Task: songer_r_fed

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the respondent is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY.322
A. The Local 560 Litigation.322
B. Events Leading to Issuance of the Permanent Injunction Against Sciarra.324
C. Summary.328
II. SCIARRA’S PROCEDURAL OBJECTIONS.328
III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT ISSUANCE OF THE
PERMANENT INJUNCTION.330
A. What the Government Must Prove to Obtain Modification of the Injunction.331
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence.333
IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF THE IANIELLO/ANDRETTA TAPES AGAINST SCIARRA.337
A. Were Sciarra and the Genovese Family Members Co-Conspirators?... 338
B. Were the Statements Made During the Course of the Conspiracy?... 338
V. LOCAL 560’S STANDING TO OBJECT TO THE INJUNCTION.339
A. Overview of Organizational Standing.339
B. Concrete Injury.340
C. Relationship to Organizational Purpose.341
PAGE
VI. LOCAL 560’S FIRST AMENDMENT OBJECTIONS TO THE INJUNCTION.342
A. Introduction. 03 CO
B. Does the Injunction Violate Local 560’s Members’ Associational Rights?. 03 CO
1. Is There a Compelling Governmental Interest?. CO CO
2. Is the Injunction Sufficiently Narrowly Tailored?. ^ CO
a. Ban on Officeholding. Tji CO
b. Other Restrictions of the Injunction. Tjl ^ CO
VII.LOCAL 560’S OBJECTIONS TO THE INJUNCTION BASED ON LMRDA.. ^ CO
A. Section 411(a)(1). o ^ CO
B. Section 411(a)(2)..... CO
VIII.VALIDITY OF THE INJUNCTION UNDER RICO. 347.
IX.CONCLUSION...348
OPINION OF THE COURT ■
BECKER, Circuit Judge.
This case arises from the government’s ongoing effort to purge Local 560, International Brotherhood of Teamsters (“Local 560,” or “the local”), of the influence of organized crime. Through the use of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 1961 to 1968 (West, 1984 and 1992 Supp.), the government has, over the past ten years, succeeded in imposing a trusteeship on the local and in obtaining court orders enjoining corrupt individuals from participating in the affairs of Local 560. This appeal concerns the government’s efforts to prevent Michael Sciarra, a former Local 560 president and business agent alleged to have links to organized crime, from participating in the -union’s affairs.
The government presented evidence to the district court that, despite prior injunctions issued against some of Local 560’s members, including Sciarra, Sciarra was undeterred in his efforts to retain a role in Local 560 for the Genovese organized crime family. As a result, the district court issued a detailed permanent injunction which enjoined Sciarra from, among other things, holding any position of trust in the local and from attempting to influence the local’s affairs. Both Sciarra and Local 560 appeal from the entry of the injunction against him.
Sciarra points out that the government never filed a formal complaint in the district court pursuant to Rule 3 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“FRCP”) in seeking this latest injunction, and submits that the district court therefore lacked subject matter jurisdiction to issue it. He also argues that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that he was frustrating the purposes of the original, less restrictive injunction issued against him, and that the district court was therefore not entitled to issue this more drastic injunction. Finally, he contends that tapes of recorded conversations between Genovese Family members, which were considered by the district court in deciding to issue the injunction, were erroneously admitted as co-conspirator statements under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) of the Federal Rules of Evidence (“FRE”).
The government responds that its complaint in this portion of the ongoing Local 560 action was an amendment to the original complaint and that, therefore, no new complaint was necessary to initiate this portion of the litigation. Further, the government points to several pieces of evidence which suggest that Sciarra had corrupt dealings with organized crime after entry of the initial injunction against him and contends that this evidence is sufficient to support the more drastic injunctive relief granted by the district court. Finally, the government submits that the tape-recorded conversations admitted against Sciarra were properly received as co-conspirators’ statements under FRE 801(d)(2)(E).
On behalf of its membership, Local 560 objects to the injunction because, it claims, the injunction impermissibly infringes on its members’ First Amendment associational rights. The local also urges that the injunction infringes on its members’ statutorily protected rights under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), 29 USCA §§ 401 to 531 (West, 1985 and 1992 Supp), and that section 1964(a) of RICO does not authorize such an injunction. The government concedes that the injunction will infringe on the associational rights of Local 560’s membership under the First Amendment and LMRDA, but argues that the injunction is justified because it is narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest.
For the reasons that follow, we reject the claims of Sciarra and the local and will affirm the judgment of the district court in all respects.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. The Local 560 Litigation
Although the government here seeks an injunction only against Sciarra, a review of the lengthy government-initiated litigation against Local 560 is necessary to understand the issues in the present appeal.
In March 1982, the government filed a civil complaint against twelve individuals affiliated with Local 560 who, the government alleged, were involved in facilitating organized crime’s control of Local 560. Five of these individuals — Anthony Proven-zano, Nunzio Provenzano, Steven Andretta, Thomas Andretta, and Gabriel Briguglio— were alleged to be associates of the “Pro-venzano Group,” an organization affiliated with the Genovese organized crime family. The remaining seven defendants — Salvatore Provenzano, Joseph Sheridan, Josephine Provenzano, J.W. Dildine, Thomas Reynolds, Stanley Jaronko, and Michael Sciarra — were the members of the Executive Board of Local 560 at the time. The government claimed that this latter group of individuals had aided and abetted the Provenzano group in using Local 560 for corrupt ends.
In its complaint, the government alleged that all twelve individuals had violated 18 U.S.C.A. § 1962(c) by engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity, which included murder, numerous acts of extortion, and labor racketeering. See United States v. Local 560 (IBT), 581 F.Supp. 279, 333-34 (DNJ 1984). The government sought in-junctive relief under 18 U.S.C.A. § 1964(a) which would prohibit the five members of the Provenzano Group from having any dealings with Local 560 or its membership. Against the remaining seven individuals, the government sought an injunction barring them from acting in any official capacity on behalf of Local 560. The government further sought to impose a trusteeship on Local 560; the trustee would perform all the functions of the former Executive Board until the environment in the union was appropriate for a free election.
In 1984, after a lengthy trial, the district court granted the relief that the government sought. As a result, the members of the Provenzano Group were prohibited from having any dealings with Local 560. Michael Sciarra and the six other members of the Executive Board were prohibited from acting in an official capacity on behalf of Local 560. Additionally, the court imposed a trusteeship “for such time as is necessary to foster the conditions under which reasonably free supervised elections can be held, presumptively for eighteen months.” See Local 560, 581 F.Supp. at 337.
The imposition of the trusteeship was stayed until all appeals had been resolved. We affirmed the issuance of that injunction. See Local 560, 780 F.2d at 267. On June 23, 1986, the trusteeship was put in place. Thus, more than two years passed between the district court’s order calling for a trusteeship and the actual creation of the trusteeship. During that time, Michael Sciarra succeeded Salvatore Provenzano as the president of Local 560. As we will see, Sciarra’s actions during the two years that he was president of the local are relevant to the determination whether he should now be enjoined from participating in all the affairs of Local 560.
Several orders sought by the government during the ongoing trusteeship of Local 560 generated controversies that required the district court’s and our consideration and are relevant to the present appeal. Among these was an order to show cause issued by the district court in 1988 against Sciarra and Joseph Sheridan, another of the allegedly corrupt officials of Local 560. The order required Sciarra and Sheridan to show cause why they should not be compelled to submit to oral depositions concerning their stewardship during the two-year period in which Sciarra served as president while the appeal was pending. The district judge issued the order at the government’s request and over the objection of Sciarra and Sheridan. On appeal, we affirmed the order to show cause because Sciarra and Sheridan had not demonstrated Article III injury. See Sciarra, 851 F.2d 621.
During the period of trusteeship, the trustee, Edwin Stier, attempted to create an environment in Local 560 in which uninhibited union democracy could flourish. His efforts were vigorously opposed by a group known as Teamsters for Liberty, which severely criticized the trusteeship. Among the Teamsters for Liberty’s adherents were Sciarra, Sheridan, and other individuals who had formerly been found to be under the influence of the Provenzano Group. Despite the emergence of these anti-trusteeship forces, Trustee Stier concluded in 1988, that Local 560 was sufficiently purged of corruption and intimidation to permit free elections. Pursuant to an order obtained from the district court, Stier scheduled an election for officers of the Executive Board, to be held in November 1988.
The Teamsters for Liberty proposed to run Sciarra and Sheridan for Local 560 President and Vice President, respectively, in the November 1988 election. The government, concerned that Sciarra and Sheridan would return control of the local to the Provenzano Group and the Genovese Family, sought an injunction against the candidacies of both men. It did so by filing an “Application for Additional Relief” with the district court. In the Application, the government asserted that Sciarra had remained under the influence of the Ge-novese Family during the*period in which he served as president of Local 560. The Application further alleged that the Ge-novese Family had designs on Local 560 and that Sciarra was crucial in their plan to reassert control.
The district court treated the government’s Application as a motion to amend or supplement the complaint pursuant to Rule 15(a) of the FRCP. After conducting a hearing in September 1988, the court agreed with the government that Local 560 might again become corrupt if a Sciar-ra/Sheridan ticket were to be victorious; the court therefore temporarily enjoined Sciarra and Sheridan from running in the upcoming election. See Local 560, 694 F.Supp. at 1158. We affirmed the issuance of that temporary injunction by judgment order. See Local 560 (IBT), 865 F.2d 253.
Undaunted, the Teamsters for Liberty nominated Daniel Sciarra, Michael Sciarra’s brother, to run for President of Local 560 and Mark Sheridan, Joseph Sheridan’s nephew, to run for Vice President. The election was held on December 6, 1988. In balloting that was apparently fair, the Teamsters for Liberty candidates won. Upon assuming office in January 1989, the new Executive Board almost immediately appointed Michael Sciarra and Joseph Sheridan business agents of the local. The government obtained an order that required both Joseph Sheridan and Michael Sciarra to show cause why they should not be prohibited from holding office in Local 560. The district court initially concluded that there was insufficient evidence to enjoin Sciarra and Sheridan from holding the office of business agent, and both men began serving in that capacity.
A little more than a year later, in early 1990, the government entered into an agreement with Joseph Sheridan whereby Sheridan consented to resign as a business agent of Local 560 and to cease attempting to influence its affairs. The government apparently sought the agreement because it believed that Sheridan was still involved in corrupt activitjes. In February 1990, the government moved, on the basis of new evidence, to bar Michael Sciarra from holding any position of trust in the union. The district court, after holding a hearing, granted a preliminary injunction prohibiting Sciarra from “continuing as a Local 560 business agent, from holding any other position within Local 560 and from seeking to exert influence or control over the affairs of Local 560 or any of its benefit plans.” See United States v. Local 560 (IBT), 736 F.Supp. 601, 613 (D.N.J.1990).
Shortly thereafter, the court began proceedings to determine whether a permanent injunction should issue. After a trial, at which both sides offered evidence, the district court concluded that any exercise of influence by Sciarra would be dangerous to the corruption-free environment of Local 560. Based on section 1964(a) of RICO, the court therefore enjoined Sciarra as follows: Michael Sciarra... is hereby permanently enjoined and prohibited from doing any of the following, to wit:
1. From serving in or otherwise holding any position of trust or employment within and from rendering any form of service (whether or not for remuneration) to Local 560 (IBT) or any of its benefit plans;
2. From attending and otherwise participating in any membership meeting, function or rally — including any public or private demonstration of support for any strike action — sponsored by or otherwise involving Local 560 (IBT), provided, however, that he shall not be precluded from casting a ballot in any election or on any questions if that can be done without attending a meeting of the membership;
3. From attending and otherwise participating in any political rally, fund-raiser or other function of whatever kind or description relating to the political affairs of Local 560 (IBT);
4. From otherwise endeavoring, directly or indirectly, to influence the affairs of Local 560 or any of its benefit plans; and
5. From frequenting the union hall at 707 Summit Avenue, Union City, New Jersey except to the minimum extent necessary to discharge, without any unreasonable delay, a matter of personal union membership-related business, providing that any such matter cannot be reasonably discharged by means of telephone or correspondence.
Both Sciarra and Local 560 have appealed from the entry of this permanent injunction. We have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1291 (West, 1966 and 1992 Supp.).
B. Events Leading to Issuance of the Permanent Injunction Against Sci-arra
The facts justifying entry of the original injunction against Sciarra in 1984, which prohibited him from representing Local 560 in an official capacity, are detailed in the district court’s original opinion. See Local 560, 581 F.Supp. at 302-03, 325. It suffices to say for present purposes that Sciarra was involved in creating a corrupt environment in Local 560 before 1982. His own testimony at the first proceeding that he would welcome members of the Provenza-no Group back into Local 560 even though they had ordered the murders of those who opposed their interests and had corrupted Local 560, see id, was sufficient to justify entering the initial injunction against him under 18 U.S.C.A. § 1964(a).
In this appeal, however, we are concerned primarily with Sciarra’s conduct after the district court entered the initial injunction. To expand the scope of the injunctive relief against Sciarra, the government must show that events subsequent to that injunction justify additionaf relief. In the present phase, the district court found that, despite the first injunction, Sciarra was undeterred in his willingness to open Local 560 to the corrupting influence of the Genovese Family and the Provenzano Group. This conclusion was based on evidence adduced at various proceedings before the district court which suggested that Sciarra is under the influence of the Genovese Family and that he, in turn, can control the local with minimal contact, and thereby return Local 560 to Genovese Family control. More specifically, the district court held that several pieces of evidence, which we now detail, demonstrated an ongoing violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 1964 that justifies prohibiting Sciarra from attempting to influence the local in any way.
1. Intercepted Wire Conversations
First, the district court relied on a series of tape-recorded conversations between various individuals affiliated with the Pro-venzano Group and the Genovese Family. The government claims that the conversations, which primarily concerned the Pro-venzano Group’s efforts to retain control over Local 560 after entry of the district court’s injunction, demonstrate the continued involvement of Sciarra in organized crime.
The tapes recorded the following conversations: 1) a conversation between Matthew Ianiello, a so-called “captain” in the Genovese Family, and Stanley Jaronko, a member of the Executive Board of Local 560, concerning how the Genovese Family would retain control over the local after the district court’s initial decision imposing the trusteeship; 2) two conversations between Ianiello and Stephen Andretta, also concerning how the Genovese Family could retain control over Local 560; and 3) a conversation among Anthony Salerno, the then-boss of the Genovese Family, Louis Gatto, a captain in the Family, and two other individuals concerning how the Ge-novese Family could retain control over Local 560. During all four of these conversations, the participants discussed controlling the local through “Michael,” “Mike,” “Mikey,” or “Mikey Sciarra.”
The district court agreed with the government that the tapes demonstrated that the Genovese Family was attempting to maintain control over Local 560 by controlling Michael Sciarra:
The tapes constitute strong evidence that the Genovese Crime Family intended to maintain its control over Local 560 during the pendency of the appeal from Judge Ackerman’s March 16, 1984 Judgment Order, during any period of trusteeship, and thereafter. The tapes constitute strong evidence that this control was to be exercised through Anthony Salerno’s caporegime Matthew Ianiello and that Ianiello, upon the advice of Stephen Andretta, selected Michael Sciarra to be the man on the scene at Local 560 to whom orders and instructions could be given.
Local 560, 694 F.Supp. at 1178.
2. The New England Motor Freight “Sweetheart” Deal
The government also presented evidence in the district court that there was a “sweetheart” relationship between Local 560 and a trucking company, New England Motor Freight (NEMF), from 1975 through mid-1986, and that Sciarra facilitated the relationship during its latter stages. NEMF was party to a collective bargaining agreement with a bargaining unit affiliated with Local 560. Moreover, until 1977, NEMF was party to the Teamsters National Master Freight Agreement (NMFA), the industry-wide agreement governing the trucking industry. The government presented evidence that during the 1970s, Myron Shevell, NEMF’s president, cultivated a corrupt relationship with various officials inside Local 560, including Anthony Provenzano and Stephen Andretta. The leadership of Local 560 agreed with Shevell in the late 1970’s to allow NEMF to deviate from the NMFA in its employment practices. This allowed NEMF to expand its non-unionized workforce and gradually to decrease the size of the Local 560 collective bargaining unit that was working at NEMF. Although the record is not entirely clear on this point, the leadership of Local 560 apparently received some benefit in return.
Evidence presented in the district court suggested that the corrupt arrangement between Local 560 and NEMF continued beyond the entry of the initial injunction in 1984. Three pieces of evidence link the corrupt post-injunction dealings between NEMF and Local 560 during this period to Sciarra.
First, in 1983, Salvatore (“Sammy”) Pro-venzano, then the president of Local 560, became disenchanted with the local’s arrangement with NEMF and directed that a grievance be filed against NEMF alleging unfair labor practices. The grievance asserted that all NEMF warehousemen and drivers were covered by the NMFA and that NEMF, in deviating from the terms of the NMFA, had engaged in an unfair labor practice. But not everyone in the Proven-zano Group and the Genovese Family was pleased by the souring of relations between Local 560 and NEMF. The recorded conversations between Ianiello and Andretta reveal that they wanted to undo Provenza-no’s effort to punish NEMF through the grievance procedure. Ianiello suggested a way to do so during their December 7, 1984 conversation:
Ianiello: Michael’s business. Let’s let Michael try to square it (unintelligible).
Andretta: Sammy [Provenzano], but Sammy got shoved out of the office. He’s gotta step down, he kept pushing the guy. Instead of letting him go, nobody gets in trouble.
Ianiello: Yeah, I wanted to do it.
Andretta: He came to tell Mikey last month (unintelligible). He says don’t let up on the fucking guy. Crucify and bury him. I said no you gonna get five guys locked up with the mother fucker.
Ianiello: Don't do it. Tell Mikey not to do it.
Local 560, 754 F.Supp. at 404. The district court found that this was a reference to allowing Sciarra to repair damaged relations with NEMF. See Local 560, 754 F.Supp. at 404; Local 560, 694 F.Supp. at 1179.
Second, Sciarra’s actions during 1984 and 1985 demonstrate that he was attempting to solidify the corrupt relationship between NEMF and Local 560. In January 1985, Sciarra sent a proposed collective bargaining contract to NEMF’s attorney, which the district court found was unreasonably favorable to NEMF. The district court further found that Sciarra sent this collective bargaining agreement to NEMF in order to preserve the corrupt relationship and to prevent officials at NEMF from revealing its corrupt dealings with certain individuals affiliated with Local 560, including Ianiello and Andretta.
Third, the district court found that the behavior of Daniel Rubino, Local 560’s business agent for NEMF, demonstrated that Sciarra was under the influence of the Genovese Family in conducting Local 560’s affairs. Rubino testified at grievance proceedings twice — once while Salvatore Pro-venzano was president of Local 560 and once while Sciarra was president. The critical issue in Rubino’s testimony was whether “past practices” in NEMF’s relationship with Local 560 justified NEMF’s deviations from the NMFA. When Provenzano was president and was vigorously pressing grievance claims against NEMF, Rubino testified that no such past practices had occurred, thereby advancing Provenzano’s desire to punish NEMF. After Sciarra had become Local 560’s president, however, and the Genovese Family was trying to appease Shevell, Rubino testified extensively that there had been' past practices and gave numerous details. See Local 560, 754 F.Supp. at 404; Local 560, 694 F.Supp. at 1180-81. The district court found that this evidence “tend[s] to confirm that Sciarra was implementing Ianiello’s and Andretta’s instructions.” Local 560, 754 F.Supp. at 404.
Based on these three pieces of evidence, the district court concluded that Sciarra was following instructions from the Ge-novese Family about NEMF in order 1) to prevent disclosure of past criminal dealings between the company and Genovese Family members affiliated with Local 560 and 2) to preserve the improper relationship between the local and NEMF. Id.
3. Sciarra’s Retention of Corrupt Officials
The district court also found that Sciar-ra’s decisions with regard to the administration of the welfare and benefit funds of Local 560 demonstrate that he was still under the influence of the Genovese Family. Two instances of conduct were relevant to the district court’s decision. First, Sciarra declined to remove Marvin Zalk from the position of Administrator of the Local 560 Welfare Plans despite Zalk’s 1983 conviction for obstruction of justice with regard to the Local 560 Dental Plan and despite the district court’s clear finding in the first proceeding that Zalk had long been involved in the Provenzano Group’s efforts to use Local 560 and its benefit funds for organized crime purposes. See Local 560, 581 F.Supp. at 285. Sciarra attempts to justify this decision on the grounds that Zalk was an effective administrator, but the district court found that the Zalk appointment was evidence that Sciarra remained under the influence of the Genovese Family after 1984.
Second, Sciarra voted to extend a lucrative contract with the law firm of Citrino, Balsam, and DiBiasi to provide legal services to union members despite strong evidence that the firm’s services were valueless to the membership of Local 560 and despite evidence that some of the law firm’s members were corrupt. The firm had been retained in the late 1970s by another local, which subsequently merged into Local 560. After the merger, the legal services plan provided services only for those who had formerly been members of the old local. In mid-1984, however, the leadership of Local 560 sought to expand the legal services plan to provide coverage for all members of Local 560. Sciarra, acting as a member of the Executive Board, helped create this plan despite the fact that Citrino, Balsam and DiBiasi had never accounted for any of the $500,000 that had been paid to them previously and despite the indictment of partner Thomas DiBiasi on bank fraud charges.
The Executive Board also approved a $50,000 “advance” for DiBiasi, which was never formally accounted for. Additionally, the firm’s managing partner, L. William Balsam, was suspended from the practice of law in January 1985. Nevertheless, Sci-arra, acting as a trustee of the Legal Services Plan, voted to give the firm a new three-year contract in April 1985. The district court concluded that these actions “must be viewed as corroborative of Sciar-ra’s... continued participation in the Ge-novese Family conspiracy to maintain control of Local 560 in violation of RICO.” Local 560, 694 F.Supp. at 1184.
4. Evidence Based on Sciarra’s Service as a Business Agent in 1989 and 1990
The district court also relied on Sciarra’s service as a business agent for Local 560 in 1989-90 to demonstrate his domination by the Genovese Family and the continued danger to Local 560. The district court found that the elected leaders of Local 560 in 1989 and 1990, Daniel Sciarra and Mark Sheridan, were leaders in name only. The district court found that Michael Sciarra was able to use his position as business agent to dominate the local’s affairs, which, in turn, placed Local 560 under the influence of the Genovese Family. The court further found that Sciarra was exercising control both over the affairs of the local and over the administration of Local 560’s benefit and pension funds.
In reaching its conclusion, the district court relied heavily on videotapes of union meetings at which Sciarra spoke. The court’s opinion details the enormous deference that the membership accorded Sciarra when speaking and his role in running the meetings. See Local 560, 736 F.Supp. at 607-10. The court concluded from observation of the tapes that they were “further evidence of Michael Sciarra’s determination to dominate both the Local itself and also the benefit funds.” Id. at 611-12.
The court also found that Sciarra attempted to become a fund trustee of the Local 560 pension and welfare funds, and that, but for the continued presence of the Trustee Edwin Stier, the Executive Board would have appointed him to such a position. The court found that at Executive Board meetings, Daniel Sciarra sought access for his brother to a trustee position. Despite the admonitions of Trustee Stier, members of the Executive Board continued to attempt to appoint Michael Sciarra to a trustee position. Robert Marra, one of the fund trustees, testified that he and two other employee fund trustees stood ready to step aside as trustees to provide room for Michael Sciarra as a fund trustee. The district court concluded that this behavior further evidenced influence by the Ge-novese Family.
Finally, the court also concluded, based on Sciarra’s own testimony, that Sciarra was still meeting with members of the Ge-novese Family. Sciarra himself admitted that he met with a driver for the Genovese Family, Jimmy Ida, at least seven times between 1987 and 1989. Additionally, surveillance revealed that Sciarra met with a caporegime in the Genovese Family, Stephen Andretta, at a diner during 1990. The district court inferred from this that Sciarra was receiving instructions about how to conduct the affairs of Local 560 to the Genovese Family’s benefit.
C. Summary
From all of the evidence, the district court concluded:
As long as Michael Sciarra holds any position within Local 560 he will be able through his forceful and dominating personality, through his hold on a large and vocal segment of the membership and by virtue of the inexperience and subservience of the present officers and Board members to dominate and control the Local. His continued presence presents a Hobson’s choice. Either the court trusteeship will have to be continued indefinitely to prevent renewal of organized crime or else the trusteeship can be terminated with the likely result that once again organized crime will assert its influence.
Local 560, 736 F.Supp. at 612. Consequently, the court entered the injunction barring Sciarra from attempting to influence the affairs of Local 560. See page 324. Both Sciarra and Local 560 appeal, alleging numerous errors in the district court’s decision. We consider Sciarra’s arguments first.
II. SCIARRA’S PROCEDURAL OBJECTIONS
Sciarra raises a number of procedural objections to the government’s effort to obtain a broader injunction against him. Primarily, his arguments derive from the fact that no complaint was ever filed against him in the present proceedings seeking to bar him from all efforts to influence the union. Although he acknowledges that a complaint was filed against him and the other Local 560 defendants in 1982, he contends that that action terminated as of March 16, 1984, the date the initial injunction was entered against them.
We begin by acknowledging that the procedure that the government followed for commencing this portion of the action against Sciarra was, indeed, unusual. On July 18,1988, the government filed an “Application for Additional Relief” with the district court. Ten days later, after a hearing, the government sought leave to have the Application treated as an Amended Supplemental Complaint, which the district court granted pursuant to Rule 15(d). The court did so because, in the language of FRCP 15(a), it felt that “justice so require^].”
Sciarra objects to the district court’s permitting amendment of the original complaint in an action that had already terminated. For the government to seek additional relief, according to Sciarra, it was required to file an entirely new complaint. Sciarra’s argument is bolstered by our statement in an earlier appeal in the Local 560 litigation that Sciarra and Sheridan were no longer parties to the litigation:
[W]e conclude that [Sciarra and Sheridan] are, at this point, only non-party witnesses to an investigation, rather than parties to an actual case or controversy designed to adjudicate their substantive rights.
United States v. Sciarra, 851 F.2d 621, 630 (3d Cir.1988).
Sciarra argues that this procedural defect requires dismissal of the suit against him for three reasons. First, he asserts that there is no Article III case or controversy because, under FRCP 3, a case can only be commenced by the filing of an action. Second, he submits that there is no personal jurisdiction over him because no summons and complaint were ever served on him. See FRCP 4. Third, he contends that the March 16, 1984 order barred additional relief under the principle of res judicata. See United States v. Athlone Industries, 746 F.2d 977, 983 and 983 n. 4 (3d Cir.1984).
Whatever the merits of these arguments, we are foreclosed from considering them by the law of the case. In the prior

Question: What is the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officialss"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 1