Task: songer_judrev

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals. You will be asked a question pertaining to issues that may appear in civil law issues involving government actors. The issue is: "Did the court conclude the decision was subject to judicial review?" While questions of fact are subject to limited review, questions of law are subject to full review. The problem becomes determining which are clear questions of law or fact as they are often "mixed". Answer the question based on the directionality of the appeals court decision. If the court discussed the issue in its opinion and answered the related question in the affirmative, answer "Yes". If the issue was discussed and the opinion answered the question negatively, answer "No". If the opinion considered the question but gave a mixed answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part, answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion does not discuss the issue, or notes that a particular issue was raised by one of the litigants but the court dismissed the issue as frivolous or trivial or not worthy of discussion for some other reason, answer "Issue not discussed". If the opinion considered the question but gave a "mixed" answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part (or if two issues treated separately by the court both fell within the area covered by one question and the court answered one question affirmatively and one negatively), answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion either did not consider or discuss the issue at all or if the opinion indicates that this issue was not worthy of consideration by the court of appeals even though it was discussed by the lower court or was raised in one of the briefs, answer "Issue not discussed".

PER CURIAM:
The defendant, convicted in the Eastern District of Virginia, of participation in a conspiracy to distribute narcotics, objects that the testimony does not show that he was ever in Virginia.
The testimony does show that he was selling narcotics of substantial quantities to two co-conspirators who were distributing them at retail in Franklin, Virginia, almost 200 miles from the District of Columbia. Each purchase from Snead was arranged in advance by telephone calls to him from his co-conspirators who sought his advice about such things as retail pricing. One of the co-conspirators testified to a telephone call received from Snead which had been placed either to her or to the other co-conspirator.
From all of this, it was clearly inferable that Snead knew that his co-conspirators were distributing the drugs in the Eastern District of Virginia. Even if he did not know, however, each member of the conspiracy is responsible for the acts of the others in furtherance of the conspiracy, and all conspirators may be tried where any of those acts are performed. Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347, 32 S.Ct. 793, 56 L.Ed. 1114 (1912);'' see generally 1 C. Wright, Federal Practice & Procedure § 303 (1969).
Complaint is made of the fact that bench conferences were not taken down by the reporter. Counsel was informed that he could dictate the substance of each conference to a reporter during recesses and defense counsel availed himself of that opportunity with respect to some of the bench conferences.
A statute, 28 U.S.C. § 753(b), requires the recording “verbatim by shorthand or by mechanical means which may be augmented by electronic sound recording . [of] all proceedings in criminal cases had in open court . . . .” (Emphasis added.) The direction is simple and clear; the statute should be obeyed. See United States v. Jenkins, 442 F.2d 429, 438 (5 Cir. 1967); Casalman v. Upchurch, 386 F.2d 813 (5 Cir. 1967); Calhoun v. United States, 384 F.2d 180 (5 Cir. 1967); Brown v. United States, 314 F.2d 293 (10 Cir. 1963).
Our examination of the record in this case convinces us that no actual prejudice resulted in this instance, but the practice of noncompliance with the statute seems fraught with potential for mistake and possible prejudice, particularly if bench conferences are frequent and numerous and recesses infrequent. It may be too much to place upon defense counsel the burden for accurately summarizing those conferences which may be important to the presentation of an appeal. However, not only does the record not reveal any prejudice, but counsel was unable to suggest any on the basis of the conferences which do not appear in the record. Since we find no prejudice to the defendant in this ease, a new trial will not be required.
We have examined the other contentions and found them meritless.
Affirmed.

Question: Did the court conclude the decision was subject to judicial review? While questions of fact are subject to limited review, questions of law are subject to full review. The problem becomes determining which are clear questions of law or fact as they are often "mixed".
A. No
B. Yes
C. Mixed answer
D. Issue not discussed
Answer:

Answer: D