Task: songer_crmproc1

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Your task is to identify the most frequently cited federal rule of criminal procedure in the headnotes to this case. Answer "0" if no federal rules of criminal procedure are cited. For ties, code the first rule cited.

GEE, Circuit Judge:
This appeal draws before us, on a massive record, the claims for reversal by three appellants of their convictions of felony arising from the murder of United States District Judge John Wood. Several points are common to all appeals and are jointly briefed; others are peculiar to each of the several appeals. We commence our discussion with the former. Before doing so, however, a brief and general statement of background facts is appropriate; others will be noted where material to particular contentions made.
Factual Background
In late May of 1979, Judge Wood was instantly killed by a dumdum bullet fired into his back from a six millimeter rifle capable of extremely high velocity. He was shot while entering his automobile at his townhouse residence in north San Antonio, preparatory to driving to work at the courthouse downtown. Witnesses placed appellant Charles Harrelson at the townhouse complex that morning; further investigation indicated that Judge Wood’s murder by Harrelson was arranged by appellant Jamiel Chagra, a gambler and narcotics dealer under indictment for drug offenses, who was to be tried before Judge Wood and who feared his reputation for imposing severe sentences in drug cases.
Other evidence, construed favorably to the guilty verdicts, implicated Chagra’s brother Joseph, then a licensed attorney, in the plot. Joseph Chagra turned state’s evidence and testified against the present appellants, though not against his brother. Also implicated by Joseph’s testimony and other evidence were Jamiel Chagra’s wife, Elizabeth, as well as Harrelson’s wife, Jo Ann, who procured the murder weapon and assisted in its disposition. Implicated as well was Teresa Starr, the daughter of Jo Ann Harrelson, who traveled to Las Vegas — then the residence of the Chagra appellants — and took delivery of the blood money from Elizabeth Chagra. After initial recalcitrance, Starr also turned state’s evidence.
Charles Harrelson, the Chagras, and brother Joseph were charged with conspiring to murder Judge Wood on account of the performance of his duties. 18 United States Code § 1117. Harrelson and Jamiel Chagra were charged with the murder itself, in violation of 18 United States Code §§ 1111 and 1114. All were charged with conspiracy to obstruct justice in violation of 18 United States Code §§ 371 and 1503. The Chagra males were also charged with conspiring to possess a large quantity of marijuana, in violation of 21 United States Code § 841(a)(1). Elizabeth Chagra and the Harrelsons were tried together and convicted on all charges. This is their appeal from those convictions.
Jamiel Chagra was separately tried and convicted of conspiracy to obstruct justice and the drug charge, but acquitted of the murder and conspiracy to murder. Jo Ann Harrelson was separately tried on related perjury charges. United States v. Harrelson, 754 F.2d 1182 (5th Cir.1985). Jamiel and Elizabeth Chagra were separately convicted of criminal tax charges. United States v. Chagra, 754 F.2d 1181 (5th Cir.1985). We affirm these convictions in separate opinions today. We likewise affirm all convictions on the instant appeal save that of Elizabeth Chagra for conspiracy to murder in violation of 18 United States Code § 1117, which we reverse for reasons to be assigned.
Joint Contentions
1. Denial of Venue Change
Among the contentions common to all three appeals and jointly briefed is a complaint that the trial court abused its discretion in denying a change of venue sought on the basis of prejudicial pretrial publicity. Such a change is required “if the court is satisfied that there exists in the district where the prosecution is pending so great a prejudice against the defendant that he cannot obtain a fair and impartial trial____” Fed.R.Crim.P. Rule 21. As the words of the rule imply, that decision is one committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. United States v. Nix, 465 F.2d 90 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1013, 93 S.Ct. 455, 34 L.Ed.2d 307 (1972). Much has already been written on this subject, both by the Supreme Court and by us, the principles governing such decisions are well settled, and there is scant need for us to address the subject generally or to approach it along the avenue of first principies. We therefore turn directly to the appellants’ specific claims of error.
A. Community Saturation
Appellants first contend that prejudicial pretrial publicity so saturated the venire from which came their jurors as to preclude the empanelling of an impartial jury, seeking to draw their situation within the ambit of such decisions as Rideau v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723, 83 S.Ct. 1417, 10 L.Ed.2d 663 (1963) (half of Louisiana parish from which venire was drawn had viewed defendant’s televised confession to brutal crime).
We have recently had occasion to address such a contention in a case connected to this one;
[A]n appellant can demonstrate that prejudicial, inflammatory publicity about his case so saturated the community from which his jury was drawn as to render it virtually impossible to obtain an impartial jury. Murphy v. Florida, supra, 421 U.S. at 798-99, 95 S.Ct. at 2035-36; Mayola v. Alabama, supra, 623 F.2d [992] at 996-97 [5th Cir.1980], Proof of such poisonous publicity raises a presumption that appellant’s jury was prejudiced, relieving him of the obligation to establish actual prejudice by a juror in his case. Mayola v. Alabama, supra, 623 F.2d at 997. This presumption is rebuttable, however, and the government may demonstrate from the voir dire that an impartial jury was actually impanelled in appellant’s case. Id. at 1000-01. If the government succeeds in doing so, the conviction will stand despite appellant’s showing of adverse pretrial publicity. Id. at 1001.
United States v. Chagra, 669 F.2d 241, 250 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 846, 103 S.Ct. 102, 74 L.Ed.2d 92 (1982).
Assuming, as we do for purposes of analysis, that such community saturation existed here, we have carefully examined the voir dire conducted by the court of the twelve jurors and two alternates. The examination of the venire was searching and sensitive, covering seven court days and more than two thousand pages of transcript. In its course, the court thoroughly and correctly instructed the prospective jurors on their responsibilities should they be selected as jurors and inquired of each, on an individual basis, whether any pretrial publicity had come to his attention and its specific source. Additional and separate, individual inquiries concerned whether the venireman had formed any opinions regarding the guilt or innocence of any appellant, whether any verdict that he might return would be based solely on what he heard in court, whether he had any prior connection with federal court or the criminal law, and the like. Counsel frequently posed additional inquiries through the court.
Some of those who were seated on the jury had little or no prior knowledge of the case. Others indicated a casual acquaintance with publicity in the case. None had extensive knowledge or recollection of media reportage of the matter. We have carefully studied the voir dire examination of each juror and alternate. That examination convinces us that the trial judge was warranted in concluding that the jury he actually empanelled was impartial.
B. Failure to Discover Prejudice
Appellants next contend that the court’s questioning of the venire was too cursory to ferret out prejudice, relying on the last method for obtaining reversal on the basis of pretrial publicity noted in Chagra:
Finally, an appellant can establish both that pretrial publicity about his ease raised “a significant possibility of prejudice,” United States v. Davis, 583 F.2d 190, 196 (5th Cir.1978), and that the voir dire procedure followed by the district court in his case failed to provide a “ ‘reasonable assurance that prejudice would be discovered if present.’ ” United States v. Hawkins, supra, 658 F.2d [279] at 283 [5th Cir.1981] (citations omitted). But, “[b]ecause the obligation to impanel an impartial jury lies in the first instance with the trial judge, and because he must rely largely on his immediate perceptions, federal judges have been accorded ample discretion in determining how best to conduct the voir dire.” Rosales-Lopez v. United States, 451 U.S. 182, 188, 101 S.Ct. 1629, 1634, 68 L.Ed.2d 22 (1981) (plurality opinion). See also United States v. Gerald, 624 F.2d 1291, 1296 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 920, 101 S.Ct. 1369, 67 L.Ed.2d 348 (1981). Therefore, the district court’s decision to employ a particular procedure will not be lightly overturned. United States v. Hawkins, supra, 658 F.2d at 283 (citation omitted).
United States v. Chagra, 669 F.2d 241, 250 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 846, 103 S.Ct. 102, 74 L.Ed.2d 92 (1982).
We reject this contention. Assuming “a significant possibility of prejudice,” we are satisfied, for the reasons stated above, that the procedures followed by the careful trial court provided reasonable assurance that prejudice, if present, would have been discovered.
2. Other Contentions
Appellants make two additional points under this head. The first is that of a supposed failure by the trial court to allow counsel to participate actively in the voir dire process. Appellants correctly cite United States v. Ledee, 549 F.2d 990 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 902, 98 S.Ct. 297, 54 L.Ed.2d 188 (1977), and United States v. Ible, 630 F.2d 389, 395 (5th Cir. 1980), for the proposition “that voir dire examination... has little meaning if it is not conducted by counsel for the parties.” Ledee, 549 F.2d at 993. It does not follow, however, that the trial court must permit counsel himself personally to question the venire members directly in order to avoid reversible error; Rule 24(a), Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, clearly places this decision within the discretion of the trial court. The trial court in this case satisfied the requirements of Ledee and Ible by itself posing the inquiries suggested by counsel. The issue is whether the voir dire examination was such as to uncover prejudice, not who conducted it. This was sufficient.
A final complaint is that the trial was conducted in the “John H. Wood, Jr. Courthouse,” as a prominent memorial plaque on that building proclaims. It is said that the jury must have been “tainted by their exposure to this sentiment of the community as evidenced by the deceased’s name on the courthouse walls.” We are not persuaded. The sentiment in question is one of respect for the deceased judge, one doubtless shared by most participants in the proceedings. We do not perceive, however, how this can be translated into a prejudice against particular defendants.
It is conceded that respect for a victim may conduce to anger against his killer. It is not conceded that such respect is in any way improper, or that such anger, evoked by all brutal crimes, can be vitiated by a change in physical surroundings. Murder is not so trivial an event. Given the careful examination and prophylactic instructions of the trial court, we do not see how this mute reminder of community respect for the dead could have prejudiced the panel. Impartiality does not demand that a jury forget the name of the victim.
3. Prejudicial Publicity During Trial; Sequestration
Trial of the case was actively followed and sometimes sensationally reported by the media, a circumstance made the basis of various renewed motions by the appellants for change of venue, for polling the jury regarding various media disclosures, and for other relief. Especial complaint is made of the play accorded a news conference called by the newly-elected state district attorney at which he disclosed plans to seek the death penalty for anyone guilty of the Wood murder. Reports of the conference and article were carried on the local television news that night and again the next morning. Appellants complain to us of the trial court’s denial of these motions and of its refusal to sequester the jury before it began its deliberations. These contentions were, as we have noted, addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. See also United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1136, 102 S.Ct. 2965, 73 L.Ed.2d 1354 (1982). We review the exercise of that discretion for abuse.
We have recognized a stricter standard for “during trial” publicity breaches than for pretrial ones. United States v. Williams, 568 F.2d 464 (5th Cir.1978). The proper procedure for dealing with such breaches was laid down for our Circuit in United States v. Herring, 568 F.2d 1099 (5th Cir.1978). There we prescribed a two-step threshold inquiry, followed by a voir dire examination of the jurors, if indicated. The first step in the threshold inquiry requires a determination by the trial court whether the material complained of “ ‘goes beyond the record... and raises serious questions of possible prejudice’ to the litigants.” Id. at 1104. There can be little doubt that this requirement is met by matter brought to the trial court’s attention here. Since it does, we turn to the second threshold step:
If, upon completing the first step of its inquiry, the trial judge concludes that material has been disseminated that does in fact “raise serious questions of possible prejudice,” a second inquiry should follow to determine the likelihood that the damaging material has in fact reached the jury. Initially, of course, the court should consider whatever precautions it has already taken to insulate the jury. For example, if the jury has been sequestered, one would normally expect that no extra-record material has reached the jury room. By the same token, if the material was published in a relatively obscure manner — say, in an out-of-town newspaper — one would expect that the material had not reached even an unsequestered jury. Another relevant point lies in the nature of the trial judge’s previous instructions on the matter. Has the court told the jury not merely to disregard but not to examine at all any external information on the case, especially that which appears in the news media? Has the court so instructed the jury on a regular basis, and how much time has elapsed since the court’s last directive and the dissemination of the material in question.
Id. at 1105. Determining that no prejudicial matter had reached the jury, the trial court halted at the second step. Obedient to Herring, we review the trial court’s precautions to insulate the jury, the nature of the trial court’s instructions to the jury regarding such matter, and the frequency and regularity of those instructions.
We have already determined that the court empanelled an impartial jury. Intending to keep it so, even before its selection and at the outset of the voir dire, the trial judge had included in his comprehensive instructions to the venire the following:
Now, I anticipate that in this particular case, there will continue to be extensive television, radio and possible newspaper coverage. You’re instructed that you are not, from this point on, to listen to any television or radio news commentary or news broadcasts, and you will not from this point on, except under the direction of the Court, review any newspaper nor read any newspaper at all. The Marshals will have papers prepared for you that will have any reference to this particular case or other cases that are involved stricken, so that you can read it without having to worry about getting any information from any other source. This is important to you and important to the Court, (emphasis supplied.)
This and similar instructions were repeatedly delivered to the venire members during the lengthy process of jury selection. In addition, the veniremen were instructed:
If you know of or learn anything about this case or any other case where you may be going to trial, except from the evidence that is admitted during the course of the trial, you should tell the Court about it at once.
After the jury was empanelled and the trial commenced, the trial judge repeatedly cautioned the jury to recall his instructions regarding extraneous matter, to do nothing that might impair their impartiality, and to report to him immediately the occurrence of any such event. Not a day of trial passed without the delivery by the trial judge of such an instruction to the jury, and almost invariably he delivered both a cautionary instruction at the close of proceedings and a general inquiry at the outset of the next day’s proceedings whether anything had occurred since the last recess that might have affected their impartiality.
Our painstaking examination of the entire record and the trial court’s repeated instructions convinces us that the jury was effectively shielded from contamination by publicity during the trial. Only one point troubles us: the form taken by the court’s continuing instructions to the jury regarding incidents occurring during trial. This was, in general, whether anything had happened during the recess that might have impaired any juror’s impartiality. Such an instruction, taken literally, leaves it to the individual juror to determine whether, even though some incident occurred, it was of such a character as to affect his impartiality; and although no special point is made of this circumstance by any appellant, we are constrained to observe that a better inquiry would have been whether any incident whatever involving extraneous publicity (or other impropriety) had occurred during the recess, leaving to the court to determine after investigation whether in the court’s judgment it was of such a nature as to have affected the juror’s impartiality.
For several distinct reasons, however, the instruction is not reversible error. In the first place, no such complaint of it is made to us. In the second, the instruction was repeatedly delivered to the jury by the trial court without objection on such a ground. And finally, taken together with the judge’s instruction to the venire members, quoted above, to advise him of anything learned other than “from the evidence that is admitted during the course of the trial,” we conclude that the jury was adequately advised and constantly reminded that the court regarded any receipt by them of extraneous matter as likely to impair their impartiality and hence required to be divulged.
The above likewise disposes of appellants’ joint complaint that the court declined to sequester the jury. Since we have concluded that the jury was not contaminated, whether it should have been sequestered is of no consequence. Thus there is no occasion for us to review the trial court’s exercise of that discretion on the issue of sequestration which is reposed in it by Rule 24, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
4. Recusal of the Trial Judge
Appellants were tried before Judge William S. Sessions, a federal judge of the Western District of Texas, on charges arising from the murder of John H. Wood, Jr., also a federal judge of that district. Judge Sessions had known and worked with Judge Wood for eight or nine years at the time of the latter’s death and admired him. The relationship was collegial and there is no evidence of any special social relationship between the two judges or between the Wood and Sessions families. Judge Sessions was an honorary pallbearer at Judge Wood’s funeral and eulogized him at several memorial ceremonies. Because of the murder, Judge Sessions was guarded 24 hours a day until December 2, 1980. The appellants contend that these facts are sufficient to render the trial court’s denial of their motion for recusal reversible error.
Appellants moved for recusal of the trial court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), which provides, “Any justice, judge, magistrate or referee in bankruptcy of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” A motion for recusal is committed to the sound discretion of the district judge; denial of such a motion will not be reversed on appeal unless the judge has abused his discretion. Phillips v. Joint Legislative Committee, 637 F.2d 1014, 1021 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 960, 102 S.Ct. 2035, 72 L.Ed.2d 483 (1982); accord Davis v. Board of School Commissioners, 517 F.2d 1044, 1052 (5th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944, 96 S.Ct. 1685, 48 L.Ed.2d 188 (1976). Whether an abuse of discretion has occurred is determined “on the basis of conduct which shows bias or lack of impartiality.” United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971, 1002 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1136, 102 S.Ct. 2965, 73 L.Ed.2d 1354 (1982), quoting Davis, 517 F.2d at 1052. The alleged biased or prejudiced conduct must, as a general rule, be personal to mandate disqualification, United States v. Holland, 655 F.2d 44, 47 (5th Cir.1981), accord In re Corrugated Container Antitrust Litigation, 614 F.2d 958, 965 and n. 16 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 888,101 S.Ct. 244, 66 L.Ed.2d 114 (1980); it “must stem from an extrajudicial source and result in an opinion on the merits on some basis other than what the judge learned from his participation in the case.” United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 583, 86 S.Ct. 1698, 1710, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966), quoted in Parrish v. Board of Commissioners, 524 F.2d 98, 107 (5th Cir.1975) (en banc) (concurring opinion), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 944, 96 S.Ct. 1685, 48 L.Ed.2d 188 (1976). The conduct complained of must, in addition, be such. as would cause a reasonable person, knowing all the circumstances, to harbor doubts about the court’s impartiality. Hall v. Small Business Administration, 695 F.2d 175, 179 (5th Cir.1983).
Although it is difficult to discern the legal grounds of appellants’ argument, their position appears to be that the facts stated above meet these tests or, alternatively, that we should ignore the tests and sustain their contention on the basis of common sense. Both positions lack merit.
Appellants’ own authorities clearly demonstrate that recusal is not warranted absent specific instances of conduct indicating prejudice against a defendant. An example of such conduct may be found in Webbe v. McGhie Land Title Co., 549 F.2d 1358 (10th Cir.1977), cited by appellants, where “the trial judge, without reading the depositions, and based on the oral argument of counsel for Webbe and Kitt, announced that the insurance company was ‘stuck’ before even permitting counsel for the insurance company to address the court.” Id. at 1361. It is not surprising that this conduct was found to indicate bias. Nor is it surprising that bias was found in In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 75 S.Ct. 623, 99 L.Ed. 942 (1955); the Murchison trial judge called the defendant’s personal attitude “not only... insolent,... but defiant,” and insisted on putting this statement on the record. Id. at 138, 75 S.Ct. at 626. We have carefully examined this record; nowhere in it is to be found any remark by Judge Sessions smacking of impropriety in the faintest degree, let alone any such as those instanced above.
For reasons that are unclear to us, appellants cite Fredonia Broadcasting Corp. v. RCA Corp., 569 F.2d 251 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 859, 99 S.Ct. 177, 58 L.Ed.2d 167 (1978), and Hall v. Small Business Administration, supra, both of which concern the appearance of former law clerks before the judges by whom they were employed; their citations to Rice v. McKenzie, 581 F.2d 1114 (4th Cir.1978) (federal appellate judge may not review his own decisions as state trial judge), and Potashnick v. Port City Construction Co., 609 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 820, 101 S.Ct. 78, 66 L.Ed.2d 22 (1980) (recusal warranted by personal and professional connection to counsel for one party) are equally inapposite. Appellants’ use of United States v. Holland, 655 F.2d 44 (5th Cir.1981), is novel. The Holland defendant had been tried and convicted on a previous occasion. He had successfully appealed this conviction on grounds provided by the trial judge’s unrecorded conversation with the jury, to which he had not objected at the time. At a second trial before the same court, the judge repeatedly asserted that the defendant had “broken faith” with the court by appealing the first conviction, and stated for the record that “he intended to increase Holland’s sentence because of the incident which he had described.” Id. at 45. Holland was convicted again and appealed again, this time on the basis of § 455. We agreed that the trial judge ought to have disqualified himself:
The trial judge’s remarks... reflect a personal prejudice against Holland for successfully appealing his conviction on the basis of the judge’s actions during the prior trial. The fact that these comments were made in a judicial context... does not prevent a finding of bias.
Id. at 47 (footnote omitted). Appellants argue that by “logical extension” Holland requires recusal whenever a trial court’s remarks reflect “personal respect or admiration for one side of the lawsuit or the other.” Holland requires no such thing. Holland, the other authorities cited by appellants, and those cited by the government, see e.g., United States v. Archbold-Newball, 554 F.2d 665 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 1000, 98 S.Ct. 644, 54 L.Ed.2d 496 (1977), uniformly support the proposition that recusal is not warranted in a criminal case absent conduct by the trial court specifically indicating personal prejudice against the defendant. See Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 585-88, 84 S.Ct. 841, 847-49, 11 L.Ed.2d 921 (1964). More apposite to the circumstances presented here are such a fortiori authorities as United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1136, 102 S.Ct. 2695, 73 L.Ed.2d 1354 (1982), in which the trial judge was affirmed in declining to stand recused even in the face of evidence that certain defendants were plotting to assassinate him.
Finally, appellants’ contention incorporates a fundamental logical flaw: whatever the relationship between the two judges was, it can at most have served to create a degree of hostility toward the actual killers. As such, it is entirely consistent both with a desire that those not guilty be acquitted and with one that the guilty be convicted. At all stages of the trial and to this day, appellants have vigorously maintained that they are not the guilty parties; we are unwilling to presume, in the absence of a far stronger showing than has been made here, that a reasonable person would entertain doubts that the careful and seasoned trial judge who sat in this case would prejudge their guilt.
In short, Judge Sessions’ conduct advanced by appellants as a basis for his recusal demonstrates only such behavior as one might expect of a civilized and honorable man upon the death of a colleague— and that whether or not he harbored any particular affection for him. As such, it falls far short of casting his impartiality in doubt to reasonable people.
5. Attorney-Client Privilege
Joseph Chagra testified at trial to his conversations with Charles Harrelson. Harrelson moved before trial to have this testimony excluded on the ground that Joseph Chagra was his attorney at the time in question, rendering their conversations protected by the attorney-client privilege. The trial court denied his motion because it found that the relationship between Chagra and Harrelson was not that of attorney and client. Harrelson, joined by his codefendants, now contends that the trial court’s denial of his motion and subsequent admission of Joseph Chagra’s testimony constituted reversible error. Finding no error, we affirm.
One who wishes to assert the attorney-client privilege bears the burden of proving the existence of an attorney-client relationship. United States v. Kelly, 569 F.2d 928, 938 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 829, 99 S.Ct. 105, 58 L.Ed.2d 123 (1978). Among the elements required to be proved are that the asserted holder of the privilege made the communications as to which the privilege is asserted to one acting as a lawyer, and that the communications were made “for the purpose of securing primarily either (i) an opinion on law or (ii) legal services or (iii) assistance in some legal proceeding.” In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 517 F.2d 666, 670 (5th Cir.1975). “[I]t is well established that the privilege does not apply where legal representation was secured in furtherance of intended, or present, continuing illegality.” United States v. Hodge & Zweig, 548 F.2d 1347, 1354 (9th Cir.1977), quoted in In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 680 F.2d 1026, 1028 (5th Cir.1982) (en banc); once the government has made a prima facie showing that the attorney was retained to promote intended or continuing criminal activity, the privilege may not be asserted. Id.; accord, United States v. Dyer, 722 F.2d 174, 178 (5th Cir.1983).
As a preliminary matter, Harrelson produced no evidence showing Joseph Chagra to have been retained by him as a lawyer in connection with this case. Harrelson further failed to produce any evidence showing that Joseph Chagra was acting as a lawyer during the conversations at issue, or that these conversations had even the most tenuous connection with legal services. There was, however, substantial and convincing evidence showing the relationship between Chagra and Harrelson to have been that of coconspirators rather than attorney and client; Harrelson’s own testimony at trial fully supports this view.
There being no evidence whatsoever to support Harrelson’s motion asserting the attorney-client privilege, the trial court correctly denied it. As the writer has noted in another case, “drawing the cloak of the attorney-client privilege over such arrangements seems to me a result so egregiously undesirable that it should not be arrived at unless inexorably compelled by law or logic. I do not see that it is.” In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 663 F.2d 1057, 1064 (5th Cir.1981) (Gee, J., dissenting).
6. Marital Privilege
Between October 1980 and January 1981, Elizabeth Chagra made a number of visits to her husband Jamiel Chagra at the United States Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. Three of their conversations were intercepted by government wiretap and introduced against Mrs. Chagra at trial. The first concerned Mrs. Chagra’s delivery of money to Charles Harrelson in payment of his services as murderer of Judge Wood. The second and third concerned the delivery and Mrs. Chagra’s prior knowledge of her husband’s intention to employ Mr. Harrelson to murder Judge Wood. All three were repetitions of conversations held earlier, before the murder. Mrs. Chagra contends that these conversations were within the marital privilege and that it was reversible error to admit them against her at trial.
The marital privilege protects “information privately disclosed between husband and wife in the confidence of the marital relationship.” Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40, 51, 100 S.Ct. 906, 913, 63 L.Ed.2d 186 (1980). “[Conversations between husband and wife about crimes in which they are jointly participating when the conversations occur are not marital communications for the purpose of the marital privilege, and thus do not fall within the privilege’s protection of confidential marital communications.” United States v. Mendoza, 574 F.2d 1373, 1381 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 988, 99 S.Ct. 584, 58 L.Ed.2d 661 (1978); accord, United States v. Entrekin, 624 F.2d 597, 598 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. 971, 101 S.Ct. 2049, 68 L.Ed.2d 350 (1981).
Mrs. Chagra argues that the communications at issue do not fall within the Mendoza exception because they refer to past crimes, citing Ivey v. United States, 344 F.2d 770 (5th Cir.1965), and United States v. Williams, 447 F.2d 894 (5th Cir.1971), in support. Even assuming these cases to stand for the proposition that conversations about past crimes are within the marital privilege, a highly questionable assumption, their continued vitality after United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.1984), is dubious in the extreme given the Archer court’s explicit statement that “Ivey and Williams are no longer to be followed.” Id. at 358.
Mrs. Chagra’s argument fails even if one accepts her interpretation of Ivey and Williams and they remain good law: the conversations objected to are not about past crimes. The original conversations clearly referred not to crimes past but to crimes contemplated. They were repeated in furtherance of a continuing crime, conspiracy to obstruct justice. It is obviously necessary to know what one has to hide in order to hide it. See United States v. Haldeman, 559 F.2d 31, 111 (D.C.Cir.1976), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 933, 97 S.Ct. 2641, 53 L.Ed.2d 250 (1977).
The trial court was therefore justified in admitting the conversations of Chagra and his wife and did not err in so doing.
7. Electronic Surveillance
The government conducted court-authorized electronic surveillance of Jamiel Chagra at the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas. Conversations between Chagra and his wife, Elizabeth, and between Chagra and his brother, Joseph Chagra, an attorney, were recorded and introduced as evidence at the trial of Mrs. Chagra and the Harrelsons. Before trial, appellants moved unsuccessfully to suppress this evidence. On appeal, Mrs. Chagra and the Harrelsons renew their contention that admission of the evidence was reversible error.
Appellants’ claim is grounded on 18 U.S.C. § 2518(5), which states in pertinent part that electronic surveillance “shall be conducted in such a way as to minimize the interception of communications not otherwise subject to interception under this chapter.” Thus, under this section, interception of privileged communications must be minimized. Appellants contend that conversations between the Chagras were covered by the marital privilege and that conversations between Chagra and his brother were covered by the attorney-client privilege. From this premise, they argue that the government failed to minimize interception of privileged conversations and that admission of such impermissibly intercepted conversations constituted reversible error.
Appellants’ argument fails because the conversations in question were unprivileged. As is discussed above, Mr. and Mrs. Chagra’s conversations were not protected by the marital privilege because they were conducted in furtherance of a continuing criminal conspiracy. Jamiel Chagra’s conversations with his brother are unprivileged for the same reason. Further, even assuming these conversations to be covered by the attorney-client privilege, Jamiel Chagra alone has standing to appeal the trial court’s denial of its existence. 8 Wigmore, Evidence §§ 2196, 2321 (McNaughton rev. 1961); McCormick, Evidence § 92 (2d ed. 1972); see United States v. Crockett, 534 F.2d 589, 604 (5th Cir.1976); see also United States v. Dien, 609 F.2d 1038, 1043-44 (2d Cir.1979) (citing Crockett); United States v. Fredericks, 586 F.2d 470, 480-81 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 962, 99 S.Ct. 1507, 59

Question: What is the most frequently cited federal rule of criminal procedure in the headnotes to this case? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 14