Task: songer_confess

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals. The issue is: "Did the court conclude that a confession or an incriminating statement was improperly admitted? Consider only incriminating statements made by the defendant." Answer the question based on the directionality of the appeals court decision. If the court discussed the issue in its opinion and answered the related question in the affirmative, answer "Yes". If the issue was discussed and the opinion answered the question negatively, answer "No". If the opinion considered the question but gave a mixed answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part, answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion does not discuss the issue, or notes that a particular issue was raised by one of the litigants but the court dismissed the issue as frivolous or trivial or not worthy of discussion for some other reason, answer "Issue not discussed". If the opinion considered the question but gave a "mixed" answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part (or if two issues treated separately by the court both fell within the area covered by one question and the court answered one question affirmatively and one negatively), answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion either did not consider or discuss the issue at all or if the opinion indicates that this issue was not worthy of consideration by the court of appeals even though it was discussed by the lower court or was raised in one of the briefs, answer "Issue not discussed". If the court answered the question in the affirmative, but the error articulated by the court was judged to be harmless, answer "Yes, but error was harmless". 

ALDRICH, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal by a defendant convicted on a fifteen-count information under 49 U.S.C.A. § 322(a) for aiding and abetting a partnership of whiph he was the managing member in operating as a contract carrier by motor vehicle in interstate commerce without a permit in violation of Title 49, § 309(a). The defendant has a permit for moving goods in interstate commerce, but only within Massachusetts. The basic facts concerning out-of-state operation, and the lack of a further permit, were admitted. The defense was that the operation in question was pursuant to a valid lease of the equipment which caused the shipper to become a private carrier under the Act. The defense centers, however, around two preliminary matters. One is that the ICC representative obtained the documents upon which the claim of violation is based by unlawful search and seizure. The other is a claim, in various forms, that “primary jurisdiction” is. in the ICC. There is nothing in either point.
On February 5, 1960, one Martin, a district supervisor for the ICC, Bureau of Motor Carriers, came to the combined place of business and home of the defendant and requested admission. I-Ié introduced himself, showing his credentials, and stated that the purpose of his visit was to make a routine compliance survey and a safety survey. He was invited in and offered full access to - the defendant’s records. According to the defendant’s own testimony, when Martin discovered' the so-called leases and learned that defendant was operating thereunder outside the state he abandoned all other inquiries and concentrated on that subject, telling defendant that in his opinion the lease operation was “illegal.” On two subsequent days that month Martin returned. Defendant made no objection and allowed him to take the pertinent documents for copying.
The basis of defendant’s constitutional complaint is not clear. He testified that an attorney for the shipper had informed him that the leases were “all right,” and consequently he did not realize that his cooperation with Martin might lead to his present difficulties. Seemingly, he thinks Martin should have disabused him more fully. There was no such duty, at least where there was no misleading by the agent. United States v. Sclafani, 2 Cir., 1959, 265 F.2d 408, 414-415, cert. den. 360 U.S. 918, 79 S.Ct. 1436, 3 L.Ed.2d 1534; cf. Chieftain Pontiac Corp. v. Julian, 1 Cir., 1954, 209 F.2d 657. He also testified that it was his belief that Martin was entitled to the information furnished. This belief was, of course entirely correct. 49 U.S.C.A. § 320(d); United States v. Alabama Highway Express, D.C.N.D.Ala.1942, 46 F.Supp. 450. There was no violation of defendant’s constitutional rights.
It is true that under a doctrine sometimes miscalled “primary jurisdiction” it is occasionally appropriate for the court to call first upon the expertise of the administrative agency rather than resolve some specialized question itself. See Far East Conference v. United States, 1952, 342 U.S. 570, 72 S.Ct. 492, 96 L.Ed. 576; 3 Davis, Administrative Law §§ 1901, 1902 (1958). Whatever may be the force of this principle, particularly in criminal cases, cf. United States v. Pacific & Arctic Ry. & Nav. Co., 1913, 228 U.S. 87, 107, 33 S.Ct. 443, 57 L.Ed. 742, it cannot go beyond its stated purpose. In the case at bar the court needed no instructions from the ICC to conclude that the document under which the partnership was operating was not a lease. The lease, although described as for the term of one year, was per job only, the lessor operating on its own account except when a particular shipment was tendered. The lessor paid all operating expenses, including registration, taxes and insurance (which was in its name alone) and attended to the loading, unloading, driving, departure time and route. The shipper as “lessee,” had no possession of the vehicle. All it did was to furnish the goods, state the destination, and pay a fixed charge per freight mile. The court required no advice from the administrative agency to conclude that the defendant was a contract carrier within the plain statutory definition. 49 U.S. C.A. § 303(a) (15).
Affirmed.
. If a distinction is to be drawn between inspecting and borrowing to copy, the short answer is that the defendant voluntarily permitted the latter. Centracchio v. Garrity, 1 Cir., 1952, 198 F.2d 382, cert. den. 344 U.S. 866, 73 S.Ct. 108, 97 L.Ed. 672.

Question: Did the court conclude that a confession or an incriminating statement was improperly admitted? Consider only incriminating statements made by the defendant.
A. No
B. Yes
C. Yes, but error was harmless
D. Mixed answer
E. Issue not discussed
Answer:

Answer: A