Task: songer_typeiss

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Your task is to determine the general category of issues discussed in the opinion of the court. Choose among the following categories. Criminal and prisioner petitions- includes appeals of conviction, petitions for post conviction relief, habeas corpus petitions, and other prisoner petitions which challenge the validity of the conviction or the sentence or the validity of continued confinement. Civil - Government - these will include appeals from administrative agencies (e.g., OSHA,FDA), the decisions of administrative law judges, or the decisions of independent regulatory agencies (e.g., NLRB, FCC,SEC). The focus in administrative law is usually on procedural principles that apply to administrative agencies as they affect private interests, primarily through rulemaking and adjudication. Tort actions against the government, including petitions by prisoners which challenge the conditions of their confinement or which seek damages for torts committed by prion officials or by police fit in this category. In addition, this category will include suits over taxes and claims for benefits from government. Diversity of Citizenship - civil cases involving disputes between citizens of different states (remember that businesses have state citizenship). These cases will always involve the application of state or local law. If the case is centrally concerned with the application or interpretation of federal law then it is not a diversity case. Civil Disputes - Private - includes all civil cases that do not fit in any of the above categories. The opposing litigants will be individuals, businesses or groups.

FINNEGAN, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff-appellee, as Trustee in bankruptcy of Garland Construction Company, debtor, filed this action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, on May 15, 1952. He named among other defendants, Harry Freeman and Ker-nal Freeman, appellants, who are co-partners, doing business as Freeman & Freeman.
By the complaint, plaintiff, as trustee of the corporate bankrupt, seeks an accounting from said defendants and a disclosure of all their transactions and dealings with the Garland Construction Company, the bankrupt corporation, and asks for an order restraining and enjoining defendants from transferring, encumbering or in any man-er disposing of their interests in certain property, held in trust and otherwise, and further restraining them from transferring, paying out or in any manner disposing of any funds pertaining to any construction loans or projects in which the bankrupt may have an interest, until the further order of the court.
In this appeal Freeman & Freeman seek to reverse the order of October 1, 1952, issuing a temporary restraining order, because- no provision was made therein requiring appellee to give the security provided for in rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. Rule 65(c) provides as follows:
“No restraining order or preliminary injunction shall issue except upon the giving of security by the applicant, in such sum as the court deems proper, for the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who> is found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained. No such security shall be required of the United States or of an officer or agency thereof. As amended Dec. 27, 1946, effective March 19, 1948.”
As to defendants, Freeman & Freeman, the complaint alleges in substance that the Bankrupt, Garland Construction Company, has been engaged in the acquisition of parcels of land in various suburbs of the Chicago area, and the erection thereon of small homes; that on or about February 15, 1950, the Bankrupt corporation retained the defendants, Harry Freeman and Kernal Freeman as its attorneys; that plaintiff is informed and believes that, commencing February 17, 1950, and prior to August 15, 1950, Freeman & Freeman advanced to the Bankrupt corporation the sum of $8,300 as a loan to assist in its operations and, thereafter, loaned and advanced various other sums; that in return for such cash advances by Freeman & Freeman the Bankrupt corporation transferred virtually all of its assets to them; also on information and belief, the plaintiff charges that although the Bankrupt paid the consideration therefor, Freeman & Freeman became the beneficial owners of certain parcels of real estate located in DuPage County, Illinois, Lake Zurich and Mundelein, Illinois, which were held in trust by the Central National Bank of Chicago; that in furtherance of a plan, Freeman & Freeman secured from the Bankrupt an assignment to them of all moneys out of various construction loans and mortgages due to Bankrupt for certain improvements it had built upon said lots; that acting under an instrument of assignment, Freeman & Freeman collected from various lending and banking institutions, and from an insurance company, a total of $89,221.99 while they loaned to the Bankrupt corporation only the sum of $43,750; that subsequent to the filing of the Petition in Bankruptcy Freeman & Freeman withdrew moneys from loan accounts maintained by S. Yondorf & Company, and that there are undistributed loan balances with said company, which although assigned to Freeman & Freeman, rightfully belong to the Bankrupt; that Freeman & Freeman are now operating the Wheaton Subdivision, a prosperous enterprise, in which the Bankrupt had invested $25,000; that by virtue of their transactions with the Bankrupt, Freeman & Freeman have profited and will profit to an extent in excess of $100,000, and that all transfers of property from the filing of the Petition in Bankruptcy, are fraudulent against the Bankrupt’s creditors within the purview of sec. 67, sub. d(2) of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U.S.C.A. § 107, sub. d(2), and should be set aside.
In their answer to the complaint, defendants Freeman & Freeman, deny that the parcels of real estate were ever the property of the Bankrupt or that the Bankrupt had ever paid any part of the consideration for said property, but aver that said property was paid for entirely by Harry Freeman and Kernal Freeman; they deny that they ever received from the Bankrupt any moneys in excess of what they loaned to it, and allege that in truth and in fact, at the time of the filing of the Petition in Bankruptcy, the Bankrupt was indebted to Freeman & Freeman in an amount in excess of $42,000.
Plaintiff contends: (1) that Rule 65(c) is not applicable to the instant case because it is inconsistent with the Bankruptcy Act; (2) that in a court of bankruptcy, the court may dispense with an injunction bond being given by a trustee in bankruptcy in a plenary suit.
In his brief and on oral argument in this court, plaintiff, in support of his first contention, argues that this plenary suit is a bankruptcy proceeding brought in a Bankruptcy Court under authority of sec. 67, sub. e, of the Bankruptcy Act.
Section 67, sub. e, sec. 107, title 11 U.S. C.A., provides:
“For the purpose of any recovery or avoidance under this section, where plenary proceedings are necessary, any State court which would have had jurisdiction if bankruptcy had not intervened and any court of bankruptcy shall have concurrent jurisdiction.”
Appellee then cites Rule 81(a) (1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides as follows:
“(a) To What Proceedings Applicable.
“(1) These rules do not apply to proceedings in admiralty. They do not apply to proceedings in bankruptcy or proceedings in copyright under Title 17, U.S.C. except in so far as they may be made applicable thereto by rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of the United States. * * * ”
The Supreme Court promulgated General Orders in Bankruptcy and number 37 of said General Orders, 11 U.S.C.A. following section 53, provides that:
“In proceedings under the Act the Rules of Civil Procedure for the District Courts of the United States shall, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the Act or with these general orders, be followed as nearly as may be. íj; í¡< ff
Appellee says that rule 65(c), is not applicable, it being inconsistent with the Bankruptcy Act because the Act grants broad powers of restraint and injunction without requiring the posting of bond; that the bond requirement under rule 65(c), is not found in the Bankruptcy Act, hence, he reasons, it will place a limitation upon the powers of the Court of Bankruptcy. He cites no authority for his conclusion, nor does he point to any provisions of the Bankruptcy Act upon which a limitation might be placed by enforcing rule 65(c).
Is a plenary suit a proceeding in bankruptcy? Defendants say it is not. In Westall v. Avery, 4 Cir., 171 F. 626 at page 628, the Court of Appeals said:
“ * * * it js also well settled that a proceeding instituted by a bankrupt’s trustee to set aside fraudulent conveyances or illegal preferences is not a proceeding in bankruptcy, but, while ancillary to such proceeding and authorized, by the bankrupt act to be instituted in either the federal District Court or in a state court of competent jurisdiction, it must be governed, so far as pleading and practice is concerned, by the laws and rules of the court wherein it is instituted.”
See Kraver v. Abrahams, D.C.Pa., 203 F. 782; Pond v. New York National Exch. Bank, D.C.N.Y., 124 F. 992; McNulty v. Feingold, D.C.Pa., 129 F. 1001. In Remington on Bankruptcy, Vol. 5, sec. 2188, page 315, the author says: “Plenary suits by Trustees are not Proceedings in bankruptcy,” but are “controversies” arising out of bankruptcy proceedings. In Collier on Bankruptcy, Vol. 4, sec. 67, page 390, we find the following statement:
“A plenary suit instituted by the trustee under 67(e) has been said to be ‘not a proceeding in bankruptcy, but is ancillary to such proceedings and authorized by the Bankruptcy Act to be instituted in either the Federal District Court or in a State Court of competent jurisdiction * * * ’ ”.
And on page 391:
“So far as plenary suits brought in a bankruptcy court under sec. 67(e) are concerned, matters of pleading and practice will be governed as nearly as may be by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, under the terms of General Order 37.”
A plenary suit is not a summary action. Sec. 67 sub. e, makes provision for separate suits where they are necessary to bring claimed assets into the hands of the Trustee. If summary action by the trial court could control the issue here present, why bring the plenary action?
In Cline v. Kaplan, 323 U.S. 97, 65 S.Ct. 155, 156, 89 L.Ed. 97, the Court said:
“A bankruptcy court has the power to adjudicate summarily rights and claims to property which is in the actual or constructive possession of the court.”
But in the case at bar, the court has no control over the property described in the complaint at this time. The purpose of the suit is to determine whether any or all of the property should be turned over to the Trustee.
Plaintiff further contends that in a court of bankruptcy the court may dispense with an injunction bond being given by a trustee in bankruptcy in a plenary suit. He cites the case In re Barrett, D.C., 132 F. 362, in support of his contention. That case was decided by the District Court of Tennessee about 35 years before the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were enacted and cannot be considered as an authority in view of rule 65(c).
This rule makes no exceptions to applicants for injunction. It does provide that no such security shall be given by the United States or of any officer or agency thereof. If the Supreme Court had intended to except trustees in bankruptcy in plenary actions, or others from the operation of the rule, it would have so provided.
Section 18 of 38 Stat. 730-738, provides:
“ * * * no restraining order or interlocutory order of injunction shall issue, except upon the giving of security by the applicant in such sum as the court or judge may deem proper, conditioned upon the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who may be found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained thereby.”
This section was construed in Robinson v. Benbow, 4 Cir., 298 F. 561, at page 572, wherein the court stated:
“At the time the bill was presented to the learned judge below, he, of course, was bound to assume that its important allegations would be sustained by adequate testimony; but even upon the assumption that the plaintiff upon his showing might have been entitled to some form of restraining order, none should have been issued without demanding from him the bond required by the express terms of the Clayton Act (38 Stat. 730).”
The above quoted provision of the Clayton Act was incorporated in the Judicial Code, Title 28, Chap. 10, sec. 382, which reads:
“Except as otherwise provided in section 26 of Title 15, no restraining order or interlocutory order of injunction shall issue, except upon the giving of security by the applicant in such sum as the court or judge may deem proper, conditioned upon the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who may be found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained thereby.”
In Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414— 440, 64 S.Ct. 660, 675, 88 L.Ed. 834, the Supreme Court said:
“Even in suits in which only private interests are involved the award is a matter of sound judicial discretion, in the exercise of which the court balances the conveniences of the parties and possible injuries to them according as they may be affected by the granting or withholding of the injunction. (Citing cases.) And it will avoid such inconvenience and injury so far as may be, by attaching conditions to the award, such as the requirement of an injunction bond conditioned upon payment of any damage caused by the injunction if the plaintiff’s contentions are not sustained. (Citing cases.)” See Doeskin Products v. United Paper Co., 7 Cir., 195 F.2d 356-358.
It appears from the restraining order issued by the District Court on October 1, 1952, that its primary purpose was to maintain the status quo, pending the adjudication of the issues presented by the complaint and answer, or until the further order of the court. This being a plenary action, summary jurisdiction does not attach, and a temporary restraining order should not issue without compliance with rule 65(c). To us, the rule seems plain, definite and unmistakable. There is nothing ambiguous about it.
We conclude that the trial court committed error in issuing the temporary restraining order without providing for security as required by rule 65(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The judgment appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded.

Question: What is the general category of issues discussed in the opinion of the court?
A. criminal and prisoner petitions
B. civil - government
C. diversity of citizenship
D. civil - private
E. other, not applicable
F. not ascertained
Answer:

Answer: D