Task: songer_r_nonp

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "groups and associations". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the respondent is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge J. SKELLY WRIGHT.
Opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part filed by Circuit Judge BORK.
J. SKELLY WRIGHT, Circuit Judge:
At issue in this case is the validity of regulations recently issued by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) requiring all providers of family planning services which receive funds under Title X of the Public Health Service Act (Title X) : (1) to notify parents or guardians within ten working days of prescribing contraceptives to unemancipated minors; (2) to comply with state laws requiring parental notice of, or consent to, the provision of any family planning services to minors; and (3) to consider minors who wish to receive services on the basis of their parents’ financial resources, rather than their own. Numerous organizations and individuals joined in a consolidated action in the District Court to enjoin the Secretary from enforcing these regulations. The lower court entered a preliminary, and then a final, injunction prohibiting enforcement of the new regulations on the ground that they constitute invalid agency action in excess of statutory authority. Because we agree that the regulations are fundamentally inconsistent with Congress’ intent and purpose in enacting Title X and are therefore beyond the limits of the Secretary’s delegated authority, we affirm the decision below.
I. Background
A. The Statute and Regulations
In 1970 Congress enacted Title X of the Public Health Service Act to establish a nationwide program with the express purpose of making “comprehensive family planning services readily available to all persons desiring such services.” Congress authorized the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to make grants and enter into contracts with public or nonprofit entities to assist in the establishment of family planning projects that offer a broad range of family planning methods, including the provision of prescription and nonprescription contraceptive drugs and devices. See 42 U.S.C. § 300(a) (as amended). The Title X program was originally funded for three years, but has since been reauthorized and refunded continuously.
In light of the breadth of the statutory language and clear congressional intent that all persons receive such services, Title X grantees have served the teenage population from the inception of the program. Following enactment of Title X, however, Congress frequently expressed its increasing concern about the still unmet family planning needs of sexually active teenagers in this country. See, e.g., H.R.Rep. No. 1161, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. 14 (1974) (“certain population groups requiring these services are not being reached * * * includpng] teenagers”); S.Rep. No. 29, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 55 (1975). Ultimately, Congress in 1978 amended the statute itself to require that Title X projects offer “a broad range of acceptable and effective family planning methods and services (including * * * services for adolescents).” See 42 U.S.C. § 300(a) (emphasis added). While this amendment simply codified accepted past practice, the added language clearly reflected Congress’ intent to place “a special emphasis on preventing unwanted pregnancies among sexually active adolescents.” S.Rep. No. 822, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 24 (1978).
The Committee is committed to addressing the increased needs of adolescents and young adults. According to DHEW, approximately one million women under 20 years of age (10 percent of all teenage women) become pregnant annually. * * * Such pregnancies are often unwanted, and are likely to have adverse health, social, and economic consequences for the individuals involved. Clearly, the problems of teenage pregnancy have become critical.
In 1981 Congress again amended Title X, this time to require by statute that grantees encourage family participation in their Title X programs. With this additional language, Section 300(a) of the Act now reads:
The Secretary is authorized to make grants to and enter into contracts with public or nonprofit private entities to assist in the establishment and operation of voluntary family planning projects which shall offer a broad range of acceptable and effective family planning methods and services (including natural family planning methods, infertility services, and services for adolescents). To the extent practical, entities which receive grants or contracts under this subsection shall encourage family participation in projects assisted under this subsection.
42 U.S.C. § 300(a) (amendment emphasized).
On February 22, 1982 the Secretary published for public comment modifications of certain regulations governing Title X grants. Proposed as a means of implementing Congress’ 1981 amendment to Title X, the new regulations seek to mandate the encouragement of family participation in three basic ways. First, and most significantly, they require Title X grantees to notify a parent or guardian within 10 working days of initially prescribing contraceptives to an unemancipated minor. Without verification that such notice was received, no further prescriptions may be provided to the minor.
Second, the regulations require Title X recipients to comply with any state law that mandates notification or consent of parent or guardian upon provision of family planning services to a minor. Finally, the new regulations redefine the statutory phrase “low-income family” so as to require Title X grantees to consider the economic eligibility of minors on the basis of their parents’, rather than their own, financial resources.
As the Department itself acknowledged, public response to the proposed regulations was “overwhelming.” Over 120,000 individuals and organizations contributed to the public comment. Among those opposing the proposed regulations were 19 major medical associations, including the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association, 40 states, and the District of Columbia. On January 26, 1983 HHS nevertheless promulgated the final regulations, virtually unchanged. They were accompanied by a 15-page preamble that generally discussed the comments submitted and the reasons for the new rules. The regulations were to take effect on February 25, 1983.
B. The Proceedings and Decisions Below
Even before the final regulations were published, however, two separate actions were brought in the District Court to enjoin the Secretary and the Department from enforcing the regulations. Plaintiffs in one action were the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., a national organization concerned with family planning, and three of its member affiliates who receive Title X grants to provide family planning services and are therefore subject to the new regulations. The second suit was brought by the National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association, Inc. (NFPRHA), a national nonprofit organization whose members are predominantly family planning clinics receiving Title X funding, and numerous other organizations and individuals affected by the regulations. The District Court consolidated the two actions.
On February 18, 1983 the District Court granted plaintiffs’ consolidated motions for preliminary injunction, ordering the Secretary and the Department to cease enforcement of the challenged regulations pending further order of the court. See Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Schweiker, 559 F.Supp. 658 (D.D.C.1983) (hereinafter cited as Planned Parenthood). In addressing plaintiffs’ likelihood of success on the merits, the court reviewed the statutory language of the 1981 amendment to Title X, its legislative history, and the general structure of Title X. The court concluded that the regulations requiring parental notification “are outside the scope of the agency’s authorizing legislation, and are therefore invalid.” Id. at 669. The court also held that the other two requirements— compliance with state parental notification and consent laws and redefinition of adolescent financial eligibility — are similarly invalid for violating the intent of Title X. Id. Since the court found that the regulations were promulgated in excess of statutory authority, it did not rule on plaintiffs’ allegations that the regulations are arbitrary and capricious and abridge the constitutional privacy rights of mature minors. See id. at 669 n. 19. On March 2, 1983 the court found that plaintiffs were entitled to judgment as a matter of law and so filed a final order in the case, making its injunction permanent. See id. at 670 (final judgment on cross-motions for summary judgment).
III. Analysis
This appeal presents a straightforward issue of statutory construction. Urging reversal of the decision below, appellants, the Secretary and HHS, argue that the new regulations are perfectly consistent with the language and intent of the 1981 amendment to Title X and are therefore not in excess of statutory authority. Before addressing the merits of this assertion, we outline briefly this court’s scope of review.
A. Standard of Review
An essential function of the reviewing court is to guard against bureaucratic excesses by ensuring that administrative agencies remain within the bounds of their delegated authority. To that end, it falls within the province of this court to interpret the proper limits of Congress’ delegation of authority in Title X and to determine whether the challenged regulations traverse those limits. As appellants duly point out, the rulemaking authority that Congress has delegated to the Secretary is broad indeed:
Grants and contracts made under this subchapter [42 U.S.C. § 300 et seq.] shall be made in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary may promulgate. * * *
42 U.S.C. § 300a-4(a).
Yet, however sweeping this delegation of authority, it is not unlimited. We will declare regulations in excess of statutory authority if they “bear[ ] no relationship to any recognized concept of” the particular statutory terms at issue. Batterton v. Francis, 432 U.S. 416, 428, 97 S.Ct. 2399, 2407, 53 L.Ed.2d 448 (1977). Agency action must be found to be consistent with the congressional purposes underlying the authorizing statute. See id.; Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U.S. 199, 237, 94 S.Ct. 1055, 1075, 39 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974); Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 381, 89 S.Ct. 1794, 1802, 23 L.Ed.2d 371 (1966). In short, these regulations can be sustained only if this “reviewing court [is] reasonably able to conclude that the grant of authority contemplates the regulations issued.” Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 308, 99 S.Ct. 1705, 1721, 60 L.Ed.2d 208 (1979).
Appellants further contend that, in construing the reaches of Title X, we must give great deference to the Secretary’s own interpretation of the statute. While courts frequently do give substantial deference to the administering agency’s interpretation of its statute, the deference accorded does vary from case to case and under certain circumstances can dissipate altogether:
[D]eference must have limits where, as here, application of the [agency’s statutory interpretation] would be inconsistent with an obvious congressional intent * *. Courts need not defer to an administrative construction of a statute where there are “compelling indications that it is wrong.”
Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co., 414 U.S. 86, 94-95, 94 S.Ct. 334, 339-340, 38 L.Ed.2d 287 (1974) (quoting Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, supra, 395 U.S. at 381, 89 S.Ct. at 1802).
In the present case there are indeed “compelling indications” that the Secretary has misconstrued Congress’ intent in enacting the 1981 amendment to Title X. Our own careful review of the language of the statute and its legislative history makes it clear that these regulations not only violate Congress’ specific intent as to the issue of parental notification, but also undermine the fundamental purposes of the Title X program. It is to this statutory analysis we now turn.
B. The 1981 Amendment to Title X and Parental Notification
1. Statutory language.
“[T]he starting point for interpreting a statute is the language of the statute itself.” CPSC v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 108, 100 S.Ct 2051, 2056, 64 L.Ed.2d 766 (1980). The 1981 amendment to Title X consists of just one simple sentence:
To the extent practical, entities which receive grants or contracts under this subsection shall encourage family participation in projects assisted under this subsection.
42 U.S.C. § 300(a) (Supp. Y 1981).
According to the Secretary, the statute’s use of the word “shall” imposes a nondiscretionary duty upon Title X grantees to communicate with the teenager’s parents so as to involve them in their child’s contraceptive decisions. We cannot agree. Certainly the use of the word “shall” presumptively implies some type of mandatory obligation on grantees. But the nature of that obligation is defined by the word “encourage.” As the District Court noted, Congress’ choice of this permissive and nonobligatory term is in itself revealing. Had Congress intended to mandate parental involvement, it could easily have done so with more appropriate and less ambiguous language such as “shall require family participation” or “shall notify the family.” Indeed, the very concept of encouragement is further weakened by the use of a qualifier “to the extent practical.” While no specific content may be given that phrase from the face of the statute, its use indicates Congress’ intent that the goal of encouraging family participation may well have to give way to other, more practical considerations. Contrary to appellant’s assertions, then, the express language of the statute certainly does not lend support to the Secretary’s interpretation of the amendment as “reasonably contemplating]” a parental notification requirement.
2. The legislative history.
Our inquiry into the congressional intent behind the 1981 amendment need not end with a simple parsing of the express terms of the statute. Although we find that the “plain meaning” of the statute is clear from its terms, we note that the legislative history is equally illuminating in this case. In particular, because appellants attach meaning to the fact that the statute- does not expressly indicate precisely how Title X entities “shall encourage” family participation, reference to the legislative history is essential.
a. The 1981 Conference Committee report.
The Conference Committee report accompanying the 1981 amendment specifically addressed the new sentence:
The conferees believe that, while family involvement is not mandated, it is important that families participate in the activities authorized by this title as much as possible. It is the intent of the conferees that grantees will encourage participants in Title X programs to include their families in counseling and involve them in decisions about services.
H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 208, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 799 (1981) (emphasis added).
We find this Conference Report statement to be a crystal-clear and unequivocal expression of congressional intent — an intent that controls the Secretary in the exercise of her or his rulemaking authority. Several points emerge from the Conference Committee’s explanation of the amendment. In enacting the amendment to encourage family participation, Congress most definitely did not intend to mandate family involvement. It is impossible to conceive of a more intelligible way to convey that meaning than the comment made by the committee. Thus, to the extent that the parental notification requirement of the new regulations operates to require family involvement, it is inconsistent with Congress’ intent.
Furthermore, the conferees quite plainly explicate the manner by which they intend the Title X grantees to fulfill their statutory obligation to encourage family participation: “grantees will encourage participants * * * to include their families.” The Title X family planning projects are thereby directed to communicate with and encourage those seeking services to make their contraceptive choices with the assistance of their families. There is simply no way, in light of the conferees’ explanation, that the statute can be read as intending to permit the Title X projects to communicate directly with the parents as a means of fulfilling the statute’s “family participation” directive.
Yet this is precisely the reading of the statute and the Conference Committee report that the Secretary would urge upon this court. Appellants seek to avoid the clear import of the Conference Committee report by arjguing that enactment of the 1981 amendment represented a great change in Congress’ existing policy vis-á-vis parental notification and family involvement — a change in policy that would be furthered by the new regulations. They contend that the 1981 amendment “showed a clear shift in Congress’ thinking. * * * Congress indicated that grantees, themselves, were henceforth to encourage family involvement, and not simply to rely on their teenage clientele to involve their parents.” According to appellants, Congress’ shift in intent is supposedly manifest, not only in the express language of the statute, but in the Conference Committee report’s introductory statement about Title X:
Three changes were made in Title X by the conferees. The first was a statement added to section 1001 that “To the extent practical, recipients of grants shall encourage family participation.” * * *
H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 208, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 799 (1981) (emphasis added).
Appellants’ argument simply does not withstand close scrutiny. The conferees’ use of this word “changes” certainly cannot stand alone as definitive proof of a fundamental shift in congressional intent. Assuredly, there was a “change” in Title X — an entirely new sentence was added to the section of the Act. Whether this change of statutory language evidences a change of congressional purpose, however, depends upon Congress’ prior expressions of policy as to the issues of family involvement and parental notification.
b. Congressional policy of encouraging family involvement.
Our detailed examination of Title X’s pre-1981 legislative history indicates that, far from signifying a shift in congressional opinion, the 1981 amendment simply raised to the statutory level pre-existing policy on this issue. For years earlier Congress had evinced its strong interest in encouraging family involvement in a teenager’s family planning decisions; the legislative history is replete with references to this goal. What is particularly striking is the extent to which the various committee report references to this policy track, almost verbatim, the language of the 1981 Conference Committee report.
In 1975, for example, the Senate report accompanying the Title X reauthorization bill stated:
[T]he Committee believes that unmarried teenagers, where feasible, should be encouraged to involve their family [sic] in their decision about use of contraceptives.
S.Rep. No. 29, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 55 (1975) (emphasis added). The Senate report accompanying that chamber’s version of the 1978 Title X reauthorization bill also emphasized the encouragement of family involvement:
This policy * * * has been stressed in prior committee reports and is a re assertion of existing Federal policy. It is not intended to restrict or discourage the provision of voluntary family planning services to those adolescents who want them, but only to try to enhance communication within the family unit.
S.Rep. No. 822, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 40 (1978) (emphasis added). Finally, the House report accompanying its version of the bill subsequently enacted as the 1981 amendment noted “past Committee concern that in the process of contraceptive counseling, unmarried teenagers, where feasible, should be encouraged to involve their families in their decision about use of contraceptives.” H.R.Rep. No. 158, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 82 (1981) (emphasis added; footnote omitted).
In light of this consistent legislative history, we believe that the reasonable and correct interpretation of the 1981 amendment is that offered by appellees: the added statutory language merely served to emphasize existing congressional policy and thus provides no basis for the Secretary’s radical departure in the means by which such family involvement is to be effectuated.
c. Congressional policy of protecting confidentiality.
Congress, however, has long recognized not only the importance of family involvement, but the crucial importance as well of preserving patient confidentiality in the Title X program. In 1972 the Secretary first promulgated a regulation to ensure doctor-patient confidentiality in Title X programs. These regulations remain in effect unchanged. See 42 C.F.R. § 59.11 (1982). Congress was fully aware of this consistent administrative practice and in particular recognized the critical role played by the assurance of confidentiality in attracting adolescents to the clinics. For example, the Senate report accompanying the 1977 reauthorization of Title X expressly acknowledged that teenagers more readily seek family planning services at Title X facilities precisely because of the policy of patient confidentiality:
[T]he Committee believes HEW must not overlook the preference of many individuals, particularly the teenage target group, for family planning clinics as the initial entry point to family planning information and services. This preference is due partially to the greater degree of teenage confidence in the confidentiality which can be assured by a family planning clinic and in the proficiency of the family planning services provided in a clinic specializing in those and related services.^!
Thus Congress made clear that confidentiality was essential to attract adolescents to the Title X clinics; without such assurances, one of the primary purposes of Title X — to make family planning services readily available to teenagers — would be severely undermined.
Particularly noteworthy in the legislative history is the 1978 defeat in the House of Representatives of an amendment to Title X offered by Representative Harold L. Volkmer. The proposal would have expressly required Title X grantees to notify parents prior to prescribing contraceptives, thereby abandoning the policy of preserving teenagers’ confidences. In the debate on the Volkmer amendment, several congressmen expressed their belief that parental notification would sacrifice the policy of providing confidential services, deter teenagers from coming to Title X clinics, and so result in an increased number of teenage pregnancies. The Acting Secretary of HEW at that time echoed these concerns: “[Ejnactment of * * * [the Volkmer amendment] would undermine the national effort to alleviate the growing problem of teenage pregnancy in this country * *
It is beyond dispute that courts must be cautious in attributing great significance to legislative intent as expressed by legislative inaction. Nevertheless, we find that Congress’ obvious awareness of the administrative practice as to confidentiality as well as its failure to change this practice when presented with the opportunity provide sufficient support for the conclusion that Congress — at least prior to 1981 — had embraced the policy of maintaining teenage confidentiality in the Title X program.
As for the 1981 amendment, we see no evidence whatever that Congress intended to change its longstanding belief that confidentiality was a crucial factor in attracting teenagers to Title X clinics and thereby in stemming the epidemic increase in teenage pregnancies. In fact, we firmly believe that the express language of the statute, requiring Title X grantees to encourage family participation “to the extent practical,” refers to just such realistic concerns about deterring teenagers from seeking contraception if their confidences are not respected. Were the Secretary’s regulations permitted to stand, the goal of family involvement would undermine both Congress’ specific policy of confidentiality and its overriding concern about the escalating teenage pregnancy rate. In the absence of a clearly expressed intent to the contrary, we will not construe the 1981 amendment in a manner which would undermine Congress’ broad purposes for enacting Title X in the first place.
C. Title XX
Appellants seek support for their strained interpretation of the 1981 amendment to Title X in yet another, separate statute. Title XX of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300z et seq. (Supp. V 1981), was enacted as part of the same legislative package as the Title X amendment. It established a new grant program for demonstration projects to provide services and research related to adolescent sexuality and pregnancy. Title XX expressly requires family involvement by mandating parental notification and consent, 42 U.S.C. § 300z-5(a)(22)(A)(i), as well as by determining eligibility for the program on the basis of family income, id. § 300z-3(c). Indeed, Congress’ intent in Title XX is to make family involvement the centerpiece of this program designed explicitly to discourage adolescent sexual relations. See id. § 300z(a)(9).
Appellants contend that Congress’ philosophical intent in Title XX can and should be used to inform any interpretation of Title X. More specifically, Title XX’s explicit requirement of parental notification “demonstrated that [Congress] believed parental notification to be important policy in and of itself.” See brief for appellants at 22. On this view, if Congress approved of parental notification in one context, it should be presumed to intend its use in a related context as well.
This argument totally ignores the very different nature of the two programs. Title X is the largest of the Federal Government’s family planning programs, designed to serve the family planning needs of all persons in need of such services. Title XX, by contrast, is a limited and experimental program; it provides for “demonstration projects” with a special emphasis on serving the needs of already pregnant adolescents and the prevention of adolescent sexual relations, see 42 U.S.C. § 300z-l(a)(7) & (8). While some traditional family planning services may be provided under limited circumstances, see id. § 300z-3(b)(l), the primary thrust of Title XX clearly lies elsewhere.
The distinct differences in the scope and purposes of the two programs necessarily dictate different approaches to striking an appropriate balance between the need for confidentiality and the goal of parental involvement. The Senate report accompanying Title XX clearly delineated these differences and their consequences:
It must be stressed, however, that this [Title XX] program is to be a demonstration project in which the Federal Government attempts to promote family-centered approaches to serious social problems. Unlike contraceptive services or venereal disease treatments, adolescent pregnancy cannot be an indefinitely confidential affair. Furthermore, it should be noted that this [Title XX] program is a Federal demonstration project and not a far-ranging Government entitlement program. These requirements [e.g., parental notification and consent] are an attempt to determine the effect that such parental involvement requirements might have on a small scale!!
As an experimental demonstration project, then, Title XX provides a useful, but limited, context in which Congress may experiment and then evaluate the impact on teenagers of mandating family notification and involvement without irrevocably undermining its large-scale family planning program. Congress has, in fact, since indicated its intent to “monitor the progress of the projects involved very carefully” and to hold hearings to assess “the implementation and impact of the parental involvement requirement under this experimental program.”
It would therefore be both illogical and contrary to legislative intent to follow appedants’ suggestion and “import” the strong family involvement component of Title XX into Title X. In point of fact, one senator feared just such an inappropriate amalgamation of the two programs. To clarify the limited nature of Title XX’s requirements, Senator Mark Hatfield, chairman of the Appropriations Committee, raised the issue during the debate over HHS’s appropriations for 1982:
Mr. President, while we are in Labor-HHS matters, may I ask the Senator from New Mexico, the chairman of the Labor, Health and Human Services and Education Subcommittee, about language in the committee report concerning adolescent family life program? There has been some concern expressed that the report language could somehow be interpreted to apply the “parental consent and notification” provisions of the adloescent [sic] family life program to other programs under the jurisdiction of the Department of Health and Human Services. Can the Senator tell me whether the language does apply to Health and Human Services programs other than adolescent family life?
Whereupon Senator Schmitt, chairman of the Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, responded, “It does not.” See 128 Cong.Rec. S10067 (daily ed. Aug. 10, 1982).
Notwithstanding this insurmountable evidence that Title XX’s parental notification requirements were not intended to apply to Title X, appellants argue that the Secretary was properly guided by the philosophy of Title XX. They point to a review provision of Title XX as strong evidence of Congress’ intent to apply the family-centered philosophy of Title XX outside the narrow confines of its specified programs. Section 300z-6(a)(3) calls on the Secretary to:
review all programs administered by the Department of Health and Human Services which provide prevention services or care services to determine if the policies of such programs are consistent with the policies of this subchapter * * *.”
42 U.S.C. § 300z-6(a)(3). This language, however, merely calls for review of existing federal family programs to identify any inconsistencies in policy. It does not authorize the Secretary, on her own, to remedy any such inconsistencies by regulation. In fact, the Senate report accompanying Title XX makes clear the limits of the Secretary’s authority to act:
Remedial legislation or regulations to alter any Federal programs that the Secretary may identify as duplicative or inconsistent with the new Federal policy contained in this legislation should be formulated as quickly as possible.
S.Rep. No. 161, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 16 (1981) (emphasis added). The use of the words “remedial legislation” clearly concedes that the Secretary may not be able to alter by regulation alone every program deemed “inconsistent” with Title XX. Given Congress’ express intent to limit Title XX’s parental notification and consent requirements to the confines of that experimental program, the Secretary has no authority deriving from this provision in Title XX to graft comparable parental notification requirements onto the structure of the completely separate Title X program.
D. State' Notification and Consent Requirement
Having determined that the new regulations’ parental notification requirement is inconsistent with Congress’ intent in Title X and finds no support in Title XX, we need not tarry long in disposing of appellants’ arguments as to the other two requirements.
The Secretary’s requirement that Title X grantees comply with prevailing state law as to parental notification or consent constitutes an invalid delegation of authority to the states. As the District Court found:
Although Congress is free to permit the states to establish eligibility requirements for recipients of Title X funds, Congress has not delegated that power to the states. Title X does not provide, or suggest, that states are permitted to determine eligibility criteria for participants in Title X programs. * * *
In the absence of Congress’ express authorization to HHS to in turn empower the states to set eligibility criteria, the Secretary has no power to do so. Therefore, in enacting such a regulation in this case the Secretary has exceeded the limits of Congress’ delegated authority. See Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, supra, 441 U.S. at 308, 99 S.Ct. at 1720.
Furthermore, even if Congress had authorized the Secretary to delegate to the states the power to set eligibility standards, the state laws would still have to conform with the existing requirements of Title X and its regulations.. It is elementary that under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution states are not permitted to establish eligibility standards for federal assistance programs that conflict with the existing federal statutory or regulatory scheme. See Jones v. T.H., 425 U.S. 986, 96 S.Ct. 2195, 48 L.Ed.2d 811 (1976), aff’g mem. only on statutory grounds sub nom. T_H_v. Jones, 425 F.Supp. 873 (D.Utah 1975). See also Lascaris v. Shirley, 420 U.S. 730, 95 S.Ct. 1190, 43 L.Ed.2d 583 (1975); Carleson v. Remillard, 406 U.S. 598, 600-601, 92 S.Ct. 1932, 1934, 32 L.Ed.2d 352 (1972); Townsend v. Swank, 404 U.S. 282, 286, 92 S.Ct. 502, 505,30 L.Ed.2d 448 (1971); King v. Smith, 392 U.S. 309, 88 S.Ct. 2128, 20 L.Ed.2d 1118 (1968).
The only court to consider this issue in the context of Title X squarely concluded that West Virginia’s attempt to require parental consent as a condition to the provision of family planning services constituted the imposition of an additional eligibility requirement that clearly thwarted the goals of Title X. See Doe v. Pickett, 480 F.Supp. 1218, 1220-1221 (D.W.Va.1979). Since we have concluded that, even after the 1981 amendment, the continuing policies of Title X prohibit the Secretary from requiring parental notification, the states would likewise be precluded from imposing similar conditions.
E. Financial Eligibility Requirement
The elimination of the current regulation as to teenagers’ financial eligibility is clearly entailed by the Secretary’s imposition of the parental notification requirement. The new regulation deletes the following: “[U]nemancipated minors who wish to receive services on a confidential basis must be considered on the basis of their own resources.” If the confidentiality of adolescents is no longer to be respected, then the above requirement is logically unnecessary.
However, since the parental notification requirement is invalid, then so too is this change in determining financial eligibility. We thus agree with the reasoning of the District Court: the regulation requiring that an adolescent’s eligibility for services be based on her parents’, rather than her own, income is invalid “because it has the same effect as the parental notification requirement.” Planned Parenthood, supra, 559 F.Supp. at 669. Clearly, if a minor must obtain financial information from her parents to determine her own eligibility for family planning services, the regulation denies her the requisite confidentiality and operates as a de facto parental notification requirement. Indeed, if the parents do not meet the eligibility standards and the minor has no funds of her own, the regulation may operate as a de facto parental consent rule; by withholding funds, the parents can prevent the teenager from receiving any contraceptive services at Title X clinics. Either way, the regulation operates as a deterrent to teenage access to contraceptive services, thereby undermining Title X’s goal of reducing the teenage pregnancy rate.
Moreover, the regulation also conflicts with Title X’s specific admonition that the Secretary define “low-income” families in such a way as to insure that “economic status shall not be a deterrent to participation in the programs assisted under [Title X].” 42 U.S.C. § 300a-4(c). Reflecting its general concern about the problems of adolescent pregnancy, Congress clearly intended to include all adolescents — not just those from low-income families — among

Question: What is the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "groups and associations"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 99