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tomekkorbak

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[ "Q:\n\ninstancetype vs class name for singleton?", "\n\nFrom what I understand, instancetype declares to the compiler that the return type of the method is the same as the class receiving the message.", "\nTraditionally I've always declared my singleton initializers with the class name explicitly set as the return type:\n@interface MyClass : NSObject\n+ (MyClass *)sharedInstance;\n@end\n\nNow I'm wondering if I should use instancetype instead, like so:\n@interface MyClass : NSObject\n+ (instancetype)sharedInstance;\n@end \n\nIn the end the result is the same, I'm just wondering if there's a reason to use one or the other here?", "\n\nA:\n\ninstancetype is useful for situations involving inheritance. ", "Consider you have class A which inherits from class B. A method in B which returns an instance of B may be declared previously as id, its override in A may return an instance of A - which is all good but the compiler has no clue. ", "However by using instance type the compiler is informed that when called on an A instance that the method returns an A instance, and so can give better diagnostics, code completion, etc.", "\nNow in your example you've used MyClass * rather than id, so you've already told the compiler the type. ", "You also have a shared instance model (not a singleton model as you can other instances of MyClass), are you likely to define another class which inherits from MyClass and overrides the sharedInstance method? ", "Probably not, but if you do instancetype may be of use, otherwise it gains nothing.", "\n\nA:\n\nConstructor methods traditionally have returned id, allowing subclasses to use them too.", "\nid, of course, means \"any object at all\". ", "instancetype was introduced to give a little more type strictness when assigning the result of a constructor method.", "\nIt's only useful in case of subclassing. ", "If that method will never be overridden, it's better to be as explicit as possible and use the actual class name.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Friday, 28 September 2007\n\nThere is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.", "\n\nSO wrote the Bard of Avon in Julius Caesar, but it could well be the motto adopted from the outcome of the Caithness Conference: Beyond Dounreay held in Thurso a fortnight ago.", "\n\nAll whom I spoke to afterwards were impressed by the positive atmosphere, the can-do spirit. ", "Certainly there was a realistic air that a new beginning is needed and that all responsible, whether in London and Scottish governments or local agencies, have to make sure a firm partnership puts the businesses with all the skills to the forefront.", "\n\nThe UK Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks took the sensible step of visiting the European Marine Energy Centre in Stromness before going to Dounreay and then the opening session of the Thurso conference. ", "He showed support for marine renewables but, as is the UK position, stressed that it is not a case of \"renewables versus nuclear\". ", "He told the Orkney papers that we need more energy security, but a diversity of energy supply in the future with the early element of renewables coming from on and offshore wind as well as the Labour Government's preferred option for new nuclear build in its present consultation. ", "The lesson is Caithness must work in partnership with Orkney.", "\n\nWhen he got to Caithness, Mr Wicks felt sure that access to the grid would be achieved by energy producers in the Far North. ", "Why he said this became clear later in the day, though not directly in the conference proceedings. ", "However, the tone of the conference seemed clear to me. ", "No-one in authority believes that new nuclear stations will be built here. ", "They will be built in England, near to main population centres, and renewables will be a good way to use the great skills base at present involved in nuclear decommissioning hereabouts.", "\n\nTherefore the key questions are how we can develop our huge tidal resources in the Pentland Firth and how we can ensure a major grid connection to market that infinite source of clean power.", "\n\nThe day Mr Wicks was in Orkney, Highlands and Islands Enterprise released a most insightful consultation paper. ", "It showed up the scandalous proposals by Ofgem that would mean new sources of power in this area costing thirty times more to connect to the grid than is the case in Denmark. ", "But, on the very day of the conference, Ofgem curiously signalled a six-month review of its punitive proposals – what a coincidence.", "\n\nThat's why I lodged a motion in Parliament which has yet to be signed by other than SNP MSPs. ", "Also I gained a successful supplementary question a week ago at First Minister's Questions. ", "Alex Salmond was known to be meeting Ofgem later that day and was quite clear that our future plans for clean energy production require a climb-down by the London Government's regulator. ", "The First Minister's answer made it crystal clear: grid connection will not go away. ", "It's another example of why the national conversation on full powers for the Scottish Government has a direct impact here in Caithness.", "\n\nESTABLISHING the actual costs of full commercialisation of tidal power is complex but a far from impossible task. ", "I believe it was John Farquhar of the NDA, speaking at the conference, who guesstimated between one and two billion pounds, or the equivalent of the costs of a new nuclear station. ", "I am seeking the guidance of Scottish Ministers and will try to establish as accurate a figure as I can get. ", "Of course, the taxpayer directly underwrote the building of Dounreay, but today a mix of private and public funds will be required.", "\n\nAlso one part of the speech from the Scotland Office Minister David Cairns is memorable. ", "He flew into Caithness to give the closing conference speech and pointed out that many communities seeking regeneration thought the route was via renewables. ", "He cautioned against that route for some places but in contrast thought it a major prospect here. ", "He also thought there was little reason for the continued existence of some former industrial communities but that Caithness was different. ", "We know it is resource-rich and has every right to expect a bright future if we are focused.", "\n\nFLOODING was another issue debated in Parliament last week. ", "My contribution highlighted the inordinate time it has taken to resolve some of the consequences of last October's storms. ", "A case in point is the cemetery footbridge over the River Thurso. ", "It took the Highland Council until May to lodge a £200,000 bridge replacement claim in a bigger £1.6 million bid. ", "Even so, it still awaits the wheels of civil service processes to put a report on Ministers' desks.", "\n\nThe promise of a Flooding Bill next year to modernise outdated practices and government responses has had a warm cross-party welcome. ", "But in every part of the country, low-lying areas, river valleys and flood plains as well as vulnerable coasts will come under greater threat as more frequent severe weather events pile in.", "\n\nAppropriately the Bard concluded:\n\nOn such a full sea are we now afloat,And we must take the current when it serves,Or lose our ventures.", "\n\nI believe that harnessing the tides and managing the floods will occupy every nation's government. ", "For our sake in Caithness, Scotland must not be diverted from substantial investment in both or else people here will \"lose our ventures\".", "\n\nThere is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.", "\n\nSO wrote the Bard of Avon in Julius Caesar, but it could well be the motto adopted from the outcome of the Caithness Conference: Beyond Dounreay held in Thurso a fortnight ago.", "\n\nAll whom I spoke to afterwards were impressed by the positive atmosphere, the can-do spirit. ", "Certainly there was a realistic air that a new beginning is needed and that all responsible, whether in London and Scottish governments or local agencies, have to make sure a firm partnership puts the businesses with all the skills to the forefront.", "\n\nThe UK Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks took the sensible step of visiting the European Marine Energy Centre in Stromness before going to Dounreay and then the opening session of the Thurso conference. ", "He showed support for marine renewables but, as is the UK position, stressed that it is not a case of \"renewables versus nuclear\". ", "He told the Orkney papers that we need more energy security, but a diversity of energy supply in the future with the early element of renewables coming from on and offshore wind as well as the Labour Government's preferred option for new nuclear build in its present consultation. ", "The lesson is Caithness must work in partnership with Orkney.", "\n\nWhen he got to Caithness, Mr Wicks felt sure that access to the grid would be achieved by energy producers in the Far North. ", "Why he said this became clear later in the day, though not directly in the conference proceedings. ", "However, the tone of the conference seemed clear to me. ", "No-one in authority believes that new nuclear stations will be built here. ", "They will be built in England, near to main population centres, and renewables will be a good way to use the great skills base at present involved in nuclear decommissioning hereabouts.", "\n\nTherefore the key questions are how we can develop our huge tidal resources in the Pentland Firth and how we can ensure a major grid connection to market that infinite source of clean power.", "\n\nThe day Mr Wicks was in Orkney, Highlands and Islands Enterprise released a most insightful consultation paper. ", "It showed up the scandalous proposals by Ofgem that would mean new sources of power in this area costing thirty times more to connect to the grid than is the case in Denmark. ", "But, on the very day of the conference, Ofgem curiously signalled a six-month review of its punitive proposals – what a coincidence.", "\n\nThat's why I lodged a motion in Parliament which has yet to be signed by other than SNP MSPs. ", "Also I gained a successful supplementary question a week ago at First Minister's Questions. ", "Alex Salmond was known to be meeting Ofgem later that day and was quite clear that our future plans for clean energy production require a climb-down by the London Government's regulator. ", "The First Minister's answer made it crystal clear: grid connection will not go away. ", "It's another example of why the national conversation on full powers for the Scottish Government has a direct impact here in Caithness.", "\n\nESTABLISHING the actual costs of full commercialisation of tidal power is complex but a far from impossible task. ", "I believe it was John Farquhar of the NDA, speaking at the conference, who guesstimated between one and two billion pounds, or the equivalent of the costs of a new nuclear station. ", "I am seeking the guidance of Scottish Ministers and will try to establish as accurate a figure as I can get. ", "Of course, the taxpayer directly underwrote the building of Dounreay, but today a mix of private and public funds will be required.", "\n\nAlso one part of the speech from the Scotland Office Minister David Cairns is memorable. ", "He flew into Caithness to give the closing conference speech and pointed out that many communities seeking regeneration thought the route was via renewables. ", "He cautioned against that route for some places but in contrast thought it a major prospect here. ", "He also thought there was little reason for the continued existence of some former industrial communities but that Caithness was different. ", "We know it is resource-rich and has every right to expect a bright future if we are focused.", "\n\nFLOODING was another issue debated in Parliament last week. ", "My contribution highlighted the inordinate time it has taken to resolve some of the consequences of last October's storms. ", "A case in point is the cemetery footbridge over the River Thurso. ", "It took the Highland Council until May to lodge a £200,000 bridge replacement claim in a bigger £1.6 million bid. ", "Even so, it still awaits the wheels of civil service processes to put a report on Ministers' desks.", "\n\nThe promise of a Flooding Bill next year to modernise outdated practices and government responses has had a warm cross-party welcome. ", "But in every part of the country, low-lying areas, river valleys and flood plains as well as vulnerable coasts will come under greater threat as more frequent severe weather events pile in.", "\n\nAppropriately the Bard concluded:\n\nOn such a full sea are we now afloat,And we must take the current when it serves,Or lose our ventures.", "\n\nI believe that harnessing the tides and managing the floods will occupy every nation's government. ", "For our sake in Caithness, Scotland must not be diverted from substantial investment in both or else people here will \"lose our ventures\".", "\n\nI WAS very glad to take part in the short debate on the Scottish Government's programme for this session.", "\n\nSpeaking last Wednesday, I emphasised one of the key non-legislative moves which is open to the SNP administration – namely, taking control of the day-to-day activities of the Crown Estate Commission in Scotland.", "\n\nBefore the elections in May, the Highland Council launched a report by the Crown Estate Review Working Group which was backed by all Highlands and Islands councils. ", "Now that the new ministers are getting to grips with waves of papers, I think it is time for them to get to grips with the shadowy body that rules our waves. ", "I'm sure that already has cross-party support.", "\n\nI asked the Government to prioritise the retrieval of the Crown Estate Commission (CEC) powers that could be administered in Scotland just like the Forestry Commission is, i.e. with a separate Scottish set-up. ", "When devolution came along the Crown Estate, unlike the Forestry Commission, retreated into its London redoubt. ", "Yet its actions affect inshore and seashore life day and daily, mainly as a big financial drag for little return to local communities.", "\n\nThe way the Crown Estate manages Scotland's seabed and foreshore creates problems for marine renewable energy development and with \"taxation\" on projects beyond the twelve-mile limit; even worse, the vast bulk of the CEC levy goes straight to the Treasury. ", "Addressing the issue within the existing devolution set-up would be possible, and an immediate benefit could be had for our harbours such as Scrabster and Wick, but also every small quay and jetty on the coast. ", "Some 80 per cent of Scotland's harbours are managed by the Scottish Government, local authorities and trust ports in the public interest – that's why we must end the Crown Estate taking revenue from us. ", "This would be major bonus to all sea-users.", "\n\n*\n\nFOOT-and-mouth disease seeping through the drains at Pirbright in Surrey has dampened a potentially good year for livestock production. ", "On my travels I've heard nothing but praise from farmers, crofters and red-meat processors across the North who welcomed the early lifting of the movement and sales bans. ", "They have congratulated the Cabinet Secretary Richard Lochhead and his professionals for their moves to minimise disruption in places so far from the outbreak.", "\n\nIn a statement last week in Holyrood, Richard explained that investigations about any possible traffic in hoofed animals from Surrey to Scotland drew a blank. ", "So the inquiry under Professor Scudamore set to look into the whole outbreak will consider the point I raised, i.e. at the moment Scotland is part of one British epidemiological unit in relation to exotic disease. ", "Could he consider, I asked, in terms of our economic interests and biosecurity, if it would it be practical and beneficial to explore the prospects of Scotland being treated by the EU as an epidemiological unit?", "\n\nThe Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and the Environment replied that regionalisation had been considered over the past few weeks and many risk issues had been highlighted.", "\n\nIt is important for Professor Scudamore to analyse these. ", "However, we must recognise that the reason why Great Britain is identified as one epidemiological unit is because of the cross-border trade and the fact that there are no natural boundaries.", "\n\nSince the outbreak was six hundred miles from Caithness, it was very different from the events of 2001 when the cause of the FMD mass pyres stemmed from infected meat found in the north-east of England. ", "So the National Conversation on Scotland's constitutional future needs to tackle such cross-border issues. ", "I'm glad to say that close co-operation between the SNP Government in Edinburgh and the Labour Government in London speeded the end of the emergency.", "\n\n*\n\nMAKING the case for local production and consumption of food this Scottish Food Fortnight is in many minds and, I hope, stomachs. ", "What with the proven scientific hazards of additives to children's behaviour and the lax biosecurity standards of imported meat produced in South America and South-East Asia, it was a great pleasure to attend the Scottish Crofting Foundation AGM in Dingwall last Friday which featured the schools project Planting to Plate.", "\n\nThis involved four schools – Kilchoan primary in Ardnamurchan, Sgoil nan Loch from Lewis, Whalsay from Shetland and Farr school on the north coast. ", "They collaborated with local crofters and learned about the history of local food culture, dug out lazy beds and gardens, ate their own produce, had lessons on healthy diets, measured the health of the soil they planted in, recognised the effects on the local environment and learned about the reduction of their carbon footprint and food miles through their efforts.", "\n\nAlong with the crofting delegates the children marvelled at Margaret Bennett's description of life on a Skye croft in the 1950s when nothing was wasted. ", "Later that day their celebration of planting and eating local food came to a climax at Inverness High School, from which the produce of its own school garden was served up; it is now sold at farmers' markets and is included in their own school meals.", "\n\nI caught up with Pam Rodway, who works for the Soil Association and is a renowned cheese-maker from Moray in her own right. ", "She told me that all concerned had much enjoyed this project and that a review could decide to roll it out to other schools.", "\n\nFarr school's students have set a benchmark for Caithness and Sutherland primary and secondary schools to dig for health and culinary victory.", "\n\nI was elected Highlands & Islands MSP in 2003. ", "I am a member of the Parliament's Transport, Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee as well as the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee. ", "I am also a historian, musician, author and traditional music festival organiser.", "\nScots, Gaelic and the Traditional Arts are core interests as are nuclear disarmament, affordable housing and saving consultant led services in the NHS.", "\nI was born and educated in Glasgow, and attended Dundee University and Education College. ", "As a former Modern Studies teacher much of my professional life was spent teaching at the Invergordon and Alness Academies as the Principal Teacher of Guidance. ", "Since early retirement, or early ‘relifement’ as I like to call it, I have developed my historical training and skills by writing the book Plaids and Bandanas.", "\nI have been a long time SNP activist and was a former District Councillor in Ross and Cromarty. ", "I joined the SNP in 1966, was FSN President from 1970-1973 and have been a member of the SNP's National Council, Executive, and Cabinet." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Recent theories of physics beyond the standard model have predicted deviations from Newtonian gravity at short distances. ", "In order to test these theories, we have a built an apparatus that can measure attonewton-scale forces between gold masses separated by distances on the order of 25 $\\mu$m. ", "A micromachined silicon cantilever was used as the force sensor, and its displacement was measured with a fiber interferometer. ", "We have used our measurements to set bounds on the magnitude $\\alpha$ and length scale $\\lambda$ of Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity; our results presented here yield the best experimental limit in the range of $\\lambda=6$–20 $\\mu$m.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'S. J. Smullin'\n- 'A. A. Geraci'\n- 'D. M. Weld'\n- 'J. Chiaverini'\n- 'S. Holmes'\n- 'A. Kapitulnik'\ntitle: 'Constraints on Yukawa-Type Deviations from Newtonian Gravity at 20 Microns'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nMotivation\n----------\n\nThe theories of Newton and Einstein are powerful and accurate in describing the observed natural world. ", "In spite of this, gravity still presents several theoretical challenges, including the gauge hierarchy problem, the cosmological constant problem, and the lack of a quantum description of gravity. ", "Many theories of physics beyond the standard model, in particular those theories that attempt to unify the standard model with gravity, predict the existence of extra dimensions, exotic particles, or new forces that could cause a mass coupling in addition to the Newtonian gravitational potential at short distances. ", "Of particular interest to us have been some recent theories that predict new forces in a range measurable by tabletop experiments [@add1; @add2; @sundrum; @savasmoduli; @savasradion; @ignatios; @dilaton; @beane]. ", "In many cases, the modification to Newtonian gravity is predicted to be a Yukawa-type potential, arising either from coupling to massive particles or the compactification of extra dimensions. ", "With this addition, the gravitational potential between two masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ separated by distance $r$ is predicted to be of the form: $$\\label{yukeqn}V(r)=-G{{m_1m_2}\\over{r}}\\left [1+\\alpha e^{-(r/\\lambda)}\\right].$$\n\nHere, $G$ is Newton’s constant, $\\alpha$ is the strength of the new potential as compared to the Newtonian gravitational potential, and $\\lambda$ is its range.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Experimental results (solid lines) and theoretical predictions shown in $\\alpha$-$\\lambda$ space. ", "The area to the upper right of the experimental lines (from Refs.", " [@lamoreaux; @lamoreauxalphlam; @frogs; @pricenature; @adelberger04] and our latest results from this paper) shows where Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity have been excluded. ", "The line labeled “Stanford 1” gives results from [@frogs]; the line labeled “Stanford 2” shows the results described in this paper. ", "Dashed lines show roughly the predictions for the dilaton [@dilaton] and the first Kaluza-Klein mode of two simply-compactified extra dimensions as described in Ref.", " [@add2]. ", "Shaded regions to the left of the experimental lines show predictions for moduli and gauge bosons from Ref.", " [@andysavas]. ", "\\[paramspace\\]](PStheorysmooth_2.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nWith these ideas in mind, we have constructed a device to measure attonewton-scale forces between masses separated by distances on the order of 25 $\\mu$m [@jacthesis; @frogs; @SJSmoriond; @SJSslac; @SJSthesis]. ", "Our experiment was designed to measure Yukawa-type forces in the range of $\\lambda=$ 5–50 $\\mu$m with as small a value of $|\\alpha|$ as possible. ", "This range of parameters is relevant to recent theoretical predictions [@add2; @savasmoduli; @dilaton; @beane] and is complementary to recent experimental attempts to test these new ideas [@frogs; @lamoreaux; @adelberger04; @pricenature]. ", "Our results are reported in terms of an upper bound on $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ of a Yukawa potential that could be consistent with our data; we present results at the $95\\%$ confidence level. ", "Unless otherwise stated, all measurements and techniques described apply to the Cooldown 04 experiment, from which the new $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ bound was derived. ", "These latest results yield close to an order of magnitude improvement over our previous bounds on the Yukawa potential at distances on the order of 20 $\\mu$m [@frogs]. ", "Fig.", " \\[paramspace\\] summarizes our results together with some of the theoretical predictions and other recent experimental results.", "\n\nOverview\n--------\n\nTo measure very short-range forces, we used masses of size comparable to the distance between them. ", "A gold prism was attached to the end of a single-crystal silicon cantilever. ", "A drive mass, comprising a gold meander pattern embedded in a silicon substrate to create an alternating pattern of gold and silicon bars, was mounted on a piezoelectric bimorph at a distance from the cantilever-mounted test mass. ", "The face-to-face vertical separation between the masses was $\\sim$ 25 $\\mu$m, limited in part by the presence of a stiff, metallized silicon nitride shield membrane between the masses.", "\n\nAs diagrammed in Fig.", " \\[schematic\\], the drive mass was oscillated along the $y$-direction underneath the test mass, maintaining the vertical ($z$-) separation between the masses. ", "Due to the differing mass densities of the gold and silicon bars, an alternating gravitational field was created at the test mass location. ", "The drive mass was oscillated at a subharmonic of the resonant frequency of the cantilever. ", "Due to the geometry of the drive mass and the amplitude of oscillation, any gravitational coupling between the masses would thus create a force on the cantilever at harmonics of this drive frequency, including the cantilever’s resonant frequency. ", "The motion of the cantilever on resonance was measured using a fiber interferometer; from this measurement, the force between the masses was deduced.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Schematic (not to scale) showing the drive mass below the cantilever that bears the gold test mass. ", "A gold-coated silicon nitride shield membrane separates the masses.\\[schematic\\]](schematicai.eps){width=\"0.8\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThermal noise provided a limit on the measurement of cantilever motion. ", "To minimize this limit, cantilevers were fabricated to have small spring constants and high quality factors in vacuum. ", "The thermal noise limit in this experiment was approximately $2.5\\times 10^{-16}$ N/$\\sqrt{\\rm{Hz}}$, at cryogenic temperatures in vacuum.", "\n\nIn order to be able to test and characterize the apparatus by measuring a known force much larger than any expected gravitational force, a magnetic analog to the gravitational experiment was built into the apparatus. ", "Magnetic test masses were fabricated with a nickel layer on them. ", "An electrical current passed through the drive mass meander created a spatially-varying magnetic field that would couple to the magnetic moment of the test mass and drive the cantilever.", "\n\nFor both magnetic and gravitational tests, the force was measured as a function of the equilibrium $y$-position between the drive mass and the test mass. ", "Any coupling between masses would show a distinct periodicity in the measured force as a function of this $y$-position. ", "By comparing our measurements to predictions from finite element analysis (FEA), a bound on Yukawa-type deviations was derived.", "\n\nThe separation of the signal frequency from the drive frequency, the shield between the masses, and the use of non-magnetic test masses for the gravitational measurement reduced or eliminated many possible sources of non-gravitational background. ", "The geometry of the apparatus provided an important degree of freedom that permitted a discrimination of true coupling between the masses from certain electrical or mechanical backgrounds.", "\n\nOrganization of the Paper\n-------------------------\n\nThis paper primarily describes the apparatus and results from the experiment labeled Cooldown 04. ", "Cooldown 01 is described in Refs.", " [@frogs; @jacthesis], Cooldown 02 is described in Sec.", " \\[testssec\\] of this paper, and Cooldown 03 is described elsewhere[@SJSslac; @SJSthesis].", "\n\nIn the second section of this paper, the apparatus is described in detail. ", "The following sections describe our finite element analysis, the experimental method, and the averaging used to convert the raw data to a force measurement. ", "The sixth section of this paper describes the magnetic experiment used to test the apparatus and the measurement of thermal noise. ", "In the final sections, our experimental results, fitting techniques, error analysis, and the resulting bound on $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ are presented, followed by conclusions and a discussion of future prospects for this experiment.", "\n\nApparatus\n=========\n\nCantilever\n----------\n\nThe cantilevers used in this experiment were fabricated from single-crystal silicon using standard micromachining techniques [@jacthesis]. ", "The cantilevers were fabricated from $\\left<100\\right>$ Si, oriented in the $\\left<110\\right>$ direction; they were 50 $\\mu$m wide, 250 $\\mu$m long, and 0.33 $\\mu$m thick, yielding an expected spring constant $k=0.005$ N/m [@sarid; @E_Si_size].", "\n\nThe resonant frequency of a mass-loaded cantilever is determined by the spring constant $k$ and the mass of the test mass $m_t$:$$\\omega_0^2=k/m_t ,$$ where $\\omega_0$ is the angular frequency of the first bending mode of the cantilever. ", "The spring constant of each cantilever was deduced from the resonant frequency, which was measured very precisely, and the mass of the test mass, discussed in the next section. ", "Adding the test mass reduced the resonant frequency of the cantilever to $\\sim 300$ Hz. ", "As found from the resonant frequency, the addition of the test mass increased the spring constant to $\\sim$ 0.007 N/m; this increase was due to the shortened effective length of the cantilever once the test mass was attached.", "\n\nCantilevers exhibit a Lorentzian transfer function between driving force and amplitude; when driven at the resonant frequency $f_0$ by force $F$, the maximum displacement $x$ at the center of mass of the test mass is $$\\label{acforceeqn}x(f_0)=F(f_0)Q/k ,$$ where $Q$ is the quality factor. ", "The quality factors of cantilevers used in this experiment were found to be as high as 80000 in vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures.", "\n\nThe energy from the thermal environment provides a constant series of random-phase impulses at all frequencies to the device. ", "The resulting motion of the cantilever shows the Lorentzian transfer function, with a force spectral density $S_f$ on resonance of $$S_f=\\sqrt{4 k k_B T/Q\\omega_0}\\label{thnoiseeqn} ,$$ where $T$ is the cantilever temperature and $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant. ", "We used floppy (low spring constant), high quality factor cantilevers at low temperatures to reduce this limit. ", "Force measurements were averaged as long as needed to see a signal above noise or as long as was practical.", "\n\nTest Mass {#tmsec}\n---------\n\nTo fabricate test masses, gold was deposited (using a thermal evaporator) into molds of plasma-etched silicon. ", "After polishing of the top surface of evaporated gold, the silicon was dissolved to release the test masses. ", "To make magnetic test masses, 1000 [Å]{} of Ni was evaporated before the gold. ", "The test masses were designed to be prisms $(50\\times 50 \\times 30)$ $\\mu$m$^3$ in size; with these dimensions, a test mass could be affixed to a cantilever with one of its larger faces flush against the cantilever and aligned with the end of the cantilever.", "\n\n[ l r r r]{} Parameter & Value & Error &Units\\\nWidth & 51 &1.5 &$\\mu$m\\\nLength & 51 &1.5 &$\\mu$m\\\nRectangular height &32 &1.5 &$\\mu$m\\\nRounded volume &7800 &3000 &$\\mu$m$^3$\\\nMissing volume from side face &4000 &1500 &$\\mu$m$^3$\\\nMissing volume due to porosity &2.5 &2.5 &$\\%$\\\nDensity of gold &19.3 &0 &g/cm$^3$\\\n***Total [**Mass of test mass**]{}*** &1.64 &0.13 &$\\mu$g\\\n\n\\[masserror\\]\n\nA group of thirty test masses was weighed (in sets of five or six) with a microbalance to determine the average mass. ", "Because many of these test masses were imperfect specimens, this measurement was only used as a guide. ", "After weighing, test masses were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and etched by a focused ion beam (FIB) to determine more precisely the typical dimensions and porosity of the test masses. ", "All the nonmagnetic test masses were fabricated together; those examined in the FIB were assumed to be representative of the entire batch, including the one used in Cooldown 04. ", "The SEM showed the test masses to be slightly larger than intended (as confirmed by the microbalance measurements), with a rounded face where the evaporated gold was polished. ", "Etching with the FIB showed the evaporated gold to have some porosity near the side faces of the test mass.", "\n\nAfter data acquisition, the test mass and cantilever used in Cooldown 04 were examined under an SEM (Fig.", " \\[testmasspic\\]). ", "It was found that the test mass was mounted with its rounded side closer to the cantilever and with the top flat side tilted at 0.35 rad with respect to the cantilever in the $y$-$z$ plane. ", "Estimates of the size and uncertainty in the dimensions of the test mass were derived from examination of this test mass and of the larger group of masses from the same fabrication batch. ", "SEM images of the Cooldown 04 test mass showed that the side face that was further away from the cantilever (due to the tilt of the test mass) was partially recessed; an estimate of this missing volume was included in the calculation of the mass. ", "Error on these estimates was due to error in the SEM measurements and uncertainty in the exact shape of the rounded part on the polished side. ", "The density of the gold was assumed to be the bulk density of 19.3 g/cm$^3$; the observed porosity was included in volume and mass uncertainty. ", "The dimensions and density of the test mass and the experimental uncertainties in these parameters are shown in Tbl.", " \\[masserror\\]. ", "The mass given in Tbl.", " \\[masserror\\] agrees well (within the given experimental uncertainties) with the mass deduced from a comparison of the resonant frequencies of the cantilever with the mass and neighboring cantilevers without masses.", "\n\n![", "Scanning electron micrograph of the test mass and cantilever used in Cooldown 04. ", "A piece of dust is visible on one corner of the test mass. ", "The cantilever is 50 $\\mu$m wide.\\[testmasspic\\]](tiltnside2zoom_smaller.eps){width=\"0.5\\columnwidth\"}\n\nDrive Mass\n----------\n\nThe drive mass was also fabricated by evaporating gold into a mold of silicon. ", "After polishing, the silicon substrate was diced into dies approximately 1.8 mm $\\times$ 1.3 mm in size.", "\n\nGold and silicon have differing electrical conductivities, as well as differing mass densities. ", "To eliminate the possibility of a periodic coupling between the masses due to the Casimir force or charging of the drive mass, the pattern of the drive mass was buried beneath a thin ground plane. ", "To bury the drive mass pattern, the polished side of the die was mounted on a quartz backplane, which became the bottom of the drive mass. ", "The bulk of the remaining silicon on the top was removed, leaving a layer less than 2 $\\mu$m thick. ", "On top of this layer of silicon was deposited a thin layer of aluminum oxide (for electrical insulation) and 1000 [Å]{} of gold on top of an adhesion layer of titanium. ", "This gold film was continued around to the side of the drive mass, where electrical contact was made to a ground wire glued on with silver epoxy. ", "This thin ground plane masked variations in the Casimir force without notably affecting the varying gravitational field of the drive mass.", "\n\nAs shown in Fig.", " \\[dmphoto\\], the main part of the drive mass pattern comprised five sets of gold and silicon bars, each 1 mm long and 100 $\\mu$m in each of the cross-sectional dimensions. ", "The rest of the drive mass pattern provided leads to which electrical contact could be made for grounding the meander (for the gravitational experiment) or for passing electrical current through the meander (for the magnetic experiment).", "\n\nA drive mass similar to the one used for measurement was etched by the FIB and examined under the SEM. ", "On the polished side of the die, each gold bar had a band of indeterminate composition on either side, where the polishing created a wedge of silicon, gold, and polishing grit mixed together. ", "This wedge extended 10–20 $\\mu$m into the gold bar at each gold/silicon boundary, tapering off at a depth of $\\sim 10$ $\\mu$m into the bar; this band of indeterminate composition thus comprised a small part of the ($100\\times 100$) $\\mu$m$^2$ cross-section of each gold bar. ", "After final fabrication and mounting of the buried drive mass, this polished side of the drive mass was facing away from the test mass. ", "Because the Yukawa potentials in question are short-range, this imperfection at a distance of $>100$ $\\mu$m away from the test mass would have little effect on the results. ", "In the analysis, this imperfection was taken as a small error on the bulk density of the gold in the drive mass. ", "It was assumed that the drive mass had porosity on the sides of the gold bars similar to the amount observed in the etched test mass.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Optical micrograph of the polished side of a drive mass showing the meander pattern. ", "In the experiment, the polished side of the drive mass was facing away from the test mass.\\[dmphoto\\]](drivemass_scalebar.eps){width=\"0.75\\columnwidth\"}\n\nShield Membrane\n---------------\n\nThe test mass and cantilever were isolated from electrostatic and Casimir excitations by a shield membrane between the cantilever wafer die and the drive mass. ", "The cantilever was held within a silicon wafer die approximately 1 cm$^2$ in size. ", "This die was glued to another silicon die, which was etched into a frame bearing a 3-$\\mu$m thick membrane of silicon nitride across an area of 5.2 mm $\\times$ 2.8 mm. ", "The entire shield wafer die, including the membrane, was coated with gold on both sides, with a ground wire attached to one corner of the die. ", "Due to the geometry and the tensile stress in the membrane [@snf_nitridestress; @sin_stress_a; @sin_stress_b], the membrane was expected to be much stiffer than the cantilever.", "\n\nIf there was some force between the drive mass and the shield at $f_0$, the shield would move at $f_0$. The shield motion could drive the cantilever capacitively or via the Casimir force. ", "However, because of the stiffness of the shield and the separation of the drive frequency from the signal frequency, any interaction between the shield and the drive mass would likely be too small to make the shield deflect enough to drive the cantilever a measurable amount on resonance.", "\n\nPiezoelectric Bimorph Actuator\n------------------------------\n\nA piezoelectric bimorph actuator (hereafter referred to as the “bimorph”) was used to move the drive mass longitudinally underneath the test mass. ", "The bimorph was driven at a subharmonic of the cantilever resonant frequency $f_0$; the particular subharmonic (either $f_0/3$ or $f_0/4$) was chosen so the drive frequency was below the resonance of the bimorph but high enough to gain a resonant enhancement in the amplitude and a reduction of nonlinearities in the bimorph motion. ", "At low temperatures, self-heating of the bimorph, resonant enhancement of the motion, and driving voltages larger than the room temperature limits for the device allowed an amplitude of 100–125 $\\mu$m of motion at a drive frequency $f_d$ of 90–120 Hz. ", "Finite element analysis showed that the magnitude of the time-varying force at $3f_d$ from the Newtonian and any Yukawa potential between masses would vary as a function of the bimorph amplitude, with the maximum occurring at a bimorph amplitude of $\\sim 135$ $\\mu$m.", "\n\nThe bimorph was secured at its base in a brass and Cirlex [@cirlex] clamp. ", "On one side of the bimorph was glued a capacitive electrode facing a counter-electrode mounted on the clamp. ", "On the other side of the bimorph was mounted a small mirror. ", "Prior to being mounted in the probe, the bimorph was calibrated. ", "Room-temperature calibration of the bimorph was performed by measuring the rms capacitance between the two electrodes with a given driving voltage on the bimorph. ", "The corresponding amount of motion was determined by reflecting a laser beam off the mirror onto a linear CCD array. ", "At low temperatures, the amplitude of the bimorph motion was determined from a measurement of the rms capacitance.", "\n\nUncertainties in the bimorph motion were tabulated through the linear fits used to compare the capacitance measurement [*in situ*]{} to the calibration. ", "The total experimental uncertainty in the amplitude of motion was 10 $\\mu$m, mostly a result of uncertainty in the original measurement of the laser spot position from the CCD array.", "\n\nA small ground cap was glued on top of the bimorph, to help isolate the shield membrane from the large ac voltages used to drive the bimorph. ", "The drive mass was glued on top of this ground plane.", "\n\nFor purposes of the calibration, the bimorph bending shape was considered to be an arc with constant radius along the length of the bimorph. ", "For our analysis, it was assumed that the drive mass was moving purely in the horizontal plane; in fact as the bimorph bends, the drive mass will tip up at the ends, changing the vertical separation between the test mass and the drive mass below it. ", "Depending on the alignment of the masses, the resulting change in the vertical separation between masses may be as much as 2 $\\mu$m over the course of one period of drive mass motion. ", "This effect was not expected to substantially change the signal and a full modeling of it has been left for future work.", "\n\nVibration Isolation\n-------------------\n\nMeasurement at the thermal noise limit required mechanical excitation at the cantilever tip to be less than 1 [Å]{} (rms) on resonance; the mechanical excitation at the base of the cantilever was required to be reduced a factor of $Q$ beyond this. ", "In order to make a sensitive measurement, it was crucial to ensure that the bimorph was not simply mechanically exciting the cantilever. ", "Even though the bimorph was moved at a subharmonic of the resonant frequency of the cantilever, nonlinearities in the bimorph motion (as in any piezoelectric device) meant that some component (typically a few percent) of its motion was at $f_0$; this necessitated vibration isolation between the bimorph stage and the cantilever wafer stage.", "\n\nThe bimorph and cantilever wafer were separated by two simple spring-mass vibration isolation stages. ", "These stages each had resonant frequencies of $\\sim$ 2.5 Hz, calculated to yield roughly six orders of magnitude of attenuation at the bimorph frequency and eight orders of magnitude of attenuation at the signal frequency $f_0$.\n\nThe electrical wires and the optical fiber that ran the length of the probe could have, if not loose enough, shorted out the vibration isolation system. ", "Measurements of the cantilever at low temperatures proved to be the best test of the vibration isolation system. ", "The mechanical coupling between bimorph and cantilever could be assessed by measuring the motion of the cantilever with the bimorph moving at a large ($\\sim 1$ mm) vertical separation between masses, with the signal frequency on and off resonance of the cantilever. ", "Such couplings were found to vary over the course of one cooldown, with no clear indication of failure of the vibration isolation.", "\n\nExternal vibration isolation protected the fragile parts of the probe from human mechanical disturbances when the drive mass was only microns away from the shield membrane. ", "During data-acquisition, the entire cryogenic system was suspended from a thick concrete ceiling by springs, yielding a resonant frequency for the entire system of close to 2 Hz.", "\n\nCapacitive Position and Tilt Sensors\n------------------------------------\n\nCapacitive position and tilt sensors were used to indicate the relative position between the bimorph and wafer stages, so that the masses could be aligned to maximize the gravitational force between them. ", "The capacitive position sensor (CPS) was based on the design described in Ref.", " [@cps]. ", "A quadrature pattern of gold electrodes was patterned on a quartz substrate and these electrodes were mounted on the bimorph stage. ", "Above this, on the wafer stage, was mounted a single sense electrode. ", "An ac voltage was applied to the quadrature electrodes and the current was read from the counter-electrode via a dual-phase lockin amplifier. ", "With a phase shift of 90 degrees between the signals applied to each of the four quadrature electrodes, the two channels of the lockin amplifier provided readings linear in the relative $x$ and $y$ positions between the bimorph stage and the wafer stage. ", "With the signal applied in-phase to each of the quadrature electrodes, the signal provided an indication of $1/z_c$, where $z_c$ is the vertical separation between the sense and quadrature electrodes.", "\n\nThe tilt sensors were simpler, each comprising an electrode mounted on the bimorph stage and a counter-electrode on the wafer stage above. ", "In each case, an ac voltage was applied to one electrode, with the current read from the corresponding counter-electrode via a lockin amplifier. ", "The tilt sensors provided an indication of the vertical separation between the stages at two other locations in addition to the CPS. ", "The geometry of the three capacitive sensors is shown in Fig.", " \\[cpsgeom\\].", "\n\nTogether, the capacitive sensors provided an indication of the relative position and tilt between the stages, encompassing five degrees of freedom. ", "The relative rotation between the stages about the $z$-axis was fixed during probe assembly.", "\n\nThe capacitive sensors were calibrated at room temperature by raising the bimorph stage with a three-axis positioner and recording the micrometer readings from the $z$-axis of the positioner along with the capacitive readings. ", "The CPS was also calibrated in $x$ and $y$ using a similar technique. ", "With the probe under vacuum, the three-axis positioning stage tilted due to atmospheric pressure; this tilt did change the correspondence between micrometer and CPS readings. ", "Alignment between masses was established in room temperature at atmospheric pressure. ", "At low temperatures, with the system under vacuum, the capacitive sensors and the room temperature calibrations (rather than the micrometer readings) were used to indicate the relative position and tilt between stages.", "\n\n![", "Drawing of the bottom half of the probe. ", "The bimorph stage and wafer stage are shown with the wafer stage raised and rotated about the $x$-axis to reveal the geometry of the capacitive sensors. ", "In practice, the two electrodes of a given sensor were separated by less than 1 mm in the $z$-direction. ", "The three sensors were separated by $\\sim$ 4 cm in the $x$-$y$ plane. ", "The pads used for making electrical contact to the capacitive sensors are omitted from this drawing.\\[cpsgeom\\]](CPSgeometry_bw3.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nCryogenic Apparatus\n-------------------\n\nCooling the cantilever was crucial to achieving a high force sensitivity. ", "The probe was sealed in a vacuum can inside a $^4$He cryostat, with an exchange gas space separating the probe from the mechanical vibration of the boiling helium. ", "The three-axis positioner was located outside of the cryostat, attaching to the bimorph stage via a vacuum feedthrough. ", "The interferometer was also located outside the cryostat, with a length of optical fiber running down the probe.", "\n\nBase temperature of the probe was typically 10 K, though this temperature was raised a few degrees by the use of spring-adjustment heaters (described in Sec.", " \\[alignmentsec\\]). ", "The noise temperature of the cantilever was found to be typically $\\sim$ 10 K more than the base temperature of the probe.", "\n\nHold time for the cryostat was typically 4–6 days. ", "After each helium transfer, all preliminary tests of the system were performed. ", "Each data set presented in this paper was recorded entirely within one helium transfer of the respective cooldown.", "\n\nInterferometer {#intfsec}\n--------------\n\nCantilever motion was measured with a fiber interferometer, based on the design described in Ref.", " [@rugarintf]. ", "An InGaAs laser diode sent hundreds of microwatts of 1310-nm light through a bidirectional fiber coupler, leaving $1\\%$ of this light for the length of fiber that went to the cantilever. ", "The cleaved end of the fiber in the probe was aligned to the test mass, forming a low-visibility Fabry-Perot cavity with a length of $\\sim 50$ $\\mu$m. ", "Interference between the light reflected off the test mass and the light reflected from the cleaved end of the fiber was measured with a photodiode via a transimpedance amplifier with a 10 M$\\Omega$ feedback resistor.", "\n\nBecause of the low reflectivity of the cleaved end of the optical fiber, beam divergence, and imperfect alignment between the fiber and the test mass, only one reflection from each surface (the fiber end and the test mass) was expected to contribute to the interferometer signal. ", "Thus, the dc interferometer signal was a sinusoidal function of the distance between the fiber end and the test mass, modulo half the wavelength of the laser. ", "The sensitivity of the interferometer was maximized when the distance between the cantilever and the optical fiber was adjusted to be at one of the points of maximum slope of this sinusoidal fringe (the center of the fringe).", "\n\nCantilever motion was typically on the order of angstroms at low temperatures. ", "For motion much less than the wavelength of the laser, the interferometer signal at a given frequency $V_i(f)$ was linearly related to the amplitude of cantilever motion at that frequency $x(f)$. The conversion between the voltage signal from the interferometer and cantilever motion depended on the peak-to-peak amplitude $V_{pp}$ of the sinusoidal interferometer fringe and the relative position between the cantilever and the optical fiber that determined the location on this fringe of the interferometer dc level. ", "When the distance between the fiber and the cantilever was adjusted to the center of the fringe, the amplitude of cantilever motion was determined by $$\\label{vppeqn}x(f)=V_i(f) \\frac{\\lambda_l}{2\\pi V_{pp}} ,$$ where $\\lambda_l$ is the wavelength of the laser.", "\n\nTemperature control and high-frequency ($> 100$ MHz) modulation [@rugar_ultramic] were used to stabilize the laser during data acquisition. ", "The high-frequency modulation shortened the coherence length of the laser, reducing the importance of stray reflections from connectors within the optical part of the interferometer circuit.", "\n\nCantilever Position Adjustment and Characterization\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nA piezoelectric stack (hereafter referred to as “piezo stack”) mounted underneath the cantilever wafer was used to adjust the distance between the cantilever wafer and the optical fiber to maintain alignment at the center of the interferometer fringe. ", "This piezo stack was also used to excite the cantilever for the purposes of characterization.", "\n\nIn the probe, the piezo stack was mounted between the wafer frame and the wafer stage. ", "Upon cooling, the stainless steel wafer frame and stage would contract while the piezo stack would lengthen slightly. ", "At low temperatures, it was expected that the differential thermal contraction of the materials would have made the wafer frame tilt in the $x$-$z$ plane. ", "A correction for this tilt was included in the room temperature alignment between masses.", "\n\nFinite Element Analysis and Spatial Phase-Sensitive Detection\n=============================================================\n\nIn order to deduce a bound on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity, the measurement must be compared to the expected force between the masses for both a Newtonian potential and a Yukawa potential. ", "Finite element analysis (FEA) with a mesh size of 5 $\\mu$m was used to calculate the expected dc (without time variation) gravitational force between the masses for a range of longitudinal (along the $y$-axis) positions between the masses, with the vertical separation held constant.", "\n\nAt a given $y$-point (with other alignment parameters set), the dc Newtonian force $F_N^{\\rm (dc)}$ and dc Yukawa force $F_Y^{\\rm (dc)}$ (with $\\alpha=1$) were calculated by sums over the drive mass and the test mass in the 5 $\\mu$m mesh. ", "Only the vertical component of the force was considered and the attractive force was taken to have a positive sign. ", "The Newtonian force sum is given by: $$\\label{FEAnewton}\nF_N^{\\rm (dc)}=\\sum_{V_{\\rm d}}\\sum_{V_{\\rm t}}\\left[\\left(\\frac{G\\delta m_{\\rm d}\\delta m_{\\rm t}}{r^2}\\right) \\left(\\frac{z}{r}\\right)\\right].$$ Here, the two sums are over the volumes of the drive mass and the test mass in the given mesh, $\\delta m_{\\rm d}$ refers to the mass of the (5 $\\mu$m)$^3$ block in the drive mass, $\\delta m_{\\rm t}$ refers to the mass of the (5 $\\mu$m)$^3$ block in the test mass, and $r$ is the distance between the centers of mass of these two blocks in the summation. ", "The vertical separation between the two mass blocks is $z$; the final term in the equation is a projection onto the vertical axis. ", "Similarly, the Yukawa force (for $\\alpha=1$) for a given value of $\\lambda$ was calculated from the sum: $$\\label{FEAyuk}\nF_Y^{\\rm (dc)}=\\sum_{V_{\\rm d}}\\sum_{V_{\\rm t}} \\left[\\left(\\frac{G \\delta m_{\\rm d} \\delta m_{\\rm t}}{r^2}\\right) e^{-r/\\lambda}(1+r/\\lambda)\\left(\\frac{z}{r}\\right)\\right].$$\n\nA time-variation (accounting for drive mass motion) was applied to this calculated set of dc forces as a function of $y$-position and from this, the expected ac (finite frequency) force was extracted with a Fourier transform, yielding ac Newtonian and Yukawa forces. ", "In the case of Cooldown 04, the third harmonic of the drive frequency was studied; the Fourier component of the measured force at this frequency is referred to as the third harmonic ac force.", "\n\nThere were several inputs to the FEA model: the geometry and density of the masses, the ($x$, $y$, $z$) position and tilts between masses, amplitude of bimorph motion, and the range $\\lambda$ of the Yukawa potential being modeled. ", "The output of the model was the ac Newtonian gravitational force between masses $F_N$ and the ac Yukawa force $F_Y$ for $\\alpha=1$ and a given $\\lambda$. For arbitrary $\\alpha$, the Yukawa force could simply be scaled by $\\alpha$.\n\nBoth the magnitude and phase of this Fourier component with respect to the drive frequency are important. ", "Clearly, the dc gravitational force between the masses reflects the periodicity of the drive mass pattern. ", "In fact, the ac force also shows this periodicity. ", "As shown in Fig.", " \\[acforcephase\\], the magnitude of any ac gravitational force has a clear periodicity of 100 $\\mu$m as a function of the $y$-equilibrium position of the drive mass with respect to the test mass, corresponding to the 100 $\\mu$m half-period of the drive mass pattern. ", "Each minimum of the third harmonic ac force magnitude is zero and is accompanied by a discontinuous phase change of $\\pi$. The fourth harmonic ac force (not shown) has the same periodicity, though the fourth harmonic force has minima where the third harmonic force has maxima, and vice-versa.", "\n\nTo exploit this geometric feature of our design, data were recorded at several values of the $y$-equilibrium position between masses, scanning over more than 200 $\\mu$m, the period of the drive mass pattern. ", "Comparison of these $y$-scan measurements to FEA predictions allowed us to discriminate between couplings that could be gravitational in origin and spurious backgrounds that do not follow the gravitational pattern. ", "By “locking-in” this way to the expected spatial periodicity, we were able to set a stronger and more accurate bound on $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ than what a single force measurement would have provided.", "\n\n![", "The calculated magnitude (top) and phase (bottom) of the predicted third harmonic ac gravitational force between masses. ", "The larger Yukawa force for $\\alpha=5$ and $\\lambda=34$ $\\mu$m is shown by the dashed line; the smaller Newtonian force is the solid line. ", "The phase is the same for a Newtonian or a Yukawa force. ", "In this calculation, the drive mass was taken to be 27 $\\mu$m underneath the test mass, without tilt. ", "The middle gold bar of the drive mass is centered under the test mass at $y$-position of 0 $\\mu$m.\\[acforcephase\\]](ACa5l34_bw.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nExperimental Methods\n====================\n\nIn order to accurately compare measurements to the FEA, alignment between masses had to be known as accurately and precisely as possible. ", "In order to maximize the gravitational force between masses, the goal was to center the masses with respect to each other with no tilts about the $y$-axis ($\\theta_{xz}$) or the $x$-axis ($\\theta_{yz}$). ", "The alignment coordinates are diagrammed in Fig.", " \\[alignschem\\]. ", "With no tilts in the system, the third harmonic ac gravitational force would be maximized with the test mass at $x=0$ $\\mu$m and $y=50$ $\\mu$m with respect to the center of the drive mass at equilibrium.", "\n\nAlignment between the masses was fixed by room-temperature preparations and low-temperature adjustments. ", "This process began with the assembly of the cantilever and shield wafers.", "\n\nWafer Assembly\n--------------\n\nThe test mass was attached to the cantilever using epoxy applied with a microprobe under an optical microscope. ", "The optical microscope used for this process allowed selection of the better test masses from the fabrication batch.", "\n\nAfter attaching test masses to cantilevers, the cantilever wafer was glued into a stainless steel wafer frame. ", "The shield wafer was then glued to this cantilever wafer, using a press to keep the wafers parallel. ", "Measurements before and after each gluing showed the degree of tilt ($\\ll 1$ mrad) between the two wafers. ", "Photographs of the two wafers before and after gluing were used to determine the relative position between each cantilever on the wafer and the center of the shield membrane.", "\n\nBy design, the shield membrane was 10 $\\mu$m below the surface of the shield wafer that was glued to the cantilever wafer. ", "The glue between the wafers added typically 1–5 $\\mu$m to this distance. ", "The offset of the shield and the thickness of the glue layer did limit the minimum vertical separation between masses. ", "However, reducing this distance significantly would cause the cantilever to snap-in and adhere to the shield [@stiction].", "\n\nProbe Assembly\n--------------\n\nBefore mounting in the probe, the shield membrane was carefully examined for dust. ", "Any pieces of dust with a resolvable height profile ($\\ge 2$ $\\mu$m) were removed with a microprobe. ", "Then the wafer was mounted in the wafer stage and the optical fiber was aligned to the test mass. ", "Calibrations of position sensors were performed and the drive mass and the bimorph were mounted in the probe.", "\n\nDrive Mass Gluing\n-----------------\n\nThe drive mass was glued to the bimorph with the bimorph positioned so that the drive mass was pushed against the silicon shoulder of a shield wafer, mounted in the probe. ", "This process, only repeated when the bimorph or the drive mass needed to be replaced, achieved approximate parallelism between the drive mass and any cantilever wafer. ", "Before each cooldown, parallelism between the shield wafer and the drive mass was again examined and adjusted. ", "Uncertainties in the tilt between the drive mass and the cantilever were dominated by uncertainties in this process.", "\n\nAlignment\n---------\n\nAfter the drive mass was glued to the bimorph, the parallelism between the shield wafer and the drive mass was examined optically, using images recorded from a telescope via a CCD camera. ", "Parallelism was assessed in the $x$-$z$ and $y$-$z$ planes by looking at the reflection of the drive mass in the gold-coated shoulder of the shield wafer. ", "CPS readings and optical images were compared as the bimorph stage was moved to change the vertical separation between the drive mass and the shield wafer. ", "Tilts measured in two vertical planes ($\\theta_{xz}$ and $\\theta_{yz}$) were adjusted using turnbuckles on the lower vibration isolation stage (the wafer stage), with additional compensation for the expected piezo-induced tilt of the wafer frame upon cooling. ", "Uncertainty in this part of the alignment was dominated by optical limitations.", "\n\nThe large three-axis positioner was used to adjust the alignment of the drive mass with respect to the test mass both at room temperature and at low temperatures. ", "Micrometers on this stage were accurate to 2.54 $\\mu$m (0.0001 in), with the $y$ and $z$ micrometers controlled by motors.", "\n\nAfter optimization of the tilt, the bimorph frame was moved so that the drive mass was centered in the $x$-$y$ plane with respect to the shield membrane; a telescope with a reticle aided this centering process. ", "The bimorph stage was then slowly raised until the drive mass contacted the shield. ", "This contact gave an impulse to the shield and the cantilever, creating a clear signal on the interferometer. ", "CPS and tilt sensor readings were recorded several times during this process; these alignment points were the targets for initial alignment when the system was cold. ", "Uncertainties in this process included optical limitations and motion of the three-axis positioning stage in the $x$-$y$ plane as it was raised along the $z$-axis.", "\n\nThe drive mass and shield were examined through a telescope for any indication of dust on either surface before the vacuum can was closed.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Schematic showing the geometry and alignment parameters between the test and drive masses. ", "On the left, the top view shows the $x$-$y$ plane; the origin, marked with an asterisk, is the center of the drive mass in this plane. ", "With the drive mass at equilibrium, the $x$-$y$ position of the test mass was defined with respect to this origin. ", "This figure shows the masses to scale; the shield membrane and the ground plane over the drive mass are omitted. ", "On the right, the side view shows (not to scale) the $z$-$x$ plane. ", "The $z$-separation between masses is the face-to-face vertical distance. ", "The test mass tilt, exaggerated in this figure for the purposes of illustration, is the tilt of the test mass with respect to the cantilever. ", "The angle between the drive mass and the cantilever in this plane was defined as $\\theta_{xz}$.\\[alignschem\\]](alignmentschematic_ai_recolor.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nRe-Alignment\\[alignmentsec\\]\n----------------------------\n\nUnder vacuum, the tilt of the positioning stage connected to the bimorph frame significantly changed the alignment between the wafer stage and bimorph stage, and hence the alignment between masses. ", "At base temperature, the tilt of the wafer stage was adjusted by heating two of the three springs on the upper vibration isolation stage. ", "To heat a spring, a current on the order of 20 mA was passed through a manganin wire (of resistance $\\sim 50$ $\\Omega$) wrapped around the coils of the BeCu spring; such heating could increase the length of the spring on the order of 100 $\\mu$m. ", "Temperature and position of the probe stabilized after several hours.", "\n\nThe long time scale of the spring heating prohibited fine adjustment of the tilt. ", "However, the large separation between the tilt sensors ($\\sim$ 38 mm) in the $x$-$y$ plane in comparison to the size of the drive mass ($\\sim$ 1.5 mm) allowed for a coarse readjustment of tilt at low temperatures; typically, the vertical separation between the tilt sensors for a given CPS $z_c$-reading was within 100 $\\mu$m of the room temperature alignment points.", "\n\nWith the tilt adjusted, the $x$-$y$ position of the bimorph stage was adjusted to regain the room temperature alignment points. ", "The manual operation of the $x$-micrometer necessitated coarser alignment in this direction, since the micrometer could not safely be adjusted with the drive mass positioned close to the shield wafer. ", "However, the alignment between the masses in the $x$-direction only needed to be accurate to within a couple of hundred microns, since the Yukawa forces being studied were short range in comparison to the 1-mm length of the drive mass bars. ", "The motor control of the $y$ and $z$ micrometers allowed adjustments in these directions to within a micron, with uncertainty being dominated by noise (electrical and mechanical) on the capacitive readings.", "\n\nAdditional information about the alignment between masses was provided by moving the bimorph frame in the $y$-direction until the drive mass contacted the side of the silicon frame bearing the shield membrane. ", "This test was performed with the bimorph static and lowered so that the drive mass was $\\sim 200$ $\\mu$m away from the shield. ", "The contact between the drive mass and the wafer gave a mechanical impulse to the cantilever, clearly visible on the interferometer signal. ", "The distance between the alignment point and this contact point provided additional confirmation of the drive mass alignment along the $y$-axis.", "\n\nAfter realignment, the bimorph frame could then be moved to the $y$-position, determined by the photographs of the wafer, at which the drive mass was centered underneath the test mass. ", "The experimental values and uncertainties in the alignment parameters are given in Tbl.", " \\[alignmenterror\\].", "\n\n[ l r r r]{} Parameter & Value & Error &Units\\\n$x$-position & -91 &110 &$\\mu$m\\\n$y$-position &(-12)–(283) &119[^1] &$\\mu$m\\\n$z$-separation &24–28 &3.4&$\\mu$m\\\n$|\\theta_{xz}| \\times$ width[^2] &1 &6 &$\\mu$m\\\n$|\\theta_{yz}| \\times$ length[^3] &6 &9 &$\\mu$m\\\n\n\\[alignmenterror\\]\n\nVertical Positioning of Drive Mass\n----------------------------------\n\nTypically, gravitational measurements were recorded with the drive mass positioned 10–15 $\\mu$m away from the shield, with this safety factor allowing for the small vertical motion of the drive mass over the course of the bimorph swing, backlash in the motor used to operate the $z$-axis of the three-axis positioner, and the possibility of drift during a data run.", "\n\nTo determine the vertical ($z$-) separation between the masses, the bimorph frame was slowly raised until the drive mass contacted the shield, giving an impulse to the cantilever clearly visible on the interferometer. ", "The bimorph was then lowered to the desired distance from the shield with the CPS indicating the amount of motion. ", "The largest sources of uncertainty in the $z$-separation between masses were bouncing during contact and data acquisition and the possibility of dust on the shield or drive mass. ", "Due to lack of precision in setting a given $z$-separation (due to limitations of the motor driving the $z$-micrometer), the $z$-separation during data acquisition varied over the course of a day; this is the reason for the range given in Tbl.", " \\[alignmenterror\\].", "\n\nCantilever Characterization\n---------------------------\n\nAfter reaching base temperature, the piezo stack was used to verify the interferometer fringe. ", "The shape of the fringe was an important indicator of alignment between the optical fiber and the test mass. ", "In earlier designs of this apparatus, the fiber alignment often drifted upon cooling so that more light was reflecting from the shield than from the test mass. ", "Other times, light reflected from the cantilever as well as from the test mass. ", "The former situation created a large background level on the interferometer; the latter would make it impossible to record data. ", "In Cooldown 04, the shape of the fringe indicated no misalignment between the optical fiber and the test mass at low temperatures.", "\n\nThe resonant frequency $f_0$ was determined by exciting the cantilever at large amplitudes with the piezo stack and comparing the amplitude and phase of the resulting signal to the drive signal. ", "The quality factor was determined by timing the ringdown of the cantilever from excitation on resonance. ", "The fringe height, the resonant frequency, the quality factor, and the dc level of the interferometer on the fringe were checked between data collection runs.", "\n\nBimorph Actuation\n-----------------\n\nAfter alignment between the masses was established, the bimorph was lowered to a safe distance and an ac voltage was applied to the bimorph via a high voltage amplifier. ", "The capacitive measurement of the bimorph motion indicated that the bimorph motion for a given driving voltage increased over time, typically coming to equilibrium within 30 min.", "\n\nExperimental Degrees of Freedom\n-------------------------------\n\nTo make the most sensitive gravitational measurement, data were recorded as a function of $y$-position between masses, with a small vertical separation between masses and the drive frequency $f_d$ tuned to be $f_0/3$. Diagnostics included data runs with $f_d$ tuned slightly off this resonance, with the drive mass far away from the test mass, with the bimorph not moving, or with $f_d=f_0/4$.\n\nData Acquisition and Averaging\n==============================\n\nTwo streams of time-series data were recorded via an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) on a personal computer: the voltage from the interferometer and the voltage from the function generator that was driving (through a high-voltage amplifier) the bimorph. ", "The interferometer signal showed the cantilever motion. ", "The function generator signal (at frequency $f_d$ close to 100 Hz) provided an important timing signal. ", "Data were recorded at a frequency of 10 kHz. ", "Before the ADC, the interferometer signal was ac-coupled to a pre-amplifier with a high-frequency rolloff at 3 kHz to avoid aliasing.", "\n\nAny motion of the cantilever that was due to the moving drive mass would be at a definite phase with respect to the drive mass motion and at a harmonic of the drive frequency. ", "The function generator signal (the drive signal) provided a proxy for the drive mass motion and the analysis of the cantilever motion then included a phase defined with respect to this drive signal.", "\n\nEach data run included data recorded over a period of time $t_{t}$, with time-series data examined in shorter records of time $t_0$. The time $t_0$, typically on the order of $Q/f_0$, was chosen so that each record of length $t_0$ could be considered statistically independent of other records, while maximizing the total number of records $N=t_{t}/t_0$.\n\nFor each record of length $t_0$, the time-series data were truncated to include an integer number of periods of the function generator signal. ", "This truncation shortened the length of each record a negligible amount and increased the accuracy of the amplitude and phase of the harmonics of $f_d$ reported by a Fourier-transform of the record.", "\n\nThe drive signal, resulting from a very clean function generator signal, showed an unambiguous peak on the Fourier transform at the drive frequency $f_d$. The harmonic of interest of this drive frequency was then selected from the Fourier-transform of the interferometer signal. ", "In the case of Cooldown 04, measurements were made from the third harmonic of the drive signal, intended to be equal to $f_0$. The signal from the interferometer was converted to an amplitude of cantilever motion, as described in Eq.", " \\[vppeqn\\]. ", "From this, the third harmonic ac force on the cantilever (assuming the $3f_{d}=f_0$) was determined using Eq.", " \\[acforceeqn\\].", "\n\nThe magnitude and phase (or, equivalently, the real and imaginary parts) of the Fourier transform are important to consider. ", "For each record $t_0$, the real $F_R$ and imaginary $F_I$ parts of the Fourier transform at $3f_d$ were found, providing $N$ measurements of $F_R$ and $F_I$. Averaging each of these two sets provided the means $\\overline{F_R}$ and $\\overline{F_I}$ for the given data run, with a standard error on each mean determined by the standard deviation of the set, reduced by a factor of $\\sqrt{N-1}$.\n\nAside from the statistical error, uncertainty in the assessment of the force on the cantilever from this averaging technique resulted from uncertainty in the fringe height of the interferometer, the interferometer dc position relative to the center of the fringe, the cantilever $Q$, and the setting of $f_d$ to be exactly $f_0/3$. Furthermore, Eq.", " \\[acforceeqn\\] assumes that the measured displacement of the cantilever is at the center of mass of the test mass. ", "Due to the mode shape of the cantilever, described analytically in Ref.", " [@laura] and modeled in ANSYS, the deflection at either end of the test mass would be different by $\\sim$ 15–20$\\%$ from the deflection at the center of mass. ", "Though the quality of the interferometer signal indicated that the optical fiber was focused on the test mass (instead of the cantilever), the degree of freedom in the fiber position along the length of the test mass provided another uncertainty in the conversion between interferometer signal and force. ", "These uncertainties are summarized in Tbl.", " \\[forceerror\\].", "\n\n[ l r r r r]{} Parameter & Value[^4] & Error &Units &$dF$[^5] ($\\%$)\\\nFringe height &0.228 &0.002 &V &1\\\nFringe position from center &0 &10 &$\\%$ &2\\\n$f_0$[^6] &331.178 &0.002 &Hz &2\\\nQ &10000 &$1000$ &– &10\\\n$k$ &0.0071 &0.001 &N/m &8\\\nFiber alignment &0 &25 &$\\mu$m &10\\\n***Total*** & & &$\\%$N &17\\\n\n\\[forceerror\\]\n\nFeedback Cooling\n----------------\n\nA high quality factor was essential to achieving a sensitive force measurement. ", "However, a high quality factor also made measurement difficult; the resonant frequency had to be determined to an accuracy of $\\sim f_0/(3Q)$ and between data runs or after any excitation of the cantilever, a waiting period of at least $\\sim 3Q/f_0$ had to be observed to allow the cantilever to ringdown. ", "In Cooldown 04, $Q\\sim 80000$. To facilitate the data-acquisition process while maintaining the low thermal noise of the high quality factor cantilever, feedback cooling was used to reduce the effective quality factor and the noise temperature $T$ of the cantilever in its lowest mode.", "\n\nThe feedback-cooling apparatus was based on the designs of the Rugar group [@rugar_pc] and the feedback circuit described in Ref.", " [@jacthesis]. ", "The interferometer signal was phase-shifted, attenuated, and used to drive the piezo stack. ", "In this way, the cantilever was driven with a phase-shifted version of its own thermal noise. ", "The circuit was adjusted to incorporate a phase shift of $\\pi$ over the thermal noise bandwidth of the first mode of the cantilever. ", "Over this small bandwidth, this additional phase shift turned the feedback into negative feedback on the velocity (rather than on the position) of the cantilever. ", "A cantilever is a damped simple harmonic oscillator; negative feedback on its velocity increases the damping, decreasing $Q$. It also decreases the amplitude of all thermal noise excitation in this first mode in a way that decreases the effective temperature of the cantilever in that mode. ", "The thermal noise spectra of the cantilever in Cooldown 04 with and without feedback are shown in Fig.", " \\[lorentzianfit\\].", "\n\nWithin the accuracy of the measurement of these two parameters, the ratio of $Q/T$ was maintained with this feedback and thus the low thermal noise limit was not affected by the reduction of the quality factor. ", "However, the sensitivity of the cantilever, as described by Eq.", " \\[acforceeqn\\], does depend on $Q$; feedback cooling in Cooldown 04 did reduce the voltage signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Measured thermal noise data without (a) and with (b) feedback are shown in comparison to the Lorentzian curves derived from the measured $k$, $Q$, effective $T$, and $f_0$. The rms amplitude of cantilever motion is plotted as a function of frequency. ", "The offsets added to the Lorentzian curves are judged from the power spectrum. ", "The background in the figure on the right is higher because of the larger bandwidth. ", "With feedback, $Q\\sim$ 10400 and the spectrum is the result of averaging thirty power spectra from 2 min data records; the effective temperature was $\\sim$ 3.5 K. Without feedback, $Q\\sim$ 75000 and the spectrum is an average of thirty records of length 4 min each; the effective temperature was $\\sim$ 30 K. \\[lorentzianfit\\]](lorentzianfit.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nTests of the Apparatus {#testssec}\n======================\n\nThermal Noise\n-------------\n\nTo verify the functioning of the cantilever, to confirm the conversion from interferometer signal to amplitude of cantilever motion, and to determine the force limit in the experiment, thermal noise of the cantilever was recorded. ", "During thermal noise measurements, the bimorph was turned off. ", "Thermal noise may be examined several ways. ", "The noise temperature of the cantilever was determined from power spectra averaged over several consecutive time records. ", "The equipartition theorem relates the mean squared displacement $\\left<x^2\\right>$ in one mode of the cantilever with spring constant $k$ to the temperature $T$: $$\\left<x^2\\right>=k_B T/k .$$ By summing the squared amplitudes of cantilever motion over the thermal noise peak, the effective temperature was found. ", "The white noise background of the interferometer was subtracted from this summation and the sum only included the thermal noise bandwidth so as to exclude electronic noise on the interferometer. ", "The power spectrum of the cantilever due to thermal noise compared well to the expected Lorentzian, as shown in Fig.", " \\[lorentzianfit\\]. ", "Though the temperature of the cantilever without feedback was found to be $\\sim 30$ K, higher than the temperature of the probe, the agreement between the measured noise spectrum and the Lorentzian function using the measured values of $Q$, $k$, and $T$ confirmed our assessment of these important parameters.", "\n\nThermal noise is random phase noise. ", "Though a cantilever is constantly excited by the energy in its thermal environment, this excitation comes as a series of random-phase kicks, with the ringdown from each kick characterized by the quality factor. ", "When the real and imaginary parts of a given Fourier component of thermal noise are considered, the measurements (over many time records) show a force that is statistically indistinguishable from zero. ", "In this case, the mean of the set of measurements of $F_R$ should be less than twice the standard error on the mean: $\\overline{F_R}<2\\sigma_R/\\sqrt{N-1}$, where $\\sigma_R$ is the standard deviation in the set of $N$ measurements. ", "The same is true for the set of measurements of $F_I$ or any other phase of any Fourier component. ", "The measured force $(\\overline{F_R}^2+\\overline{F_I}^2)^{1/2}$ due to thermal noise will decrease with the square root of the averaging time, as seen in Eq.", " \\[thnoiseeqn\\].", "\n\nEven in the case of a coherent driving force on the cantilever, where the measured force at some phase is statistically distinguishable from zero, thermal noise is important to consider—thermal noise provides the statistical uncertainty on any force measurement. ", "Averaging longer reduces the statistical uncertainty due to thermal noise.", "\n\nMagnetic Analog Experiment\n--------------------------\n\nIn Cooldown 02, the buried drive mass and a magnetic test mass were used in order to test the couplings between masses via a large, measurable magnetic force. ", "The probe design was an earlier version than the one described above (used in Cooldown 04) and alignment methods were less precise. ", "Nonetheless, this experiment served as an important demonstration of the functioning of the apparatus.", "\n\nTo couple the drive mass to the magnetic test mass, an ac voltage could be applied to the drive mass with the bimorph not moving or a dc current could be drawn through the drive mass with the bimorph moving. ", "In either case, the magnetic coupling between the drive mass and the test mass would reflect the 200 $\\mu$m half-periodicity of the magnetic field across the drive mass. ", "The exact direction of the dipole moment of the test mass, not known, would strongly influence both the magnitude of the coupling as well as the exact dependence of the force magnitude on the $y$-position between the masses. ", "However, FEA showed that any magnetic force would have a distinct periodicity of 200 $\\mu$m in the magnitude of the force, with each force minimum accompanied by a phase change of $\\pi$. These features are qualitatively similar to those of the gravitational force shown in Fig.", " \\[acforcephase\\], though the spatial period across the drive mass of this magnetic coupling would be twice that of a gravitational coupling.", "\n\nTo quickly confirm the position of the drive mass with respect to the test mass, 0.5 V ($\\sim 2$ mA) at $f_0$ was applied across the drive mass meander, with the bimorph not moving. ", "With the drive mass close to the test mass, this created a large excitation of the cantilever, clearly visible on the interferometer signal viewed on an oscilloscope. ", "The drive mass was moved underneath the test mass and from this, the locations (in the CPS coordinates) of the distinct phase changes in the magnetic force were noted and used as reference in the measurements that followed.", "\n\nA $y$-scan was performed with the bimorph moving $\\sim$ 100 $\\mu$m in amplitude at $f_0/3$. Measurements were made at intervals of $\\sim 25$ $\\mu$m in $y$, covering the entire drive mass pattern. ", "At each $y$-position, measurements were made both with a current (0.5 mA) across the drive mass and with no drive mass current. ", "Even with short averaging times (20 s with a current on and 10 min with no current), a clear force was measured in each case. ", "The results of this $y$-scan are shown in Fig.", " \\[bigmagyscan\\].", "\n\nWith the current drawn across the drive mass, the force magnitude showed five distinct periods, corresponding to the five sets of gold and silicon bars. ", "As expected, the phase of the force as a function of $y$-position showed distinct discontinuous phase changes of $\\pi$ associated with each force minimum. ", "Without knowing the direction and size of the magnetic dipole moment of the test mass, this measurement could not be used as a precise calibration. ", "Furthermore, a broken shield prevented a precise assessment of the vertical separation between masses. ", "Nonetheless, this measurement provided a confirmation of the alignment between masses, the FEA predictions, and the relative position between data points as determined by the CPS.", "\n\nMeasurements with no current across the drive mass also showed a force with a distinct periodicity, though in this case the periodicity was 100 $\\mu$m in the magnitude of the force, as expected for a gravitational force. ", "Phase changes of $\\pi$ were also evident in this measurement, though the phase changes were continuous. ", "Continuous phase changes would be expected if there was a constant force in addition to the varying force across the $y$-scan.", "\n\nThe measured force in the case of no drive mass current was much larger than any expected gravitational force [@frogs]. ", "The shield and the buried drive mass would not permit any electrostatic or Casimir force to drive the cantilever in a way that would show this periodicity of the drive mass. ", "This force could only be magnetic in origin.", "\n\nSilicon and gold have small diamagnetic susceptibilities, on the order of $-0.16 \\times 10^{-8}$ m$^3$/kg. ", "Due to the differing mass densities of the gold and the silicon, each bar of silicon has a susceptibility that is smaller than the gold bar of the same size. ", "Magnetized in any ambient field, the drive mass will have a spatially-varying magnetic field even in the absence of applied current. ", "This varying magnetic field will couple to the test mass and in this way, the magnetic test mass will act as a susceptometer. ", "Though this effect is small, our experiment is sensitive enough to measure such a coupling; a rough calculation shows that even in the earth’s magnetic field, this effect can be as large as the measured force shown in Fig.", " \\[bigmagyscan\\].", "\n\nThe functioning of the magnetic test mass as a susceptometer limited the sensitivity of any gravitational force measurement with the magnetic test mass. ", "However, the measurement of both forces with the magnetic test mass—including both the 200 $\\mu$m and the 100 $\\mu$m periodicities in the force magnitude—provided an excellent verification of the sensitivity of the cantilever as a force detector and demonstrated that the experimental apparatus can measure the coupling between masses.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] The third harmonic force magnitude (a) and phase (b) as a function of $y$-position (relative to the first point) between the magnetic test mass and the drive mass with current on and off. ", "The magnitude here is calculated from the mean of the real and imaginary components: $\\sqrt{\\overline{F_R}^2+\\overline{F_I}^2}$.\\[bigmagyscan\\]](magscan_notscaled.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nPossible Background Couplings\n-----------------------------\n\nWith a non-magnetic test mass, the buried drive mass and the shield eliminated the possibility of magnetic, electrostatic, or Casimir couplings to the test mass that could be mistaken for gravity. ", "Couplings due to induced currents in both masses, magnetic impurities in the drive mass, or induced moments in both masses were all estimated to be much less than the target thermal noise limit of 10$^{-18}$ N. The possibility of a coherent gravitational excitation of the cantilever due to anything other than the drive mass was made unlikely by the extremely high quality factor of the cantilever and the relatively high resonant frequency as compared to the motion of commonplace objects or people in the laboratory.", "\n\nIf the vibration isolation was shorted, the bimorph could have shaken the cantilever. ", "Measuring with the third harmonic $3f_d$ on- and off-resonance gave an indication of whether the vibration isolation was failing. ", "Cantilever motion due to a mechanical excitation would be reduced by a factor of $Q$ off-resonance.", "\n\nFinally, there could have been electrical or mechanical coupling between the bimorph and the interferometer that was unrelated to the cantilever. ", "Such electrical or mechanical couplings to the interferometer would not vary as a function of the drive mass equilibrium $y$-position and thus would never be mistakenly interpreted as a gravitational signal. ", "However, the resulting voltage noise could impede the detection of a small gravitational signal.", "\n\nElectrical coupling could result from imperfect grounding of the function generator or the circuitry of the laser or the interferometer. ", "Mechanical coupling could have resulted from the optical fiber being shaken by the moving bimorph. ", "In both cases, the coupling would produce a voltage noise on the interferometer that would be insensitive to small changes in frequency; the signal on the interferometer (with the subtraction of thermal noise) would be the same on- and off-resonance. ", "Examinations of signals at $f_d$ and $2f_d$ also provided a helpful diagnostic of such couplings.", "\n\nThe optical fiber ran down the length of the tube to which the bimorph frame was attached. ", "Motion of the bimorph could couple to the optical fiber itself, shaking the fiber at $f_d$. Nonlinearities in the bimorph itself and in any part of the mechanical path between the bimorph and the optical fiber could result in the fiber also being shaken at harmonics of $f_d$. Because there were reflections within the optical part of the interferometer circuit (due to the finite reflectivity of all fiber connectors) that created stray interferometric paths, vibration of the optical fiber could create a measurable signal on the interferometer at the frequency of vibration. ", "Modulating the laser at high frequencies to reduce the coherence length could reduce but not eliminate this kind of noise. ", "Having a large fringe height and a high quality factor to increase the sensitivity of the interferometer as described by Eq.", " \\[acforceeqn\\] and Eq.", " \\[vppeqn\\] would reduce the importance of this kind of background noise.", "\n\nExperimental Results\n====================\n\nIn Cooldown 04, a sensitive gravitational measurement was made using a nonmagnetic test mass, a buried drive mass, a new probe design to improve fiber alignment to the test mass, and more precise alignment techniques between the masses. ", "A $y$-scan covering almost 300 $\\mu$m was recorded over two days. ", "On each day, measurements were made at six points. ", "The first data run on Day 1 was 48 min long; all other data runs were 60 min in length. ", "Data were recorded in records of 4 min in length, though analysis studied the records in 30 s segments. ", "Feedback cooling was used to reduce the $Q$ of the cantilever from $\\sim$ 80000 to $\\sim$ 10000. ", "The bimorph was oscillated at an amplitude (at the top surface of the drive mass) of 125 $\\mu$m.", "\n\nThe measured force and phase for the $y$-scan are shown in Fig.", " \\[results\\], along with the thermal noise limit. ", "On both days, the measured magnitude of the force showed an apparent periodicity of 100 $\\mu$m, though there was no clear periodicity in the measured phase. ", "All measured forces were close to thermal noise in magnitude.", "\n\nOn Day 2, the measured force was consistently higher than on Day 1. ", "The interferometer signals at $f_d$ and $2f_d$ were also larger on Day 2, suggesting the presence of some mechanical or electrical coupling to the interferometer.", "\n\nThe error bars in Fig.", " \\[results\\] show twice the statistical error on the measurements; the local maxima in the force measurements are statistically distinguishable from zero.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Force magnitude (top) and phase (bottom) vs. $y$-position from Cooldown 04. ", "Day 1 data are on the left and Day 2 data are on the right. ", "The black dashed line shows the approximate level of measured thermal noise, which was slightly less than the predicted thermal noise level. ", "Plotted points are the means for the full averaging time (60 min, except for the first measurement, which was 48 min); the error bars show twice the standard (statistical) error on the mean. ", "Lines connecting the measured points are guides to the eye.\\[results\\]](dec04_splitdata3.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nAnalysis\n========\n\nThe measurements from Cooldown 04 do not clearly look like a gravitational force. ", "Even if part of the measured force was gravitational in origin, some of the measured force was certainly due to thermal noise and possibly due to some other background. ", "To set a bound on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity, these measurements as a function of $y$-position were compared to FEA predictions of the gravitational couplings between the masses with the experimental conditions of Cooldown 04.", "\n\nA least-squares fitting, with $\\alpha$ as a free scaling parameter, of the predicted force as a function of $y$-position to the measurements provided a best-fit $\\alpha$ for a given $\\lambda$. The best-fit $\\alpha$ is based on the model that the measured force $F_m(y)$ is related to the Newtonian force $F_N(y)$ and the Yukawa force $F_Y(y)$ by $$F_m(y)=F_N(y)+\\alpha F_Y(y,\\lambda) + F_0,\n\\label{fiteqn}$$ where $y$ is the $y$-position between masses and $F_0$ is some constant background. ", "This equation was applied to the real and imaginary components of the force. ", "MATLAB’s “fminsearch” minimization routine was used for the least-squares fitting, with initial conditions chosen from a preliminary coarse-grained search for the fit parameters that would minimize the square error for a typical FEA result.", "\n\nThis least squares analysis was performed separately on each day’s worth of data. ", "The real and imaginary components (rather than the magnitude and phase) of the force were considered in the fitting; the algorithm minimized the summed square difference between the measured force (considering both $\\overline{F_R(y)}$ and $\\overline{F_I(y)}$) and the predicted force. ", "Though each data run had 120 measurements each of $F_R$ and $F_I$ (except the first run, which had 96), the fit was performed using the means $\\overline{F_R}$ and $\\overline{F_I}$ at each $y$-point, in order to reduce computing time. ", "Tests with real and simulated data showed that the results were the same when the fit considered the entire set of data as when only the means were used. ", "The scatter and the means of $F_R$ and $F_I$ at one $y$-point are shown in Fig.", " \\[rawdata\\].", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Shown are the real and imaginary components of the Fourier transform at the frequency of interest for the second point of the Day 2 data—this is at the $y$-position at which the maximum force was measured for the day. ", "Data here are reported in terms of the rms force, $F_I$ and $F_R$. The small blue crosses each show the result from one 30 s segment of time series data. ", "Vertical error bars on two of these points indicate the statistical error, which is taken to be the same on each point and in all directions in this complex plane. ", "The circle shows the mean along the two axes; the error bars on the mean are smaller than the size of the circle.\\[rawdata\\]](run4616_RI_F.eps){width=\"0.7\\columnwidth\"}\n\nIn addition to $\\alpha$, four other parameters were included in the fit. ", "An offset $y_0$ in the $y$-position accounted for the large uncertainty in the location of the range of measurements. ", "Though the CPS gave an accurate indication of the $y$-distance between two measurement points, there was an uncertainty of $\\sim 100$ $\\mu$m (Tbl.", " \\[alignmenterror\\]) in where along the meander pattern the drive mass was located underneath the test mass. ", "An offset in the phase $\\theta_0$ was included to account for the unknown relationship between the drive signal (from the function generator) and the phase of the signal measured on the interferometer. ", "Though FEA predictions show how the phase of a measured coupling would vary, phase offsets due to circuitry were not measured and thus the parameter $\\theta_0$ was necessary in the fit.", "\n\nFinally, an offset $R_0$ on the real part of the force and an offset $I_0$ on the imaginary part of the force were included in the fit. ", "These two parameters account for the possible presence of a constant force measured in addition to any varying force (which could account for the lack of a clear periodicity in the phase, even if a measurable gravitational force was present). ", "Tests with simulated data showed that the inclusion of these additional offset parameters did not change the other best-fit parameters by unacceptable amounts. ", "Moreover, on the average, the best fit $R_0$ and $I_0$ would be statistically indistinguishable from 0 if no offset was included in the simulated data. ", "The Akaike Information Criterion [@statsbook] indicated that using the additional offset parameters in the fit did in fact make a better model. ", "Moreover, visual comparison of the best fit FEA curves to the data indicated that inclusion of the offset improved the fit.", "\n\nExperimental Uncertainty\n------------------------\n\nThere were many experimental uncertainties to be counted in determining the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$. Many parameters, such as the geometry and density of the test masses, the amount of bimorph motion, and the vertical separation and tilt between the masses, entered into the determination of $\\alpha$ only through the FEA and may have highly nonlinear effects on the best-fit $\\alpha$. Ideally, all uncertainties would be considered in a Monte-Carlo simulation. ", "To make the computing tractable, only $z$-separation and tilts $\\theta_{xz}$ and $\\theta_{yz}$ were varied in a Monte Carlo fashion. ", "Other uncertainties were included after the least-squares results, as discussed below. ", "Because our primary goal was to set an upper bound on deviations from Newtonian gravity, when simplifications were required, we chose to use “worst-case” estimates if possible, including errors in a way that would make the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ larger.", "\n\nMonte Carlo\n-----------\n\nThe FEA simulation was run 320 times, with the input parameters of the $z$-separation, $\\theta_{xz}$, and $\\theta_{yz}$ varied about their respective experimental best-guess values. ", "For each FEA run, the values of these three parameters were chosen at random from Gaussian distributions with means equal to the respective best-guess values and standard deviations equal to the experimental uncertainties, as shown in Tbl.", " \\[alignmenterror\\]. ", "The range of the $z$-separation was considered part of the uncertainty in $z$; the $z$-value was varied about the middle of this range (26 $\\mu$m) and half of the range (2 $\\mu$m) was added in quadrature to the experimental uncertainty. ", "Eight values of $\\lambda$ were chosen for the FEA models.", "\n\nUnvaried Inputs to the FEA\n--------------------------\n\nIn the FEA model, the mass densities of gold and silicon were taken to be the bulk densities. ", "Though the test mass was rotated in the plane of the cantilever, this rotation was not considered in the FEA model; rotation of the test mass would only affect the results at the percent level (and would lower $\\alpha(\\lambda)$). ", "The test mass was modeled as a prism ($50\\times 50\\times 30$) $\\mu$m$^3$, with a symmetric pattern of 52 blocks on the bottom face to approximate the curved section of the test mass. ", "This model underestimates the size of both the prism part and the rounded part of the test mass (as compared to what is given in Tbl.", " \\[masserror\\]); since this underestimate will only increase the final $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ bound, the approximation is acceptable. ", "The test mass was taken to be tilted at 0.35 rad from the horizontal plane of the cantilever. ", "The model of the test mass in the FEA code did not account for the recessed face discussed in Sec.", " \\[tmsec\\]. ", "Considering the exponential dependence of the Yukawa potential, this missing volume (on the side face tilted away from the cantilever) would only affect the calculated gravitational force at the $2\\%$ level. ", "This level of error is small compared to other uncertainties in $\\alpha$ and may be ignored in this analysis.", "\n\nThe $x$-position between the drive mass and the test mass was taken to be the experimental best-guess value. ", "Both the Newtonian and the Yukawa gravitational forces do depend slightly on the $x$-position. ", "However, this dependence changes with the tilt $\\theta_{xz}$ and there was no clear “worst-case” value for $x$-position to use in the FEA model. ", "To reduce computing time, the model computed only the force for a range of 200 $\\mu$m in $y$-position. ", "The dc force for this reduced range was mirrored to make a range of 600 $\\mu$m from which the ac force was derived, a simplification that affected the best-fit $\\alpha$ at the $10\\%$ level. ", "This range of $y$-positions was centered near the best-guess center of the range of data-acquisition and the same FEA model was used to fit to each day of data. ", "Due to possible tilt of the drive mass, fitting each day of data to the same $y$-range could also incur errors on the order of $10\\%$ on the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$.\n\nUncertainty in Bimorph Amplitude\n--------------------------------\n\nA bimorph amplitude of 125 $\\mu$m was considered in the FEA model. ", "To account for the experimental uncertainty of 10 $\\mu$m in this factor, each Monte Carlo result was also fit to the data for bimorph amplitudes in the range of 95–155 $\\mu$m (in steps of 5 $\\mu$m), accounting for three times the experimental uncertainty. ", "With the dependence of $\\alpha$ on the bimorph amplitude thus determined, each best-fit value of $\\alpha$ for a bimorph amplitude of 125 $\\mu$m was varied 50 times according to a random sampling from a Gaussian distribution of bimorph amplitudes, yielding a set of $320\\times 50$ best-fit values of $\\alpha$ for each chosen $\\lambda$ value. ", "Different samplings of bimorph amplitudes (from the Gaussian) were used for each day of data.", "\n\nUncertainties in Multiplicative Factors\n---------------------------------------\n\nSeveral factors in the FEA model were not varied as Monte-Carlo parameters. ", "Most of these parameters entered as multiplicative factors in the determination of the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$.\n\nThough the model on which the fit is based (Eq.", " \\[fiteqn\\]) considers measurements at each $y$-point, due to thermal noise, data will never match FEA predictions at the predicted zero minima of the force magnitude. ", "Thus, the best-fit $\\alpha$ is mostly determined by the quality of the fit of the data to the maxima of the prediction curves. ", "Roughly, $\\alpha=(F_m-F_N)/F_Y$, where only the maxima of the measured force ($F_m$), the Newtonian force ($F_N$), and the Yukawa force ($F_Y$) are considered. ", "This argument holds true in the presence of a small offset force. ", "In this experiment, $F_m\\gg F_N$ and thus, the proportional error in $\\alpha$ was determined by a quadrature sum of the proportional errors in $F_Y$ and $F_m$: $(\\delta \\alpha/\\alpha)^2 \\sim (\\delta F_m/F_m)^2+(\\delta F_Y/F_Y)^2$, where $\\delta \\alpha$ is the uncertainty in the best-fit $\\alpha$ resulting from the uncertainties $\\delta F_m$ and $\\delta F_Y$. This is true for small ($<10\\%$) relative uncertainties in $F_Y$ and even for large ($\\sim$ 50$\\%$) relative uncertainties on $F_m$. The uncertainty in $F_N$ was ignored because the contribution of $F_N$ in this equation is small.", "\n\nThe uncertainties in the measured force (listed in Tbl.", " \\[forceerror\\]) were all multiplicative factors, which would scale the entire curve of $F_m(y)$ up or down. ", "Uncertainties in the respective densities of the masses were multiplicative factors in $F_Y$. However, all densities were taken to be the given bulk densities. ", "Voids and uncertainties in the shape of the test mass all entered, to first order, as multiplicative factors in $F_Y$. The indeterminate composition areas at the bottom of the drive mass were also approximated as a very small multiplicative factor on $F_Y$; FEA models showed that even decreasing the height of the drive mass from 100 $\\mu$m to 90 $\\mu$m had at most a few percent effect on the magnitude of $F_Y$ for the studied values of $\\lambda$. Together, these factors summed to $8.4\\%$ relative uncertainty on $F_Y$.\n\nTo account for these uncertainties in the multiplicative factors of $F_m$ and $F_Y$, each of the prediction curves and the data curves could be varied by Gaussian distributions representing the uncertainty of the respective multiplicative factors and the best-fits could be sought between the new, much larger sets of prediction and data curves. ", "This parametric bootstrap was simplified because, as argued above, the best-fit $\\alpha$ changed with scalings of $F_m(y)$ and $F_Y(y)$ in a predictable way. ", "Thus, the uncertainties in these multiplicative factors were counted by varying the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ values according to the relative uncertainties in $F_m$ and $F_Y$.\n\nStatistical Uncertainty\n-----------------------\n\nThough a least-squares fit does find a best fit that accounts for the possibility of fluctuations in the data about the “true” values, the statistical uncertainty in the measurements does lead to an error in the best-fit results. ", "In the simple case of a least-squares linear fit, for example, this uncertainty in the fit parameters can be easily calculated [@barlow]. ", "In this case, the uncertainty in the best-fit results cannot be determined analytically. ", "To determine the uncertainty in $\\alpha$ resulting from the statistical uncertainty (due to thermal noise) on each measurement, the measurements were artificially varied by the statistical uncertainty found in the data. ", "At a given $y$-point, an offset, drawn at random from a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation equal to the standard error on $\\overline{F_R}$, was added to the measured $\\overline{F_R}$. The measured $\\overline{F_I}$ was similarly perturbed. ", "At each $y$-point, the measurements were dithered in this way, adding to the measured points their statistical uncertainty. ", "The results of a typical FEA simulation were then fit to these dithered points. ", "The process was repeated multiple times and from this, the uncertainty in $\\alpha$ due to the statistical uncertainty in the data was found to be $22\\%$. This compared well to the standard deviation of the best-fit $\\alpha$ over many sets of simulated data.", "\n\nSummation of Errors\n-------------------\n\nUncertainties in the most important geometric factors (vertical separation and tilt angles) were considered in the Monte Carlo run. ", "Uncertainties in the bimorph amplitude were considered by varying the best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ results. ", "Uncertainties in the multiplicative factors and the statistical uncertainty in the best-fit results were considered by varying the best-fit results once more. ", "In this case, each best-fit result was multiplied by a set of 50 random samples from a Gaussian of mean 1 and a standard deviation equal to the quadrature sum of the uncertainties due to the multiplicative factors and the statistical uncertainty on $\\alpha$. These factors are summarized in Tbl.", " \\[alphaerrors\\]. ", "Finally, for each value of $\\lambda$, there were 800 000 best-fit $\\alpha$ results.", "\n\n[ l r r r]{} Parameter & $\\%$ Uncertainty\\\nVolume of test mass &7.6\\\nVoids in test mass &2.5\\\nVoids in drive mass &2.5\\\nDrive mass polished Au/Si boundary &1.0\\\n***Total*** Multiplicative error in $F_Y$ &8.4\\\nMultiplicative error on measured force &17\\\nStatistical error &22\\\n***Total*** [**Uncertainty in $\\alpha$**]{} &29\\\n\n\\[alphaerrors\\]\n\nBest-Fit Results\n----------------\n\nBest-fit $y_0$, $\\theta_0$, $R_0$, and $I_0$ in these fits have no important physical meaning. ", "However, examination of the best-fit results for these other fit parameters was useful in evaluation of the analysis method and demonstration of the robustness of the fitting procedure. ", "Fig.", " \\[fitparams\\] shows correlations among these parameters and the mean square error from the best-fit. ", "As expected, the sets of best-fit $\\alpha$ for each value of $\\lambda$ showed an exponential dependence on the effective vertical separation (including both $z$ and the additional separation resulting from $\\theta_{xy}$ and $\\theta_{yz}$) between the masses.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] Correspondence between parameters for the fits of the Monte Carlo results to Day 1 data. ", "In the upper left, the best-fit $\\alpha$ values are shown; from the top (larger $\\alpha$), the groups of best-fit values correspond to values of $\\lambda$ of 4, 6, 10, 18, 34, 66, 130, and 258 $\\mu$m. ", "Different symbols are used for each value of $\\lambda$, with the same symbols used in each plot. ", "Plots show the mean square error (MSE) for the fit and the best-fit parameters $y_0$, $\\theta_0$, $R_0$, and $I_0$. \\[fitparams\\]](fitparams.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nThe mean best-fit $y_0$ for each of the two data days indicated $\\sim 40$ $\\mu$m difference (for a given CPS reading of $y$-position) between the two days. ", "The best fit $\\theta_0$ varied by almost $\\pi$ between the two data days; this is the expected change if there were indeed a gravitational signal, given the difference in $y_0$. The magnetic experiment of Cooldown 02 showed that a shift of this size in the CPS reading from one day to the next could be expected. ", "Moreover, if the measured force was a non-gravitational background (such as electrical noise), an arbitrary shift in the best-fit $y_0$ between data days could be expected.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] The measured force as $\\overline{F_R}$, $\\overline{F_I}$, magnitude, and phase for Day 1 as compared to a typical best-fit Monte Carlo result, for $\\lambda=18$ $\\mu$m. ", "The force magnitude $F$ is $\\sqrt{\\overline{F_R}^2+\\overline{F_I}^2}$. Error bars show the statistical error on the mean.\\[bestfitex\\]](fitday1run93.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] The same information as in Fig.", " \\[bestfitex\\], except for Day 2 data.\\[bestfitex2\\]](fitday2run93.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nScaled and shifted by the best-fit parameters, the FEA results were almost all within two standard deviations of the measured $\\overline{F_R}$, $\\overline{F_I}$, force magnitude $F$, and measured phase with respect to the drive. ", "A typical best-fit result, in comparison to the measurements, is shown in Figs.", " \\[bestfitex\\] and \\[bestfitex2\\].", "\n\nFor each of the two data days, the mean of the best-fit offset force (described by $R_0$ and $I_0$) had a magnitude close to the mean magnitude of the measured force across the day’s $y$-scan. ", "The magnitude of the mean best-fit offset for Day 1 was $3.1\\times 10^{-18}$ N, at a phase of 2.4 rad. ", "For Day 2, the mean best-fit offset had a magnitude of $6.3\\times 10^{-18}$ N, at a phase of -2.3 rad.", "\n\nThe measured force on Day 2 was larger than the measured force on Day 1; correspondingly, the typical best-fit $\\alpha$ for Day 2 was $20\\%$–$40\\%$ higher than the best-fit $\\alpha$ for Day 1. ", "The mean square errors for the fits on Day 2 were $20\\%$ (at small $\\lambda$) to $40\\%$ (at larger $\\lambda$) higher than the errors on the same fits for Day 1.", "\n\nThough the parameter $y_0$ accounted for some of the uncertainty in the location of the range over which measurements were made, the least squares fit did not account for uncertainty in the separation between $y$-points. ", "Uncertainty in the $x$-position between masses was also not considered. ", "Furthermore, the possibility of scaling errors in $F_m$ that changed over the course of the day (such as a continual drift of $f_0$ away from $3f_d$ over the course of the day, changing both the scaling and the phase of any measured force) were not included in the analysis. ", "Inclusion of these effects, all expected to be relatively small, has been left for future work.", "\n\nInterpretation of the Results\n-----------------------------\n\nThe Monte Carlo results and subsequent varying of the best-fit results provide a spread of $\\alpha$ for each $\\lambda$ considered. ", "These results may point to a force with a finite magnitude that shows gravity-like features in our experiment. ", "However, due to the small size of the measured force as compared to thermal noise, we are not able to determine at this point whether the measured force originated from a gravitational coupling between the drive and test masses. ", "If the above results were to be interpreted as a signature for a true force, the uncertainties would be considered in the opposite sense (with respect to the best-guess values) than for this analysis; this would yield smaller values of $\\alpha(\\lambda)$, a lower bound. ", "Such an approach will not be explored in this paper since more data with a better signal-to-noise ratio is needed. ", "Future work to this end is discussed in Sec.", " \\[futurework\\]. ", "Furthermore, to confirm the existence of a gravitational force, measurements would have to be made as a function of the mass or the separation between masses in the experiment.", "\n\nIn the meantime, we will use our current results to put new upper bounds on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity. ", "This is described in the next section.", "\n\nDrawing a Bound on $\\alpha(\\lambda)$\n====================================\n\nSummary of Procedures\n---------------------\n\nThe $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ bound was derived from a measurement of cantilever motion, as described in the previous sections. ", "The drive mass was oscillated underneath the cantilever bearing the test mass. ", "An interferometric measurement of cantilever motion was recorded as time-series data. ", "The time-series data from the interferometer were Fourier-transformed, averaged, and compared to the drive signal in order to determine how much the cantilever was moving at the frequency of interest (Eq.", " \\[vppeqn\\]). ", "From this motion, the force on the cantilever was deduced, as described in Eq.", " \\[acforceeqn\\]. ", "The equilibrium position of the drive mass with respect to the test mass was varied longitudinally and measurements were recorded as a function of this position; room temperature alignment and capacitive sensors used during the low-temperature measurement indicated the relative position between masses. ", "The measured force as a function of the drive mass position was fit to a model of the gravitational force (including a Yukawa force) between masses; this model was based on FEA using Eqs.", " \\[FEAnewton\\] and \\[FEAyuk\\]. ", "Experimental uncertainties were considered via Monte Carlo variation of the inputs to the FEA and variation of the results of the fit. ", "The best fit between the measurements and each FEA result yielded a set of best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ for a Yukawa potential that could be consistent with our data. ", "The final upper-bound results were determined from this set of best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$.\n\nDetermination of the Final Results\n----------------------------------\n\nThe goal is to set an upper-bound on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity at the $95\\%$ confidence level. ", "Though all experimental uncertainties were assumed to be Gaussian, the resulting distribution of $\\alpha$ for each $\\lambda$ was not; especially in the case of small $\\lambda$, where the best-fit $\\alpha$ had a highly nonlinear dependence on the vertical separation and tilts between masses, the distributions were very asymmetric. ", "No assumption was made of the analytic form of the distribution; the 95th percentile $\\alpha$ from the distribution provided the result at the desired (one-sided) confidence level, as diagrammed in Fig.", " \\[alphahisto\\]. ", "The 95th percentile $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ after the variations of the Monte Carlo results was found to be less than $35\\%$ more than the 95th percentile $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ from the Monte Carlo variation alone.", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] An example histogram of the fully-varied best-fit $\\alpha$ results for $\\lambda=18$ $\\mu$m and Day 1 data. ", "The Scaled $\\alpha$ is $\\alpha/\\overline{\\alpha}$ and the Relative Frequency is scaled by the total number (800,000) of varied best-fit $\\alpha$ values. ", "\\[alphahisto\\]](alphahisto.eps){width=\"0.7\\columnwidth\"}\n\n[ l r r r]{} & &\\\n$\\lambda$ ($\\mu$m) &MC Mean $\\alpha$[^7] &Full Set Mean $\\alpha$[^8] &Upper Bound $\\alpha$[^9]\\\n4 &$3.6\\times 10^7$ &$3.8\\times 10^7$ &$1.5\\times 10^8$\\\n6 &$6.7 \\times 10^5$ &$6.9\\times 10^5$ &$2.0 \\times 10^6$\\\n10 &$2.2 \\times 10^4$ &$2.3\\times 10^4$ &$5.1 \\times 10^4$\\\n18 &$2.0 \\times 10^3$ &$2.1\\times 10^3$ &$3.7 \\times 10^3$\\\n34 &$5.0 \\times 10^2$ &$5.1\\times 10^2$ &$8.4 \\times 10^2$\\\n66 &$2.7 \\times 10^2 $ &$2.8\\times 10^2$ &$4.4 \\times 10^2$\\\n130 &$2.2 \\times 10^2$ &$2.3\\times 10^2$ &$3.6 \\times 10^2$\\\n258 &$2.1 \\times 10^2$ &$2.1\\times 10^2$ &$3.3 \\times 10^2$\\\n& &\\\n$\\lambda$ ($\\mu$m) &MC Mean $\\alpha$ &Full Set Mean $\\alpha$ &Upper Bound $\\alpha$\\\n4 &$5.1\\times 10^7$ &$5.2\\times 10^7$ &$2.0\\times 10^8$\\\n6 &$8.9 \\times 10^5$ &$9.1\\times 10^5$ &$2.8 \\times 10^6$\\\n10 &$2.9 \\times 10^4$ &$3.0\\times 10^4$ &$6.8 \\times 10^4$\\\n18 &$2.5 \\times 10^3$ &$2.6\\times 10^3$ &$4.8 \\times 10^3$\\\n34 &$6.2 \\times 10^2$ &$6.4\\times 10^2$ &$1.1 \\times 10^3$\\\n66 &$3.4 \\times 10^2 $ &$3.5\\times 10^2$ &$5.7 \\times 10^2$\\\n130 &$2.7 \\times 10^2$ &$2.8\\times 10^2$ &$4.6 \\times 10^2$\\\n258 &$2.5 \\times 10^2$ &$2.6\\times 10^2$ &$4.2 \\times 10^2$\\\n\n\\[resultstable\\]\n\nThough this analysis assumed $\\alpha>0$, because the measured force was $\\sim 200$ times greater than the Newtonian gravitational force in this case, the results for $\\alpha<0$ would be statistically indistinguishable (when comparing $\\left |\\alpha \\right |$) from the results for $\\alpha>0$. Thus, our results may be considered as a bound on $|\\alpha|$.\n\nResults for Day 1 were different from results for Day 2. ", "As discussed above, there was indication of a larger non-gravitational background on Day 2 as compared to Day 1. ", "This could be the cause of the slightly higher best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ on Day 2. ", "If the difference between the mean best-fit $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ and the 95th percentile $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ is considered to be two standard deviations, then the difference between Day 1 and Day 2 results is at an acceptable level. ", "The Day 1 results are plotted in Fig.", " \\[phspresults\\] and taken as our $95\\%$ confidence-level bound. ", "Results from Day 1 were chosen because the error on the fit and diagnostics from the data (such as signal levels at $f_d$) suggested that Day 1 measurements suffered from a smaller non-gravitational background.", "\n\nThese results are properly interpreted as a bound on, not a discovery of, deviations from Newtonian gravity. ", "The choice of the Yukawa parameterization is appropriate though not all-inclusive; results could be similarly analyzed using other parameterizations (such as a power-law potential) for deviations from Newtonian gravity. ", "We are $95\\%$ confident that no Yukawa-type gravitational potential exists with $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ above the bound reported for the Day 1 results in Tbl.", " \\[resultstable\\].", "\n\n![", "\\[color online\\] The parameter space of $\\alpha$-$\\lambda$ of Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity. ", "Results from this paper (Stanford 2) are shown in comparison to previous results from this experiment [@frogs] (Stanford 1). ", "Also included are theoretical predictions (dashed line) and an experimental result (solid line) as shown Fig.", " \\[paramspace\\]. ", "\\[phspresults\\]](phspzoom_spline.eps){width=\"\\columnwidth\"}\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn this paper, we have described our experimental apparatus and the latest data it has produced. ", "While this experiment was based on the same principles as the one that yielded our first results [@frogs], it incorporated many substantial improvements in the design, technique, and data analysis. ", "The results presented here represent almost an order of magnitude improvement over previous results at $\\lambda\\sim 20$ $\\mu$m [@frogs], yielding the most stringent experimental constraints on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity at length scales of 6–20 $\\mu$m. ", "This new bound provides constraints on predictions of moduli and gauge bosons. ", "These new constraints do not rule out string theory or supersymmetry or the possibility of large extra dimensions. ", "However, the $\\alpha(\\lambda)$ bound limits what kind of particles could be included in any of these theories of physics beyond the standard model.", "\n\nFuture Prospects {#futurework}\n================\n\nThese results are a quantitative and qualitative improvement over previous results. ", "Moreover, our apparatus and analysis are more complete and robust, providing a strong foundation on which to build future experiments to test gravity even further. ", "Reducing electrical and mechanical coupling between the bimorph and the interferometer and using a test mass without a curved face (to improve fiber-mass alignment, increasing fringe height) could increase the signal-to-noise by an order of magnitude. ", "It is unlikely that the thermal noise limit in this experiment will be reduced by more than a factor of two. 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[**", "94**]{}, 6915 (2003).", "\n\nFralock Industries, <http://www.cirlex.com>, 21054 Osborne Street, Canoga Park, CA 91304, USA.", "\n\nS. B. Field and J. Barentine, Rev. Sci.", " Instrum. [**", "71**]{}, 2603 (2000).", "\n\nD. Rugar, H. J. Mamin, and P. Guethner, Appl.", " Phys.", " Lett. [**", "55**]{}, 2588 (1989).", "\n\nT. R. Albrecht, P. Grütter, D. Rugar, and D. P. E. Smith, Ultramicroscopy [**42–44**]{}, 1638 (1992).", "\n\nA broad discussion of this stiction effect is given in R. Maboudian and R. T. Howe, J. Vac.", " Sci.", " Technol.", " B [**15**]{}, 1 (1997).", "\n\nP. A. A. Laura, J. L. Pombo, and E. A. Susemihl, J. Sound Vib. [**", "37**]{}, 161 (1974).", "\n\nD. Rugar, Private communication.", "\n\nK. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, [*Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach*]{} (Springer, New York, 1998).", "\n\nR. J. Barlow, [*Statistics: A Guide to the Use of Statistical Methods in the Physical Sciences*]{} (John Wiley and Sons,1989).", "\n\nM. Bordag, B. Geyer, G. L. Klimchitskaya, and V. M. Mostepanenko, Phys.", " Rev. D [**58**]{}, 075003 (1998).", "\n\nS. Dimopoulos and A. A. Geraci, Phys.", " Rev. D [**68**]{}, 124021 (2003).", "\n\n[^1]: This is the error on the location of the entire range. ", "Within this range, there was an uncertainty of about 5 $\\mu$m on each point.", "\n\n[^2]: Here, width is of the drive mass die: 1.3 mm.", "\n\n[^3]: Here, length is of the drive mass die: 1.8 mm.", "\n\n[^4]: Values given are typical for Cooldown 04, with feedback cooling on. ", "For parameters (such a fringe height) that varied over the course of a day, the error given does not include long time scale drift, only the uncertainty over the course of an hour-long data run.", "\n\n[^5]: This is the proportional error in the force measurement resulting from the error in the named parameter.", "\n\n[^6]: The amplitude of the Lorentzian transfer function is extremely nonlinear as a function of frequency. ", "Because the error considered here makes an assumption of linearity, the error in $f_0$ is overestimated to account for the nonlinearity; the relative error in the force was taken to be half of the change in the measured force that would result from twice the experimental uncertainty in the frequency.", "\n\n[^7]: This is the mean of the best-fit $\\alpha$ results from fitting the set of Monte Carlo-varied FEA prediction curves to data.", "\n\n[^8]: This includes the variation of Monte Carlo results to account for uncertainty in bimorph motion and the statistical uncertainty in $\\alpha$ combined with experimental uncertainty in the multiplicative factors.", "\n\n[^9]: This is the $95\\%$ confidence level result.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Battleground Surrey: Endoresments and their messages\n\nPart of this year campaign will be fought online, mainly through social media and short video clips of endorsements and messages to voters as Surrey is not yet large enough to have such videos broadcasted on local TV stations. ", "So far two mayoral candidates released their videos but one of them stands out more than others.", "\n\nWhen politician or political party goes out with videos like these your key goal is to represent wide and colorful support to your agenda and candidate. ", "Local actors, activists, singers, athletes, former politicians, in Surrey’s case successful immigrants would be the perfect choice to present you or your party to the public and those who would potential lend you vote of support on November 15th. ", "Graphical presentation is important as much as vocal presentation due to current trends of visualization.", "\n\nSurrey’s leading coalition and the team which is at the moment lead by outgoing Mayor Dianne Watts released on Saturday their first video in support to mayoral candidate Linda Hepner. ", "This short clip majority of people in Surrey more than stunned and first reactions are far from positive.", "\n\nIn this fairly long clip public and voters are presented to views of Hepner’s team members and thier current leader Dianne Watts. ", "All of them are more than favorable to Hepner painting a very rosy picture of Hepner as the best candidate for Mayor of Surrey. ", "Endorsements by her team member are good sign for coalition and their message to public that only team can lead this City into the future.", "\n\nWhat is troubling to many is that there’s no even one community representative nor someone outside Surrey First team to endorse Hepner for Mayor. ", "Only possible and strongest message coming from this video is that either candidate in question or party/coalition in question does not have support from those who will decide their future in November. ", "Also shows significant change in behavior in public over the last three years, because on the last elections public/community representatives would fight to be featured in Surrey First video and to endorse Mayoral candidate in that time Dianne Watts.", "\n\nOne missing element in this video, which was later somehow fixed is Surrey First and particularly Linda Hepner views on how to fight crime and solve current public safety situation. ", "Hepner and her team released press release which is suppose to explain to the citizens what is their plan just day ahead of planned rally in Newton which is aimed to turn attention towards crime once again following Serena Vermeersch murder.", "\n\nIt is worth to point out that Hepner’s opponent Barinder Rasode did released some endorsement videos featuring some of community activists, associations representatives, local business owners and former Mayor of Surrey Bob Bose. ", "On the other side former Mayor and mayoral candidate Doug McCallum, as per his Safe Surrey Coalition web site, does not have YouTube channel nor any endorsement videos public so far." ]

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[ "Colombia striker Radamel Falcao accused American referee Mark Geiger of bias in the South Americans' World Cup round-of-16 loss on Tuesday, telling reporters after the match, \"He always made calls to favour England.\"", "\n\nColombia were whistled for 23 of the game's 36 fouls and received six of the eight yellow cards in a contentious affair at the Spartak Stadium in Moscow.", "\n\nGeiger also called a penalty against Colombia midfielder Carlos Sanchez that led to England's only goal during open play. ", "And Falcao expressed his displeasure with what he perceived to be clear favoritism toward The Three Lions.", "\n\n\"I found it peculiar that they put an American referee in this instance,\" the Monaco man said.", "\n\n\"To tell you the truth, the process leaves a lot of doubts. ", "He only spoke English, some bias was certain. ", "Through small calls he was pushing us [toward] our goal, that was clear for me.\"", "\n\nWorld Cup 2018 must-reads\n\n- Make your daily picks with ESPN FC Match Predictor 2018!", "\n\n- World Cup fixtures, results and coverage\n\n- Southgate masterminds the end of England's penalty hoodoo\n\n- #FCExtraTime: Who has been the best player at the World Cup?", "\n\n- Spain's World Cup failure down to Lopetegui's shock sacking\n\n- Neymar: A selfish brat or misunderstood genius?", "\n\n- Argentina at a crossroads as post-Messi era looms\n\nAside from the foul discrepancy, Colombia nearly matched England in possession and total shots, and managed to register two more shots on target before the match went ultimately to penalties, where they fell 4-3.", "\n\n\"The referee disturbed us a lot, in the 50-50 plays, he always made the calls in favor of England,\" Falcao said. \"", "This situation was undermining us. ", "He didn't act with the same criteria for both teams.", "\n\n\"When in doubt, he always went to the England side. ", "It's shameful that this happens in the round of 16 of a World Cup.\"", "\n\nTuesday's match was not the first time Geiger has been accused of improper behaviour at this summer's World Cup.", "\n\nFIFA and sources close to the referee last month denied accusations from Morocco's Nordin Amrabat that Geiger asked for a Portugal player's shirt during the North African country's 1-0 loss to the Portuguese.", "\n\nCarlos Sanchez conceded his second penalty of the tournament. ", "MLADEN ANTONOV/AFP/Getty Images\n\nMorocco also complained about the 43-year-old's performance after the match, which was his first on-field assignment at the event, and midfielder Amrabat raised the prospect of bias by Geiger in an interview with Dutch broadcaster NOS.", "\n\n\"I don't know what [Geiger] is used to, but he was very impressed by Cristiano [Ronaldo],\" Amrabat said. \"", "I've been just told by Pepe that in the [first half], he asked if he could have his shirt. ", "Come on, man. ", "What are we talking about? ... ", "We are at the World Cup, not a circus here.\"", "\n\nTuesday's match was the third in which Geiger has been in charge. ", "The other was South Korea's 2-0 victory over Germany in the group stage.", "\n\nBack in 2014, Geiger became the first American to referee a World Cup knockout-stage game when he worked France's 2-0 round-of-16 win over Nigeria.", "\n\nGeiger also was the referee for Colombia's World Cup opener in 2014 -- a 3-0 victory over Greece." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates the apparatus from mounting electrical junction blocks and the like and more particularly to an arrangement for mounting such devices in confined areas such as electrical raceways.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nModern office arrangements often employ removable wall panels or the like to define work areas. ", "Such panels and other structures often have a raceway area for accommodating electrical wiring and electrical junction blocks near the floor or in other locations which do not provide easy access to technicians. ", "Typically, junction blocks are mounted within such raceway areas by attaching them to support brackets. ", "Since the electrical wiring requirements and locations of the junction blocks, some of which may include outlet boxes and the like, depend on the everchanging needs of the users, junction blocks are often installed or removed after the wall panels structures are in place. ", "Installing or removing a junction block positioned, for example, near the bottom of a wall panel and essentially at floor level, is often an arduous task. ", "Furthermore, the only convenient access to a wall panel may be from only one side. ", "Therefore, it is desirable that junction blocks are easily insertable and removable and that they be insertable and removable from either side of the wall panel.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,993,576 issued February 1991 to the inventor of the present invention shows a latching mechanism comprising a pair of opposing interlocking members hingedly attached to a junction block and arranged to define a channel between opposing edges for engaging a retainer tab. ", "A similar device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,051,203 issued May 14, 1991 to Furrow. ", "Junction blocks are typically constructed by adjoining two complementary, separately molded, half sections and the latching arrangement typically has one of the engaging sections molded as an integral part of one half section and the opposing part molded as an integral part of the other half section. ", "The prior art latches comprise opposing and interlocking tongues and grooves. ", "Unless special precautions are taken in the manufacture of these parts, the opposing sections may not be properly aligned resulting in improper operation of the latch arrangements. ", "A further disadvantage of the prior arrangement is that a grooved section defined between the opposing edges tends to be reduced in size when the interlocking members are depressed, causing a binding of the plate retained between the opposing edges of the interlocking members." ]

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[ "Welcome to Baynaru\n\nEnjoy special discounts on Top 10 Korean products online at Baynaru shopping with Mastercard cards\n\nURL\n\nPromotion Code\n\nIntroduction\n\nBAYNARU SHOPPING is a lifestyle online shopping mall selling popular Korean products. ", "It features a thoughtfully curated collection of lifestyle products including beauty and health, which are popular amongst Koreans.", "Mastercard cardholders can now receive special discounts on 10 most popular Korean products for foreign travlers visiting Korea. ", "Check out ‘Hot Deal’ section to find the best deals in town. ", "Also, don't forget the hottest fashion items in ‘Seoul Fashion Week’ section now available in Baynaru Shopping." ]

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[ "Enzo Catalano, 9, holds up a sign amongst thousands of revelers at Castro St. in San Francisco, Calif., after the United States Supreme Court delivered rulings on California's Proposition 8 and the federal Defense of Marriage Act June 26, 2013. ", "Opponents of the ruling now face a long battle in the states, as support for gay marriage nationally grows.", "\n\nSome are angry, others are philosophical, but opponents of same-sex marriage agree on one thing: The battle against gay marriage just got tougher, after twin losses in the Supreme Court that have given pro-gay-marriage forces a burst of momentum.", "\n\nBut social conservatives are ready to press on in the states, in defense of a religiously based definition of marriage that has endured for millennia, even if they don’t expect much help from the Republican establishment.", "\n\n“The mix of decisions magnifies the fact that people who believe in normal marriage need to fight like crazy at the state level to ensure that they keep the right to define what they want marriage to be in their state,” says Gary Bauer, leader of the group American Values and one-time Republican presidential candidate.", "\n\nKeeping the traditional-marriage-only wing of the GOP from becoming demoralized will be part of the battle. ", "But after Wednesday’s rulings – which struck down a key part of the federal Defense of Marriage Act and opened the door to a resumption of gay marriages in California – conservative leaders expressed hope that their supporters would be all the more motivated to keep fighting." ]

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[ "Oklahoma Rep. Made Muslim Students Answer “Do You Beat Your Wife?” ", "Before He’d Meet With Them\n\nFurther adding to the stereotype that Republicans don’t give a damn about anyone who’s not a white Christian, Oklahoma Rep. John Bennett refused to meet with Muslim constituents this week unless they answered a questionnaire that literally included the question, “Do you beat your wife?”", "\n\nAnother question is, “I have heard that, according to accepted Islamic sources, Mohammed, at age of 49, married a 6-year-old girl, and that he had sex with her when he was 52 and she was only 9 years old. ", "Is that really true?”", "\n\n“I was distraught when [the students] showed me the questionnaire,” [executive director of Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR) Oklahoma Adam] Soltani told BuzzFeed News. “", "I wasn’t completely surprised by it because obviously we have been challenging Bennett’s hate rhetoric for many years.”", "\n\nBesides the fact that the questions were things Bennett could have Googled if he actually cared about the answers, they were also completely irrelevant. ", "What people believe about their faith should have no bearing on whether they can have a meeting with their elected representative. ", "Furthermore, even if they held certain disturbing beliefs, it’s not like they were lobbying to turn their beliefs into law.", "\n\nThat’s something only Christians do.", "\n\nBennett has a history of treating all Muslims as if they’re radical Muslims, even saying there’s “no difference between moderate Islam and extreme Islam” and that the religion is “a cancer in our nation that needs to be cut out.”", "\n\nEven if you have plenty of criticisms of Islam, as many atheists do, this should be a no-brainer for any elected official. ", "Bennett would never ask Catholics if they disavow pedophile priests before meeting with them, and that’s the same reason Muslims shouldn’t have to denounce radicals in order to secure a meeting about unrelated issues." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present disclosure relates generally to network management.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nNetwork services have changed dramatically in recent years, particularly with the migration of sensitive data from the confines of company Intranets to provider networks that carry data for multiple customers over a single network core. ", "For example, voice, video, and other business data, is now commonly sent over virtual private networks (VPNs) established over service provider core networks. ", "Such VPNs provide security and separation by preventing the communication of data between sites that are not part of the same VPN.", "\nAs business entities come to rely more and more on service provider core networks, Service Level Agreements play an increasingly important role in their relationship with service providers. ", "SLAs typically contain provisions that specify a guaranteed level of service and penalty provisions for not meeting the specified level of service. ", "In order to measure level of service, tools have been developed that provide information about network traffic that allows network performance to be monitored and also provides insight into the network that aids providers in providing reliable service.", "\nOne such tool, commonly referred to as a network probe, actively generates and monitors network traffic to gather information indicative of network performance. ", "Network probes may be implemented on existing network devices, such as routers and switches, or in dedicated devices, such as a dedicated router to offload the required processing. ", "In either case, by actively generating traffic that specifically targets devices in a given network path, network probes may enable the detection of network deficiencies that might not be found using non-intrusive techniques.", "\nResults of probe operations may be kept internally by the device in which the probe is implemented and accessed, for example, via the device command line interface. ", "Results may also be exposed to network management applications, for example, via the simple network management protocol (SNMP). ", "Network probes may be configured to send a notification (commonly referred to as a trap) to a network management system (or fault manager) upon detection of a significant event, such as a loss in connectivity or the reduction in service level below a specified threshold amount. ", "A trap may alert an operator or an administrator the traffic data transport has degraded or failed, indicating a network problem, such as malfunctioning or failing equipment and congestion.", "\nFor optimal placement of probes (i.e., what source-destination pairs should be monitored), some knowledge of the VPN topology is required to determine where to optimally place probes. ", "VPN topology is generally defined by the ability to communicate or reach different destinations from different sources (also referred to as “reachability”). ", "Selective placement is important, for example, because it would be a waste of computing resources (e.g., router CPU and memory) to provision a probe to monitor traffic between endpoints that do not actually communicate between each other, such as sites that represent “spokes” that communicate with a common “hub” but not each other.", "\nParticularly in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks, it may be extremely difficult to determine site reachability and, therefore, to discover VPN topology. ", "Conventionally, reachability between MPLS VPN sites is discovered through complex analysis of VPN routing/forwarding instance (VRF). ", "For example, potential reachability may be established between devices which have common imported and exported labeled routes. ", "However, the existence of route-maps and their additional constraints may cause further complexity and uncertainty. ", "As a result, a topology model generated by conventional discovery techniques involving VRF data analysis may be inaccurate.", "\nAccordingly, what is needed is an improved technique for discovering network topology." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nResponsively Center Vert&Hori a Div within another Div w/ width:100% and padding-bottom:100%\n\nIf you see my Fiddle, you'll know what I mean. ", "If not, I need the \"Welcome\" div to be vertically and horizontally center to its container div, while responding to the screen size.", "\n<div class=\"background\">\n <div class=\"welcome\">Welcome</div>\n</div>\n\nI could get away with setting the position relative and play with the css and be done with it, but I'm in need of a possible jQuery fix. ", "\nThe solution can't have absolute positioning.", "\nDon't want to add the jQuery UI plugin for this little problem.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this:\n\nFirst remove padding-bottom and make your div 100% of window:\nhtml,body{\n height:100%;\n}\n.background {\n height:100%;\n}\n\nThen use this to center the \"Welcome\" vertically:\n.background:before {\n content:\" \";\n display:inline-block;\n height:100%;\n vertical-align:middle;\n} \n\nThe Fiddle Demo\n\n" ]

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[ "Menu\n\nCauses of world war 2 essay\n\nWe fully sympathize with the answers you causes of world war 2 essay get. ", "Therefore, it is argumentative causes of world war 2 essay in general. ", "7. ", "Introduction.", "\n\nThe next question that needs attention: where causes of world war 2 essay to order your paper for you. ", "The 5th feature – style. ", "We can write your essay.", "\n\n- Compressed lead times. ", "We get amazingly positive feedback we have them here. ", "These are usually 3 paragraphs in any discipline.", "\n\nHowever, you cannot do all the time to wait for the issuance of clients within the time. ", "You can call our customer support is available 24/7. ", "Now, lets have a quick look at each part in which they will also be an occasional negative review which is necessary for us first need to order essay from us you get more than just writing a custom essay writing high speed of the few places on the Internet.", "\n\nThis is not the only thing that you can be tough, especially if you are looking for a way, we are aware of the process. ", "Students who use an attractive title which will be written in the essay writing service from a variety of fields of studies. ", "We are proud that we confidently causes of world war 2 essay offer revisions without any additional costs.", "\n\nThere are lots of not very essential, empty information — statistics, quotations from science guru along with other interesting things. ", "Moreover, when you run out of you. ", "Thus, the essay, do not have big funds, and therefore our essays and thesis works We do guarantee top paper writing service.", "\n\nOur way of helping is just essential to clarify this with the needs of each student and we deliver to our service. ", "Just give us the topic or theme he is able to call my paper) which brings us to back up your paper for you. ", "We are a reliable partner that offers you to do throughout his college years, so excellent time-management skills is an English paper.", "\n\nThey are well trained and have access to all the requirements for essays. ", "If a subject is selected to every detail and prepare a quality paper. ", "It is easy to get SMS notifications about the content of essay genre: imagery, aphoristic and paradoxicalness; – since the author is in the shade of a beast – an essay upon freedom of business in Venezuela – a totally free discourse on the level depending on the.", "\n\nWe are able to assure you that we are always ready to provide a ready version.", "\n\nWe generally provide a superfast service for you. ", "The third peculiarity – a totally free discourse on the Internet. ", "And although their definitions are often included in admittance program, including a test job or class for a link that will grab the attention of your dissatisfaction with the desired structure and format they are required to complete your academic problems and take the benefits of essays works 24 hours." ]

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[ "this is one of the videos that Stephanie regrets doing because she did not sign up for anal but the guy just put it in anyways... it was definitely a hot video though and one of my all time favorites... though it is one of the reasons that led to Stephanie quitting the business... that and shitty management\n\nAs eastender points out, very real. ", "You can tell she does NOT want to do anal. ", "It's really a shame that a girl like this could have been a good star (IE, more scenes for us). ", "But NO! ", "Some ass (no pun) has to try something to get himself off and thinks he can get away with it. ", "Beautiful girl, shity (but lucky) cameraman...life's so unfair.", "\n\nWhere was the \"Road Head\"? ", "If the title is Road Head, then there needs to be head while on the road. ", "I mean, if it was called \"The GIRL next door\", I think you wouldn't be too thrilled if it turned out to be about the MAN next door.... and when it has cream-pie in the title, then there needs to be a cream-pie. ", "Is that too complicated or too much to ask? ", "Seven scenes on this Road Head video, but only five have any kind of Road Head. ", "What????" ]

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[ "Further observations with the erythrocyte-unsaturated fatty acid test. ", "A contribution to the genetics of multiple sclerosis.", "\nThe absolute electrophoretic mobility of RBC of near relatives of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients has been studied in the presence of 0.08 mg/ml linoleic (LA) or arachidonic acid (AA). ", "42.9% of near relatives show anomalous results (slow with LA, fast with AA), chiefly females, and mothers always. ", "The effect of LA is greater in clinical MS than in 'anomalous' relatives. ", "Silent MS is recorded in 1 in 45 of near relatives, so that the 'disease' is much more common than the usual 5--20 times described in clinical surveys but corresponds with clinical occurrence in the Orkney Islands. ", "Children (below the age of 14 years) with MS have been picked out with the same frequency as in adults. ", "The sibship position of anomalous relatives has been studied where possible." ]

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[ "Comment\n\n‘A flawed system to protect savers’\n\nKerry McDonald, a former chair of the BNZ and former National Australia Bank director, argues the current system designed to protect depositors in New Zealand’s big four banks is fundamentally flawed. ", "He cites weak local governance by both the banks' boards and the Reserve Bank ,and an unfair system that penalises local savers in any crisis. ", "Like the IMF, McDonald is calling for tougher Reserve Bank regulation and reform of protections for savers.", "\n\nBanking involves identifying, understanding, mitigating and managing a large number of genuinely complex risks, usually in the face of high levels of uncertainty in numerous markets and measures, when even modest failures may have serious consequences and significant failures can destroy families, communities and businesses - and put nations at risk.", "\n\nThe recent failures of finance companies in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis is an excellent example of this. ", "They reflected incompetent regulation and poor risk and incident planning and management. ", "Very large amounts were lost, although some were protected and profited in the carnage from further poor Government policies. ", "The warnings from this damaging event are now relevant to the banking sector and it is not a time to be complacent about the state of financial markets.", "\n\nThe recent Inquiry into the Australian banks and recent initiatives by APRA, the Australian bank regulator, also raise serious issues relevant to New Zealand.", "\n\nThe risks around running a bank are much harder and more complex than for other companies, but this does not appear to be reflected in many bank director appointments or boards.", "\n\nLicensed bank directors in New Zealand must have the experience and expertise to understand the context and risks, be able to debate and agree relevant policies, challenge and guide management and hold it to account. ", "The have to govern the bank's affairs under intense pressure when markets become unstable and difficult, and they have to be independent of any overseas parent.", "\n\nBut there is limited evidence of this capability on the boards of the New Zealand banks and boards which include weak links are always high risk.", "\n\nCustomers are not well placed to judge the capability of bank directors and boards and have no role in the process anyway. ", "The regulators, the Reserve Bank and the Financial markets Authority) are better placed to form a view but don’t, only focusing on whether a director is a morally “fit and proper” person, not whether they have the necessary skills and experience which is a critical issue.", "\n\nSo who appoints directors and hold them to account?", "\n\nThe directors of the New Zealand banks owned by Australian banks are effectively appointed by the shareholding Australian banks, and the directors making these appointments are responsible to their Australian market shareholders and APRA. ", "The Australian shareholding banks also have a high level of influence on the appointment of senior managers and on the policies and objectives of the NZ banks.", "\n\n\n\nThey approve the operating and strategic plans and the key performance objectives of their subsidiary banks, their risk appetites and management priorities and practices; and importantly, the priorities in the face of adversity. ", "So, if the bank is at risk, are funds repatriated to protect the parent at the expense of New Zealand depositors, investors and customers, or not? ", "Good question, especially given APRA’s current initiatives!", "\n\nBut New Zealand banking licences and laws require boards to be fully and solely accountable for the important decisions affecting the New Zealand banks, including the appointment of directors, the Chairman and executives, the risk strategy, key objectives and critical decisions in a crisis. ", "Further, bank directors cannot opt, as most others can, to act in the best interest of the holding company, rather than the company – the New Zealand bank.", "\n\nThere are grounds for serious doubt about whether this important provision is complied with, particularly given the position of power of the parent Australian banks over the New Zealand banks and the relative weakness of the New Zealand bank boards.", "\n\n\n\nAnd, there is no process in place by which the Reserve Banks monitors and supervises this issue, or indeed the equally important one of whether particular directors and board are genuinely capable and competent. ", "A good balance sheet is one thing, but being able to govern and manage a bank in difficult times is entirely another. ", "And if a board is weak management is also likely to be weak.", "\n\nInterestingly the Reserve Bank’s own boards have often been weak on expert knowledge of banking and related matters, with unfortunate consequences.", "\n\nOpen Bank Resolution is flawed and unfair\n\n\n\nThere is a further critical issue. ", "In a fit of madness the RBNZ and the Government implemented OBR – Open Bank Resolution. ", "It means that is a NZ licensed bank is failing – becoming illiquid or insolvent, the bank can take as much of its depositors funds as it needs to plug the hole, which given the nature of banks may be a lot. ", "Depositors have no say in this and the whole approach is a nonsense and seriously unfair to bank depositors, which is probably why it is not adequately disclosed to bank customers.", "\n\nThe customers of the bank do not manage it, set risk parameters, appoint managers, the CEO or directors and the Chairman. ", "Nor do they set profit and risk targets. ", "So the banks directors and managers can pursue their preferred policies, including high profit and high personal bonus policies when the banks depositors would be much more prudent and risk averse in the management of the bank.", "\n\nThe whole OBR concept is fundamentally flawed and grossly unfair to depositors. ", "They are bottom of the pile in influencing the banks policies and activities and staff/director appointments; but first in line when poor policies lead to failure and to them contributing their hard earned/saved funds to keep the bank afloat. ", "And it is not clear that the New Zealand boards are fully in control of their banks, or are fully capable of governing their banks, particularly in adversity, and protecting the interests of their New Zealand customers and depositors.", "\n\nIt’s also another excellent example of the Government penalising savers as easy targets. ", "Why not borrowers too?", "\n\nAt the very least bank depositors should set up an action group so that they can influence the banks. ", "There should also be disclosure signs on all banking premises. ", "Something like this would do: “Your money deposited in this bank may be taken without your approval to allow this bank to keep trading”.", "\n\nThere are a number of important matters which need urgent attention by the Reserve Bank and Government, before markets impose their own solutions.", "\n\nI have already raised my concerns directly with the Reserve Bank, as detailed in this letter sent to Deputy Governor Grant Spencer and Governor Graeme Wheeler in August last year.", "\n\nDear Grant,\n\nI appreciated the opportunity to meet with you recently, but I am now confirming my concerns about New Zealand Registered Banks in writing as I believe they merit urgent attention.", "\n\nThey reflect my judgement after some 17 years as a director of a major New Zealand bank, mostly as a Chairman; and more than 10 years in governance roles with National Australia Bank, including 6 as an Advisor to the Board and a director. ", "This included some difficult times and considerable involvement with regulators, including APRA.", "\n\nMy various bank roles started in 1991 and finally ended in January, 2016.", "\n\nMy main concern is with the capability of the directors and boards of the 5 main banks registered and operating in New Zealand.", "\n\nIn my judgement there is a lack of critical capability and experience to govern a bank in difficult times. ", "There is a serious lack of high level banking experience, particularly with the more high level, complex issues and related risk management and critical incident experience. ", "The boards give little sense of being a strong team, with the requisite leadership and capable of dealing astutely and effectively with serious challenges.", "\n\nImportantly, there are too many weak links which can cause major problems when dealing with difficult and complex issues, particularly when under pressure.", "\n\nThey look more like boards for any occasion, rather than “fit for purpose” bank boards of independent banks – which is what they must be.", "\n\nRBNZ is responsible for the oversight of the New Zealand banking system, for its stability, resilience and effectiveness. ", "It checks that directors are “fit and proper “people for the role, but this does not include their capability to work as a director and whether a board is well-led and capable. ", "Stress testing is useful, but not if the directors of a bank are not capable of operating effectively - and independent of the ownership Group (including Kiwi Bank)when the going gets tough.", "\n\nI consider that this issue need your urgent attention.", "\n\nA further issue is whether you are fully satisfied that the New Zealand subsidiary banks of Australian banks are operating within the terms of their banking licences, with the requisite degree of independence and autonomy. ", "Managements tend to be largely or fully integrated trans-Tasman, which has benefits but also serious risks for the New Zealand banks. ", "Moreover, the relationship has potentially serious implications for New Zealand bank customers. ", "How do you manage/monitor this issue. ", "Do directors understand their obligations and are they enforcing them, and acting with the necessary independence from the Australian or other parents\n\nI am also concerned that there is a significant element of “moral hazard”/conflict of interest in this matter for the RBNZ, given that you have put OBR (Open Bank Resolution) in place, which increases the risks faced by bank customers - who have no say in the governance or prudential management of the New Zealand registered banks.", "\n\nI also note another matter, not directly related. ", "Member banks of international banking groups which have registered banks in New Zealand have been paying very large sums, often billions, to regulators in other jurisdictions, in the context of accusations of improper/illegal/fraudulent activities. ", "Do you have sufficient oversight of these New Zealand registered banks to be sure that similar behaviour is not occurring here, given our very light regulatory oversight.", "\n\nYours sincerely\n\nKerry McDonald\n\n" ]

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[ "Bro I just wanna say you're a great music producer I can listen to your beats all day non-stop they're amazing especially that Medication beat is one of my favorites. ", "I've been listening to a lot of your beats on Youtube and the samples you use are incredible. ", "Much love bro\n\nPosted by Justo Gusto\n\non April 27, 2017 02:04 PM\n\n☮ I see you like to use samples, which is great. ", "I don't hear a lot of producers nowadays using samples. ", "Keep it like this!" ]

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[ "Cold Summer (U.S.D.A. album)\n\nCold Summer is the debut studio album from the hip hop trio U.S.D.A. It was released May 22, 2007, on Jeezy's Corporate Thugz Entertainment label, which is distributed by Def Jam. ", "The album debuted at No.", " 4 on the Billboard 200 with approximately 95,000 copies sold in its first week released.", "\n\nBackground \nIn an interview with MTV, Jeezy explained why he chose not to release a regular studio album to showcase his crew.", "\n\nSingles \n The lead single is \"White Girl\", produced by Drumma Boy.", "\n The second single is \"Corporate Thuggin'\".", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2007 compilation albums\nCategory:2007 debut albums\nCategory:U.S.D.A (group) albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Drumma Boy\nCategory:Def Jam Recordings compilation albums" ]

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[ "CHRIS CUOMO, CNN: Brett Rosengren. ", "He's from Logan, Iowa. ", "He's going to school, works as a supervisor for a janitorial company, says he's undecided, has a question.", "\n\n\n\nCLINTON: Great.", "\n\n\n\nBRETT ROSENGREN, STUDENT: Secretary Sanders -- or, Clinton, sorry.", "\n\n\n\n(LAUGHTER)\n\n\n\nCLINTON: It's OK.", "\n\n\n\nROSENGREN: I can see why they gave you this question. ", "I just wanted to know which of our previous presidents has inspired you most and why." ]

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}) {\",\n \" [keyword this].[property type] [operator =] [variable-2 type];\",\n \" }\",\n \"}\")\n\n TS(\"typescript_function_generics\",\n \"[keyword function] [def a]() {}\",\n \"[keyword function] [def b][operator <][type IA] [keyword extends] [type object], [type IB] [keyword extends] [type object][operator >]() {}\",\n \"[keyword function] [def c]() {}\")\n\n TS(\"typescript_complex_return_type\",\n \"[keyword function] [def A]() {\",\n \" [keyword return] [keyword this].[property property];\",\n \"}\",\n \"[keyword function] [def B](): [type Promise][operator <]{ [[ [variable key]: [type string] ]]: [type any] } [operator |] [atom null][operator >] {\",\n \" [keyword return] [keyword this].[property property];\",\n \"}\")\n\n TS(\"typescript_complex_type_casting\",\n \"[keyword const] [def giftpay] [operator =] [variable config].[property get]([string 'giftpay']) [keyword as] { [[ [variable platformUuid]: [type string] ]]: { [property version]: [type number]; [property apiCode]: [type string]; 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[ "Also:\n\nSeveral weeks ago, I treated a very sick puppy. ", "She recently had been adopted from a shelter, and had been noted to cough intermittently on the day of adoption. ", "Since that time, the coughing had grown worse, and the dog became progressively lethargic. ", "She ceased to consume food and water, and she had no interest in playing or going for walks.", "\n\nAn examination determined that the puppy was in bad shape. ", "She was extremely lethargic and dehydrated. ", "She had a significant fever. ", "She frequently coughed, and she produced clear fluid from her nose and mouth when she coughed. ", "When I palpated her windpipe, she began to cough, hard.", "\n\nBased on her history and the findings of my exam, there was a high likelihood that she had a contagious disease. ", "The owners were worried; their other dog had been exposed to the puppy. ", "Would the other dog get this sick, too?", "\n\nPhoto of Dr. Eric Barchas by Liz Acosta.", "\n\nAnother question was left unasked. ", "It is a human instinct — and not our most admirable instinct in my opinion — to try to find someone (other than oneself) to blame for every unfortunate event that occurs in life. ", "Perhaps the owners of the puppy were mature enough not to even wonder whether the puppy’s sickness was the fault of the shelter. ", "At the very least, they did not ask.", "\n\nSo, let’s answer the second question first. ", "Was this situation the fault of the shelter? ", "Absolutely not. ", "I am very familiar with the shelter in question, and it is one of the best-run facilities anywhere. ", "However, the conditions a puppy experiences in any shelter — even the best — make her especially susceptible to respiratory pathogens.", "\n\nThe puppy had been a stray. ", "Prenatal care likely was nil. ", "The neonatal care, if any, that she received also no doubt was subpar. ", "She became separated from her mother at a young age. ", "She wound up in a shelter. ", "The poor prenatal and neonatal care made her weak. ", "The stress of her (up to now) unfortunate life made her even weaker. ", "She became the perfect target for an opportunistic pathogen. ", "Shelters, and the world, are full of opportunistic pathogens. ", "Sometimes these things just happen, and they’re nobody’s fault.", "\n\nWould the other dog in the house get that sick, too? ", "Almost certainly not. ", "However, there was potential for him to catch the bug. ", "It would depend upon what pathogen was sickening the puppy. ", "The other dog likely had been vaccinated against the worst thing it could be: canine distemper virus. ", "Many other possible pathogens, such as canine influenza and any of the myriad viruses and bacteria implicated in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD, known colloquially as kennel cough) could infect him. ", "However, since he was healthy and well cared for, he likely would not face a life-threatening situation such as the one confronting the puppy.", "\n\nOf the many possible causes for the puppy’s symptoms, I was most worried about canine influenza. ", "It can strike hard and fast, and it is extremely contagious. ", "If the puppy had influenza, she was at risk of death from secondary pneumonia. ", "What’s more, she could pose a risk to the other patients in the hospital.", "\n\nCanine influenza has only been a known disease since 2004. ", "The original canine influenza started as an equine virus that mutated and infected dogs. ", "This virus, called H3N8, caused a large outbreak at the time that it came on the scene.", "\n\nIn 2015, a second strain of canine influenza, H3N2, started an outbreak in the midwestern United States. ", "This strain is believed to have originated in Asia; it is genetically similar to a variant of influenza found in China and Korea. ", "Some have speculated that it may have been brought into the USA by a dog rescued from a meat farm in South Korea. ", "The extent of the outbreak currently is unknown, and with the ease of travel we enjoy today, there are concerns that the virus could rear its head anywhere at any time. ", "Furthermore, it has been recently discovered that H3N2 is shed by dogs for much longer than other variants. ", "This means that they may spread the disease for weeks after they no longer have symptoms. ", "This was the type of influenza I worried about in the puppy.", "\n\nDogs may become infected with a third type of influenza virus as well: the dreaded “swine flu.” ", "This variant, H1N1, is a human (and porcine) influenza virus, and it may be possible for dogs to catch it from their owners. ", "However, dogs do not appear capable of spreading the virus to humans or other dogs.", "\n\nVaccines are available for both H3N8 and H3N2. ", "The H3N2 vaccine is very new and, although field studies have shown it to be safe, it has not yet been truly battle tested for efficacy. ", "All respiratory disease vaccines, including those for both canine influenza variants, do not prevent infection with the virus. ", "At best, they reduce the severity and duration of the symptoms. ", "What’s more, vaccinated dogs can still shed the virus and therefore spread the disease.", "\n\nCanine influenza, unlike human influenza, does not appear to be seasonal. ", "Infection rates are similar year-round.", "\n\nA recent study calculated the mortality rate of influenza in dogs at 0.5 percent — on average, five out of every thousand infected dogs die. ", "In general, only the most vulnerable individuals, such as the puppy in question, face a significant chance of mortality. ", "Symptoms of influenza include coughing, lethargy, fever, and poor appetite. ", "Some dogs with influenza become very sick; most have mild to moderate symptoms; some become infected and shed the virus without suffering any symptoms whatsoever.", "\n\nTwo technicians and I gowned up and began to implement our sanitation and isolation protocol to protect other patients from possible influenza. ", "Blood tests did not show any significant problems. ", "X-rays were compatible with early pneumonia. ", "A DNA sample was collected from the back of the puppy’s throat to test for a number of the most common respiratory pathogens in dogs.", "\n\nI am happy to report that the puppy rapidly rebounded with fluid and antibiotic therapy. ", "The DNA test showed that she did not have influenza; rather, she had suffered an opportunistic pneumonia from a pathogen that usually only causes mild coughing. ", "Her prognosis is excellent in her loving new home.", "\n\nAlthough we dodged a bullet with the puppy, canine influenza is here to stay. ", "How should dog owners respond? ", "As with any scary situation, it is important not to panic. ", "Remember that most healthy dogs do not become morbidly ill from the disease. ", "If your dog is at high risk of infection (such as dogs that are exposed to lots of other dogs in their everyday life), or is at high risk of complications from infection (elderly dogs and dogs with other heart or respiratory problems are at special risk), then the vaccines might be appropriate.", "\n\nAs I have said countless times on Dogster, the best solution is to find a good vet who will talk about your dog and her lifestyle in order to make specific recommendations." ]

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[ "Most of us have a few childhood photos stashed in the back of our closets, or hidden somewhere in our parents’ homes that we would prefer never see the light of day. ", "But if your childhood photo happens to prominently feature the leader of the free world? ", "Then there is a good chance it will wind up in chief official White House photographer Pete Souza’s yearly photo round-up. ", "Luckily, all of the children featured in this year’s round-up are pretty darn cute.", "\n\nYou may recognize the photo that went viral in June of a young boy face-planting onto the Oval Office couch while the president greets his parents. ", "Guess he voted Republican.", "\n\nThe president crouched down so this aspiring doctor could check his heartbeat during an elementary school visit in March.", "\n\nIt is hard to tell who was more elated as the president took a spin around the Oval Office with one-year-old Rose Smith, daughter of former Deputy Press Secretary Jamie Smith last April.", "\n\nA group of children lent the president a helping hand during an April visit to the U.S. Embassy in Manila, the capital of the Philippines.", "\n\nAccording to Souza, the president was doling out some life advice to this young man when he snapped this photo in Kansas City in July.", "\n\nThis young lady stared in disbelief as the president shook hands with her father while greeting wounded warriors and their families in September. ", "Fortunately, she now has photographic proof.", "\n\nDon’t let those tiaras fool you! ", "These girls were at May’s White House science fair, which celebrated student winners of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) competitions from around the country.", "\n\n“The president loves babies,” Souza said in the introduction to his 2014 photo round-up. ", "Obama met this tot while greeting guests at a September picnic on the White House’s South Lawn.", "\n\nThe president should have known better than to ask this group of elementary school students at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida not to make rabbit ears when they posed for a picture in September.", "\n\nSouza captured this moment in June during a tour of the East Room of the White House for wounded warriors and their families.", "\n\nAll photos are from the White House Flickr feed." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't get curl to do anything with github api\n\nSo this is a really stupid problem, I'm trying to follow this tutorial: https://gist.github.com/caspyin/2288960\nbut it just doesn't DO anything when I type:\ncurl https://api.github.com/users/caspyin\n\nNo error (if curl isn't in the directory i'm in, I do get an error) but it doesn't noticably return anything. ", "\ncurl https://api.github.com/zen\n\nAlso doesn't return the little zen saying.", "\nThese apis work fine in the browser but I want to be able to run more complex post scripts so I can create issues... and I'm just struggling to get started here. ", "What am I doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem ended up being that they've changed and now require authentication in almost every instance. ", "I solved this problem by requesting a private github key to use for authentication purposes and then played with the headers until I got what I needed. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "David Arky / WIRED\n\nEight years ago, Dutch microbiologist Jos Raaijmakers was pursuing a line of inquiry many would deem unglamorous: inspecting the inner workings of beans. ", "Trudging over mountainside in rural Colombia, Raaijmakers and his team would collect soil samples from wild bean roots and take snapshots of the thriving community of microbes and fungi that lived there.", "\n\nWhat they found put them on edge. ", "Wild beans, it turned out, had different microorganisms clustered around their roots than their domesticated descendants – even when planted in the same soil. “", "I think this is going to be bigger than only this project,” Raaijmakers recalls telling his colleagues over beers one evening.", "\n\n\nLong overlooked by science, we’re just starting to understand that the teeming ecosystem contained within soil – where bacteria, fungi, nematodes and earthworms feed off each other — plays a crucial role in undergirding plant life. ", "How exactly this system functions remains a mystery. ", "Yet, similar to how gut microbes are now thought to influence mental health, few doubt that the health of plants is linked to microscopic life in the soil.", "\n\nAnd Raaijmakers’ beans could be the solution to a below-ground crisis that threatens to undermine our entire system of food production.", "\n\nRead next China is rapidly building a world-beating wind energy revolution China is rapidly building a world-beating wind energy revolution\n\nArable soils are shrinking and dying. ", "Sickly modern crops rely ever more heavily on fertilisers and pesticides in order to survive – a death knell for soil. ", "Intensive crop farming also sucks nutrients from the soil, without fully replacing them. ", "With the global population set to rise to 10 billion by 2050, there are fears increased food demand could tip soils into oblivion.", "\n\nAncestor crops, which still grow in the wild, may provide a way out of the dilemma. ", "Often less greedy for nutrients, and with associated communities of microorganisms that fight disease better, Raaijmakers and his colleagues hope to find – and reintroduce – beneficial ancient plant traits lost over millennia of selective breeding.", "\n\n\n“We’re trying to find the missing microbes and we’re trying to see if those microbes have a beneficial function for plant growth or protection,” says Raaijmakers, who is now testing wild varieties of crops such as potatoes and sorghum in field trials spanning Colombia, Ethiopia and the Netherlands.", "\n\nHis colleague at the Netherlands’ Institute for Ecology (NIOO), Wim van der Putten, agrees that modern food crops urgently need a reboot. “", "Our ecological research shows that there is sort of a system error in agriculture,” he says, explaining that humans had sown their own troubles by consistently selecting for nutrient-rich but disease-prone plants. “", "Soils are a thing that you can only use once.”", "\n\nHidden below our feet, soils have stayed out of mind. ", "But scientists are beginning to worry about the multitude of threats they’re facing. ", "Fertile soil is a finite resource, for starters. ", "It takes a century or more to naturally form one centimetre of topsoil – the uppermost layer of soil that contains most of the nutrients needed for plant growth – yet modern farming practices such as tilling and monocropping are weakening them so much that they blow away in strong winds or wash away in downpours. ", "Pesticides and fertilisers also hurt microbial life, which loosens the soil. ", "Forty per cent of arable soils in England and Wales are thought to be at risk of erosion, according to a June report by Britain’s Environment Agency.", "\n\nRead next Why not melt your clothes and turn them into plastic? ", "Why not melt your clothes and turn them into plastic?", "\n\nHere's the truth behind the UK's biggest recycling myths Environment Here's the truth behind the UK's biggest recycling myths\n\n\nTo make matters worse, soil contains the world’s largest stores of carbon, and cracking them open could provoke huge greenhouse gas emissions. ", "Jessica Davies, a Lancaster University sustainability professor, says that disrupting soils will accelerate climate change: “They contain more carbon than all the trees and atmosphere put together”. ", "There are other issues besides: heavy vehicles compact earth and block the through-passage of water, while developers deaden microbial life by pouring more and more concrete on top of soil.", "\n\nAdd to this jumble a rocketing world population and specialists fret that stressed soils won’t be able to sustain enough enough crops in the future. ", "Only this month, the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a report warning that scant attention to soil health will endanger food security.", "\n\nHowever, a more fundamental problem than ploughs and concrete threatens soil: greedy plants. “", "10,000 years ago, agricultural crops were developed from species that have big seeds like barley and wheat,” says Van der Putten, the towering head of terrestrial ecology at NIOO, explaining that large seeds are easy to gather, and good to eat.", "\n\nHowever, these types of crops can foment “negative feedback”, which means that each successive crop is less able to grow in the same soil. “", "These are fast-growing plants, and in nature, they just come in, grow fast, produce seeds and then they’re gone again. ", "They are very ephemeral in their behaviour.”", "\n\nRead next This seabed coral farm is trying to save our reefs from extinction This seabed coral farm is trying to save our reefs from extinction\n\nFarmers used to rotate their crops over many years to circumvent the problem – changing up the plants they farmed in order to give soil time to recover. ", "However, far fewer now practice rotation because there’s little economic incentive to do so. ", "Repeat cultivation of these draining crops – moulded over thousands of years of breeding – has also created a problem that now increases with each harvest, like compound interest on a payday loan.", "\n\nAncient farmers took wild plants and, over thousands of years, selected for mutations with preternaturally large, calorie-dense seeds. ", "The drawback is that today’s crops require far more water and are far more fragile than their ancient forebears, because of a trade off between high yields and disease defence. ", "They’re also nutrient gluttons.", "\n\nSimply replacing nutrients with chemical fertilisers is a poor solution. ", "Alongside problems such as groundwater and air pollution, applying excessive nitrogen can acidify soils, while some researchers believe phosphorus harms microbial life. ", "Van der Putten says problems are only showing up now because we’re putting soil under more stress.", "\n\nTo the likes of Van der Putten and Raaijmakers, the problem must be tackled at the root. ", "At NIOO, a futuristic wood-glass complex housing gleaming lab equipment, greenhouses and test fields, researchers are examining ways to harness the power of ancient crop varieties. ", "The idea is that if certain plant traits require fewer pesticides and fertilisers, the soil benefits. ", "The same goes for plant traits that produce nutritious seeds less burdensome to the soil.", "\n\nOne avenue, which Van der Putten is looking at, involves studying “mid-successional” species – or plants that sprout up after mosses, lichens and grasses have established themselves – in an effort to isolate the traits which make these plants less demanding when they colonise a territory.", "\n\nRead next This glacier is melting fast. ", "Can blasts of artificial snow save it? ", "This glacier is melting fast. ", "Can blasts of artificial snow save it?", "\n\nAn alternative approach being trialed by Raaijmakers is to hunt for traits linked to beneficial microbes that live around ancient plant species, and then select for those traits in modern varieties through plant breeding. ", "This would allow the modern crop cultivation system to continue while eliminating its biggest abuses.", "\n\nWith strong interest from seed companies, Raaijmakers is using recent developments in chemical analysis, such as high-throughput screening, to create accurate maps of the microbiomes associated with wild plants and isolate the bacteria or fungi that fight off disease.", "\n\nThe work is feasible, but logistically daunting. ", "Researchers travel back and forth to field sites where the plant grows in native ground, in places such as the Andes, to study soils at different stages of a plant’s development. ", "Analysis must often be performed on the spot because of soil-transport restrictions linked to international biosecurity agreements. ", "Once they find likely microbes or fungi, they then proceed to greenhouse or laboratory experiments.", "\n\nOne project looking at sorghum – a major cereal crop in the developing world – is the furthest along. ", "Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Raaijmakers has sorghum field trials running in the plant’s native Ethiopia. ", "The aim is to use feisty microbes to combat witchweed, a parasitic purple plant that decimates sorghum harvests. ", "He’s already performing greenhouse experiments, but is cautious about the results. “", "It’s too early to be optimistic at this stage,” Raaijmakers says.", "\n\nHowever, to some, the sensible solutions to the looming soil crisis are more mundane. ", "Jennifer Dungait, a former soil researcher, left academia last year to preach to farmers the simple methods they can use to alleviate soil stress, such as refraining from tilling, leaving stalks on the ground to mulch, and planting cover crops in the winter to keep soil from washing away. “[", "Fungi] don’t live if they’re getting chopped up by a plough,” she says.", "\n\nRead next Science has a new tool in the fight against climate change: good data Science has a new tool in the fight against climate change: good data\n\nEven providing for a complete reset of crop cultivation, time is against the researchers. ", "Field trials can last up to a decade, followed by a lengthy breeding process, and then regulatory hurdles. ", "Raaijmakers estimated it could be ten to 20 years before any new crops are sown. ", "Van der Putten says it could take up to 40.", "\n\nNIOO’s work is “exploratory,” Van der Putten admitted. ", "However, he’s seton finding a solution to a system that is already careening towards its own destruction. ", "Fixing agriculture, he says, will mean finding a way to keep yields high without completely destroying the soil those crops need to live. ", "If we’re to achieve this, he says, something will have to give. “", "We cannot go on like mad men.”", "\n\nMore great stories from WIRED\n\n😡 TikTok is fuelling India's deadly hate speech epidemic\n\n🚀 The staggering power of Russia's top-secret nuclear rocket\n\n🍫 The foods you'll really need to stockpile for no-deal Brexit\n\n♻️ The truth behind the UK's biggest recycling myths\n\n\n🤷🏼 How is the internet still obsessed with Myers-Briggs?", "\n\n📧 Get the best tech deals and gadget news in your inbox" ]

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[ "awards & nominations\n\nRita O'Grady (Sally Hawkins) works for the Ford Motor Co. plant in Dagenham, England. ", "Despite performing the specialized task of sewing upholstery for car seats, women are classified as unskilled labor and paid much less than men. ", "Encouraged by a sympathetic union representative, Rita agrees to bring the women's grievances to Ford. ", "The meeting goes badly and, outraged by the company's lack of respect for them, Rita leads her colleagues to strike.", "\n\n\"The Hours\" is the story of three women searching for more potent, meaningful lives. ", "Each is alive at a different time and place, all are linked by their yearnings and their fears. ", "Their stories intertwine, and finally come together in a surprising, transcendent moment of shared recognition.", "\n\nWhile studying at Oxford University in 1914, a young T.S. Eliot (Willem Dafoe) meets and is instantly smitten with Vivienne Haigh-Wood (Miranda Richardson). ", "The two elope after a whirlwind romance, and it isn't until then that T.S. Eliot sees the darker side of his wife. ", "Viv suffers from an extreme hormonal imbalance that causes wild mood swings and odd behavior. ", "While she occasionally acts as a muse for the poet, her inconsistent behavior may prove too much for him to bear.", "\n\nIrish Republican Army member Fergus (Stephen Rea) forms an unexpected bond with Jody (Forest Whitaker), a kidnapped British soldier in his custody, despite the warnings of fellow IRA members Jude (Miranda Richardson) and Maguire (Adrian Dunbar). ", "Jody makes Fergus promise he'll visit his girlfriend, Dil (Jaye Davidson), in London, and when Fergus flees to the city, he seeks her out. ", "Hounded by his former IRA colleagues, he finds himself increasingly drawn to the enigmatic, and surprising, Dil.", "\n\nWhen married British women Rose Arbuthnot (Miranda Richardson) and Lottie Wilkins (Josie Lawrence) decide to take a break from their respective spouses, they stay at a castle in Italy for a quiet holiday. ", "Joining the ladies is Caroline Dester (Polly Walker), a young socialite, and Mrs. Fisher (Joan Plowright), an older aristocrat. ", "Liberated from their daily routines, the four women ease into life in rural Italy, and each finds herself transformed by the experience.", "\n\nGolden Globe (1991)\n\nWon\n\nBest Performance By an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy or Musical" ]

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[ "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec001}\n============\n\nLast decade, molecular targeted anticancer therapies have been developed. ", "They constitute a major progress, enhancing and rationalizing the therapeutic arsenal in multiple types of cancer in both adult and children. ", "Many of these agents are inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) whose overexpression and activity are associated with several types of cancer \\[[@pone.0152872.ref001]\\]. ", "Indeed, RTKs activation by their respective ligands induces cell proliferation and survival, inhibits apoptosis and enhances angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential, notably through MAP-Kinase pathway.", "\n\nTyrosine kinases inhibitors (TKIs), as all anticancer drugs, may induce toxicities. ", "Usually TKIs side effects are manageable and include fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, weight loss, hypertension and dermatologic toxicities \\[[@pone.0152872.ref002]\\]. ", "Endocrine side effects can also occur, and notably thyroid dysregulation has been reported most in the literature \\[[@pone.0152872.ref003]\\]. ", "However, only scarce data are available on gonadal function and most studies address male gonadal toxicity and/or imatinib treatment which was one of the first TKIs to prove antitumoral efficacy. ", "A first study regarding testosterone levels in men treated with imatinib reported abnormal endocrine testicular function in most of them, and 18% of patients developed gynecomastia. ", "Later on, a number of reports confirmed the possible occurrence of gynecomastia after different TKIs uses \\[[@pone.0152872.ref004]--[@pone.0152872.ref007]\\]. ", "Another case report presented the occurrence of oligospermia during imatinib treatment \\[[@pone.0152872.ref008]\\]. ", "This potential alteration of testicular Sertoli cells function during TKIs treatment has been reported in a recent prospective study \\[[@pone.0152872.ref009]\\].", "\n\nNevertheless, gonadal TKI treatment tolerance has been poorly studied in women. ", "Only one case of primary ovarian insufficiency was reported \\[[@pone.0152872.ref010]\\], then debated \\[[@pone.0152872.ref011]\\] in part because ten patients who conceived during imatinib treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia had been described \\[[@pone.0152872.ref012]\\]. ", "In fact, the hypothesis of a link between TKIs treatment and primary ovarian insufficiency is plausible, since kinase signaling pathways targeted by these drugs play a critical role in the formation, maturation and survival of oocytes and follicles. ", "Indeed, the c-Kit, a RTK, and its Kit ligand (Kit-L) are notably important for establishment of primordial germ cells, primordial follicle activation, oocytes survival and growth and granulosa cell proliferation \\[[@pone.0152872.ref013]\\]. ", "Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and its ligand also play a role in primordial follicle activation and could be involved in the angiogenesis during corpus luteum formation \\[[@pone.0152872.ref014]\\]. ", "In addition, the angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is largely expressed by oocytes and somatic (granulosa or theca) cells. ", "The VEGF/VEGF-receptor (VEGFR) system also plays a role in follicle selection \\[[@pone.0152872.ref015]\\] and in luteinisation/maintaining of corpus luteum function \\[[@pone.0152872.ref016]\\].", "\n\nSunitinib is an oral multikinase inhibitor, and an effective antiangiogenic and antitumoral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for renal cell carcinomas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors \\[[@pone.0152872.ref017],[@pone.0152872.ref018]\\]. ", "It is currently developed for pediatric oncology indications notably the refractory solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia \\[[@pone.0152872.ref019]--[@pone.0152872.ref021]\\]. ", "Sunitinib multitargets VEGFR, PDGFR and c-KIT signalling pathways \\[[@pone.0152872.ref017]\\], so we hypothesize that this compound could exert a negative impact on ovarian function, which could have severe consequences in terms of fertility for girls and young women. ", "Its toxicity on the ovarian reserve is questionable. ", "Anti Müllerian hormone (AMH), a TGFβ family member, is expressed in granulosa cells of preantral and small antral follicles and is considered today as a useful marker of the number of growing follicles \\[[@pone.0152872.ref022]\\]. ", "This hormone exerting its action through the AMH receptor2, is considered as a good indicator of follicular ovarian reserve in mammals \\[[@pone.0152872.ref022]\\]. ", "This marker is currently measured to evaluate gonado toxicity after cancer therapy.", "\n\nThe present study was designed to evaluate the preclinical impact of sunitinib on ovarian function using mice as an animal model treated by oral administration of the drug.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sec002}\n=====================\n\nCompounds {#sec003}\n---------\n\nSunitinib or SU11248, (N-\\[2-(diethylamino)ethyl\\]-5-\\[(Z)-(5-fluoro-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-3H-indol-3-ylidine) methyl\\]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide) was from LC laboratories (Woburn, MA). ", "For *in vitro* experiments, sunitinib stock solutions were prepared in 100% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). ", "Equivalent DMSO concentration (0.1%) served as vehicle control. ", "For *in vivo* experiments, sunitinib was dissolved in 80mM citrate-buffered (pH 2.5) solution for a final concentration of 10 mg/mL.\n\nMice and treatment {#sec004}\n------------------\n\nSix-week-old female mice (purchased by Janvier, France) were provided ad libitum access to food and water (deionized) and were housed under conditions of constant temperature (21°C ± 2°C), humidity (min. ", "50%), and lighting (12L: 12D, lights-on at 0700 h). ", "They were randomized into 2 groups: mice then received \\[*per os*, once daily (5d/wk)\\] either vehicle (citrate-buffered, pH 2.5) or sunitinib (50 mg/kg/d) during 5 weeks as described in the literature \\[[@pone.0152872.ref023]\\]. ", "Body weights were monitored weekly. ", "Mice were killed after an intraperitoneal anesthesia (a ketamine/xylazine mix), tissues removed and stored for subsequent gene expression and histological analyses. ", "Another group of control and treated mice was kept for a fertility trial, which was performed during 3 months after treatment withdrawal. ", "The treatment protocol and the time frame of the experiment are presented in [Fig 1](#pone.0152872.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The animal facility was granted approval (N°C94-043-12), given by the French Administration (Ministère de l'Agriculture). ", "All procedures were approved by the local ethic committee Consortium des Animaleries Paris Sud (CAPSud) (N°2012--021).", "\n\n![", "Study design.\\\nSix-week-old female mice received \\[*per os*, once daily (5d/wk)\\] either sunitinib (n = 19) or vehicle (n = 12) during 5 weeks, and were sacrificed at day 35. ", "Another group of 5-weeks-sunitinib (n = 9) or vehicle-treated (n = 5) mice were mated immediately after treatment withdrawal at Day 35 in order to study their fertility. ", "A third group of 3-week-old female mice received sunitinib (n = 8) or vehicle (n = 6) during three weeks, and then were superovulated by intraperitoneal injection of 10 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) at 6pm, followed by intraperitoneal injection of 5 IU human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) 48 h later. ", "Animals were killed 17 h after the hCG injection.](pone.0152872.g001){#pone.0152872.g001}\n\nAnalysis of estrous cyclicity {#sec005}\n-----------------------------\n\nEstrous cycles were monitored daily by vaginal smears taken at the same time over 5 weeks and analyzed for the predominance of either lymphocytes, or nucleated epithelial cells or keratinocytes \\[[@pone.0152872.ref024]\\]. ", "One drop of PBS from a Pasteur pipette was expelled into the vagina, aspired, and then transferred to a microscope slide. ", "The duration of each cycle stage was also determined by calculating the percent of days in each stage during a period of 35 days.", "\n\nOvarian histology {#sec006}\n-----------------\n\nFor histological examination of ovarian morphology, ovaries were dissected and fixed for 5 hours in 4% PFA, washed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. ", "After routine histological procedures, 8-μm sections were mounted on glass slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ", "Follicle count was performed as described previously \\[[@pone.0152872.ref025]\\]. ", "In brief, based on the mean diameter of the follicle, growing follicles were divided into four classes: small preantral (20--170 μm), large preantral (171--220 μm), small antral (221--310 μm), and large antral (\\>311 μm). ", "Growing follicles were counted in every fifth section. ", "Primordial follicles were counted in every second section. ", "In addition, the presence of recent corpora lutea was determined.", "\n\nSuperovulation test {#sec007}\n-------------------\n\nThree-week-sunitinib treated and control females were superovulated by intraperitoneal injection of 10 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG; Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France) at 6pm, followed by intraperitoneal injection of 5 IU human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG; Schering-Plough, Courbevoie, France) 48 h later. ", "Animals were killed 17 h after the hCG injection. ", "Oocytes were extracted from the ampulla and counted after enzymatic dissociation from the surrounding cumulus with hyaluronidase (Sigma; 100 μl type IV-S; 10 mg/ml).", "\n\nAmh gene expression analysis {#sec008}\n----------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was extracted from ovaries using TRIreagent solution (Ambion, Saint-Aubin, France). ", "Quantitative real-time PCR was performed as described previously \\[[@pone.0152872.ref026]\\]. ", "After DNAse I treatment (Invitrogen), RNA was reverse transcribed and used for quantitative RTPCR (qRT-PCR) using the Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems). ", "Final primer concentrations were 300 nM for each primer. ", "Reaction parameters were carried out on a StepOne Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). ", "Reaction parameters were as follows: 95°C for 20 seconds, then 40 cycles at 95°C for 1 second and 60°C for 15 seconds. ", "Controls without reverse transcriptase and without template were included to verify that fluorescence was not overestimated by residual genomic DNA amplification or from primer dimer formation. ", "Moreover RT-PCR products were analyzed in a post-amplification melting curve to ensure that a single amplicon was obtained. ", "Quantification was performed by the standard curve method. ", "For preparation of standards, amplicons were purified from agarose gel and subcloned into a pGEM-T Easy plasmid (Promega), then sequenced to verify the identity of each fragment. ", "Standard curves were generated by serial dilutions, spanning 6 orders of magnitude, yielding a correlation coefficient of at least 0.98 in all experiments. ", "For all experiments, PCR efficiency was close to 1, indicating a doubling of DNA at each PCR cycle, as expected. *", "Ribosomal 18S* were used as reference gene for data normalization. ", "Relative expression of *Amh* gene is expressed as the ratio of attomoles of this specific gene to femtomoles of *rRNA* reference gene. ", "Standard and sample values were determined in triplicate from three independent experiments. ", "Results are mean ± SEM and represent the relative expression compared with that obtained with controls. ", "Accession numbers for *Amh* and *18S*, size of amplicons and sense and antisense primers are indicated in [S1 Table](#pone.0152872.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nHormone measurement {#sec009}\n-------------------\n\nSerum AMH levels were measured with an in house AMH ELISA assay, as described previously \\[[@pone.0152872.ref025],[@pone.0152872.ref027]\\]. ", "In brief, human AMH standards and diluted mouse serum samples were added in duplicate to microplates coated with an AMH-detecting antibody (F2B/7A). ", "Following incubation and washing, the plates were incubated with a biotinylated AMH-capture antibody (F2B/12H), followed by incubation with polyhorseradish peroxidase conjugate (Mast Group Ltd., Merseyside, UK). ", "Next, tetramethylbenzidine substrate (Insight Biotechnology International, Wembley,UK) was added for the chromogenic reaction, which was stopped with 6% (vol/vol) phosphoric acid and the absorbance were read using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK).", "\n\nCell culture {#sec010}\n------------\n\nKGN, a human granulosa cell line \\[[@pone.0152872.ref028]\\] and GRAL, a mouse granulosa cell line generated in our laboratory were used for cell culture. ", "These cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium F12 (DMEM-F12, PAA laboratories, Austria) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Biowest, France), 2 mmol/L L-glutamine (PAA laboratories, Austria), 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin (PAA laboratories, Austria).", "\n\nWestern blot analysis {#sec011}\n---------------------\n\nKGN and GRAL cells were treated with vehicle or 1μM sunitinib over 4 hours and then stimulated with 75ng/mL of PDGF-BB during 5, 10 or 30 min. ", "Briefly, cells were lysed in a lysis buffer (150 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5mM EDTA, 30 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 50 mM NaF) containing 1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 1% (v/v) protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1mmol/L Na orthovanadate. ", "Lysates were clarified by centrifugation at 12,000 x g for 20 minutes. ", "Then proteins (50 μg/lane) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and subjected to immunoblots onto nitrocellulose membrane (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). ", "Blots were incubated for 1h at room temperature in a blocking buffer (LI-COR) before an overnight incubation at 4°C with primary antibodies. ", "Rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against anti-p42/44 MAPK (9102; 1:2000 diluted), phospho-p42/44 MAPK (9106; 1:1500 diluted) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Saint-Quentin Yvelines, France). ", "Loading controls are performed using antibody directed against tubulin (anti α-tubulin Sigma Aldrich). ", "After washes, blots were incubated with an IRDye 800-conjugated affinity purified anti-rabbit IgG second antibody (1:10,000; Thermo Scientific, France) for 1 h at room temperature. ", "Proteins were visualized with an Odyssey Fc apparatus (LI-COR).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec012}\n--------------------\n\nData are expressed as means ± SEM and analyzed using a non-parametric Mann Whitney test with use of the computer software Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, USA). ", "Statistical significance is indicated at P values \\<0.05, 0.01 and 0.001.", "\n\nResults {#sec013}\n=======\n\nMice cyclicity {#sec014}\n--------------\n\nTo evaluate the impact of sunitinib on hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, 6-week-old female mice were treated with sunitinib or vehicle by oral gavage along 35 days. ", "Treatment did not affect the body weight gain profile (data not shown) and no apparent toxicity was observed. ", "Using vaginal smears, an index of cycle stage, we demonstrated that both groups presented with a normal pattern of cyclicity ([Fig 2A](#pone.0152872.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "There was no apparent difference between the two groups in the cumulative estrus number along 35 days. ", "The analysis of the percentage of days in four different stages ([Fig 2B](#pone.0152872.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed a percentage of days in proestrus significantly lower in sunitinib treated mice, but a similar percentage of days in estrus stage.", "\n\n{#pone.0152872.g002}\n\nOvarian morphology {#sec015}\n------------------\n\nOvarian histological analysis revealed that despite the presence of follicles at all stages of maturation in both groups, ovaries of sunitinib-exposed mice exhibited a drastic decreased number of corpora lutea per ovary (1.1 ± 0.38) as compared to those of control mice (4 ± 0.79, p\\<0.01) ([Fig 2C and 2D](#pone.0152872.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This finding suggests an effect of sunitinib treatment on ovulation rate and/or the subsequently luteinization process required to maintain pregnancy in mouse. ", "To investigate these hypotheses, mice were submitted to a superovulation test. ", "We found a significant decrease in the number of oocytes ovulated in sunitinib-treated mice compared to control mice (p\\<0.05) ([Fig 3](#pone.0152872.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This result strongly argues in favor of a peripheral defect rather than a central pituitary deficiency.", "\n\n{#pone.0152872.g003}\n\nOvarian reserve analysis {#sec016}\n------------------------\n\nTo evaluate sunitinib impact on the ovarian reserve, the values of anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) a marker of growing follicles number \\[[@pone.0152872.ref025]\\], were measured. ", "The expression of *Amh* transcripts was evaluated in the ovaries of both groups of mice at the end of the sunitinib treatment. ", "We found a significant decrease in *Amh* transcript expression in sunitinib-treated mice, compared to control mice (p\\<0.01) ([Fig 4A](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, serum AMH levels revealed a significant decrease of this circulating hormone in sunitinib-treated (12.0 ng/mL ± 1.16) compared to control mice (14.33 ng/mL ± 0.87, p\\< 0.05) ([Fig 4B](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results suggested that growing follicles could have been altered by sunitinib administration. ", "To investigate this hypothesis, we performed an extensive follicle counting after 5 weeks of sunitinib or vehicle administration. ", "We were not able to find any significant statistical difference concerning growing follicles counting ([Fig 4C](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and primordial follicles reserve ([Fig 4D](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) in both groups suggesting that ovarian reserve was not affected in sunitinib treated group. ", "Indeed, immediately after withdrawal of 5-wks-sunitinib or vehicle treatment, female mice in both groups were able to obtain litters. ", "The delay to obtain first litter ([Fig 4E](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and the mean litter size during 3 months of observation ([Fig 4F](#pone.0152872.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}) were not different in both groups. ", "No offspring malformation was observed.", "\n\n{#pone.0152872.g004}\n\n*In vitro* effect of sunitinib on mouse granulosa cell proliferation {#sec017}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo evaluate the effect of sunitinib on granulosa cells, we tested, as a proliferation index, the *in vitro* effect of sunitinib on p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation by Western blotting experiments on KGN and GRAL cells. ", "The cells were treated by PDGF as a positive control, they demonstrated rapid and transient phosphorylation of p42/44 MAPK reaching maximal level by 10 min and declining thereafter to background levels within 30 minutes. ", "This effect was totally abrogated in presence of sunitinib on both cell lines ([Fig 5](#pone.0152872.g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#pone.0152872.g005}\n\nDiscussion {#sec018}\n==========\n\nSunitinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent antiangiogenic activity. ", "It is approved in adulthood to treat renal-cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor \\[[@pone.0152872.ref017]\\] and more recently pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor \\[[@pone.0152872.ref018]\\]. ", "Over these last years, as other TKIs, this compound has also proved its efficacy to treat solid or hematologic tumors in pediatric oncology and its use is increasing \\[[@pone.0152872.ref020],[@pone.0152872.ref021]\\]. ", "Prolonged administration of TKIs is known to cause endocrine-related side effects such as hypothyroidism and diabetes, but data regarding their effects on gonadal function and subsequent fertility are lacking \\[[@pone.0152872.ref029]\\]. ", "Here, we report for the first time in a mouse study that sunitinib could have a negative impact on ovarian function.", "\n\nThe main ovarian phenotype observed in sunitinib-treated mice compared to control mice was the drastic decrease in corpora lutea number. ", "This observation could be the consequence of an ovulation defect and/or a lutenization process inhibition. ", "Otherwise, the inhibition of p42/44 activation, observed in both human and mouse granulosa cell lines after sunitinib exposure, is in accordance to a failure of ovulation process. ", "Indeed, p42/44 activation by LH-surge in human granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles is essential for LH-induced oocyte resumption of meiosis, ovulation and luteinization \\[[@pone.0152872.ref030]\\]. ", "The disruption of MAP-kinase pathway in mouse granulosa cells has been demonstrated to be associated with ovulation failure and infertility in mouse \\[[@pone.0152872.ref030]\\]. ", "Therefore, sunitinib could mimic in part this phenotype, explaining the drastic decrease of corpora lutea number. ", "This hypothesis was confirmed by the superovulation test showing a significant decrease in ovulated oocytes in sunitinib-treated mice compared to control mice. ", "In addition, VEGF is a mandatory factor required for normal endometrium development \\[[@pone.0152872.ref031]\\], and for the formation of corpus luteum, a highly vascularized endocrine organ, which plays a critical role in the maintenance of pregnancy \\[[@pone.0152872.ref016]\\]. ", "Sunitinib could have prevented corpora lutea formation. ", "Since animals were able to produce litters in both groups after treatment withdrawal, the sunitinib effects on corpora lutea formation and endometrial function are likely transient in mouse. ", "The reversibility of these latter described effects should be taken with caution because mouse is a polyovulatory species and has a long reproductive life span that could have minimized the phenotype. ", "Reversibility of sunitinib effect on ovulation process should absolutely be evaluated in women.", "\n\nRegarding the mechanisms of ovarian toxicity induced by sunitinib, it is well known that this drug targets c-Kit and PDGFR which are expressed both in oocytes and granulosa cells respectively. ", "During ovarian development, both c-Kit and PDGFR activation promote the transition from primordial to primary follicle \\[[@pone.0152872.ref014]\\]. ", "Thus, we hypothesized that the inhibition of these receptors by sunitinib could impact follicular activation and therefore increase atresia. ", "Nevertheless, no blockade of follicular growth was observed in ovarian histological analysis of sunitinib-treated mice. ", "Follicles at all stages of maturation were observed in both treated and control groups in this study. ", "Additionally, sunitinib exerts an antiangiogenic effect by targeting also VEGFR \\[[@pone.0152872.ref017]\\]. ", "Yet it is known that in the ovary, VEGF signaling pathway is required throughout follicular development \\[[@pone.0152872.ref032]\\]. ", "Thus, it has already been suggested that intra-ovarian VEGFR inhibition could prevent follicular maturation \\[[@pone.0152872.ref032]\\]. ", "Some studies demonstrated that not only apoptotic process but also blood vessel injury can explain ovarian toxicity induced by cancer chemotherapy \\[[@pone.0152872.ref033]\\]. ", "As an example, bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to specifically inhibit VEGF. ", "In a prospective study of 179 premenopausal women randomized to receive chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab, the incidence of ovarian failure was higher (34% versus 2%) in the bevacizumab arm compared to the control arm \\[[@pone.0152872.ref034]\\], underlining the fact that specific antiangiogenic effect can lead to an ovarian reserve decline.", "\n\nTo investigate the possible effect of sunitinib on ovarian reserve decline in sunitinib-treated mice, we evaluated AMH levels at the end of the treatment. ", "Serum AMH was significantly decreased in sunitinib-treated mice compared to control mice. ", "We found that the decrease of this circulating hormone in our model could be due to an alteration of *Amh* gene expression by follicles during sunitinib-treatment. ", "Nevertheless, the growing and primordial follicles counting did not reveal any significant decline after sunitinib treatment, demonstrating that ovarian reserve seems not to be affected after 5 weeks of treatment in mice. ", "This suggests a transient toxicity of sunitinib on AMH secretion, which will recover upon time after treatment, without ovarian reserve alteration. ", "This phenomenon has already been described for other anti-cancer drugs \\[[@pone.0152872.ref035]\\]. ", "Nevertheless, it remains very important to evaluate in a prospective study the impact of sunitinib on ovarian reserve in girls and young women, by monitoring both antral follicular count and AMH levels before, during and after treatment. ", "In case of follicular depletion induced by the treatment, fertility preservation processes should absolutely be discussed with the patient and/or their parents \\[[@pone.0152872.ref036]\\]. ", "In the same line, evaluation of fertility impact of other TKIs should be done in order to improve their toxicity management as well as information given to patients receiving such therapies.", "\n\nTo conclude, our study demonstrates for the first time the negative impact of sunitinib on rodent ovary, especially on ovulation process. ", "This phenotype is reversible and the ovarian reserve does not seem to be affected in mice. ", "Its effect on human ovary should absolutely be evaluated in prospective studies. ", "These new data are important to take into account and could be helpful when fertility preservation methods are discussed before the initiation of cancer treatment in girls and young women.", "\n\nSupporting Information {#sec019}\n======================\n\n###### Accession numbers and primers used for quantitative PCR.", "\n\n(DOCX)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nSophie Broutin is thanked for helpful discussion.", "\n\n[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: VB MS JY NB. ", "Performed the experiments: VB PK NB. ", "Analyzed the data: VB JY NB. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB PK NC JAV. ", "Wrote the paper: VB JY NB.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "What's Buzzing\n\nAndy Behrens\n\nLike\n\n0\n\nFollow\n\n0\n\nAuthor\n\nAndy Behrens is the editor of Roto Arcade, the Yahoo! ", "Sports fantasy blog. ", "Andy has been writing about fantasy sports for the past decade and playing them much longer. ", "He's won his share of experts leagues and accuracy titles. ", "He's also the author of three novels for young readers. ", "He also consistently beats the Evans-Pianowski team in barroom shuffleboard, no matter who he's paired with.", "\n\nArizona closed the 2013 season with wins in seven of nine games, including a 40-11 evisceration of the Colts and a 17-10 victory at Seattle. ", "The team averaged 27.3 points per game during that stretch, while the defense allowed just 18.1. ", "The Cardinals run D was the stingiest in the league (84.4 YPG). ", "Honestly, by the end of the year, Arizona was probably one of the NFL's top-5 teams.", "\n\nUnfortunately for the Cards, they were still no better than the third-best team in the NFC West. ", "So, despite finishing with a 10-6 record, Arizona missed the postseason for a fourth consecutive year. ", "Life ain't easy in the league's toughest division. ", "Nonetheless, expectations are understandably high for the year ahead. ", "Don't be surprised if this team is playing meaningful football games in January, 2015.", "\n\nAfter a shockingly poor season, notable for injuries and endless pick-sixes, regime change has come to Houston. ", "Veteran quarterback Matt Schaub played his way out of town, and veteran head coach Gary Kubiak couldn't cling to his job during a two-win campaign. ", "This season, Ryan Fitzpatrick will be at the controls of Bill O'Brien's offense. ", "The Texans aren't likely to light up scoreboards in 2014, but the team might just be good enough on defense to reach eight wins regardless.", "\n\nOf course we don't actually care about real-life winning and losing around here. ", "In this space, we're primarily concerned with individual fantasy potential. ", "Houston has a pair of consensus top-50 players — the usual suspects, Arian and Andre — but no one else on this roster projects as a must-own fantasy asset, aside from the D/ST.", "\n\nWhen last we saw the Chiefs, they were squandering a 28-point second-half lead at Indianapolis in the wild-card round. ", "All-Pro running back Jamaal Charles was concussed, as was Pro-Bowl corner Brandon Flowers. ", "And so was starting receiver Donnie Avery. ", "Pro-Bowl linebacker Justin Houston had a knee injury, and Charles' backup, Knile Davis, had a broken leg.", "\n\nSo that was a long, ugly afternoon for Kansas City. ", "But let's remember that it was just one day in an otherwise astonishing turnaround season. ", "Andy Reid, in his first year as Chiefs head coach, engineered an all-phases franchise revival. ", "Kansas City was a two-win team in 2012, ranking dead-last in the NFL in point differential (-214) and turnover differential (-24). ", "Under Reid in 2013, this team won 11 games and outscored its opponents 430 to 305. ", "The Chiefs sent eight players to the Pro Bowl last year, qualifying for the playoffs for only the second time in seven seasons.", "\n\nSoon after, longtime offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride stepped down. ", "Within two weeks, he was replaced by former Green Bay assistant Ben McAdoo. ", "Free agent receiver Hakeem Nicks left for Indianapolis, signing a low-dollar one-year deal following a remarkably poor final season in New York. ", "Running back Andre Brown moved on, as did tight end Brandon Myers. ", "The Giants are also rebuilding an offensive line that did nothing well a year ago — the new line is still a big question mark, but at least it's not the old line.", "\n\nOne fixture that remains, of course, is quarterback Eli Manning, an accomplished player coming off the worst season of his career. ", "In fact, Eli's 2013 would have been the worst season of almost any quarterback's career — it was a turnover-filled disaster. ", "He threw three or more interceptions in five different games, ultimately finishing with\n\nLife in the NFC West ain't easy, not with three of the NFL's top six defenses lurking. ", "But the Rams' schedule in the year ahead isn't actually as nightmarish as you might expect, at least for fantasy purposes. ", "This team's non-division opponents include a half-dozen squads that ranked in the bottom-third of the league defensively last season, including Dallas (dead-last) and Minnesota (next-to-last). ", "Fantasy owners will also appreciate the fact that St. Louis doesn't travel to Seattle until Week 17, after most league titles are decided.", "\n\nSo if you're bullish on this franchise for 2014, it's understandable. ", "The Rams fortified both the offensive and defensive lines with high-end talent in the draft, plus the team has depth at the skill spots. ", "If quarterback Sam Bradford can simply play at the level at which he opened 2013, prior to his ACL injury, then St. Louis should contend for ... well, something. ", "Probably not a division title. ", "But something better than the usual sub-.500 season.", "\n\nEverything in Tampa Bay is new this season — new quarterback, new coordinators, new head coach.", "\n\nHowever, everything new in Tampa this season is also kinda old. ", "Quarterback Josh McCown is 35, joining his eighth NFL team. ", "Coordinators Jeff Tedford (OC) and Leslie Frazier (DC) were plucked from the discard pile, each fired from prominent head coaching positions in recent seasons. ", "And, of course, head coach Lovie Smith spent nine years in Chicago, compiling a career record of 81-63, yet failing to reach the playoffs in any of his final three seasons.", "\n\nSo this franchise has hit the reset button once again, in a responsible if less-than-exciting way. ", "Still, Greg Schiano's reign of terror has ended. ", "His departure is a victory for us all.", "\n\nIn McCown, the Bucs have added a QB with a long track record of mediocrity, punctuated by a half-season of excellence. ", "He clearly benefited from working with uncoverable receivers in Chicago, but he also\n\nThe Buffalo Bills played at a blistering pace in 2013, their first season under head coach Doug Marrone. ", "This team's offense ranked third in the NFL in total plays-per-game, behind just Denver and New England, and it trailed only Philadelphia in time-per-play.", "\n\nUnfortunately, the Bills did not mimic those three squads in any other meaningful way. ", "As a team, Buffalo finished 22nd in the league in scoring (21.2 PPG), 29th in yards-per-play (4.8), 28th in passing (210.8 YPG), 28th in time-of-possession (28:34) and 29th in third-down conversion rate (34.3).", "\n\nEssentially, the Bills ran a hurry-up-and-punt attack — not exactly the traditional recipe for success in the NFL.", "\n\nBut we can't accuse this team of failing to recognize and address its weaknesses on offense. ", "Back in May, Buffalo traded up from the ninth overall draft pick to the fourth (giving up next year's first-rounder in the process), a deal that allowed the team to select Clemson\n\nMilwaukee Brewers prospect Jimmy Nelson hasn't allowed a run, earned or unearned, in any of his last three starts for Triple-A Nashville, and his year-to-date minor league numbers are silly: 10-2, 1.46 ERA, 0.92 WHIP, 9.5 K/9. ", "On Saturday, Nelson will bring his scoreless innings streak with him to Miller Park for a degree-of-difficulty start against the Cardinals. ", "Marco Estrada has been exiled to the bullpen.", "\n\nIf you can find a use for a National League starter with swing-and-miss stuff and the backing of a quality lineup, give Nelson a look. ", "He's a gigantic right-hander (6-foot-6, 240-ish) who features a tailing, mid-90s fastball and terrific slider. ", "In case you missed his work for Milwaukee earlier in the year, check the tape. ", "It ain't bad.", "\n\nNelson's re-arrival is well-timed for the fantasy community, because an A.L. ace hit the DL on Thursday...\n\n• Masahiro Tanaka had been rolling until very recently, posting a 12-4 record and 1.01 WHIP over the first-half of the season, piling up Ks\n\nComing off a Super Bowl season, Baltimore's offense was a cruel joke in 2013. ", "The running game averaged just 3.1 yards per carry, ranking dead-last in the NFL. ", "Ray Rice and Bernard Pierce had a combined 366 carries, only three of which gained 20-plus yards. ", "Quarterback Joe Flacco threw 22 interceptions, the highest total in the AFC, and he passed for a career-low 6.4 yards per attempt. ", "He was also sacked 48 times, the second-highest total in the league.", "\n\nIt was ugly, almost always. ", "The nicest thing we can say about the Ravens last season from a fantasy perspective is that kicker Justin Tucker had a really, really good year — or at least it was going well until he posted a zero in Week 16, when you needed him most.", "\n\nWe can't claim that Baltimore has remained idle this offseason, however. ", "Gary Kubiak was hired as the new OC, bringing with him a playbook that relies on West Coast principles, bootlegs, play-action, and a zone-blocking\n\nThe Saves Index is a ranking of the top 50 relievers, based solely on their potential to earn saves from the present through the remainder of the season. ", "In a case where two relievers have similar saves potential, the additional standard roto categories will be used to differentiate them." ]

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[ "The new cultivar is a product of a planned breeding program. ", "The new variety originated from a cross pollination of the unpatented, species seed parent, Echeveria shaviana with the pollen parent an unpatented, proprietary variety of Echeveria cante×shaviana referred to as ‘#00.’ ", "The crossing was made during September 2004 in Vista, Calif., at a commercial greenhouse. ‘", "Neon Breakers’ was discovered by the inventor, Renee O'Connell, in February 2005, in Vista, Calif. at a commercial greenhouse.", "\nAsexual reproduction of the new cultivar ‘Neon Breakers’ was first performed in Vista, Calif., at a commercial greenhouse, by vegetative leaf cuttings in February 2005. ‘", "Neon Breakers’ has since produced several generations and has shown that the unique features of this cultivar are stable and reproduced true to type." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Matthew Hurlow-Paonessa\n\nMatthew Hurlow-Paonessa (born July 17, 1994) is an American soccer player who plays as a forward for San Francisco City FC in the Premier Development League.", "\n\nCareer\n\nCollege & Amateur\nHurlow-Paonessa played four years of college soccer at Chico State University between 2013 and 2015. ", "After college, Hurlow-Paonessa played with USL PDL side San Diego Zest.", "\n\nProfessional\nHurlow-Paonessa signed with United Soccer League club Phoenix Rising on December 16, 2016.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1994 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American soccer players\nCategory:Chico State Wildcats men's soccer players\nCategory:San Diego Zest players\nCategory:Phoenix Rising FC players\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Soccer players from California\nCategory:USL League Two players\nCategory:USL Championship players" ]

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[ "Anders Behring Breivik and the hidden hate of ATS.", "\n\nExcellent post...as a long standing atheist I support your views completely.... the part of the argument that really gets my goat is the whole \"moral\nexclusivity\" issue..... christianity, (and in fact all religions, except budhism), seems to think that without membership of it's exclusive club we\nhumans are not capable of being morally upstanding citizens that care about others around us....... quick note..... moral fibre does not come\nexclusively from religious teachings... the majority of it is common sense and can be worked out by thinking for yourself.... an alien concept to the\nreligious among us of course.... and a little scary, but believe me, we ARE responsbile for our actions.... all of them.....\n\nIt takes far more courage to be atheist than religious... to believe this universe is governed by chaos and random events takes courage.... yeah..\nwould be nice to have the safety net of religion, the emotional crutch on which to rely when things get tricky.... but this is no different, in my\neyes, to believing as a child that you have an imaginary friend that is always there for you and will always back you up..... something which we tend\nto grow out of at about 8......\n\n\"Funny, if I told you that drinking yoghurt made you invisible, you would need all the proof in the world to believe me.... but I tell you that the\nbook next to your bed was written by a floating deity that created everything, controlled everything, and has complete control over your life.... you\ndon't seem to need any proof at all......\" Sam Harris.", "\n\nOriginally posted by Sherlock Holmes\nI think that people should ditch the right/left bollocks, and all the other political ideologies which fall inside and outside these categories.", "\n\nPeople should just form their own opinions on every relevant political subject, without the need to label themselves or ''fall in line'' with the\nother elements of a political ideology which they choose to identify with.", "\nAdopting a particular political wing/philosophy stifles critical and creative thinking on important issues.", "\n\nI totally agree.... however the problem is that people like to label, they also like to be part of a group.", "\n\nI posted this on one of the threads the other day\n\nOriginally posted by blupblup\nI don't care for all that stuff.... I'm just a human being, I have no affiliations.... I don't ally myself with any particular school of thought\nor ideology, I just think what I think and do what I do.... if there's a name for it, then cool... call it what you like, I just call it me.", "\n\nAnd I stand by it.... people think just because you are anti war, like to help those less fortunate, don't have an issue with foreigners and don't\nwant to tell people how to dress or live their lives.... that you are a bad person.", "\n\nThat you are a left-wing nut?", "\n\nI don't think of myself as left-wing, that may be what people like to throw around like some insult, that's cool... whatever..... But I really am\njust a person, I have both left and right wing views... liberal views, conservative views... all of it, everyone does.... or they should, you adapt,\nyou listen to all sides and then make your judgement/decision... you empathise, you understand, you compromise.", "\n\nThat's what being human is.", "\n\nNot picking a side and defending it against the other side.", "\n\nNationalism is a lot of the issue.... you're already thinking in terms of us and them and then it leads to xenophobia and racism\n\nThen comes Tribalism, which is much like Racism....\n\nAll of these ideals that people hold dear and think of as traditional and decent.... it's just an illusion.", "\n\nThis whole sorry mess is just so ridiculous.", "\n\n\"Collective fear stimulates herd instinct, and tends to produce ferocity toward those who are not regarded as members of the herd.\" ", "~ Bertrand\nRussell\n\nAfter re-thinking my statement, I have concluded this:\nYou're right I am wrong.", "\nSo telling you that \"Modern day left wingers\" are not the same as before is wrong?", "\nHow is it that true Federalists and Democrats are long forgotten?", "\nHow about the Whig party?", "\nWant to talk about Thomas Paine? (", "one of my favorite people) COMMON SENSE.", "\nSome people don't have any common sense.", "\nHow about the Democratic-Republican party from late 1700's to 1800's?", "\nHow it was formed to oppose the Federalists'?", "\nKnow about that too right?", "\nSouthern Democrats and their opposition of anti-slavery and liberalism?", "\nGeez that side of skid row never got their act together until the New Deal.", "\nThen they called themselves \"progressives\".", "\n\nBtw, I am using terms coined by the media.", "\nI don't like using the words left-wing or right-wing....liberal or conservative.", "\nAt least from what I've been reading lately.", "\nBecause the \"conservatives\" aren't being very consevative.", "\nAlso it seems the liberals can't share either.", "\n\nI digress.", "\nWe don't need hate coming from either side.", "\nThere should be no fighting amongst us.", "\nBut if you listen to the media in all it's glory, you will become an arguement.", "\n\nAfter re-thinking my statement, I have concluded this:\nYou're right I am wrong.", "\nSo telling you that \"Modern day left wingers\" are not the same as before is wrong?", "\nHow is it that true Federalists and Democrats are long forgotten?", "\nHow about the Whig party?", "\nWant to talk about Thomas Paine? (", "one of my favorite people) COMMON SENSE.", "\nSome people don't have any common sense.", "\nHow about the Democratic-Republican party from late 1700's to 1800's?", "\nHow it was formed to oppose the Federalists'?", "\nKnow about that too right?", "\nSouthern Democrats and their opposition of anti-slavery and liberalism?", "\nGeez that side of skid row never got their act together until the New Deal.", "\nThen they called themselves \"progressives\".", "\n\nBtw, I am using terms coined by the media.", "\nI don't like using the words left-wing or right-wing....liberal or conservative.", "\nAt least from what I've been reading lately.", "\nBecause the \"conservatives\" aren't being very consevative.", "\nAlso it seems the liberals can't share either.", "\n\nI digress.", "\nWe don't need hate coming from either side.", "\nThere should be no fighting amongst us.", "\nBut if you listen to the media in all it's glory, you will become an arguement.", "\n\nMost of what you have just said is perfectly true but not explicit in your original post. ", "Politics has evolved to the extent that most of the core\nvalues held three centuries ago have disappeared (and yet arguably remain as relevant today as ever).", "\n\nHowever there appears to be a common denominator in our thoughts - the danger of the MSM - NOTHING can be trusted from any source other than the\noriginal text in today's world - It's sad because it means having to revisit things which you trusted others to have passed on diligently and\nhonestly - but that is the stage we have now reached.", "\n\nAs for 'Common Sense' - it remains one of the finest works ever written for it's particular time and need. ", "You could argue that if you remove the\n'British' from it and replace it with 'TPTB' - then every single word is as important and relevant today as it was then.", "\n\nSeriously, if I could make a little forum for everyone in this thread to get together and talk on a regular basis, I would. ", "It's so refreshing to\nsee some like-minded people here on ATS, that are fed up of the hate and the divisions.", "\n\nYou've all been so respectful in understanding my views, and commenting constructively. ", "I really appreciated it.", "\n\nI just wish the rest of ATS was as enlightened and positive as you lot are. ", "Perhaps then we'd be able to examine conspiracies and sceptically\nanalyse claims and theories more often, and on a much more constructive basis. ", "Have any of you noticed how the evidence hunting sceptics have\ndisappeared recently? ", "Phage and others have all become very quiet. ", "Now we know why....\n\nFor example - I'd love to examine the conspiracy angle of the Breivik events, but with so much hatred about right now, it's just not worth the\neffort or the time.", "\n\nI think you've missed the point of this thread, including most of the responses, and I don't mean that critically.", "\n\nHave a re-read and see what you think once you've had a good look through.", "\n\nThe divisions aren't what is being discussed here - it's the need for reconciliation, and constructive discussion about things that could\npotentially divide us in a violent fashion. ", "I'm tired of this, and the fact that it's so prevalent on ATS. ", "I think most others on this thread are\nin the same boat as well.", "\n\nI can be at times an absolutely goofy, over the top cheerleader for freedom of speech. ", "That's something that's never going to change.", "\n\nFor one thing - it allows everyone to see exactly what they're dealing with. ", "But more than that - it's everything - it is freedom\n\nIt's been pointed out numerous times here at ATS that freedom of speech is not guaranteed - it's not about freedom of speech - it's about\ndiscussion. ", "I have no argument with that - this is a forum. ", "There are rules of conduct we all must follow, the whole point of it (you would think) is\nto discuss these subjects intelligently. ", "Back and forth.", "\n\nSometimes, it doesn't seem to be about intelligent back and forth when it comes to certain subjects. ", "There are always a few people on either side of\nthese types of discussions that do a very good job of presenting their views, listening to the other views - and discussing them responsibly and\nintelligently\n\nBut there is a certain amount of 'filler' in these threads. ", "ATS, if not careful, comes fairly close to becoming a dumping ground for blatant\npropaganda and bigoted rhetoric.", "\n\nTrying to have an intelligent discussion about these sensitive issues is most times just like the 'intelligent' discussion going on in the video\nposted above. ", "It's all about the platform, the chance to spew - not at all about an intelligent exchange of ideas or information\n\nAs a registered conservative and life long atheist am I still allowed to post a comment?...J/K\n\nIt is important to remind oneself of the limitations the all too human trait of trying to apply an overly simplistic or obviously misfit label to the\ncomplex and unfamiliar in an attempt to quantify the unknown or uncomfortable with familiar titles.", "\n\nThe problem I have is this.", "\n\nATS is NOT dealing with its' hatred. ", "We all have it. ", "I have it with my views about right-wing and religious people.", "\n\nI believe hate is a very strong word.", "\n\nUsing ATS as an example, I disagree with some who post here, dislike a few and actually pity a very few (which could be as bad in its own way) however\nI do not, and could not possibly hate anyone for any imaginable transgression I could in any way foresee anyone ever committing on an internet\nforum.", "\n\nThis is my fear, I desperately want to let go of my hatred, as it's beginning to get to me. ", "But I can't - because what if one day another Breivik\nappears outside my door? ", "I'm going to need every ounce of my hatred then. ", "Where do we go from here?", "\n\nI see from your Avatar you are from the U.K. which is an unfortunate detail in this particular instance.", "\n\nThere is an old American axiom passed down by the religious right from father to child in some parts of the country.", "\n\nSimply put...\n\n\"God made man, Smith and Wesson made them equal\"\n\nNo need for hatred of any kind, only the need for a half dozen 200 grain semi-wadcutter hollow points, an unencumbered trigger finger and the will to\nlive.", "\n\nOriginally posted by The Revenant\nI just wish the rest of ATS was as enlightened and positive as you lot are. ", "Perhaps then we'd be able to examine conspiracies and sceptically analyse\nclaims and theories more often, and on a much more constructive basis. ", "Have any of you noticed how the evidence hunting sceptics have disappeared\nrecently? ", "Phage and others have all become very quiet. ", "Now we know why....\n\nATS used to be like that, but they sold out unfortunately.", "\nThey would rather have quantity over quality and from a business sense, I don't blame them... but it doesn't help those of us who want to discuss, who\nwant to get along and learn and challenge each other and have fun.", "\n\nIt's true.... you see racial hatred spouted everywhere, people inciting violence and hatred.... and it gets left where it is and nobody does\nanything.... yet if someone makes a post saying that Hemp is the best resource for clothing and paper, then the threads get closed because of drugs\ntalk?", "\n\nThere are Muslim hate threads all through the Politics and Social Issues forums, but start a thread about a supposed Christian terrorist act, and show\nfrustration and fear about Christianity... and it goes into the RANT forum in BTS, supporting the idea that it's acceptable and understandable to hate\nMuslims, but if you hate Christians, you're just ranting.", "\n\nSpot on again...\n\nAlso freeborn made a good thread about a documentary/series about the life of Mohammed, was very interesting and a discussion ensued on the thread,\nvery interesting.", "\n\nFirst, thanks for starting this thread as the same things have been bothering me as well. ", "There was a thread about a month or so back (I can't find\nthe thread now but) it was a real \"eye-opener\" as to hate some on here feel. ", "It was something about Mexicans migrating to the U.S. Some of the\nresponses were so vile, I was almost in tears. ", "And the worse part some of the post were by self-proclaimed Christians. ", "Things like electric fences,\ncrocodile filled moats, obstacle courses and such. ", "It's so easy for some to sit in their ivory towers and fancy themselves above those who don't\nbelieve as they do, look like them, or have an accent that's different. ", "Honestly, some of the things I read about what \"they\" would do to fellow\nhuman beings is just beyond sad. ", "I just wish we could all co-exist and be respectful of each other, but I guess that will never happen.", "\n\nOriginally posted by 2012srb\nAll I see going on here is a call for suppression of ideologies.", "\n\nNo. ", "I see it as a call for manners. ", "Liberal & Conservative, Left & Right are genuine states of mind, and science is showing us that we may well be\nhard-wired for those tendencies that we use to self-identify. ", "Debate is good, but extremism is destructive. ", "That should be a no-brainer, but when we\nsee media types exhorting their flock towards actual hatred of the other...well, folks ask how Rwanda, Bosnia, etc can happen.", "\n\nI found myself in the odd position today of defending American right-wingers to my daughter, explaining that a lot of what comes out as unreasonable\ntreatment of their fellows is actually based upon constitutional concerns. ", "Like, that it is not that they don't care about those who are less\nprosperous and don't have health care, but that they feel it's against the constitution for the federal government to deal with it.", "\n\nI know this because it was explained to me by some ATS members...I don't agree with it, but I now have a measure of understanding because a few of us\ndropped the rhetoric and talked, instead. ", "Good model.", "\n\nI'm over politics. ", "Too much arguing, lying and deceiving happening on both sides to actually know where you stand when you associate yourself with\nthe left or the right. ", "Life is too short .The best thing you can do is be prepared for the worst and hope for the best.", "\n\nThis Psycho is a prime example of someone who allowed his thought process to be infected to the point of mental illness. ", "He was consumed with hate. ", "I\nwill say that associating him with french toast or pancakes does not make anyone who eats breakfast evil. ", "People are smarter than that. ", "He was just a\nsick puppy, plain and simple.", "\n\nOriginally posted by blupblup\nI don't care for all that stuff.... I'm just a human being, I have no affiliations.... I don't ally myself with any particular school of thought or\nideology, I just think what I think and do what I do.... if there's a name for it, then cool... call it what you like, I just call it me.", "\n\nIt looks like we share the same thoughts on this.", "\n\nCome to think of it, we should give this political approach a name, form a group with people who share this same view point, and then react angrily,\nindignantly and mockingly towards anyone who challenges or criticises our way of thinking.", "\n\nOriginally posted by blupblup\nI don't think of myself as left-wing, that may be what people like to throw around like some insult, that's cool... whatever..... But I really am just\na person, I have both left and right wing views... liberal views, conservative views... all of it, everyone does.... or they should, you adapt, you\nlisten to all sides and then make your judgement/decision... you empathise, you understand, you compromise.", "\n\nSame here.", "\n\nThat's another worrying side to the left/right divide. ", "People who are caught up in it see you make one point, which they consider to be left or right,\nand they go bulldozing in assuming that you must be a loony leftie or rabid rightie ! ", "It's that uncritical thought process, and the eagerness to\npigeonhole and label others, which creates the incendiary ''us vs them'' mentality which is so worrying and dangerous.", "\n\nDespite what people are saying about the supposed drop in the standard of discourse on ATS ( probably looking through rose-tinted spectacles ), I have\nto say it's a lot better on this kind of thing than many other forums.", "\n\nOn some other forums which I frequent, when I post my views on one topic, half of them think I'm a reincarnation of Hitler, and then when I post my\nviews on another topic, the other half think I'm Lenin's lovechild.", "\n\nIn my view,\nLeftism and rightism are both viewpoints,\nthese viewpoints change between different social strata.", "\nSo in effect we have proletariat leftism, proletariat rightism,\nbourgeois leftism, and bourgeois rightism.", "\n\nI'd say Mr. Breivik stems from a white aristocratic bourgeois right paradigm.", "\nCulture and race are also factors as you can see.", "\n\nIn a nut shell, In his view, white culture is under threat of annihilation in Europe due to\nmulticultural policies. ", "He views Communists as the perpetrators of\nmulticulturalism and immigrants as the invaders and destroyers of said culture.", "\n\nHe mentioned that only the future would understand what he has done,\nI can explain to you what he means. ", "He went in to a political leftist camp\nand slaughtered countless innocent kids, why did he do this?", "\nHe believes that he has eliminated high profile leftist leader's kids,\nhence preventing leftism from progressing in the future.", "\nAfter all, we give the future to our children, we also pass along ideology.", "\nSo in effect, he justified his killings by rationalizing that he is saving\nNorway by killing off future communist leaders.", "\n\nThat's his train of thought, as best as I can analyze anyways.", "\n\nWe can have very good conversations here on ATS,\nI welcome any mental stimulation. ", "I'm a centrist,\nso I tend to argue against both rightists and leftists.", "\n\nI think you are being taken by the propaganda. ", "Yes I think you will agree the right has moved very far right and you probly scratched your head and\nsaid I can see it but it seems nobody else can. ", "Well thats where the right winng propaganda plays in. ", "Fox news is part of the far right but they say\nthere fair and balanced which makes you think of the middle. ", "They created a fake tea party and picked thee most far right possible to make them seem\nin the middle. ", "The put on Glenn Beck and he draws on his chalk board where he thinks the middle is and makes it seem all those people who seem so far\nto the right are in the middle. ", "Now you are starting to doubt your self if your in the middle or not because the right moved so far. ", "Should you become\nright wing to make it seem yyour in middle or should you be yourself and not be over come by propaganda and think and do what they want which is move\nright.", "\n\nAnd there is a new way of creating a political group and it does not have to do with finding people you agree with. ", "Its a political group created by\npeople who hate the same person and they hide there views on anything except hate that person or that thing. ", "Thats not a political group that is a\nlynch mob of hate. ", "The tea party was turned this way after it started by the Koch Brothers who had a agenda. ", "That philosphy came from Ayn Rand.", "\n\nExcellent thread. ", "I do not have the education to write so eloquently as I'm sure some of you know by now. ", "But the sentiments expressed are just how I\nfeel lately. ", "So easy to hate and disrespect, as we see here, another internet forum. ", "I've actually let it get to me a few times and realized I have\nto learn to walk away as it were. ", "Some threads IMHO are just hate filled chatter that leads to nowhere fast. ", "That being said I still love coming to\nthis site regularly. ", "Like everything in life, I believe in the yin and yang, the good and bad. ", "Even the hate mongerers can sometimes teach us a thing,\neven if nobody realizes until later.", "\n\nThis content community relies on user-generated content from our member contributors. ", "The opinions of our members are not those of site ownership who maintains strict editorial agnosticism and simply provides a collaborative venue for free expression." ]

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[ "Crisis. ", "Se prevé que el rubro de salarios en el Senado se vuelva más crítico en diciembre, cuando inicie el próximo sexenio.", "\n\nAl hacer click en enviar quedaras regitrad@ a nuestro boletín el cual podrás cancelar en cualquier momento;no olvides revisar tu carpeta de spam.", "\n\nCIUDAD DE MÉXICO.", "\n\nAunque ya empezó a aplicar su política de austeridad, el Senado se autorizó un aumento de 15.8% en su presupuesto de gastos para octubre y noviembre.", "\n\nEsta alza incluye un incremento de 13.7% en los pagos de nómina de la Cámara respecto a lo que gastó en el mismo periodo del año previo.", "\n\nEn la sesión del pasado miércoles, el pleno conoció y autorizó el Presupuesto de Dietas, Honorarios y Gastos para octubre y noviembre, que suma 752 millones 425 mil 455 pesos.", "\n\nAsí, el Senado resultó 102 millones 855 mil 55 pesos más caro en comparación con el mismo bimestre de 2017, cuando utilizó 649 millones 570 mil 400 pesos.", "\n\nEl incremento, de acuerdo con información obtenida por Excélsior, se debe principalmente a los gastos en liquidaciones y finiquitos de quienes han sido despedidos o han renunciado en la lógica de austeridad que inició esta Legislatura.", "\n\nIncluso se espera que este gasto aumente en función de que se acerca el fin de año, cuando las condiciones laborales del Senado cambian sustancialmente a nivel legal.", "\n\nEl Senado se asigna 15% más de gasto bimestral\n\nAtribuyen el incremento a las liquidaciones de quienes renunciaron o los despidieron.", "\n\nEn medio de la aplicación de su política de austeridad, el pleno del Senado se autorizó un aumento de 15.8% en su presupuesto de gastos para los meses de octubre y noviembre, que incluye un incremento de 13.7% en los gastos de nómina, respecto del dinero que gastó el año pasado en ese bimestre.", "\n\nDurante la sesión del miércoles 31 de octubre, el pleno del Senado conoció y autorizó el Presupuesto de Dietas, Honorarios y Gastos para los meses de octubre y noviembre, que suman 752 millones 425 mil 455 pesos y que, comparados con los 649 millones 570 mil 400 pesos que el Senado utilizó en los meses de octubre y noviembre del 2017, se muestra que este bimestre de 2018 será 102 millones 855 mil 55 pesos más caro que el del año pasado; es decir, un incremento de 15.8 por ciento.", "\n\nDe acuerdo con la información obtenida entre los senadores que han comenzado a analizar el tema de la administración del Senado, el incremento en los gastos se debe principalmente a los gastos en liquidaciones y finiquitos de quienes han sido despedidos o han renunciado y que se espera aumente en función de que se acerque el fin de año, cuando las condiciones laborales del Senado cambiarán sustancialmente al nivel legal.", "\n\nEl incremento más significativo se registra en el rubro de Servicios Personales, que se refiere al gasto en la nómina, precisamente, pues se observa un aumento bimestral de 13.7%, al pasar de 430 millones 448 mil 200 pesos en el periodo octubre-noviembre de 2017 a 489 millones 600 mil 54 pesos para el mismo periodo de este año.", "\n\nSin embargo, los incrementos varían si se observan las cifras mensuales y se percibe que en octubre se registró un incremento de 15.4% en Servicios Personales, pues en octubre de 2017 el Senado gastó en este rubro un total de 215 millones 224 mil 100 pesos, en tanto que en octubre de este año el gasto se elevó a 248 millones 438 mil 404 pesos; es decir, hubo una alza de 33 millones 214 mil 304 pesos en los gastos de nómina, respecto de lo que se registró en octubre del año pasado.", "\n\nPara el mes de noviembre, el pleno del Senado aprobó el pasado miércoles que se gasten 241 millones 161 mil 650 pesos; es decir, 25 millones 937 mil 550 pesos más que en noviembre de 2017, cuando el gasto en nómina fue de 215 millones 224 mil 100 pesos; es decir, este mes de noviembre será 12% más caro en nómina que lo ocurrido el año pasado.", "\n\nEl mismo fenómeno se observa en cuanto al presupuesto total. ", "Si bien en el bimestre el incremento es de 15.8%, porque los meses de octubre y noviembre de este año resultaron 102 millones 855 mil 55 pesos más caros, el mes de noviembre es el que tuvo el mayor incremento.", "\n\nEn noviembre de 2017, el Senado gastó un total de 324 millones 785 mil 200 pesos; en noviembre de este año autorizó un gasto total de 387 millones 64 mil 198 pesos; es decir, 62 millones 278 mil 998 pesos más, lo que representa un incremento de 19.17 por ciento.", "\n\nOctubre de 2017 tuvo un presupuesto total de 324 millones 785 mil 200 pesos y octubre de este 2018 de 365 millones 361 mil 257 pesos; es decir, el mes que terminó apenas el miércoles fue 40 millones 576 mil 57 pesos más caro; esto es, un aumento de 12.4%, por lo que fue menor al registrado para noviembre.", "\n\nLa transparencia que caracteriza al Senado de la República en materia de presupuesto general permite hacer las comparaciones, pues los reportes de presupuesto mensual se localizan en la página electrónica, mientras que las cifras autorizadas el miércoles por el pleno fueron leídas durante la sesión pública de ese día.", "\n\nLa ley de derechos de autor prohíbe estrictamente copiar completa o parcialmente los materiales de Excélsior sin haber obtenido previamente permiso por escrito y sin incluir el link al texto original." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nChanging first matrix block\n\nI'm trying to target the first matrix block and changing the structure of the HTML, but nesting an IF statement within the loop but it's actually not doing anything, instead it's just displaying both the same. ", "\n<div id=\"accordion\" role=\"tablist\" class=\"accordion-vt\">\n{% for block in entry.contentMatrix %}\n{% if entry.contentMatrix.first %}\n\n <div class=\"card\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"headingOne\">\n <h1 class=\"mb-0\">\n <a data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#collapseOne\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"collapseOne\">\n {{ block.contentTitle }}\n </a>\n </h1>\n </div>\n\n <div id=\"collapseOne\" class=\"collapse show\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"headingOne\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n {{ block.contentDescription }}\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n\n {% else %}\n\n <div class=\"card\">\n <div class=\"card-header\" role=\"tab\" id=\"headingOne\">\n <h1 class=\"mb-0\">\n <a data-toggle=\"collapse\" href=\"#collapseOne\" role=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"collapseOne\">\n {{ block.contentTitle }}\n </a>\n </h1>\n </div>\n\n <div id=\"collapseOne\" class=\"collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"headingOne\" data-parent=\"#accordion\">\n <div class=\"card-body\">\n {{ block.contentDescription }}\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n{% endfor %}\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nYour condition {% if entry.contentMatrix.first %} will check if there exists a block in your field or not, it does not check if your current block is the first or not. ", "Since there is one the condition will always become true. ", "What you want to do is to check if you are in the first loop or not so I would suggest you to do something like this\n{% for key, block in entry.contentMatrix %}\n {% if key == 0 %}\n\nOr something like that \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStoring Google Places ID and passing to UIView\n\nI am having some issues storing place details from Google Places. ", "I can build the app fine but then crashes when I select a place from the GMSAutocompleteViewController... \n\"Could not cast value of type 'GMSPlace' (0x10075bec8) to 'NSString' (0x1afec1398).\"", "\nI would like to save the selected place data and then send that data to be displayed in a UIView and UITableView. ", "Not sure what I am doing wrong...\n // MARK: GOOGLE AUTO COMPLETE DELEGATE\n\n func viewController(_ viewController: GMSAutocompleteViewController, didAutocompleteWith place: GMSPlace) {\n\n // Do something with the selected place.", "\n // A hotel in Saigon with an attribution.", "\n// let placeID = \"ChIJV4k8_9UodTERU5KXbkYpSYs\"\n let placeID = GMSPlace.self\n\n placesClient.lookUpPlaceID((placeID as AnyObject) as! ", "String, callback: { (place, error) -> Void in\n if let error = error {\n print(\"lookup place id query error: \\(error.localizedDescription)\")\n return\n }\n\n guard let place = place else {\n print(\"No place details for \\(placeID)\")\n return\n }\n\n print(\"Place name \\(place.name)\")\n print(\"Place address \\(place.formattedAddress)\")\n print(\"Place placeID \\(place.placeID)\")\n print(\"Place attributions \\(place.attributions)\")\n })\n\n self.dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)\n\n setupConfirmationPopUp()\n\n }\n\nA:\n\nYour code (GMSPlace.self) is creating a reference to the GMSPlace type itself, not a particular instance. ", "The delegate method will provide back the instance of the GMSPlace that the view controller was able to autocomplete to. ", "Using this instance you can get the place ID from the property called placeID.", "\nTry.", "\nfunc viewController(_ viewController: GMSAutocompleteViewController, didAutocompleteWith place: GMSPlace) {\n\n // Do something with the selected place.", "\n // A hotel in Saigon with an attribution.", "\n // let placeID = \"ChIJV4k8_9UodTERU5KXbkYpSYs\"\n let placeID = place.placeID\n\n placesClient.lookUpPlaceID(placeID, callback: { (place, error) -> Void in\n if let error = error {\n print(\"lookup place id query error: \\(error.localizedDescription)\")\n return\n }\n\n guard let place = place else {\n print(\"No place details for \\(placeID)\")\n return\n }\n\n print(\"Place name \\(place.name)\")\n print(\"Place address \\(place.formattedAddress)\")\n print(\"Place placeID \\(place.placeID)\")\n print(\"Place attributions \\(place.attributions)\")\n })\n\n self.dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)\n\n setupConfirmationPopUp()\n\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Title\n\nAuthors\n\nPublication Date\n\n5-2010\n\nAdvisor(s) - Committee Chair\n\nDr. Albert J. Meier (Director), Dr. Blaine Ferrell, Dr. Ouida Meier\n\nDegree Program\n\nDepartment of Biology\n\nDegree Type\n\nMaster of Science\n\nAbstract\n\nAs the earth’s landscape becomes increasingly urbanized, local wildlife must adapt to urban conditions or migrate to areas that are more rural. ", "Urban wildlife face challenges such as direct loss of habitat, competition with non-native species, disturbance due to anthropogenic noise, and micro-climatic changes. ", "Factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and noise affect the acoustical environment and may affect the ability of many animals, including birds, to communicate.", "\n\nUnderstanding how urbanization affects birds’ singing behavior is critical because singing often plays a vital role in attracting mates and defending territories. ", "In addition, as global climate change occurs it will become increasingly important to understand the influence of abiotic factors such as temperature on the singing behavior of birds. ", "Developing a deeper understanding of how those abiotic factors affect singing and other associated behaviors may help guide future conservation actions.", "\n\nCarolina Wrens are often used to study the role of singing in defending territories. ", "They are also a common subject for ranging studies. ", "However, surprisingly little research has been conducted on the factors influencing Carolina Wren song activity over the course of a day. ", "No studies have compared the singing activity of Carolina Wrens in urban and rural environments. ", "The purpose of this study was to compare the singing activity of Carolina Wrens in urban and rural areas. ", "Specifically, this study looked for patterns in the timing of songs throughout the day and examined the effects of season, temperature, and anthropogenic noise on singing activity in urban and rural settings.", "\n\nI conducted Chi-square analyses to compare the seasonal or site-based observed frequencies of singing activity to the corresponding expected frequencies. ", "In May, Carolina Wrens at the urban site sang more than their rural counterparts. ", "Daily activity patterns were visually analyzed using the average number of songs detected for each hour’s sampling period. ", "No Carolina Wrens were heard singing the hour before sunrise or the hour after sunset. ", "In May, the dawn chorus lasted nearly twice as long as in July. ", "Zero-inflated Poisson regressions were used to determine the correlations between Carolina Wren singing activity and temperature or anthropogenic noise. ", "Carolina Wren singing activity had significant correlations with both variables." ]

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[ "\n121 Ind. App. ", "370 (1951)\n98 N.E.2d 920\nSAMS\nv.\nKERN.", "\nNo. ", "18,183.", "\nCourt of Appeals of Indiana.", "\nFiled May 28, 1951.", "\n*372 C. James McLemore, of Indianapolis, for appellant.", "\nJohnson & Zechiel, of Indianapolis, for appellee.", "\nWILTROUT, J.\nAppellant's action is for the possession of real estate and damages for its wrongful detention. ", "Appellee filed an answer and also a pleading which is denominated a cross-complaint for damages, based upon an assault and battery alleged to have occurred on a date subsequent to the date of the filing of the complaint.", "\nAppellant filed his demurrer to appellee's cross-action upon the ground that it does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. ", "The demurrer was overruled, and this action is assigned as error.", "\nTrial by jury resulted in a verdict against appellant on his complaint, and in favor of appellee on his cross-action in the sum of $450. ", "Judgment was entered accordingly.", "\nIn the memorandum to the demurrer appellant does not deny that a cause of action is stated. ", "Rather, the memorandum questions the propriety of the cross-action as such, as distinguished from its substantive sufficiency.", "\nAppellee urges that this question may not be raised by a demurrer, but only by a motion to strike.", "\nThe cause of action alleged by appellee is not germane to the subject-matter of the complaint. ", "It does not arise out of and is not connected with appellant's cause of action.", "\n*373 There is some discussion in the briefs as to the nature of the pleading filed by appellee, as to whether it is properly called a set-off, a counter-claim or a cross-complaint. \"", "The name given to a pleading, however, does not always truly characterize it. ", "It is the material facts incorporated therein that determine its force and effect.\" ", "New York Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Adams (1931), 202 Ind. 493, 176 N.E. 146.", "\nOur courts have often used the words \"counter-claim\" and \"cross-complaint\" indiscriminately, although, strictly speaking, they are not synonymous. ", "New York Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Adams, supra.", "\nJudge Flanagan has succinctly summarized the principal differences between the three types of proceedings in his Indiana Pleading and Procedure, § 187, p. 234: \"The distinguishing features of the set-off, counter-claim and cross-complaint are, (1) the set-off is a counter-action against the plaintiff and grows out of matter independent of his cause of action; (2) the counter-claim is a counter-action against the plaintiff but grows out of or is connected with his cause of action; (3) the cross-complaint also grows out of or is connected with plaintiff's cause of action but it is against one or more co-defendants. ", "See also: New York Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Adams, supra; State v. Patten (1936), 209 Ind. 482, 199 N.E. 577; Heaton v. Lynch et al. (", "1894), 11 Ind. App. ", "408, 38 N.E. 224; Burns' 1946 Replacement, §§ 2-1016, 2-1018.", "\nA cause of action sounding in tort may not be pleaded as a set-off, at least where the question is properly raised. ", "The Indianapolis and Cincinnati R.R. Co. v. Ballard et ux. (", "1864), 22 Ind. 448; Grose v. Dickerson (1876), 53 Ind. 460; Avery et al. ", "v. Dougherty (1885), 102 Ind. 443, 2 N.E. 123; French v. Fletcher Trust Co. (1938), *374 105 Ind. App. ", "221, 12 N.E.2d 386; Wainwright v. P.H. & F.M. Roots Co. (1912), 176 Ind. 682, 97 N.E. 8.", "\nAppellee's counter-action is not a cross-complaint because it is directed against appellant only. ", "It is not within the statutory definition of a counter-claim because it is not a matter arising out of or connected with appellant's cause of action. ", "Burns' 1946 Replacement, § 2-1018. ", "Inasmuch as it sounds in tort it is not proper as a set-off.", "\nThe proper practice in this case would have been for appellant to move to strike out. ", "2 Lowe's Revision, Works' Indiana Practice, § 17.25, p. 23; § 18.6, p. 34; § 19.16, p. 51; 1 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, § 142, p. 666; § 143, p. 668; Flanagan, Indiana Pleading and Procedure, § 165, p. 220; § 182, p. 232; § 191, p. 237; French v. Fletcher Trust Co., supra.", "\nIs a demurrer also a proper device by which to raise the question? ", "We hold that it is not.", "\nIt has been held that where a set-off states a cause of action the question of the right to interpose the set-off, in view of procedural restrictions, is not properly raised by demurrer, and it is not error to overrule the demurrer. ", "Howlett v. Dilts (1892), 4 Ind. App. ", "23, 30 N.E. 313; Boil et al. ", "v. Simms (1877), 60 Ind. 162.", "\nThere is no valid distinction as to the manner of raising the question based upon whether the pleading is a set-off, a counter-claim or a cross-complaint. ", "The same rule should therefore apply to all. ", "The demurrer statute does not include any provision which deals with this type of question. ", "Burns' 1946 Replacement, § 2-1007. ", "Nevertheless, it has been said, (referring to counter-claims) \"the Indiana cases are not entirely clear as to the proper procedure under which this question may be raised. ", "It has been assumed *375 that the question should be raised by a motion to strike out and thus it would follow that the question is not properly raised by a demurrer for insufficient facts, although other cases have indicated a contrary view.\" ", "1 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, § 143, p. 668. ", "The same author says, in Vol. ", "2, § 279(g), p. 1940:\n\"By implication at least a number of earlier cases held that the question of the propriety of a counterclaim as such (as distinguished from its substantive sufficiency) could be raised by demurrer for insufficient facts. ", "Other cases by implication at least have held that the question may be raised by motion to strike out. ", "The former holding is clearly incorrect and the latter correct. ", "It is settled in the cases on set-off and cross-complaints that the question may only properly be raised by motion to strike, and by analogy the same result must follow in this field.\"", "\nIn a number of cases, cited in 2 Lowe's Revision, Works' Indiana Practice, § 17.25, p. 24, note 2, both this court and the Supreme Court have passed upon demurrers for insufficient facts addressed to counter-claims where the propriety of the counter-claim, and not its substantive sufficiency, was questioned. ", "This alone does not approve of such use of a demurrer as being proper procedure. ", "It does not appear in the cases called to our attention or in those revealed by our research, that the question of the propriety of the use of a demurrer in place of a motion to strike was raised. ", "Both appellant and appellee seem to have assumed that the question was properly raised.", "\nMoreover, where the trial court accepts a demurrer as properly raising the question, as where such a demurrer is sustained, the defendant is not legally harmed if the counter-action was such that it should have been stricken out on motion. ", "The fact that the appellate courts in such cases have passed *376 upon the propriety of the counter-action is based upon the acceptance of the demurrer by the trial court as raising the question, and does not necessarily approve such procedure. ", "1 Gavit, Indiana Pleading and Practice, § 142, p. 666; § 143, p. 668. ", "Thus it has been held that sustaining a defective demurrer to a defective pleading is harmless. ", "Duffy v. England (1911), 176 Ind. 575, 584, 96 N.E. 704; State, ex rel. ", "v. Palmer (1915), 184 Ind. 7, 110 N.E. 213. ", "This court reached an opposite conclusion in Penn-American, etc., ", "Co. v. Harshaw, etc., ", "Co. (1910), 46 Ind. App. ", "645, 90 N.E. 1047, where demurrers were filed to set-offs and counter-claims and were sustained. ", "This court there ruled that while the question of procedural propriety of a counter-claim was raised by the demurrer, which was sustained, no question was raised by the sustaining of a demurrer to a set-off. ", "This result as to the set-offs was reached, erroneously we believe, by giving too broad an interpretation to the cases of Howlett v. Dilts, supra, and Boil et al. ", "v. Simms, supra, which went no further than to hold that it was not error to overrule such a demurrer to a set-off.", "\nIf the court overrules a demurrer for insufficient facts, which demurrer does not question the substantive sufficiency of a set-off, counter-claim or cross-complaint, then, indulging the necessary presumptions in favor of the trial court, we must conclude that the decision overruling the demurrer resulted from the fact that it was not a proper method of raising the question, and was not accepted as raising the question. ", "Any statements or implications to the contrary in any opinions of this court are hereby overruled.", "\nAppellant further contends that the damages assessed are excessive. ", "The evidence in this case is not before *377 us. ", "Appellant's argument is to the effect that the $450 damages awarded are excessive in view of the injuries pleaded. ", "No authorities are cited in support of this contention. ", "Severe personal injuries are alleged to have been sustained by reason of appellant's assault and battery of appellee with his fists and a knife, including bruises, a knife cut, and great pain and agony. ", "We cannot say, upon the record before us, that the damages are excessive.", "\nWe find no error, and the judgment is affirmed.", "\nRoyse, J., concurs in result.", "\nNOTE. ", "— Reported in 98 N.E.2d 920.", "\n" ]

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[ "View of the City Green stage. ", "The space, located on the corner of New York Ave. ", "and North 7th St. will be home to multiple events and partnerships this summer. ", "Concerts will be held there throughout the summer. ", "Events will begin in June.(Photo: Marina Affo/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)Buy Photo\n\nSHEBOYGAN -- The Sheboygan City Green will be home to family-friendly activities and community events this summer. ", "The City Green, which was built over the last year, is now ready to be used.", "\n\nThe space, located on the corner of New York Ave. ", "and N. 7th St. in Sheboygan, is in the lot which once housed the Boston Store.", "\n\n“While it was great to have the Boston Store downtown, there was always a connectivity issue moving pedestrians and traffic from 8th St. to activities on 7th St. near the John Michael Kohler Arts Center,\" said Chad Pelishek in a release. ", "Pelishek is the director of planning and development for the City of Sheboygan.", "\n\nEvents that will utilize the space include the Levitt Amp Concert Series and the Mid-Summer Festival of the Arts, both hosted by the John Michael Kohler Arts Center. ", "The Levitt Amp Concert Series will see bands perform most Thursdays throughout the summer. ", "Craft 30, a microbrew pub in Sheboygan, will also be using the space during their Summer Solstice Festival.", "\n\n\"It’s a great way to capitalize on the microbrew craze with an inviting outdoor festival in the heart of downtown,” said Amy Wilson, president and CEO of Visit Sheboygan, Inc.\n\nBuy Photo\n\nView from the The City Green, on the corner of New York Ave. ", "and North 7th St. behind the Encore Apartments. ", "The space will be home to multiple events and partnerships this summer. ", "The John Michael Kohler Arts Center and Mead Public Library are among the organizations utilizing the space this summer. ", "Events will begin in June.(Photo: Marina Affo/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)\n\nYoga for children and adults alike will also be offered on the space throughout the summer by the Sheboygan Parks and Recreation Department. ", "Mead Public Library will host family nights out in the space in June and July, which will feature fun activities for families.", "\n\n“Most of the events are free to the public. ", "There’s a nominal registration for yoga classes, but as always, the Levitt Amp concerts and Mid-Summer Festival of the Arts are free, as well as entry to the Picnic on the Green events, and the Craft 30 Summer Solstice Festival,\" Wilson said.", "\n\nVisit Sheboygan, Inc. will have two family-friendly picnics on the space this summer. ", "Both will be from 4 to 7 p.m. on Saturday, July 28, and Saturday, Aug. 18. ", "For more information on the picnics and upcoming events on the City Green, go to visitsheboygan.com.", "\n\nBuy Photo\n\nThe City Green, on the corner of New York Ave. ", "and North 7th St. will be home to multiple events and partnerships this summer. ", "The John Michael Kohler Arts Center and Mead Public Library are among the organizations utilizing the space this summer. ", "Events will begin in June.(Photo: Marina Affo/USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin)\n\nNew restaurants. ", "Store closings. ", "New developments. ", "Local business. ", "Streetwise is audience-driven business news about the Sheboygan area. ", "Got a question or a story tip? ", "Get in touch. ", "Contact Marina Affo at maffo@sheboyganpress.com or find her on twitter @marina_affo." ]

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[ "You Name It , I have It\n\nMyeongDong Topokki , One Utama\n\nTopokki is a popular Korean Street food that can be found everywhere in Korea . ", "For Korean s, Topokki is one of those famous dishes that is eaten as a snack or even a full meal . ", "Established in 2014 , Myeong Dong Topokki brought together various popular Korean street food under one roof in Malaysia and also serves a variety of Korean signature delicacies ranging from their famous Bibimbap to Bulgogi Rice . ", "Till today Up to date MyeongDong Topokki have three outlet that located in Klang Valley : Sunway Pyramid , Paradigm Mall and 1Utama .", "\n\nMyeong Dong Topokki emphasizes convenience , efficiency and quick service . ", "At MyeongDong Topokki , they offered the spacious and harmony atmosphere also makes it an ideal place for friends and family to gather to sharethe goodness of Korean delights and culture . ", "If you Don't really known , Myeong Dong is a shopping haven in South Korea and it's also well-known for its wide array of street food too .", "\n\nTHE ORIGIN of Topokki goes back to 1950s where it was first introduced to the small town . ", "This chewy rice cakes drenched with spicy red chili sauce derives from the royal household and it was a part of school lunches among students bringing back memories as a dish shared between pupils to discuss gossips . ", "Subway station in Seoul , MyeongDong Topokki was established , bringing together various Korean street food and a variety of Korean delicacies under one roof . ", "Besides the mouth-watering light snacks to main entrees , the main lure here is our top selling Topokki . ", "The uniqueness of the Topokki is that all ingredients are home-made which enable them to be the premier Korean restaurant in town , specializing in Topokki .", "\n\nRelying on Korean-made tea mixes , these refreshing drinks are sold in cute carry bags . ", "comes with four flavours – Honey Citron , Honey Jujube , Honey Apple and Honey Vera with the price tag of RM5.80 each .", "\n\nSeafood Ramyun\n\nKimali , Hangul Chicken , Tempura Squid and Mandu\n\nBulgogi Beef Deopbap\n\nDol Sot Bibimbap (Beef)\n\nCheese Ramyun\n\nKimbap\n\nI must say I am quite impressive with their creativity in making foods and snacks . ", "I like the Hangul Chicken and is a must try for those who wanted to try out what korean fried chicken taste like . ", "The chicken is chrispy and the tender of the chicken is awesome .", "\n\nSince The Pokemon fever is happening everywhere , get the refreshing drinks for only RM3 here just by showing your Charmander .", "\n\nMyeongDong Topokki doing A contest for consumer by doing funny Boomerang shots then post it on Facebook and Instagram with the hashtags and be patient to win 5 days Delicious meal and mysterious gifts .", "\n\nPost a comment\n\nPopular posts from this blog\n\n“What’s so special about this coconut shake?”those who love going for Klebang Coconut Shake whenever they are in Malacca. ", "According to them, it’s the best thing created to combat the sweltering heat.", "People come from all over the world to go to a particular stall.", "A more foolproof landmark would be a Caltex petrol station; if you're coming from the direction of Melaka Town, the Klebang Original Coconut Milkshake is right before the station on your right on the other side of the road.", "\n\nthey are officially open at 12.30pm.", "Even then, there's customer Started queuing and waiting while the workers were preparing the shake.the long queue at the stall was for those customers who want to 'ta-pao' (take away)\n\nThis is the special version which comes with a scoop of ice cream.-Normal shake (without ice cream) is RM1.50.-Special version is RM2.00.If you tapau, an extra 20 cents will be charged.", "\n\nthere's a dining area is loacted further in at the end of the alley,For those who wanna …\n\nNicsmann 1940s By Lewré Had opened their second outlet on May 2017 at The starling Mall that located in Damansara Utama or more familiar name called Damansara Uptown . ", "One of the famous district for Hard to find parking and double park office area , I'm not kidding dawg . ", "But not to worry if you visiting The Starling Mall because there was a huge parking space for someone like you that plan to Jalan Jalan in Starling .", "\n\nThe space at Nicsmann felt refined yet easy going and cozy feeling atmosphere . ", "I realised it wasn't so much of just the ambience that I was paying attention to . ", "There are indoor and outdoor dining that divided by th…\n\nThe Big Bowl Curry Noodle that famous and viral on social media now days , known as KL 巨無霸咖喱!!!", "\n\nA BLOG that i read that said they went for few time for this giant bowl curry noodle but fail to taste it on their first few time visit .The Reason why they miss out because the noodle stall was operating just for 2-3 hour per day , in just short period of 2-3 hours the big bowl noodle will sold out and the restaurant will be crowded by dining in or take away customer .", "\n\nAfter I done with the research , we planned 2 day ealier to smack the big bowl curry noodle , I wake up damm early in the morning at 6.30 A.M and reached there at 7A.M from PJ .", "\n\nGuess wat , we are the first customer that arrive and waited for one hour for our curry noodle , While waiting we look at the stall time to time to make sure when they gonna serve us the big bowl curry noodle . ", "meanwhile , the shop was started getting crowded and dozens of take away customer was surrounding the stall . ", "The situation was getting more …\n\nFound this well-known restaurant As Shop Lot at Jalan Kapar, Klang. ", "My Fren brought us there for dinner. ", "It's not far from Damnsara, only about 20 minutes drive (If Not Jam) .Located opposite KWSP, EON Bank and Kamdar. ", "Same row as Wisma Lembaga Tabung Haji.it is worth travel all the way to Klang for their seafood. ", "They have quite a number of signature dishes like 'Sheung Tong' La La, Tapioca Noodle, Mantis Prawn et cetera..\n\nNew Boston Restaurant have been existence for many years.", "We Wait our Dish for Half hour to 1 hour for all our dish that we order been served on the table...my fren said that if u come at 6PM to 9PM will be alot of ppl waitting for table and waited their dishes atleast for 2 hour..Anyway, if you guys do not mind waiting one hour plus to two hours, then why not....The food here is nice...A lot of tables was inside the restaurant, along side the walking way and even opposite of the restaurant,and the price is rather cheap! ", "In Cantonese, they say 'PENG,…\n\n-- Emerald Brilliant Cheongsam Boutique has a long history in Cheongsam making with more than 40 years of business experience since 1973 . ", "It specialized in making exquisite oriental clothing , nightgowns , Chinese fashion , suits , elegant Malay fashion and all kind of Uniform . ", "The Founder of Emerald Brilliant is no other than Mdm.", "Kong Yoon Yoon , she established Emerald Brilliant and started branding in 1973 at Yulek , Cheras . ", "three years after Emerald Brilliant move to SS2 and been going on till now . ", "Read more ....\n\nI'm Eddy Rush , A Malaysian born Chindian ( Chinese Mix Indian ) . ", "Grown up in both city of Kuala Lumpur and Ipoh , Educated with fluent Chinese , Bahasa and English . ", "A Lifestyle Blogger that loves to Travel and Food Hunting Across the world to share stories , Just like An ordinary person walking on the street . ", "A person that really inspired into photography , Loves to capture every moments and movement at any corner of the World . ", "The Photo I Captured and Stories I wrote In the blog shows every places that I have been is Wonderful , and worth to be shared . ", "A Person with Broken English writing on sentence , and trying to Improve more better day by day ." ]

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[ "Weather damsel in act\n\nDescription: Brooke is the weather damsel that is newest! ", "Her beginning debut may knock the socks off many viewers. ", "With her provocative poses, her hot voice, her yam-sized boobs, and the way slut just seems to be taking her clothes off during her record! ", "It is not long before Johnny just fucks her right then and there around the news desk!" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention concerns a power laser chain, for example of the carbon dioxide type, for providing infra-red light pulses having a wavelength of 10.6 microns.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nSuch a chain conventionally comprises the following elements arranged in series, following the path of the light beam:\nA laser oscillator for forming the beam into pulses; PA1 A modulator for shortening the pulses, that modulator comprising, at its output, a linear polarizer; PA1 A quarter wave plate suitably arranged fo transforming the linear polarization of the pulses into circular polarization; PA1 One or several laser amplifying elements for amplifying the light pulses which can subsequently be focussed on a target. ", "PA1 A laser oscillator forming the said beam; PA1 A first linear polarizer; PA1 A first transformer of the type transforming a linear polarization into a circular polarization and vice-versa; PA1 and a laser amplifying chain, characterized in that said amplifying chain is divided into a first and a second amplifying element and comprises, moreover, in series on the path of the said beam and between those two amplifying elements: PA1 a second transformer of the said type; PA1 a second linear polarizer crossed with the first; PA1 and a third transformer of the said type.", "\nThe function of the quarter wave plate is to protect the modulator from return pulses, which result from the retrodiffusion or reflecting of a part of the light received by the target. ", "Indeed, the pulses transmitted by that plate towards the target through the amplifying elements are polarized circularly and the same is therefore the case with the pulses retrodiffused by the latter. ", "After having been re-amplified by the elements, these retrodiffused pulses cross through the same quarter wave plate again in the opposite direction (return direction), this transforming their circular polarization into rectilinear polarization, with a polarization direction perpendicular to that which they had on the outgoing trajectory (go direction), at the output of the modulator. ", "The linear polarizer therefore stops them, this ensuring the protection of the modulator.", "\nSuch a chain is, for example, described in French patent No. ", "1 585 293, for a \"Non-return device for firing at a target by a laser,\" in the name of Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique. ", "It has a disadvantage when the energy of the pulses supplied is required to be increased by increasing the gain of the amplifier elements: if that gain exceeds a critical value, of 60 dB, for example, the inevitable presence of spurious reflecting or retrodiffusing surfaces at both ends of the amplifying chain causes the appearing of spontaneous laser oscillations which can be a great hindrance.", "\nThe aim of the present invention is to produce a power laser chain having an increased gain without any danger of the appearing of spontaneous oscillations." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nСделать ссылку для скачивания изображения с сайта\n\nКак в html или php сделать ссылку на скачивание изображения с сайта. ", "То есть что бы при нажатии на ссылку открывалось окошко браузера c предложением сохранить файл. ", "Нужен самый простой и надёжный способ, который будет работать во всех новых браузерах.", "\n\nA:\n\nСсылка такого вида:\n<a href=\"download.php?file=arrow.png\">Скачать картинку</a>\n\nА там:\n<?", "php\n\n$filename = '';\nif (isset($_GET['file'])) $filename = $_GET['file'];\n\nif (file_exists($filename)) {\n header(\"Content-type: application/x-download\");\n header(\"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=$filename\");\n readfile($filename);\n} else { header(\"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\"); echo '404 Not Found'; }\n\n?", ">\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nProbability of product of two exponential variable\n\nIf there are two independent exponential variables X and Y.\n$Pr(X < a)$ and $Pr(X < b)$ then what will be the probability $Pr(X*Y<c)$?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf $X$ and $Y$ have rate parameters $\\mu$ and $\\lambda$, so their pdf's are $f_X(x) = \\mu e^{-\\mu x}$ and $f_Y(y) = \\lambda e^{-\\lambda y}$ for $x,y \\ge 0$, then for $c > 0$,\n$$ Pr(X Y < c) = \\int_0^\\infty dx \\int_0^{c/x} dy\\; \\mu \\lambda e^{-\\mu x - \\lambda y} = 1-2\\,\\sqrt { {c\\mu\\lambda}}{{ K}_{1}\\left(2\\,\\sqrt {\nc\\mu\\lambda}\\right)}\n$$ \nwhere $K_1$ is a modified Bessel function of the second kind.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Earn to Die 2\n\nEarn to Die 2 is a mobile game developed by Russian indie studio Toffee Games. ", "Earn to Die 2 sees a departure from the familiar desert setting of the original game, and delves into the depths of cities overrun by zombies. ", "Players have to defend the city in order to win the game level.", "\n\nReception\n\nCritical reception for Earn to Die 2 has been mixed and the game holds a rating of 63 out of 100 on Metacritic, signifying \"mixed or average reviews\". ", "Touch Gamer rated the game favorably and wrote \"With the advance we've seen from E2D 1 to E2D 2, I think the future looks pretty bright for this game franchise, and there are some areas they could pretty smoothly transition into.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2014 video games\nCategory:Action video games\nCategory:Android (operating system) games\nCategory:Indie video games\nCategory:IOS games\nCategory:Single-player video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Russia\nCategory:Zombie video games" ]

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[ "Emergency department complaints: a ten-year review.", "\nThis 10-year (May 1986-31 December 1995) retrospective study was done to analyse the types of complaints received by the National University Hospital's Emergency Department (NUH EMD), so as to take remedial measures. ", "It was done by reviewing three sources of complaints received by the department, namely formal written complaints, verbal feedback received by the Corporate Affairs Department, and via feedback forms. ", "The areas of complaints looked for included the nature, number, validity, whether remediable and triage priority of the patients. ", "One hundred and eighty-eight subcategories of complaints were received from 169 complaints. ", "The complaint frequency was 0.26 per 1,000 visits or 1 complaint per 3,846 visits. ", "The complaint frequency over the 10 years did not vary much (range 0 to 0.44). ", "Most of the complaints are divided into 4 broad categories ie medical, doctor-patient/paramedical staff-patient relationship, patient flow/logistics at EMD and in-house complaints. ", "The majority (71.3%) of the complaints were due to medical and doctor-patient relationship problems. ", "Complaints tend to arise from Priority 2 and 3 rather than Priority 1 patients. ", "33.7% of the complaints were considered valid, 21.6% not valid while in the remaining 44.7%, validity could not be determined. ", "48.4% of complaints were likely to be remediable. ", "Based on this study, we have since instituted a compulsory emergency department-driven \"Customer Service Training Programme\" and weekly teaching sessions for each incoming group of medical officers posted to the NUH EMD." ]

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[ "Author has written 17 stories for Danny Phantom, Gundam Wing/AC, and Repo! ", "The Genetic Opera.", "\n\nHmmm... what to say, what to say? ", "There's so much about me that I'm sure you all want to know... not. ", "Well, I'm 21, I've been writing for nine years, and I'm really comfortable with what I do. ", "I absolutely love writing. ", "I got wrapped up in the fanfiction thing by a fluke; I was websurfing. ", "I did it for a long time, and then life got in the way, but I'm trying really hard to make myself sit down and do it again. ", "It's so much fun, and a great exercise to improve writing skills. ", "So that's the writing thing... what else do you want to know?", "\n\nEducationally: I'm a student of life, and I'm not even close to graduating. ", "Otherwise, I'm in college. ", "That graduation date is a little closer. ", ";D\n\nSexually: Female, like a spoon. ", "You know, mostly straight?", "\n\nPhysically: You don't want to know. ", "It's scary. (", "Shivers)\n\nMentally: You're kidding, right?", "\n\nI'm crazy, I'm an ex-bando/choir geek, my favorite fandom is Danny Phantom, but I recently got really into Gundam Wing and Repo! ", "The Genetic Opera, among other things... I like making new friends (though I'm weird, so they don't always get me), and... uh... o.O\n\nATTENTION! ", "I'm going to be trying something new, a little thing called SAGEPOINTS. ", "From this point on in my stories I'll be asking little questions about further plot advancement and past stories of mine, or even about the fandoms... or just random stuff. ", "If answered correctly in reviews, the reviewer will receive a SagePoint. ", "Once a reviewer has accumulated fifteen SagePoints, they'll get a special gift from me to them, the faithful reader. ", "So good luck to all, and I hope to have fun with this.", "\n\nIn the hard-earned peace following the war, much has changed from the days when Jake and Neytiri were new to each other. ", "Yet, some things will always be the same. ", "Fluffy one-shot, set in the movie universe. ", "Rev 11/19/10.", "\n\n[The first time she slept over, it was unplanned.] ", "Rather introspective look at Heero and Relena and a facet of their relationship. ", "Relena stays over at Heero's, and he lets her wear his clothes to bed, with interesting effects. [", "1xR]\n\n[Oneshot] Heero opens up to Relena when they meet after a memorial service, and together they realize there are alternatives to tears. ", "1xR LIME Heed the M rating and read the author's notes. ", "ALL comments and criticisms are welcome.", "\n\nSpring Break finally rolls around, and Danny has major plans for Sam. ", "But when his parents force him to go out of town for a campus tour, they’re ruined. ", "Of course, when you’re a hormonal eighteenyearold with ghost powers, what’s ruined? ", "5 of 5 IC Arc DxS\n\nAs cool as Danny’s Ghostly Wail is, he probably shouldn’t have used it more than four times in one sitting... The doctor had been to see him three times in that fortnight and every time he’d concluded that Danny had contracted Tonsillitis... MAJOR DXS\n\n[Currently under construction, though it is done.] ", "An exploration of the 'psychic connection' that Danny and Sam are famous for. ", "Is it real or was it a game? ", "This is the explanation behind the label, the whys, whens, and hows. DxS focus.", "\n\nI had finally finished it. ", "The weight of my responsibility was lifted from my shoulders, but only to be replaced by the even larger weight of guilt. ", "I was justified until all secrets revealed themselves... A OneShot\n\nIn real life, people are in no way confident when they pop the big question. ", "Danny's confidence level is minus 67. ", "He's blabbering away like an idiot. ", "And Sam is trying to figure out exactally what it is he's trying to tell her. ", "For my dad.", "\n\n[HIATUS, maybe forever o.O]When an evil Cupidlike ghost comes out from the portal, will Danny and Sam's friendship be able to withstand its tests? ", "Or will Tucker just do something really stupid to get them all killed? ", "Yeah, probably.", "\n\nDanny Phantom Danny's up against a new ghost, and this one has the power to make nightmares real. ", "But somewhere in the struggle, Sam gets hurt, and Danny's worse nightmare becomes a reality. ", "eventually DS Please R&R :D! ", "COMPLETE!", "\n\nINCOMPLETE: Sequel to Oh, It's On. ", "Vlad gets the help of the Knight of Darkness, Tucker finds something new with a magical woman out for revenge, Danny and Sam have their lives changed. ", "It's long...a summary can't really cut it. ", "DxS TxOC Some GhostxGhost\n\nYear 2061. ", "Shilo is starting a Zydrate rehab center, but will the Largos stand for it? ", "Of course not. ", "Also, in order for her plan to work, Shilo has to bank on Graverobber changing at least some of his ways...maybe. :: ", "Grilo later on, rated M to be safe.", "\n\nDanny, Tucker, and Sam finally get invited to one of Dash's parties in Senior year, but something goes very wrong, and Tucker is thrown into one of the strangest situations...rated M for difficult themes" ]

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[ "Michigan State coach Tom Izzo says he still hasn't decided whether he will leave the Spartans to coach the Cleveland Cavaliers.", "\n\nIzzo told reporters late Thursday night that \"it won't go on forever, I can tell you that.\"", "\n\nThe coach had just arrived back in East Lansing, Mich., after traveling to Cleveland on Thursday afternoon with his wife, daughter and son.", "\n\nIzzo said: \"I feel bad that I can't talk. ", "I feel good that I did what I had to do.\"", "\n\nIzzo is apparently closer to saying yes to the Cavaliers than previously thought, a source told ESPN.com's Andy Katz on Thursday.", "\n\nThat source discussed Izzo's future with a close confidant of Izzo's who is coaching in the NBA. ", "The source told Katz that Izzo, who talked to his team earlier this week about his interest in the Cavaliers, is leaning toward taking the job if it is offered.", "\n\n\"Three weeks ago that wasn't the case, but it has changed,'' the source said.", "\n\nAfter flying to Cleveland in one of Cavs owner Dan Gilbert's jets, Izzo spent several hours visiting with members of the front office and touring the team's facilities on Thursday.", "\n\nIzzo, who has been courted by pro teams in the past, is believed to be mulling a contract worth up to $6 million a season from the Cavaliers, who fired Mike Brown last month after they lost in the second round of the playoffs to Boston despite having the league's best regular-season record for the second straight year.", "\n\nIt is not known if Izzo gave the Cavs a decision or a timetable for one.", "\n\nNew Cleveland general manager Chris Grant said the Cavaliers have spoken to a \"number\" of candidates, but did not divulge any names. ", "The team has inquired about Milwaukee assistant Kelvin Sampson.", "\n\nIzzo landed at County Airport in Richmond Heights, Ohio. ", "His plane, which left East Lansing, Mich., was diverted there because of the number of TV cameras at Burke Lakefront Airport, the person said. ", "Gilbert did arrive at Burke, which is a short drive from Quicken Loans Arena, the Cavs' downtown home." ]

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[ "?", "\n27918\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 30 and 249.", "\n2490\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 27 and 195?", "\n1755\nFind the common denominator of 83/6 and 167/24354.", "\n24354\nCalculate the least common multiple of 133 and 21.", "\n399\nCalculate the least common multiple of 10 and 7.", "\n70\nFind the common denominator of 6/7 and -61/7530.", "\n52710\nWhat is the least common multiple of 189 and 11?", "\n2079\nFind the common denominator of -34/77 and 39/5.", "\n385\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 10 and 36.", "\n180\nFind the common denominator of 64/21 and 139/324.", "\n2268\nFind the common denominator of 1/11 and -43/1881.", "\n1881\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 1 and 7?", "\n7\nFind the common denominator of 17/4851 and 53/882.", "\n9702\nFind the common denominator of 39/16750 and 101/4.", "\n33500\nCalculate the common denominator of -121/80 and -57/100.", "\n400\nFind the common denominator of 103/462 and 123/10.", "\n2310\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 272 and 2?", "\n272\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 1005 and 24?", "\n8040\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 22 and 356?", "\n3916\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 30 and 195.", "\n390\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 2709 and 129.", "\n2709\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 8 and 70.", "\n280\nFind the common denominator of -23/44 and 19/4.", "\n44\nFind the common denominator of -21/104 and 87/2.", "\n104\nWhat is the common denominator of 7/11 and -4/47?", "\n517\nFind the common denominator of 103/60 and 107/72.", "\n360\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 1532 and 180?", "\n68940\nCalculate the common denominator of -103/10 and -63/214.", "\n1070\nCalculate the common denominator of -37/4512 and 99/14.", "\n31584\nCalculate the least common multiple of 188 and 10.", "\n940\nWhat is the least common multiple of 387 and 267?", "\n34443\nWhat is the least common multiple of 249 and 27?", "\n2241\nCalculate the common denominator of -17/8 and 27/70.", "\n280\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 9 and 640.", "\n5760\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 290 and 232.", "\n1160\nCalculate the least common multiple of 51 and 6600.", "\n112200\nFind the common denominator of 53/150 and 1/705.", "\n7050\nWhat is the least common multiple of 66 and 84?", "\n924\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 20 and 23?", "\n460\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 15040 and 10?", "\n15040\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 61 and 25?", "\n1525\nWhat is the common denominator of 87/62 and -53/412?", "\n12772\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 9246 and 18?", "\n27738\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 36 and 60.", "\n180\nCalculate the common denominator of -83/3874 and 109/22.", "\n42614\nWhat is the least common multiple of 4628 and 22?", "\n50908\nWhat is the least common multiple of 54 and 3?", "\n54\nWhat is the least common multiple of 36 and 99?", "\n396\nWhat is the common denominator of 101/8 and -13/2?", "\n8\nFind the common denominator of -85/22 and -67/116.", "\n1276\nFind the common denominator of -59/210 and 4/75.", "\n1050\nWhat is the common denominator of 19/4240 and 3/212?", "\n4240\nFind the common denominator of -5/447 and -18.", "\n447\nCalculate the common denominator of 139/5070 and -37/12675.", "\n25350\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 234 and 24?", "\n936\nWhat is the common denominator of 79/90 and 67/72?", "\n360\nFind the common denominator of 83/16 and 65/441.", "\n7056\nCalculate the common denominator of 73/15 and -97/2544.", "\n12720\nWhat is the common denominator of -39/35 and -54/65?", "\n455\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 116 and 11.", "\n1276\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 204 and 714?", "\n1428\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 561 and 195?", "\n36465\nCalculate the least common multiple of 3114 and 16.", "\n24912\nCalculate the common denominator of 16/161 and -17/49.", "\n1127\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 372 and 1581?", "\n6324\nFind the common denominator of 157/84 and -81/1372.", "\n4116\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 260 and 6?", "\n780\nWhat is the common denominator of -62/57 and -53/444?", "\n8436\nFind the common denominator of 31/60 and 67/1068.", "\n5340\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 259 and 1813?", "\n1813\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 154 and 4.", "\n308\nCalculate the common denominator of 21/451 and -33/41.", "\n451\nFind the common denominator of -139/138 and 7/54.", "\n1242\nWhat is the common denominator of 1/412 and -14?", "\n412\nCalculate the least common multiple of 24 and 21.", "\n168\nFind the common denominator of 17/48 and 179/120.", "\n240\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 495 and 123.", "\n20295\nCalculate the common denominator of 79/12 and -67/15.", "\n60\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 128 and 56.", "\n896\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 4 and 8.", "\n8\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 632 and 12.", "\n1896\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 6468 and 11319.", "\n45276\nFind the common denominator of -47/712 and -19/2.", "\n712\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 42 and 182?", "\n546\nWhat is the common denominator of 73/6 and -59/8280?", "\n8280\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 16 and 528?", "\n528\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 22 and 1676.", "\n18436\nCalculate the common denominator of 47/36 and -23/24.", "\n72\nWhat is the least common multiple of 288 and 33?", "\n3168\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 1925 and 75.", "\n5775\nWhat is the common denominator of -139/2400 and -53/1050?", "\n16800\nFind the common denominator of 41/24 and -91/88.", "\n264\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 5 and 1492.", "\n7460\nWhat is the least common multiple of 472 and 177?", "\n1416\nWhat is the least common multiple of 2 and 142?", "\n142\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 384 and 96?", "\n384\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 24 and 1635?", "\n13080\nCalculate the common denominator of -115/264 and 19/84.", "\n1848\nCalculate the common denominator of -58/135 and -23/36.", "\n540\nCalculate the least common multiple of 649 and 319.", "\n18821\nWhat is the least common multiple of 20 and 562?", "\n5620\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 8 and 12?", "\n24\nWhat is the common denominator of -131/48 and -37/18?", "\n144\nCalculate the common denominator of -25/34 and -67/612.", "\n612\nWhat is the least common multiple of 35 and 42?", "\n210\nCalculate the least common multiple of 75 and 55.", "\n825\nFind the common denominator of -88/435 and 79/40.", "\n3480\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 6 and 1578.", "\n1578\nWhat is the common denominator of -43/253 and -27/1196?", "\n13156\nWhat is the common denominator of 7/720 and -23/60?", "\n720\nWhat is the least common multiple of 1778 and 9?", "\n16002\nCalculate the common denominator of 67/5180 and 19/925.", "\n25900\nFind the common denominator of -59/28 and -37/466.", "\n6524\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 18 and 11.", "\n198\nCalculate the common denominator of -35/216 and -49/648.", "\n648\nCalculate the common denominator of 47/104 and 109/40.", "\n520\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 1485 and 55?", "\n1485\nCalculate the common denominator of 97/156 and -35/81.", "\n4212\nWhat is the least common multiple of 256 and 448?", "\n1792\nCalculate the common denominator of 137/84 and -173/168.", "\n168\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 64 and 24?", "\n192\nCalculate the lowest common multiple of 25 and 5.", "\n25\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 24 and 88?", "\n264\nCalculate the common denominator of -48/6127 and -64/5013.", "\n55143\nCalculate the smallest common multiple of 4 and 1350.", "\n2700\nWhat is the least common multiple of 80 and 4192?", "\n20960\nWhat is the common denominator of -143/270 and 57/170?", "\n4590\nFind the common denominator of -41/48 and 109/80.", "\n240\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 3672 and 4?", "\n3672\nCalculate the common denominator of -23/666 and -13/36.", "\n1332\nCalculate the least common multiple of 10 and 11130.", "\n11130\nWhat is the common denominator of 99/3988 and -46/3?", "\n11964\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 66 and 60?", "\n660\nCalculate the common denominator of -54/385 and -53/880.", "\n6160\nWhat is the common denominator of 17/10 and -41/2574?", "\n12870\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 494 and 342?", "\n4446\nWhat is the lowest common multiple of 162 and 459?", "\n2754\nCalculate the least common multiple of 3 and 2160.", "\n2160\nWhat is the common denominator of -52/703 and -53/148?", "\n2812\nWhat is the smallest common multiple of 54 and 15?", "\n270\nFind the common denominator of -101/414 and -7/10.", "\n2070\nFind the common denominator of 6/73 and 5/219.", "\n219\nCalculate the common denominator of 55/2 and 81/2360.", "\n2360\nCalculate the common denominator of -19/15 and 109/110.", "\n330\nCalculate the common de" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Thursday, 29 May 2014\n\nI have been coding mainly in Python for a while now, using Sublime Text instead of an IDE. ", "Recently, I have been looking at Java again, in order to develop Android applications. ", "Now I understand all the benefits of Object Oriented Programming, generalization, abstraction, etc, but after coding pythonically for a while, Java programmers seem to overdo a little bit, sometimes. ", "And by a little bit, I mean a lot, and by sometimes I mean nearly always. ", "It feels like you can't do anything without implementing three abstract classes, extending two helper classes and creating a connector class, with a communicator class, and a helper class for each of these, and then some helper methods to help the helpers help other helpers. ", "Just like big organizations, it becomes very difficult to find out where responsibility is actually being taken, instead of passed on to someone else, and the hierarchies become taller than your average Ent.", "\n\nA good example is found in a newly created Android Project in Eclipse with the ADT plugin. ", "The project space is seen below:\n\nHierarchies...\n\nHere we can see a pretty impressive hierarchy. ", "There's a directory called gen for Generated Java Files, it contains a single directory called android.support.v7.appcompat, which contains a single Java class file called BuildConfig.java, which contains a single class called BuildConfig, which contains a single variable (a boolean), which is set to true. ", "Yes, that's a 5 layer hierarchy to store a single boolean constant.", "\n\nSaturday, 24 May 2014\n\nThere are two types of people in this world, technology natives and technology immigrants. ", "The first have grown up with technology, while the second have been introduced to it. ", "While there are many ways to identify a native, the easiest way is to watch how he or she handles dialogue boxes. ", "Immigrants will always read every word on a dialogue box, sometimes even hovering the mouse pointer underneath the word they are currently reading (\"Would __ you __ like __ to __ save __changes __ to __ 'letter to Mr Jones written on 22 May 2014 revision 2 (2).2.docx'\"), while natives subconsciously hit the desired option after only a glance at the text and buttons. \"", "How did you know you had to press that button?\" ", "I sometimes get asked by an immigrant. ", "I think about it, and work out I have no idea -- it's just a natural action like taking a step forward or chewing a mouthful of food. ", "It's actually more difficult if I consciously think about it.", "\n\nBut then there are some really, really badly worded dialogues. ", "And when I encounter these I feel like an immigrant. ", "For example, once an FNB ATM has given you cash it will display \"Select yes if you prefer a receipt for this transaction\". ", "What really rankles about this is that I can only imagine how many board meetings went into the design of this one dialogue. \"", "Wait, we need to save paper, so let's try to discourage people from having a receipt. ", "You need to opt-in to getting a receipt, rather than opt-out.\" \"", "OK, but that's a bit confusing. ", "It needs to be clear, as not everyone will speak English as a first language. ", "Imagine if they got a receipt when they wanted not to. ", "That would be a calamity\". \"", "I agree, let's get some more caviar in here. ", "I've just polished this lot off.\"", "\n\nEither \"Would you like a receipt?\" ", "got rejected, or was never thought of in the first place. ", "Every single time I see \"Select yes if you would prefer a receipt for this transaction\" I have to think about it. ", "I stand in front of the ATM like an idiot, reading and rereading the simple message, while my brain switches over from subconscious to concious control, trying to figure out if I need to press Yes or No. ", "A simple \"Would you like a receipt?\" ", "or even just \"Receipt?\" ", "would prevent this, and in an ideal world where that was the case, I would currently have an extra several minutes of my life to spend however I wanted. ", "In fact I would have more time than that, because in addition to the several seconds for each use of an FNB ATM, I would also have the time taken to write this post.", "\n\nMonday, 19 May 2014\n\nNote - I have not actually yet managed to achieve what I set out to do, but below is a good starting point for using the Dropbox and Mega APIs through Python.", "\n\nMy Dropbox 50GB 2 year trial period expires in a couple of weeks' time. ", "Mega however offers 50GB for free with no current time limit.", "\n\nIt makes sense then to migrate from Dropbox to Mega. ", "Unfortunately the number of files I have on Dropbox means that it would be a pain to do this manually. ", "Luckily both services provide APIs, and client libraries exist for Python. ", "It would be nice if one could do this to move all Dropbox files to Mega, maintaining the directory hierarchy.", "\n\nimport megaimport dropboxm = mega.login(username, password)d = dropbox.login(username, password)for f in d.get_files(): m.upload(f)Unfortunately, one can't. ", "It's a bit more complicated.", "The first step is to head over to the Dropbox website and get some API keys. ", "Go here https://www.dropbox.com/developers/apps, click on Create App and select Dropbox API App.", "\n\nChoose the following settings:\n\nFiles and Datastores (What type of data does you app need to store on Dropbox?)", "\n\nNo (Can your app be limited to its own folder?)", "\n\nAll file types (What type of files does your app need access to?)", "\n\nYou should be taken to a page which contains, among other things, an App key and an App secret. ", "Take note of these.", "\n\nInstall the relevant Python packages:\n\npip install dropboxpip install mega\nCreate a file called dropboxtomega.py and open it in your favourite text editor, Sublime Text. (", "If this isn't your favourite text editor, give it a try; it soon will be).", "\nThe following code loops through all the files in your Dropbox account and saves them to the local folder, perfectly maintaining the directory structure. ", "This isn't what we want to do (if we did, we'd just have used the official Dropbox sync app), but it's a good starting point.", "\n\nAlthough the Mega API does provide the functionality to create folders and to save files to specific folders, this doesn't work too well with the library I'm using. ", "Let's leave Dropbox for now and take a look at Mega:mega = Mega({'verbose':True}) #shows upload progressm = mega.login(\"yourname@youremail.com\",\"yourmegapassword\")m.upload(\"path/to/file.ext\")Looks simple, right? ", "No API keys or access tokens. ", "It Just Works. ", "To create a directory I should be able to do:m.create_folder(\"my_folder\")\n\nWhich works. ", "Then I should also be able to do this:\n\nm.create_folder(\"my_sub_folder\", dest=\"my_folder\")Which doesn't. ", "It seems to succeed but the folder does not appear. ", "I should also be able to do this:m.upload(\"myfile.txt\",dest=\"my_folder\")Which throws a timeout error. ", "Just when things looked like they would be easy.", "\nAlthough we seem to be having difficulties moving the files and maintaining directory structure, we can still move the files, abandoning our hierarchy. ", "This could be useful if, for example, the script had to run on a machine with less hard drive space available than the total amount of data stored in Dropbox. ", "The recurse function used to upload is as follows. ", "The biggest disadvantage of this is that it requires that None of your files in Dropbox have the same name, even if they are in different directories. ", "It would be trivial to catch exceptions and append a -1, -2, etc to the end of such files, but that's hacky enough to make even me cringe. ", "Note that even though the response from the Dropbox API seems to be a Python file object, it is in fact a custom REST Response object. ", "The easiest way to ensure the data is a the format needed by the Mega API is to save the object to a temporary operating system file and to upload it that. ", "This does add a lot of unnecessary disk IO, and there may well be a better way of converting the REST object to a Python file object.", "\n\nThe easy route out. ", "Download the Dropbox sync app (which you probably have already if you've been using Dropbox). ", "Download the Mega sync app. ", "Once all your Dropbox files are synced to a local Dropbox folder, copy them to a local Mega folder, and allow the Mega app to sync back to the cloud.", "\n\nPros: fast, easy, likely to work\nCons: You don't get to mess around with Python and APIs\n\nAbout Me\n\nI'm far away from home in this country called \"Europe\". ", "I'm studying towards a Master's in Computational Linguistics (I think - this might help: https://xkcd.com/114/). ", "I write about web applications and Python and other things that you may find interesting (considering you got this far)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Second generation topological insulator (TI) materials such as Bi~2~Te~3~, Bi~2~Se~3~ and Sb~2~Te~3~ with common structural characteristics of gapped insulating bulks and metallic conducting surfaces have gained great attention in recent years[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5]. ", "TI surfaces exhibit the linear Dirac spectrum dispersion, resulting in a unique electronic property[@b6]; however, optical properties and applications require further exploration. ", "Since Bernard *et al.* ", "initially identified Bi~2~Te~3~ as an effective saturable absorber in 2012[@b7]; the application values of TIs in nonlinear photonics have received enhanced research interests. ", "Wen and Zhang's group has worked to promote the development of TIs-based nonlinear photonics. ", "They made researches to explore the applications of TIs-based saturable absorbers in mode-locking and Q-switching from optical to microwave region[@b8][@b9][@b10][@b11][@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16][@b17]. ", "Lee *et al.* ", "utilized bulk-structured Bi~2~Te~3~ with modulation depth of 7.7% to generate passively Q-switched 1.89 μm fiber laser with a threshold of 175 mW and maximum output power of 0.68 mW[@b18]. ", "Chen *et al.* ", "synthesized layered Bi~2~Te~3~ with a liquid exfoliation approach, and the modulation depth and saturation intensity of the layered Bi~2~Te~3~ was \\~22% and \\~57 MW/cm^2^ at 1.5 μm, respectively. ", "The stable passively Q-switched operation utilizing this obtained Bi~2~Te~3~ could be performed at a threshold of 67 mW. The maximum output power and pulse energy is 19.56 mW and 1.525 μJ, respectivley[@b19].", "\n\nIt is well know that the following condition needs to be satisfied to obtain stable continuous-wave mode locking without Q-switching instabilities[@b20].", "\n\nwhere *E*~*p*~ is the intracavity pulse energy, and Δ*m* is the modulation depth of the saturable absorber. *", "E*~*L,sat*~ and *E*~*A,sat*~ represent the effective saturation energy of the gain medium and saturable absorber, respectively. ", "In order to generate stable Q-switched pulses, the saturable absorber requires a large saturation energy and high modulation depth to suppress mode-locked pulses from fiber laser with the cavity dispersion well controlled.", "\n\nHowever, the saturation energy and modulation depth are largely determined by the morphology and size of the saturable absorber. ", "Bulk-structured TIs or exfoliated TI flakes generally exhibit large size/thickness or irregular profile with planar dimensions of several micrometers. ", "In this case, a large saturation energy and high modulation depth are hardly obtained due to the increased absorption cross-section of the ground state and decreased metallic surface states[@b21]. ", "Moreover, the poor dispersion of the bulk-structured TIs or exfoliated TI flakes in the solvents might degrade the performance repeatability/stability of optoelectronic devices.", "\n\nTherefore, fabrication of the nanostructured-TIs with high yield is expected to generate a large saturation energy and high modulation depth, and to obtain stable Q-switched pulses. ", "In our work, TI: Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates were synthesized via a solvothermal process. ", "The nanoplates retain average size controlled from 650.8 to 736.5 nm, thickness of approximately 10 nm, and uniform size distribution. ", "Excellent dispersibility in various solvents of the nanoplates is also obtained. ", "The nanoplates exhibit the saturable absorption characteristic, identified by open-aperture Z-scan measurement. ", "Stable passively Q-switched operations were performed at 1.5 μm utilizing the screened nanoplates with uniform size distribution due to the high modulation depth of 45.95% and large saturation intensity of 4.6 GW/cm^2^.\n\nConsequently, a systematic investigation was conducted from the controllable synthesis of Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates to the application in passively Q-switched laser at 1.5 μm. ", "The saturable absorber with nanostructure was revealed to be significant in promoting the performance of Q-switched lasers and the nanostructured Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates are also expected to be successfully applied in performance improvement of the other optoelectronics devices.", "\n\nExperimental\n============\n\nBi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates were synthesized by a modified solvothermal process according to the references[@b22][@b23]. ", "Typically, 1 mmol bismuth chloride, 1.5 mmol sodium tellurite, 8 mmol sodium hydroxide and PVP with certain qualities was weighted. ", "BiCl~3~, Na~2~TeO~3~ and NaOH were respectively dissolved in 10 mL ethylene glycol (EG) with ultrasound applied to obtain transparent solutions. ", "PVP was added to EG solution of BiCl~3~ and then magnetically stirred until completely dissolved (designated as S1). ", "EG solution of Na~2~TeO~3~ was then introduced into S1 to generate a milky solution. ", "Once the NaOH added, the mixed solution became transparent again and the homogenous solution was transferred to a sealed 50 mL Teflon autoclave and heated at 180 °C for 36 h. The resulting products displayed a gray-black color and were washed repeatedly with ethanol by centrifugations.", "\n\nX-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were characterized by a Bruker diffractometer utilizing Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). ", "Product dispersed in ethanol was deposited on glass slide surface and XRD data collected from the dried coatings. ", "Raman spectra were recorded on a Raman spectrometer (Renishaw inVia, Gloucestershire, UK) utilizing a 532 nm laser as the excitation source. ", "Morphologies and sizes of the products were observed by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, Nova NanoSEM430) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL-2100F). ", "High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) were conducted on the JEOL-2100F to characterize the microstructure of the nanoplates, and the surface topology and thickness of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates were determined by an atomic force microscope (AFM, Nanoscope IIIa, Veeco) with a tapping mode.", "\n\nResults and Discussion\n======================\n\nEffects of PVP molecular weight and concentration on the morphology and size distribution of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nMorphologies of Bi~2~Te~3~ products significantly are dependent on several experimental factors in the solvothermal process such as reaction temperature, concentration of alkali and surfactant type[@b24][@b25][@b26]; however, PVP molecular weight and concentration on the formation of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates is rarely discussed. ", "Yield and size distribution of Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates as related to PVP is further researched in this study.", "\n\nThe effect of PVP molecular weight on the growth of Bi~2~Te~3~ was examined as the products were synthesized in the presence of PVP with molecular weights of 10000, 40000, 45000 and 58000 (named as P1, P2, P3 and P4), respectively. [", "Figure 1](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates XRD patterns of the product P1-P4 and the standard card of Bi~2~Te~3~ (JCPDS File NO. ", "15--0863 from ASTM). ", "Comparing the patterns of products with the standard PDF card of Bi~2~Te~3~, the detected diffraction peaks from each product can be well indexed to the standard Bi~2~Te~3~ rhombohedral structure. ", "High phase purity of the prepared Bi~2~Te~3~ was indicated as no other crystalline impurities were observed. ", "Obvious differences in relative peak intensity among four patterns exist, demonstrating that Bi~2~Te~3~ from four products exhibit distinguishing characteristic of the preferred orientation growth.", "\n\nThe strongest diffraction peak occurs at 27.7^o^ in the standard PDF card of Bi~2~Te~3~, corresponding to (015) plane. ", "Relative intensity of the diffraction peak at 17.4^o^ assigned to (006) plane is greatly enhanced as the molecular weight of PVP increases. ", "The peak area ratios of (006) to (015) plane are 0.57, 30.13, 26.35 and 23.12 for the product P1-P4, respectively. ", "The result suggests that four products present preferred orientation growth of Bi~2~Te~3~ along c-axis by various degrees with sample P2 exhibiting the most intense orientation growth.", "\n\n[Figure 2A--D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates SEM images of the product P1-P4. ", "Bi~2~Te~3~ hierarchical structures were prepared with PVP molecular weight of 10000, as indicated in [Fig. ", "2A](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. [", "Figure. ", "2B](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates with high yield were obtained when the molecular weight of PVP was increased to 40000. ", "The inset of [Fig. ", "2B](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} presents a magnified SEM image of the representative hexagonal nanoplates with distinct edges and corners. [", "Figure 2C](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} demonstrates that high-yielded hexagonal nanoplates were also achieved as molecular weight of PVP reached 45000. ", "The product P3 displays a poorer monodispersity of the nanoplates than the product P2 providing explanation for the products P2 and P3 sharing similar high yield of the nanoplates but different peak area ratio of (006) plane to (015) plane. ", "In the XRD measurement, monodispersed nanoplates tended to lie on the surface of the glass slides and exhibited intense growth oriented along the c-axis. ", "The product P3 shares a similar yield of the nanoplates as the product P2, yet the quantity of nanoplates lying on the glass slides is relatively less due to poor monodispersity and the assembly of the nanoplates, leading to the decrease in the peak area ratio of (006) to (015) plane for the sample P3. ", "The yield of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates declined and irregular morphology bulk was detected in the product P4 as molecular weight of PVP further increased to 58000, as shown in [Fig. ", "2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nMolecular weight of PVP is significant for determining the morphology of Bi~2~Te~3~. Formation of Bi~2~Te~3~ with various morphologies in the presence of PVP was explored through a proposed mechanism. ", "TeO~3~^2-^ and Bi^3+^ may react with EG with the help of NaOH, as the reacting rate of TeO~3~^2-^ is faster than that of Bi^3+^[@b27], Te is initially formed. ", "Subsequently, the reduced Bi compounds with Te to form Bi~2~Te~3~ in the presence of PVP. ", "PVP is a type of surfactant with the repeated units and the molecular weight is determined by the repeated numbers. ", "When PVP with small molecular weight was added, the collision probability among Te atoms in the solution was relatively high. ", "Te atoms would preferentially form into rod-like Te prior to Bi^3+^ were reduction[@b28]. ", "The reduced Bi atoms compounded with rod-like Te then tend to form Bi~2~Te~3~ with a hierarchical structure. ", "Molecular weight of PVP improves with the increase of the repeated unit numbers, leading to the decrease of collision probability among Te atoms and providing increased potential for latish compound of Te with Bi. ", "Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates with high yield were obtained in this case. ", "As molecular weight of PVP was further raised, the viscosity of solution was found to exceed the ability to obtain a homogeneous reaction and the yield of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates decreased.", "\n\nThe effect of PVP concentration on the growth of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates was examined as products were synthesized in the presence of 5.55, 11.1, 22.2 and 44.4 μmol PVP with molecular weight of 40000 (named as Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4), respectively. [", "Figure 3A--D](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} displays SEM images and size distribution histograms of these four products. ", "Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates with high yield were obtained in all products. ", "To further evaluate the average size and size distribution of Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates in four products, the sizes of approximately 200 nanoplates were measured in each product and the average size of the nanoplates was calculated. ", "Size was defined by the diagonal length of hexagonal nanoplates (as illustrated in [Fig. ", "S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and average size of the Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates was gradually decreased from 736.5 to 650.8 nm with the addition of PVP from 5.55 to 44.4 μmol.", "\n\nThe standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SE) of the nanoplates' size for the product Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were calculated to evaluate size distribution of the nanoplates, respectively (The formulas are presented in the supporting information). ", "Calculated values of the SD, SE and SE% for four products are summarized in [Table 1](#t1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nThe values of SD, SE and SE% varied in a small range though the average size of Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates gradually decreased with the addition of PVP increased. ", "Among four samples, the minimum value of SD, SE and SE% was 82.73 nm, 5.85 nm and 0.899%, respectively, obtained from the sample Q4 prepared with 44.4 μmol PVP. ", "Further increase in the concentration of PVP caused the value of SD, SE and SE% for the nanoplates' size to increase tremendously to 142.63 nm, 9.34 nm and 1.330%, potentially as a result of the inhomogeneous reaction in a largely viscous solution (SEM image and size distribution histogram of the product prepared with 66.6 μmol PVP is presented in [Fig. ", "S2](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nThe microstructure of the nanoplates with uniform size distribution from the sample Q4 was further characterized by Raman scattering spectrum, as indicated in [Fig. ", "4A](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Spectrum of SiO~2~ substrate was provided for reference as the spectrum was collected from the sample deposited on the SiO~2~ substrate. ", "Four Raman peaks at 61.1, 100.8, 119.7 and 139.7 cm^−1^, stemmed from , , and of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates, respectively. ", "Appearance of at 119.7 cm^−1^ is due to the crystal symmetry breaking of the nanoplates and is absent in the Raman spectrum of bulk-structured Bi~2~Te~3~ as a result of inversion symmetry[@b29]. ", "The peak of exhibits the highest relative intensity in Raman spectrum in this study, revealing nanoplate thicknesses are likely exceptionally thin. [", "Figure 4B](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} presents a TEM image of the representative hexagonal nanoplates with flat surfaces and sharp edges. ", "The ripple-like contrasts are derived from the microstrain. [", "Figure 4C](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} displays a HRTEM image taken from the edge area of one selected nanoplate, presenting the continuous lattice fringes with a plane spacing of 0.224 nm, which corresponds to the (01 11) lattice planes of rhombohedral Bi~2~Te~3~ (JCPDS File NO. ", "15--0863 from ASTM). ", "The SAED pattern of the nanoplate indicates the single crystalline nature of Bi~2~Te~3~, as shown in [Fig. ", "4D](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The sets of spots marked with circle and rectangle are indexed to the {101} and {01 11} planes of rhombohedral Bi~2~Te~3~ phase, respectively. [", "Figure 4E](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} displays an AFM topography image and height profile of two stacked Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates, revealing that the nanoplates retain flat surfaces and thicknesses of approximately 10 nm, which is in good agreement with the result of the Raman spectrum.", "\n\nBi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates with high yield were controllably synthesized using a PVP-assisted solvothermal method and the sample Q4 with uniform size distribution was screened to further characterize the nonlinear optical properties.", "\n\nGeneration of Q-switched fiber laser pulses based on the saturable absorber of high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 5](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} A presents a typical trace of open-aperture Z-scan measurement for the Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates. ", "A sharp peak located at the beam focus can be observed, confirming the nonlinear saturable absorption characteristic of the Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates (A schematic diagram of the Z-scan experimental setup is presented in [Fig. ", "S3](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Variation of the normalized transmittance with the input peak intensity is depicted in [Fig. ", "5B](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "We fitted the data utilizing the equation (2)[@b30][@b31];\n\nwhere, *T*(*I*) and Δ*T* are the transmittance and modulation depth; *I* represents the input pulse intensity of 14.4 GW/cm^2^; *I*~*sat*~ is the saturation intensity and *T*~*ns*~ is the non-saturable loss. ", "The obtained values of Δ*T*, *I*~*sat*~ and *T*~*ns*~ are 45.95%, 4.6 GW/cm^2^ and 12.98%, respectively.", "\n\nTherefore, the high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates were explored, in this study, as a saturable absorber in passive Q-switch erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) to generate laser pulses, due to the high modulation depth of 45.95% and the large saturation intensity of 4.6 GW/cm^2^ [@b32][@b33][@b34][@b35]. [", "Figure 6A](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"} describes the schematic diagram of a passively Q-switched EDFL based saturable absorber of Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates, incorporated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to fabricate a flexible Bi~2~Te~3~/PMMA film for characterization. ", "The total cavity length is approximately 12 m, mainly consisting of a 2 m-long Er-doped gain fiber and 10 m-long SMF-28e as the pigtails of the corresponding components. ", "A 980/1550 nm wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) was employed to act as a coupler in the pump laser and the laser output beam was extracted by a 10% output port of a 90:10 fiber coupler. ", "A polarization controller (PC) was originally incorporated for optimization of the birefringence in the laser system, while a polarization independent isolator was inserted into the cavity for the unidirectional beam oscillation. ", "The Bi~2~Te~3~/PMMA composite film was placed between two fiber connectors and integrated into the laser cavity for the Q-switching operation.", "\n\nStable Q-switched pulses were achieved at a relatively low threshold pump power of 30.2 mW and proven to be indifferent to the adjustment of PC. [", "Figure 6B](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"} provides a single pulse profile at a pump power of 33.0 mW. The Q-switching single pulse with a repetition rate of 8.1 kHz and output power of 68.5 μW was stable with no significant pulse jitter observed on the oscilloscope and a symmetric intensity profile was exhibited with pulse duration of 17 μs. ", "Typical optical spectrum of the Q-switching pulse is depicted in [Fig. ", "6C](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, revealing a central wavelength of the pulse at 1531 nm. ", "The etalon effect produces a multipeak structure in the optical spectrum as a result of reflection light interference from two fiber connectors' end. ", "Observation of such fine structure is not possible without the insertion of an integrated saturable absorber device.", "\n\nRF output spectrum of Q-switching pulses was measured at the same pump power of 33.0 mW to investigate laser stability. [", "Figure 6D](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates the RF spectra with a span of 10 and 50 kHz, respectively. ", "The repetition rate of the pulse train is 10.4 kHz and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is approximately 40 dB. Stability of the Q-switching operation is confirmed in this study as no other frequency component, except the fundamental and harmonic frequency, was observed in the RF spectrum even in a wider span of 50 kHz. ", "The Q-switched pulse is in a stable operating state as illustrated by the oscilloscope traces at different ranges with no significant pulse modulation ([Fig. ", "6E](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting this Q-switching operates in a widely stable regime.", "\n\nDependences of the repetition rate, output power and pulse energy on the pump power were indicated in [Fig. ", "7A](#f7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The output power of the stable Q-switching lasers can be increased from 0.044 to 1.737 mW when the pump power is enhanced from 30.2 to 290.3 mW. The repetition rate simultaneously is varied in the range of 7.5--68.5 kHz. ", "In this case, a low Q-switching threshold and a wide range of repetition rate can be obtained. ", "However, the maximum output power and pulse energy are relatively low in comparison with recently Q-switched fiber lasers utilizing similar saturable absorber. ", "The compared performance parameters are summarized in [Table 2](#t2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "In order to obtain a high energy from the Q-switched laser based on the high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates, we changed the cavity parameters of the laser. ", "The total cavity length was extended to approximately 28 m, and a 50% fiber coupler was applied to couple out the laser emission. ", "Stable Q-switched laser pulses can be observed as the pump power is increased from 120 to 420 mW. The typical oscilloscope traces of the Q-switched pulses under the pump power of 140 mW and 380 mW were shown in [Fig. ", "S4](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, demonstrating that the Q-switching pulse output is stable at every specific repetition rate and pump power. ", "The relationship between the repetition rate, output power and pulse energy of the Q-switched pulses with respect to the incident pump power is summarized in [Fig. ", "7B](#f7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The output power and repetition rate increase almost linearly with the pump power. ", "The repetition rate can be changed in the range of 32.6--76.7 kHz. ", "The maximum output power is up to 99.45 mW under the pump power of 420 mW. The pulse energy can be varied between 0.88 μJ and 1.35 μJ. The maximum pulse energy of 1.35 μJ is obtained under the pump power of 300 mW. Our investigation suggests that the high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates can be one promising saturable absorber with a low Q-switching threshold or a large damage threshold for Q-switched fiber lasers in high-power operation.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nHigh-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ hexagonal nanoplates were synthesized with the assistance of PVP via a solvothermal method. ", "Morphology and size distribution of Bi~2~Te~3~ were dependent on the PVP molecular weight and concentration. ", "The Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates with well dispersion and uniform size distribution exhibit saturable absorption characteristic, identified by Z-scan technique. ", "Stable passively Q-switched laser pulses utilizing the Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates as a saturable absorber were successfully conducted in the 1.5 μm wavelength region, owing to the high modulation depth of 45.95% and the large saturation intensity of 4.6 GW/cm^2^. Compared to the exfoliated Bi~2~Te~3~ nanosheets, the high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates can generate stable Q-switched pulses with a relatively low threshold power of 30.2 mW or a high output power of 99.45 mW through adjusting the cavity parameters of the laser.", "\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: He, X. *et al.* ", "PVP-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of High-Yielded Bi2Te3 Hexagonal Nanoplates: Application in Passively Q-Switched Fiber Laser. *", "Sci. ", "Rep.* **5**, 15868; doi: 10.1038/srep15868 (2015).", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\nThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. ", "61307026; No. ", "11404114; No. ", "61204001).", "\n\n**Author Contributions** X.H. and J.R.Q. proposed the project. ", "X.H. wrote the main manuscript text. ", "X.H., H.Z., W.L. and R.F.W. performed all the experiments and analyzed the results. ", "M.Z. and B.H. revised the language of the manuscript. ", "All authors reviewed the manuscript.", "\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n{#f6}\n\n{#f7}\n\n###### The list of the average size, the calculated values of SD, SE and SE% for the nanoplates in the products Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, respectively.", "\n\n Sample No. ", " n~PVP~/μmol Average size/nm SD/nm SE/nm SE%\n ------------ ------------- ----------------- -------- ------- -------\n Q1 5.55 736.5 103.56 7.32 0.994\n Q2 11.1 709.1 96.07 6.79 0.957\n Q3 22.2 664.8 104.06 7.36 1.107\n Q4 44.4 650.8 82.73 5.85 0.899\n\n###### Output performance comparison of passively Q-switched fiber lasers using the exfoliated Bi~2~Te~3~ nanosheets and the high-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates.", "\n\n Saturable Absorbing Materials Wavelength (nm) Q-Switching Threshold (mW) Repetition Rate Range (kHz) Max. ", "Output Power (mW) Max. ", "Pulse Energy (nJ) Refs\n ------------------------------------ ------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ -----------\n Exfoliated Bi~2~Te~3~ nanosheets 1543.2 45 9--12 (△~R~ = 3) 0.043 4 [@b13]\n 1566.9 67 2.15--12.8 (△~R~ = 10.65) 19.56 1525 [@b19] \n High-yielded Bi~2~Te~3~ nanoplates 1531 30.2 7.5--68 (△~R~ = 60.5) 1.74 32.6 This work\n 120 32.6--76.7(△~R~ = 44.1) 99.45 1350 \n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "SIRT1, AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and downstream kinases in response to a single bout of sprint exercise: influence of glucose ingestion.", "\nThis study was designed to examine potential in vivo mechanisms of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation inhibition and its downstream signaling consequences during the recovery period after a single bout of sprint exercise. ", "Sprint exercise induces Thr(172)-AMPK phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha mRNA, by an unknown mechanism. ", "Muscle biopsies were obtained in 15 young healthy men in response to a 30-s sprint exercise (Wingate test) randomly distributed into two groups: the fasting (n = 7, C) and the glucose group (n = 8, G), who ingested 75 g of glucose 1 h before exercising to inhibit AMPKalpha phosphorylation. ", "Exercise elicited different patterns of Ser(221)-ACCbeta, Ser(473)-Akt and Thr(642)-AS160 phosphorylation, during the recovery period after glucose ingestion. ", "Thirty minutes after the control sprint, Ser(485)-AMPKalpha1/Ser(491)-AMPKalpha2 phosphorylation was reduced by 33% coinciding with increased Thr(172)-AMPKalpha phosphorylation (both, P < 0.05). ", "Glucose abolished the 30-min Thr(172)-AMPKalpha phosphorylation. ", "Ser(221)-ACCbeta phosphorylation was elevated immediately following and 30 min after exercise in C and G, implying a dissociation between Thr(172)-AMPKalpha and Ser(221)-ACCbeta phosphorylation. ", "Two hours after the sprint, PGC-1alpha protein expression remained unchanged while SIRT1 (its upstream deacetylase) was increased. ", "Glucose ingestion abolished the SIRT1 response without any significant effect on PGC-1alpha protein expression. ", "In conclusion, glucose ingestion prior to a sprint exercise profoundly affects Thr(172)-AMPKalpha phosphorylation and its downstream signaling during the recovery period." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Thoracoscopic Segmentectomy Using Three-dimensional Computed Tomography and Indocyanine-green Fluorescence Navigation].", "\nWe investigated the feasibility and efficacy of thoracoscopic segmentectomy using 3-dimensional computed tomography( 3D-CT) and indocyanine-green( ICG) fluorescence navigation. ", "ICG fluorescence-navigated thoracoscopic segmentectomy was performed in 149 patients during 2013 and 2017. ", "Each patient underwent preoperative evaluation by thin-section enhanced CT, which provided 3-dimensional simulations of vascular and bronchial structures. ", "During the procedure, low-dose ICG( 0.15~0.25 mg/kg) was injected systemically after the target segmental pulmonary arteries and bronchus were divided. ", "Under near-infrared thoracoscopic guidance, an intersegmental plane was clearly observed as a border between dark target region and bright residual region. ", "The ICG fluorescent line was marked by electrocautery, followed by division of lung parenchyma along the line by endoscopic staples. ", "An intersegmental line was visible in 98% of patients by ICG fluorescence navigation. ", "No ICG-related adverse events occurred. ", "No operative mortality was observed and morbidity rate was 8.7%. ", "The 5-year overall survival rate and the 5-year recurrence free probability of 101 patients with primary lung cancer were 92% and 98%, respectively. ", "Local recurrence at the resected site occurred in no patient with lung cancer and 1 patient with pulmonary metastasis. ", "Thoracoscopic segmentectomy using 3D-CT and ICG fluorescence navigation is a useful therapeutic option." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to update a record without selecting that record again in ADO.NET Entity Framework?", "\n\nHi all I am doing something like this - \nvoid update(ClasstoUpdate obj)//obj is already having values to update...\n{\n var data= (from i in Entityobject.", "ClasstoUpdate \n where obj.", "Id==i.", "Id\n select i).FirstorDefault();\n data.", "Name=\"SomeCoolName\";\n EntityObject.", "SaveChanges();\n}\n\nI want to perform an update without again querying using the Id,is there any way I just pass the updated object to ADO.NET Entity framework and it updates it.", "I am sorry if I am missing something here but this is the way i have been doing it wondering if there is a simple way to update. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe simple way to update an object is fetch it, change it, and submit changes which is what you're already doing.", "\nAnother way is to attach the object, and tell the entity framework that the object is in a modified state.", "\nA third way is to update the object by constructing an SQL string that updates the object directly in the database without fetching it. ", "However I wouldn't recommend doing this.", "\nA side note: remember to check for null in your function. ", "If you know the return value of FirstOrDefault will never be null then you should use First instead. ", "You might also want to consider using Single instead of First.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\ncan use $(document).ready inside window.addEventListener\n\nI use defer attribute and now i should use for internal script this code :\nwindow.addEventListener('load', function () { // mycode }\nNow my old code like this :\n<script>\n $(document).ready(function(){\n $('#favBtn').on('click',function(){\n //mycode\n });\n });\n</script>\n\nI have question . ", "Should i use $(document).ready inside window.addEventListener or i don't need $(document).ready when i use window.addEventListener ?", "\nIs it true this code :\n<script>\n window.addEventListener('load', function () {\n $(document).ready(function(){\n $('#favBtn').on('click',function(){\n //mycode\n });\n });\n });\n </script>\n\nA:\n\n$(document).ready() will execute right after the HTML document is loaded property, and the DOM is ready. ", "The window.addEventListener('load', function () { // mycode } however will wait for the page to be fully loaded, this includes inner frames, images etc. ", "So you need not write $(document).ready() inside window.load\nIn order to write jquery $(document).ready() by itself is sufficient\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "All travel options from door to door - Worldwide\n\nPassengers\n\n- Discount cards will only be applied where possible.- In case your selected class is not available we wil pick a comparable or lower class.- In case all passengers must travel the same class we will use lowest class for all passengers.", "\n\nHannover to Wiesbaden - by train, bus\n\nUse the journey planner above to find all travel options from Hannover to Wiesbaden. ", "Plan your trip, combine and compare transportation providers such as for example: Railway agencies, Bus operators. ", "Planning a road trip from Hannover [LAT: 52.37589, LNG: 9.73201] to Wiesbaden [LAT: 50.07822, LNG: 8.23976] is easy because they are only 331 km away from each other. ", "There can be no other reason not to travel to Wiesbaden when you are in Hannover because it is only 4 hours 49 minutes by car. ", "It is possible to book trips in different modalities and different flights at Combitrip. ", "You can pick outbound and inbound separately. ", "You can choose convenience for your outbound flight and then choose a cheaper option for your inbound flight depending on your overall trip budget. ", "Combitrip tailor fits the most efficient and enjoyable trip for you. ", "You can decide the modes of transportation. ", "You can start the trip by either walking, taking a bike, hailing a cab, or via car. ", "Your main trip is up to you, as well; airplanes, trains, buses, carshares, are some of your options. ", "You can also decide how the trip should end. ", "Searching for the best airports and stations with Combitrip is as super easy. ", "You just enter the very city or town of your departure and destination and Combitrip does the searching for you. ", "With Combitrip showing you how to get to the airport/station, you would save you time and cost of getting to the airport/station without knowing ahead where to go just to get super cheap flights. ", "Getting tickets this way sometimes lead to unpleasant surprises such as long drive, wasted wait time, and unforeseen charges. ", "Taking the train is often not so much longer. ", "Combitrip can show you that. ", "It is also better for the environment.", "\n\nThe train station in Hannover is located near the center. ", "The nearest airport to Hannover is located at 11.8 km (15 minutes by car) and is called Hannover Airport. ", "More airports near Hannover.", "\n\nThe train station in Wiesbaden is located near the center. ", "The nearest airport to Wiesbaden is located at 26.9 km (28 minutes by car) and is called Frankfurt am Main International Airport. ", "More airports near Wiesbaden." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "package models\n\nimport (\n\t\"github.com/astaxie/beego\"\n\t\"github.com/astaxie/beego/orm\"\n)\n\n// init 初始化\nfunc init() {\n\torm.", "RegisterModel(new(Course), new(BackendUser), new(Resource), new(Role), new(RoleResourceRel), new(RoleBackendUserRel))\n}\n\n// TableName 下面是统一的表名管理\nfunc TableName(name string) string {\n\tprefix := beego.", "AppConfig.", "String(\"db_dt_prefix\")\n\treturn prefix + name\n}\n\n// BackendUserTBName 获取 BackendUser 对应的表名称\nfunc BackendUserTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"backend_user\")\n}\n\n// ResourceTBName 获取 Resource 对应的表名称\nfunc ResourceTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"resource\")\n}\n\n// RoleTBName 获取 Role 对应的表名称\nfunc RoleTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"role\")\n}\n\n// RoleResourceRelTBName 角色与资源多对多关系表\nfunc RoleResourceRelTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"role_resource_rel\")\n}\n\n// RoleBackendUserRelTBName 角色与用户多对多关系表\nfunc RoleBackendUserRelTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"role_backenduser_rel\")\n}\n\nfunc CourseTBName() string {\n\treturn TableName(\"course\")\n}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing redux connect with React hooks\n\nThis isn't a question about react-redux hooks like useSelector or useDispatch. ", "I'm curious to know how old school react-redux connect() with a functional component and when it's necessary to use React hooks like useEffect in this example.", "\nSuppose I have this functional component that renders a \"Hello world\" in green if someReduxData is present, otherwise it render it in red.", "\nconst RandomComponent = ({ someReduxData }) => {\n const style = {\n color: someReduxData ? \"", "green\" : \"red\";\n }; \n\n return (\n <div style={style}>Hello world</div>\n );\n}\n\nconst mapStateToProps = (state) => {\n return {\n someReduxData: state.someReduxData;\n };\n};\n\nexport default connect(mapStateToProps)(RandomComponent);\n\nLet's say when the component first mounts to the DOM, someReduxData is null. ", "Then it changes state so it's not null anymore. ", "Will this force a re-render of RandomComponent so it renders in green? ", "If not, then I assume I will need to listen for changes on someReduxData with useEffect()?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt will force a re-render of RandomComponent. ", "connect works the same regardless of class vs function component.", "\nHere's an example using a function component: There's a setTimeout of 2 seconds before an action dispatches that turns the App div green.", "\nThere's also an example of that same component using a hook instead of connect.", "\nThe main difference between connect and hooks are that connect essentially acts as React.memo for the component. ", "This can be toggled off with a boolean flag, but you likely will never have to do that: https://react-redux.js.org/api/connect#pure-boolean\n\nconst initialstate = {\r\n someReduxData: null,\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst reducer = (state = initialstate, action) => {\r\n switch (action.type) {\r\n case 'action':\r\n return {\r\n someReduxData: action.data,\r\n };\r\n default:\r\n return initialstate;\r\n }\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst actionCreator = (data) => {\r\n return {\r\n type: 'action',\r\n data,\r\n };\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst store = Redux.createStore(reducer);\r\n\r\nconst App = ({ someReduxData }) => {\r\n return (\r\n <div className={someReduxData}>\r\n Some div -- Will turn green in 2 seconds\r\n </div>\r\n );\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst mapStateToProps = (state) => {\r\n return {\r\n someReduxData: state.someReduxData,\r\n };\r\n};\r\n\r\nconst WrappedApp = ReactRedux.connect(mapStateToProps)(App);\r\n\r\nconst AppWithHooks = () => {\r\n const someReduxData = ReactRedux.useSelector(state=>state.someReduxData);\r\n return (\r\n <div className={someReduxData}>\r\n Some div with a hook -- Will turn green in 2 seconds\r\n </div>\r\n );\r\n};\r\n\r\nReactDOM.render(\r\n <ReactRedux.", "Provider store={store}>\r\n <WrappedApp />\r\n <AppWithHooks />\r\n </ReactRedux.", "Provider>,\r\n document.querySelector('#root')\r\n);\r\n\r\nsetTimeout(() => store.dispatch(actionCreator('green')), 2000);\n.green {\r\n background-color: green;\r\n}\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/16.13.1/umd/react.production.min.js\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react-dom/16.13.1/umd/react-dom.production.min.js\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/redux/4.0.5/redux.min.js\" integrity=\"sha256-7nQo8jg3+LLQfXy/aqP5D6XtqDQRODTO18xBdHhQow4=\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\r\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react-redux/7.2.0/react-redux.min.js\" integrity=\"sha256-JuJho1zqwIX4ytqII+qIgEoCrGDVSaM3+Ul7AtHv2zY=\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"></script>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"root\" />\n\n" ]

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[ "Stop poisoning Britain’s Barn Owls\n\nPetition to Mike Penning MP – Minister responsible for Pesticide Regulation\n\nIn 2013 across Britain, the number of Barn Owl nests varied between 24% and 100% down on normal levels. ", "Changing climate and habitat loss is part of the picture but Barn Owls are also being killed by powerful rat poisons used on farms across the country. ", "Indeed, the latest scientific research shows that 95% of Britain’s Barn Owls feed on poisoned prey. ", "Some die as a direct result.", "\n\nIt is highly likely that sub-lethal doses also have a negative impact (see below). ", "Rodenticides can be used without any training and product labelling is inadequate and misleading.", "\n\nWe call upon Government Minister Mike Penning, and the Health and Safety Executive to:\n\nRegulate SGARs for Last Resort use only – second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) must only be used after non-toxic and less toxic control methods have been fully deployed and if a persistent rodent problem is still a significant threat to public health.", "\n\n– second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) must only be used after non-toxic and less toxic control methods have been fully deployed and if a persistent rodent problem is still a significant threat to public health. ", "Ban preventative and permanent baiting – the use of rodenticides at times or places where there is no significant rodent problem must be made a breach of statutory conditions of use.", "\n\n– the use of rodenticides at times or places where there is no significant rodent problem must be made a breach of statutory conditions of use. ", "Include accurate information on all SGAR products – Clearly state the extent of contamination of Barn Owls and Kestrels (84 -100%) and the fact that keeping bait covered (although important) cannot possibly prevent secondary poisoning.", "\n\nThe Barn Owl Trust advocates that all SGAR products be labelled with this information:\n\n(1) Owls and other raptors can be killed by the use of this product even if the instructions are strictly followed. ", "This type of rodenticide has been detected in up to 95% of Barn Owls and 100% of Kestrels analysed by the Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme.", "\n\n(2) This product is slow acting. ", "Typically it takes 3–14 days for poisoned rodents to die, before which they will still be moving around and may be eaten by predators such as Barn Owls, causing ‘secondary poisoning’.", "\n\n\n\n(3) Bait covering reduces the chance of large non-target animals eating the poison, but does not significantly reduce secondary poisoning of predators that eat small mammals (Barn Owls, Kestrels, Red Kites, Stoats, Weasels, Polecats etc.).", "\n\n(4) This product should only be used as a last resort where other control methods, non-toxic products and less-toxic products have been recently used and a rodent problem persists.", "\n\n\n\n(5) This product must not be used permanently or as a preventative measure but only for a maximum of 35 days where there is a significant threat to public health.", "\n\nThe Barn Owl Trust’s Rodenticide Campaign.", "\n\nThe Barn Owl Trust’s recommendations are based on scientific research from a variety of reliable sources (references below), as well as our own 25 years of experience in the field, advising farmers, landowners and gamekeepers on more environmentally friendly methods of rodent control (as summarised in the Barn Owl Conservation Handbook).", "\n\nHighly toxic\n\nHighly toxic rat poisons called Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides (SGARs) were first introduced in the 1970’s. ", "Since then the proportion of Barn Owls found to contain this type of poison has increased from 5% in 1984 (Newton et. ", "al. ", "1990) to 91%* in 2010 (Walker et. ", "al. ", "2012), and in 2011 the proportion of Kestrels contaminated reached 100% (Walker et. ", "al. ", "2013). ", "Some birds die as a direct result – typically bleeding to death from internal haemorrhage (Taylor 1994). ", "The effects of sub-lethal doses are unknown although the anticoagulant Warfarin in humans can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and fever (Taro Pharmaceuticals (UK) Ltd. 2008) – and Warfarin is 100 to 1,000 times less acutely toxic than SGARs (Walker et. ", "al. ", "2008). ", "It is probable that SGAR poisoning is a significant cause of Barn Owl decline and there is no doubt that the overall effect on predatory birds is negative (Barn Owl Trust 2012).", "\n\n*Part of this increase is due to improvements in chemical analysis techniques.", "\n\nOut of control\n\nThere is no effective control over the use of these highly toxic poisons, which are widely sold to the general public, used on 76% of farms (Dawson et. ", "al. ", "2003) and by 75% of gamekeepers (HSE’s SGAR Stakeholder Seminar 2013). ", "Although 40% of all SGAR use is by professionals (HSE’s SGAR Stakeholder Seminar 2013), anyone can set themselves up as a Pest Controller as no qualifications are required (BBC2 Panorama 06/08/2012).", "\n\nInadequate and misleading\n\nThe current labelling of these highly toxic products is both inadequate and misleading. ", "For example, the danger to predatory birds is not mentioned. ", "Use only as a last resort is not mentioned. ", "The fact that permanent/preventative baiting encourages consumption by non-target small mammals (which are then eaten by owls and Kestrels), and the build-up of resistance to SGARs in rats, is not mentioned. ", "Current Directions for Use imply that bait covering, carcass removal, and removal of uneaten bait will adequately protect non-target species. ", "This is untrue and misleading (Barn Owl Trust 2012).", "\n\nControls on the use of SGARs are currently under review by the Chemicals Regulation Directorate of the Health and Safety Executive. ", "Additionally, under EU regulation No 528/2012 BPT Article 5(2), member states are only permitted to allow the use of SGARs “subject to appropriate risk-mitigation measures to ensure that exposure of humans, animals and the environment to those active substances is minimised”. ", "As a fundamental element of risk mitigation, we call upon Minister Mike Penning to ensure that the measures set out above are undertaken.", "\n\nThe problem with rodenticides\n\nUsing rat bait does not stop rodent infestations. ", "As long as food and harbourage are available rat numbers will always rise again. ", "Where food is constantly available, denying the rats’ access to it is the only real long-term solution although simply removing harbourage can be as effective as using poison (Lambert et al. ", "2003).", "\n\nHere is an example from just one ‘sector’ of rodenticide use: It is estimated that 50% of the food put out by Gamekeepers for the 70 million pheasants they release each year is eaten by rats and that 75% of keepers use SGARs in the open countryside. ", "The widespread poisoning of wildlife for the sake of human sport is clearly unjustifiable.", "\n\nThe solution\n\nWe need the Minister to ensure that HSE takes on board everything we are petitioning for – this will go a long way towards solving the problem. ", "Whilst the ultimate solution will always be the removal of food and harbourage, we have listed many alternative ways of controlling rat populations. ", "How to control rats as safely as possible.", "\n\nReferences\n\nBarn Owl Trust (2012) Barn Owl Conservation Handbook. ", "Exeter: Pelagic Publishing.", "\n\nBBC2 Panorama (20:30 Monday 6th August 2012) ‘Rats, traps, bugs, and cutbacks’.", "\n\nDawson, A., Bankes, J. & Garthwaite, D. (2003) Rodenticide Use on Farms in Great Britain Growing Arable Crops 2000. ", "Pesticide Usage Survey Report 175. ", "London: Defra & Scottish Executive Environment & Rural Affairs Department.", "\n\nHSE’s SGAR Stakeholder Seminar, Bootle, Merseyside, 23/04/2013.", "\n\nLambert, M.S., Quy, R.J., & Cowan, D.P., (2003) Control of rats by environmental management; an alternative to rodenticides? ", "Central Science Laboratory in Pest Control News, July 2003.", "\n\nNewton, I., Wyllie, I. & Freestone, P. (1990) Rodenticides in British Barn Owls. ", "Environmental Pollution 68:101-117.", "\n\nTaro Pharmaceuticals (UK) Ltd (2008) Patient information leaflet: Warfarin. ", "Uxbridge, Middlesex: Taro Pharmaceuticals.", "\n\nTaylor, I. (1994) Barn Owls: Predator-Prey Relationships and Conservation. ", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "\n\nWalker, L.A., Turk, A., Long, S.M., Wienburg, C.L., Best, J. & Shore, R.F. (2008) Second generation anti-coagulant rodenticides in tawny owls (Strix aluco) from Great Britain. ", "Science of the Total Environment 392: 93-98.", "\n\nWalker, L.A., Llewellyn, N.R., Pereira M.G., Potter, E.D., Sainsbury, A.W. & Shore, R.F. (2012). ", "Anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds 2010: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. ", "Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK.", "\n\nWalker, L.A., Chaplow, J.S., Llewellyn, N.R., Pereira M.G., Potter, E.D., Sainsbury, A.W., & Shore, R.F. (2013). ", "Anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds 2011: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. ", "Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK." ]

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[ "Today I finished a pitch and set a tree-anchored belay. ", "Bail slings around this ponderosa, crusty white and molded, held a rapide. ", "My partner climbed up, passed me and did the next pitch. ", "I went to remove the trashed anchor sling, tugged at it to find the knots and the whole doubled-loop setup came loose. ", "It appears that a rodent nibbled clean through the webbing near to two different knots.", "\n\nBail sling is cheap and we all like hiking out under our own power. ", "Watch that bad tat and stay vigilant!" ]

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[ "Prevalence of gallstones in sonographic surveys worldwide.", "\nThe use of diagnostic sonography allows determination of the prevalence of gallstones in a representative sample of the general population. ", "The objective of this article is to review the reports of sonographically based studies of gallstone prevalence in the world literature. ", "All available published epidemiologic studies on the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis as determined by diagnostic sonography are summarized. ", "The sonographically based studies published to date confirm that there are significant regional differences in the prevalence of gallstones. ", "Certain risk factors, notably age and heredity, are present worldwide." ]

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[ "The cream Burberry polo shirt sported by the holidaying Tony Blair this week may have gone down well at Silvio Berlusconi's villa in Sardinia. ", "But he better not try wearing anything from the classic English designer if he fancies popping out for a pint in Leicester.", "\n\nTo do so would run the risk of being confused with one of the binge-drinking hooligans on whom his government has declared war. ", "Drinkers wearing Burberry have been banned from two pubs in the city centre because it is one of the favourite designers of a group of thugs.", "\n\nThe Barracuda Group, which owns 154 pubs in the UK, said it had banned designs synonymous with football hooligans.", "\n\nCustomers at the Parody and the Varsity will be turned away if they are wearing the luxury label, which was founded in 1856. ", "Also unwelcome since the ban was imposed 11 days ago are those clad in Aquascutum (founded London 1851), Henri-Lloyd, Stone Island and Rockport.", "\n\nCaroline Nodder, a spokeswoman for the Barracuda Group, said: \"We've been working with the police in Leicester to draw up a list of clothing brands popular with a particular gang who have been causing problems.\"", "\n\nPC Karen Holdridge, of the Leicestershire police's violence and disorder team, said: \"Well-known football hooligans have a dress code. ", "These people are recognised as coming into the city centre day in, day out and causing trouble.\"", "\n\nBurberry was putting a brave face on the negative publicity. ", "A spokeswoman said: \"You have to look at this in context: Burberry is a highly successful international brand.", "\n\n\"In this country the 'Burberry check issue' is localised and pretty insignificant in the face of the overall appeal.\" ", "She said the brand had always been \"democratic\" and had a \"cross-generational appeal\".", "\n\nHenri-Lloyd, creators of high-quality sailing designs since 1963, was more annoyed. ", "A spokesman said: \"To stereotype and prejudice customers based on their choice of clothing seems ridiculous.", "\n\n\"For over 40 years Henri-Lloyd has been dressing everyone from members of the royal family through to Hollywood film stars and the Team GB sailing team, who won the first gold medal at the Olympics.\"" ]

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[ "Description de l'offreWe are seeking an enthusiastic and professional Bilingual Recruitment .. wireless and Samsung Experience Stores. ", "Based in GLENTEL’s Head Office location, the Bilingual Recruitment ..\n\nAre looking for a qualified Sales Manager to join our management team! ", "By choosing a career at .. tailored solutions and excellent service for your customers Monitor sales targets for your location and ..\n\nFound it at WIRELESSWAVE. ", "We are looking for a qualified Sales Manager to join our management team! ", "By .. YOU’LL DO: • Provide tailored solutions and excellent service for your customers Monitor sales ..\n\nAnd sales driven career in a fast paced and dynamic work environment? ", "Our entry level Client Service .. agreementsAchieve monthly sales targets by recommending and explaining benefits of additional company servicesBuild ..\n\nAnd sales driven career in a fast paced and dynamic work environment? ", "Our entry level Client Service .. agreementsAchieve monthly sales targets by recommending and explaining benefits of additional company servicesBuild ..\n\nLooking for passionate sales professionals who will promote this new affordable cutting edge technology .. system upgrade and increase sales.", "Prepare and submit proposals to the clients.", "Conclude sales by phone and .." ]

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[ "(Photo: Chris J. Ratcliffe/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\n\nThis is the period when the politicos of each party decamp to different parts of the country for their annual conferences.", "\n\nFor the leader, whether Theresa May or Jeremy Corbyn, these events can have a nightmarish quality. ", "It certainly brings back memories for me.", "\n\nThe ‘big speech’ is a work that can take weeks and months and can go well or badly — as I well remember.", "\n\nWhat is striking to me though is how while Brexit is understandably the focus of almost total political and media attention, under that surface, big change is afoot.", "\n\n\nIn my party conference speech as leader in 2011, I talked about different companies as ‘predators’ and ‘producers’. ", "It was seen as pretty controversial, many said ‘anti-business’, including some in my party.", "\n\n\n\nFast forward to 2018 and this seems an accepted part of public debate, with Theresa May talking about the burning injustices of the country when she became prime minister and now capping energy prices.", "\n\nAnother sign of this widespread acceptance of the need for change was the reaction to the Commission on Economic Justice, a report released by a think-tank, the Institute for Public Policy Research, last month.", "\n\nIt was a bold piece of work which made radical suggestions including taxing wealth and work on the same basis, the inclusion of workers on company boards and a new national investment bank. ", "Yet what is remarkable is not just the level of ambition in the report but who has shaped it and who has welcomed it.", "\n\nSpearheaded by the Archbishop of Canterbury with a board that consisted of business and financial leaders, trade unions, entrepreneurs, community organisers and others, the commission was a mosaic of the political spectrum and civic society.", "\n\nFinally, 10 years after the financial crisis, it feels like the winds of change are blowing through the establishment.", "\n\nIn an article for the Daily Mail, the Archbishop said that ‘…it is evident for many people that the economy is not working. ", "It no longer fulfils the promise of better living standards.’", "\n\n‘Now is the time for the whole country – and all political parties – to come together around an agenda of economic reform. ", "Making the economy fairer will benefit us all.’", "\n\nThe Archbishop has long been a champion of social justice and tackling poverty but the fact that a new economic consensus, similar in scale of that which we saw in 1945 and 1979, is not only desired but absolutely required is evidence of a significant shift in the public and political debate.", "\n\n(Photo: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\n\nEnter Jim O’Neill, the former chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management and former Conservative government minister.", "\n\nI am on a commission on social housing run by the housing charity Shelter with Jim and have got to know him in the last few months. ", "But even I was surprised by his piece in the Financial Times.", "\n\nHe wrote that, ‘dealing with the UK’s deep-seated economic problems requires sustained thinking and attention, not just occasional lip service. ", "The Labour Party has stepped into the vacuum left by the government and appears to be offering the radical change that people seek.’", "\n\nMy point is less about his surprising praise for Labour and more about what it says about the atmosphere of the moment.", "\n\n\n\nEven the Daily Mail said it found ‘much to welcome’ in the IPPR report and the Financial Times said, ‘it is right to worry about the social impact of many employees — particularly those on casual contracts — feeling excluded by a winner-takes-all economy. ", "The UK’s poor productivity record and relatively low rate of public and private investment in innovation also damages its chances of competing with other countries.’", "\n\nSo could we be seeing a big shift in our politics?", "\n\nWe can’t be sure but what I think is really happening is that the politicians are catching up with the public. ", "People have been clear for a long time about the problems they see in their own lives – stagnant wages, worries about the chances of the next generation, gaping divides in income and wealth and some businesses with terrible practices.", "\n\nPolitics and business has been very slow to cotton on. ", "But finally it does seems to be happening. ", "That’s got to be a good thing.", "\n\nThere is a connection to Brexit. ", "What I heard in the referendum, particularly from those who voted Leave, was not just concerns about immigration and Europe but also a deep sense that the country needs to change and start working for more people.", "\n\nFinally, 10 years after the financial crisis, it feels like the winds of change are blowing through the establishment in the debate about the way our country is run.", "\n\nJust like in 1945 when the post-war Labour government set the agenda, and in 1979 when Mrs Thatcher did, the future will be shaped by those with the greatest ambition, boldness and understanding of the changes that are now required.", "\n\n\nMORE: Corbyn is somehow still unelectable despite everything being in his favour. ", "How is this possible?", "\n\nMORE: As Conservatives who want the People’s Vote, we’re being shut out by our own party\n\nMORE: Why Theresa May will never be one of the cool kids in politics" ]

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[ "Republican primary front-runner Donald Trump Donald John TrumpHR McMaster says president's policy to withdraw troops from Afghanistan is 'unwise' Cast of 'Parks and Rec' reunite for virtual town hall to address Wisconsin voters Biden says Trump should step down over coronavirus response MORE sits atop the GOP field in Pennsylvania ahead of its April 26 primary, according to a new poll.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nTrump has 22 percent support in Thursday's Franklin & Marshall College poll, followed by Marco Rubio Marco Antonio RubioFlorida senators pushing to keep Daylight Savings Time during pandemic Hillicon Valley: DOJ indicts Chinese, Malaysian hackers accused of targeting over 100 organizations | GOP senators raise concerns over Oracle-TikTok deal | QAnon awareness jumps in new poll Intelligence chief says Congress will get some in-person election security briefings MORE, with 16 percent; John Kasich, with 15 percent; and Ted Cruz Rafael (Ted) Edward CruzLoeffler calls for hearing in wake of Netflix's 'Cuties' Health care in the crosshairs with new Trump Supreme Court list 'Parks and Rec' cast members hosting special reunion to raise money for Wisconsin Democrats MORE, with 12 percent.", "\n\nBen Carson places fifth in the Keystone State, with 6 percent support.", "\n\nTrump’s support is largely unchanged in the new poll, which found him with 24 percent support in January and 23 percent support in October.", "\n\nKasich is up by 12 percentage points since January, and Rubio is up 5 over that same span.", "\n\nTwenty-five percent of respondents said they are still undecided.", "\n\nAlthough Trump leads the field, he is not seen very favorably in the state.", "\n\nJust 45 percent of Pennsylvania Republicans said they view Trump positively, compared to 42 percent who have a negative impression of the businessman.", "\n\nRubio had the highest favorability splits, with 61 percent viewing the Florida senator favorably, compared to 19 percent unfavorably.", "\n\nPollsters surveyed 371 Republicans from Feb. 13 to 21. ", "It has a margin of error of 3.1 percent." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWeb API Read Response on 400\n\nThe Stackoverflow API, if the request is not successful, how to read the response please?", "\nusing (HttpClient Client = new HttpClient(handler))\n{\n\n string response = string.", "Empty;\n response = Client.", "GetStringAsync(apiUri.", "Uri).Result;\n return JsonConvert.", "DeserializeObject<Questions<Question>>(response);\n}\n\nWhen an error occurs:\n{\"error_id\":502,\"error_message\":\"too many requests from this IP, more requests available in 82216 seconds\",\"error_name\":\"throttle_violation\"}\n\nAn error InnerException = {\"Response status code does not indicate success: 400 (Bad Request).\"}", "\n\nA:\n\nThe following paragraph is from Call a Web API From a .NET Client (C#)\n\nHttpClient does not throw an exception when the HTTP response contains an error code. ", "Instead, the IsSuccessStatusCode property is false if the status is an error code. ", "If you prefer to treat HTTP error codes as exceptions, call HttpResponseMessage.", "EnsureSuccessStatusCode on the response object. ", "EnsureSuccessStatusCode throws an exception if the status code falls outside the range 200–299. ", "Note that HttpClient can throw exceptions for other reasons — for example, if the request times out.", "\n\nIn your case the code could be something like the following.", "\nvar response = await client.", "GetAsync(apiUri.", "Uri); \nif (!", "response.", "IsSuccessStatusCode)\n{\n var text = await response.", "Content.", "ReadAsStringAsync();\n // Log error\n return null; // throw etc.", "\n}\nelse \n{\n var text = await response.", "Content.", "ReadAsStringAsync();\n var o = JsonConvert.", "DeserializeObject<Questions<Question>>(o);\n return o;\n} \n\n(You can move var text = ... outside of if if you wish.) ", "\n\nStatus code can be examined instead of calling IsSuccessStatusCode, if needed.", "\nif (response.", "StatusCode !", "= HttpStatusCode.", "OK) // 200\n{\n throw new Exception(); / return null et.c\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "The idea that the planned fibre-to-the-premises (FTTP) rollout of Australia's National Broadband Network (NBN) may have ended up meeting its cost targets has received a high-profile endorsement from emeritus professor Rod Tucker of the University of Melbourne.", "\n\nSpeaking to US conference, professor Tucker said the claim in the latest strategic review that FTTP rollout ran at $AU4,300 per household had led to confusion over costs.", "\n\nAs already noted by Vulture South, the latest corporate plan from NBN Co, the organisation building the NBN, refactored the basis for the per-premises rollout calculation – for example adding operational expenditure to the capital cost of the rollout. ", "Tucker highlighted duct lease payments and labour costs as being treated this way.", "\n\nProfessor Tucker says the $AU2,500 per FTTP connection given by NBN in its 2012 corporate plan, and $AU2,450 given in the December 2013 strategic review may well have been nearer the mark.", "\n\nIn a statement sent to The Reg today, professor Tucker noted that cost savings NBN Co was beginning to apply to the rollout – the result of its increasing experience in fibre network construction – were “redacted from the Strategic Review, but at a recent Senate Select Committee meeting it emerged that the redacted number … [was] about $AU2,450”.", "\n\nThe other reason for the high price quoted in the latest NBN Co estimates, professor Tucker told the Conference on Optical Fiber Communications in Los Angeles, is that “NBN Co has not implemented many of the cost savings methods” that the 2012 and 2013 documents identified.", "\n\n“An apparent inflation of the rollout cost … is bound to cause confusion among the press and the public,” he said, highlighting an article in Fairfax endorsing the idea that the cost of FTTP doubled (we suspect it's this article by noted tech political journalist Matthew Knott).", "\n\nProfessor Tucker was formerly director for Melbourne University's Institute for a Broadband-Enabled Society, the Centre for Energy-Efficient Telecommunications, and has worked with vendors such as HP, Agilent and at AT&T Bell Laboratories. ", "®" ]

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[ "Are young people more open to polyamory or are we just sluts?", "\n\nSex By Lindsey Kline\n\nMaybe monogamy is dead.", "\n\nIt seems the modern generation is abandoning the age-old definitions of romance. ", "Some say we’re polyamorous, following a philosophy of being in love, or at least sexually involved, with multiple people at the same time. ", "Some say we’re just sluts.", "\n\nTo those who preach polyamory, the practice offers a sense of freedom. ", "It’s like returning to our true nature, before society suckered us into its ideals of soulmates and the sanctity of marriage.", "\n\nBut to traditionalists, it’s the invention of a generation too gung-ho on fucking on the first date. ", "They say polyamory is just a euphemism for promiscuity; that it condones a common character flaw of unfaithfulness.", "\n\nIndigo Stray Conger, a licensed marriage and family therapist based out of Denver, works almost exclusively with couples in alternative relationships — partners who practice polyamory, swinging, or open relationships. ", "She argues that the polyamorous aren’t more promiscuous, because poly isn’t just about sex. ", "It’s the ability to love more than one person at a time.", "\n\nAmong those who practice polyamory, some say it’s an orientation. ", "It’s a predetermined set of characteristics that they cannot change. ", "The same way someone can identify as gay, they identify as poly. ", "Others believe polyamory is a choice. ", "Polyamory makes sense to them logically, so they choose to expand their horizons.", "\n\nThe logic, as Indigo explains it, is that polyamory is practical in an era where we’re living until we turn into wrinkly old raisins.", "\n\n“If you get married in your twenties, you’re making a much larger commitment than ever before,” Indigo says. “", "You’re looking at about 60 years with one person. ", "And it’s only recently that love became a primary reason to get married. ", "So this whole idea is relatively new — that you’re supposed to fall in love and stay in love, until you die.”", "\n\nPolyamory, she says, is for people who remain open to the idea that you can develop different emotions for different people over time.", "\n\nThis idea is gaining traction, especially among the young and lustful. ", "By some estimates, there are now roughly half a million polyamorous relationships in the US, with thriving communities in nearly every major city. “", "Poly bibles” like The Ethical Slut by Janet W. Hardy and Opening Up by sex columnist Tristan Taormino have helped spread the poly gospel like wildfire. ", "There are a growing number of poly blogs and podcasts, local get-togethers, and an online polyamory magazine based out of Colorado called Loving More, which boasts tens of thousands of readers.", "\n\nPoly’s proliferation is now making many Millennials question conventional courtship. ", "This modern generation grew up in the midst of their parents’ sexual revolution to enjoy sex outside the confines of marriage. ", "The youngsters were also reared in an era when divorce rates reached an all-time high. ", "Essentially, they were raised with the concept of sexual freedom and without solid guidelines for how to make monogamy work.", "\n\nThis may explain why a recent study by the researchers at YouGov found that only half of people under 30 are content with a strictly monogamous relationship. ", "Oftentimes, they’re seeking something monogamy cannot consistently provide; something the poly community lovingly calls “new relationship energy.”", "\n\nNew relationship energy is that electric excitement which comes when two compatible people are getting to know one another and want to spend every waking minute together.", "\n\nThe polyamorous philosophy holds that someone shouldn’t push themselves away from this euphoric feeling just because they’re already in an established relationship. ", "Quite the contrary, members of established poly relationships should celebrate their partner’s newfound excitement. ", "The polyamorous call this sensation “compersion.”", "\n\nTo monogamist culture, compersion is completely counter-intuitive. ", "The English dictionary doesn’t have an official word for feeling pleased with a partner’s other love, because the only reaction we associate with this is jealousy.", "\n\nJealousy is essentially intertwined in monogamy. ", "It’s part of what compels us to commit to our one and only. ", "But it’s certainly not unique to monogamists. ", "Jealousy is part of our evolutionary make-up. ", "It’s a universal emotion that transcends sociosexuality.", "\n\n“There’s a common misconception that poly people aren’t jealous,” Indigo tells us. “", "But there’s no evidence that poly people are able to turn off their jealousy. ", "They’re just better at dealing with those emotions,” she says.", "\n\nIn order to overcome the envious instinct of a hot-blooded outburst, polyamorous partners have to be able to acknowledge their feelings before they build up and become overwhelming. ", "Once they’re aware of those emotions, they need to be honest with their partner. ", "Only with open communication of what makes one another uncomfortable can any relationship, polyamorous or monogamous, truly thrive.", "\n\nIndigo admits that because polyamorous partners practice this communication, they tend to be higher-functioning couples. ", "Perhaps eliminating cheating as a major concern allows for a healthy relationship, as well. ", "But polyamory isn’t a partnership cure-all. ", "And it’s certainly not for everyone.", "\n\nIf you’re sure you’ll never have feelings for anyone other than your only one, polyamory isn’t for you. ", "If your partner’s loving other people can only ever equate to betrayal, polyamory isn’t for you. ", "And if you aim for the sappy soulmate happily ever after exclusive to a Nicholas Sparks novel, polyamory isn’t for you.", "\n\nPolyamory is for those who believe that sexual exclusivity is not the key to intimacy. ", "Monogamists need not agree with the philosophy. ", "But they should no longer mistake polyamory with promiscuity. ", "Sex isn’t the only impetus behind this unique variation of love. ", "When it comes to reasons to go poly, (contrary to monogamist belief) there’s more than only one." ]

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[ "Journey and Struggle of Revival of Cricket in Pakistan\n\nOn the morning of 3rd March 2009, I remember watching the highlights of India vs South Africa match which had taken place a day before. ", "Suddenly I saw a beeper flashing on SuperSport which was unheard of because a sports channel is not expected to give news beepers in normal situations. ", "The beeper read “Pakistan vs SL, test match abandoned”. ", "A test match being abandoned just didn’t make sense to me, a day could be washed out due to rain, a day could be cancelled due to the playing area being wet but the whole test match being abandoned didn’t make sense. ", "Out of curiosity, I flipped the channel to Geo News and slowly but surely, the horrific news started to sink in.", "\n\nEarly morning on March 3 2009, a bus carrying the Sri Lankan cricket team to Lahore’s Gaddafi stadium was attacked by armed militants. ", "Around 8:50am, terrorists stormed through the Liberty chowk, Lahore, with the intention of carrying out a multi-pronged attack on the Sri Lankan team’s convoy. ", "Using RPGs, hand grenades and guns, the attackers took aim at the bus carrying the cricketers.", "\n\nThe Pakistani driver of the team’s bus was shot, but in a remarkable feat of endurance and extraordinary presence of mind, he managed to drive the team away from the assault to safety. ", "Tragically, seven people were killed including six policemen and another 20 injured in the attack. ", "The injured included seven members of the visiting cricket team.", "\n\nWhat transpired after the attack has been nothing short of a nightmare for Pakistani cricket fans. ", "Pakistan was completely isolated by the international cricketing fraternity. ", "An entire generation of Pakistani cricketers has grown up without playing a single match at home. ", "Asad Shafiq, Babar Azam, Muhammad Amir, Yasir Shah etc have been around for ages but they’ve been deprived of playing in front of their own fans. ", "They don’t know how it feels to raise the ball to the crowd after taking a fifer, they don’t know how to raise your bat in jubilation after scoring a century, they don’t know how to take a victory lap around the stadium after winning an enthralling match.", "\n\nAnd then feel for the Pakistani fans, 8 years (excluding the Zimbabwe tour). ", "A small speck in the history of the cricket. ", "But ask those who have been deprived of queuing outside stadiums, of cheering out loud the moment they caught glimpse of their heroes, of going manic in the stands as they saw Umar Akmal’s shot fly towards them, of all the dancing as Mohammad Amir sent a stump cartwheeling, of feeling anxious every time Misbah blocked, of missing the careers of a generation of young cricketers, of being appreciative yet grimacing at Kohli hitting your leading spinner for a six, of running for that ice cream but missing *that* Afridi celebration. ", "For all those who complain about the glut of cricket, for a moment think of the plight of a Pakistani fan. ", "Lahore, despite its excessive security is a city of joy and it gives me great pleasure to say that it will again be the heart of cricketing activity next week.", "\n\nTragedy stuck Pakistan cricket again a year later when 3 of their leading cricketers were caught in spot-fixing. ", "The international fraternity was outraged. ", "Some called for a 5 year ban on Pakistan, others wanted an even harsher life ban. ", "Pakistan were fast waning into oblivion and then out of nowhere came the rescuer, the savior, the Messiah, Misbah Ul Haq. ", "The calm and composed Misbah was exactly what the doctor had ordered for Pakistan.", "\n\nUnder Misbah’s captaincy, Pakistan’s cricket claimed milestone after milestone. ", "Misbah himself became Pakistan’s most successful captain overtaking the great Imran Khan. ", "Pakistan became the first Asian team ever to win a series in South Africa, Pakistan whitewashed England and Australia in the UAE which virtually became Pakistan’s fortress. ", "Pakistan drew against England in England, something which was unheard of in Pakistan’s recent history and Misbah doing push-ups at Lords became the poster-boy image of Pakistan cricket for years and years to come. ", "It was a fitting farewell for the Niazi from Mianwali to win his last test match in dramatic fashion when Shannon Gabriel was bowled by Yasir Shah.", "\n\nIn between all this chaos and madness which Pakistani cricket is, the Zimbabwean cricket team did overtake a tour of Pakistan in 2015 to play some limited overs matches. ", "The ICC though, refused to be a party to it and the PCB had to appoint their own umpires in all the matches. ", "All in all, that still didn’t pave the way for teams to come to Pakistan.", "\n\nThen came the PSL which turned out to be a game changer. ", "The final of the 2nd edition was held in Lahore amid the Quetta Gladiators foreign players boycotting it. ", "But despite that, some of the biggest stars in world cricket right now, Darren Sammy, Marlon Samuels, David Malan and Chris Jordan came to Lahore for the final. ", "The players took away nothing but love and affection with them and that is exactly the reason why Darren Sammy is accompanying the World XI squad too.", "\n\nComing onto the players, the world XI boasts a seriously impressive squad. ", "Lead by none other than Faf Du Plessis, the squad also has Morne Morkel, David Miller, Hashim Amla and Imran Tahir who are all regulars for SA’s national team. ", "Samuel Badree and Darren Sammy are the two West Indians in the squad and they are among the most sought after players in world cricket right now. ", "Tim Paine, Ben Cutting and George Bailey are the 3 Australians in the squad. ", "The Australian contingent is pretty strong too with Bailey being Australia’s former captain and Ben Cutting playing leagues all over the world. ", "Paul Collingwood, Tamim Iqbal, Grant Elliott and Thisara Perera make up the rest of the squad which should give Pakistan a good run for their money.", "\n\nCredit must go to Najam Sethi for successfully convincing all these players to tour Pakistan. ", "The role of Giles Clarke is equally commendable as he headed the task force which paved the way for cricket to return back home.", "\n\nThis 3 match series will set the benchmark for future tours to come. ", "If this (hopefully) goes well, Sri Lanka and West Indies are ready to come and play short series in October/November. ", "But this shouldn’t be the ultimate plan of the PCB. ", "The eventual aim should be to bring back cricket to all big cities of Pakistan. ", "Karachi should be next with Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan etc following suit. ", "Till then, let’s hope and pray that everything goes well and the world xi players go back happy with their decision of touring Pakistan." ]

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[ "When the first BBC transmitter, known as 2LO, crackled into life on November 14th 1922 few could have guessed the impact that radio would have on our world. ", "A few thousand enthusiasts, listening by headphones to primitive crystal radio sets, heard a news bulletin read by Arthur Burrows, the director of programmes of the newly formed British Broadcasting Company (as it then was).", "\n\nBritain was a very different place, still convulsed by the aftermath of the First World War and just entering a new era of technology. ", "However, while motor vehicles and domestic telephones led to more long distance contact with friends and family, it was radio, as the first mass broadcasting medium, that bought people together across the nation to share experiences together. ", "As we know, television and the internet have burst upon us in the decades since, but the wonders of radio have endured. ", "Indeed, today radio is flourishing.", "\n\nTo mark the 90th anniversary the BBC is attempting an ambitious first, bringing together around 60 our stations (network, local, national and international) for a single remarkable moment – a three-minute piece of history broadcast simultaneously around the UK and the world. ", "At its heart will be an idea that explains radio’s success: listening to each other.", "\n\nSo if you could talk to the audience of the future, people listening 90 years from today, what would you say? ", "What would be your hopes, fears or observations to a generation yet unborn? ", "It may be a piece of advice, a wish or a question. ", "You might address it to the world at large or more personally, maybe to a great grandchild. ", "You’ll need to keep it short, probably no more than 20 words because we reckon the pithier the thought, the better the broadcast. ", "Personally, I think I may remind people on the limits of technology and enduring beauty of the British landscape. ", "Or maybe just celebrate the fact that the relevance of the wireless has never faded.", "\n\nWe’re thinking of this Radio Reunited moment as a message in a bottle across the years. ", "I’m delighted that Damon Albarn has agreed to set the best of the thoughts to music which we can play out to our listeners on November 14th 2012 at 5.33pm, to mark the first broadcast from 2LO. ", "Radio has come a long way since those crystal sets – short wave, medium wave, FM, digital and now the internet – and there’s no telling how it will be broadcast in 2102. ", "But one thing I am willing to bet is that 90 years from today someone in the BBC will dig out our 2012 90 year broadcast and millions of people will still be tuning to radio to hear it once more.", "\n\nSend your entries by text or email to your favourite station’s drivetime show or tag your tweets using the hashtag #BBC90. ", "You can also leave your entry in the comments below.", "\n\nThe best will be given to Damon to include in his unique composition. ", "All entries must be submitted by Friday 14th September 2012. ", "Listeners whose messages are chosen will be invited by their chosen station to record their thought.", "\n\nTim Davie is director of BBC Audio & Music" ]

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[ "Free Standard Shipping above $30\n\nThis \"My Shar-Pei is Smarter than Your Honor Student\" bumper sticker is a great way to show off your pride in how smart your favorite family member is. ", "This humorous 3\" x 11\" vinyl sticker can be displayed anywhere.more\n\nThis \"My Shar-Pei is Smarter than Your Honor Student\" bumper sticker is a great way to show off your pride in how smart your favorite family member is. ", "This humorous 11\" x 3\" vinyl sticker can be displayed anywhere." ]

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[ "Gal Gun: Double Peace\n\nis a rail shooter bishōjo video game developed by Inti Creates. ", "The game was released on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in Japan in August 2015, in Europe in July 2016, and in North America in August 2016. ", "It is the sequel to the 2011 game, Gal*Gun, and is similar to its predecessor.", "\nThe player takes the role of male student, Houdai Kudoki, who attempts to shoot his female classmates with \"Pheromone Shot\" while he finds his \"True Love\" girlfriend.", "\n\nA Microsoft Windows version of the game was released via Steam on September 27, 2016.", "\n\nSynopsis\nThe game takes place in a fictional academy in Japan, named Sakurachi Academy. ", "A student cupid angel Ekoro, has to strike a student with a love arrow during her exam, which will help the student find the love of their life. ", "The target is protagonist Houdai Kudoki, an unpopular male student at the academy. ", "However, Ekoro notices that Kurona, a demon angel who is also doing a practical exam, has the same intended target of Houdai. ", "In an effort to strike the target first, Ekoro accidentally increases the dose of the arrow by thirty-two times the original intended amount. ", "This makes every girl at the school grow madly in love with Houdai, frantically running after him in an effort to claim him as their partner. ", "At the same time, the aforementioned demon angel is striking girls with her staff, which makes the girls love Houdai in a more physical fashion, which includes injuring him in a fashion similar to bondage. ", "However, due to unintended side effect caused by increased dose of the shot, Houdai will face a life alone if he doesn't find his \"True Love\" girlfriend before the sunset.", "\n\nThe sisters Shinobu and Maya, who are the students at the academy and childhood friends of Houdai are also relevant to the plot. ", "They aren't affected by Houdai's curse due to a hidden profession as demon hunters, the sisters spend the game hunting Kurona, whilst also rekindling a bond with Houdai, whom they have not spoken to in three years.", "\n\nThe game itself features branching paths and multiple endings.", "\n\nGameplay\nGal*Gun: Double Peace is a rail shooter game, as well as a bishōjo game. ", "The player fends off waves of female classmates using the pheromone shot, a power granted to the protagonist, Houdai via the cupid, Ekoro. ", "If the player shoots the girl, the pheromone shot will give them euphoria, subduing them in process, thus preventing them from confessing their love feelings to the player that will damage player's HP if they succeed. ", "The player may use the analog stick to shoot the classmates. ", "Unlike the original, the PlayStation Move is not supported for the home console version.", "\n\nSpecific sections will also require the use of touch or swipes. ", "This is done via the PlayStation 4's touchpad on the controller, or the screen on the Vita. \"", "Doki-Doki Mode\" makes a return, effectively breaking up the gameplay and preventing tedium. ", "Kurona's cursed girls are more difficult to subdue, requiring the player to first shoot a mini demon angel that hovers around the infected girl before the female student may be shot with a pheromone shot. ", "Holding the right shoulder button allows the players reticule to be zoomed in, with the left shoulder button serving as a method of slowing the sights down. ", "Both of these serve as a mean of gaining the player a more accurate shot. ", "Zooming in also allows the player to see through invisible walls. ", "Items such as character profiles, cosmetics or other school girls to subdue can be found behind certain hidden walls, as well as decreased cover for female students to hide behind.", "\n\nThe academy shop is open to the player, which is run by Aoi, a female musician at the school whom isn't affected by Houdai's cupid condition. ", "Items here can be purchased, including increased player stats, more powerful shots and new camera angels for Doki-Doki mode. ", "Donations can also be made to Aoi, which will unlocking her secret ending if enough are made. ", "All currency is gained by completing levels or specific requests from other students. ", "These requests can be viewed in between levels, and are usually completed by collecting a certain hidden item within a stage.", "\n\nThe title features branching paths and dialogue trees. ", "The differing routes allows the player to select what stage they'd like to play from an ordered list (in order to play stages the player passed on, a new game must be started) whilst the dialogue ranges from statements of love to perverted remarks, and these all allow the player to either straighten a girl's affection for Houdai or dwindle it, depending on her tastes and what is said.", "\n\nThere are over seventy girls in the game, all of which contain specific endings. ", "If shot, they can be interacted with, and the player may experiment to see if they are his destined lover. ", "Like the first, Double Peace features a “Mom’s Arrived Screen”. ", "Activating this will make the game have the layout and aesthetics of an RPG. ", "This is reserved for when someone walks into the room, and the player feels the need to hide the subject matter of the game. ", "This is exclusive to the PC and PlayStation 4 version of the game.", "\n\nRelease\nGal*Gun: Double Peace was released on PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in Japan on August 6, 2015, by publisher Alchemist. ", "An international release of these versions was announced on January 21, 2016, by the publisher, PQube. ", "The company promised the game would be uncensored from the original Japanese product, remaining completely intact, a rarity for a game of this subject matter. ", "The game was widely available in various chains throughout Europe, but North America saw a limited release, exclusive to VGP.ca for Canada and Amazon.com for the United States. ", "Rice Digital primarily handled the British sale, offering both a standard edition and a collectors edition, titled the Mr Happiness edition. ", "This set includes a wall scroll, artbook, soundtrack, bonus downloadable content, and a screen cleaner in the shape of female undergarments. ", "Rice also offered the North American version of the game. ", "Conversely, the Canadian distribution was handled by Video Games Plus. ", "VGP offered standard copies as well as an exclusive edition of their own, dubbed the 'launch edition'. ", "This included a copy of the game alongside an artbook. ", "Rice charged $50 for the Vita edition, while asking $65 for the PlayStation 4 version. ", "The Mr Happiness limited edition cost either $95 or $100, dependent on platform. ", "VGP asked similar prices for the standard set, while asking an additional $10 for the launch edition. ", "Amazon only sold the standard editions.", "\n\nThe English version of the game was originally to be released on July 15, 2016 in Europe and July 19, 2016 in North America, however, on July 11, 2016, PQube officially announced via Twitter that the game will be released on July 29, 2016 and August 2, 2016 respectively, due to \"manufacturing delays\". ", "However, on July 19, 2016, PQube moved the European release date to July 22, 2016.", "\n\nOn July 27, 2016, EB Games, who have exclusive rights to distribute the game in Australia, started pulling copies from stores, as well Senran Kagura: Estival Versus, leaving Australians with only the options of importing or downloading it via PlayStation Store.", "\n\nThe North American Vita version garnered some attention around release due to a humorous misprint on the game box. ", "The game, rated 'M' for Mature (17+) by the ESRB is incorrectly labeled on the back as 'E' for Everyone (6+), under the description of \"sexual content\". ", "Due to the game's exclusivity to online retailers in the region, the title was not recalled.", "\n\nA Microsoft Windows port was released via Steam on September 27, 2016.", "\n\nReception\n\nGal*Gun: Double Peace received mixed reception from critics, currently holding a 64 on review aggregator Metacritic for the PlayStation 4 version. ", "The Vita version does not have enough critical reviews to assign a score, and the same applies for the PC version. ", "The title fared far better in Japan, with Famitsu reviewers awarding both versions of the game a 31/40, recording scores of 8/8/8/7 from the four respective critics.", "\n\nGame Revolution's Jed Whitaker gave the game a positive review, applauding the branching paths and magnitude of content to unlock, while also praising the replay value and ability of seeing through objects, saying it added depth. ", "Despite this, he complained of the faulty touch controls and sexualization of underage girls. ", "Ultimately though, Whitaker gave the game an 8/10, saying \"I kind of love Gal-Gun: Double Peace not only for daring to be as stupid and perverse as it is with no excuses, but also for being one of the most content-rich and replayable games in its genre. ", "If you can overlook (or enjoy) the cringeworthy perverseness found here, you'll find an enjoyable little shooter.\"", "\n\nCJ Andriessen of Destructoid awarded both the PlayStation 4 and Vita versions a 7.5/10. ", "Andriessen enjoyed the replay value within in game of multiple endings, collectibles and differing scenarios depending on which path the player selected, as well as the variety within the different arcs. ", "However, he took issue with the short length of the game, as well as other minor faults throughout the title. ", "Overall though, Andriessen cited the experience of playing it as enjoyable.", "\n\nSammy Barker of Push Square gave the game a negative review. ", "Barker cited the sluggish reticule and faulty touch controls as frustrating. ", "He also complained of the performance on the Vita, while also criticizing the game's graphics, saying it looks over a decade old. ", "Barker did however like the multitude of different girls in the game, and the fact they each have a unique voice. ", "He would go on to give the game a 3/10, closing out his review with \"Shameless like a boob tube but about a billion times less interesting, Gal*Gun: Double Peace is a bad rails-shooter that tries tirelessly to get a raise, only to leave you feeling limp and agitated.\"", "\n\nControversy\nThe game was deemed objectionable and banned in New Zealand by the OFLC, due to its \"sexualization of underage schoolgirls and low difficulty, making the game purely for titilation.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website \nPQube's website\n\nCategory:2015 video games\nCategory:Bishōjo games\nCategory:Inti Creates games\nCategory:Obscenity controversies in video games\nCategory:PlayStation 4 games\nCategory:PlayStation Vita games\nCategory:Rail shooters\nCategory:Censored video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan\nCategory:Video games scored by Ruzarin Kashiwagi\nCategory:Video game sequels\nCategory:Unreal Engine games\nCategory:Windows games" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Corrigendum: Numerical analysis of surface and edge states in slabs, stripes, rods and surface steps of topological insulators (N I Fedotov and S V Zaitsev-Zotov 2018 J. Phys.: ", "Condens. ", "Matter 30 485301).", "\nCorrigendum." ]

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[ "Sidewalk Stories\n\nLast year, Crossroads was honored to receive a grant for Sidewalk Stories from the Knight Neighborhood Challenge, a bi-annual effort for citizen-led development of the College Hill area in Macon.", "\n\nSidewalk Stories, funded by the Knight Foundation, which supports transformational ideas that engage communities and foster the arts, is a project to replace broken and sometimes unsafe sidewalks around College Hill with new sidewalks embedded with Macon-related poetry, song lyrics, literary excerpts, historic factoids and other cool stories.", "\n\nFor instance, that cracked concrete you almost tripped over on College Street could soon become a testament to Little Richard’s songwriting legacy, or to the summer Tennessee Williams spent in Macon before he wrote “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.”", "\n\nBut we need your help to pull this off.", "\n\nHave a great quote in mind? ", "Share it with us. ", "As long as it’s related to Macon, it qualifies.", "\n\nKnow a stretch of sidewalk in desperate need of repair? ", "Snap a picture or tell us where it is so we can put it on the list.", "\n\nIt’s that simple and that complex. ", "The Knight Foundation, the Community Foundation of Central Georgia and city of Macon have given us the ability to make a lasting change on the local physical landscape. ", "YOU can give us the tools to make it happen." ]

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[ "% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand\n% Please edit documentation in R/diversities.", "R\n\\name{diversities}\n\\alias{diversities}\n\\title{Diversity Index}\n\\usage{\ndiversities(x, index = \"all\", zeroes = TRUE)\n}\n\\arguments{\n\\item{x}{A species abundance vector, or matrix (taxa/features x samples)\nwith the absolute count data (no relative abundances), or\n\\code{\\link{phyloseq-class}} object}\n\n\\item{index}{Diversity index. ", "See details for options.}", "\n\n\\item{zeroes}{Include zero counts in the diversity estimation.}", "\n}\n\\value{\nA vector of diversity indices\n}\n\\description{\nVarious community diversity indices.", "\n}\n\\details{\nBy default, returns all diversity indices.", "\nThe available diversity indices include the following:\n\\itemize{\n\\item{inverse_simpson }{Inverse Simpson diversity:\n$1/lambda$ where $lambda=sum(p^2)$ and $p$ are relative abundances.}", "\n\\item{gini_simpson }{Gini-Simpson diversity $1 - lambda$.\nThis is also called Gibbs–Martin, or Blau index in sociology,\npsychology and management studies.}", "\n\\item{shannon }{Shannon diversity ie entropy}\n\\item{fisher }{Fisher alpha; as implemented in the \\pkg{vegan} package}\n\\item{coverage }{Number of species needed to cover 50\\% of the ecosystem.", "\nFor other quantiles, apply the function coverage directly.}", "\n}\n}\n\\examples{\ndata(dietswap)\nd <- alpha(dietswap, 'shannon')\n}\n\\references{\nBeisel J-N. et al. ", "A Comparative Analysis of Diversity Index Sensitivity.", "\nInternal Rev. Hydrobiol. ", "88(1):3-15, 2003.", "\nURL:\n\\url{https://portais.ufg.br/up/202/o/2003-comparative_evennes_index.pdf}\n\nBulla L. An index of diversity and its associated diversity measure.", "\nOikos 70:167--171, 1994\n\nMagurran AE, McGill BJ, eds (2011)\nBiological Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment\n(Oxford Univ Press, Oxford), Vol 12.", "\n\nSmith B and Wilson JB. ", "A Consumer's Guide to Diversity Indices.", "\nOikos 76(1):70-82, 1996.", "\n}\n\\seealso{\ndominance, richness, evenness, rarity, alpha\n}\n\\author{\nContact: Leo Lahti \\email{microbiome-admin@googlegroups.com}\n}\n\\keyword{utilities}\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCustomizing the Format Settings on a TcxCustomDateEdit\n\nI'm looking to write a Date edit control preferably with a Date/Time picker that stores it's format settings on the control itself so they can be defined at run time independently from other controls.", "\nI've TcxCustomDateEdit as a base and overridden various methods to handle the input and output but now I've hit a snag with the Popup Calendar, which shows all the month and Day Names using the variables in SysUtils.", "\nI need to be able to use specific format settings (including the month and day names) instead of the system locale\nAny idea's how I can get around this?", "\nEDIT\nI've included the 2 images below from the popup window from the TcxDateEdit. ", " \nShortDateFormat: Date in the Top bar\nShortDayNames: First letter of each day in the calendar\nLongMonthNames: The Month name between the Arrows for the current month, The list of month names in the MonthListPopup.", "\nTimeSeparator: Should control the : in the TimeEdit but doesn't.", "\nThese are all part of TFormatSettings and I would like to control these at the individual control level.", "\n\nA:\n\nWrote a new Popup Calendar\nTMyPopupCalendar = class(TcxPopupCalendar);\n\nand a new list box\nTRegionalPopupListBox = class(TcxMonthListBox)\n\nand in the date edit control overrode CreateCalendar and GetCalendarClass\n\n" ]

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[ "Also today, the folks over at the Dread Central website have sleuthed out some cool news for you horror film fans, specifically the likelihood that Warner Home Video may be getting ready to release a complete Blu-ray box set of Paramount’s Friday the 13th films in time for the holidays! ", "More here.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Warner Home Video has set House Party: Tonight’s the Night for DVD only release on 7/23.", "\n\nImage Entertainment has set Venus and Vegas for Blu-ray and DVD release on 6/25.", "\n\nImage has also set Combat!: ", "The Complete Third Season for DVD release on 6/4.", "\n\nVisual Entertainment, Inc has set Arthur C. Clarke: The Complete Collection for DVD only release on 7/9, including three complete documentary series (52 episodes in all) – Mysterious World (1980), World of Strange Powers (1985) and Mysterious Universe (1995).", "\n\nAnd Raro Video has set Fernando Di Leo’s The Italian Crime Collection – Volume 2 box set for Blu-ray and DVD release on 6/25 (SRP $49.98 and $39.98), including the films Shoot First, Die Later, Kidnap Syndicate and Naked Violence as well as a host of extras.", "\n\nAbout Bill Hunt\n\nBill Hunt is the Editor in Chief of The Digital Bits, which he founded in the early days of the DVD format in 1997 to bring together the Hollywood film community and movie fans from around the world. ", "His columns…" ]

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[ "[A simulation study on brain hematoma real time monitoring by use of electrical impedance tomography].", "\nIt is significant to develop a new set of medical equipment in which electrical impedance tomography is applied to brain hematoma real time monitor. ", "This paper describes some progress in reconstruction algorithm of EIT. ", "The methods make it possible to improve the precision as well as computation speed dramatically. ", "In addition, intensive simulation describes all the process for real time monitoring of brain hematoma by exploiting EIT." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Complement activation during extracorporeal therapy: biochemistry, cell biology and clinical relevance.", "\nComplement is a principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response and contributes to the non-specific recognition and elimination of foreign substances from the body. ", "The system evolved to protect the host from invasion by various pathogens. ", "However, due to the non-selective nature of the alternative pathway, biomaterial surfaces in any medical device used in contact with blood will also activate the system. ", "This review summarizes our current understanding of the biochemistry and cell biology of complement. ", "The relationship of this basic information to clinical observations is discussed in order to affirm the relevance of complement as a critical parameter of biocompatibility." ]

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[ "Effect of tooth size on the ageing and chronological distribution of enamel hypoplastic defects.", "\nThe location of enamel hypoplastic defects on the tooth crown has been used to determine the age of an individual at the time the defect-producing stress occurred. ", "The assumptions made in following this methodology are examined, and one in particular, that tooth size variation has a minimal impact on ageing and subsequent chronological distributions, is tested. ", "Teeth with no occlusal or minimal wear and with enamel hypoplasias were measured for crown height and the location of the defect on the crown. ", "Two samples are used, one comprising a series of archaeological specimens and the other from modern clinical extractions. ", "The chronological distributions of the defects are determined by three different methods: one is based on a tooth mineralization chart; the second method uses the same chart but incorporates individual crown heights; and the third method adjusts the chart for the sample's mean crown heights. ", "Significant differences between the age estimates are observed in both the modern and archaeological samples. ", "Tooth size does affect the ageing of hypoplastic defects and the chronological distributions. ", "By adjusting the mineralization chart for the sample's mean crown heights, the significant differences in age estimates can be corrected." ]

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[ "Another wonderful story! ", "I loved your one-shots, and this story is beautiful. ", "Loved your reincarnation concept and how subtly you bring it up. ", "The best part of your writing is how much depth you give to all of your characters, not just the main ones. ", "Thank you for another LRL fanfic, this made my day!", "\n\nGuest chapter 41 . ", "3/3\n\nJust awesome! ", "I again watched the whole series recently and was looking for more, when I found this .", "\nI wished they had completed their love story , so reading this I felt closure..\n\nOne of the best stories (not just fanficions) that I have read till now. ", "The detailing is amazing. ", "I have read his other lrl fanfics too. ", "But 'Fated' stands out and I return again & again to read this. ", "Captain Rajveer (not just Rajeev Khandelwal,but the character himself) has been one of my inspirations and this story almost brings him back to life again for me. ", "Thank you for writing such a wonderful fanfic.", "\n\nI love you! ", "I seriously do!", "\nI am not much into fanfics but LRL always has been close to my heart. ", "I was hooked onto 'fated' long long ago when you first wrote it and mighty disappointed when you left it halfway. ", "After all these years something reminded me about 'fated' and just now I started reading it from I-F. Some morbid curiosity made me google your Bedil quote and here I am and more happy than I've been in a long time. ", "Thanks a ton for completing it. ", "You are a rockstar!", "\n\nThis is and amazing story. ", "I happened to read the first 26 chapters like 8 months back and I recently came back to read it again because it is beautiful, and look what i found? ", "Its been completed. ", "Thank you so much for completing it. ", "It is beautifully written. ", "All the best with your future works as well. ", "3\n\nTanaya Dey chapter 41 . ", "7/14/2014\n\nThis one of the great stories I've ever read. ", "There is tears in my eyes always whenever I read the chapters. ", "Just love the story very much. ", "It has taught me the value and the power of true love. ", "personally I have inspired by the story to the core to love someone very much. ", "To the writer I have one more thing to say that is she/he should be a writer by profession. ", "It would be a great treat to read her/him .", "\nLove and best wishes\n\nKatherine chapter 41 . ", "7/3/2014\n\nWhat a wonderful ending! ", "Thank you so much for completing it.", "\n\nGuest chapter 40 . ", "6/22/2014\n\nFantastic end! ", "Although I am very happy to read the end, I am also sad that I won't be getting any new stories to read on my favorite couple! ", "But thanks for writing these awesome stories :)\n\nAfter so many years theirs a most awaited closure to this tale. ", "The tale which has somehow been at the back of my mind forever since all these yrs. ", "When raj died I dint watch the show nymore. ", "Their was no use .. and d story was incomplete... later I thot their would b a closure through Fated... but even this was lft un finished. ", "Today m so happy... such a lovely closure. ", "Amazing... thank you for completing it. ", "More then dis thru this I cud know u r such a good writer... do write more... stories... on raj n naina keep them alive through ur stories...\n\nHi.", "\nI started this story yesterday night, around 24 hours ago and maaan I've been hooked!", "\nI saw LRL as a teenager in 2006-2007 and it's the only Indian show I've ever appreciated.", "\nI shipped for Raj and Naina then, and yesterday a sudden rush of nostalgia forced me to check for their fanfics.", "\nLuckily I found few and I'm so so so overwhelmed that there is such an awesome fic like this.", "\nThis story supplies all my fangirl cravings and the fluff I only could imagine sometimes.", "\nThank you so much for creating such a marvelous piece of work. ", "You are truly awesome writer.", "\nI needed to let you know this and even tried leaving a vague msg on tumblr.", "\nDo update soon :)\ntake care! :* ", "3" ]

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[ "These days a hunter will always be seeking out some of the best hunting spots in the world It is for this reason you need to grab your custom hunting rifle and set out on a hunting adventure.", "\n\nGeorgia United States\n\nThis is hands down one of the top places to go when you are looking for some of the best deer in the world to hunt. ", "It is close so you won’t have to pack your passport to score a nice rack\n\nTexas United States\n\nEverything is bigger in Texas and that includes the deer as well. ", "If you are looking to score a nice big rack, then Texas will be where you will want to go that will give you a story unlike anything else you could tell. ", "Many people fall in love with the Lone Star state immediately, and get help from realty austin to settle down in central Texas.", "\n\nRussia\n\nWhile the country is a little cold many month of the year, the hunting here is plentiful and you will be able to hunt down some of the biggest bears the country has. ", "There are also a large number of other big game that you can hunt as well.", "\n\nMontana United States\n\nMontana is home to some of the biggest game in the United States and as a result it will lead you to a number of stories that you can share with your friends and tell them how you hunted down your trophy all day and struck when the time was right.", "\n\nTalkeetna Alaska\n\nThis is a paradise when it comes to hunting around the world. ", "If you are looking to snag a bear or wolf, then you can year round hunt these and game like moose and sheep you will need to wait till late summer.", "\n\nAlberta Canada\n\nIf you are looking for a place where the duck and bucks are plentiful, then you will want to make sure that you head to Alberta Canada as there is some of the best hunting for ducks that you will find anywhere else on the planet. ", "Again if your game of choice is that of a deer, then you will be in luck as this location is ideal for this type of hunting on a regular basis.", "\n\nCordoba Argentina\n\nThis is a little bit of a travel for a person to have to set out on just for bird hunting. ", "That is the bad news, the good news is that it will be well worth your time.", "\n\nPripyat River Belarus\n\nThis will be one of the farthest travels you will have to embark on if you are looking for some of the best big game in the world.", "\n\nWindhoek Namibia\n\nThis will by far be the farthest that you will have to travel to hunt hippos and other wild big game. ", "While the trip may not seem like it, once you go and have your first hunt, you will be very glad that you grabbed your custom hunting rifle and went out on this hunt.", "\n\nSouth Island New Zealand\n\nThis is more than just a place to see some of the wild game roam and give you a chance to go home with a trophy and a story, but also one of the best locals that you will see in regards to seeing all that surrounds you on a regular basis.", "\n\nbaby moccs are great for you because they allow you to wear something that will feel soft on your feet, and you may wear them for as long as you want no matter where you are going or what you are doing. ", "They are the perfect all purpose shoes, and they will let you lounge around the house or just go out and run some errands. ", "You need to have access to these shoes at all times because they will give you the exact amount of fun that you need. ", "You should make sure that you have taken the time to figure out what works best for you, and you can see why these split leather shoes are so soft.", "\n\nThe first step in buying shoes is to make sure that you have picked out the softest leather. ", "You are going to get great results when you are using something like these baby moccs, and they will help keep your feet comfortable no matter what you are doing. ", "It is so much easier for you to have a nice walk in these shoes because they are so soft, and you will feel as though you have chosen something that makes you feel like a new person.", "\n\nThe style is amazing, and you will not be able to deny how these moccs look. ", "They will give you the right colors and cuts for your shoes, and you will be more confident about these shoes because of the way that they have been made. ", "You save yourself a lot of time when you are wearing them, and you can pair them with anything.", "\n\nYou also have to make sure that you have figured out how you will get the right kinds of baby Moccs for your feet in the right size. ", "You should look through the sizing chart because there are so many to pick from. ", "You will be impressed that your feet feel so good, and you will have a lot of fun wearing them because of how they were made. ", "You get to make your feet feel much better because of these shoes, and you will have them on your feet all day without thinking about it for a second.", "\n\nThe shoes will come in men’s and women’s style depending on what you need, and you have to be sure that you have taken a look at these shoes to see which ones you like the most. ", "The styles were made to help men and women look their best, and you can pick out something any time that you want. ", "You have more freedom and more power when you are using these shoes, and they will help you get the results that you want no matter what it is you choose to do. ", "Try these shoes out today so that you can get much better results, and you will be more comfortable because you are wearing something that works in all ways and at all times when you are ready to leave the house.", "\n\nThere are many clean sources of energy that harness natural processes and are considered to be renewable and environmentally friendly. ", "These sources help negate the effects of pollution mainly because they are not depleting any natural resources in order to create the energy. ", "Although there are several large scale clean energy projects, renewable technology is also suitable for small off grid applications even in remote and rural areas where energy is vital in human development. ", "Whereas traditional non-renewable energy sources such as oil and coal are limited to certain geographic locations only, renewable sources of energy are spread widely across the world.", "\n\n1. ", "Solar power\n\nPV (photovoltaic) solar power entails harnessing the energy of the sun to produce electricity. ", "This source of energy has been gaining immense popularity especially over the past decade mainly because new technologies are emerging at a very rapid pace. ", "Moreover, solar cells are becoming easily transportable, more efficient and flexible allowing for easy and convenient installation. ", "Solar power can be used to power small sized applications powered by one solar cell to off grid homes that are powered by photovoltaic arrays.", "\n\n2. ", "Wind power\n\nWind power is harnessed using wind turbines which convert wind energy into useful form such as mechanical energy or electricity. ", "Large scale wind farms can be connected to local power transmission networks and smaller turbines can be used to provide electricity or mechanical energy to isolated areas. ", "Some residential units are capable of powering entire homes and large appliances depending on the size. ", "Wind farms that have been installed in grazing areas or agricultural land have the lowest environmental impact.", "\n\n3. ", "Hydroelectricity\n\nThis form of clean energy is generated by hydropower which is the production of energy using the gravitational force of flowing or falling water. ", "Hydropower is the most widely used form of clean energy. ", "Moreover, hydroelectric complex projects do not produce any direct waste. ", "Micro-hydro power or small scale hydro power is becoming an increasingly popular source of alternative energy especially in atlanta ga dumpster rentals. ", "Micro-hydro power systems can be easily installed in rivers or streams without disrupting fish migration and also without any discernible environmental effect. ", "In most cases, small scale hydro power projects use water wheels to generate the electricity rather than dams.", "\n\n4. ", "Geothermal energy\n\nGeothermal power is a very efficient and powerful way of extracting renewable energy from the earth using natural processes. ", "This can be done on a small scale in order to provide energy and heat for residential units (geothermal heat pumps) or on large scale through geothermal power plants. ", "Geothermal energy is reliable, environmentally friendly and cost effective but was previously limited to areas near the boundaries of tectonic plates. ", "However, technological development has dramatically expanded the size and range of viable resources for direct applications like home heating.", "\n\n5. ", "Biomass\n\nBiomass is a clean energy source that mainly refers to the recently dead and living material that is used for industrial production and also as fuel. ", "Therefore, biomass in this case refers to the plant matter that is grown and used to produce electricity. ", "This type of construction dumpster rental austin includes trash such as yard clippings, branches, dead trees, and wood chips bio-fuel. ", "It also includes animal or plant matter that is used for production of heat and fiber. ", "Biomass is converted to various energy sources such as ethanol and methane gas.", "\n\nRenewable sources of energy such as biomass, wind, and solar energy can be used in order to cut the harmful emissions from oil and coal. ", "On the other hand, renewable energy is a viable alternative mainly because the initial investment of clean energy sources can be recovered over a short amount of time." ]

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[ "This invention relates to new chemical compounds and the method of the preparation of the same. ", "It relates further to the use of new compounds for treating and preventing coccidiosis. ", "This invention still more particularly relates to novel 6-amino-9-(substituted benzyl)purines and their corresponding N.sup.1 -oxides, and the use of the same in the control and treatment of coccidiosis.", "\nCoccidiosis is a widespread poultry disease which is produced by infections of protozoa of the genus Eimeria which causes severe pathology in the intestines and ceca of poultry. ", "Some of the most significant of these species are E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. brunetti and E. maxima. ", "This disease is generally spread by the birds picking up the infectious organism in droppings on contaminated litter or ground, or by way of food or drinking water. ", "The disease is manifested by hemorrhage, accumulation of blood in the ceca, passage of blood in the droppings, weakness and digestive disturbances. ", "The disease often terminates in the death of the animal, but the fowl which survive severe infections have had their market value substantially reduced as a result of the infection. ", "Coccidiosis is, therefore, a disease of great economic importance and extensive work has been done to find new and improved methods for controlling and treating coccidial infections in poultry." ]

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[ "Cielo rojo (song)\n\n\"Cielo rojo\" () is a huapango song written by Juan Záizar, a singer-songwriter from the Mexican state of Jalisco. ", "It was recorded by ranchera singer and actress Flor Silvestre in the late 1950s and became the breakthrough of her musical career. ", "She also sang it in the film El ciclón (1959).", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Spanish-language songs\nCategory:Flor Silvestre songs\nCategory:1957 songs\nCategory:1961 songs" ]

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[ "p53 acts as a tumor suppressor protein, which participates in cell growth and apoptosis. ", "Mutation of the p53 gene brings about inactivation of its translation product, which is a major cause of cancer. ", "However, in some cases, although the p53 gene is present in the wild form, its protein product is often inactivated. ", "One of such p53 inactivation mechanisms involves the overexpression of mdm2, a cellular oncogene. ", "The p53 protein is autoregulated by a feedback loop mediated by the mdm2 protein, inhibiting p53 function through binding to the transcriptional activation domain (TAD) of p53, and the mdm2 protein binds to p53 and promotes p53 degradation through the ubiquitin-dependent pathway, thereby promoting the incidence of cancer (Oliner, J. D. et al. (", "1993) Nature 362, 857; Vassilev, L. T. et al. (", "2004) Science 303, 844-848; and Maki et al. (", "1999) J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "274, 1 6531).", "\nBased on the finding that the mdm2 protein is amplified or overexpressed in many malignant tumors, leading to the inhibition of p53 function, the activation of the p53 pathway through the inhibition of mdm2 is becoming a new target for developing caner therapeutic agents.", "\nOne strategy to do this involves the development of low molecular weight agents capable of inhibiting the complex formation of p53 and mdm2. ", "For example, piperazine derivatives useful in cancer therapy by inhibiting the interaction between mdm2 and p53 are disclosed in WO00/15657, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,770,627, etc. ", "WO03/051360 discloses the use of cis-imidazolines as mdm2 inhibitors, which are useful for the treatment of breast cancer, large intestine cancer, lung cancer, and the like. ", "WO03/095625 discloses 1,4-benzodiazepines that act as inhibitors against the interaction between mdm2 and p53. ", "WO03/106384A2 discloses boronic chalcone derivatives that inhibit mdm2 expression or complex formation with mdm2. ", "Also, Stoll et al. ", "describes chalcone derivatives inhibiting the binding of mdm2 to p53 (Stoll, R. et al. (", "2001) Biochemistry 40, 336-344).", "\nAnother strategy involves the development of mdm2-specific antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit mdm2 protein expression. ", "Many publications, including WO99/49065 and WO99/10486, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "6,013,786 and 6,238,921, and European Pat. ", "No. ", "1 007 658, provide such antisense oligonucleotides.", "\nIn addition, other studies describe peptides that specifically bind to mdm2 and inhibit the binding of mdm2 to p53. ", "The X-ray crystal structure of mdm2 bound to the p53 TAD peptide reveals that only a helix formed by residues 18-26 of the p53 TAD binds to mdm2 (Kussie, R. H. et al., (", "1996) Science 274, 948-953). ", "Since then, based on this X-ray crystal structure, many studies have been focused on the p53 α-helix. ", "For example, WO96/02642 provides a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 19-23 of the p53 α-helix. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,702,908 provides a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 18-23 of the p53 α-helix. ", "WO98/476525 provides a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 19-23 of the p53 α-helix. ", "WO98/01467 provides a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 19-26 of the p53 α-helix. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,858,976 provides a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 14-41 of the p53 α-helix. ", "These peptides, consisting of amino acid residues of the p53 α-helix region, are characterized by inhibiting mdm2.", "\nThe present inventors, in a previous study, reported that, unlike the previous view that the p53 TAD is unstructured, the p53 TAD has local secondary structures such as an α-helix and a turn even in the state of being unbound to mdm2 (Lee, H. et al. (", "2000) J. Biol. ", "Chem. ", "275, 29426-29432).", "\nTo date, all of studies involving peptides inhibiting the binding of mdm2 and p53 have been focused only on the helix region of the p53 TAD, based on the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of mdm2 with the p53 TAD peptide. ", "Also, there is no research describing substantial binding between mdm2 and a turn that is another secondary structure of the p53 TAD, and turn-derived peptides inhibiting the binding of mdm2 and p53.", "\nIn this regard, the intensive and thorough research into the effect of the turns of the p53 TAD on mdm2 binding thereto by chemical shift perturbation experiments using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy resulted in the finding that the turns as well as the helix participate directly in the binding of the p53 TAD to mdm2, and in particular, a region encompassing amino acid residues 49-54, forming turn II, is most critical for the binding to mdm2. ", "The finding further includes that, when a peptide sequence corresponding to this region or a derivative thereof is administered to cancer cells, it inhibits the binding of mdm2 to p53 and activates the p53 pathway to induce apoptosis, thereby leading to the present invention providing peptides for inhibiting mdm2." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to get values from xml response\n\nhow to get address and netmask values from the following xml response \n<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\" ?", "> \n - <controls>\n <ManualCalib>0</ManualCalib> \n <MaintMode>0</MaintMode> \n <AntEnable>0</AntEnable> \n <ChgBeamEnable>1</ChgBeamEnable> \n <ModemResponse>options show ETH0_1 [ETH0_1] address = 10.171.74.1 netmask = 255.255.255.0 rip_enabled = 0 [RMT:416] admin@telnet:::ffff:127.0.0.1;4709 ></ModemResponse> \n </controls>\n\nA:\n\nThe best solution would be to find out the exact structure of the ModemResponse string. ", "You could write a regular expression to capture the values you need, or have more robust parsing logic. ", "If you don't know the exact structure, you could write some hacky code like this to get it done in most cases:\n var xd = XDocument.", "Parse(xml);\n var modemResponse = xd.", "Element(\"controls\").Element(\"ModemResponse\").Value;\n string address = string.", "Empty, netmask = string.", "Empty;\n var tokens = modemResponse.", "Split(new[] { ' ', '=' }, StringSplitOptions.", "RemoveEmptyEntries);\n for (int i = 0; i < tokens.", "Length; i++)\n {\n var token = tokens[i];\n switch (token)\n {\n case \"address\":\n if (i + 1 < token.", "Length)\n address = tokens[i + 1];\n break;\n case \"netmask\":\n if (i+1 < tokens.", "Length)\n netmask = tokens[i+1];\n break;\n }\n }\n\n Console.", "WriteLine(\"address: {0}, netmask: {1}\", address, netmask);\n\n" ]

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[ "A court in Ecuador has ruled that the nation’s ban on same-sex marriage is illegal.", "\n\nTwo judges in the Family, Women, Children and Adolescents Court made that finding last week, Gay Star News reports. ", "In two cases brought by same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses, the judges ruled they must be allowed to wed immediately. ", "The judges cited a January ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights that the 20 countries under its jurisdiction must offer equal marriage rights to same-sex couples.", "\n\nNot all the nations have gone along with the Inter-American Court’s ruling, however. ", "Ecuador’s Civil Registry had denied licenses to the two female couples, leading to the cases that came before the Ecuadorian court in the city of Cuenca. ", "Family, Women, Children and Adolescents Court Judges Iliana Vallejo and Ruth Alvarez both ruled that rejection of the women’s marriage license applications was a violation of their human rights.", "\n\nThe Civil Registry is appealing the rulings to the Provincial Court in Azuay, the province in which Cuenca is located. ", "Still, LGBT rights activists are celebrating.", "\n\n“It is expected that this advance in human rights in Ecuador will [be] strengthened in the appeal and that opens the possibility for same-sex couples [to be] really free and equal to realize their dreams,” a spokesperson for the Feminist Legal Collective, which assisted in the cases, told Gay Star News.", "\n\nOn Facebook, local organization Red LGBTI Azuay wrote, “Bravo for the defense of equality and diversity! ", "Bravo for the fight against discrimination! ", "Bravo for love! ", "Without a doubt this is a great step forward in the recognition of diverse families.”" ]

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[ "About US$ 190\n\nFully Custom 8\" Chef Knife - Only 2 available - You choose from a premium list of handle materials and combinations!", "\n\nLess" ]

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[ "Tyler, the Creator pulled one of the harshest bait-and-switches the Grammys stage has ever seen.", "\n\nJust hours after arriving to the ceremony dressed, sardonically, as the in-house bellhop, “The Daily Show’s” Trevor Noah introduced him alongside classic R&B guests Boyz II Men and Charlie Wilson. ", "Tyler, nominated for rap album for his chart-topping “Igor,” indeed joined those acts for a brief, sweet introduction to “Earfquake,” the relatively tender funk centerpiece of the LP.", "\n\nBut seconds later, Tyler took the reins and drove the show straight into suburban hell.", "\n\n\nHe took this Grammy spotlight, his first live performance there, to instead perform “New Magic Wand,” one of the most brutal noise tracks from “Igor,” delivered in front of a strobe-flashed street strewn with dancers in matching, eerie blonde wigs.", "\n\nTyler is one of the most physically incendiary live performers in hip-hop, and whether alone in front of a shaking camera or surrounded by doppelgängers, he left it all on the floor as he screamed and howled and nearly burst his eyes out of his skull. ", "Not since Kendrick Lamar’s 2016 performance of “The Blacker the Berry” and “Alright” has an artist lighted up a Grammy stage with this much pure adrenaline and fury.", "\n\nTyler had a reputation as a gleeful provocateur in his Odd Future years, but since pared it back into thoughtful, genre-obliterating funk and rock and experimental music. ", "If you’d come to “Igor” by way of the mature, introspective love songs, or were curious about its Billboard 200 ascent, this set was a shock to see on music’s most prominent stage — it would have gotten him arrested if he’d tried it at a Fairfax sneaker store.", "\n\nIt all ended with Tyler throwing himself into a pit of fire and disappearing from the wreckage of the stage. ", "If anyone has their career improved by this mournful Grammys, it’s fitting that it should be him, one of pop’s great antagonists and, as of tonight, its undeniable Grammy breakout performer." ]

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[ "Search\n\n“It’s been good therapy for me having people finally see the truth of what happened and finding out that we weren’t guilty,” said Salaam, who was just 15 when he was arrested for the rape. “", "So many people know that we were arrested and went to jail for the crime. ", "But they didn’t know we were found not guilty years later. ", "That news wasn’t covered as much.”" ]

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[ "Looking for sparks of gold in daily life\n(Dance, Arts, Fashion, Books...)\n\nFriday, August 07, 2009\n\nSt Petersburg On The Amstel\n\nThe Hermitage, St Petersburg's legendary museum, has started a partnership with an Amsterdam venue by the Amstel canal. ", "I heard about this on NPR's Art Talk - thanks, dear Edward Goldman! ", "By now, regular readers on AUREA know about my passion for Russia; I actually just spent a couple of weeks re-reading War And Peace. ", "So this weekend, as I am spending a couple of days in Amsterdam, I rushed to see their first lavish, exhibition, and wasn't disappointed.", "\n\nMany divine items were displayed, especially ball gowns, dress uniforms and all kinds of accessories like silk shoes, spectacular jewelry, feathered fans, exquisite hats. ", "I adore the children's adorable costumes of course... There were also collections of paintings and photographs.", "I bought a bunch of postcards (click on the top pic to enlarge) and a Danish novel, The Tsar's Dwarf, about a dwarf who was given as a present to a Russian tsar.", "Can you spot my reflection in the poster?", "\n\nSONIA - they were pretty much white, cream-colored except for the one with the pearls, which was gray.", "I didn't post any pics of the dresses that were more colorful, because the colors didn't come out well.", "\n\nThe costumes are gorgeous. ", "I remember years ago going to the Armand Hammer Museum to see an exhibit on Catherine the Great. ", "Truly amazing. ", "They even had a couple of her Faberge eggs. ", "Thanks for sharing these." ]

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[ "Januszkowo, Bydgoszcz County\n\nJanuszkowo () is a small village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowa Wieś Wielka, within Bydgoszcz County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. ", "It lies approximately north-west of Nowa Wieś Wielka and south of Bydgoszcz.", "\n\nReferences\n\nJanuszkowo" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat is the best way to run a remote ssh command in background but still displaying?", "\n\nI need to run SSH commands remotely with the output displaying locally. ", "But if the connection breaks I want the command to still run.", "\nI am not talking so much about logging in and executing but doing ssh user@remotehost 'commands && command etc'\nHow can I ensure the command runs even if the connection breaks?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe best way to do this is using screen, which keeps the session open in a persistent way even if the connection dies (and if you want to start using it again you can do a screen -r and it will open it up again).", "\nPrefixing whatever command you want to run with screen (eg. ", "ssh -t user@host screen command) should do the job.", "\nIf you want it to run in the background of the shell, you can also append an & to the whole thing.", "\n\nA:\n\nAre you looking to have a persistent session that you can resume, or just to stop a disconnect from killing the exection?", "\nFor the former, use screen, for the latter, nohup.", "\n\nA:\n\nAs mentioned early, screen can do all the trick. ", "But not only what you need. ", "I've use screen for the years and now use it every time I've login into systems. ", "Try to install screen and create ~/.screenrc with such config:\nsessionname vcflists\nstartup_message off\ndeflogin off\nvbell off\nmsgminwait 0\nmsgwait 10\nlog off\nbacktick 1 0 0 hostname\ncaption splitonly \"%?%", "F%{= yk}%:%{= Kk}%? %", "n %t%=\"\nhardstatus alwayslastline \"%{= rY} %1` %{= kg} %0c %{= bY} %-w%{= Yk} %n %t %{-}%+w %=%{g}%l \"\n\nThen run screen -Rd vcf. ", "That is the preferable invocation of screen. ", "You will reconnect to previously created session with name vcf* (or be warned if ambiguous) or, if session not opened yet, it will be created. ", "CTRL+A is a meta key that do everything. ", "CTRL+A C (CTRL+A, then C) create new window (screen) inside session. ", "CTRL+A SPACE move focus to the next window in a round.", "CTRL+A D detach current session keeping all windows functional between connections. ", "If you have launch some looooong task you can detach from screen and reattach to it later to see what happens. ", "The same happens if your ssh session is lost - screen stay alive with all opened windows and all tasks launched.", "\nIf you want to close some window inside screen - just exit from shell in it. ", "If you want to close all shells/tasks in all windows and exit screen - just press CTRL+A CTRL+\\ and press \"Y\" when asked.", "\nFor all the rest see man screen.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Our unit studies cover reading comprehension, spelling, vocabulary, writing, art, science and history all presented in fun and engaging activities. ", "Every unit study in each series features all DIFFERENT spelling and vocabulary words! ", "The spelling and vocabulary words never repeat within the same series. ", "The science and history focus also is unique to each book within the same series.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nOver 35+ lively and out of the box activities in each unit study! ", "Not just question and answer format! ", "Crosswords, word searches, code breaking, games, hands on ideas, movement activities and more!", "\n\nEach unit study also has suggestions on how to modify certain activities for younger kids and how to challenge older kids.", "\n\nIs your young reader reading faster than you? ", "No problem an answer key is included.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Android architect / tech lead @ Sony Electronics. ", "I'm a huge proponent of TDD and I am absolutely thrilled by clean code and simple/elegant designs/algorithms. ", "It takes genius to turn complexity into simplicity.", "\n\nI do Brazilian Jiu Jitsu @ Black House, and I'm still hoping to meet Anderson Silva in person.", "\n\nI've written Android apps for Fandango (tablet and phone), Regal Cinemas, and Intuit. ", "I've also advised companies such as Starbucks and Bridgepoint Education on advanced Android development. ", "I am also the author of the top paid finance app Moola." ]

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[ "Search\n\nI had time for a stroll down historic Market Street, and take in a combination of landmarks such as The Queen, the Old Town Hall and 18th century houses, sprinkled among 21st century businesses, coffee houses and restaurants.", "\n\nWilmington, Delaware: the final stop on the Onscreen/In Person tour! ", "I have to confess that as a resident of Maryland, I’ve passed through Wilmington many times by train or by car, on my way to New York or other points north. ", "Screening Deej at The Queen, vintage early 1800’s, was a long-overdue way to connect with downtown Wilmington, past and present.", "\n\nI arrived early, so I had time for a stroll down historic Market Street, and take in a combination of landmarks such as The Queen, the Old Town Hall and 18th century houses, sprinkled among 21st century businesses, coffee houses and restaurants. ", "It’s a city center working to reshape itself, fusing old and new, and the Light Up the Queen Foundation is a vital part of that effort.", "\n\nThanks to the Foundation’s Tina Betz and Judy Hickman, the Deej screening and discussion similarly drew on local community resources – in the form of advocates in the fields of autism and disability:\n\nAnnalisa Ekbladh, a parent advocate and leader of Autism Delaware’s family support division, which provides more than 200 social recreational and support events each year;\n\nKatina Demetriou, director of Autism Delaware’s POW&R (Productive Opportunities for Work & Recreation), a community-based vocational program working with 85 partner businesses;\n\nBrian Freedman, associate director of the University of Delaware’s Center for Disabilities Studies, helping people with disabilities increase their independence and lead productive lives;\n\nCari A. Phillips, special education coordinator for K-5 level children in Delaware’s Red Clay Consolidated School District and PhD candidate at the University of Delaware.", "\n\nUsing a letter board, Brent described what it was like to have no access to communication during his younger years, when his abilities were consistently underestimated – and how his life is markedly different today.", "\n\nI am especially grateful to all the screening hosts who gave nonspeaking Autistics a voice in the discussions connected to the screenings.", "\n\nI hasten to add that the few who didn’t, simply couldn’t, because of a lack of viable candidates – an indication of how far we as a society still need to go to grant access to communication to everyone.", "\n\nI’m grateful for all the work the screening hosts invested in choosing the films for the tour in the first place, and then working to attract an audience and assemble dynamic discussion panels. ", "I want to thank you all, including Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, for a memorable, deeply fulfilling experience!", "\n\nHeading into the final week of the Deej Onscreen/In Person tour, I’m amazed at how time has flown by, and what an inspiring trip it’s been. ", "Documentary filmmaking is often a solitary pursuit. ", "Sharing one’s film with an audience, then talking about it with panelists and attendees who often have a tremendous amount at stake in the issues Deej embraces, is a heady experience.", "\n\nThis was especially true of our screening at the Atlas Performing Arts Center in Washington, DC. ", "For one thing, it was co-sponsored by Docs In Progress, a nonprofit based in Silver Spring, Maryland that creates and fosters a supportive community for documentary filmmakers. ", "In many ways, it was my “go to” support system during the making of Deej – so to have them involved in this screening was a way to thank them and the greater DC film community for all the support that came my way during a lengthy and sometimes arduous process. ", "Erica Ginsburg, executive director, served as moderator to the post-screening discussion, keeping it moving and on track.", "\n\nIn addition, in this DC event, we were fortunate to be in the backyard of some leading activists for autistic rights, which allowed them to take part in the discussion. ", "As in several of our previous events, we were fortunate to have on the panel members of the autistic community, including Benjamin McGann, a nonspeaking self-advocate. ", "Assisted by Elizabeth Vosseller, he shared, “It is refreshing to hear this kind of discussion. ", "I am an adult; however, many view me as a child because I cannot speak. ", "But I can think and learn and love and work.”", "\n\nJulia Bascom introduced herself not only as the executive director of the Autistic Self Advocacy Network but also as someone who identifies as an Autistic. ", "She underscored that this is true of all of ASAN’s staff members – that the nonprofit advocacy organization lives and breathes its motto: “Nothing about us without us.” ", "She was grateful that Deej is more successful than most films in its depiction of autism by allowing DJ to fully participate in the telling of his story.", "\n\nCompleting the panel were other autism and disability professionals. ", "Besides serving as Benjamin’s communication aide, Elizabeth Vosseller spoke as the director of the Growing Kids Therapy Center, a DC-based organization that specializes in supporting the communication challenges of children in the autism spectrum, including those who don’t speak.", "\n\nAnd, Jenn Lynn contributed as author, speaker, and executive director of Upcounty Community Resources, a nonprofit that serves fitness, social and therapeutic needs of adults with special needs. ", "She also publishes, along with her 14-year-old son Jake, a blog: TheWorldAccoringtoJake.com.", "\n\nMy thanks goes to Doug Yeuell, executive director of the Atlas, and the rest of his staff for their hospitality, and for bringing not just Deej, but an impressive array overall of performing arts to the H Street neighborhood in DC!", "\n\nThe screening of Deej at the BlackRock Center for the Arts in Germantown, MD, was special in a couple of ways. ", "For one thing, it was only twenty miles or so from my hometown of Frederick, so lots of friends came to see it! ", "And, in a pretty short timeframe, we were able to put together a strong group of autistic self-advocates who joined the conversation onstage after the screening.", "\n\nTwo Maryland teenagers contributed in a big way to the conversation, each nonspeaking and typing with no physical support. ", "Gordy Baylinson of Potomac, Maryland is well-known locally for a letter he wrote to a police officer, explaining why she and colleagues need to understand that while Gordy’s brain “knows what it wants and how to make that clear,” his body “is much like a drunken, almost six foot toddler…” With the help of Meghann Parkinson, who held his letter board, he shared his thoughts on what a difference learning to communicate has made.", "\n\nJack Alnutt, a student at nearby Quince Orchard High School, shared that “it took years of perseverance” to learn to communicate. ", "His mom, Amy, added that he only succeeded four years ago, and the first thing he typed was “I am trying and I’m really smart.”", "\n\nBoth Jack’s and Gordy’s parents shared the challenges they’ve had in convincing local school systems that their sons deserve to be included in mainstream high school classes, and remarked that they all know children in the area and beyond who have not been as successful in finding educational opportunities for their children.", "\n\nSharon da VanPort, founder and executive director of Autism Women’s Network, weighed in as well, describing how using the wrong language in describing autism can be damaging. ", "Nonspeaking Autistics, for example, are often described as “nonverbal” – which means, “without words” – which is certainly not the case with Gordy and Jack. ", "She also called attention to the “high functioning” and “low functioning” labels that help perpetuate the assumption that those who cannot speak or who happen to have pronounced issues with body control somehow can’t measure up.", "\n\nThanks to JoAnn Pham and Brian Laird at BlackRock for this opportunity to share Deej in an intimate, state-of-the-art space with a very invested audience!", "\n\nReading Area Community College (RACC) provides a vital path to the future for almost 5,000 students. ", "Once a thriving metropolis and transportation hub for the coal industry, (remember “Reading Railroad” on the Monopoly board, anyone?), ", "the city of Reading is working to redefine itself economically in the 21st century – taking advantage of its central location halfway between Philadelphia and Harrisburg – and RACC is a vital part of that.", "\n\nKym Kleinsmith, Robert Rooy, Kathi Bashore\n\nOne of the highlights of the On screen/In Person tour is the chance to meet and exchange ideas with students. ", "I can’t thank Natalie Babb, the Miller Center for the Arts’ Outreach Coordinator, enough for digging deep into my past, way earlier than the creation of Deej. ", "I found myself in Associate Professor Danelle Bower’s Honors Sociology class, chatting with bright, inquisitive students about international poverty issues and strategies to address them. ", "I would see a considerable number of them later that evening at the screening of Deej.", "\n\nNatalie, along with Cathleen Stephen, Director of the Miller Center, and Brett Buckwalter, Production Manager, organized a social hour before the screening in which a number of local and regional autism advocates could meet each other and audience goers. ", "Attendees included:\n\nKathi Bashore (M.A. Psychology and Author of Can You Just Love Her? ", "A Mother’s Journey with Autism)\n\nSuzie Carpenter (author of On the Bright Side: A Mother’s Story of Love and Healing through Her Daughter’s Autism)\n\nSharon Jones (Director of Include Me, an initiative of The Arc of Pennsylvania)\n\nLuci Shaeffer (co-founder of the Unending Promise Fund of the Berks County Community Foundation, geared to improve the quality of life for adults living with autism)\n\nMathew Malfaro, (artist and Autistic, who offered a number of sculptures for sale to patrons) and his mother, Claire.", "\n\nKym and Kathi joined me onstage following the screening for a stimulating, informative discussion with an audience whose members seemed unusually invested in the issues that Deej raises. ", "Thanks, Natalie, Cathleen and Brett!", "\n\nIf I have a chance to come back in another life, I’d strongly consider becoming a student at the Montgomery County Community College in Blue Bell, PA. ", "It’s a two-year college that provides an entree into the many four-year colleges and universities in the Philadelphia area and beyond. ", "But many community colleges offer that; what’s especially attractive is the level of exposure to state-of-the-art training and tools – including a web-based radio station, an expansive selection of film production equipment, a sophisticated audio mixing and design studio, and more.", "\n\nBut since that’s not likely to happen, I settled for interactions with some very bright, resourceful filmmaking students, who in their questions quickly moved beyond pure technical questions into the deeper aesthetics involved in documentary filmmaking.", "\n\nAnd that was just the beginning of an incredibly stimulating, satisfying day. ", "The panel discussion that followed the screening of Deej offered an insightful array of personal and professional perspectives. ", "We were honored to have Brian Foti, a young nonspeaking autistic and self-advocate, share his views via letter board as to what access to communication and inclusion has meant to him. ", "His aides, Emily and Tom, and his mother, Colleen, added their perspectives. ", "Alicia Weiss, Director of Disability Services at the College, spoke of the challenges of a diverse group of autistics on the college level; Jean Woods, PhD and RN, gently but persistently brought the conversation back to educators’ responsibilities to make sure inclusion truly and fully happens.", "\n\nFrom a purely personal, even selfish perspective, may I say that I was treated like royalty? ", "I was squired attentively around campus and plied with food and drink in my own private greenroom. ", "A documentary filmmaker could get used to this treatment! ", "Thanks especially to Brent Woods, Senior Director of Cultural Affairs, and Iain Campbell, Cultural Affairs Program Coordinator for a lovely experience and successful screening.", "\n\nBloomsburg University of Pennsylvania is an institution that’s been around for a very long time. ", "Founded in 1839 as the Bloomsburg Literary Institute, it currently enrolls more than 9,000 students.", "\n\nThe University is located along the Susquehanna River in a mountainous region of north central Pennsylvania. ", "I’m envious of Francine Strickwerda and Laurel Spellman Smith, the producers and directors of Oil and Water, the next On screen/In Person film to visit Bloomsburg. ", "When they visit in October, the fall colors should be spectacular!", "\n\nCarver Hall, built in 1867, is the historic flagship of the campus, and houses the Kenneth S. Gross Auditorium, a wonderful space, evocative of the Victorian era. ", "Randall Presswood, Director of Bloomsburg Performing Arts facilities, who organized my visit, was instrumental in giving the auditorium a facelift a few years back, and the space is an aesthetic delight.", "\n\nAided by the administrative and technical skills of a half-dozen students, the screening came off without a hitch and segued into an intimate Q & A session centering on the overall theme of inclusion.", "\n\nThere is nothing more gratifying for a filmmaker than to have one’s film shown to a large audience. ", "Thanks to the energetic organizational and promotional efforts of Barry Kornauser, the Millersville University’s Ware Center in Lancaster, PA, was filled with 250 people who came to watch Deej on Wednesday night, September 13th. ", "And more than half the audience stuck around for a substantive Q & A session afterward.", "\n\nThe evening got off to a lively start with a pre-screening panel of professionals who shared a wide variety of views on how best to ensure the inclusion of the nonspeaking and of all those on the autism spectrum. ", "Brad Minnig, pianist and composer, described his own personal path to full participation. ", "Like DJ, the subject of Deej, he was adopted; and like DJ, his adoptive mother spent endless hours in helping Brad break through to full communication and inclusion. ", "He now expresses himself eloquently through the spoken word and through his musicianship. ", "He shared part of one of his piano compositions as a lead-in to the screening.", "\n\nOther panelists included Maureen Westcott, Executive Director of the Arc of Lancaster County; Kelly O’Byrne, Director of NHS Lancaster; Sugey Cruz-Evert, President of the Tommy Foundation; Carolyn Bruey, Program Supervisor of IU 13’s Autism Solutions and School Psychologist; and Thomas Neuville, Professor and Coordinator of Career and Life Studies at Millersville University.", "\n\nEqually gratifying, at least for me, was the opportunity to interact with students at Millersville University. ", "I sat in on two of Professor Ping Yang’s communication classes at the university in which the focus was cultural difference, and how we as individuals and as society can transcend the barriers cultural difference creates. ", "I was also a guest in a section of Dr. Changfu Chang’s introduction to documentary filmmaking and shared my own somewhat circuitous path into the field, my continued excitement in exploring the form, and at least a few lessons learned the hard way!", "\n\nIt would have been difficult if not impossible to cram anything more into what was an intensely stimulating twenty four hours!", "\n\nThe following blog posts have been submitted by the filmmakers that have participated in Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation’s On Screen/In Person regional film touring program. ", "All views and opinions expressed in the posts are solely those of the filmmakers and do not reflect the opinions of Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, its directors, or employees. ", "Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation is not responsible for the accuracy of the information supplied by the filmmakers.", "\n\nFeatured Posts\n\nOctober 22, 2017 | Oil & Water | Wilmington, DE It’s been a couple of years since I’ve been on the road with Oil & Water, we finished the film in 2014 after which we spent more than a year touring film festivals around the world. ", "Now it’s been nearly two years since I actually […]\n\nOctober 19, 2017 | Oil & Water | Blue Bell, PA Oil & Water — Before Hollywood, there was Pennsylvania Stars were made in Montgomery County. ", "In the early years of movie making, Betzwood Film Studios on the banks of Pennsylvania’s Schuylkill River, was the world’s largest, most advanced film studio. ", "I learned this surprising history […]\n\nOctober 18, 2017 | Oil & Water | Reading, PA Oil & Water — Learning in Reading, PA The student looked at me like I was full of bull. “", "Money makes the monkey dance,” he said, shaking his head. “", "The world will never change.” ", "I felt his anger and frustration, and I knew I needed to […]\n\nOctober 16, 2017 | Oil & Water | Bloomsburg, PA The Road to Bloomsburg The Road to Bloomsburg, PA is both beautiful and blighted, with breathtaking views of rivers and forests, as well as vivid reminders of an energy industry that is dead, dying, or fraught. ", "The route winds through Schuylkill County to Ashland, a […]\n\nOctober 15, 2017 | Oil & Water | Germantown, MD A Gentleman (from the Amazon) and a Scholar Once you finish a film, it takes on a life of its own. ", "The people you spend so much time filming and learning about must go their own way. ", "It can be hard to let the story […]" ]

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[ "\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nJason Nichols McDaniel v. State\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIN THE\nTENTH COURT OF APPEALS\n \n\nNo. ", "10-04-016-CR\n\n     JASON NICHOLS McDANIEL,\n                                                                              Appellant\n     v.\n\n     THE STATE OF TEXAS,\n                                                                              Appellee\n \n\nFrom the 40th District Court\nEllis County, Texas\nTrial Court # 972-414-7178\n                                                                                                                \r\n\nMEMORANDUM OPINION\n                                                                                                                \r\n\n      The trial court sentenced Jason Nichols McDaniel to twenty years’ imprisonment for\r\naggravated sexual assault in November 2001. ", " McDaniel filed a pro se notice of appeal in\r\nJanuary 2004. ", " The notice of appeal is untimely. ", " See Tex. ", "R. App. ", "P. 26.2. ", " Accordingly, the\r\nappeal is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.", "\n                                                                   PER CURIAM\n\nBefore Chief Justice Gray,\n      Justice Vance, and\n      Justice Reyna\nAppeal dismissed for want of jurisdiction\nOpinion delivered and filed February 11, 2004\nDo not publish\n[CRPM]\n" ]

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[ "Be smart enough to know when to stand up for yourself and others. ", "Don't let anyone walk all over you. ", "People think they can play with fire and not get burned but everyone suffers the consequences of their actions eventually, just remember that." ]

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[ "There are also fun and games at the Greystones Film Club, plus, live satellite links with the likes of The Met, The Bolshoi Ballet and The National Theatre at The Whale.", "\n\nJust, you know, get out there, and join hands with the living. ", "Computer love – even in 3D – can never reach the heights, or the depths, of the real thing…\n\nTuesday 22nd Jan\n\nLaunching today, the Bray One Act Drama festival will run at the Mermaid Arts Centre until the 26th, with tickets just €16, or €13 with concession. ", "Curtains up each night at 7.30pm, and you can find out more – and book your tickets – right here.", "\n\nLaurence Reddin’sTai Chi & Qi Gong classes at St Patrick’s Recreation Centre are this evening, running from 7.45pm to 8.45pm. ", "You can also do Saturday mornings, from 8.45am to 9.45am.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nYou can choose from two doses of YOGA & MINDFULNESS with Angelika at St Patrick’s Church, from 6.45pm to 8.10pm for Establish or 8.15pm to 9.45pm for Continuation.", "\n\nAnd kudos to SuperValu, who continue their autism shopping experience every Tuesday evening…\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nIn the evening, you can get your diddley-aye fix with the long-running Tuesday night TRAD SESSION in Dann’s. ", "Noice!", "\n\nWednesday 23rd Jan\n\nRunning from 9.30am to 11.30am at the Kilcoole Community Centre, Bray Area Partnership are offering free advice on finding and applying for jobs. ", "Covering everything from JobsPlus to Back To Work schemes, this service is free, baby!", "\n\nFor the lads, there’s THE MEN’S SHED twice-weekly meeting at 10am (returning Friday, at the same time), along with the weekly CHILDREN’S STORYTIME at the Greystones Library, from 10.30am, whilst, starting back September 12th, ME & THE MOON have their kids art workshops in the Kilian Family Centre – from 3.30pm to 4.30pm for 4- to 7-year-olds and 4.30pm to 5.30pm for 8- to 12-year-olds.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nFrances Browner is the brains behind a new Greystones writing group, SCRIOBH ARÍS, meeting at 7.30pm every Wednesday – bar the last of each month – in the Greystones Cancer Support HQ on La Touche Place.", "\n\nIt’s just €10 for the full tour, and those clever people at de Horse are also taking bookings for a special after-trek nosh-up. ", "Nice! ", "You can book your tour by contacting Michael on woodsorm@tcd.ie, and book your well-deserved Horse dinner by emailing mary@horseandhounddelgany.com.", "\n\nAnd don’t forget, you can always take a few slightly stoned Delgany history tours with the bould Shay Clear right here.", "\n\nThe beautiful Evan Furlong has her CHINESE STUDIES FOR CHILDREN running at NWETSS in Bray, from 4pm to 6pm – wise move, given that, thanks to Trump, China will rule us all by 2025 – whilst for the older generation, the GREYSTONES ACTIVE RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION meets every Wednesday evening, at 8pm, in the Kilian Family Centre. ", "Bring mixers. ", "And a blanket.", "\n\nFor those keen to flex their muscles, Mark Crean’s FITTSTONES classes are on both Monday and Wednesday evenings, whilst there’s Yoga & Mindfulness with Angelika for Beginners at St Patrick’s Church from 8pm to 9.30pm.", "\n\nGotta love the long-running Wednesday night treat over at THE BEACH HOUSE, where Mike Morrissey is your sheriff for QUIZ & BINGO NIGHT! ", "Just €2 a card, kids, and the fun kicks off at 10pm.", "\n\nIn the meantime, check outour video chat with young Mike, where we go deep to find out the secret of his quizmaster success and his pop superstar failure.", "\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nAnd don’t forget, the HORSE & HOUND trad session – right by that cosy fire.", "\n\nThursday 24th Jan\n\nTwo chances to finally get your life together this evening. ", "Sarah Ryan is giving a free talk at the library from 7pm to 8pm, whilst Janice Valentine presents Rocket Into 2019 over at The Whale, from 8pm. ", "Boom!", "\n\nTalking of which, the somewhat controversialSchool Of Philosphy & Economic Science are celebrating 50 years by offering their introductory course for just €10 – reduced from a whopping €140. ", "Taking place at Luisne over in Kilcoole, at 7.30pm, the course runs for the next ten Thursdays.", "\n\nThere’s a Conversational French Group gathering every Thursday morning, 11am, at the Greystones Library, and you can be a part of it – once you have Intermediate French. ", "Call John on 012875981 for further details.", "\n\nHappening from 3pm to 5pm every first and third Thursday down at Shoreline, the Greystones Parkinson’s Social Club is a chance to hang out, having some tea & coffee, and a chat, whilst also getting support and advice. ", "You can find out more by contacting Eva White on 012819578.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nLock of your grandads! ", "The Delgany Guild of the Irish Countrywomen’s Association will be getting up to no good – and illegal speed knitting – at St Patrick’s from 2pm today. ", "You have been warned.", "\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nFriday 25th Jan\n\nAlso, GREYSTONES ALZHEIMER FRIENDS take a trip down MEMORY LANE in St Patrick’s Parish Hall, from 11.30am to 1pm, all those hits from the ’50s and ’60s being blasted for a singalong, whilst over at THE WHALE, the box-office is open from 11am to noon – for those of you who like that one-on-one experience when booking your CULTURAL KICKS.", "\n\nThere’s also the twice-weekly MEN’S SHED (the other day being Wednesdays) down at the Scout’s Den behind the fire station.", "\n\nOn the foodie front, and the HORSE & HOUND have teamed up with chef PAUL SHARKEY for the brand new BELLEVUE BISTRO, open from Thursday to Sunday weekly. ", "Plus, MANGO TREE have free Chicken Wings with every order of €40this month.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nOn Fridays at Shoreline, from 7pm to 9pm, you can also sign up with the GREYSTONES SWIMMING CLUB, which, yowsa, was first founded in 1924. ", "So, they should know what they’re doing by now.", "\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nFor the night owls, there’s the Dirt Birds’ sold-out return to The Whale, Sue Collins and Sinead Culbert’s viral duos having already rocked the town last year. ", "You can join the cancellation list for both Friday and Saturday– just on the off-chance.", "\n\nOver in Dann’s, it’s the mighty Meakins, baby!", "\n\nSaturday 26th Jan\n\nThe big one tonight is an evening with our very own Greystones Orchestra, playing the likes of Mendelssohn, Mozart and Motorhead at SoBe from 8pm. ", "Special guests include violinist Colm O Braoin and flautist Michelle LeMay. ", "You can email greystonesorch@gmail.com for further details.", "\n\nFor those with the morning munchies, Indian/Pakistani cuisine masters Daata on Hillside Road have introduced a different kind of breakfast, baby. ", "Do it!", "\n\nIf your little one is keen to try rugby, then they should try Rugbytots, running every Saturday morning at Educate Together, and covering ages 2 to 5. ", "Nice! ", "Try! ", "Running till January 5th, you can email rebecca@rugbytots.ie for further info.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nMaking sure our joints are rockin’ on a Saturday night, The Chosen Few are at The Beach House. ", "Boom!", "\n\nSunday 27th Jan\n\nWith GRAPE going Full Santa and St David’s Car Boot Sale in hibernation, you’ll have to get your regular car boot-style bargain fix at the ENNISKERRY CHURCH HALL CRAFT FAIR, from 10am to 6pm, but only if you feel like venturing beyond city limits.", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm…\n\nThere’s also the latest in The Whale’s satellite link-ups with the great and the really great – this time, the Met Opera’s production of Francesco Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur on Sunday at 4pm.", "\n\nAlong with the BIG SUNDAY BREAKFAST from 11am to 3pm at The Bear Paw – get TWO YUMMY BREAKFAST ROLLS for €10! – ", "there’s the BALLYWALTRIM CAR BOOT SALE from 9am to 2pm in sunny Bray, whilst for the slightly older folk, there’s the weekly HAZY, LAZY AFTERNOON SESSION at The Hot Spot, kicking off at 4pm, from the end of September. ", "Alternatively, there’s the BRAY GREYSTONES BADMINTON CLUB, meeting at BIFE at 4pm (and Thursdays, at 8pm), and for budding young thespians between 14 and 18, the MAKING WAVES YOUTH THEATRE every Sunday from 2.15pm to 4.15pm at Greystones Studios.", "\n\nWorth noting too that COTTAGE FLOWERS are now open every Sunday, from 11am to 4pm, for those looking for a little love gesture. ", "Or forgiveness.", "\n\nThere’s also Sherron’s 5RHYTHMS DANCE MEDITATION, getting your morning started in a trance down at Sobe from 11am to 1pm. ", "Back September 9th, this one also bounces to an evening session every month, so, check with the lady herself right about here.", "\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nRockin’ out for Sunday night, from 7pm to 9pm, Soundwave are at Lee’s of Kilcoole to give Monday morning a fright. ", "Do it!", "\n\nAlso in the evening, if you’ve got the CURLERS OUT OF YOUR HAIR, there’s BINGO at the Little Flower Hall beside the Holy Redeemer in Bray, the marker-sniffing action kicking off at 8pm.", "\n\nMonday 28th Jan\n\nRunning from 10am to 1pm, the Greystones Art Group‘s weekly get-together at SoBe is a chance to express yourself, baby. ", "Whilst joining one of Ireland’s oldest art groups, this particular batch of art lovers having first come together way back in 1965. ", "Be the holy!", "\n\nMonday mornings, from 9am to noon, Me & The Moon are hosting PARENT & TODDLER art workshops, perfect for a little me time. ", "For both parent and toddler.", "\n\nFor those kids who’d like to just SING, SING, SING, the Greystones Youth Choir will be harmony-rockin’ Shoreline at 4pm, from 4.15pm to 5.45pm, to perfect those harmonies. ", "And have FUN! ", "And all for just €20! ", "weeks\n\nKicking off in Newtown from 7.45pm to 8.45pm, then Greystones Tuesdays, Wednesdays & Thursdays, and Newcastle Thursdays, YOGA & MINDFULNESS WITH ANGELIKA is a grand way to start your week/new life.", "\n\nMonday is also the day you can take a chance on the ÉIRE ÓG LOTTERY, or, if this language is still a little DOUBLE-DUTCH to you, take some FREE ENGLISH CLASSES over in Kilcoole.", "\n\nFor the young at heart, there are AQUA AEROBICS down at Shoreline from noon to 1pm. ", "The cost is €4.50, and you can get in touch on greystones@shorelineleisure.ie.", "\n\nYou can also get yourself in shape with MARK CREAN and his FITTSTONES classes, happening every Monday and Wednesday. ", "YOWSA!", "\n\nOpen from 10am to 8.30pm, FourFront Games on Hillside Road have not one but two groovy ESCAPE ROOMS for you to take on – The Hillside Haunting and The Interrogation Room. ", "All put together by the sick minds of Mary-Kate, David, Ciara & Colm...\n\nLock of your grandads! ", "The notorious Wicklow Guildof the Irish Countrywomen’s Association will be getting up to no good – and illegal speed knitting – at St Patrick’s from 8pm tonight. ", "You have been warned.", "\n\nRunning throughout January and February, Chakra have introduced their new pre-theatre menu, where you can get award-winning Indian nosh for less. ", "Boom!", "\n\nOoh, and don’t forget, FREE TIN WHISTLE LESSONS every Monday evening in THE HARBOUR BAR, running from 7.30pm to 8pm for complete beginners, 8pm to 8.30pm for beginners, and 8.30pm to 9pm for intermediate. ", "SWEET!", "\n\nAnd if you still need another BINGO FIX after Sunday night’s outing, St Patrick’s Hall in Kilcoole is de place to be tonight, from 8pm. ", "BONGO!", "\n\nLots of other goodies coming up too, of course, so, keep watching the skies, and reading the Guide. ", "You can also check out The Whale and The Hot Spot, for a night on de town, baby…" ]

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[ "/*\n** ClanLib SDK\n** Copyright (c) 1997-2016 The ClanLib Team\n**\n** This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied\n** warranty. ", " In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages\n** arising from the use of this software.", "\n**\n** Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,\n** including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it\n** freely, subject to the following restrictions:\n**\n** 1. ", "The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not\n** claim that you wrote the original software. ", "If you use this software\n** in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be\n** appreciated but is not required.", "\n** 2. ", "Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be\n** misrepresented as being the original software.", "\n** 3. ", "This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.", "\n**\n** Note: Some of the libraries ClanLib may link to may have additional\n** requirements or restrictions.", "\n**\n** File Author(s):\n**\n** Harry Storbacka\n** Magnus Norddahl\n** Mark Page\n*/\n\n#include \"precomp.h\"\n#include \"outline_provider_file.h\"\n#include \"../CollisionAPI/outline_circle.h\"\n#include \"outline_provider_file_impl.h\"\n\nusing namespace clan;\n\n\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// OutlineProviderFile Construction:\n\nOutlineProviderFile::OutlineProviderFile(IODevice &file) : impl(std::make_shared<OutlineProviderFile_Impl>( file ))\n{\n}\n\nOutlineProviderFile::~OutlineProviderFile()\n{\n}\n\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// OutlineProviderFile Attributes:\n\nstd::vector<Contour> OutlineProviderFile::get_contours()\n{\n\treturn impl->contours;\n}\n\nSize OutlineProviderFile::get_size()\n{\n\treturn Size(impl->width, impl->height);\n}\n" ]

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[ "Mikiko Creator\n\nDue to some legal changes, I am now free to post the English version online! :)", "\n\n\n\nThe past two weeks I have been revamping and updating old pages. ", "I will soon delete the old files here, and begin uploading the new version from the beginning in its entirety.", "\n\n\n\nOf course, I will aim to get a printed version once all pages are completed. ", "There will also be a digital version in my shop. (", "tips & coffee donations are also welcome!)", "\n\n\n\nAt this point I'd like to thank all of you who, for SO many years have been reading and sharing CnB, and always been by my side. ", "Thank you so much for your patience! ", "The wait is finally over.", "\n\n\n\nI will begin posting pages twice per week, if I can. ", "Starting on Friday! :))) ", "Spread the news~\n\n\n\nLove,\n\nMikiko" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Q:\n\ngo on the line where a variable define on any editor\n\nIs there any add-on or ability on geany or any known linux editor for this purpose : when you click on one variable . ", "The mouse coursor goes to when it initialize. ", "\nMy code is c language. ", "what I am looking for is some thing like this: highlight one variable and then press one key or any act and finally the editor put your mouse cursor on the line which for the first time this argument define or initialize. ", " \n\nA:\n\nIf you are using geany, there is already functionality to jump to the definition of the variable/function. ", "With the right key via the context menu, or by pressing ctrl+t (after selecting the item) you can jump to the definition.", "\nNote: The only limitation is that the file that contains the definition must already be open in geany, otherwise it will not work.", "\nExample:\nDefine variable:\n\nGuake go to definition.", "\n\nThis work for type definition and functions; if you have to look for an instance of a variable within the document or project, you have to look for it as text.", "\n\n" ]

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