Task: songer_appnatpr

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

SNEED, Circuit Judge:
Appellant Donald Calhoun appeals from his jury trial conviction for bank robbery, 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a)(d), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C.App. § 1202(a)(1). Because we find that the trial court admitted improper, prejudicial evidence, we reverse.
FACTS
Two black males robbed the Citizens Savings and Loan in Sacramento, California July 17, 1978. The robbers wore masks with eye cutouts. Two tellers viewed one of the robbers for approximately sixty and fifty seconds, respectively. One shot was fired at the vault in an attempt to open it. Bullet fragments from the shot were collected for identification.
On August 15, 1978, appellant purchased a used car with $3,000 in small denomination bills that he removed from a brown paper bag. Two days later, the person from whom he bought the car recognized a photograph in a local newspaper, called the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and turned over $2,975 of the cash paid by appellant. Subsequent to a photo identification by one of the tellers, appellant was arrested August 18, 1978 while driving the recently purchased automobile. During a search of the car to which the appellant consented, agents discovered a loaded pistol concealed under the spare tire cover. Ballistics comparison revealed that the bullet fired in the robbery had been fired from the pistol found in appellant’s trunk. Conflicting testimony indicated that appellant’s sister received the pistol prior to the Citizens robbery, but that she was not the person who placed the gun in appellant’s car.
At trial a large part of the government’s case depended upon identification of the appellant by the two tellers. The government emphasized that appellant’s unique eyes aided identification. The defense attempted to attack the identifications in several ways that were thwarted by the trial court’s rulings. Critical to our disposition, however, is the propriety of certain testimony elicited by the government on redirect examination of a prosecution witness. The government elicited testimony first that appellant paid for the car with $3,000 cash in small bills. On cross-examination of an agent, defense counsel brought out the fact that none of the $2,975 turned over to the agents was bait money that could be traced to the Citizens robbery:
Q. Was any of the money in that $2,975.00 taken from the Citizens Savings and Loan, — or were there any bait bills from Citizens Savings and Loan in that money?
A. Not from Citizens.
Reporter’s Transcript at 161.
On redirect, the government, over objection, connected the bait bills to a different bank robbery. The agent testified that $70 of the bills were bait bills from an unrelated bank robbery for which appellant had not been charged. The appellant attacks the admission of this testimony.
DISCUSSION
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides: Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
This provision is a so-called “inclusionary” rule; all evidence of other crimes relevant to an issue at trial is admissible under Rule 404(b) unless the evidence tends to prove only a criminal disposition. 2 Weinstein’s Evidence H 404[08]. The government’s evidence will clear the Rule 404(b) hurdle in this case only if it was relevant to an issue at trial. Even if particular evidence is admissible under Rule 404(b), Rule 403 provides for discretionary exclusion:
Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Although the trial judge has broad discretion in assessing the balance of these factors in a given case, our duty is to reverse if we are convinced that there has been an abuse of discretion. United States v. Hearst, 563 F.2d 1331, 1348-49 (9th Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 1000, 98 S.Ct. 1656, 56 L.Ed.2d 90 (1978).
We do not believe that the evidence the government elicited on redirect only tends to prove a criminal disposition on the part of the defendant. The government contends with considerable force that this evidence was relevant to rebut an exculpatory inference raised by the defense. It argues that the defense raised the bait bill issue, first by questioning the tellers to establish that the robbers of Citizens had taken bait bills, R.T. at 91, 132, and later by establishing that a check of the $2,975 against lists of bait bills did not show that any bait bills from the Citizens robbery were used by appellant to purchase the car, R.T. at 161. Having opened the door, it was proper, the government insists, to show that in fact some of the bills were bait bills from another robbery.
In support of its position, the government cites United States v. Cook, 538 F.2d 1000 (3d Cir. 1976). On cross-examination of a federal agent in that case, the defense attorney asked whether
it was a federal crime to transport an unregistered firearm across state lines. The agent answered that it was not, and further testified that the seized pistol appeared to be a legal weapon. The defense attorney next asked whether it was against Maryland law to carry a concealed weapon. The agent answered affirmatively .
538 F.2d at 1002.
The trial court then allowed the prosecution to establish that the defendant had been convicted of sodomy previously and thus it was a federal crime for him to be in possession of a firearm. The Third Circuit, however, reversed the conviction. The circuit court recognized that evidence of other crimes could be introduced “to dispel an exculpatory implication implanted by the defense attorney during cross-examination of a prosecution’s witnesses.” 538 F.2d at 1004. Although it thus found the prior conviction relevant, it applied the balancing analysis of Rule 403 and reversed, stating:
If the inference suggested to the jury is only vaguely favorable to the defendant, is irrelevant to the issues at trial, and does not truly harm the government’s case, then the need to refute that inference is not sufficient to outweigh the risk of prejudice that would be posed by the introduction of evidence of other crimes.
538 F.2d at 1004-05.
We believe our disposition should be guided by Cook. In pursuing the bait bill question as it did at trial, the defense sought to imply that the $2,975 did not derive from the Citizens robbery. The testimony elicited from the tellers and from the agent was all directed to this exculpatory goal. Testimony that $3,000 in $20 and smaller denominations were used to purchase a car obviously implied that the money may have come from the Citizens robbery. That the money was pulled from a brown paper bag strengthened this inference. The defense sought to demonstrate that the government had not established that the bills came from the Citizens robbery. Not content with the still strong inculpatory implication of the manner of payment, the government then went further and sought to connect the appellant with another robbery.
This it should not have done. If strengthening of its already strong inference on redirect were thought necessary, it perhaps could have been done by eliciting responses concerning the denominations of the bills taken from the Citizens robbery and the approximate number of bait bills in the Citizens robbery loot. Even if this means of inference strengthening were not available, the exculpatory force of the defense bait bill inquiry was relatively weak. The possible prejudicial effect of the prosecution’s evidence strongly implying that the bait bills came from another robbery, on the other hand, is quite apparent. In short, we believe the probative value of this evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Therefore, it should have been excluded pursuant to Rule 403. Not to have done so constitutes an abuse of discretion.
We also reject the argument that the prosecution’s error was harmless. The government’s case rested in large part on witness identification based on brief exposure to a robber wearing a mask covering all but the eyes and upon a gun given to the appellant’s sister and found in his car. The elicited evidence linked the appellant to a bank robbery, the precise type of crime with which he was charged. A reasonable jury could have regarded this as the evidence that provided the final weight that enabled it to find the appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. .
REVERSED.
. Appellant attacks trial court decisions to exclude certain defense presentations and testimony. Such decisions are within the discretion of the trial court in managing the trial. In light of our holding as to the appellant’s contention concerning prejudicial prosecution evidence, we need not reach these other arguments.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 1