkoxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 haloalkoxy; and\nE is CH or N.\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "84/2245 (Swiss priority 3/28/83) discloses herbicidal sulfonamides of formula ##STR9## wherein\nA is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 haloalkyl;\nR.sub.1 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfinyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl, COR.sub.6, NR.sub.7 R.sub.8, CONR.sub.9 R.sub.10 or SO.sub.2 NR.sub.11 R.sub.12 ;\nR.sub.2 is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfinyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl; and\nR.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylthio, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkoxyalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy or NR.sub.12 R.sub.13.", "\nSouth African Patent Application No. ", "84/2722 (Swiss priority 4/13/83) discloses herbicidal benzenesulfonamides of formula ##STR10## wherein\nA is a radical of the formula CR.sub.6 R.sub.7 XR.sub.8, CR.sub.9 R.sub.10 R.sub.11 or CHR.sub.7 SCQR.sub.21 ;\nR.sub.1 is hydrogen, halogen, nitro, cyano, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, YR.sub.14, CONR.sub.12 R.sub.13, NR.sub.12 R.sub.13, SONR.sub.15 R.sub.16, OSO.sub.2 R.sub.17 or COR.sub.18 ;\nR.sub.2 is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfinyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl;\nR.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently of one another, are each hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 haloalkylthio, C.sub.2 -C.sub.5 alkoxyalkyl or NR.sub.19 R.sub.20 ;\nR.sub.9 is hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfinyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylsulfonyl;\nR.sub.10 is hydrogen, halogen or methyl;\nR.sub.11 is a radical COR.sub.24 or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group that is mono- or polysubstituted by substituents selected from the group: cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkylthio, etc.", "\nR.sub.18 is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy and various other organic radicals.", "\nThere is a continuing need for new herbicidal compounds which have safety to selective crops and which control both grassy and broadleaf weeds." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.09090909090909091, 0, 0.029787234042553193, 0.02631578947368421, 0.003937007874015748, 0.033797216699801194, 0.02631578947368421, 0.030206677265500796, 0.02631578947368421, 0.027096774193548386, 0.02631578947368421, 0.025894897182025894, 0.0192102454642476, 0.02631578947368421, 0.008849557522123894, 0.03156384505021521, 0.02631578947368421, 0.02072538860103627, 0.03125, 0.02631578947368421, 0.027128862094951016, 0.02666666666666667, 0 ]