tokens
sequencelengths 7
500
| labels
sequencelengths 9
502
| mentions
listlengths 0
60
| input_ids
sequencelengths 9
502
| attention_mask
sequencelengths 9
502
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"(",
"ai",
")",
",",
"in",
"its",
"broad",
"##est",
"sense",
",",
"is",
"intelligence",
"exhibited",
"by",
"machines",
",",
"particularly",
"computer",
"systems",
".",
"it",
"is",
"a",
"field",
"of",
"research",
"in",
"computer",
"science",
"that",
"develops",
"and",
"studies",
"methods",
"and",
"software",
"that",
"enable",
"machines",
"to",
"perceive",
"their",
"environment",
"and",
"uses",
"learning",
"and",
"intelligence",
"to",
"take",
"actions",
"that",
"maximize",
"their",
"chances",
"of",
"achieving",
"defined",
"goals",
".",
"such",
"machines",
"may",
"be",
"called",
"ai",
"##s",
".",
"some",
"high",
"-",
"profile",
"applications",
"of",
"ai",
"include",
"advanced",
"web",
"search",
"engines",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"google",
"search",
")",
";",
"recommendation",
"systems",
"(",
"used",
"by",
"youtube",
",",
"amazon",
",",
"and",
"netflix",
")",
";",
"interacting",
"via",
"human",
"speech",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"google",
"assistant",
",",
"sir",
"##i",
",",
"and",
"alexa",
")",
";",
"autonomous",
"vehicles",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"way",
"##mo",
")",
";",
"genera",
"##tive",
"and",
"creative",
"tools",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t",
",",
"apple",
"intelligence",
",",
"and",
"ai",
"art",
")",
";",
"and",
"superhuman",
"play",
"and",
"analysis",
"in",
"strategy",
"games",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"chess",
"and",
"go",
")",
".",
"however",
",",
"many",
"ai",
"applications",
"are",
"not",
"perceived",
"as",
"ai",
":",
"\"",
"a",
"lot",
"of",
"cutting",
"edge",
"ai",
"has",
"filtered",
"into",
"general",
"applications",
",",
"often",
"without",
"being",
"called",
"ai",
"because",
"once",
"something",
"becomes",
"useful",
"enough",
"and",
"common",
"enough",
"it",
"'",
"s",
"not",
"labeled",
"ai",
"anymore",
".",
"\"",
"alan",
"turing",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"person",
"to",
"conduct",
"substantial",
"research",
"in",
"the",
"field",
"that",
"he",
"called",
"machine",
"intelligence",
".",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"was",
"founded",
"as",
"an",
"academic",
"discipline",
"in",
"1956",
".",
"the",
"field",
"went",
"through",
"multiple",
"cycles",
"of",
"optimism",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"periods",
"of",
"disappointment",
"and",
"loss",
"of",
"funding",
",",
"known",
"as",
"ai",
"winter",
".",
"funding",
"and",
"interest",
"vastly",
"increased",
"after",
"2012",
"when",
"deep",
"learning",
"surpassed",
"all",
"previous",
"ai",
"techniques",
",",
"and",
"after",
"2017",
"with",
"the",
"transform",
"##er",
"architecture",
".",
"this",
"led",
"to",
"the",
"ai",
"boom",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"2020",
"##s",
",",
"with",
"companies",
",",
"universities",
",",
"and",
"laboratories",
"overwhelmingly",
"based",
"in",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"pioneering",
"significant",
"advances",
"in",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
".",
"the",
"growing",
"use",
"of",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"in",
"the",
"21st",
"century",
"is",
"influencing",
"a",
"societal",
"and",
"economic",
"shift",
"towards",
"increased",
"automation",
",",
"data",
"-",
"driven",
"decision",
"-",
"making",
",",
"and",
"the",
"integration",
"of",
"ai",
"systems",
"into",
"various",
"economic",
"sectors",
"and",
"areas",
"of",
"life",
",",
"impact",
"##ing",
"job",
"markets",
",",
"healthcare",
",",
"government",
",",
"industry",
",",
"education",
",",
"propaganda",
",",
"and",
"di",
"##sin",
"##form",
"##ation",
".",
"this",
"raises",
"questions",
"about",
"the",
"long",
"-",
"term",
"effects",
",",
"ethical",
"implications",
",",
"and",
"risks",
"of",
"ai",
",",
"prompting",
"discussions",
"about",
"regulatory",
"policies",
"to",
"ensure",
"the",
"safety",
"and",
"benefits",
"of",
"the",
"technology",
".",
"the",
"various",
"sub",
"##fields",
"of",
"ai",
"research",
"are",
"centered",
"around",
"particular",
"goals",
"and",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"particular",
"tools",
".",
"the",
"traditional",
"goals",
"of",
"ai",
"research",
"include",
"reasoning",
",",
"knowledge",
"representation",
",",
"planning",
",",
"learning",
",",
"natural",
"language",
"processing",
",",
"perception",
",",
"and",
"support",
"for",
"robotics",
".",
"[",
"a",
"]",
"general",
"intelligence",
"—",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"complete",
"any",
"task",
"perform",
"##able",
"by",
"a",
"human",
"on",
"an",
"at"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 13,
"end_token_idx": 14,
"identifier": "/wiki/Intelligence",
"tokens": [
"intelligence"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 16,
"end_token_idx": 17,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine",
"tokens": [
"machines"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 19,
"end_token_idx": 21,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computer_systems",
"tokens": [
"computer",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 25,
"end_token_idx": 28,
"identifier": "/wiki/Field_of_research",
"tokens": [
"field",
"of",
"research"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 29,
"end_token_idx": 31,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computer_science",
"tokens": [
"computer",
"science"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 37,
"end_token_idx": 38,
"identifier": "/wiki/Software",
"tokens": [
"software"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 42,
"end_token_idx": 45,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_perception",
"tokens": [
"perceive",
"their",
"environment"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 47,
"end_token_idx": 48,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 74,
"end_token_idx": 77,
"identifier": "/wiki/Applications_of_AI",
"tokens": [
"applications",
"of",
"ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 79,
"end_token_idx": 82,
"identifier": "/wiki/Web_search_engine",
"tokens": [
"web",
"search",
"engines"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 88,
"end_token_idx": 90,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google_Search",
"tokens": [
"google",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 92,
"end_token_idx": 94,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recommender_system",
"tokens": [
"recommendation",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 97,
"end_token_idx": 98,
"identifier": "/wiki/YouTube",
"tokens": [
"youtube"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 99,
"end_token_idx": 100,
"identifier": "/wiki/Amazon_(company)",
"tokens": [
"amazon"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 102,
"end_token_idx": 103,
"identifier": "/wiki/Netflix",
"tokens": [
"netflix"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 106,
"end_token_idx": 109,
"identifier": "/wiki/Natural-language_understanding",
"tokens": [
"via",
"human",
"speech"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 115,
"end_token_idx": 117,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google_Assistant",
"tokens": [
"google",
"assistant"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 118,
"end_token_idx": 120,
"identifier": "/wiki/Siri",
"tokens": [
"sir",
"##i"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 122,
"end_token_idx": 123,
"identifier": "/wiki/Amazon_Alexa",
"tokens": [
"alexa"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 125,
"end_token_idx": 127,
"identifier": "/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles",
"tokens": [
"autonomous",
"vehicles"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 133,
"end_token_idx": 135,
"identifier": "/wiki/Waymo",
"tokens": [
"way",
"##mo"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 137,
"end_token_idx": 139,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 140,
"end_token_idx": 141,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computational_creativity",
"tokens": [
"creative"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 148,
"end_token_idx": 151,
"identifier": "/wiki/ChatGPT",
"tokens": [
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 152,
"end_token_idx": 154,
"identifier": "/wiki/Apple_Intelligence",
"tokens": [
"apple",
"intelligence"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 156,
"end_token_idx": 158,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_art",
"tokens": [
"ai",
"art"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 161,
"end_token_idx": 162,
"identifier": "/wiki/Superintelligence",
"tokens": [
"superhuman"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 166,
"end_token_idx": 168,
"identifier": "/wiki/Strategy_game",
"tokens": [
"strategy",
"games"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 174,
"end_token_idx": 175,
"identifier": "/wiki/Chess",
"tokens": [
"chess"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 176,
"end_token_idx": 177,
"identifier": "/wiki/Go_(game)",
"tokens": [
"go"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 220,
"end_token_idx": 224,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_effect",
"tokens": [
"not",
"labeled",
"ai",
"anymore"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 226,
"end_token_idx": 228,
"identifier": "/wiki/Alan_Turing",
"tokens": [
"alan",
"turing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 277,
"end_token_idx": 279,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_winter",
"tokens": [
"ai",
"winter"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 288,
"end_token_idx": 290,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deep_learning",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 301,
"end_token_idx": 304,
"identifier": "/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)",
"tokens": [
"transform",
"##er",
"architecture"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 309,
"end_token_idx": 311,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_boom",
"tokens": [
"ai",
"boom"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 332,
"end_token_idx": 336,
"identifier": "/wiki/Advances_in_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"advances",
"in",
"artificial",
"intelligence"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 356,
"end_token_idx": 357,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automation",
"tokens": [
"automation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 358,
"end_token_idx": 364,
"identifier": "/wiki/Data-driven_decision-making",
"tokens": [
"data",
"-",
"driven",
"decision",
"-",
"making"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 367,
"end_token_idx": 371,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration",
"tokens": [
"integration",
"of",
"ai",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 380,
"end_token_idx": 384,
"identifier": "/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"impact",
"##ing",
"job",
"markets"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 385,
"end_token_idx": 386,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare",
"tokens": [
"healthcare"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 387,
"end_token_idx": 388,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government",
"tokens": [
"government"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 389,
"end_token_idx": 390,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry",
"tokens": [
"industry"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 391,
"end_token_idx": 392,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_education",
"tokens": [
"education"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 393,
"end_token_idx": 394,
"identifier": "/wiki/Propaganda",
"tokens": [
"propaganda"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 396,
"end_token_idx": 400,
"identifier": "/wiki/Disinformation",
"tokens": [
"di",
"##sin",
"##form",
"##ation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 405,
"end_token_idx": 410,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_aftermath_scenarios",
"tokens": [
"the",
"long",
"-",
"term",
"effects"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 411,
"end_token_idx": 413,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"ethical",
"implications"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 415,
"end_token_idx": 418,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_risk",
"tokens": [
"risks",
"of",
"ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 422,
"end_token_idx": 424,
"identifier": "/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"regulatory",
"policies"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 427,
"end_token_idx": 433,
"identifier": "/wiki/AI_safety",
"tokens": [
"safety",
"and",
"benefits",
"of",
"the",
"technology"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 460,
"end_token_idx": 461,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"reasoning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 462,
"end_token_idx": 464,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_representation",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"representation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 465,
"end_token_idx": 466,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling",
"tokens": [
"planning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 467,
"end_token_idx": 468,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 469,
"end_token_idx": 472,
"identifier": "/wiki/Natural_language_processing",
"tokens": [
"natural",
"language",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 478,
"end_token_idx": 479,
"identifier": "/wiki/Robotics",
"tokens": [
"robotics"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 483,
"end_token_idx": 485,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"general",
"intelligence"
]
}
] | [
101,
7976,
4454,
1006,
9932,
1007,
1010,
1999,
2049,
5041,
4355,
3168,
1010,
2003,
4454,
8176,
2011,
6681,
1010,
3391,
3274,
3001,
1012,
2009,
2003,
1037,
2492,
1997,
2470,
1999,
3274,
2671,
2008,
11791,
1998,
2913,
4725,
1998,
4007,
2008,
9585,
6681,
2000,
23084,
2037,
4044,
1998,
3594,
4083,
1998,
4454,
2000,
2202,
4506,
2008,
25845,
2037,
9592,
1997,
10910,
4225,
3289,
1012,
2107,
6681,
2089,
2022,
2170,
9932,
2015,
1012,
2070,
2152,
1011,
6337,
5097,
1997,
9932,
2421,
3935,
4773,
3945,
5209,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
8224,
3945,
1007,
1025,
12832,
3001,
1006,
2109,
2011,
7858,
1010,
9733,
1010,
1998,
20907,
1007,
1025,
21935,
3081,
2529,
4613,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
8224,
3353,
1010,
2909,
2072,
1010,
1998,
24969,
1007,
1025,
8392,
4683,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
2126,
5302,
1007,
1025,
11416,
6024,
1998,
5541,
5906,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
11834,
21600,
2102,
1010,
6207,
4454,
1010,
1998,
9932,
2396,
1007,
1025,
1998,
27061,
2377,
1998,
4106,
1999,
5656,
2399,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
7433,
1998,
2175,
1007,
1012,
2174,
1010,
2116,
9932,
5097,
2024,
2025,
8690,
2004,
9932,
1024,
1000,
1037,
2843,
1997,
6276,
3341,
9932,
2038,
21839,
2046,
2236,
5097,
1010,
2411,
2302,
2108,
2170,
9932,
2138,
2320,
2242,
4150,
6179,
2438,
1998,
2691,
2438,
2009,
1005,
1055,
2025,
12599,
9932,
4902,
1012,
1000,
5070,
28639,
2001,
1996,
2034,
2711,
2000,
6204,
6937,
2470,
1999,
1996,
2492,
2008,
2002,
2170,
3698,
4454,
1012,
7976,
4454,
2001,
2631,
2004,
2019,
3834,
9009,
1999,
3838,
1012,
1996,
2492,
2253,
2083,
3674,
12709,
1997,
27451,
1010,
2628,
2011,
6993,
1997,
10520,
1998,
3279,
1997,
4804,
1010,
2124,
2004,
9932,
3467,
1012,
4804,
1998,
3037,
24821,
3445,
2044,
2262,
2043,
2784,
4083,
15602,
2035,
3025,
9932,
5461,
1010,
1998,
2044,
2418,
2007,
1996,
10938,
2121,
4294,
1012,
2023,
2419,
2000,
1996,
9932,
8797,
1997,
1996,
2220,
12609,
2015,
1010,
2007,
3316,
1010,
5534,
1010,
1998,
12030,
24783,
2241,
1999,
1996,
2142,
2163,
13280,
3278,
9849,
1999,
7976,
4454,
1012,
1996,
3652,
2224,
1997,
7976,
4454,
1999,
1996,
7398,
2301,
2003,
25870,
1037,
23382,
1998,
3171,
5670,
2875,
3445,
19309,
1010,
2951,
1011,
5533,
3247,
1011,
2437,
1010,
1998,
1996,
8346,
1997,
9932,
3001,
2046,
2536,
3171,
11105,
1998,
2752,
1997,
2166,
1010,
4254,
2075,
3105,
6089,
1010,
9871,
1010,
2231,
1010,
3068,
1010,
2495,
1010,
10398,
1010,
1998,
4487,
11493,
14192,
3370,
1012,
2023,
13275,
3980,
2055,
1996,
2146,
1011,
2744,
3896,
1010,
12962,
13494,
1010,
1998,
10831,
1997,
9932,
1010,
15870,
10287,
2055,
10738,
6043,
2000,
5676,
1996,
3808,
1998,
6666,
1997,
1996,
2974,
1012,
1996,
2536,
4942,
15155,
1997,
9932,
2470,
2024,
8857,
2105,
3327,
3289,
1998,
1996,
2224,
1997,
3327,
5906,
1012,
1996,
3151,
3289,
1997,
9932,
2470,
2421,
13384,
1010,
3716,
6630,
1010,
4041,
1010,
4083,
1010,
3019,
2653,
6364,
1010,
10617,
1010,
1998,
2490,
2005,
21331,
1012,
1031,
1037,
1033,
2236,
4454,
1517,
1996,
3754,
2000,
3143,
2151,
4708,
4685,
3085,
2011,
1037,
2529,
2006,
2019,
2012,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"least",
"equal",
"level",
"—",
"is",
"among",
"the",
"field",
"'",
"s",
"long",
"-",
"term",
"goals",
".",
"to",
"reach",
"these",
"goals",
",",
"ai",
"researchers",
"have",
"adapted",
"and",
"integrated",
"a",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"techniques",
",",
"including",
"search",
"and",
"mathematical",
"optimization",
",",
"formal",
"logic",
",",
"artificial",
"neural",
"networks",
",",
"and",
"methods",
"based",
"on",
"statistics",
",",
"operations",
"research",
",",
"and",
"economics",
".",
"[",
"b",
"]",
"ai",
"also",
"draws",
"upon",
"psychology",
",",
"linguistics",
",",
"philosophy",
",",
"neuroscience",
",",
"and",
"other",
"fields",
".",
"the",
"general",
"problem",
"of",
"sim",
"##ulating",
"(",
"or",
"creating",
")",
"intelligence",
"has",
"been",
"broken",
"into",
"sub",
"##pro",
"##ble",
"##ms",
".",
"these",
"consist",
"of",
"particular",
"traits",
"or",
"capabilities",
"that",
"researchers",
"expect",
"an",
"intelligent",
"system",
"to",
"display",
".",
"the",
"traits",
"described",
"below",
"have",
"received",
"the",
"most",
"attention",
"and",
"cover",
"the",
"scope",
"of",
"ai",
"research",
".",
"[",
"a",
"]",
"early",
"researchers",
"developed",
"algorithms",
"that",
"im",
"##itated",
"step",
"-",
"by",
"-",
"step",
"reasoning",
"that",
"humans",
"use",
"when",
"they",
"solve",
"puzzles",
"or",
"make",
"logical",
"de",
"##duction",
"##s",
".",
"by",
"the",
"late",
"1980s",
"and",
"1990s",
",",
"methods",
"were",
"developed",
"for",
"dealing",
"with",
"uncertain",
"or",
"incomplete",
"information",
",",
"employing",
"concepts",
"from",
"probability",
"and",
"economics",
".",
"many",
"of",
"these",
"algorithms",
"are",
"insufficient",
"for",
"solving",
"large",
"reasoning",
"problems",
"because",
"they",
"experience",
"a",
"\"",
"comb",
"##inator",
"##ial",
"explosion",
"\"",
":",
"they",
"become",
"exponential",
"##ly",
"slower",
"as",
"the",
"problems",
"grow",
".",
"even",
"humans",
"rarely",
"use",
"the",
"step",
"-",
"by",
"-",
"step",
"de",
"##duction",
"that",
"early",
"ai",
"research",
"could",
"model",
".",
"they",
"solve",
"most",
"of",
"their",
"problems",
"using",
"fast",
",",
"intuitive",
"judgments",
".",
"accurate",
"and",
"efficient",
"reasoning",
"is",
"an",
"un",
"##sol",
"##ved",
"problem",
".",
"knowledge",
"representation",
"and",
"knowledge",
"engineering",
"allow",
"ai",
"programs",
"to",
"answer",
"questions",
"intelligent",
"##ly",
"and",
"make",
"de",
"##duction",
"##s",
"about",
"real",
"-",
"world",
"facts",
".",
"formal",
"knowledge",
"representations",
"are",
"used",
"in",
"content",
"-",
"based",
"index",
"##ing",
"and",
"retrieval",
",",
"scene",
"interpretation",
",",
"clinical",
"decision",
"support",
",",
"knowledge",
"discovery",
"(",
"mining",
"\"",
"interesting",
"\"",
"and",
"action",
"##able",
"inference",
"##s",
"from",
"large",
"databases",
")",
",",
"and",
"other",
"areas",
".",
"a",
"knowledge",
"base",
"is",
"a",
"body",
"of",
"knowledge",
"represented",
"in",
"a",
"form",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"by",
"a",
"program",
".",
"an",
"onto",
"##logy",
"is",
"the",
"set",
"of",
"objects",
",",
"relations",
",",
"concepts",
",",
"and",
"properties",
"used",
"by",
"a",
"particular",
"domain",
"of",
"knowledge",
".",
"knowledge",
"bases",
"need",
"to",
"represent",
"things",
"such",
"as",
"objects",
",",
"properties",
",",
"categories",
",",
"and",
"relations",
"between",
"objects",
";",
"situations",
",",
"events",
",",
"states",
",",
"and",
"time",
";",
"causes",
"and",
"effects",
";",
"knowledge",
"about",
"knowledge",
"(",
"what",
"we",
"know",
"about",
"what",
"other",
"people",
"know",
")",
";",
"default",
"reasoning",
"(",
"things",
"that",
"humans",
"assume",
"are",
"true",
"until",
"they",
"are",
"told",
"differently",
"and",
"will",
"remain",
"true",
"even",
"when",
"other",
"facts",
"are",
"changing",
")",
";",
"and",
"many",
"other",
"aspects",
"and",
"domains",
"of",
"knowledge",
".",
"among",
"the",
"most",
"difficult",
"problems",
"in",
"knowledge",
"representation",
"are",
"the",
"breadth",
"of",
"commons",
"##ense",
"knowledge",
"(",
"the",
"set",
"of",
"atomic",
"facts",
"that",
"the",
"average",
"person",
"knows",
"is",
"enormous",
")",
";",
"and",
"the",
"sub",
"-",
"symbolic",
"form",
"of",
"most",
"commons",
"##ense",
"knowledge",
"(",
"much",
"of",
"what",
"people",
"know",
"is",
"not",
"represented",
"as",
"\""
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 33,
"end_token_idx": 34,
"identifier": "/wiki/State_space_search",
"tokens": [
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 35,
"end_token_idx": 37,
"identifier": "/wiki/Mathematical_optimization",
"tokens": [
"mathematical",
"optimization"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 38,
"end_token_idx": 40,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logic#Formal_logic",
"tokens": [
"formal",
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 41,
"end_token_idx": 44,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_neural_network",
"tokens": [
"artificial",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 49,
"end_token_idx": 50,
"identifier": "/wiki/Statistics",
"tokens": [
"statistics"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 51,
"end_token_idx": 53,
"identifier": "/wiki/Operations_research",
"tokens": [
"operations",
"research"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 55,
"end_token_idx": 56,
"identifier": "/wiki/Economics",
"tokens": [
"economics"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 64,
"end_token_idx": 65,
"identifier": "/wiki/Psychology",
"tokens": [
"psychology"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 66,
"end_token_idx": 67,
"identifier": "/wiki/Linguistics",
"tokens": [
"linguistics"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 68,
"end_token_idx": 69,
"identifier": "/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"philosophy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 70,
"end_token_idx": 71,
"identifier": "/wiki/Neuroscience",
"tokens": [
"neuroscience"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 155,
"end_token_idx": 158,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deductive_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"de",
"##duction",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 172,
"end_token_idx": 173,
"identifier": "/wiki/Uncertainty",
"tokens": [
"uncertain"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 180,
"end_token_idx": 181,
"identifier": "/wiki/Probability",
"tokens": [
"probability"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 182,
"end_token_idx": 183,
"identifier": "/wiki/Economics",
"tokens": [
"economics"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 258,
"end_token_idx": 260,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_representation",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"representation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 261,
"end_token_idx": 263,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_engineering",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"engineering"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 317,
"end_token_idx": 318,
"identifier": "/wiki/Database",
"tokens": [
"databases"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 325,
"end_token_idx": 327,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_base",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"base"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 345,
"end_token_idx": 347,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)",
"tokens": [
"onto",
"##logy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 413,
"end_token_idx": 415,
"identifier": "/wiki/Default_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"default",
"reasoning"
]
}
] | [
101,
2560,
5020,
2504,
1517,
2003,
2426,
1996,
2492,
1005,
1055,
2146,
1011,
2744,
3289,
1012,
2000,
3362,
2122,
3289,
1010,
9932,
6950,
2031,
5967,
1998,
6377,
1037,
2898,
2846,
1997,
5461,
1010,
2164,
3945,
1998,
8045,
20600,
1010,
5337,
7961,
1010,
7976,
15756,
6125,
1010,
1998,
4725,
2241,
2006,
6747,
1010,
3136,
2470,
1010,
1998,
5543,
1012,
1031,
1038,
1033,
9932,
2036,
9891,
2588,
6825,
1010,
15397,
1010,
4695,
1010,
23700,
1010,
1998,
2060,
4249,
1012,
1996,
2236,
3291,
1997,
21934,
10924,
1006,
2030,
4526,
1007,
4454,
2038,
2042,
3714,
2046,
4942,
21572,
3468,
5244,
1012,
2122,
8676,
1997,
3327,
12955,
2030,
9859,
2008,
6950,
5987,
2019,
9414,
2291,
2000,
4653,
1012,
1996,
12955,
2649,
2917,
2031,
2363,
1996,
2087,
3086,
1998,
3104,
1996,
9531,
1997,
9932,
2470,
1012,
1031,
1037,
1033,
2220,
6950,
2764,
13792,
2008,
10047,
15198,
3357,
1011,
2011,
1011,
3357,
13384,
2008,
4286,
2224,
2043,
2027,
9611,
19672,
2030,
2191,
11177,
2139,
16256,
2015,
1012,
2011,
1996,
2397,
3865,
1998,
4134,
1010,
4725,
2020,
2764,
2005,
7149,
2007,
9662,
2030,
12958,
2592,
1010,
15440,
8474,
2013,
9723,
1998,
5543,
1012,
2116,
1997,
2122,
13792,
2024,
13990,
2005,
13729,
2312,
13384,
3471,
2138,
2027,
3325,
1037,
1000,
22863,
23207,
4818,
7738,
1000,
1024,
2027,
2468,
27258,
2135,
12430,
2004,
1996,
3471,
4982,
1012,
2130,
4286,
6524,
2224,
1996,
3357,
1011,
2011,
1011,
3357,
2139,
16256,
2008,
2220,
9932,
2470,
2071,
2944,
1012,
2027,
9611,
2087,
1997,
2037,
3471,
2478,
3435,
1010,
29202,
26186,
1012,
8321,
1998,
8114,
13384,
2003,
2019,
4895,
19454,
7178,
3291,
1012,
3716,
6630,
1998,
3716,
3330,
3499,
9932,
3454,
2000,
3437,
3980,
9414,
2135,
1998,
2191,
2139,
16256,
2015,
2055,
2613,
1011,
2088,
8866,
1012,
5337,
3716,
15066,
2024,
2109,
1999,
4180,
1011,
2241,
5950,
2075,
1998,
26384,
1010,
3496,
7613,
1010,
6612,
3247,
2490,
1010,
3716,
5456,
1006,
5471,
1000,
5875,
1000,
1998,
2895,
3085,
28937,
2015,
2013,
2312,
17881,
1007,
1010,
1998,
2060,
2752,
1012,
1037,
3716,
2918,
2003,
1037,
2303,
1997,
3716,
3421,
1999,
1037,
2433,
2008,
2064,
2022,
2109,
2011,
1037,
2565,
1012,
2019,
3031,
6483,
2003,
1996,
2275,
1997,
5200,
1010,
4262,
1010,
8474,
1010,
1998,
5144,
2109,
2011,
1037,
3327,
5884,
1997,
3716,
1012,
3716,
7888,
2342,
2000,
5050,
2477,
2107,
2004,
5200,
1010,
5144,
1010,
7236,
1010,
1998,
4262,
2090,
5200,
1025,
8146,
1010,
2824,
1010,
2163,
1010,
1998,
2051,
1025,
5320,
1998,
3896,
1025,
3716,
2055,
3716,
1006,
2054,
2057,
2113,
2055,
2054,
2060,
2111,
2113,
1007,
1025,
12398,
13384,
1006,
2477,
2008,
4286,
7868,
2024,
2995,
2127,
2027,
2024,
2409,
11543,
1998,
2097,
3961,
2995,
2130,
2043,
2060,
8866,
2024,
5278,
1007,
1025,
1998,
2116,
2060,
5919,
1998,
13100,
1997,
3716,
1012,
2426,
1996,
2087,
3697,
3471,
1999,
3716,
6630,
2024,
1996,
25291,
1997,
7674,
16700,
3716,
1006,
1996,
2275,
1997,
9593,
8866,
2008,
1996,
2779,
2711,
4282,
2003,
8216,
1007,
1025,
1998,
1996,
4942,
1011,
12613,
2433,
1997,
2087,
7674,
16700,
3716,
1006,
2172,
1997,
2054,
2111,
2113,
2003,
2025,
3421,
2004,
1000,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"facts",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"statements",
"\"",
"that",
"they",
"could",
"express",
"verbal",
"##ly",
")",
".",
"there",
"is",
"also",
"the",
"difficulty",
"of",
"knowledge",
"acquisition",
",",
"the",
"problem",
"of",
"obtaining",
"knowledge",
"for",
"ai",
"applications",
".",
"[",
"c",
"]",
"an",
"\"",
"agent",
"\"",
"is",
"anything",
"that",
"perceive",
"##s",
"and",
"takes",
"actions",
"in",
"the",
"world",
".",
"a",
"rational",
"agent",
"has",
"goals",
"or",
"preferences",
"and",
"takes",
"actions",
"to",
"make",
"them",
"happen",
".",
"[",
"d",
"]",
"in",
"automated",
"planning",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"has",
"a",
"specific",
"goal",
".",
"in",
"automated",
"decision",
"-",
"making",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"has",
"preferences",
"—",
"there",
"are",
"some",
"situations",
"it",
"would",
"prefer",
"to",
"be",
"in",
",",
"and",
"some",
"situations",
"it",
"is",
"trying",
"to",
"avoid",
".",
"the",
"decision",
"-",
"making",
"agent",
"assigns",
"a",
"number",
"to",
"each",
"situation",
"(",
"called",
"the",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
")",
"that",
"measures",
"how",
"much",
"the",
"agent",
"prefers",
"it",
".",
"for",
"each",
"possible",
"action",
",",
"it",
"can",
"calculate",
"the",
"\"",
"expected",
"utility",
"\"",
":",
"the",
"utility",
"of",
"all",
"possible",
"outcomes",
"of",
"the",
"action",
",",
"weighted",
"by",
"the",
"probability",
"that",
"the",
"outcome",
"will",
"occur",
".",
"it",
"can",
"then",
"choose",
"the",
"action",
"with",
"the",
"maximum",
"expected",
"utility",
".",
"in",
"classical",
"planning",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"knows",
"exactly",
"what",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"any",
"action",
"will",
"be",
".",
"in",
"most",
"real",
"-",
"world",
"problems",
",",
"however",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"certain",
"about",
"the",
"situation",
"they",
"are",
"in",
"(",
"it",
"is",
"\"",
"unknown",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"uno",
"##bs",
"##er",
"##vable",
"\"",
")",
"and",
"it",
"may",
"not",
"know",
"for",
"certain",
"what",
"will",
"happen",
"after",
"each",
"possible",
"action",
"(",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"\"",
"deter",
"##mini",
"##stic",
"\"",
")",
".",
"it",
"must",
"choose",
"an",
"action",
"by",
"making",
"a",
"pro",
"##ba",
"##bilis",
"##tic",
"guess",
"and",
"then",
"re",
"##asse",
"##ss",
"the",
"situation",
"to",
"see",
"if",
"the",
"action",
"worked",
".",
"in",
"some",
"problems",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"'",
"s",
"preferences",
"may",
"be",
"uncertain",
",",
"especially",
"if",
"there",
"are",
"other",
"agents",
"or",
"humans",
"involved",
".",
"these",
"can",
"be",
"learned",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"with",
"inverse",
"reinforcement",
"learning",
")",
",",
"or",
"the",
"agent",
"can",
"seek",
"information",
"to",
"improve",
"its",
"preferences",
".",
"information",
"value",
"theory",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"weigh",
"the",
"value",
"of",
"ex",
"##pl",
"##ora",
"##tory",
"or",
"experimental",
"actions",
".",
"the",
"space",
"of",
"possible",
"future",
"actions",
"and",
"situations",
"is",
"typically",
"intra",
"##cta",
"##bly",
"large",
",",
"so",
"the",
"agents",
"must",
"take",
"actions",
"and",
"evaluate",
"situations",
"while",
"being",
"uncertain",
"of",
"what",
"the",
"outcome",
"will",
"be",
".",
"a",
"marko",
"##v",
"decision",
"process",
"has",
"a",
"transition",
"model",
"that",
"describes",
"the",
"probability",
"that",
"a",
"particular",
"action",
"will",
"change",
"the",
"state",
"in",
"a",
"particular",
"way",
"and",
"a",
"reward",
"function",
"that",
"supplies",
"the",
"utility",
"of",
"each",
"state",
"and",
"the",
"cost",
"of",
"each",
"action",
".",
"a",
"policy",
"associates",
"a",
"decision",
"with",
"each",
"possible",
"state",
".",
"the",
"policy",
"could",
"be",
"calculated",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"by",
"iteration",
")",
",",
"be",
"he",
"##uri",
"##stic",
",",
"or",
"it",
"can",
"be",
"learned",
".",
"game",
"theory",
"describes",
"the",
"rational",
"behavior",
"of",
"multiple",
"interacting",
"agents",
"and",
"is",
"used",
"in",
"ai",
"programs",
"that",
"make",
"decisions",
"that",
"involve",
"other",
"agents",
".",
"machine",
"learning",
"is",
"the",
"study",
"of"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 20,
"end_token_idx": 22,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_acquisition",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"acquisition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 52,
"end_token_idx": 54,
"identifier": "/wiki/Rational_agent",
"tokens": [
"rational",
"agent"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 70,
"end_token_idx": 72,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling",
"tokens": [
"automated",
"planning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 81,
"end_token_idx": 85,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_decision-making",
"tokens": [
"automated",
"decision",
"-",
"making"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 126,
"end_token_idx": 127,
"identifier": "/wiki/Utility_(economics)",
"tokens": [
"utility"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 148,
"end_token_idx": 150,
"identifier": "/wiki/Expected_utility",
"tokens": [
"expected",
"utility"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 153,
"end_token_idx": 154,
"identifier": "/wiki/Utility",
"tokens": [
"utility"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 185,
"end_token_idx": 187,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling#classical_planning",
"tokens": [
"classical",
"planning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 322,
"end_token_idx": 325,
"identifier": "/wiki/Inverse_reinforcement_learning",
"tokens": [
"inverse",
"reinforcement",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 338,
"end_token_idx": 341,
"identifier": "/wiki/Information_value_theory",
"tokens": [
"information",
"value",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 367,
"end_token_idx": 370,
"identifier": "/wiki/Intractable_problem",
"tokens": [
"intra",
"##cta",
"##bly"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 392,
"end_token_idx": 396,
"identifier": "/wiki/Markov_decision_process",
"tokens": [
"marko",
"##v",
"decision",
"process"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 398,
"end_token_idx": 400,
"identifier": "/wiki/Finite-state_machine",
"tokens": [
"transition",
"model"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 418,
"end_token_idx": 420,
"identifier": "/wiki/Reward_function",
"tokens": [
"reward",
"function"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 435,
"end_token_idx": 436,
"identifier": "/wiki/Reinforcement_learning#Policy",
"tokens": [
"policy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 456,
"end_token_idx": 457,
"identifier": "/wiki/Policy_iteration",
"tokens": [
"iteration"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 460,
"end_token_idx": 463,
"identifier": "/wiki/Heuristic",
"tokens": [
"he",
"##uri",
"##stic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 470,
"end_token_idx": 472,
"identifier": "/wiki/Game_theory",
"tokens": [
"game",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 494,
"end_token_idx": 496,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"machine",
"learning"
]
}
] | [
101,
8866,
1000,
2030,
1000,
8635,
1000,
2008,
2027,
2071,
4671,
12064,
2135,
1007,
1012,
2045,
2003,
2036,
1996,
7669,
1997,
3716,
7654,
1010,
1996,
3291,
1997,
11381,
3716,
2005,
9932,
5097,
1012,
1031,
1039,
1033,
2019,
1000,
4005,
1000,
2003,
2505,
2008,
23084,
2015,
1998,
3138,
4506,
1999,
1996,
2088,
1012,
1037,
11581,
4005,
2038,
3289,
2030,
18394,
1998,
3138,
4506,
2000,
2191,
2068,
4148,
1012,
1031,
1040,
1033,
1999,
12978,
4041,
1010,
1996,
4005,
2038,
1037,
3563,
3125,
1012,
1999,
12978,
3247,
1011,
2437,
1010,
1996,
4005,
2038,
18394,
1517,
2045,
2024,
2070,
8146,
2009,
2052,
9544,
2000,
2022,
1999,
1010,
1998,
2070,
8146,
2009,
2003,
2667,
2000,
4468,
1012,
1996,
3247,
1011,
2437,
4005,
24022,
1037,
2193,
2000,
2169,
3663,
1006,
2170,
1996,
1000,
9710,
1000,
1007,
2008,
5761,
2129,
2172,
1996,
4005,
19233,
2009,
1012,
2005,
2169,
2825,
2895,
1010,
2009,
2064,
18422,
1996,
1000,
3517,
9710,
1000,
1024,
1996,
9710,
1997,
2035,
2825,
13105,
1997,
1996,
2895,
1010,
18215,
2011,
1996,
9723,
2008,
1996,
9560,
2097,
5258,
1012,
2009,
2064,
2059,
5454,
1996,
2895,
2007,
1996,
4555,
3517,
9710,
1012,
1999,
4556,
4041,
1010,
1996,
4005,
4282,
3599,
2054,
1996,
3466,
1997,
2151,
2895,
2097,
2022,
1012,
1999,
2087,
2613,
1011,
2088,
3471,
1010,
2174,
1010,
1996,
4005,
2089,
2025,
2022,
3056,
2055,
1996,
3663,
2027,
2024,
1999,
1006,
2009,
2003,
1000,
4242,
1000,
2030,
1000,
27776,
5910,
2121,
12423,
1000,
1007,
1998,
2009,
2089,
2025,
2113,
2005,
3056,
2054,
2097,
4148,
2044,
2169,
2825,
2895,
1006,
2009,
2003,
2025,
1000,
28283,
25300,
10074,
1000,
1007,
1012,
2009,
2442,
5454,
2019,
2895,
2011,
2437,
1037,
4013,
3676,
27965,
4588,
3984,
1998,
2059,
2128,
27241,
4757,
1996,
3663,
2000,
2156,
2065,
1996,
2895,
2499,
1012,
1999,
2070,
3471,
1010,
1996,
4005,
1005,
1055,
18394,
2089,
2022,
9662,
1010,
2926,
2065,
2045,
2024,
2060,
6074,
2030,
4286,
2920,
1012,
2122,
2064,
2022,
4342,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
2007,
19262,
23895,
4083,
1007,
1010,
2030,
1996,
4005,
2064,
6148,
2592,
2000,
5335,
2049,
18394,
1012,
2592,
3643,
3399,
2064,
2022,
2109,
2000,
17042,
1996,
3643,
1997,
4654,
24759,
6525,
7062,
2030,
6388,
4506,
1012,
1996,
2686,
1997,
2825,
2925,
4506,
1998,
8146,
2003,
4050,
26721,
25572,
6321,
2312,
1010,
2061,
1996,
6074,
2442,
2202,
4506,
1998,
16157,
8146,
2096,
2108,
9662,
1997,
2054,
1996,
9560,
2097,
2022,
1012,
1037,
28003,
2615,
3247,
2832,
2038,
1037,
6653,
2944,
2008,
5577,
1996,
9723,
2008,
1037,
3327,
2895,
2097,
2689,
1996,
2110,
1999,
1037,
3327,
2126,
1998,
1037,
10377,
3853,
2008,
6067,
1996,
9710,
1997,
2169,
2110,
1998,
1996,
3465,
1997,
2169,
2895,
1012,
1037,
3343,
9228,
1037,
3247,
2007,
2169,
2825,
2110,
1012,
1996,
3343,
2071,
2022,
10174,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
2011,
27758,
1007,
1010,
2022,
2002,
9496,
10074,
1010,
2030,
2009,
2064,
2022,
4342,
1012,
2208,
3399,
5577,
1996,
11581,
5248,
1997,
3674,
21935,
6074,
1998,
2003,
2109,
1999,
9932,
3454,
2008,
2191,
6567,
2008,
9125,
2060,
6074,
1012,
3698,
4083,
2003,
1996,
2817,
1997,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"programs",
"that",
"can",
"improve",
"their",
"performance",
"on",
"a",
"given",
"task",
"automatically",
".",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"a",
"part",
"of",
"ai",
"from",
"the",
"beginning",
".",
"[",
"e",
"]",
"there",
"are",
"several",
"kinds",
"of",
"machine",
"learning",
".",
"un",
"##su",
"##per",
"##vis",
"##ed",
"learning",
"analyze",
"##s",
"a",
"stream",
"of",
"data",
"and",
"finds",
"patterns",
"and",
"makes",
"predictions",
"without",
"any",
"other",
"guidance",
".",
"supervised",
"learning",
"requires",
"a",
"human",
"to",
"label",
"the",
"input",
"data",
"first",
",",
"and",
"comes",
"in",
"two",
"main",
"varieties",
":",
"classification",
"(",
"where",
"the",
"program",
"must",
"learn",
"to",
"predict",
"what",
"category",
"the",
"input",
"belongs",
"in",
")",
"and",
"regression",
"(",
"where",
"the",
"program",
"must",
"de",
"##du",
"##ce",
"a",
"nu",
"##meric",
"function",
"based",
"on",
"nu",
"##meric",
"input",
")",
".",
"in",
"reinforcement",
"learning",
",",
"the",
"agent",
"is",
"rewarded",
"for",
"good",
"responses",
"and",
"punished",
"for",
"bad",
"ones",
".",
"the",
"agent",
"learns",
"to",
"choose",
"responses",
"that",
"are",
"classified",
"as",
"\"",
"good",
"\"",
".",
"transfer",
"learning",
"is",
"when",
"the",
"knowledge",
"gained",
"from",
"one",
"problem",
"is",
"applied",
"to",
"a",
"new",
"problem",
".",
"deep",
"learning",
"is",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"machine",
"learning",
"that",
"runs",
"inputs",
"through",
"biological",
"##ly",
"inspired",
"artificial",
"neural",
"networks",
"for",
"all",
"of",
"these",
"types",
"of",
"learning",
".",
"computational",
"learning",
"theory",
"can",
"assess",
"learners",
"by",
"computational",
"complexity",
",",
"by",
"sample",
"complexity",
"(",
"how",
"much",
"data",
"is",
"required",
")",
",",
"or",
"by",
"other",
"notions",
"of",
"optimization",
".",
"natural",
"language",
"processing",
"(",
"nl",
"##p",
")",
"allows",
"programs",
"to",
"read",
",",
"write",
"and",
"communicate",
"in",
"human",
"languages",
"such",
"as",
"english",
".",
"specific",
"problems",
"include",
"speech",
"recognition",
",",
"speech",
"synthesis",
",",
"machine",
"translation",
",",
"information",
"extraction",
",",
"information",
"retrieval",
"and",
"question",
"answering",
".",
"early",
"work",
",",
"based",
"on",
"no",
"##am",
"cho",
"##ms",
"##ky",
"'",
"s",
"genera",
"##tive",
"grammar",
"and",
"semantic",
"networks",
",",
"had",
"difficulty",
"with",
"word",
"-",
"sense",
"di",
"##sam",
"##bi",
"##gua",
"##tion",
"[",
"f",
"]",
"unless",
"restricted",
"to",
"small",
"domains",
"called",
"\"",
"micro",
"-",
"worlds",
"\"",
"(",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"common",
"sense",
"knowledge",
"problem",
")",
".",
"margaret",
"master",
"##man",
"believed",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"meaning",
"and",
"not",
"grammar",
"that",
"was",
"the",
"key",
"to",
"understanding",
"languages",
",",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"##sau",
"##ri",
"and",
"not",
"di",
"##ction",
"##aries",
"should",
"be",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"computational",
"language",
"structure",
".",
"modern",
"deep",
"learning",
"techniques",
"for",
"nl",
"##p",
"include",
"word",
"em",
"##bed",
"##ding",
"(",
"representing",
"words",
",",
"typically",
"as",
"vectors",
"encoding",
"their",
"meaning",
")",
",",
"transformers",
"(",
"a",
"deep",
"learning",
"architecture",
"using",
"an",
"attention",
"mechanism",
")",
",",
"and",
"others",
".",
"in",
"2019",
",",
"genera",
"##tive",
"pre",
"-",
"trained",
"transform",
"##er",
"(",
"or",
"\"",
"gp",
"##t",
"\"",
")",
"language",
"models",
"began",
"to",
"generate",
"coherent",
"text",
",",
"and",
"by",
"202",
"##3",
"these",
"models",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"get",
"human",
"-",
"level",
"scores",
"on",
"the",
"bar",
"exam",
",",
"sat",
"test",
",",
"gr",
"##e",
"test",
",",
"and",
"many",
"other",
"real",
"-",
"world",
"applications",
".",
"machine",
"perception",
"is",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"use",
"input",
"from",
"sensors",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"cameras",
",",
"microphone",
"##s",
",",
"wireless",
"signals",
",",
"active",
"lid",
"##ar",
",",
"sonar",
",",
"radar",
",",
"and",
"ta",
"##ct",
"##ile",
"sensors",
")",
"to",
"de",
"##du",
"##ce",
"aspects",
"of",
"the",
"world",
".",
"computer",
"vision",
"is",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"analyze",
"visual"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 34,
"end_token_idx": 40,
"identifier": "/wiki/Unsupervised_learning",
"tokens": [
"un",
"##su",
"##per",
"##vis",
"##ed",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 57,
"end_token_idx": 59,
"identifier": "/wiki/Supervised_learning",
"tokens": [
"supervised",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 76,
"end_token_idx": 77,
"identifier": "/wiki/Statistical_classification",
"tokens": [
"classification"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 93,
"end_token_idx": 94,
"identifier": "/wiki/Regression_analysis",
"tokens": [
"regression"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 114,
"end_token_idx": 116,
"identifier": "/wiki/Reinforcement_learning",
"tokens": [
"reinforcement",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 144,
"end_token_idx": 146,
"identifier": "/wiki/Transfer_learning",
"tokens": [
"transfer",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 161,
"end_token_idx": 163,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deep_learning",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 176,
"end_token_idx": 179,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_neural_networks",
"tokens": [
"artificial",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 187,
"end_token_idx": 190,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computational_learning_theory",
"tokens": [
"computational",
"learning",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 194,
"end_token_idx": 196,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computational_complexity",
"tokens": [
"computational",
"complexity"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 198,
"end_token_idx": 200,
"identifier": "/wiki/Sample_complexity",
"tokens": [
"sample",
"complexity"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 213,
"end_token_idx": 214,
"identifier": "/wiki/Optimization_theory",
"tokens": [
"optimization"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 215,
"end_token_idx": 218,
"identifier": "/wiki/Natural_language_processing",
"tokens": [
"natural",
"language",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 235,
"end_token_idx": 236,
"identifier": "/wiki/English_(language)",
"tokens": [
"english"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 240,
"end_token_idx": 242,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speech_recognition",
"tokens": [
"speech",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 243,
"end_token_idx": 245,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speech_synthesis",
"tokens": [
"speech",
"synthesis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 246,
"end_token_idx": 248,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_translation",
"tokens": [
"machine",
"translation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 249,
"end_token_idx": 251,
"identifier": "/wiki/Information_extraction",
"tokens": [
"information",
"extraction"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 252,
"end_token_idx": 254,
"identifier": "/wiki/Information_retrieval",
"tokens": [
"information",
"retrieval"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 255,
"end_token_idx": 257,
"identifier": "/wiki/Question_answering",
"tokens": [
"question",
"answering"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 263,
"end_token_idx": 268,
"identifier": "/wiki/Noam_Chomsky",
"tokens": [
"no",
"##am",
"cho",
"##ms",
"##ky"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 270,
"end_token_idx": 273,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_grammar",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"grammar"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 274,
"end_token_idx": 276,
"identifier": "/wiki/Semantic_network",
"tokens": [
"semantic",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 280,
"end_token_idx": 288,
"identifier": "/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation",
"tokens": [
"word",
"-",
"sense",
"di",
"##sam",
"##bi",
"##gua",
"##tion"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 298,
"end_token_idx": 301,
"identifier": "/wiki/Blocks_world",
"tokens": [
"micro",
"-",
"worlds"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 312,
"end_token_idx": 315,
"identifier": "/wiki/Margaret_Masterman",
"tokens": [
"margaret",
"master",
"##man"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 333,
"end_token_idx": 336,
"identifier": "/wiki/Thesauri",
"tokens": [
"the",
"##sau",
"##ri"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 358,
"end_token_idx": 362,
"identifier": "/wiki/Word_embedding",
"tokens": [
"word",
"em",
"##bed",
"##ding"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 368,
"end_token_idx": 369,
"identifier": "/wiki/Vector_space",
"tokens": [
"vectors"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 374,
"end_token_idx": 375,
"identifier": "/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)",
"tokens": [
"transformers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 382,
"end_token_idx": 383,
"identifier": "/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)",
"tokens": [
"attention"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 392,
"end_token_idx": 399,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"pre",
"-",
"trained",
"transform",
"##er"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 430,
"end_token_idx": 432,
"identifier": "/wiki/Bar_exam",
"tokens": [
"bar",
"exam"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 433,
"end_token_idx": 434,
"identifier": "/wiki/Scholastic_aptitude_test",
"tokens": [
"sat"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 436,
"end_token_idx": 438,
"identifier": "/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examinations",
"tokens": [
"gr",
"##e"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 448,
"end_token_idx": 450,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_perception",
"tokens": [
"machine",
"perception"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 470,
"end_token_idx": 472,
"identifier": "/wiki/Lidar",
"tokens": [
"lid",
"##ar"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 478,
"end_token_idx": 482,
"identifier": "/wiki/Tactile_sensor",
"tokens": [
"ta",
"##ct",
"##ile",
"sensors"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 492,
"end_token_idx": 494,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computer_vision",
"tokens": [
"computer",
"vision"
]
}
] | [
101,
3454,
2008,
2064,
5335,
2037,
2836,
2006,
1037,
2445,
4708,
8073,
1012,
2009,
2038,
2042,
1037,
2112,
1997,
9932,
2013,
1996,
2927,
1012,
1031,
1041,
1033,
2045,
2024,
2195,
7957,
1997,
3698,
4083,
1012,
4895,
6342,
4842,
11365,
2098,
4083,
17908,
2015,
1037,
5460,
1997,
2951,
1998,
4858,
7060,
1998,
3084,
20932,
2302,
2151,
2060,
8606,
1012,
13588,
4083,
5942,
1037,
2529,
2000,
3830,
1996,
7953,
2951,
2034,
1010,
1998,
3310,
1999,
2048,
2364,
9903,
1024,
5579,
1006,
2073,
1996,
2565,
2442,
4553,
2000,
16014,
2054,
4696,
1996,
7953,
7460,
1999,
1007,
1998,
26237,
1006,
2073,
1996,
2565,
2442,
2139,
8566,
3401,
1037,
16371,
25531,
3853,
2241,
2006,
16371,
25531,
7953,
1007,
1012,
1999,
23895,
4083,
1010,
1996,
4005,
2003,
14610,
2005,
2204,
10960,
1998,
14248,
2005,
2919,
3924,
1012,
1996,
4005,
10229,
2000,
5454,
10960,
2008,
2024,
6219,
2004,
1000,
2204,
1000,
1012,
4651,
4083,
2003,
2043,
1996,
3716,
4227,
2013,
2028,
3291,
2003,
4162,
2000,
1037,
2047,
3291,
1012,
2784,
4083,
2003,
1037,
2828,
1997,
3698,
4083,
2008,
3216,
20407,
2083,
6897,
2135,
4427,
7976,
15756,
6125,
2005,
2035,
1997,
2122,
4127,
1997,
4083,
1012,
15078,
4083,
3399,
2064,
14358,
26262,
2011,
15078,
11619,
1010,
2011,
7099,
11619,
1006,
2129,
2172,
2951,
2003,
3223,
1007,
1010,
2030,
2011,
2060,
21951,
1997,
20600,
1012,
3019,
2653,
6364,
1006,
17953,
2361,
1007,
4473,
3454,
2000,
3191,
1010,
4339,
1998,
10639,
1999,
2529,
4155,
2107,
2004,
2394,
1012,
3563,
3471,
2421,
4613,
5038,
1010,
4613,
10752,
1010,
3698,
5449,
1010,
2592,
14676,
1010,
2592,
26384,
1998,
3160,
10739,
1012,
2220,
2147,
1010,
2241,
2006,
2053,
3286,
16480,
5244,
4801,
1005,
1055,
11416,
6024,
8035,
1998,
21641,
6125,
1010,
2018,
7669,
2007,
2773,
1011,
3168,
4487,
21559,
5638,
19696,
3508,
1031,
1042,
1033,
4983,
7775,
2000,
2235,
13100,
2170,
1000,
12702,
1011,
8484,
1000,
1006,
2349,
2000,
1996,
2691,
3168,
3716,
3291,
1007,
1012,
5545,
3040,
2386,
3373,
2008,
2009,
2001,
3574,
1998,
2025,
8035,
2008,
2001,
1996,
3145,
2000,
4824,
4155,
1010,
1998,
2008,
1996,
23823,
3089,
1998,
2025,
4487,
7542,
12086,
2323,
2022,
1996,
3978,
1997,
15078,
2653,
3252,
1012,
2715,
2784,
4083,
5461,
2005,
17953,
2361,
2421,
2773,
7861,
8270,
4667,
1006,
5052,
2616,
1010,
4050,
2004,
19019,
17181,
2037,
3574,
1007,
1010,
19081,
1006,
1037,
2784,
4083,
4294,
2478,
2019,
3086,
7337,
1007,
1010,
1998,
2500,
1012,
1999,
10476,
1010,
11416,
6024,
3653,
1011,
4738,
10938,
2121,
1006,
2030,
1000,
14246,
2102,
1000,
1007,
2653,
4275,
2211,
2000,
9699,
18920,
3793,
1010,
1998,
2011,
16798,
2509,
2122,
4275,
2020,
2583,
2000,
2131,
2529,
1011,
2504,
7644,
2006,
1996,
3347,
11360,
1010,
2938,
3231,
1010,
24665,
2063,
3231,
1010,
1998,
2116,
2060,
2613,
1011,
2088,
5097,
1012,
3698,
10617,
2003,
1996,
3754,
2000,
2224,
7953,
2013,
13907,
1006,
2107,
2004,
8629,
1010,
15545,
2015,
1010,
9949,
7755,
1010,
3161,
11876,
2906,
1010,
24609,
1010,
7217,
1010,
1998,
11937,
6593,
9463,
13907,
1007,
2000,
2139,
8566,
3401,
5919,
1997,
1996,
2088,
1012,
3274,
4432,
2003,
1996,
3754,
2000,
17908,
5107,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"input",
".",
"the",
"field",
"includes",
"speech",
"recognition",
",",
"image",
"classification",
",",
"facial",
"recognition",
",",
"object",
"recognition",
",",
"object",
"tracking",
",",
"and",
"robotic",
"perception",
".",
"affect",
"##ive",
"computing",
"is",
"an",
"interdisciplinary",
"umbrella",
"that",
"comprises",
"systems",
"that",
"recognize",
",",
"interpret",
",",
"process",
",",
"or",
"simulate",
"human",
"feeling",
",",
"emotion",
",",
"and",
"mood",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"some",
"virtual",
"assistants",
"are",
"programmed",
"to",
"speak",
"conversation",
"##ally",
"or",
"even",
"to",
"ban",
"##ter",
"humorous",
"##ly",
";",
"it",
"makes",
"them",
"appear",
"more",
"sensitive",
"to",
"the",
"emotional",
"dynamics",
"of",
"human",
"interaction",
",",
"or",
"to",
"otherwise",
"facilitate",
"human",
"–",
"computer",
"interaction",
".",
"however",
",",
"this",
"tends",
"to",
"give",
"naive",
"users",
"an",
"un",
"##real",
"##istic",
"conception",
"of",
"the",
"intelligence",
"of",
"existing",
"computer",
"agents",
".",
"moderate",
"successes",
"related",
"to",
"affect",
"##ive",
"computing",
"include",
"textual",
"sentiment",
"analysis",
"and",
",",
"more",
"recently",
",",
"multi",
"##mo",
"##dal",
"sentiment",
"analysis",
",",
"wherein",
"ai",
"class",
"##ifies",
"the",
"affects",
"displayed",
"by",
"a",
"video",
"##ta",
"##ped",
"subject",
".",
"a",
"machine",
"with",
"artificial",
"general",
"intelligence",
"should",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"solve",
"a",
"wide",
"variety",
"of",
"problems",
"with",
"breadth",
"and",
"versa",
"##tility",
"similar",
"to",
"human",
"intelligence",
".",
"ai",
"research",
"uses",
"a",
"wide",
"variety",
"of",
"techniques",
"to",
"accomplish",
"the",
"goals",
"above",
".",
"[",
"b",
"]",
"ai",
"can",
"solve",
"many",
"problems",
"by",
"intelligent",
"##ly",
"searching",
"through",
"many",
"possible",
"solutions",
".",
"there",
"are",
"two",
"very",
"different",
"kinds",
"of",
"search",
"used",
"in",
"ai",
":",
"state",
"space",
"search",
"and",
"local",
"search",
".",
"state",
"space",
"search",
"searches",
"through",
"a",
"tree",
"of",
"possible",
"states",
"to",
"try",
"to",
"find",
"a",
"goal",
"state",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"planning",
"algorithms",
"search",
"through",
"trees",
"of",
"goals",
"and",
"sub",
"##go",
"##als",
",",
"attempting",
"to",
"find",
"a",
"path",
"to",
"a",
"target",
"goal",
",",
"a",
"process",
"called",
"means",
"-",
"ends",
"analysis",
".",
"simple",
"exhaust",
"##ive",
"searches",
"are",
"rarely",
"sufficient",
"for",
"most",
"real",
"-",
"world",
"problems",
":",
"the",
"search",
"space",
"(",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"places",
"to",
"search",
")",
"quickly",
"grows",
"to",
"astronomical",
"numbers",
".",
"the",
"result",
"is",
"a",
"search",
"that",
"is",
"too",
"slow",
"or",
"never",
"completes",
".",
"\"",
"he",
"##uri",
"##stic",
"##s",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"rules",
"of",
"thumb",
"\"",
"can",
"help",
"prior",
"##iti",
"##ze",
"choices",
"that",
"are",
"more",
"likely",
"to",
"reach",
"a",
"goal",
".",
"ad",
"##vers",
"##aria",
"##l",
"search",
"is",
"used",
"for",
"game",
"-",
"playing",
"programs",
",",
"such",
"as",
"chess",
"or",
"go",
".",
"it",
"searches",
"through",
"a",
"tree",
"of",
"possible",
"moves",
"and",
"counter",
"-",
"moves",
",",
"looking",
"for",
"a",
"winning",
"position",
".",
"local",
"search",
"uses",
"mathematical",
"optimization",
"to",
"find",
"a",
"solution",
"to",
"a",
"problem",
".",
"it",
"begins",
"with",
"some",
"form",
"of",
"guess",
"and",
"ref",
"##ines",
"it",
"inc",
"##rem",
"##ental",
"##ly",
".",
"gradient",
"descent",
"is",
"a",
"type",
"of",
"local",
"search",
"that",
"opt",
"##imi",
"##zes",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"numerical",
"parameters",
"by",
"inc",
"##rem",
"##ental",
"##ly",
"adjusting",
"them",
"to",
"minimize",
"a",
"loss",
"function",
".",
"variants",
"of",
"gradient",
"descent",
"are",
"commonly",
"used",
"to",
"train",
"neural",
"networks",
".",
"another",
"type",
"of",
"local",
"search",
"is",
"evolutionary",
"computation",
",",
"which",
"aims",
"to",
"it",
"##erative",
"##ly",
"improve",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"candidate",
"solutions",
"by",
"\"",
"mu",
"##tat",
"##ing",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"rec",
"##om",
"##bin",
"##ing",
"\"",
"them",
",",
"selecting",
"only",
"the",
"fit",
"##test",
"to"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 5,
"end_token_idx": 7,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speech_recognition",
"tokens": [
"speech",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 8,
"end_token_idx": 10,
"identifier": "/wiki/Image_classification",
"tokens": [
"image",
"classification"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 11,
"end_token_idx": 13,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facial_recognition_system",
"tokens": [
"facial",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 14,
"end_token_idx": 16,
"identifier": "/wiki/Object_recognition",
"tokens": [
"object",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 17,
"end_token_idx": 19,
"identifier": "/wiki/Object_tracking",
"tokens": [
"object",
"tracking"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 21,
"end_token_idx": 23,
"identifier": "/wiki/Robotic_sensing",
"tokens": [
"robotic",
"perception"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 24,
"end_token_idx": 27,
"identifier": "/wiki/Affective_computing",
"tokens": [
"affect",
"##ive",
"computing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 44,
"end_token_idx": 50,
"identifier": "/wiki/Affect_(psychology)",
"tokens": [
"feeling",
",",
"emotion",
",",
"and",
"mood"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 55,
"end_token_idx": 57,
"identifier": "/wiki/Virtual_assistant",
"tokens": [
"virtual",
"assistants"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 89,
"end_token_idx": 93,
"identifier": "/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction",
"tokens": [
"human",
"–",
"computer",
"interaction"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 124,
"end_token_idx": 126,
"identifier": "/wiki/Sentiment_analysis",
"tokens": [
"sentiment",
"analysis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 131,
"end_token_idx": 136,
"identifier": "/wiki/Multimodal_sentiment_analysis",
"tokens": [
"multi",
"##mo",
"##dal",
"sentiment",
"analysis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 154,
"end_token_idx": 157,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"artificial",
"general",
"intelligence"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 220,
"end_token_idx": 223,
"identifier": "/wiki/State_space_search",
"tokens": [
"state",
"space",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 224,
"end_token_idx": 226,
"identifier": "/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)",
"tokens": [
"local",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 227,
"end_token_idx": 230,
"identifier": "/wiki/State_space_search",
"tokens": [
"state",
"space",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 248,
"end_token_idx": 249,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling",
"tokens": [
"planning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 273,
"end_token_idx": 277,
"identifier": "/wiki/Means-ends_analysis",
"tokens": [
"means",
"-",
"ends",
"analysis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 278,
"end_token_idx": 282,
"identifier": "/wiki/Brute_force_search",
"tokens": [
"simple",
"exhaust",
"##ive",
"searches"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 293,
"end_token_idx": 295,
"identifier": "/wiki/Search_algorithm",
"tokens": [
"search",
"space"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 306,
"end_token_idx": 308,
"identifier": "/wiki/Astronomically_large",
"tokens": [
"astronomical",
"numbers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 316,
"end_token_idx": 318,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computation_time",
"tokens": [
"too",
"slow"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 323,
"end_token_idx": 327,
"identifier": "/wiki/Heuristics",
"tokens": [
"he",
"##uri",
"##stic",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 349,
"end_token_idx": 354,
"identifier": "/wiki/Adversarial_search",
"tokens": [
"ad",
"##vers",
"##aria",
"##l",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 357,
"end_token_idx": 360,
"identifier": "/wiki/Game_AI",
"tokens": [
"game",
"-",
"playing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 372,
"end_token_idx": 373,
"identifier": "/wiki/Game_tree",
"tokens": [
"tree"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 387,
"end_token_idx": 389,
"identifier": "/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)",
"tokens": [
"local",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 390,
"end_token_idx": 392,
"identifier": "/wiki/Mathematical_optimization",
"tokens": [
"mathematical",
"optimization"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 416,
"end_token_idx": 418,
"identifier": "/wiki/Gradient_descent",
"tokens": [
"gradient",
"descent"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 443,
"end_token_idx": 445,
"identifier": "/wiki/Loss_function",
"tokens": [
"loss",
"function"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 464,
"end_token_idx": 466,
"identifier": "/wiki/Evolutionary_computation",
"tokens": [
"evolutionary",
"computation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 494,
"end_token_idx": 495,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_selection",
"tokens": [
"selecting"
]
}
] | [
101,
7953,
1012,
1996,
2492,
2950,
4613,
5038,
1010,
3746,
5579,
1010,
13268,
5038,
1010,
4874,
5038,
1010,
4874,
9651,
1010,
1998,
20478,
10617,
1012,
7461,
3512,
9798,
2003,
2019,
18593,
12977,
2008,
8681,
3001,
2008,
6807,
1010,
17841,
1010,
2832,
1010,
2030,
26633,
2529,
3110,
1010,
7603,
1010,
1998,
6888,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
2070,
7484,
16838,
2024,
16984,
2000,
3713,
4512,
3973,
2030,
2130,
2000,
7221,
3334,
14742,
2135,
1025,
2009,
3084,
2068,
3711,
2062,
7591,
2000,
1996,
6832,
10949,
1997,
2529,
8290,
1010,
2030,
2000,
4728,
10956,
2529,
1516,
3274,
8290,
1012,
2174,
1010,
2023,
12102,
2000,
2507,
15743,
5198,
2019,
4895,
22852,
6553,
13120,
1997,
1996,
4454,
1997,
4493,
3274,
6074,
1012,
8777,
14152,
3141,
2000,
7461,
3512,
9798,
2421,
25304,
15792,
4106,
1998,
1010,
2062,
3728,
1010,
4800,
5302,
9305,
15792,
4106,
1010,
16726,
9932,
2465,
14144,
1996,
13531,
6913,
2011,
1037,
2678,
2696,
5669,
3395,
1012,
1037,
3698,
2007,
7976,
2236,
4454,
2323,
2022,
2583,
2000,
9611,
1037,
2898,
3528,
1997,
3471,
2007,
25291,
1998,
18601,
18724,
2714,
2000,
2529,
4454,
1012,
9932,
2470,
3594,
1037,
2898,
3528,
1997,
5461,
2000,
14570,
1996,
3289,
2682,
1012,
1031,
1038,
1033,
9932,
2064,
9611,
2116,
3471,
2011,
9414,
2135,
6575,
2083,
2116,
2825,
7300,
1012,
2045,
2024,
2048,
2200,
2367,
7957,
1997,
3945,
2109,
1999,
9932,
1024,
2110,
2686,
3945,
1998,
2334,
3945,
1012,
2110,
2686,
3945,
17193,
2083,
1037,
3392,
1997,
2825,
2163,
2000,
3046,
2000,
2424,
1037,
3125,
2110,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
4041,
13792,
3945,
2083,
3628,
1997,
3289,
1998,
4942,
3995,
9777,
1010,
7161,
2000,
2424,
1037,
4130,
2000,
1037,
4539,
3125,
1010,
1037,
2832,
2170,
2965,
1011,
4515,
4106,
1012,
3722,
15095,
3512,
17193,
2024,
6524,
7182,
2005,
2087,
2613,
1011,
2088,
3471,
1024,
1996,
3945,
2686,
1006,
1996,
2193,
1997,
3182,
2000,
3945,
1007,
2855,
7502,
2000,
13674,
3616,
1012,
1996,
2765,
2003,
1037,
3945,
2008,
2003,
2205,
4030,
2030,
2196,
28123,
1012,
1000,
2002,
9496,
10074,
2015,
1000,
2030,
1000,
3513,
1997,
7639,
1000,
2064,
2393,
3188,
25090,
4371,
9804,
2008,
2024,
2062,
3497,
2000,
3362,
1037,
3125,
1012,
4748,
14028,
10980,
2140,
3945,
2003,
2109,
2005,
2208,
1011,
2652,
3454,
1010,
2107,
2004,
7433,
2030,
2175,
1012,
2009,
17193,
2083,
1037,
3392,
1997,
2825,
5829,
1998,
4675,
1011,
5829,
1010,
2559,
2005,
1037,
3045,
2597,
1012,
2334,
3945,
3594,
8045,
20600,
2000,
2424,
1037,
5576,
2000,
1037,
3291,
1012,
2009,
4269,
2007,
2070,
2433,
1997,
3984,
1998,
25416,
10586,
2009,
4297,
28578,
21050,
2135,
1012,
17978,
6934,
2003,
1037,
2828,
1997,
2334,
3945,
2008,
23569,
27605,
11254,
1037,
2275,
1997,
15973,
11709,
2011,
4297,
28578,
21050,
2135,
19158,
2068,
2000,
18478,
1037,
3279,
3853,
1012,
10176,
1997,
17978,
6934,
2024,
4141,
2109,
2000,
3345,
15756,
6125,
1012,
2178,
2828,
1997,
2334,
3945,
2003,
12761,
22334,
1010,
2029,
8704,
2000,
2009,
25284,
2135,
5335,
1037,
2275,
1997,
4018,
7300,
2011,
1000,
14163,
29336,
2075,
1000,
1998,
1000,
28667,
5358,
8428,
2075,
1000,
2068,
1010,
17739,
2069,
1996,
4906,
22199,
2000,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"survive",
"each",
"generation",
".",
"distributed",
"search",
"processes",
"can",
"coordinate",
"via",
"swarm",
"intelligence",
"algorithms",
".",
"two",
"popular",
"swarm",
"algorithms",
"used",
"in",
"search",
"are",
"particle",
"swarm",
"optimization",
"(",
"inspired",
"by",
"bird",
"flock",
"##ing",
")",
"and",
"ant",
"colony",
"optimization",
"(",
"inspired",
"by",
"ant",
"trails",
")",
".",
"formal",
"logic",
"is",
"used",
"for",
"reasoning",
"and",
"knowledge",
"representation",
".",
"formal",
"logic",
"comes",
"in",
"two",
"main",
"forms",
":",
"proposition",
"##al",
"logic",
"(",
"which",
"operates",
"on",
"statements",
"that",
"are",
"true",
"or",
"false",
"and",
"uses",
"logical",
"connect",
"##ives",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"not",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"implies",
"\"",
")",
"and",
"pre",
"##dicate",
"logic",
"(",
"which",
"also",
"operates",
"on",
"objects",
",",
"pre",
"##dicate",
"##s",
"and",
"relations",
"and",
"uses",
"quan",
"##ti",
"##fi",
"##ers",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"every",
"x",
"is",
"a",
"y",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"there",
"are",
"some",
"x",
"##s",
"that",
"are",
"y",
"##s",
"\"",
")",
".",
"de",
"##ductive",
"reasoning",
"in",
"logic",
"is",
"the",
"process",
"of",
"proving",
"a",
"new",
"statement",
"(",
"conclusion",
")",
"from",
"other",
"statements",
"that",
"are",
"given",
"and",
"assumed",
"to",
"be",
"true",
"(",
"the",
"premises",
")",
".",
"proof",
"##s",
"can",
"be",
"structured",
"as",
"proof",
"trees",
",",
"in",
"which",
"nodes",
"are",
"labelled",
"by",
"sentences",
",",
"and",
"children",
"nodes",
"are",
"connected",
"to",
"parent",
"nodes",
"by",
"inference",
"rules",
".",
"given",
"a",
"problem",
"and",
"a",
"set",
"of",
"premises",
",",
"problem",
"-",
"solving",
"reduces",
"to",
"searching",
"for",
"a",
"proof",
"tree",
"whose",
"root",
"node",
"is",
"labelled",
"by",
"a",
"solution",
"of",
"the",
"problem",
"and",
"whose",
"leaf",
"nodes",
"are",
"labelled",
"by",
"premises",
"or",
"ax",
"##ioms",
".",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"horn",
"clauses",
",",
"problem",
"-",
"solving",
"search",
"can",
"be",
"performed",
"by",
"reasoning",
"forwards",
"from",
"the",
"premises",
"or",
"backwards",
"from",
"the",
"problem",
".",
"in",
"the",
"more",
"general",
"case",
"of",
"the",
"claus",
"##al",
"form",
"of",
"first",
"-",
"order",
"logic",
",",
"resolution",
"is",
"a",
"single",
",",
"ax",
"##iom",
"-",
"free",
"rule",
"of",
"inference",
",",
"in",
"which",
"a",
"problem",
"is",
"solved",
"by",
"proving",
"a",
"contradiction",
"from",
"premises",
"that",
"include",
"the",
"ne",
"##gation",
"of",
"the",
"problem",
"to",
"be",
"solved",
".",
"inference",
"in",
"both",
"horn",
"clause",
"logic",
"and",
"first",
"-",
"order",
"logic",
"is",
"und",
"##ec",
"##ida",
"##ble",
",",
"and",
"therefore",
"intra",
"##ctable",
".",
"however",
",",
"backward",
"reasoning",
"with",
"horn",
"clauses",
",",
"which",
"under",
"##pins",
"computation",
"in",
"the",
"logic",
"programming",
"language",
"pro",
"##log",
",",
"is",
"turing",
"complete",
".",
"moreover",
",",
"its",
"efficiency",
"is",
"competitive",
"with",
"computation",
"in",
"other",
"symbolic",
"programming",
"languages",
".",
"fuzzy",
"logic",
"assigns",
"a",
"\"",
"degree",
"of",
"truth",
"\"",
"between",
"0",
"and",
"1",
".",
"it",
"can",
"therefore",
"handle",
"proposition",
"##s",
"that",
"are",
"vague",
"and",
"partially",
"true",
".",
"non",
"-",
"mono",
"##tonic",
"logic",
"##s",
",",
"including",
"logic",
"programming",
"with",
"ne",
"##gation",
"as",
"failure",
",",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"handle",
"default",
"reasoning",
".",
"other",
"specialized",
"versions",
"of",
"logic",
"have",
"been",
"developed",
"to",
"describe",
"many",
"complex",
"domains",
".",
"many",
"problems",
"in",
"ai",
"(",
"including",
"in",
"reasoning",
",",
"planning",
",",
"learning",
",",
"perception",
",",
"and",
"robotics",
")",
"require",
"the",
"agent",
"to",
"operate",
"with",
"incomplete",
"or",
"uncertain",
"information",
".",
"ai",
"researchers",
"have",
"devised",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"tools",
"to",
"solve",
"these",
"problems",
"using",
"methods",
"from",
"probability",
"theory",
"and",
"economics",
".",
"precise",
"mathematical",
"tools"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 10,
"end_token_idx": 12,
"identifier": "/wiki/Swarm_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"swarm",
"intelligence"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 22,
"end_token_idx": 25,
"identifier": "/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization",
"tokens": [
"particle",
"swarm",
"optimization"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 29,
"end_token_idx": 31,
"identifier": "/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)",
"tokens": [
"flock",
"##ing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 33,
"end_token_idx": 36,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization",
"tokens": [
"ant",
"colony",
"optimization"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 39,
"end_token_idx": 41,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ant_trail",
"tokens": [
"ant",
"trails"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 44,
"end_token_idx": 45,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logic",
"tokens": [
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 48,
"end_token_idx": 49,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automatic_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"reasoning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 50,
"end_token_idx": 52,
"identifier": "/wiki/Knowledge_representation",
"tokens": [
"knowledge",
"representation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 61,
"end_token_idx": 64,
"identifier": "/wiki/Propositional_logic",
"tokens": [
"proposition",
"##al",
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 76,
"end_token_idx": 79,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logical_connective",
"tokens": [
"logical",
"connect",
"##ives"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 98,
"end_token_idx": 101,
"identifier": "/wiki/Predicate_logic",
"tokens": [
"pre",
"##dicate",
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 115,
"end_token_idx": 119,
"identifier": "/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)",
"tokens": [
"quan",
"##ti",
"##fi",
"##ers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 142,
"end_token_idx": 145,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deductive_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"de",
"##ductive",
"reasoning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 151,
"end_token_idx": 152,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logical_proof",
"tokens": [
"proving"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 156,
"end_token_idx": 157,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logical_consequence",
"tokens": [
"conclusion"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 171,
"end_token_idx": 172,
"identifier": "/wiki/Premise",
"tokens": [
"premises"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 181,
"end_token_idx": 182,
"identifier": "/wiki/Tree_structure",
"tokens": [
"trees"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 200,
"end_token_idx": 202,
"identifier": "/wiki/Inference_rule",
"tokens": [
"inference",
"rules"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 242,
"end_token_idx": 244,
"identifier": "/wiki/Axiom",
"tokens": [
"ax",
"##ioms"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 249,
"end_token_idx": 251,
"identifier": "/wiki/Horn_clause",
"tokens": [
"horn",
"clauses"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 261,
"end_token_idx": 262,
"identifier": "/wiki/Forward_chaining",
"tokens": [
"forwards"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 266,
"end_token_idx": 267,
"identifier": "/wiki/Backward_chaining",
"tokens": [
"backwards"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 282,
"end_token_idx": 286,
"identifier": "/wiki/First-order_logic",
"tokens": [
"first",
"-",
"order",
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 287,
"end_token_idx": 288,
"identifier": "/wiki/Resolution_(logic)",
"tokens": [
"resolution"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 336,
"end_token_idx": 340,
"identifier": "/wiki/Undecidable_problem",
"tokens": [
"und",
"##ec",
"##ida",
"##ble"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 343,
"end_token_idx": 345,
"identifier": "/wiki/Intractable_problem",
"tokens": [
"intra",
"##ctable"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 360,
"end_token_idx": 362,
"identifier": "/wiki/Logic_programming",
"tokens": [
"logic",
"programming"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 363,
"end_token_idx": 365,
"identifier": "/wiki/Prolog",
"tokens": [
"pro",
"##log"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 367,
"end_token_idx": 369,
"identifier": "/wiki/Turing_completeness",
"tokens": [
"turing",
"complete"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 380,
"end_token_idx": 382,
"identifier": "/wiki/Symbolic_programming",
"tokens": [
"symbolic",
"programming"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 384,
"end_token_idx": 386,
"identifier": "/wiki/Fuzzy_logic",
"tokens": [
"fuzzy",
"logic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 411,
"end_token_idx": 417,
"identifier": "/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic",
"tokens": [
"non",
"-",
"mono",
"##tonic",
"logic",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 422,
"end_token_idx": 426,
"identifier": "/wiki/Negation_as_failure",
"tokens": [
"ne",
"##gation",
"as",
"failure"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 431,
"end_token_idx": 433,
"identifier": "/wiki/Default_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"default",
"reasoning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 492,
"end_token_idx": 493,
"identifier": "/wiki/Probability",
"tokens": [
"probability"
]
}
] | [
101,
5788,
2169,
4245,
1012,
5500,
3945,
6194,
2064,
13530,
3081,
21708,
4454,
13792,
1012,
2048,
2759,
21708,
13792,
2109,
1999,
3945,
2024,
10811,
21708,
20600,
1006,
4427,
2011,
4743,
19311,
2075,
1007,
1998,
14405,
5701,
20600,
1006,
4427,
2011,
14405,
9612,
1007,
1012,
5337,
7961,
2003,
2109,
2005,
13384,
1998,
3716,
6630,
1012,
5337,
7961,
3310,
1999,
2048,
2364,
3596,
1024,
14848,
2389,
7961,
1006,
2029,
5748,
2006,
8635,
2008,
2024,
2995,
2030,
6270,
1998,
3594,
11177,
7532,
24653,
2107,
2004,
1000,
1998,
1000,
1010,
1000,
2030,
1000,
1010,
1000,
2025,
1000,
1998,
1000,
12748,
1000,
1007,
1998,
3653,
16467,
7961,
1006,
2029,
2036,
5748,
2006,
5200,
1010,
3653,
16467,
2015,
1998,
4262,
1998,
3594,
24110,
3775,
8873,
2545,
2107,
2004,
1000,
2296,
1060,
2003,
1037,
1061,
1000,
1998,
1000,
2045,
2024,
2070,
1060,
2015,
2008,
2024,
1061,
2015,
1000,
1007,
1012,
2139,
26638,
13384,
1999,
7961,
2003,
1996,
2832,
1997,
13946,
1037,
2047,
4861,
1006,
7091,
1007,
2013,
2060,
8635,
2008,
2024,
2445,
1998,
5071,
2000,
2022,
2995,
1006,
1996,
10345,
1007,
1012,
6947,
2015,
2064,
2022,
14336,
2004,
6947,
3628,
1010,
1999,
2029,
14164,
2024,
18251,
2011,
11746,
1010,
1998,
2336,
14164,
2024,
4198,
2000,
6687,
14164,
2011,
28937,
3513,
1012,
2445,
1037,
3291,
1998,
1037,
2275,
1997,
10345,
1010,
3291,
1011,
13729,
13416,
2000,
6575,
2005,
1037,
6947,
3392,
3005,
7117,
13045,
2003,
18251,
2011,
1037,
5576,
1997,
1996,
3291,
1998,
3005,
7053,
14164,
2024,
18251,
2011,
10345,
2030,
22260,
29178,
1012,
1999,
1996,
2553,
1997,
7109,
24059,
1010,
3291,
1011,
13729,
3945,
2064,
2022,
2864,
2011,
13384,
19390,
2013,
1996,
10345,
2030,
11043,
2013,
1996,
3291,
1012,
1999,
1996,
2062,
2236,
2553,
1997,
1996,
19118,
2389,
2433,
1997,
2034,
1011,
2344,
7961,
1010,
5813,
2003,
1037,
2309,
1010,
22260,
18994,
1011,
2489,
3627,
1997,
28937,
1010,
1999,
2029,
1037,
3291,
2003,
13332,
2011,
13946,
1037,
26917,
2013,
10345,
2008,
2421,
1996,
11265,
12540,
1997,
1996,
3291,
2000,
2022,
13332,
1012,
28937,
1999,
2119,
7109,
11075,
7961,
1998,
2034,
1011,
2344,
7961,
2003,
6151,
8586,
8524,
3468,
1010,
1998,
3568,
26721,
23576,
1012,
2174,
1010,
8848,
13384,
2007,
7109,
24059,
1010,
2029,
2104,
27915,
22334,
1999,
1996,
7961,
4730,
2653,
4013,
21197,
1010,
2003,
28639,
3143,
1012,
9308,
1010,
2049,
8122,
2003,
6975,
2007,
22334,
1999,
2060,
12613,
4730,
4155,
1012,
18001,
7961,
24022,
1037,
1000,
3014,
1997,
3606,
1000,
2090,
1014,
1998,
1015,
1012,
2009,
2064,
3568,
5047,
14848,
2015,
2008,
2024,
13727,
1998,
6822,
2995,
1012,
2512,
1011,
18847,
25009,
7961,
2015,
1010,
2164,
7961,
4730,
2007,
11265,
12540,
2004,
4945,
1010,
2024,
2881,
2000,
5047,
12398,
13384,
1012,
2060,
7772,
4617,
1997,
7961,
2031,
2042,
2764,
2000,
6235,
2116,
3375,
13100,
1012,
2116,
3471,
1999,
9932,
1006,
2164,
1999,
13384,
1010,
4041,
1010,
4083,
1010,
10617,
1010,
1998,
21331,
1007,
5478,
1996,
4005,
2000,
5452,
2007,
12958,
2030,
9662,
2592,
1012,
9932,
6950,
2031,
14917,
1037,
2193,
1997,
5906,
2000,
9611,
2122,
3471,
2478,
4725,
2013,
9723,
3399,
1998,
5543,
1012,
10480,
8045,
5906,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"have",
"been",
"developed",
"that",
"analyze",
"how",
"an",
"agent",
"can",
"make",
"choices",
"and",
"plan",
",",
"using",
"decision",
"theory",
",",
"decision",
"analysis",
",",
"and",
"information",
"value",
"theory",
".",
"these",
"tools",
"include",
"models",
"such",
"as",
"marko",
"##v",
"decision",
"processes",
",",
"dynamic",
"decision",
"networks",
",",
"game",
"theory",
"and",
"mechanism",
"design",
".",
"bay",
"##esian",
"networks",
"are",
"a",
"tool",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"for",
"reasoning",
"(",
"using",
"the",
"bay",
"##esian",
"inference",
"algorithm",
")",
",",
"[",
"g",
"]",
"learning",
"(",
"using",
"the",
"expectation",
"–",
"maxim",
"##ization",
"algorithm",
")",
",",
"[",
"h",
"]",
"planning",
"(",
"using",
"decision",
"networks",
")",
"and",
"perception",
"(",
"using",
"dynamic",
"bay",
"##esian",
"networks",
")",
".",
"pro",
"##ba",
"##bilis",
"##tic",
"algorithms",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"used",
"for",
"filtering",
",",
"prediction",
",",
"smoothing",
",",
"and",
"finding",
"explanations",
"for",
"streams",
"of",
"data",
",",
"thus",
"helping",
"perception",
"systems",
"analyze",
"processes",
"that",
"occur",
"over",
"time",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"hidden",
"marko",
"##v",
"models",
"or",
"ka",
"##lman",
"filters",
")",
".",
"the",
"simplest",
"ai",
"applications",
"can",
"be",
"divided",
"into",
"two",
"types",
":",
"class",
"##ifiers",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"\"",
"if",
"shiny",
"then",
"diamond",
"\"",
")",
",",
"on",
"one",
"hand",
",",
"and",
"controllers",
"(",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"\"",
"if",
"diamond",
"then",
"pick",
"up",
"\"",
")",
",",
"on",
"the",
"other",
"hand",
".",
"class",
"##ifiers",
"are",
"functions",
"that",
"use",
"pattern",
"matching",
"to",
"determine",
"the",
"closest",
"match",
".",
"they",
"can",
"be",
"fine",
"-",
"tuned",
"based",
"on",
"chosen",
"examples",
"using",
"supervised",
"learning",
".",
"each",
"pattern",
"(",
"also",
"called",
"an",
"\"",
"observation",
"\"",
")",
"is",
"labeled",
"with",
"a",
"certain",
"pre",
"##de",
"##fine",
"##d",
"class",
".",
"all",
"the",
"observations",
"combined",
"with",
"their",
"class",
"labels",
"are",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"data",
"set",
".",
"when",
"a",
"new",
"observation",
"is",
"received",
",",
"that",
"observation",
"is",
"classified",
"based",
"on",
"previous",
"experience",
".",
"there",
"are",
"many",
"kinds",
"of",
"class",
"##ifiers",
"in",
"use",
".",
"the",
"decision",
"tree",
"is",
"the",
"simplest",
"and",
"most",
"widely",
"used",
"symbolic",
"machine",
"learning",
"algorithm",
".",
"k",
"-",
"nearest",
"neighbor",
"algorithm",
"was",
"the",
"most",
"widely",
"used",
"analog",
"##ical",
"ai",
"until",
"the",
"mid",
"-",
"1990s",
",",
"and",
"kernel",
"methods",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"support",
"vector",
"machine",
"(",
"sv",
"##m",
")",
"displaced",
"k",
"-",
"nearest",
"neighbor",
"in",
"the",
"1990s",
".",
"the",
"naive",
"bay",
"##es",
"class",
"##ifier",
"is",
"reportedly",
"the",
"\"",
"most",
"widely",
"used",
"learn",
"##er",
"\"",
"at",
"google",
",",
"due",
"in",
"part",
"to",
"its",
"scala",
"##bility",
".",
"neural",
"networks",
"are",
"also",
"used",
"as",
"class",
"##ifiers",
".",
"an",
"artificial",
"neural",
"network",
"is",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"collection",
"of",
"nodes",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"artificial",
"neurons",
",",
"which",
"loosely",
"model",
"the",
"neurons",
"in",
"a",
"biological",
"brain",
".",
"it",
"is",
"trained",
"to",
"recognise",
"patterns",
";",
"once",
"trained",
",",
"it",
"can",
"recognise",
"those",
"patterns",
"in",
"fresh",
"data",
".",
"there",
"is",
"an",
"input",
",",
"at",
"least",
"one",
"hidden",
"layer",
"of",
"nodes",
"and",
"an",
"output",
".",
"each",
"node",
"applies",
"a",
"function",
"and",
"once",
"the",
"weight",
"crosses",
"its",
"specified",
"threshold",
",",
"the",
"data",
"is",
"transmitted",
"to",
"the",
"next",
"layer",
".",
"a",
"network",
"is",
"typically",
"called",
"a",
"deep",
"neural",
"network",
"if",
"it",
"has",
"at",
"least",
"2",
"hidden",
"layers",
".",
"learning",
"algorithms",
"for",
"neural",
"networks",
"use",
"local",
"search",
"to",
"choose",
"the"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 15,
"end_token_idx": 17,
"identifier": "/wiki/Decision_theory",
"tokens": [
"decision",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 18,
"end_token_idx": 20,
"identifier": "/wiki/Decision_analysis",
"tokens": [
"decision",
"analysis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 22,
"end_token_idx": 25,
"identifier": "/wiki/Information_value_theory",
"tokens": [
"information",
"value",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 32,
"end_token_idx": 36,
"identifier": "/wiki/Markov_decision_process",
"tokens": [
"marko",
"##v",
"decision",
"processes"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 38,
"end_token_idx": 40,
"identifier": "/wiki/Decision_network",
"tokens": [
"decision",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 41,
"end_token_idx": 43,
"identifier": "/wiki/Game_theory",
"tokens": [
"game",
"theory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 44,
"end_token_idx": 46,
"identifier": "/wiki/Mechanism_design",
"tokens": [
"mechanism",
"design"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 47,
"end_token_idx": 50,
"identifier": "/wiki/Bayesian_network",
"tokens": [
"bay",
"##esian",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 58,
"end_token_idx": 59,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_reasoning",
"tokens": [
"reasoning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 62,
"end_token_idx": 65,
"identifier": "/wiki/Bayesian_inference",
"tokens": [
"bay",
"##esian",
"inference"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 71,
"end_token_idx": 72,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 75,
"end_token_idx": 80,
"identifier": "/wiki/Expectation%E2%80%93maximization_algorithm",
"tokens": [
"expectation",
"–",
"maxim",
"##ization",
"algorithm"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 85,
"end_token_idx": 86,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling",
"tokens": [
"planning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 88,
"end_token_idx": 90,
"identifier": "/wiki/Decision_network",
"tokens": [
"decision",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 92,
"end_token_idx": 93,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_perception",
"tokens": [
"perception"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 95,
"end_token_idx": 99,
"identifier": "/wiki/Dynamic_Bayesian_network",
"tokens": [
"dynamic",
"bay",
"##esian",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 127,
"end_token_idx": 128,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_perception",
"tokens": [
"perception"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 141,
"end_token_idx": 145,
"identifier": "/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model",
"tokens": [
"hidden",
"marko",
"##v",
"models"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 146,
"end_token_idx": 149,
"identifier": "/wiki/Kalman_filter",
"tokens": [
"ka",
"##lman",
"filters"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 204,
"end_token_idx": 206,
"identifier": "/wiki/Classifier_(mathematics)",
"tokens": [
"class",
"##ifiers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 210,
"end_token_idx": 212,
"identifier": "/wiki/Pattern_matching",
"tokens": [
"pattern",
"matching"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 229,
"end_token_idx": 231,
"identifier": "/wiki/Supervised_learning",
"tokens": [
"supervised",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 239,
"end_token_idx": 240,
"identifier": "/wiki/Random_variate",
"tokens": [
"observation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 265,
"end_token_idx": 267,
"identifier": "/wiki/Data_set",
"tokens": [
"data",
"set"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 295,
"end_token_idx": 297,
"identifier": "/wiki/Decision_tree",
"tokens": [
"decision",
"tree"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 309,
"end_token_idx": 313,
"identifier": "/wiki/K-nearest_neighbor",
"tokens": [
"k",
"-",
"nearest",
"neighbor"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 329,
"end_token_idx": 331,
"identifier": "/wiki/Kernel_methods",
"tokens": [
"kernel",
"methods"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 334,
"end_token_idx": 337,
"identifier": "/wiki/Support_vector_machine",
"tokens": [
"support",
"vector",
"machine"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 351,
"end_token_idx": 356,
"identifier": "/wiki/Naive_Bayes_classifier",
"tokens": [
"naive",
"bay",
"##es",
"class",
"##ifier"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 377,
"end_token_idx": 379,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_neural_network",
"tokens": [
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 400,
"end_token_idx": 402,
"identifier": "/wiki/Artificial_neurons",
"tokens": [
"artificial",
"neurons"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 407,
"end_token_idx": 408,
"identifier": "/wiki/Neurons",
"tokens": [
"neurons"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 456,
"end_token_idx": 457,
"identifier": "/wiki/Weighting",
"tokens": [
"weight"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 495,
"end_token_idx": 497,
"identifier": "/wiki/Local_search_(optimization)",
"tokens": [
"local",
"search"
]
}
] | [
101,
2031,
2042,
2764,
2008,
17908,
2129,
2019,
4005,
2064,
2191,
9804,
1998,
2933,
1010,
2478,
3247,
3399,
1010,
3247,
4106,
1010,
1998,
2592,
3643,
3399,
1012,
2122,
5906,
2421,
4275,
2107,
2004,
28003,
2615,
3247,
6194,
1010,
8790,
3247,
6125,
1010,
2208,
3399,
1998,
7337,
2640,
1012,
3016,
25253,
6125,
2024,
1037,
6994,
2008,
2064,
2022,
2109,
2005,
13384,
1006,
2478,
1996,
3016,
25253,
28937,
9896,
1007,
1010,
1031,
1043,
1033,
4083,
1006,
2478,
1996,
17626,
1516,
20446,
3989,
9896,
1007,
1010,
1031,
1044,
1033,
4041,
1006,
2478,
3247,
6125,
1007,
1998,
10617,
1006,
2478,
8790,
3016,
25253,
6125,
1007,
1012,
4013,
3676,
27965,
4588,
13792,
2064,
2036,
2022,
2109,
2005,
22910,
1010,
17547,
1010,
27045,
1010,
1998,
4531,
17959,
2005,
9199,
1997,
2951,
1010,
2947,
5094,
10617,
3001,
17908,
6194,
2008,
5258,
2058,
2051,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
5023,
28003,
2615,
4275,
2030,
10556,
12624,
17736,
1007,
1012,
1996,
21304,
9932,
5097,
2064,
2022,
4055,
2046,
2048,
4127,
1024,
2465,
28295,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
1000,
2065,
12538,
2059,
6323,
1000,
1007,
1010,
2006,
2028,
2192,
1010,
1998,
21257,
1006,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
1000,
2065,
6323,
2059,
4060,
2039,
1000,
1007,
1010,
2006,
1996,
2060,
2192,
1012,
2465,
28295,
2024,
4972,
2008,
2224,
5418,
9844,
2000,
5646,
1996,
7541,
2674,
1012,
2027,
2064,
2022,
2986,
1011,
15757,
2241,
2006,
4217,
4973,
2478,
13588,
4083,
1012,
2169,
5418,
1006,
2036,
2170,
2019,
1000,
8089,
1000,
1007,
2003,
12599,
2007,
1037,
3056,
3653,
3207,
23460,
2094,
2465,
1012,
2035,
1996,
9420,
4117,
2007,
2037,
2465,
10873,
2024,
2124,
2004,
1037,
2951,
2275,
1012,
2043,
1037,
2047,
8089,
2003,
2363,
1010,
2008,
8089,
2003,
6219,
2241,
2006,
3025,
3325,
1012,
2045,
2024,
2116,
7957,
1997,
2465,
28295,
1999,
2224,
1012,
1996,
3247,
3392,
2003,
1996,
21304,
1998,
2087,
4235,
2109,
12613,
3698,
4083,
9896,
1012,
1047,
1011,
7205,
11429,
9896,
2001,
1996,
2087,
4235,
2109,
11698,
7476,
9932,
2127,
1996,
3054,
1011,
4134,
1010,
1998,
16293,
4725,
2107,
2004,
1996,
2490,
9207,
3698,
1006,
17917,
2213,
1007,
12936,
1047,
1011,
7205,
11429,
1999,
1996,
4134,
1012,
1996,
15743,
3016,
2229,
2465,
18095,
2003,
7283,
1996,
1000,
2087,
4235,
2109,
4553,
2121,
1000,
2012,
8224,
1010,
2349,
1999,
2112,
2000,
2049,
26743,
8553,
1012,
15756,
6125,
2024,
2036,
2109,
2004,
2465,
28295,
1012,
2019,
7976,
15756,
2897,
2003,
2241,
2006,
1037,
3074,
1997,
14164,
2036,
2124,
2004,
7976,
15698,
1010,
2029,
11853,
2944,
1996,
15698,
1999,
1037,
6897,
4167,
1012,
2009,
2003,
4738,
2000,
17614,
7060,
1025,
2320,
4738,
1010,
2009,
2064,
17614,
2216,
7060,
1999,
4840,
2951,
1012,
2045,
2003,
2019,
7953,
1010,
2012,
2560,
2028,
5023,
6741,
1997,
14164,
1998,
2019,
6434,
1012,
2169,
13045,
12033,
1037,
3853,
1998,
2320,
1996,
3635,
7821,
2049,
9675,
11207,
1010,
1996,
2951,
2003,
11860,
2000,
1996,
2279,
6741,
1012,
1037,
2897,
2003,
4050,
2170,
1037,
2784,
15756,
2897,
2065,
2009,
2038,
2012,
2560,
1016,
5023,
9014,
1012,
4083,
13792,
2005,
15756,
6125,
2224,
2334,
3945,
2000,
5454,
1996,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"weights",
"that",
"will",
"get",
"the",
"right",
"output",
"for",
"each",
"input",
"during",
"training",
".",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"training",
"technique",
"is",
"the",
"back",
"##pro",
"##pa",
"##gation",
"algorithm",
".",
"neural",
"networks",
"learn",
"to",
"model",
"complex",
"relationships",
"between",
"inputs",
"and",
"outputs",
"and",
"find",
"patterns",
"in",
"data",
".",
"in",
"theory",
",",
"a",
"neural",
"network",
"can",
"learn",
"any",
"function",
".",
"in",
"feed",
"##for",
"##ward",
"neural",
"networks",
"the",
"signal",
"passes",
"in",
"only",
"one",
"direction",
".",
"rec",
"##urrent",
"neural",
"networks",
"feed",
"the",
"output",
"signal",
"back",
"into",
"the",
"input",
",",
"which",
"allows",
"short",
"-",
"term",
"memories",
"of",
"previous",
"input",
"events",
".",
"long",
"short",
"term",
"memory",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"successful",
"network",
"architecture",
"for",
"rec",
"##urrent",
"networks",
".",
"per",
"##ce",
"##pt",
"##rons",
"use",
"only",
"a",
"single",
"layer",
"of",
"neurons",
",",
"deep",
"learning",
"uses",
"multiple",
"layers",
".",
"con",
"##vo",
"##lu",
"##tion",
"##al",
"neural",
"networks",
"strengthen",
"the",
"connection",
"between",
"neurons",
"that",
"are",
"\"",
"close",
"\"",
"to",
"each",
"other",
"—",
"this",
"is",
"especially",
"important",
"in",
"image",
"processing",
",",
"where",
"a",
"local",
"set",
"of",
"neurons",
"must",
"identify",
"an",
"\"",
"edge",
"\"",
"before",
"the",
"network",
"can",
"identify",
"an",
"object",
".",
"deep",
"learning",
"uses",
"several",
"layers",
"of",
"neurons",
"between",
"the",
"network",
"'",
"s",
"inputs",
"and",
"outputs",
".",
"the",
"multiple",
"layers",
"can",
"progressively",
"extract",
"higher",
"-",
"level",
"features",
"from",
"the",
"raw",
"input",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"in",
"image",
"processing",
",",
"lower",
"layers",
"may",
"identify",
"edges",
",",
"while",
"higher",
"layers",
"may",
"identify",
"the",
"concepts",
"relevant",
"to",
"a",
"human",
"such",
"as",
"digits",
",",
"letters",
",",
"or",
"faces",
".",
"deep",
"learning",
"has",
"profoundly",
"improved",
"the",
"performance",
"of",
"programs",
"in",
"many",
"important",
"sub",
"##fields",
"of",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
",",
"including",
"computer",
"vision",
",",
"speech",
"recognition",
",",
"natural",
"language",
"processing",
",",
"image",
"classification",
",",
"and",
"others",
".",
"the",
"reason",
"that",
"deep",
"learning",
"performs",
"so",
"well",
"in",
"so",
"many",
"applications",
"is",
"not",
"known",
"as",
"of",
"202",
"##3",
".",
"the",
"sudden",
"success",
"of",
"deep",
"learning",
"in",
"2012",
"–",
"2015",
"did",
"not",
"occur",
"because",
"of",
"some",
"new",
"discovery",
"or",
"theoretical",
"breakthrough",
"(",
"deep",
"neural",
"networks",
"and",
"back",
"##pro",
"##pa",
"##gation",
"had",
"been",
"described",
"by",
"many",
"people",
",",
"as",
"far",
"back",
"as",
"the",
"1950s",
")",
"[",
"i",
"]",
"but",
"because",
"of",
"two",
"factors",
":",
"the",
"incredible",
"increase",
"in",
"computer",
"power",
"(",
"including",
"the",
"hundred",
"-",
"fold",
"increase",
"in",
"speed",
"by",
"switching",
"to",
"gp",
"##us",
")",
"and",
"the",
"availability",
"of",
"vast",
"amounts",
"of",
"training",
"data",
",",
"especially",
"the",
"giant",
"curated",
"data",
"##set",
"##s",
"used",
"for",
"bench",
"##mark",
"testing",
",",
"such",
"as",
"image",
"##net",
".",
"[",
"j",
"]",
"genera",
"##tive",
"pre",
"-",
"trained",
"transformers",
"(",
"gp",
"##t",
")",
"are",
"large",
"language",
"models",
"that",
"are",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"semantic",
"relationships",
"between",
"words",
"in",
"sentences",
"(",
"natural",
"language",
"processing",
")",
".",
"text",
"-",
"based",
"gp",
"##t",
"models",
"are",
"pre",
"-",
"trained",
"on",
"a",
"large",
"corpus",
"of",
"text",
"which",
"can",
"be",
"from",
"the",
"internet",
".",
"the",
"pre",
"-",
"training",
"consists",
"in",
"predicting",
"the",
"next",
"token",
"(",
"a",
"token",
"being",
"usually",
"a",
"word",
",",
"sub",
"##word",
",",
"or",
"pun",
"##ct",
"##uation",
")",
".",
"throughout",
"this",
"pre",
"-",
"training",
",",
"gp",
"##t",
"models",
"accumulate",
"knowledge",
"about",
"the",
"world",
",",
"and",
"can",
"then",
"generate",
"human",
"-"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 20,
"end_token_idx": 24,
"identifier": "/wiki/Backpropagation",
"tokens": [
"back",
"##pro",
"##pa",
"##gation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 38,
"end_token_idx": 40,
"identifier": "/wiki/Pattern_recognition",
"tokens": [
"find",
"patterns"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 55,
"end_token_idx": 60,
"identifier": "/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network",
"tokens": [
"feed",
"##for",
"##ward",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 68,
"end_token_idx": 72,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network",
"tokens": [
"rec",
"##urrent",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 92,
"end_token_idx": 96,
"identifier": "/wiki/Long_short_term_memory",
"tokens": [
"long",
"short",
"term",
"memory"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 107,
"end_token_idx": 111,
"identifier": "/wiki/Perceptron",
"tokens": [
"per",
"##ce",
"##pt",
"##rons"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 125,
"end_token_idx": 132,
"identifier": "/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network",
"tokens": [
"con",
"##vo",
"##lu",
"##tion",
"##al",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 151,
"end_token_idx": 153,
"identifier": "/wiki/Image_processing",
"tokens": [
"image",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 161,
"end_token_idx": 166,
"identifier": "/wiki/Edge_detection",
"tokens": [
"identify",
"an",
"\"",
"edge",
"\""
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 209,
"end_token_idx": 211,
"identifier": "/wiki/Image_processing",
"tokens": [
"image",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 257,
"end_token_idx": 259,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computer_vision",
"tokens": [
"computer",
"vision"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 260,
"end_token_idx": 262,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speech_recognition",
"tokens": [
"speech",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 263,
"end_token_idx": 266,
"identifier": "/wiki/Natural_language_processing",
"tokens": [
"natural",
"language",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 267,
"end_token_idx": 269,
"identifier": "/wiki/Image_classification",
"tokens": [
"image",
"classification"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 364,
"end_token_idx": 366,
"identifier": "/wiki/Graphics_processing_units",
"tokens": [
"gp",
"##us"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 380,
"end_token_idx": 384,
"identifier": "/wiki/List_of_datasets_for_machine-learning_research",
"tokens": [
"curated",
"data",
"##set",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 392,
"end_token_idx": 394,
"identifier": "/wiki/ImageNet",
"tokens": [
"image",
"##net"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 398,
"end_token_idx": 404,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"pre",
"-",
"trained",
"transformers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 409,
"end_token_idx": 412,
"identifier": "/wiki/Large_language_model",
"tokens": [
"large",
"language",
"models"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 424,
"end_token_idx": 427,
"identifier": "/wiki/Natural_language_processing",
"tokens": [
"natural",
"language",
"processing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 461,
"end_token_idx": 462,
"identifier": "/wiki/Lexical_analysis",
"tokens": [
"token"
]
}
] | [
101,
15871,
2008,
2097,
2131,
1996,
2157,
6434,
2005,
2169,
7953,
2076,
2731,
1012,
1996,
2087,
2691,
2731,
6028,
2003,
1996,
2067,
21572,
4502,
12540,
9896,
1012,
15756,
6125,
4553,
2000,
2944,
3375,
6550,
2090,
20407,
1998,
27852,
1998,
2424,
7060,
1999,
2951,
1012,
1999,
3399,
1010,
1037,
15756,
2897,
2064,
4553,
2151,
3853,
1012,
1999,
5438,
29278,
7652,
15756,
6125,
1996,
4742,
5235,
1999,
2069,
2028,
3257,
1012,
28667,
29264,
15756,
6125,
5438,
1996,
6434,
4742,
2067,
2046,
1996,
7953,
1010,
2029,
4473,
2460,
1011,
2744,
5758,
1997,
3025,
7953,
2824,
1012,
2146,
2460,
2744,
3638,
2003,
1996,
2087,
3144,
2897,
4294,
2005,
28667,
29264,
6125,
1012,
2566,
3401,
13876,
28212,
2224,
2069,
1037,
2309,
6741,
1997,
15698,
1010,
2784,
4083,
3594,
3674,
9014,
1012,
9530,
6767,
7630,
3508,
2389,
15756,
6125,
12919,
1996,
4434,
2090,
15698,
2008,
2024,
1000,
2485,
1000,
2000,
2169,
2060,
1517,
2023,
2003,
2926,
2590,
1999,
3746,
6364,
1010,
2073,
1037,
2334,
2275,
1997,
15698,
2442,
6709,
2019,
1000,
3341,
1000,
2077,
1996,
2897,
2064,
6709,
2019,
4874,
1012,
2784,
4083,
3594,
2195,
9014,
1997,
15698,
2090,
1996,
2897,
1005,
1055,
20407,
1998,
27852,
1012,
1996,
3674,
9014,
2064,
20519,
14817,
3020,
1011,
2504,
2838,
2013,
1996,
6315,
7953,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
1999,
3746,
6364,
1010,
2896,
9014,
2089,
6709,
7926,
1010,
2096,
3020,
9014,
2089,
6709,
1996,
8474,
7882,
2000,
1037,
2529,
2107,
2004,
16648,
1010,
4144,
1010,
2030,
5344,
1012,
2784,
4083,
2038,
28089,
5301,
1996,
2836,
1997,
3454,
1999,
2116,
2590,
4942,
15155,
1997,
7976,
4454,
1010,
2164,
3274,
4432,
1010,
4613,
5038,
1010,
3019,
2653,
6364,
1010,
3746,
5579,
1010,
1998,
2500,
1012,
1996,
3114,
2008,
2784,
4083,
10438,
2061,
2092,
1999,
2061,
2116,
5097,
2003,
2025,
2124,
2004,
1997,
16798,
2509,
1012,
1996,
5573,
3112,
1997,
2784,
4083,
1999,
2262,
1516,
2325,
2106,
2025,
5258,
2138,
1997,
2070,
2047,
5456,
2030,
9373,
12687,
1006,
2784,
15756,
6125,
1998,
2067,
21572,
4502,
12540,
2018,
2042,
2649,
2011,
2116,
2111,
1010,
2004,
2521,
2067,
2004,
1996,
4856,
1007,
1031,
1045,
1033,
2021,
2138,
1997,
2048,
5876,
1024,
1996,
9788,
3623,
1999,
3274,
2373,
1006,
2164,
1996,
3634,
1011,
10671,
3623,
1999,
3177,
2011,
11991,
2000,
14246,
2271,
1007,
1998,
1996,
11343,
1997,
6565,
8310,
1997,
2731,
2951,
1010,
2926,
1996,
5016,
17940,
2951,
13462,
2015,
2109,
2005,
6847,
10665,
5604,
1010,
2107,
2004,
3746,
7159,
1012,
1031,
1046,
1033,
11416,
6024,
3653,
1011,
4738,
19081,
1006,
14246,
2102,
1007,
2024,
2312,
2653,
4275,
2008,
2024,
2241,
2006,
1996,
21641,
6550,
2090,
2616,
1999,
11746,
1006,
3019,
2653,
6364,
1007,
1012,
3793,
1011,
2241,
14246,
2102,
4275,
2024,
3653,
1011,
4738,
2006,
1037,
2312,
13931,
1997,
3793,
2029,
2064,
2022,
2013,
1996,
4274,
1012,
1996,
3653,
1011,
2731,
3774,
1999,
29458,
1996,
2279,
19204,
1006,
1037,
19204,
2108,
2788,
1037,
2773,
1010,
4942,
18351,
1010,
2030,
26136,
6593,
14505,
1007,
1012,
2802,
2023,
3653,
1011,
2731,
1010,
14246,
2102,
4275,
27598,
3716,
2055,
1996,
2088,
1010,
1998,
2064,
2059,
9699,
2529,
1011,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"like",
"text",
"by",
"repeatedly",
"predicting",
"the",
"next",
"token",
".",
"typically",
",",
"a",
"subsequent",
"training",
"phase",
"makes",
"the",
"model",
"more",
"truth",
"##ful",
",",
"useful",
"and",
"harmless",
",",
"usually",
"with",
"a",
"technique",
"called",
"reinforcement",
"learning",
"from",
"human",
"feedback",
"(",
"r",
"##l",
"##h",
"##f",
")",
".",
"current",
"gp",
"##t",
"models",
"are",
"still",
"prone",
"to",
"generating",
"false",
"##hood",
"##s",
"called",
"\"",
"hall",
"##uc",
"##inations",
"\"",
",",
"although",
"this",
"can",
"be",
"reduced",
"with",
"r",
"##l",
"##h",
"##f",
"and",
"quality",
"data",
".",
"they",
"are",
"used",
"in",
"chat",
"##bots",
",",
"which",
"allow",
"you",
"to",
"ask",
"a",
"question",
"or",
"request",
"a",
"task",
"in",
"simple",
"text",
".",
"current",
"models",
"and",
"services",
"include",
":",
"gemini",
"(",
"formerly",
"bard",
")",
",",
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t",
",",
"gr",
"##ok",
",",
"claude",
",",
"cop",
"##ilo",
"##t",
"and",
"ll",
"##ama",
".",
"multi",
"##mo",
"##dal",
"gp",
"##t",
"models",
"can",
"process",
"different",
"types",
"of",
"data",
"(",
"mod",
"##ali",
"##ties",
")",
"such",
"as",
"images",
",",
"videos",
",",
"sound",
",",
"and",
"text",
".",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"2010s",
",",
"graphics",
"processing",
"units",
"(",
"gp",
"##us",
")",
"that",
"were",
"increasingly",
"designed",
"with",
"ai",
"-",
"specific",
"enhancement",
"##s",
"and",
"used",
"with",
"specialized",
"tensor",
"##flow",
"software",
"had",
"replaced",
"previously",
"used",
"central",
"processing",
"unit",
"(",
"cpu",
"##s",
")",
"as",
"the",
"dominant",
"means",
"for",
"large",
"-",
"scale",
"(",
"commercial",
"and",
"academic",
")",
"machine",
"learning",
"models",
"'",
"training",
".",
"specialized",
"programming",
"languages",
"such",
"as",
"pro",
"##log",
"were",
"used",
"in",
"early",
"ai",
"research",
",",
"but",
"general",
"-",
"purpose",
"programming",
"languages",
"like",
"python",
"have",
"become",
"predominant",
".",
"ai",
"and",
"machine",
"learning",
"technology",
"is",
"used",
"in",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"essential",
"applications",
"of",
"the",
"2020",
"##s",
",",
"including",
":",
"search",
"engines",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"google",
"search",
")",
",",
"targeting",
"online",
"advertisements",
",",
"recommendation",
"systems",
"(",
"offered",
"by",
"netflix",
",",
"youtube",
"or",
"amazon",
")",
",",
"driving",
"internet",
"traffic",
",",
"targeted",
"advertising",
"(",
"ads",
"##ense",
",",
"facebook",
")",
",",
"virtual",
"assistants",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"sir",
"##i",
"or",
"alexa",
")",
",",
"autonomous",
"vehicles",
"(",
"including",
"drones",
",",
"ada",
"##s",
"and",
"self",
"-",
"driving",
"cars",
")",
",",
"automatic",
"language",
"translation",
"(",
"microsoft",
"translator",
",",
"google",
"translate",
")",
",",
"facial",
"recognition",
"(",
"apple",
"'",
"s",
"face",
"id",
"or",
"microsoft",
"'",
"s",
"deep",
"##face",
"and",
"google",
"'",
"s",
"face",
"##net",
")",
"and",
"image",
"labeling",
"(",
"used",
"by",
"facebook",
",",
"apple",
"'",
"s",
"ip",
"##hot",
"##o",
"and",
"ti",
"##kt",
"##ok",
")",
".",
"the",
"application",
"of",
"ai",
"in",
"medicine",
"and",
"medical",
"research",
"has",
"the",
"potential",
"to",
"increase",
"patient",
"care",
"and",
"quality",
"of",
"life",
".",
"through",
"the",
"lens",
"of",
"the",
"hip",
"##po",
"##cratic",
"oath",
",",
"medical",
"professionals",
"are",
"ethical",
"##ly",
"compelled",
"to",
"use",
"ai",
",",
"if",
"applications",
"can",
"more",
"accurately",
"dia",
"##gno",
"##se",
"and",
"treat",
"patients",
".",
"for",
"medical",
"research",
",",
"ai",
"is",
"an",
"important",
"tool",
"for",
"processing",
"and",
"integrating",
"big",
"data",
".",
"this",
"is",
"particularly",
"important",
"for",
"organ",
"##oid",
"and",
"tissue",
"engineering",
"development",
"which",
"use",
"microscopy",
"imaging",
"as",
"a",
"key",
"technique",
"in",
"fabrication",
".",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"suggested",
"that",
"ai",
"can",
"overcome",
"disc",
"##re",
"##pan",
"##cies",
"in",
"funding",
"allocated",
"to",
"different",
"fields",
"of",
"research",
".",
"new",
"ai",
"tools",
"can",
"deep",
"##en",
"the",
"understanding",
"of",
"biomedical",
"##ly",
"relevant",
"pathways"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 31,
"end_token_idx": 36,
"identifier": "/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback",
"tokens": [
"reinforcement",
"learning",
"from",
"human",
"feedback"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 57,
"end_token_idx": 60,
"identifier": "/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)",
"tokens": [
"hall",
"##uc",
"##inations"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 80,
"end_token_idx": 82,
"identifier": "/wiki/Chatbot",
"tokens": [
"chat",
"##bots"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 104,
"end_token_idx": 105,
"identifier": "/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)",
"tokens": [
"gemini"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 110,
"end_token_idx": 113,
"identifier": "/wiki/ChatGPT",
"tokens": [
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 114,
"end_token_idx": 116,
"identifier": "/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)",
"tokens": [
"gr",
"##ok"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 117,
"end_token_idx": 118,
"identifier": "/wiki/Anthropic#Claude",
"tokens": [
"claude"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 119,
"end_token_idx": 122,
"identifier": "/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot",
"tokens": [
"cop",
"##ilo",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 123,
"end_token_idx": 125,
"identifier": "/wiki/LLaMA",
"tokens": [
"ll",
"##ama"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 126,
"end_token_idx": 129,
"identifier": "/wiki/Multimodal_learning",
"tokens": [
"multi",
"##mo",
"##dal"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 139,
"end_token_idx": 142,
"identifier": "/wiki/Modality_(human%E2%80%93computer_interaction)",
"tokens": [
"mod",
"##ali",
"##ties"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 159,
"end_token_idx": 162,
"identifier": "/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit",
"tokens": [
"graphics",
"processing",
"units"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 180,
"end_token_idx": 182,
"identifier": "/wiki/TensorFlow",
"tokens": [
"tensor",
"##flow"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 187,
"end_token_idx": 190,
"identifier": "/wiki/Central_processing_unit",
"tokens": [
"central",
"processing",
"unit"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 207,
"end_token_idx": 209,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"machine",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 214,
"end_token_idx": 216,
"identifier": "/wiki/Programming_language",
"tokens": [
"programming",
"languages"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 218,
"end_token_idx": 220,
"identifier": "/wiki/Prolog",
"tokens": [
"pro",
"##log"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 228,
"end_token_idx": 233,
"identifier": "/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language",
"tokens": [
"general",
"-",
"purpose",
"programming",
"languages"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 234,
"end_token_idx": 235,
"identifier": "/wiki/Python_(programming_language)",
"tokens": [
"python"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 259,
"end_token_idx": 261,
"identifier": "/wiki/Search_engines",
"tokens": [
"search",
"engines"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 264,
"end_token_idx": 266,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google_Search",
"tokens": [
"google",
"search"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 268,
"end_token_idx": 271,
"identifier": "/wiki/Targeted_advertising",
"tokens": [
"targeting",
"online",
"advertisements"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 272,
"end_token_idx": 274,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recommender_system",
"tokens": [
"recommendation",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 277,
"end_token_idx": 278,
"identifier": "/wiki/Netflix",
"tokens": [
"netflix"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 279,
"end_token_idx": 280,
"identifier": "/wiki/YouTube",
"tokens": [
"youtube"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 281,
"end_token_idx": 282,
"identifier": "/wiki/Amazon_(company)",
"tokens": [
"amazon"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 285,
"end_token_idx": 287,
"identifier": "/wiki/Internet_traffic",
"tokens": [
"internet",
"traffic"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 288,
"end_token_idx": 290,
"identifier": "/wiki/Marketing_and_artificial_intelligence",
"tokens": [
"targeted",
"advertising"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 291,
"end_token_idx": 293,
"identifier": "/wiki/AdSense",
"tokens": [
"ads",
"##ense"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 294,
"end_token_idx": 295,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facebook",
"tokens": [
"facebook"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 297,
"end_token_idx": 299,
"identifier": "/wiki/Virtual_assistant",
"tokens": [
"virtual",
"assistants"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 302,
"end_token_idx": 304,
"identifier": "/wiki/Siri",
"tokens": [
"sir",
"##i"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 305,
"end_token_idx": 306,
"identifier": "/wiki/Amazon_Alexa",
"tokens": [
"alexa"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 308,
"end_token_idx": 310,
"identifier": "/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles",
"tokens": [
"autonomous",
"vehicles"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 312,
"end_token_idx": 313,
"identifier": "/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle",
"tokens": [
"drones"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 314,
"end_token_idx": 316,
"identifier": "/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system",
"tokens": [
"ada",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 317,
"end_token_idx": 321,
"identifier": "/wiki/Self-driving_cars",
"tokens": [
"self",
"-",
"driving",
"cars"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 323,
"end_token_idx": 326,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_translation",
"tokens": [
"automatic",
"language",
"translation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 327,
"end_token_idx": 329,
"identifier": "/wiki/Microsoft_Translator",
"tokens": [
"microsoft",
"translator"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 330,
"end_token_idx": 332,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google_Translate",
"tokens": [
"google",
"translate"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 334,
"end_token_idx": 336,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facial_recognition_system",
"tokens": [
"facial",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 337,
"end_token_idx": 338,
"identifier": "/wiki/Apple_Computer",
"tokens": [
"apple"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 340,
"end_token_idx": 342,
"identifier": "/wiki/Face_ID",
"tokens": [
"face",
"id"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 343,
"end_token_idx": 344,
"identifier": "/wiki/Microsoft",
"tokens": [
"microsoft"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 346,
"end_token_idx": 348,
"identifier": "/wiki/DeepFace",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"##face"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 349,
"end_token_idx": 350,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google",
"tokens": [
"google"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 352,
"end_token_idx": 354,
"identifier": "/wiki/FaceNet",
"tokens": [
"face",
"##net"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 356,
"end_token_idx": 358,
"identifier": "/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation",
"tokens": [
"image",
"labeling"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 361,
"end_token_idx": 362,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facebook",
"tokens": [
"facebook"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 366,
"end_token_idx": 369,
"identifier": "/wiki/IPhoto",
"tokens": [
"ip",
"##hot",
"##o"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 370,
"end_token_idx": 373,
"identifier": "/wiki/TikTok",
"tokens": [
"ti",
"##kt",
"##ok"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 380,
"end_token_idx": 381,
"identifier": "/wiki/Medicine",
"tokens": [
"medicine"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 382,
"end_token_idx": 384,
"identifier": "/wiki/Medical_research",
"tokens": [
"medical",
"research"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 401,
"end_token_idx": 405,
"identifier": "/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath",
"tokens": [
"hip",
"##po",
"##cratic",
"oath"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 441,
"end_token_idx": 443,
"identifier": "/wiki/Big_data",
"tokens": [
"big",
"data"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 449,
"end_token_idx": 451,
"identifier": "/wiki/Organoid",
"tokens": [
"organ",
"##oid"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 452,
"end_token_idx": 454,
"identifier": "/wiki/Tissue_engineering",
"tokens": [
"tissue",
"engineering"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 457,
"end_token_idx": 458,
"identifier": "/wiki/Microscopy",
"tokens": [
"microscopy"
]
}
] | [
101,
2066,
3793,
2011,
8385,
29458,
1996,
2279,
19204,
1012,
4050,
1010,
1037,
4745,
2731,
4403,
3084,
1996,
2944,
2062,
3606,
3993,
1010,
6179,
1998,
19741,
1010,
2788,
2007,
1037,
6028,
2170,
23895,
4083,
2013,
2529,
12247,
1006,
1054,
2140,
2232,
2546,
1007,
1012,
2783,
14246,
2102,
4275,
2024,
2145,
13047,
2000,
11717,
6270,
9021,
2015,
2170,
1000,
2534,
14194,
22045,
1000,
1010,
2348,
2023,
2064,
2022,
4359,
2007,
1054,
2140,
2232,
2546,
1998,
3737,
2951,
1012,
2027,
2024,
2109,
1999,
11834,
27014,
1010,
2029,
3499,
2017,
2000,
3198,
1037,
3160,
2030,
5227,
1037,
4708,
1999,
3722,
3793,
1012,
2783,
4275,
1998,
2578,
2421,
1024,
21424,
1006,
3839,
22759,
1007,
1010,
11834,
21600,
2102,
1010,
24665,
6559,
1010,
8149,
1010,
8872,
22360,
2102,
1998,
2222,
8067,
1012,
4800,
5302,
9305,
14246,
2102,
4275,
2064,
2832,
2367,
4127,
1997,
2951,
1006,
16913,
11475,
7368,
1007,
2107,
2004,
4871,
1010,
6876,
1010,
2614,
1010,
1998,
3793,
1012,
1999,
1996,
2397,
26817,
1010,
8389,
6364,
3197,
1006,
14246,
2271,
1007,
2008,
2020,
6233,
2881,
2007,
9932,
1011,
3563,
22415,
2015,
1998,
2109,
2007,
7772,
23435,
12314,
4007,
2018,
2999,
3130,
2109,
2430,
6364,
3131,
1006,
17368,
2015,
1007,
2004,
1996,
7444,
2965,
2005,
2312,
1011,
4094,
1006,
3293,
1998,
3834,
1007,
3698,
4083,
4275,
1005,
2731,
1012,
7772,
4730,
4155,
2107,
2004,
4013,
21197,
2020,
2109,
1999,
2220,
9932,
2470,
1010,
2021,
2236,
1011,
3800,
4730,
4155,
2066,
18750,
2031,
2468,
21047,
1012,
9932,
1998,
3698,
4083,
2974,
2003,
2109,
1999,
2087,
1997,
1996,
6827,
5097,
1997,
1996,
12609,
2015,
1010,
2164,
1024,
3945,
5209,
1006,
2107,
2004,
8224,
3945,
1007,
1010,
14126,
3784,
14389,
1010,
12832,
3001,
1006,
3253,
2011,
20907,
1010,
7858,
2030,
9733,
1007,
1010,
4439,
4274,
4026,
1010,
9416,
6475,
1006,
14997,
16700,
1010,
9130,
1007,
1010,
7484,
16838,
1006,
2107,
2004,
2909,
2072,
2030,
24969,
1007,
1010,
8392,
4683,
1006,
2164,
24633,
1010,
15262,
2015,
1998,
2969,
1011,
4439,
3765,
1007,
1010,
6882,
2653,
5449,
1006,
7513,
11403,
1010,
8224,
17637,
1007,
1010,
13268,
5038,
1006,
6207,
1005,
1055,
2227,
8909,
2030,
7513,
1005,
1055,
2784,
12172,
1998,
8224,
1005,
1055,
2227,
7159,
1007,
1998,
3746,
28847,
1006,
2109,
2011,
9130,
1010,
6207,
1005,
1055,
12997,
12326,
2080,
1998,
14841,
25509,
6559,
1007,
1012,
1996,
4646,
1997,
9932,
1999,
4200,
1998,
2966,
2470,
2038,
1996,
4022,
2000,
3623,
5776,
2729,
1998,
3737,
1997,
2166,
1012,
2083,
1996,
10014,
1997,
1996,
5099,
6873,
17510,
11292,
1010,
2966,
8390,
2024,
12962,
2135,
15055,
2000,
2224,
9932,
1010,
2065,
5097,
2064,
2062,
14125,
22939,
26745,
3366,
1998,
7438,
5022,
1012,
2005,
2966,
2470,
1010,
9932,
2003,
2019,
2590,
6994,
2005,
6364,
1998,
22380,
2502,
2951,
1012,
2023,
2003,
3391,
2590,
2005,
5812,
9314,
1998,
8153,
3330,
2458,
2029,
2224,
29105,
12126,
2004,
1037,
3145,
6028,
1999,
25884,
1012,
2009,
2038,
2042,
4081,
2008,
9932,
2064,
9462,
5860,
2890,
9739,
9243,
1999,
4804,
11095,
2000,
2367,
4249,
1997,
2470,
1012,
2047,
9932,
5906,
2064,
2784,
2368,
1996,
4824,
1997,
20906,
2135,
7882,
16910,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"alpha",
"##fold",
"2",
"(",
"2021",
")",
"demonstrated",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"approximate",
",",
"in",
"hours",
"rather",
"than",
"months",
",",
"the",
"3d",
"structure",
"of",
"a",
"protein",
".",
"in",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"it",
"was",
"reported",
"that",
"ai",
"-",
"guided",
"drug",
"discovery",
"helped",
"find",
"a",
"class",
"of",
"antibiotics",
"capable",
"of",
"killing",
"two",
"different",
"types",
"of",
"drug",
"-",
"resistant",
"bacteria",
".",
"in",
"202",
"##4",
",",
"researchers",
"used",
"machine",
"learning",
"to",
"accelerate",
"the",
"search",
"for",
"parkinson",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"drug",
"treatments",
".",
"their",
"aim",
"was",
"to",
"identify",
"compounds",
"that",
"block",
"the",
"cl",
"##ump",
"##ing",
",",
"or",
"aggregation",
",",
"of",
"alpha",
"-",
"syn",
"##uc",
"##lein",
"(",
"the",
"protein",
"that",
"character",
"##ises",
"parkinson",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
")",
".",
"they",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"speed",
"up",
"the",
"initial",
"screening",
"process",
"ten",
"-",
"fold",
"and",
"reduce",
"the",
"cost",
"by",
"a",
"thousand",
"-",
"fold",
".",
"game",
"playing",
"programs",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"since",
"the",
"1950s",
"to",
"demonstrate",
"and",
"test",
"ai",
"'",
"s",
"most",
"advanced",
"techniques",
".",
"deep",
"blue",
"became",
"the",
"first",
"computer",
"chess",
"-",
"playing",
"system",
"to",
"beat",
"a",
"reigning",
"world",
"chess",
"champion",
",",
"garry",
"ka",
"##spar",
"##ov",
",",
"on",
"11",
"may",
"1997",
".",
"in",
"2011",
",",
"in",
"a",
"jeopardy",
"!",
"quiz",
"show",
"exhibition",
"match",
",",
"ibm",
"'",
"s",
"question",
"answering",
"system",
",",
"watson",
",",
"defeated",
"the",
"two",
"greatest",
"jeopardy",
"!",
"champions",
",",
"brad",
"ru",
"##tter",
"and",
"ken",
"jennings",
",",
"by",
"a",
"significant",
"margin",
".",
"in",
"march",
"2016",
",",
"alpha",
"##go",
"won",
"4",
"out",
"of",
"5",
"games",
"of",
"go",
"in",
"a",
"match",
"with",
"go",
"champion",
"lee",
"se",
"##do",
"##l",
",",
"becoming",
"the",
"first",
"computer",
"go",
"-",
"playing",
"system",
"to",
"beat",
"a",
"professional",
"go",
"player",
"without",
"handicap",
"##s",
".",
"then",
"in",
"2017",
"it",
"defeated",
"ke",
"ji",
"##e",
",",
"who",
"was",
"the",
"best",
"go",
"player",
"in",
"the",
"world",
".",
"other",
"programs",
"handle",
"imperfect",
"-",
"information",
"games",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"poker",
"-",
"playing",
"program",
"pl",
"##uri",
"##bus",
".",
"deep",
"##mind",
"developed",
"increasingly",
"general",
"##istic",
"reinforcement",
"learning",
"models",
",",
"such",
"as",
"with",
"mu",
"##zer",
"##o",
",",
"which",
"could",
"be",
"trained",
"to",
"play",
"chess",
",",
"go",
",",
"or",
"atari",
"games",
".",
"in",
"2019",
",",
"deep",
"##mind",
"'",
"s",
"alpha",
"##star",
"achieved",
"grandmaster",
"level",
"in",
"star",
"##craft",
"ii",
",",
"a",
"particularly",
"challenging",
"real",
"-",
"time",
"strategy",
"game",
"that",
"involves",
"incomplete",
"knowledge",
"of",
"what",
"happens",
"on",
"the",
"map",
".",
"in",
"2021",
",",
"an",
"ai",
"agent",
"competed",
"in",
"a",
"playstation",
"gran",
"tu",
"##ris",
"##mo",
"competition",
",",
"winning",
"against",
"four",
"of",
"the",
"world",
"'",
"s",
"best",
"gran",
"tu",
"##ris",
"##mo",
"drivers",
"using",
"deep",
"reinforcement",
"learning",
".",
"finance",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"fastest",
"growing",
"sectors",
"where",
"applied",
"ai",
"tools",
"are",
"being",
"deployed",
":",
"from",
"retail",
"online",
"banking",
"to",
"investment",
"advice",
"and",
"insurance",
",",
"where",
"automated",
"\"",
"robot",
"advisers",
"\"",
"have",
"been",
"in",
"use",
"for",
"some",
"years",
".",
"world",
"pensions",
"experts",
"like",
"nicolas",
"fir",
"##z",
"##li",
"insist",
"it",
"may",
"be",
"too",
"early",
"to",
"see",
"the",
"emergence",
"of",
"highly",
"innovative",
"ai",
"-",
"informed",
"financial",
"products",
"and",
"services",
":",
"\"",
"the",
"deployment",
"of",
"ai",
"tools",
"will",
"simply",
"further",
"auto",
"##mat",
"##ise",
"things",
":",
"destroying",
"tens",
"of",
"thousands",
"of",
"jobs",
"in",
"banking"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 4,
"end_token_idx": 7,
"identifier": "/wiki/AlphaFold_2",
"tokens": [
"alpha",
"##fold",
"2"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 24,
"end_token_idx": 28,
"identifier": "/wiki/Protein_structure",
"tokens": [
"structure",
"of",
"a",
"protein"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 73,
"end_token_idx": 77,
"identifier": "/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease",
"tokens": [
"parkinson",
"'",
"s",
"disease"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 97,
"end_token_idx": 102,
"identifier": "/wiki/Alpha-synuclein",
"tokens": [
"alpha",
"-",
"syn",
"##uc",
"##lein"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 137,
"end_token_idx": 139,
"identifier": "/wiki/Game_AI",
"tokens": [
"game",
"playing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 157,
"end_token_idx": 159,
"identifier": "/wiki/IBM_Deep_Blue",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"blue"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 175,
"end_token_idx": 179,
"identifier": "/wiki/Garry_Kasparov",
"tokens": [
"garry",
"ka",
"##spar",
"##ov"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 190,
"end_token_idx": 192,
"identifier": "/wiki/Jeopardy!",
"tokens": [
"jeopardy",
"!"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 192,
"end_token_idx": 194,
"identifier": "/wiki/Quiz_show",
"tokens": [
"quiz",
"show"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 197,
"end_token_idx": 198,
"identifier": "/wiki/IBM",
"tokens": [
"ibm"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 200,
"end_token_idx": 203,
"identifier": "/wiki/Question_answering_system",
"tokens": [
"question",
"answering",
"system"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 204,
"end_token_idx": 205,
"identifier": "/wiki/Watson_(artificial_intelligence_software)",
"tokens": [
"watson"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 214,
"end_token_idx": 217,
"identifier": "/wiki/Brad_Rutter",
"tokens": [
"brad",
"ru",
"##tter"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 218,
"end_token_idx": 220,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ken_Jennings",
"tokens": [
"ken",
"jennings"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 230,
"end_token_idx": 232,
"identifier": "/wiki/AlphaGo",
"tokens": [
"alpha",
"##go"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 239,
"end_token_idx": 240,
"identifier": "/wiki/Go_(game)",
"tokens": [
"go"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 246,
"end_token_idx": 250,
"identifier": "/wiki/Lee_Sedol",
"tokens": [
"lee",
"se",
"##do",
"##l"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 254,
"end_token_idx": 256,
"identifier": "/wiki/Computer_Go",
"tokens": [
"computer",
"go"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 266,
"end_token_idx": 268,
"identifier": "/wiki/Go_handicaps",
"tokens": [
"handicap",
"##s"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 273,
"end_token_idx": 277,
"identifier": "/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie",
"tokens": [
"defeated",
"ke",
"ji",
"##e"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 291,
"end_token_idx": 294,
"identifier": "/wiki/Imperfect_information",
"tokens": [
"imperfect",
"-",
"information"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 299,
"end_token_idx": 300,
"identifier": "/wiki/Poker",
"tokens": [
"poker"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 303,
"end_token_idx": 306,
"identifier": "/wiki/Pluribus_(poker_bot)",
"tokens": [
"pl",
"##uri",
"##bus"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 307,
"end_token_idx": 309,
"identifier": "/wiki/DeepMind",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"##mind"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 313,
"end_token_idx": 315,
"identifier": "/wiki/Reinforcement_learning",
"tokens": [
"reinforcement",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 320,
"end_token_idx": 323,
"identifier": "/wiki/MuZero",
"tokens": [
"mu",
"##zer",
"##o"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 335,
"end_token_idx": 336,
"identifier": "/wiki/Atari",
"tokens": [
"atari"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 351,
"end_token_idx": 354,
"identifier": "/wiki/StarCraft_II",
"tokens": [
"star",
"##craft",
"ii"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 449,
"end_token_idx": 451,
"identifier": "/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum",
"tokens": [
"world",
"pensions"
]
}
] | [
101,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
6541,
10371,
1016,
1006,
25682,
1007,
7645,
1996,
3754,
2000,
15796,
1010,
1999,
2847,
2738,
2084,
2706,
1010,
1996,
7605,
3252,
1997,
1037,
5250,
1012,
1999,
16798,
2509,
1010,
2009,
2001,
2988,
2008,
9932,
1011,
8546,
4319,
5456,
3271,
2424,
1037,
2465,
1997,
24479,
5214,
1997,
4288,
2048,
2367,
4127,
1997,
4319,
1011,
13070,
10327,
1012,
1999,
16798,
2549,
1010,
6950,
2109,
3698,
4083,
2000,
23306,
1996,
3945,
2005,
20310,
1005,
1055,
4295,
4319,
13441,
1012,
2037,
6614,
2001,
2000,
6709,
10099,
2008,
3796,
1996,
18856,
24237,
2075,
1010,
2030,
28041,
1010,
1997,
6541,
1011,
19962,
14194,
19856,
1006,
1996,
5250,
2008,
2839,
13087,
20310,
1005,
1055,
4295,
1007,
1012,
2027,
2020,
2583,
2000,
3177,
2039,
1996,
3988,
11326,
2832,
2702,
1011,
10671,
1998,
5547,
1996,
3465,
2011,
1037,
4595,
1011,
10671,
1012,
2208,
2652,
3454,
2031,
2042,
2109,
2144,
1996,
4856,
2000,
10580,
1998,
3231,
9932,
1005,
1055,
2087,
3935,
5461,
1012,
2784,
2630,
2150,
1996,
2034,
3274,
7433,
1011,
2652,
2291,
2000,
3786,
1037,
16323,
2088,
7433,
3410,
1010,
21507,
10556,
27694,
4492,
1010,
2006,
2340,
2089,
2722,
1012,
1999,
2249,
1010,
1999,
1037,
26604,
999,
19461,
2265,
4538,
2674,
1010,
9980,
1005,
1055,
3160,
10739,
2291,
1010,
7908,
1010,
3249,
1996,
2048,
4602,
26604,
999,
3966,
1010,
8226,
21766,
12079,
1998,
6358,
14103,
1010,
2011,
1037,
3278,
7785,
1012,
1999,
2233,
2355,
1010,
6541,
3995,
2180,
1018,
2041,
1997,
1019,
2399,
1997,
2175,
1999,
1037,
2674,
2007,
2175,
3410,
3389,
7367,
3527,
2140,
1010,
3352,
1996,
2034,
3274,
2175,
1011,
2652,
2291,
2000,
3786,
1037,
2658,
2175,
2447,
2302,
15822,
2015,
1012,
2059,
1999,
2418,
2009,
3249,
17710,
10147,
2063,
1010,
2040,
2001,
1996,
2190,
2175,
2447,
1999,
1996,
2088,
1012,
2060,
3454,
5047,
29238,
1011,
2592,
2399,
1010,
2107,
2004,
1996,
11662,
1011,
2652,
2565,
20228,
9496,
8286,
1012,
2784,
23356,
2764,
6233,
2236,
6553,
23895,
4083,
4275,
1010,
2107,
2004,
2007,
14163,
6290,
2080,
1010,
2029,
2071,
2022,
4738,
2000,
2377,
7433,
1010,
2175,
1010,
2030,
18978,
2399,
1012,
1999,
10476,
1010,
2784,
23356,
1005,
1055,
6541,
14117,
4719,
27101,
2504,
1999,
2732,
10419,
2462,
1010,
1037,
3391,
10368,
2613,
1011,
2051,
5656,
2208,
2008,
7336,
12958,
3716,
1997,
2054,
6433,
2006,
1996,
4949,
1012,
1999,
25682,
1010,
2019,
9932,
4005,
3879,
1999,
1037,
9160,
12604,
10722,
6935,
5302,
2971,
1010,
3045,
2114,
2176,
1997,
1996,
2088,
1005,
1055,
2190,
12604,
10722,
6935,
5302,
6853,
2478,
2784,
23895,
4083,
1012,
5446,
2003,
2028,
1997,
1996,
7915,
3652,
11105,
2073,
4162,
9932,
5906,
2024,
2108,
7333,
1024,
2013,
7027,
3784,
8169,
2000,
5211,
6040,
1998,
5427,
1010,
2073,
12978,
1000,
8957,
24205,
1000,
2031,
2042,
1999,
2224,
2005,
2070,
2086,
1012,
2088,
22024,
8519,
2066,
9473,
21554,
2480,
3669,
18292,
2009,
2089,
2022,
2205,
2220,
2000,
2156,
1996,
14053,
1997,
3811,
9525,
9932,
1011,
6727,
3361,
3688,
1998,
2578,
1024,
1000,
1996,
10813,
1997,
9932,
5906,
2097,
3432,
2582,
8285,
18900,
5562,
2477,
1024,
9846,
15295,
1997,
5190,
1997,
5841,
1999,
8169,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
",",
"financial",
"planning",
",",
"and",
"pension",
"advice",
"in",
"the",
"process",
",",
"but",
"i",
"’",
"m",
"not",
"sure",
"it",
"will",
"un",
"##lea",
"##sh",
"a",
"new",
"wave",
"of",
"[",
"e",
".",
"g",
".",
",",
"sophisticated",
"]",
"pension",
"innovation",
".",
"\"",
"various",
"countries",
"are",
"deploy",
"##ing",
"ai",
"military",
"applications",
".",
"the",
"main",
"applications",
"enhance",
"command",
"and",
"control",
",",
"communications",
",",
"sensors",
",",
"integration",
"and",
"inter",
"##oper",
"##ability",
".",
"research",
"is",
"targeting",
"intelligence",
"collection",
"and",
"analysis",
",",
"logistics",
",",
"cyber",
"operations",
",",
"information",
"operations",
",",
"and",
"semi",
"##au",
"##ton",
"##omo",
"##us",
"and",
"autonomous",
"vehicles",
".",
"ai",
"technologies",
"enable",
"coordination",
"of",
"sensors",
"and",
"effect",
"##ors",
",",
"threat",
"detection",
"and",
"identification",
",",
"marking",
"of",
"enemy",
"positions",
",",
"target",
"acquisition",
",",
"coordination",
"and",
"deco",
"##n",
"##flict",
"##ion",
"of",
"distributed",
"joint",
"fires",
"between",
"network",
"##ed",
"combat",
"vehicles",
"involving",
"manned",
"and",
"unmanned",
"teams",
".",
"ai",
"was",
"incorporated",
"into",
"military",
"operations",
"in",
"iraq",
"and",
"syria",
".",
"in",
"november",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"us",
"vice",
"president",
"kamal",
"##a",
"harris",
"disclosed",
"a",
"declaration",
"signed",
"by",
"31",
"nations",
"to",
"set",
"guard",
"##rail",
"##s",
"for",
"the",
"military",
"use",
"of",
"ai",
".",
"the",
"commitments",
"include",
"using",
"legal",
"reviews",
"to",
"ensure",
"the",
"compliance",
"of",
"military",
"ai",
"with",
"international",
"laws",
",",
"and",
"being",
"cautious",
"and",
"transparent",
"in",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"this",
"technology",
".",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"2020",
"##s",
",",
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai",
"gained",
"widespread",
"prominence",
".",
"in",
"march",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"58",
"%",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"adults",
"had",
"heard",
"about",
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t",
"and",
"14",
"%",
"had",
"tried",
"it",
".",
"the",
"increasing",
"realism",
"and",
"ease",
"-",
"of",
"-",
"use",
"of",
"ai",
"-",
"based",
"text",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"image",
"generators",
"such",
"as",
"mid",
"##jou",
"##rney",
",",
"dal",
"##l",
"-",
"e",
",",
"and",
"stable",
"diffusion",
"sparked",
"a",
"trend",
"of",
"viral",
"ai",
"-",
"generated",
"photos",
".",
"widespread",
"attention",
"was",
"gained",
"by",
"a",
"fake",
"photo",
"of",
"pope",
"francis",
"wearing",
"a",
"white",
"puff",
"##er",
"coat",
",",
"the",
"fictional",
"arrest",
"of",
"donald",
"trump",
",",
"and",
"a",
"hoax",
"of",
"an",
"attack",
"on",
"the",
"pentagon",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"usage",
"in",
"professional",
"creative",
"arts",
".",
"there",
"are",
"also",
"thousands",
"of",
"successful",
"ai",
"applications",
"used",
"to",
"solve",
"specific",
"problems",
"for",
"specific",
"industries",
"or",
"institutions",
".",
"in",
"a",
"2017",
"survey",
",",
"one",
"in",
"five",
"companies",
"reported",
"having",
"incorporated",
"\"",
"ai",
"\"",
"in",
"some",
"offerings",
"or",
"processes",
".",
"a",
"few",
"examples",
"are",
"energy",
"storage",
",",
"medical",
"diagnosis",
",",
"military",
"logistics",
",",
"applications",
"that",
"predict",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"judicial",
"decisions",
",",
"foreign",
"policy",
",",
"or",
"supply",
"chain",
"management",
".",
"in",
"agriculture",
",",
"ai",
"has",
"helped",
"farmers",
"identify",
"areas",
"that",
"need",
"irrigation",
",",
"fe",
"##rti",
"##lization",
",",
"pest",
"##icide",
"treatments",
"or",
"increasing",
"yield",
".",
"ag",
"##ron",
"##omi",
"##sts",
"use",
"ai",
"to",
"conduct",
"research",
"and",
"development",
".",
"ai",
"has",
"been",
"used",
"to",
"predict",
"the",
"ripe",
"##ning",
"time",
"for",
"crops",
"such",
"as",
"tomatoes",
",",
"monitor",
"soil",
"moisture",
",",
"operate",
"agricultural",
"robots",
",",
"conduct",
"predict",
"##ive",
"analytics",
",",
"classify",
"livestock",
"pig",
"call",
"emotions",
",",
"auto",
"##mate",
"greenhouse",
"##s",
",",
"detect",
"diseases",
"and",
"pest",
"##s",
",",
"and",
"save",
"water",
".",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"is",
"used",
"in",
"astronomy",
"to",
"analyze",
"increasing",
"amounts",
"of",
"available"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 51,
"end_token_idx": 54,
"identifier": "/wiki/Command_and_control",
"tokens": [
"command",
"and",
"control"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 88,
"end_token_idx": 90,
"identifier": "/wiki/Vehicular_automation",
"tokens": [
"autonomous",
"vehicles"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 111,
"end_token_idx": 113,
"identifier": "/wiki/Target_acquisition",
"tokens": [
"target",
"acquisition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 122,
"end_token_idx": 124,
"identifier": "/wiki/Forward_observers_in_the_U.S._military",
"tokens": [
"joint",
"fires"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 154,
"end_token_idx": 157,
"identifier": "/wiki/Kamala_Harris",
"tokens": [
"kamal",
"##a",
"harris"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 211,
"end_token_idx": 214,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_AI",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 234,
"end_token_idx": 237,
"identifier": "/wiki/ChatGPT",
"tokens": [
"chat",
"##gp",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 257,
"end_token_idx": 262,
"identifier": "/wiki/Text-to-image_model",
"tokens": [
"text",
"-",
"to",
"-",
"image"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 265,
"end_token_idx": 268,
"identifier": "/wiki/Midjourney",
"tokens": [
"mid",
"##jou",
"##rney"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 269,
"end_token_idx": 273,
"identifier": "/wiki/DALL-E",
"tokens": [
"dal",
"##l",
"-",
"e"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 275,
"end_token_idx": 277,
"identifier": "/wiki/Stable_Diffusion",
"tokens": [
"stable",
"diffusion"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 281,
"end_token_idx": 282,
"identifier": "/wiki/Viral_phenomenon",
"tokens": [
"viral"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 296,
"end_token_idx": 298,
"identifier": "/wiki/Pope_Francis",
"tokens": [
"pope",
"francis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 309,
"end_token_idx": 311,
"identifier": "/wiki/Donald_Trump",
"tokens": [
"donald",
"trump"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 320,
"end_token_idx": 321,
"identifier": "/wiki/The_Pentagon",
"tokens": [
"pentagon"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 376,
"end_token_idx": 378,
"identifier": "/wiki/Energy_storage",
"tokens": [
"energy",
"storage"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 394,
"end_token_idx": 396,
"identifier": "/wiki/Foreign_policy",
"tokens": [
"foreign",
"policy"
]
}
] | [
101,
1010,
3361,
4041,
1010,
1998,
11550,
6040,
1999,
1996,
2832,
1010,
2021,
1045,
1521,
1049,
2025,
2469,
2009,
2097,
4895,
19738,
4095,
1037,
2047,
4400,
1997,
1031,
1041,
1012,
1043,
1012,
1010,
12138,
1033,
11550,
8144,
1012,
1000,
2536,
3032,
2024,
21296,
2075,
9932,
2510,
5097,
1012,
1996,
2364,
5097,
11598,
3094,
1998,
2491,
1010,
4806,
1010,
13907,
1010,
8346,
1998,
6970,
25918,
8010,
1012,
2470,
2003,
14126,
4454,
3074,
1998,
4106,
1010,
12708,
1010,
16941,
3136,
1010,
2592,
3136,
1010,
1998,
4100,
4887,
2669,
19506,
2271,
1998,
8392,
4683,
1012,
9932,
6786,
9585,
12016,
1997,
13907,
1998,
3466,
5668,
1010,
5081,
10788,
1998,
8720,
1010,
10060,
1997,
4099,
4460,
1010,
4539,
7654,
1010,
12016,
1998,
21933,
2078,
29301,
3258,
1997,
5500,
4101,
8769,
2090,
2897,
2098,
4337,
4683,
5994,
15371,
1998,
24075,
2780,
1012,
9932,
2001,
5100,
2046,
2510,
3136,
1999,
5712,
1998,
7795,
1012,
1999,
2281,
16798,
2509,
1010,
2149,
3580,
2343,
21911,
2050,
5671,
21362,
1037,
8170,
2772,
2011,
2861,
3741,
2000,
2275,
3457,
15118,
2015,
2005,
1996,
2510,
2224,
1997,
9932,
1012,
1996,
17786,
2421,
2478,
3423,
4391,
2000,
5676,
1996,
12646,
1997,
2510,
9932,
2007,
2248,
4277,
1010,
1998,
2108,
17145,
1998,
13338,
1999,
1996,
2458,
1997,
2023,
2974,
1012,
1999,
1996,
2220,
12609,
2015,
1010,
11416,
6024,
9932,
4227,
6923,
12144,
1012,
1999,
2233,
16798,
2509,
1010,
5388,
1003,
1997,
1057,
1012,
1055,
1012,
6001,
2018,
2657,
2055,
11834,
21600,
2102,
1998,
2403,
1003,
2018,
2699,
2009,
1012,
1996,
4852,
15650,
1998,
7496,
1011,
1997,
1011,
2224,
1997,
9932,
1011,
2241,
3793,
1011,
2000,
1011,
3746,
16937,
2107,
2004,
3054,
23099,
27114,
1010,
17488,
2140,
1011,
1041,
1010,
1998,
6540,
19241,
13977,
1037,
9874,
1997,
13434,
9932,
1011,
7013,
7760,
1012,
6923,
3086,
2001,
4227,
2011,
1037,
8275,
6302,
1997,
4831,
4557,
4147,
1037,
2317,
23893,
2121,
5435,
1010,
1996,
7214,
6545,
1997,
6221,
8398,
1010,
1998,
1037,
28520,
1997,
2019,
2886,
2006,
1996,
20864,
1010,
2004,
2092,
2004,
1996,
8192,
1999,
2658,
5541,
2840,
1012,
2045,
2024,
2036,
5190,
1997,
3144,
9932,
5097,
2109,
2000,
9611,
3563,
3471,
2005,
3563,
6088,
2030,
4896,
1012,
1999,
1037,
2418,
5002,
1010,
2028,
1999,
2274,
3316,
2988,
2383,
5100,
1000,
9932,
1000,
1999,
2070,
14927,
2030,
6194,
1012,
1037,
2261,
4973,
2024,
2943,
5527,
1010,
2966,
11616,
1010,
2510,
12708,
1010,
5097,
2008,
16014,
1996,
2765,
1997,
8268,
6567,
1010,
3097,
3343,
1010,
2030,
4425,
4677,
2968,
1012,
1999,
5237,
1010,
9932,
2038,
3271,
6617,
6709,
2752,
2008,
2342,
12442,
1010,
10768,
28228,
22731,
1010,
20739,
21752,
13441,
2030,
4852,
10750,
1012,
12943,
4948,
20936,
12837,
2224,
9932,
2000,
6204,
2470,
1998,
2458,
1012,
9932,
2038,
2042,
2109,
2000,
16014,
1996,
22503,
5582,
2051,
2005,
8765,
2107,
2004,
12851,
1010,
8080,
5800,
14098,
1010,
5452,
4910,
13507,
1010,
6204,
16014,
3512,
25095,
1010,
26268,
11468,
10369,
2655,
6699,
1010,
8285,
8585,
16635,
2015,
1010,
11487,
7870,
1998,
20739,
2015,
1010,
1998,
3828,
2300,
1012,
7976,
4454,
2003,
2109,
1999,
12799,
2000,
17908,
4852,
8310,
1997,
2800,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"data",
"and",
"applications",
",",
"mainly",
"for",
"\"",
"classification",
",",
"regression",
",",
"cluster",
"##ing",
",",
"forecast",
"##ing",
",",
"generation",
",",
"discovery",
",",
"and",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"new",
"scientific",
"insights",
"\"",
"for",
"example",
"for",
"discovering",
"ex",
"##op",
"##lane",
"##ts",
",",
"forecast",
"##ing",
"solar",
"activity",
",",
"and",
"distinguishing",
"between",
"signals",
"and",
"instrumental",
"effects",
"in",
"gravitational",
"wave",
"astronomy",
".",
"it",
"could",
"also",
"be",
"used",
"for",
"activities",
"in",
"space",
"such",
"as",
"space",
"exploration",
",",
"including",
"analysis",
"of",
"data",
"from",
"space",
"missions",
",",
"real",
"-",
"time",
"science",
"decisions",
"of",
"spacecraft",
",",
"space",
"debris",
"avoidance",
",",
"and",
"more",
"autonomous",
"operation",
".",
"ai",
"has",
"potential",
"benefits",
"and",
"potential",
"risks",
".",
"ai",
"may",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"advance",
"science",
"and",
"find",
"solutions",
"for",
"serious",
"problems",
":",
"demi",
"##s",
"has",
"##sa",
"##bis",
"of",
"deep",
"mind",
"hopes",
"to",
"\"",
"solve",
"intelligence",
",",
"and",
"then",
"use",
"that",
"to",
"solve",
"everything",
"else",
"\"",
".",
"however",
",",
"as",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"ai",
"has",
"become",
"widespread",
",",
"several",
"un",
"##int",
"##ended",
"consequences",
"and",
"risks",
"have",
"been",
"identified",
".",
"in",
"-",
"production",
"systems",
"can",
"sometimes",
"not",
"factor",
"ethics",
"and",
"bias",
"into",
"their",
"ai",
"training",
"processes",
",",
"especially",
"when",
"the",
"ai",
"algorithms",
"are",
"inherently",
"une",
"##x",
"##pl",
"##aina",
"##ble",
"in",
"deep",
"learning",
".",
"machine",
"-",
"learning",
"algorithms",
"require",
"large",
"amounts",
"of",
"data",
".",
"the",
"techniques",
"used",
"to",
"acquire",
"this",
"data",
"have",
"raised",
"concerns",
"about",
"privacy",
",",
"surveillance",
"and",
"copyright",
".",
"technology",
"companies",
"collect",
"a",
"wide",
"range",
"of",
"data",
"from",
"their",
"users",
",",
"including",
"online",
"activity",
",",
"geo",
"##lo",
"##cation",
"data",
",",
"video",
"and",
"audio",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"build",
"speech",
"recognition",
"algorithms",
",",
"amazon",
"has",
"recorded",
"millions",
"of",
"private",
"conversations",
"and",
"allowed",
"temporary",
"workers",
"to",
"listen",
"to",
"and",
"trans",
"##cr",
"##ibe",
"some",
"of",
"them",
".",
"opinions",
"about",
"this",
"widespread",
"surveillance",
"range",
"from",
"those",
"who",
"see",
"it",
"as",
"a",
"necessary",
"evil",
"to",
"those",
"for",
"whom",
"it",
"is",
"clearly",
"une",
"##thic",
"##al",
"and",
"a",
"violation",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"to",
"privacy",
".",
"ai",
"developers",
"argue",
"that",
"this",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"way",
"to",
"deliver",
"valuable",
"applications",
".",
"and",
"have",
"developed",
"several",
"techniques",
"that",
"attempt",
"to",
"preserve",
"privacy",
"while",
"still",
"obtaining",
"the",
"data",
",",
"such",
"as",
"data",
"aggregation",
",",
"de",
"-",
"identification",
"and",
"differential",
"privacy",
".",
"since",
"2016",
",",
"some",
"privacy",
"experts",
",",
"such",
"as",
"cynthia",
"d",
"##work",
",",
"have",
"begun",
"to",
"view",
"privacy",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"fairness",
".",
"brian",
"christian",
"wrote",
"that",
"experts",
"have",
"pi",
"##vot",
"##ed",
"\"",
"from",
"the",
"question",
"of",
"'",
"what",
"they",
"know",
"'",
"to",
"the",
"question",
"of",
"'",
"what",
"they",
"'",
"re",
"doing",
"with",
"it",
"'",
".",
"\"",
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai",
"is",
"often",
"trained",
"on",
"un",
"##lice",
"##nsed",
"copyright",
"##ed",
"works",
",",
"including",
"in",
"domains",
"such",
"as",
"images",
"or",
"computer",
"code",
";",
"the",
"output",
"is",
"then",
"used",
"under",
"the",
"rational",
"##e",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"use",
"\"",
".",
"experts",
"disagree",
"about",
"how",
"well",
"and",
"under",
"what",
"circumstances",
"this",
"rational",
"##e",
"will",
"hold",
"up",
"in",
"courts",
"of",
"law",
";",
"relevant",
"factors",
"may",
"include",
"\"",
"the",
"purpose",
"and",
"character",
"of",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"the",
"copyright",
"##ed",
"work",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"the",
"effect",
"upon",
"the",
"potential",
"market",
"for",
"the"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 116,
"end_token_idx": 121,
"identifier": "/wiki/Demis_Hassabis",
"tokens": [
"demi",
"##s",
"has",
"##sa",
"##bis"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 122,
"end_token_idx": 124,
"identifier": "/wiki/DeepMind",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"mind"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 216,
"end_token_idx": 217,
"identifier": "/wiki/Privacy",
"tokens": [
"privacy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 218,
"end_token_idx": 219,
"identifier": "/wiki/Surveillance",
"tokens": [
"surveillance"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 220,
"end_token_idx": 221,
"identifier": "/wiki/Copyright",
"tokens": [
"copyright"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 254,
"end_token_idx": 256,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speech_recognition",
"tokens": [
"speech",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 258,
"end_token_idx": 259,
"identifier": "/wiki/Amazon_(company)",
"tokens": [
"amazon"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 267,
"end_token_idx": 269,
"identifier": "/wiki/Temporary_worker",
"tokens": [
"temporary",
"workers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 284,
"end_token_idx": 285,
"identifier": "/wiki/Surveillance",
"tokens": [
"surveillance"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 293,
"end_token_idx": 295,
"identifier": "/wiki/Necessary_evil",
"tokens": [
"necessary",
"evil"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 302,
"end_token_idx": 305,
"identifier": "/wiki/Unethical",
"tokens": [
"une",
"##thic",
"##al"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 310,
"end_token_idx": 313,
"identifier": "/wiki/Right_to_privacy",
"tokens": [
"right",
"to",
"privacy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 346,
"end_token_idx": 348,
"identifier": "/wiki/Data_aggregation",
"tokens": [
"data",
"aggregation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 349,
"end_token_idx": 352,
"identifier": "/wiki/De-identification",
"tokens": [
"de",
"-",
"identification"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 353,
"end_token_idx": 355,
"identifier": "/wiki/Differential_privacy",
"tokens": [
"differential",
"privacy"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 365,
"end_token_idx": 368,
"identifier": "/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork",
"tokens": [
"cynthia",
"d",
"##work"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 377,
"end_token_idx": 378,
"identifier": "/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)",
"tokens": [
"fairness"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 379,
"end_token_idx": 381,
"identifier": "/wiki/Brian_Christian",
"tokens": [
"brian",
"christian"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 448,
"end_token_idx": 450,
"identifier": "/wiki/Fair_use",
"tokens": [
"fair",
"use"
]
}
] | [
101,
2951,
1998,
5097,
1010,
3701,
2005,
1000,
5579,
1010,
26237,
1010,
9324,
2075,
1010,
19939,
2075,
1010,
4245,
1010,
5456,
1010,
1998,
1996,
2458,
1997,
2047,
4045,
20062,
1000,
2005,
2742,
2005,
13648,
4654,
7361,
20644,
3215,
1010,
19939,
2075,
5943,
4023,
1010,
1998,
20852,
2090,
7755,
1998,
6150,
3896,
1999,
19790,
4400,
12799,
1012,
2009,
2071,
2036,
2022,
2109,
2005,
3450,
1999,
2686,
2107,
2004,
2686,
8993,
1010,
2164,
4106,
1997,
2951,
2013,
2686,
6416,
1010,
2613,
1011,
2051,
2671,
6567,
1997,
12076,
1010,
2686,
11385,
24685,
1010,
1998,
2062,
8392,
3169,
1012,
9932,
2038,
4022,
6666,
1998,
4022,
10831,
1012,
9932,
2089,
2022,
2583,
2000,
5083,
2671,
1998,
2424,
7300,
2005,
3809,
3471,
1024,
27668,
2015,
2038,
3736,
18477,
1997,
2784,
2568,
8069,
2000,
1000,
9611,
4454,
1010,
1998,
2059,
2224,
2008,
2000,
9611,
2673,
2842,
1000,
1012,
2174,
1010,
2004,
1996,
2224,
1997,
9932,
2038,
2468,
6923,
1010,
2195,
4895,
18447,
21945,
8465,
1998,
10831,
2031,
2042,
4453,
1012,
1999,
1011,
2537,
3001,
2064,
2823,
2025,
5387,
9615,
1998,
13827,
2046,
2037,
9932,
2731,
6194,
1010,
2926,
2043,
1996,
9932,
13792,
2024,
26096,
16655,
2595,
24759,
27971,
3468,
1999,
2784,
4083,
1012,
3698,
1011,
4083,
13792,
5478,
2312,
8310,
1997,
2951,
1012,
1996,
5461,
2109,
2000,
9878,
2023,
2951,
2031,
2992,
5936,
2055,
9394,
1010,
9867,
1998,
9385,
1012,
2974,
3316,
8145,
1037,
2898,
2846,
1997,
2951,
2013,
2037,
5198,
1010,
2164,
3784,
4023,
1010,
20248,
4135,
10719,
2951,
1010,
2678,
1998,
5746,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
1999,
2344,
2000,
3857,
4613,
5038,
13792,
1010,
9733,
2038,
2680,
8817,
1997,
2797,
11450,
1998,
3039,
5741,
3667,
2000,
4952,
2000,
1998,
9099,
26775,
20755,
2070,
1997,
2068,
1012,
10740,
2055,
2023,
6923,
9867,
2846,
2013,
2216,
2040,
2156,
2009,
2004,
1037,
4072,
4763,
2000,
2216,
2005,
3183,
2009,
2003,
4415,
16655,
23048,
2389,
1998,
1037,
11371,
1997,
1996,
2157,
2000,
9394,
1012,
9932,
9797,
7475,
2008,
2023,
2003,
1996,
2069,
2126,
2000,
8116,
7070,
5097,
1012,
1998,
2031,
2764,
2195,
5461,
2008,
3535,
2000,
7969,
9394,
2096,
2145,
11381,
1996,
2951,
1010,
2107,
2004,
2951,
28041,
1010,
2139,
1011,
8720,
1998,
11658,
9394,
1012,
2144,
2355,
1010,
2070,
9394,
8519,
1010,
2107,
2004,
15809,
1040,
6198,
1010,
2031,
5625,
2000,
3193,
9394,
1999,
3408,
1997,
26935,
1012,
4422,
3017,
2626,
2008,
8519,
2031,
14255,
22994,
2098,
1000,
2013,
1996,
3160,
1997,
1005,
2054,
2027,
2113,
1005,
2000,
1996,
3160,
1997,
1005,
2054,
2027,
1005,
2128,
2725,
2007,
2009,
1005,
1012,
1000,
11416,
6024,
9932,
2003,
2411,
4738,
2006,
4895,
13231,
27730,
9385,
2098,
2573,
1010,
2164,
1999,
13100,
2107,
2004,
4871,
2030,
3274,
3642,
1025,
1996,
6434,
2003,
2059,
2109,
2104,
1996,
11581,
2063,
1997,
1000,
4189,
2224,
1000,
1012,
8519,
21090,
2055,
2129,
2092,
1998,
2104,
2054,
6214,
2023,
11581,
2063,
2097,
2907,
2039,
1999,
5434,
1997,
2375,
1025,
7882,
5876,
2089,
2421,
1000,
1996,
3800,
1998,
2839,
1997,
1996,
2224,
1997,
1996,
9385,
2098,
2147,
1000,
1998,
1000,
1996,
3466,
2588,
1996,
4022,
3006,
2005,
1996,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"copyright",
"##ed",
"work",
"\"",
".",
"website",
"owners",
"who",
"do",
"not",
"wish",
"to",
"have",
"their",
"content",
"scraped",
"can",
"indicate",
"it",
"in",
"a",
"\"",
"robots",
".",
"tx",
"##t",
"\"",
"file",
".",
"in",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"leading",
"authors",
"(",
"including",
"john",
"gr",
"##isha",
"##m",
"and",
"jonathan",
"franz",
"##en",
")",
"sued",
"ai",
"companies",
"for",
"using",
"their",
"work",
"to",
"train",
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai",
".",
"another",
"discussed",
"approach",
"is",
"to",
"en",
"##vision",
"a",
"separate",
"sui",
"gene",
"##ris",
"system",
"of",
"protection",
"for",
"creations",
"generated",
"by",
"ai",
"to",
"ensure",
"fair",
"at",
"##tri",
"##bution",
"and",
"compensation",
"for",
"human",
"authors",
".",
"youtube",
",",
"facebook",
"and",
"others",
"use",
"recommend",
"##er",
"systems",
"to",
"guide",
"users",
"to",
"more",
"content",
".",
"these",
"ai",
"programs",
"were",
"given",
"the",
"goal",
"of",
"maxim",
"##izing",
"user",
"engagement",
"(",
"that",
"is",
",",
"the",
"only",
"goal",
"was",
"to",
"keep",
"people",
"watching",
")",
".",
"the",
"ai",
"learned",
"that",
"users",
"tended",
"to",
"choose",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
",",
"conspiracy",
"theories",
",",
"and",
"extreme",
"partisan",
"content",
",",
"and",
",",
"to",
"keep",
"them",
"watching",
",",
"the",
"ai",
"recommended",
"more",
"of",
"it",
".",
"users",
"also",
"tended",
"to",
"watch",
"more",
"content",
"on",
"the",
"same",
"subject",
",",
"so",
"the",
"ai",
"led",
"people",
"into",
"filter",
"bubbles",
"where",
"they",
"received",
"multiple",
"versions",
"of",
"the",
"same",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
".",
"this",
"convinced",
"many",
"users",
"that",
"the",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
"was",
"true",
",",
"and",
"ultimately",
"undermine",
"##d",
"trust",
"in",
"institutions",
",",
"the",
"media",
"and",
"the",
"government",
".",
"the",
"ai",
"program",
"had",
"correctly",
"learned",
"to",
"maximize",
"its",
"goal",
",",
"but",
"the",
"result",
"was",
"harmful",
"to",
"society",
".",
"after",
"the",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"election",
"in",
"2016",
",",
"major",
"technology",
"companies",
"took",
"steps",
"to",
"mit",
"##igate",
"the",
"problem",
".",
"in",
"202",
"##2",
",",
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai",
"began",
"to",
"create",
"images",
",",
"audio",
",",
"video",
"and",
"text",
"that",
"are",
"ind",
"##ist",
"##ing",
"##uis",
"##hab",
"##le",
"from",
"real",
"photographs",
",",
"recordings",
",",
"films",
",",
"or",
"human",
"writing",
".",
"it",
"is",
"possible",
"for",
"bad",
"actors",
"to",
"use",
"this",
"technology",
"to",
"create",
"massive",
"amounts",
"of",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
"or",
"propaganda",
".",
"ai",
"pioneer",
"geoffrey",
"hint",
"##on",
"expressed",
"concern",
"about",
"ai",
"enabling",
"\"",
"authoritarian",
"leaders",
"to",
"manipulate",
"their",
"electorate",
"##s",
"\"",
"on",
"a",
"large",
"scale",
",",
"among",
"other",
"risks",
".",
"machine",
"learning",
"applications",
"will",
"be",
"biased",
"if",
"they",
"learn",
"from",
"biased",
"data",
".",
"the",
"developers",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"aware",
"that",
"the",
"bias",
"exists",
".",
"bias",
"can",
"be",
"introduced",
"by",
"the",
"way",
"training",
"data",
"is",
"selected",
"and",
"by",
"the",
"way",
"a",
"model",
"is",
"deployed",
".",
"if",
"a",
"biased",
"algorithm",
"is",
"used",
"to",
"make",
"decisions",
"that",
"can",
"seriously",
"harm",
"people",
"(",
"as",
"it",
"can",
"in",
"medicine",
",",
"finance",
",",
"recruitment",
",",
"housing",
"or",
"policing",
")",
"then",
"the",
"algorithm",
"may",
"cause",
"discrimination",
".",
"fairness",
"in",
"machine",
"learning",
"is",
"the",
"study",
"of",
"how",
"to",
"prevent",
"the",
"harm",
"caused",
"by",
"algorithm",
"##ic",
"bias",
".",
"it",
"has",
"become",
"serious",
"area",
"of",
"academic",
"study",
"within",
"ai",
".",
"researchers",
"have",
"discovered",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"always",
"possible",
"to",
"define",
"\"",
"fairness",
"\"",
"in",
"a",
"way",
"that",
"sat",
"##is",
"##fies",
"all",
"stakeholders",
".",
"on",
"june",
"28",
",",
"2015",
",",
"google",
"photos",
"'",
"s",
"new",
"image"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 22,
"end_token_idx": 26,
"identifier": "/wiki/Robots.txt",
"tokens": [
"robots",
".",
"tx",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 37,
"end_token_idx": 41,
"identifier": "/wiki/John_Grisham",
"tokens": [
"john",
"gr",
"##isha",
"##m"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 42,
"end_token_idx": 45,
"identifier": "/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen",
"tokens": [
"jonathan",
"franz",
"##en"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 68,
"end_token_idx": 71,
"identifier": "/wiki/Sui_generis",
"tokens": [
"sui",
"gene",
"##ris"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 91,
"end_token_idx": 92,
"identifier": "/wiki/YouTube",
"tokens": [
"youtube"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 93,
"end_token_idx": 94,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facebook",
"tokens": [
"facebook"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 97,
"end_token_idx": 100,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recommender_system",
"tokens": [
"recommend",
"##er",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 115,
"end_token_idx": 117,
"identifier": "/wiki/Mathematical_optimization",
"tokens": [
"maxim",
"##izing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 141,
"end_token_idx": 145,
"identifier": "/wiki/Misinformation",
"tokens": [
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 146,
"end_token_idx": 148,
"identifier": "/wiki/Conspiracy_theory",
"tokens": [
"conspiracy",
"theories"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 151,
"end_token_idx": 152,
"identifier": "/wiki/Partisan_(politics)",
"tokens": [
"partisan"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 186,
"end_token_idx": 188,
"identifier": "/wiki/Filter_bubbles",
"tokens": [
"filter",
"bubbles"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 272,
"end_token_idx": 275,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_AI",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 329,
"end_token_idx": 332,
"identifier": "/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton",
"tokens": [
"geoffrey",
"hint",
"##on"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 386,
"end_token_idx": 388,
"identifier": "/wiki/Training_data",
"tokens": [
"training",
"data"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 411,
"end_token_idx": 412,
"identifier": "/wiki/Harm",
"tokens": [
"harm"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 418,
"end_token_idx": 419,
"identifier": "/wiki/Health_equity",
"tokens": [
"medicine"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 420,
"end_token_idx": 421,
"identifier": "/wiki/Credit_rating",
"tokens": [
"finance"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 422,
"end_token_idx": 423,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recruitment",
"tokens": [
"recruitment"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 424,
"end_token_idx": 425,
"identifier": "/wiki/Public_housing",
"tokens": [
"housing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 426,
"end_token_idx": 427,
"identifier": "/wiki/Policing",
"tokens": [
"policing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 433,
"end_token_idx": 434,
"identifier": "/wiki/Discrimination",
"tokens": [
"discrimination"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 435,
"end_token_idx": 436,
"identifier": "/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)",
"tokens": [
"fairness"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 494,
"end_token_idx": 496,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google_Photos",
"tokens": [
"google",
"photos"
]
}
] | [
101,
9385,
2098,
2147,
1000,
1012,
4037,
5608,
2040,
2079,
2025,
4299,
2000,
2031,
2037,
4180,
20378,
2064,
5769,
2009,
1999,
1037,
1000,
13507,
1012,
19067,
2102,
1000,
5371,
1012,
1999,
16798,
2509,
1010,
2877,
6048,
1006,
2164,
2198,
24665,
24032,
2213,
1998,
5655,
8965,
2368,
1007,
12923,
9932,
3316,
2005,
2478,
2037,
2147,
2000,
3345,
11416,
6024,
9932,
1012,
2178,
6936,
3921,
2003,
2000,
4372,
17084,
1037,
3584,
24086,
4962,
6935,
2291,
1997,
3860,
2005,
20677,
7013,
2011,
9932,
2000,
5676,
4189,
2012,
18886,
29446,
1998,
9430,
2005,
2529,
6048,
1012,
7858,
1010,
9130,
1998,
2500,
2224,
16755,
2121,
3001,
2000,
5009,
5198,
2000,
2062,
4180,
1012,
2122,
9932,
3454,
2020,
2445,
1996,
3125,
1997,
20446,
6026,
5310,
8147,
1006,
2008,
2003,
1010,
1996,
2069,
3125,
2001,
2000,
2562,
2111,
3666,
1007,
1012,
1996,
9932,
4342,
2008,
5198,
11121,
2000,
5454,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
1010,
9714,
8106,
1010,
1998,
6034,
14254,
4180,
1010,
1998,
1010,
2000,
2562,
2068,
3666,
1010,
1996,
9932,
6749,
2062,
1997,
2009,
1012,
5198,
2036,
11121,
2000,
3422,
2062,
4180,
2006,
1996,
2168,
3395,
1010,
2061,
1996,
9932,
2419,
2111,
2046,
11307,
17255,
2073,
2027,
2363,
3674,
4617,
1997,
1996,
2168,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
1012,
2023,
6427,
2116,
5198,
2008,
1996,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
2001,
2995,
1010,
1998,
4821,
25174,
2094,
3404,
1999,
4896,
1010,
1996,
2865,
1998,
1996,
2231,
1012,
1996,
9932,
2565,
2018,
11178,
4342,
2000,
25845,
2049,
3125,
1010,
2021,
1996,
2765,
2001,
17631,
2000,
2554,
1012,
2044,
1996,
1057,
1012,
1055,
1012,
2602,
1999,
2355,
1010,
2350,
2974,
3316,
2165,
4084,
2000,
10210,
28731,
1996,
3291,
1012,
1999,
16798,
2475,
1010,
11416,
6024,
9932,
2211,
2000,
3443,
4871,
1010,
5746,
1010,
2678,
1998,
3793,
2008,
2024,
27427,
2923,
2075,
27020,
25459,
2571,
2013,
2613,
7008,
1010,
5633,
1010,
3152,
1010,
2030,
2529,
3015,
1012,
2009,
2003,
2825,
2005,
2919,
5889,
2000,
2224,
2023,
2974,
2000,
3443,
5294,
8310,
1997,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
2030,
10398,
1012,
9932,
7156,
11023,
9374,
2239,
5228,
5142,
2055,
9932,
12067,
1000,
27246,
4177,
2000,
17708,
2037,
13694,
2015,
1000,
2006,
1037,
2312,
4094,
1010,
2426,
2060,
10831,
1012,
3698,
4083,
5097,
2097,
2022,
25352,
2065,
2027,
4553,
2013,
25352,
2951,
1012,
1996,
9797,
2089,
2025,
2022,
5204,
2008,
1996,
13827,
6526,
1012,
13827,
2064,
2022,
3107,
2011,
1996,
2126,
2731,
2951,
2003,
3479,
1998,
2011,
1996,
2126,
1037,
2944,
2003,
7333,
1012,
2065,
1037,
25352,
9896,
2003,
2109,
2000,
2191,
6567,
2008,
2064,
5667,
7386,
2111,
1006,
2004,
2009,
2064,
1999,
4200,
1010,
5446,
1010,
15680,
1010,
3847,
2030,
21107,
1007,
2059,
1996,
9896,
2089,
3426,
9147,
1012,
26935,
1999,
3698,
4083,
2003,
1996,
2817,
1997,
2129,
2000,
4652,
1996,
7386,
3303,
2011,
9896,
2594,
13827,
1012,
2009,
2038,
2468,
3809,
2181,
1997,
3834,
2817,
2306,
9932,
1012,
6950,
2031,
3603,
2009,
2003,
2025,
2467,
2825,
2000,
9375,
1000,
26935,
1000,
1999,
1037,
2126,
2008,
2938,
2483,
14213,
2035,
22859,
1012,
2006,
2238,
2654,
1010,
2325,
1010,
8224,
7760,
1005,
1055,
2047,
3746,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"labeling",
"feature",
"mistakenly",
"identified",
"jack",
"##y",
"al",
"##cine",
"and",
"a",
"friend",
"as",
"\"",
"gorilla",
"##s",
"\"",
"because",
"they",
"were",
"black",
".",
"the",
"system",
"was",
"trained",
"on",
"a",
"data",
"##set",
"that",
"contained",
"very",
"few",
"images",
"of",
"black",
"people",
",",
"a",
"problem",
"called",
"\"",
"sample",
"size",
"di",
"##spar",
"##ity",
"\"",
".",
"google",
"\"",
"fixed",
"\"",
"this",
"problem",
"by",
"preventing",
"the",
"system",
"from",
"label",
"##ling",
"anything",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"gorilla",
"\"",
".",
"eight",
"years",
"later",
",",
"in",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"google",
"photos",
"still",
"could",
"not",
"identify",
"a",
"gorilla",
",",
"and",
"neither",
"could",
"similar",
"products",
"from",
"apple",
",",
"facebook",
",",
"microsoft",
"and",
"amazon",
".",
"com",
"##pas",
"is",
"a",
"commercial",
"program",
"widely",
"used",
"by",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"courts",
"to",
"assess",
"the",
"likelihood",
"of",
"a",
"defendant",
"becoming",
"a",
"rec",
"##idi",
"##vis",
"##t",
".",
"in",
"2016",
",",
"julia",
"ang",
"##win",
"at",
"prop",
"##ub",
"##lica",
"discovered",
"that",
"com",
"##pas",
"exhibited",
"racial",
"bias",
",",
"despite",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"program",
"was",
"not",
"told",
"the",
"races",
"of",
"the",
"defendants",
".",
"although",
"the",
"error",
"rate",
"for",
"both",
"whites",
"and",
"blacks",
"was",
"cal",
"##ib",
"##rated",
"equal",
"at",
"exactly",
"61",
"%",
",",
"the",
"errors",
"for",
"each",
"race",
"were",
"different",
"—",
"the",
"system",
"consistently",
"over",
"##est",
"##imated",
"the",
"chance",
"that",
"a",
"black",
"person",
"would",
"re",
"-",
"off",
"##end",
"and",
"would",
"under",
"##est",
"##imate",
"the",
"chance",
"that",
"a",
"white",
"person",
"would",
"not",
"re",
"-",
"off",
"##end",
".",
"in",
"2017",
",",
"several",
"researchers",
"[",
"k",
"]",
"showed",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"mathematical",
"##ly",
"impossible",
"for",
"com",
"##pas",
"to",
"accommodate",
"all",
"possible",
"measures",
"of",
"fairness",
"when",
"the",
"base",
"rates",
"of",
"re",
"-",
"offense",
"were",
"different",
"for",
"whites",
"and",
"blacks",
"in",
"the",
"data",
".",
"a",
"program",
"can",
"make",
"biased",
"decisions",
"even",
"if",
"the",
"data",
"does",
"not",
"explicitly",
"mention",
"a",
"problematic",
"feature",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"race",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"gender",
"\"",
")",
".",
"the",
"feature",
"will",
"co",
"##rre",
"##late",
"with",
"other",
"features",
"(",
"like",
"\"",
"address",
"\"",
",",
"\"",
"shopping",
"history",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"first",
"name",
"\"",
")",
",",
"and",
"the",
"program",
"will",
"make",
"the",
"same",
"decisions",
"based",
"on",
"these",
"features",
"as",
"it",
"would",
"on",
"\"",
"race",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"gender",
"\"",
".",
"moritz",
"hard",
"##t",
"said",
"\"",
"the",
"most",
"robust",
"fact",
"in",
"this",
"research",
"area",
"is",
"that",
"fairness",
"through",
"blindness",
"doesn",
"'",
"t",
"work",
".",
"\"",
"criticism",
"of",
"com",
"##pas",
"highlighted",
"that",
"machine",
"learning",
"models",
"are",
"designed",
"to",
"make",
"\"",
"predictions",
"\"",
"that",
"are",
"only",
"valid",
"if",
"we",
"assume",
"that",
"the",
"future",
"will",
"resemble",
"the",
"past",
".",
"if",
"they",
"are",
"trained",
"on",
"data",
"that",
"includes",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"racist",
"decisions",
"in",
"the",
"past",
",",
"machine",
"learning",
"models",
"must",
"predict",
"that",
"racist",
"decisions",
"will",
"be",
"made",
"in",
"the",
"future",
".",
"if",
"an",
"application",
"then",
"uses",
"these",
"predictions",
"as",
"recommendations",
",",
"some",
"of",
"these",
"\"",
"recommendations",
"\"",
"will",
"likely",
"be",
"racist",
".",
"thus",
",",
"machine",
"learning",
"is",
"not",
"well",
"suited",
"to",
"help",
"make",
"decisions",
"in",
"areas",
"where",
"there",
"is",
"hope",
"that",
"the",
"future",
"will",
"be",
"better",
"than",
"the",
"past",
".",
"it",
"is",
"descriptive",
"rather",
"than",
"pre",
"##script",
"##ive",
".",
"[",
"l",
"]",
"bias",
"and",
"unfair",
"##ness",
"may",
"go",
"und"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 100,
"end_token_idx": 102,
"identifier": "/wiki/COMPAS_(software)",
"tokens": [
"com",
"##pas"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 109,
"end_token_idx": 114,
"identifier": "/wiki/U.S._court",
"tokens": [
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"courts"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 120,
"end_token_idx": 121,
"identifier": "/wiki/Defendant",
"tokens": [
"defendant"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 123,
"end_token_idx": 127,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recidivist",
"tokens": [
"rec",
"##idi",
"##vis",
"##t"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 131,
"end_token_idx": 134,
"identifier": "/wiki/Julia_Angwin",
"tokens": [
"julia",
"ang",
"##win"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 135,
"end_token_idx": 138,
"identifier": "/wiki/ProPublica",
"tokens": [
"prop",
"##ub",
"##lica"
]
}
] | [
101,
28847,
3444,
20706,
4453,
2990,
2100,
2632,
16567,
1998,
1037,
2767,
2004,
1000,
23526,
2015,
1000,
2138,
2027,
2020,
2304,
1012,
1996,
2291,
2001,
4738,
2006,
1037,
2951,
13462,
2008,
4838,
2200,
2261,
4871,
1997,
2304,
2111,
1010,
1037,
3291,
2170,
1000,
7099,
2946,
4487,
27694,
3012,
1000,
1012,
8224,
1000,
4964,
1000,
2023,
3291,
2011,
10723,
1996,
2291,
2013,
3830,
2989,
2505,
2004,
1037,
1000,
23526,
1000,
1012,
2809,
2086,
2101,
1010,
1999,
16798,
2509,
1010,
8224,
7760,
2145,
2071,
2025,
6709,
1037,
23526,
1010,
1998,
4445,
2071,
2714,
3688,
2013,
6207,
1010,
9130,
1010,
7513,
1998,
9733,
1012,
4012,
19707,
2003,
1037,
3293,
2565,
4235,
2109,
2011,
1057,
1012,
1055,
1012,
5434,
2000,
14358,
1996,
16593,
1997,
1037,
13474,
3352,
1037,
28667,
28173,
11365,
2102,
1012,
1999,
2355,
1010,
6423,
17076,
10105,
2012,
17678,
12083,
19341,
3603,
2008,
4012,
19707,
8176,
5762,
13827,
1010,
2750,
1996,
2755,
2008,
1996,
2565,
2001,
2025,
2409,
1996,
3837,
1997,
1996,
16362,
1012,
2348,
1996,
7561,
3446,
2005,
2119,
12461,
1998,
10823,
2001,
10250,
12322,
9250,
5020,
2012,
3599,
6079,
1003,
1010,
1996,
10697,
2005,
2169,
2679,
2020,
2367,
1517,
1996,
2291,
10862,
2058,
4355,
20592,
1996,
3382,
2008,
1037,
2304,
2711,
2052,
2128,
1011,
2125,
10497,
1998,
2052,
2104,
4355,
21499,
1996,
3382,
2008,
1037,
2317,
2711,
2052,
2025,
2128,
1011,
2125,
10497,
1012,
1999,
2418,
1010,
2195,
6950,
1031,
1047,
1033,
3662,
2008,
2009,
2001,
8045,
2135,
5263,
2005,
4012,
19707,
2000,
8752,
2035,
2825,
5761,
1997,
26935,
2043,
1996,
2918,
6165,
1997,
2128,
1011,
10048,
2020,
2367,
2005,
12461,
1998,
10823,
1999,
1996,
2951,
1012,
1037,
2565,
2064,
2191,
25352,
6567,
2130,
2065,
1996,
2951,
2515,
2025,
12045,
5254,
1037,
18636,
3444,
1006,
2107,
2004,
1000,
2679,
1000,
2030,
1000,
5907,
1000,
1007,
1012,
1996,
3444,
2097,
2522,
14343,
13806,
2007,
2060,
2838,
1006,
2066,
1000,
4769,
1000,
1010,
1000,
6023,
2381,
1000,
2030,
1000,
2034,
2171,
1000,
1007,
1010,
1998,
1996,
2565,
2097,
2191,
1996,
2168,
6567,
2241,
2006,
2122,
2838,
2004,
2009,
2052,
2006,
1000,
2679,
1000,
2030,
1000,
5907,
1000,
1012,
28461,
2524,
2102,
2056,
1000,
1996,
2087,
15873,
2755,
1999,
2023,
2470,
2181,
2003,
2008,
26935,
2083,
26290,
2987,
1005,
1056,
2147,
1012,
1000,
6256,
1997,
4012,
19707,
11548,
2008,
3698,
4083,
4275,
2024,
2881,
2000,
2191,
1000,
20932,
1000,
2008,
2024,
2069,
9398,
2065,
2057,
7868,
2008,
1996,
2925,
2097,
13014,
1996,
2627,
1012,
2065,
2027,
2024,
4738,
2006,
2951,
2008,
2950,
1996,
3463,
1997,
16939,
6567,
1999,
1996,
2627,
1010,
3698,
4083,
4275,
2442,
16014,
2008,
16939,
6567,
2097,
2022,
2081,
1999,
1996,
2925,
1012,
2065,
2019,
4646,
2059,
3594,
2122,
20932,
2004,
11433,
1010,
2070,
1997,
2122,
1000,
11433,
1000,
2097,
3497,
2022,
16939,
1012,
2947,
1010,
3698,
4083,
2003,
2025,
2092,
10897,
2000,
2393,
2191,
6567,
1999,
2752,
2073,
2045,
2003,
3246,
2008,
1996,
2925,
2097,
2022,
2488,
2084,
1996,
2627,
1012,
2009,
2003,
22726,
2738,
2084,
3653,
22483,
3512,
1012,
1031,
1048,
1033,
13827,
1998,
15571,
2791,
2089,
2175,
6151,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"##ete",
"##cted",
"because",
"the",
"developers",
"are",
"overwhelmingly",
"white",
"and",
"male",
":",
"among",
"ai",
"engineers",
",",
"about",
"4",
"%",
"are",
"black",
"and",
"20",
"%",
"are",
"women",
".",
"at",
"its",
"202",
"##2",
"conference",
"on",
"fairness",
",",
"accountability",
",",
"and",
"transparency",
"(",
"ac",
"##m",
"fa",
"##cc",
"##t",
"202",
"##2",
")",
",",
"the",
"association",
"for",
"computing",
"machinery",
",",
"in",
"seoul",
",",
"south",
"korea",
",",
"presented",
"and",
"published",
"findings",
"that",
"recommend",
"that",
"until",
"ai",
"and",
"robotics",
"systems",
"are",
"demonstrated",
"to",
"be",
"free",
"of",
"bias",
"mistakes",
",",
"they",
"are",
"unsafe",
",",
"and",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"self",
"-",
"learning",
"neural",
"networks",
"trained",
"on",
"vast",
",",
"un",
"##re",
"##gul",
"##ated",
"sources",
"of",
"flawed",
"internet",
"data",
"should",
"be",
"curt",
"##ailed",
".",
"many",
"ai",
"systems",
"are",
"so",
"complex",
"that",
"their",
"designers",
"cannot",
"explain",
"how",
"they",
"reach",
"their",
"decisions",
".",
"particularly",
"with",
"deep",
"neural",
"networks",
",",
"in",
"which",
"there",
"are",
"a",
"large",
"amount",
"of",
"non",
"-",
"linear",
"relationships",
"between",
"inputs",
"and",
"outputs",
".",
"but",
"some",
"popular",
"explain",
"##ability",
"techniques",
"exist",
".",
"it",
"is",
"impossible",
"to",
"be",
"certain",
"that",
"a",
"program",
"is",
"operating",
"correctly",
"if",
"no",
"one",
"knows",
"how",
"exactly",
"it",
"works",
".",
"there",
"have",
"been",
"many",
"cases",
"where",
"a",
"machine",
"learning",
"program",
"passed",
"rigorous",
"tests",
",",
"but",
"nevertheless",
"learned",
"something",
"different",
"than",
"what",
"the",
"programmers",
"intended",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"a",
"system",
"that",
"could",
"identify",
"skin",
"diseases",
"better",
"than",
"medical",
"professionals",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"actually",
"have",
"a",
"strong",
"tendency",
"to",
"classify",
"images",
"with",
"a",
"ruler",
"as",
"\"",
"cancer",
"##ous",
"\"",
",",
"because",
"pictures",
"of",
"mali",
"##gnan",
"##cies",
"typically",
"include",
"a",
"ruler",
"to",
"show",
"the",
"scale",
".",
"another",
"machine",
"learning",
"system",
"designed",
"to",
"help",
"effectively",
"all",
"##oca",
"##te",
"medical",
"resources",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"classify",
"patients",
"with",
"asthma",
"as",
"being",
"at",
"\"",
"low",
"risk",
"\"",
"of",
"dying",
"from",
"pneumonia",
".",
"having",
"asthma",
"is",
"actually",
"a",
"severe",
"risk",
"factor",
",",
"but",
"since",
"the",
"patients",
"having",
"asthma",
"would",
"usually",
"get",
"much",
"more",
"medical",
"care",
",",
"they",
"were",
"relatively",
"unlikely",
"to",
"die",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"training",
"data",
".",
"the",
"correlation",
"between",
"asthma",
"and",
"low",
"risk",
"of",
"dying",
"from",
"pneumonia",
"was",
"real",
",",
"but",
"misleading",
".",
"people",
"who",
"have",
"been",
"harmed",
"by",
"an",
"algorithm",
"'",
"s",
"decision",
"have",
"a",
"right",
"to",
"an",
"explanation",
".",
"doctors",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"are",
"expected",
"to",
"clearly",
"and",
"completely",
"explain",
"to",
"their",
"colleagues",
"the",
"reasoning",
"behind",
"any",
"decision",
"they",
"make",
".",
"early",
"drafts",
"of",
"the",
"european",
"union",
"'",
"s",
"general",
"data",
"protection",
"regulation",
"in",
"2016",
"included",
"an",
"explicit",
"statement",
"that",
"this",
"right",
"exists",
".",
"[",
"m",
"]",
"industry",
"experts",
"noted",
"that",
"this",
"is",
"an",
"un",
"##sol",
"##ved",
"problem",
"with",
"no",
"solution",
"in",
"sight",
".",
"regulators",
"argued",
"that",
"nevertheless",
"the",
"harm",
"is",
"real",
":",
"if",
"the",
"problem",
"has",
"no",
"solution",
",",
"the",
"tools",
"should",
"not",
"be",
"used",
".",
"dar",
"##pa",
"established",
"the",
"x",
"##ai",
"(",
"\"",
"explain",
"##able",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"\"",
")",
"program",
"in",
"2014",
"to",
"try",
"and",
"solve",
"these",
"problems",
".",
"there",
"are",
"several",
"possible",
"solutions",
"to",
"the",
"transparency",
"problem",
".",
"sha",
"##p",
"tried",
"to",
"solve",
"the",
"transparency",
"problems",
"by",
"visual",
"##ising",
"the",
"contribution",
"of",
"each",
"feature",
"to",
"the",
"output",
"."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 30,
"end_token_idx": 38,
"identifier": "/wiki/ACM_Conference_on_Fairness,_Accountability,_and_Transparency",
"tokens": [
"conference",
"on",
"fairness",
",",
"accountability",
",",
"and",
"transparency"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 49,
"end_token_idx": 53,
"identifier": "/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery",
"tokens": [
"association",
"for",
"computing",
"machinery"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 131,
"end_token_idx": 134,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deep_neural_networks",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"neural",
"networks"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 145,
"end_token_idx": 146,
"identifier": "/wiki/Linear",
"tokens": [
"linear"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 233,
"end_token_idx": 234,
"identifier": "/wiki/Ruler",
"tokens": [
"ruler"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 388,
"end_token_idx": 392,
"identifier": "/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation",
"tokens": [
"general",
"data",
"protection",
"regulation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 446,
"end_token_idx": 448,
"identifier": "/wiki/DARPA",
"tokens": [
"dar",
"##pa"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 450,
"end_token_idx": 452,
"identifier": "/wiki/Explainable_Artificial_Intelligence",
"tokens": [
"x",
"##ai"
]
}
] | [
101,
12870,
10985,
2138,
1996,
9797,
2024,
24783,
2317,
1998,
3287,
1024,
2426,
9932,
6145,
1010,
2055,
1018,
1003,
2024,
2304,
1998,
2322,
1003,
2024,
2308,
1012,
2012,
2049,
16798,
2475,
3034,
2006,
26935,
1010,
17842,
1010,
1998,
16987,
1006,
9353,
2213,
6904,
9468,
2102,
16798,
2475,
1007,
1010,
1996,
2523,
2005,
9798,
10394,
1010,
1999,
10884,
1010,
2148,
4420,
1010,
3591,
1998,
2405,
9556,
2008,
16755,
2008,
2127,
9932,
1998,
21331,
3001,
2024,
7645,
2000,
2022,
2489,
1997,
13827,
12051,
1010,
2027,
2024,
25135,
1010,
1998,
1996,
2224,
1997,
2969,
1011,
4083,
15756,
6125,
4738,
2006,
6565,
1010,
4895,
2890,
24848,
4383,
4216,
1997,
25077,
4274,
2951,
2323,
2022,
20099,
17440,
1012,
2116,
9932,
3001,
2024,
2061,
3375,
2008,
2037,
11216,
3685,
4863,
2129,
2027,
3362,
2037,
6567,
1012,
3391,
2007,
2784,
15756,
6125,
1010,
1999,
2029,
2045,
2024,
1037,
2312,
3815,
1997,
2512,
1011,
7399,
6550,
2090,
20407,
1998,
27852,
1012,
2021,
2070,
2759,
4863,
8010,
5461,
4839,
1012,
2009,
2003,
5263,
2000,
2022,
3056,
2008,
1037,
2565,
2003,
4082,
11178,
2065,
2053,
2028,
4282,
2129,
3599,
2009,
2573,
1012,
2045,
2031,
2042,
2116,
3572,
2073,
1037,
3698,
4083,
2565,
2979,
20001,
5852,
1010,
2021,
6600,
4342,
2242,
2367,
2084,
2054,
1996,
28547,
3832,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
1037,
2291,
2008,
2071,
6709,
3096,
7870,
2488,
2084,
2966,
8390,
2001,
2179,
2000,
2941,
2031,
1037,
2844,
11765,
2000,
26268,
4871,
2007,
1037,
7786,
2004,
1000,
4456,
3560,
1000,
1010,
2138,
4620,
1997,
16007,
28207,
9243,
4050,
2421,
1037,
7786,
2000,
2265,
1996,
4094,
1012,
2178,
3698,
4083,
2291,
2881,
2000,
2393,
6464,
2035,
24755,
2618,
2966,
4219,
2001,
2179,
2000,
26268,
5022,
2007,
26180,
2004,
2108,
2012,
1000,
2659,
3891,
1000,
1997,
5996,
2013,
18583,
1012,
2383,
26180,
2003,
2941,
1037,
5729,
3891,
5387,
1010,
2021,
2144,
1996,
5022,
2383,
26180,
2052,
2788,
2131,
2172,
2062,
2966,
2729,
1010,
2027,
2020,
4659,
9832,
2000,
3280,
2429,
2000,
1996,
2731,
2951,
1012,
1996,
16902,
2090,
26180,
1998,
2659,
3891,
1997,
5996,
2013,
18583,
2001,
2613,
1010,
2021,
22369,
1012,
2111,
2040,
2031,
2042,
25596,
2011,
2019,
9896,
1005,
1055,
3247,
2031,
1037,
2157,
2000,
2019,
7526,
1012,
7435,
1010,
2005,
2742,
1010,
2024,
3517,
2000,
4415,
1998,
3294,
4863,
2000,
2037,
8628,
1996,
13384,
2369,
2151,
3247,
2027,
2191,
1012,
2220,
28967,
1997,
1996,
2647,
2586,
1005,
1055,
2236,
2951,
3860,
7816,
1999,
2355,
2443,
2019,
13216,
4861,
2008,
2023,
2157,
6526,
1012,
1031,
1049,
1033,
3068,
8519,
3264,
2008,
2023,
2003,
2019,
4895,
19454,
7178,
3291,
2007,
2053,
5576,
1999,
4356,
1012,
25644,
5275,
2008,
6600,
1996,
7386,
2003,
2613,
1024,
2065,
1996,
3291,
2038,
2053,
5576,
1010,
1996,
5906,
2323,
2025,
2022,
2109,
1012,
18243,
4502,
2511,
1996,
1060,
4886,
1006,
1000,
4863,
3085,
7976,
4454,
1000,
1007,
2565,
1999,
2297,
2000,
3046,
1998,
9611,
2122,
3471,
1012,
2045,
2024,
2195,
2825,
7300,
2000,
1996,
16987,
3291,
1012,
21146,
2361,
2699,
2000,
9611,
1996,
16987,
3471,
2011,
5107,
9355,
1996,
6691,
1997,
2169,
3444,
2000,
1996,
6434,
1012,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"lime",
"can",
"locally",
"approximate",
"a",
"model",
"with",
"a",
"simpler",
",",
"interpret",
"##able",
"model",
".",
"multi",
"##tas",
"##k",
"learning",
"provides",
"a",
"large",
"number",
"of",
"outputs",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"target",
"classification",
".",
"these",
"other",
"outputs",
"can",
"help",
"developers",
"de",
"##du",
"##ce",
"what",
"the",
"network",
"has",
"learned",
".",
"deco",
"##n",
"##vo",
"##lu",
"##tion",
",",
"deep",
"##dre",
"##am",
"and",
"other",
"genera",
"##tive",
"methods",
"can",
"allow",
"developers",
"to",
"see",
"what",
"different",
"layers",
"of",
"a",
"deep",
"network",
"have",
"learned",
"and",
"produce",
"output",
"that",
"can",
"suggest",
"what",
"the",
"network",
"is",
"learning",
".",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
"provides",
"a",
"number",
"of",
"tools",
"that",
"are",
"useful",
"to",
"bad",
"actors",
",",
"such",
"as",
"authoritarian",
"governments",
",",
"terrorists",
",",
"criminals",
"or",
"rogue",
"states",
".",
"a",
"lethal",
"autonomous",
"weapon",
"is",
"a",
"machine",
"that",
"locate",
"##s",
",",
"selects",
"and",
"engages",
"human",
"targets",
"without",
"human",
"supervision",
".",
"[",
"n",
"]",
"widely",
"available",
"ai",
"tools",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"by",
"bad",
"actors",
"to",
"develop",
"inexpensive",
"autonomous",
"weapons",
"and",
",",
"if",
"produced",
"at",
"scale",
",",
"they",
"are",
"potentially",
"weapons",
"of",
"mass",
"destruction",
".",
"even",
"when",
"used",
"in",
"conventional",
"warfare",
",",
"it",
"is",
"unlikely",
"that",
"they",
"will",
"be",
"unable",
"to",
"re",
"##lia",
"##bly",
"choose",
"targets",
"and",
"could",
"potentially",
"kill",
"an",
"innocent",
"person",
".",
"in",
"2014",
",",
"30",
"nations",
"(",
"including",
"china",
")",
"supported",
"a",
"ban",
"on",
"autonomous",
"weapons",
"under",
"the",
"united",
"nations",
"'",
"convention",
"on",
"certain",
"conventional",
"weapons",
",",
"however",
"the",
"united",
"states",
"and",
"others",
"disagreed",
".",
"by",
"2015",
",",
"over",
"fifty",
"countries",
"were",
"reported",
"to",
"be",
"researching",
"battlefield",
"robots",
".",
"ai",
"tools",
"make",
"it",
"easier",
"for",
"authoritarian",
"governments",
"to",
"efficiently",
"control",
"their",
"citizens",
"in",
"several",
"ways",
".",
"face",
"and",
"voice",
"recognition",
"allow",
"widespread",
"surveillance",
".",
"machine",
"learning",
",",
"operating",
"this",
"data",
",",
"can",
"classify",
"potential",
"enemies",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"and",
"prevent",
"them",
"from",
"hiding",
".",
"recommendation",
"systems",
"can",
"precisely",
"target",
"propaganda",
"and",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
"for",
"maximum",
"effect",
".",
"deep",
"##fa",
"##kes",
"and",
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai",
"aid",
"in",
"producing",
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation",
".",
"advanced",
"ai",
"can",
"make",
"authoritarian",
"centralized",
"decision",
"making",
"more",
"competitive",
"than",
"liberal",
"and",
"decent",
"##ral",
"##ized",
"systems",
"such",
"as",
"markets",
".",
"it",
"lowers",
"the",
"cost",
"and",
"difficulty",
"of",
"digital",
"warfare",
"and",
"advanced",
"spy",
"##ware",
".",
"all",
"these",
"technologies",
"have",
"been",
"available",
"since",
"2020",
"or",
"earlier",
"—",
"ai",
"facial",
"recognition",
"systems",
"are",
"already",
"being",
"used",
"for",
"mass",
"surveillance",
"in",
"china",
".",
"there",
"many",
"other",
"ways",
"that",
"ai",
"is",
"expected",
"to",
"help",
"bad",
"actors",
",",
"some",
"of",
"which",
"can",
"not",
"be",
"fore",
"##see",
"##n",
".",
"for",
"example",
",",
"machine",
"-",
"learning",
"ai",
"is",
"able",
"to",
"design",
"tens",
"of",
"thousands",
"of",
"toxic",
"molecules",
"in",
"a",
"matter",
"of",
"hours",
".",
"training",
"ai",
"systems",
"requires",
"an",
"enormous",
"amount",
"of",
"computing",
"power",
".",
"usually",
"only",
"big",
"tech",
"companies",
"have",
"the",
"financial",
"resources",
"to",
"make",
"such",
"investments",
".",
"smaller",
"startup",
"##s",
"such",
"as",
"co",
"##her",
"##e",
"and",
"open",
"##ai",
"end",
"up",
"buying",
"access",
"to",
"data",
"centers",
"from",
"google",
"and",
"microsoft",
"respectively",
".",
"economists",
"have",
"frequently",
"highlighted",
"the",
"risks",
"of",
"red",
"##unda",
"##ncies",
"from",
"ai",
",",
"and",
"speculated",
"about",
"unemployment",
"if",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"adequate",
"social",
"policy",
"for",
"full",
"employment",
"."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 14,
"end_token_idx": 18,
"identifier": "/wiki/Multitask_learning",
"tokens": [
"multi",
"##tas",
"##k",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 46,
"end_token_idx": 51,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deconvolution",
"tokens": [
"deco",
"##n",
"##vo",
"##lu",
"##tion"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 52,
"end_token_idx": 55,
"identifier": "/wiki/DeepDream",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"##dre",
"##am"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 57,
"end_token_idx": 59,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_AI",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 97,
"end_token_idx": 99,
"identifier": "/wiki/Bad_actor",
"tokens": [
"bad",
"actors"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 102,
"end_token_idx": 104,
"identifier": "/wiki/Authoritarian",
"tokens": [
"authoritarian",
"governments"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 105,
"end_token_idx": 106,
"identifier": "/wiki/Terrorist",
"tokens": [
"terrorists"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 107,
"end_token_idx": 108,
"identifier": "/wiki/Criminals",
"tokens": [
"criminals"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 109,
"end_token_idx": 111,
"identifier": "/wiki/Rogue_states",
"tokens": [
"rogue",
"states"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 160,
"end_token_idx": 164,
"identifier": "/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction",
"tokens": [
"weapons",
"of",
"mass",
"destruction"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 189,
"end_token_idx": 193,
"identifier": "/wiki/Murder",
"tokens": [
"kill",
"an",
"innocent",
"person"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 211,
"end_token_idx": 213,
"identifier": "/wiki/United_Nations",
"tokens": [
"united",
"nations"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 214,
"end_token_idx": 219,
"identifier": "/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons",
"tokens": [
"convention",
"on",
"certain",
"conventional",
"weapons"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 222,
"end_token_idx": 224,
"identifier": "/wiki/United_States",
"tokens": [
"united",
"states"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 248,
"end_token_idx": 250,
"identifier": "/wiki/Authoritarian",
"tokens": [
"authoritarian",
"governments"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 259,
"end_token_idx": 260,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facial_recognition_system",
"tokens": [
"face"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 261,
"end_token_idx": 263,
"identifier": "/wiki/Speaker_recognition",
"tokens": [
"voice",
"recognition"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 265,
"end_token_idx": 266,
"identifier": "/wiki/Surveillance",
"tokens": [
"surveillance"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 267,
"end_token_idx": 269,
"identifier": "/wiki/Machine_learning",
"tokens": [
"machine",
"learning"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 275,
"end_token_idx": 276,
"identifier": "/wiki/Classifier_(machine_learning)",
"tokens": [
"classify"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 287,
"end_token_idx": 289,
"identifier": "/wiki/Recommender_system",
"tokens": [
"recommendation",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 292,
"end_token_idx": 293,
"identifier": "/wiki/Propaganda",
"tokens": [
"propaganda"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 294,
"end_token_idx": 298,
"identifier": "/wiki/Misinformation",
"tokens": [
"mis",
"##in",
"##form",
"##ation"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 302,
"end_token_idx": 305,
"identifier": "/wiki/Deepfakes",
"tokens": [
"deep",
"##fa",
"##kes"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 306,
"end_token_idx": 309,
"identifier": "/wiki/Generative_AI",
"tokens": [
"genera",
"##tive",
"ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 322,
"end_token_idx": 325,
"identifier": "/wiki/Technocracy",
"tokens": [
"centralized",
"decision",
"making"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 336,
"end_token_idx": 337,
"identifier": "/wiki/Market_(economics)",
"tokens": [
"markets"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 345,
"end_token_idx": 347,
"identifier": "/wiki/Digital_warfare",
"tokens": [
"digital",
"warfare"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 348,
"end_token_idx": 351,
"identifier": "/wiki/Spyware",
"tokens": [
"advanced",
"spy",
"##ware"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 364,
"end_token_idx": 367,
"identifier": "/wiki/Facial_recognition_system",
"tokens": [
"facial",
"recognition",
"systems"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 372,
"end_token_idx": 374,
"identifier": "/wiki/Mass_surveillance",
"tokens": [
"mass",
"surveillance"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 436,
"end_token_idx": 438,
"identifier": "/wiki/Big_Tech",
"tokens": [
"big",
"tech"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 453,
"end_token_idx": 456,
"identifier": "/wiki/Cohere",
"tokens": [
"co",
"##her",
"##e"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 457,
"end_token_idx": 459,
"identifier": "/wiki/OpenAI",
"tokens": [
"open",
"##ai"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 464,
"end_token_idx": 466,
"identifier": "/wiki/Data_centers",
"tokens": [
"data",
"centers"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 467,
"end_token_idx": 468,
"identifier": "/wiki/Google",
"tokens": [
"google"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 469,
"end_token_idx": 470,
"identifier": "/wiki/Microsoft",
"tokens": [
"microsoft"
]
}
] | [
101,
14123,
2064,
7246,
15796,
1037,
2944,
2007,
1037,
16325,
1010,
17841,
3085,
2944,
1012,
4800,
10230,
2243,
4083,
3640,
1037,
2312,
2193,
1997,
27852,
1999,
2804,
2000,
1996,
4539,
5579,
1012,
2122,
2060,
27852,
2064,
2393,
9797,
2139,
8566,
3401,
2054,
1996,
2897,
2038,
4342,
1012,
21933,
2078,
6767,
7630,
3508,
1010,
2784,
16200,
3286,
1998,
2060,
11416,
6024,
4725,
2064,
3499,
9797,
2000,
2156,
2054,
2367,
9014,
1997,
1037,
2784,
2897,
2031,
4342,
1998,
3965,
6434,
2008,
2064,
6592,
2054,
1996,
2897,
2003,
4083,
1012,
7976,
4454,
3640,
1037,
2193,
1997,
5906,
2008,
2024,
6179,
2000,
2919,
5889,
1010,
2107,
2004,
27246,
6867,
1010,
15554,
1010,
12290,
2030,
12406,
2163,
1012,
1037,
12765,
8392,
5195,
2003,
1037,
3698,
2008,
12453,
2015,
1010,
27034,
1998,
24255,
2529,
7889,
2302,
2529,
10429,
1012,
1031,
1050,
1033,
4235,
2800,
9932,
5906,
2064,
2022,
2109,
2011,
2919,
5889,
2000,
4503,
23766,
8392,
4255,
1998,
1010,
2065,
2550,
2012,
4094,
1010,
2027,
2024,
9280,
4255,
1997,
3742,
6215,
1012,
2130,
2043,
2109,
1999,
7511,
8309,
1010,
2009,
2003,
9832,
2008,
2027,
2097,
2022,
4039,
2000,
2128,
6632,
6321,
5454,
7889,
1998,
2071,
9280,
3102,
2019,
7036,
2711,
1012,
1999,
2297,
1010,
2382,
3741,
1006,
2164,
2859,
1007,
3569,
1037,
7221,
2006,
8392,
4255,
2104,
1996,
2142,
3741,
1005,
4680,
2006,
3056,
7511,
4255,
1010,
2174,
1996,
2142,
2163,
1998,
2500,
18335,
1012,
2011,
2325,
1010,
2058,
5595,
3032,
2020,
2988,
2000,
2022,
20059,
11686,
13507,
1012,
9932,
5906,
2191,
2009,
6082,
2005,
27246,
6867,
2000,
18228,
2491,
2037,
4480,
1999,
2195,
3971,
1012,
2227,
1998,
2376,
5038,
3499,
6923,
9867,
1012,
3698,
4083,
1010,
4082,
2023,
2951,
1010,
2064,
26268,
4022,
6716,
1997,
1996,
2110,
1998,
4652,
2068,
2013,
6318,
1012,
12832,
3001,
2064,
10785,
4539,
10398,
1998,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
2005,
4555,
3466,
1012,
2784,
7011,
9681,
1998,
11416,
6024,
9932,
4681,
1999,
5155,
28616,
2378,
14192,
3370,
1012,
3935,
9932,
2064,
2191,
27246,
22493,
3247,
2437,
2062,
6975,
2084,
4314,
1998,
11519,
7941,
3550,
3001,
2107,
2004,
6089,
1012,
2009,
24950,
1996,
3465,
1998,
7669,
1997,
3617,
8309,
1998,
3935,
8645,
8059,
1012,
2035,
2122,
6786,
2031,
2042,
2800,
2144,
12609,
2030,
3041,
1517,
9932,
13268,
5038,
3001,
2024,
2525,
2108,
2109,
2005,
3742,
9867,
1999,
2859,
1012,
2045,
2116,
2060,
3971,
2008,
9932,
2003,
3517,
2000,
2393,
2919,
5889,
1010,
2070,
1997,
2029,
2064,
2025,
2022,
18921,
19763,
2078,
1012,
2005,
2742,
1010,
3698,
1011,
4083,
9932,
2003,
2583,
2000,
2640,
15295,
1997,
5190,
1997,
11704,
10737,
1999,
1037,
3043,
1997,
2847,
1012,
2731,
9932,
3001,
5942,
2019,
8216,
3815,
1997,
9798,
2373,
1012,
2788,
2069,
2502,
6627,
3316,
2031,
1996,
3361,
4219,
2000,
2191,
2107,
10518,
1012,
3760,
22752,
2015,
2107,
2004,
2522,
5886,
2063,
1998,
2330,
4886,
2203,
2039,
9343,
3229,
2000,
2951,
6401,
2013,
8224,
1998,
7513,
4414,
1012,
22171,
2031,
4703,
11548,
1996,
10831,
1997,
2417,
18426,
14767,
2013,
9932,
1010,
1998,
15520,
2055,
12163,
2065,
2045,
2003,
2053,
11706,
2591,
3343,
2005,
2440,
6107,
1012,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
[
"in",
"the",
"past",
",",
"technology",
"has",
"tended",
"to",
"increase",
"rather",
"than",
"reduce",
"total",
"employment",
",",
"but",
"economists",
"acknowledge",
"that",
"\"",
"we",
"'",
"re",
"in",
"un",
"##cha",
"##rted",
"territory",
"\"",
"with",
"ai",
".",
"a",
"survey",
"of",
"economists",
"showed",
"disagreement",
"about",
"whether",
"the",
"increasing",
"use",
"of",
"robots",
"and",
"ai",
"will",
"cause",
"a",
"substantial",
"increase",
"in",
"long",
"-",
"term",
"unemployment",
",",
"but",
"they",
"generally",
"agree",
"that",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"a",
"net",
"benefit",
"if",
"productivity",
"gains",
"are",
"red",
"##ist",
"##ri",
"##bu",
"##ted",
".",
"risk",
"estimates",
"vary",
";",
"for",
"example",
",",
"in",
"the",
"2010s",
",",
"michael",
"osborne",
"and",
"carl",
"ben",
"##ed",
"##ik",
"##t",
"frey",
"estimated",
"47",
"%",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"jobs",
"are",
"at",
"\"",
"high",
"risk",
"\"",
"of",
"potential",
"automation",
",",
"while",
"an",
"o",
"##ec",
"##d",
"report",
"classified",
"only",
"9",
"%",
"of",
"u",
".",
"s",
".",
"jobs",
"as",
"\"",
"high",
"risk",
"\"",
".",
"[",
"o",
"]",
"the",
"methodology",
"of",
"spec",
"##ulating",
"about",
"future",
"employment",
"levels",
"has",
"been",
"criticised",
"as",
"lacking",
"evident",
"##ial",
"foundation",
",",
"and",
"for",
"implying",
"that",
"technology",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"social",
"policy",
",",
"creates",
"unemployment",
",",
"as",
"opposed",
"to",
"red",
"##unda",
"##ncies",
".",
"in",
"april",
"202",
"##3",
",",
"it",
"was",
"reported",
"that",
"70",
"%",
"of",
"the",
"jobs",
"for",
"chinese",
"video",
"game",
"illustrator",
"##s",
"had",
"been",
"eliminated",
"by",
"genera",
"##tive",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
".",
"unlike",
"previous",
"waves",
"of",
"automation",
",",
"many",
"middle",
"-",
"class",
"jobs",
"may",
"be",
"eliminated",
"by",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
";",
"the",
"economist",
"stated",
"in",
"2015",
"that",
"\"",
"the",
"worry",
"that",
"ai",
"could",
"do",
"to",
"white",
"-",
"collar",
"jobs",
"what",
"steam",
"power",
"did",
"to",
"blue",
"-",
"collar",
"ones",
"during",
"the",
"industrial",
"revolution",
"\"",
"is",
"\"",
"worth",
"taking",
"seriously",
"\"",
".",
"jobs",
"at",
"extreme",
"risk",
"range",
"from",
"para",
"##leg",
"##als",
"to",
"fast",
"food",
"cooks",
",",
"while",
"job",
"demand",
"is",
"likely",
"to",
"increase",
"for",
"care",
"-",
"related",
"professions",
"ranging",
"from",
"personal",
"healthcare",
"to",
"the",
"clergy",
".",
"from",
"the",
"early",
"days",
"of",
"the",
"development",
"of",
"artificial",
"intelligence",
",",
"there",
"have",
"been",
"arguments",
",",
"for",
"example",
",",
"those",
"put",
"forward",
"by",
"joseph",
"wei",
"##zen",
"##baum",
",",
"about",
"whether",
"tasks",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"done",
"by",
"computers",
"actually",
"should",
"be",
"done",
"by",
"them",
",",
"given",
"the",
"difference",
"between",
"computers",
"and",
"humans",
",",
"and",
"between",
"quantitative",
"calculation",
"and",
"qu",
"##ali",
"##tative",
",",
"value",
"-",
"based",
"judgement",
".",
"it",
"has",
"been",
"argued",
"ai",
"will",
"become",
"so",
"powerful",
"that",
"humanity",
"may",
"ir",
"##re",
"##vers",
"##ibly",
"lose",
"control",
"of",
"it",
".",
"this",
"could",
",",
"as",
"physicist",
"stephen",
"hawk",
"##ing",
"stated",
",",
"\"",
"spell",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"human",
"race",
"\"",
".",
"this",
"scenario",
"has",
"been",
"common",
"in",
"science",
"fiction",
",",
"when",
"a",
"computer",
"or",
"robot",
"suddenly",
"develops",
"a",
"human",
"-",
"like",
"\"",
"self",
"-",
"awareness",
"\"",
"(",
"or",
"\"",
"sent",
"##ience",
"\"",
"or",
"\"",
"consciousness",
"\"",
")",
"and",
"becomes",
"a",
"male",
"##vo",
"##lent",
"character",
".",
"[",
"p",
"]",
"these",
"sci",
"-",
"fi",
"scenarios",
"are",
"misleading",
"in",
"several",
"ways",
".",
"first",
",",
"ai",
"does",
"not",
"require",
"human",
"-",
"like",
"\"",
"sent",
"##ience",
"\"",
"to",
"be",
"an",
"existent",
"##ial",
"risk",
".",
"modern",
"ai",
"programs",
"are",
"given",
"specific",
"goals",
"and",
"use",
"learning",
"and",
"intelligence",
"to"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] | [
{
"start_token_idx": 56,
"end_token_idx": 57,
"identifier": "/wiki/Unemployment",
"tokens": [
"unemployment"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 70,
"end_token_idx": 71,
"identifier": "/wiki/Productivity",
"tokens": [
"productivity"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 73,
"end_token_idx": 78,
"identifier": "/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth",
"tokens": [
"red",
"##ist",
"##ri",
"##bu",
"##ted"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 93,
"end_token_idx": 99,
"identifier": "/wiki/Carl_Benedikt_Frey",
"tokens": [
"carl",
"ben",
"##ed",
"##ik",
"##t",
"frey"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 229,
"end_token_idx": 231,
"identifier": "/wiki/The_Economist",
"tokens": [
"the",
"economist"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 274,
"end_token_idx": 277,
"identifier": "/wiki/Paralegal",
"tokens": [
"para",
"##leg",
"##als"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 325,
"end_token_idx": 329,
"identifier": "/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum",
"tokens": [
"joseph",
"wei",
"##zen",
"##baum"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 394,
"end_token_idx": 397,
"identifier": "/wiki/Stephen_Hawking",
"tokens": [
"stephen",
"hawk",
"##ing"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 400,
"end_token_idx": 407,
"identifier": "/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk",
"tokens": [
"spell",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"human",
"race"
]
},
{
"start_token_idx": 477,
"end_token_idx": 479,
"identifier": "/wiki/Sentience",
"tokens": [
"sent",
"##ience"
]
}
] | [
101,
1999,
1996,
2627,
1010,
2974,
2038,
11121,
2000,
3623,
2738,
2084,
5547,
2561,
6107,
1010,
2021,
22171,
13399,
2008,
1000,
2057,
1005,
2128,
1999,
4895,
7507,
17724,
3700,
1000,
2007,
9932,
1012,
1037,
5002,
1997,
22171,
3662,
18185,
2055,
3251,
1996,
4852,
2224,
1997,
13507,
1998,
9932,
2097,
3426,
1037,
6937,
3623,
1999,
2146,
1011,
2744,
12163,
1010,
2021,
2027,
3227,
5993,
2008,
2009,
2071,
2022,
1037,
5658,
5770,
2065,
15836,
12154,
2024,
2417,
2923,
3089,
8569,
3064,
1012,
3891,
10035,
8137,
1025,
2005,
2742,
1010,
1999,
1996,
26817,
1010,
2745,
16732,
1998,
5529,
3841,
2098,
5480,
2102,
20068,
4358,
4700,
1003,
1997,
1057,
1012,
1055,
1012,
5841,
2024,
2012,
1000,
2152,
3891,
1000,
1997,
4022,
19309,
1010,
2096,
2019,
1051,
8586,
2094,
3189,
6219,
2069,
1023,
1003,
1997,
1057,
1012,
1055,
1012,
5841,
2004,
1000,
2152,
3891,
1000,
1012,
1031,
1051,
1033,
1996,
16134,
1997,
28699,
10924,
2055,
2925,
6107,
3798,
2038,
2042,
10648,
2004,
11158,
10358,
4818,
3192,
1010,
1998,
2005,
20242,
2008,
2974,
1010,
2738,
2084,
2591,
3343,
1010,
9005,
12163,
1010,
2004,
4941,
2000,
2417,
18426,
14767,
1012,
1999,
2258,
16798,
2509,
1010,
2009,
2001,
2988,
2008,
3963,
1003,
1997,
1996,
5841,
2005,
2822,
2678,
2208,
13825,
2015,
2018,
2042,
5892,
2011,
11416,
6024,
7976,
4454,
1012,
4406,
3025,
5975,
1997,
19309,
1010,
2116,
2690,
1011,
2465,
5841,
2089,
2022,
5892,
2011,
7976,
4454,
1025,
1996,
11708,
3090,
1999,
2325,
2008,
1000,
1996,
4737,
2008,
9932,
2071,
2079,
2000,
2317,
1011,
9127,
5841,
2054,
5492,
2373,
2106,
2000,
2630,
1011,
9127,
3924,
2076,
1996,
3919,
4329,
1000,
2003,
1000,
4276,
2635,
5667,
1000,
1012,
5841,
2012,
6034,
3891,
2846,
2013,
11498,
23115,
9777,
2000,
3435,
2833,
26929,
1010,
2096,
3105,
5157,
2003,
3497,
2000,
3623,
2005,
2729,
1011,
3141,
22797,
7478,
2013,
3167,
9871,
2000,
1996,
11646,
1012,
2013,
1996,
2220,
2420,
1997,
1996,
2458,
1997,
7976,
4454,
1010,
2045,
2031,
2042,
9918,
1010,
2005,
2742,
1010,
2216,
2404,
2830,
2011,
3312,
11417,
10431,
14898,
1010,
2055,
3251,
8518,
2008,
2064,
2022,
2589,
2011,
7588,
2941,
2323,
2022,
2589,
2011,
2068,
1010,
2445,
1996,
4489,
2090,
7588,
1998,
4286,
1010,
1998,
2090,
20155,
17208,
1998,
24209,
11475,
27453,
1010,
3643,
1011,
2241,
16646,
1012,
2009,
2038,
2042,
5275,
9932,
2097,
2468,
2061,
3928,
2008,
8438,
2089,
20868,
2890,
14028,
17296,
4558,
2491,
1997,
2009,
1012,
2023,
2071,
1010,
2004,
13702,
4459,
9881,
2075,
3090,
1010,
1000,
6297,
1996,
2203,
1997,
1996,
2529,
2679,
1000,
1012,
2023,
11967,
2038,
2042,
2691,
1999,
2671,
4349,
1010,
2043,
1037,
3274,
2030,
8957,
3402,
11791,
1037,
2529,
1011,
2066,
1000,
2969,
1011,
7073,
1000,
1006,
2030,
1000,
2741,
13684,
1000,
2030,
1000,
8298,
1000,
1007,
1998,
4150,
1037,
3287,
6767,
16136,
2839,
1012,
1031,
1052,
1033,
2122,
16596,
1011,
10882,
16820,
2024,
22369,
1999,
2195,
3971,
1012,
2034,
1010,
9932,
2515,
2025,
5478,
2529,
1011,
2066,
1000,
2741,
13684,
1000,
2000,
2022,
2019,
25953,
4818,
3891,
1012,
2715,
9932,
3454,
2024,
2445,
3563,
3289,
1998,
2224,
4083,
1998,
4454,
2000,
102
] | [
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1
] |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
- Downloads last month
- 2