Task: songer_geniss

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Your task is to identify the issue in the case, that is, the social and/or political context of the litigation in which more purely legal issues are argued. Put somewhat differently, this field identifies the nature of the conflict between the litigants. The focus here is on the subject matter of the controversy rather than its legal basis. Consider the following categories: "criminal" (including appeals of conviction, petitions for post conviction relief, habeas corpus petitions, and other prisoner petitions which challenge the validity of the conviction or the sentence), "civil rights" (excluding First Amendment or due process; also excluding claims of denial of rights in criminal proceeding or claims by prisoners that challenge their conviction or their sentence (e.g., habeas corpus petitions are coded under the criminal category); does include civil suits instituted by both prisoners and callable non-prisoners alleging denial of rights by criminal justice officials), "First Amendment", "due process" (claims in civil cases by persons other than prisoners, does not include due process challenges to government economic regulation), "privacy", "labor relations", "economic activity and regulation", and "miscellaneous".

PER CURIAM.
This is an appeal from an order dismissing after hearing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed by a person imprisoned by a Maryland state court as punishment for the crime of murder. It appears that appellant was duly convicted of murder by a jury in a trial had in the Maryland court where he was properly represented by competent counsel appointed by the court. His complaint is that evidence of a witness tending to establish an alibi in his behalf was not introduced on the trial. There is nothing to indicate, however, that the trial was not properly conducted, that appellant was not adequately represented by counsel or that any ground exists which would justify a federal court in treating the trial as a nullity and ordering the discharge of the prisoner. It is too well settled to justify discussion that habeas corpus in a federal court may not be used to retry issues properly heard and disposed of in a state court trial. The petition for habeas corpus and the appeal from the order of discharge are, therefore, entirely lacking in merit. The judge below properly declined for this reason to grant the appellant the certificate of probable cause required by 28 U.S.C.A. § 2253 as prerequisite to the right of appeal; and without such certificate we are without jurisdiction to entertain the appeal, which will accordingly be dismissed. Berman v. Swenson, Warden, 4 Cir., 177 F.2d 717; Bernard v. Brady, Warden, 4 Cir., 164 F.2d 881.
Appeal dismissed.

Question: What is the general issue in the case?
A. criminal
B. civil rights
C. First Amendment
D. due process
E. privacy
F. labor relations
G. economic activity and regulation
H. miscellaneous
Answer:

Answer: A