Task: sc_petitioner

What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the petitioner of the case. The petitioner is the party who petitioned the Supreme Court to review the case. This party is variously known as the petitioner or the appellant. Characterize the petitioner as the Court's opinion identifies them.

Identify the petitioner by the label given to the party in the opinion or judgment of the Court except where the Reports title a party as the "United States" or as a named state. Textual identification of parties is typically provided prior to Part I of the Court's opinion. The official syllabus, the summary that appears on the title page of the case, may be consulted as well. In describing the parties, the Court employs terminology that places them in the context of the specific lawsuit in which they are involved. For example, "employer" rather than "business" in a suit by an employee; as a "minority," "female," or "minority female" employee rather than "employee" in a suit alleging discrimination by an employer.

Also note that the Court's characterization of the parties applies whether the petitioner is actually single entity or whether many other persons or legal entities have associated themselves with the lawsuit. That is, the presence of the phrase, et al., following the name of a party does not preclude the Court from characterizing that party as though it were a single entity. Thus, identify a single petitioner, regardless of how many legal entities were actually involved. If a state (or one of its subdivisions) is a party, note only that a state is a party, not the state's name.

Per Curiam.
Pro se petitioner Jessie McDonald requests that this Court issue a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U. S. C. § 2241(a). He also requests that he be permitted to proceed in forma pauperis under this Court’s Rule 46. We deny petitioner leave to proceed in forma pauperis. He is allowed until March 14, 1989, within which to pay the docketing fee required by Rule 45(a) and to submit a petition in compliance with this Court’s Rule 33. We also direct the Clerk not to accept any further petitions from petitioner for extraordinary writs pursuant to 28 U. S. C. §§ 1651(a), 2241, and 2254(a), unless he pays the docketing fee required by Rule 45(a) and submits his petition in compliance with Rule 33. We explain below our reasons for taking this step.
Petitioner is no stranger to us. Since 1971, he has made 73 separate filings with the Court, not including this petition, which is his eighth so far this Term. These include 4 appeals, 33 petitions for certiorari, 19 petitions for extraordinary writs, 7 applications for stays and other injunctive relief, and 10 petitions for rehearing. Without recorded dissent, the Court has denied all of his appeals and denied all of his various petitions and motions. We have never previously denied him leave to proceed informa pauperis.
The instant petition for a writ of habeas corpus arises from petitioner’s 1974 state conviction for obtaining title to a 1972 Ford LTD automobile under false pretenses, for which he was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. Petitioner appealed to the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals, which reversed his conviction on the ground that there was no evidence that the alleged victim relied on petitioner’s false statements. In January 1976, the Supreme Court of Tennessee reinstated his conviction. State v. McDonald, 534 S. W. 2d 650. We denied certiorari, 425 U. S. 955, and rehearing, 425 U. S. 1000 (1976).
In the 13 years since his conviction became final, petitioner has filed numerous petitions and motions for relief in this Court and in the Tennessee courts, all of which have been rejected. In the instant petition, for example, he requests that the Court “set aside” his conviction and direct the State to “expunge” the conviction “from all public records.” He is not presently incarcerated. He contends that his constitutional rights were violated by the State’s failure to prove that the property to which he obtained title under false pretenses was valued at over $100, as required by the statute under which he was convicted. Petitioner has put forward this same argument — unsuccessfully—in at least four prior filings with the Court, including a petition for mandamus, which was filed 13 days before the instant petition and was not disposed of by the Court until more than a month after this petition was filed.
Title 28 U. S. C. § 1915 provides that “[a]ny court of the United States may authorize the commencement, prosecution or defense of any suit, action or proceeding, civil or criminal, or appeal therein, without prepayment of fees and costs or security therefor.” (Emphasis added.) As permitted under this statute, we have adopted Rule 46.1, which provides that “[a] party desiring to proceed in this Court in forma pauperis shall file a motion for leave to so proceed, together with his affidavit in the form prescribed in Fed. Rules App. Proc., Form 4 . . . setting forth with particularity facts showing that he comes within the statutory requirements.” Each year, we permit the vast majority of persons who wish to proceed informa pauperis to do so; last Term, we afforded the privilege of proceeding informa pauperis to about 2,300 persons. Paupers have been an important — and valued-part of the Court’s docket, see, e. g., Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U. S. 335 (1963), and remain so.
But paupers filing pro se petitions are not subject to the financial considerations — filing fees and attorney’s fees — that deter other litigants from filing frivolous petitions. Every paper filed with the Clerk of this Court, no matter how repetitious or frivolous, requires some portion of the institution’s limited resources. A part of the Court’s responsibility is to see that these resources are allocated in a way that promotes the interests of justice. The continual processing of petitioner’s frivolous requests for extraordinary writs does not promote that end. Although we have not done so previously, lower courts have issued orders intended to curb serious abuses by persons proceeding informa pauperis Our order here prevents petitioner from proceeding in forma pauperis when seeking extraordinary writs from the Court. It is perhaps worth noting that we have not granted the sort of extraordinary writ relentlessly sought by petitioner to any litigant — paid or in forma pauperis — for at least a decade. We have emphasized that extraordinary writs are, not surprisingly, “drastic and extraordinary remedies,” to be “reserved for really extraordinary causes,” in which “appeal is clearly an inadequate remedy.” Ex parte Fahey, 332 U. S. 258, 259, 260 (1947).
Petitioner remains free under the present order to file in forma pauperis requests for relief other than an extraordinary writ, if he qualifies under this Court’s Rule 46 and does not similarly abuse that privilege.
It is so ordered.
See McDonald v. Alabama, 479 U. S. 1061 (1987); In re McDonald, 466 U. S. 957 (1984); McDonald v. Tennessee, 432 U. S. 901 (1977); McDonald v. Purity Dairies Employees Federal Credit Union, 431 U. S. 961 (1977).
See McDonald v. Tobey, 488 U. S. 971 (1988); McDonald v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, 481 U. S. 1053 (1987); McDonald v. Tennessee, 475 U. S. 1088 (1986); McDonald v. Tennessee, 474 U. S. 951 (1985); McDonald v. Leech, 467 U. S. 1208 (1984); McDonald v. Humphries, 461 U. S. 946 (1983); McDonald v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, 461 U. S. 934 (1983); McDonald v. Draper, 459 U. S. 1112 (1983); McDonald v. Thompson, 456 U. S. 981 (1982); McDonald v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, 455 U. S. 957 (1982); McDonald v. Tennessee, 454 U. S. 1088 (1981); McDonald v. Draper, 452 U. S. 965 (1981); McDonald v. Tennessee, 450 U. S. 983 (1981); McDonald v. Draper, 450 U. S. 983 (1981); McDonald v. Metropolitan Airport Authority, 450 U. S. 1002 (1981); McDonald v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, 450 U. S. 933 (1981); McDonald v. United States District Court, 444 U. S. 900 (1979); McDonald v. Birch, 444 U. S. 875 (1979); McDonald v. United States District Court and McDonald v. Yellow Freight Systems, Inc., 444 U. S. 875 (1979); McDonald v. Thompson, 436 U. S. 911 (1978); McDonald v. Tennessee, 434 U. S. 866 (1977); McDonald v. Davidson County Election Comm’n, 431 U. S. 958 (1977); McDonald v. Tennessee, 431 U. S. 933 (1977); McDonald v. Tennessee, 429 U. S. 1064 (1977); McDonald v. Tennessee, 425 U. S. 955 (1976); McDonald v. Tennessee, 423 U. S. 991 (1975); McDonald v. Tennessee, 416 U. S. 975 (1974); McDonald v. Tennessee, 415 U. S. 961 (1974); McDonald v. Wellons, 414 U. S. 1074 (1973); McDonald v. Metro Traffic and Parking Comm’n, 409 U. S. 1117 (1973); McDonald v. Wellons, 405 U. S. 928 (1972); McDonald v. Metropolitan Traffic and Parking Comm’n, 404 U. S. 843 (1971).
In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 940 (1988) (mandamus and/or prohibition); In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 940 (1988) (mandamus and/or prohibition); In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 940 (1988) (mandamus and/or prohibition); In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 813 (1988) (common law certiorari); In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 813 (1988) (common law certiorari); In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 813 (1988) (common law certiorari); In re McDonald, 485 U. S. 986 (1988) (mandamus); In re McDonald, 484 U. S. 812 (1987) (common law certio-rari); In re McDonald, 484 U. S. 812 (1987) (habeas corpus); In re McDonald, 484 U. S. 812 (1987) (common law certiorari and habeas corpus); In re McDonald, 479 U. S. 809 (1986) (habeas corpus); In re McDonald, 470 U. S. 1082 (1985) (habeas corpus); In re McDonald, 464 U. S. 811 (1983) (mandamus and/or prohibition); McDonald v. Leathers, 439 U. S. 815 (1978) (leave to file petition for writ of mandamus); McDonald v. Thompson, 434 U. S. 812 (1977) (leave to file petition for writ of habeas corpus); McDonald v. Tennessee, 430 U. S. 963 (1977) (motion to consolidate and for leave to file petition for writ of habeas corpus); McDonald v. Thompson, 429 U. S. 1088 (1977) (leave to file petition for writ of habeas corpus and other relief); McDonald v. United States Court of Appeals, 420 U. S. 922 (1975) (leave to file petition for writ of mandamus); McDonald v. Mott, 410 U. S. 907 (1973) (leave to file petition for writ of mandamus and other relief).
See McDonald v. Metropolitan Government, 487 U. S. 1230 (1988) (stay); McDonald v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, 481 U. S. 1010 (1987) (stay); McDonald v. Alexander, 458 U. S. 1124 (1982) (injunction); McDonald v. Draper, 451 U. S. 978 (1981) (stay); McDonald v. Thompson, 432 U. S. 903 (1977) (application for supersedeas bond); McDonald v. Tennessee, 429 U. S. 1012 (1976) (stay and other relief); McDonald v. Tennessee, 415 U. S. 971 (1974) (stay).
See McDonald v. Alabama, 480 U. S. 912 (1987); In re McDonald, 479 U. S. 956 (1986); McDonald v. Tennessee, 475 U. S. 1151 (1986); In re McDonald, 471 U. S. 1062 (1985); McDonald v. Leech, 467 U. S. 1257 (1984); McDonald v. Draper, 459 U. S. 1229 (1983); McDonald v. Thompson, 457 U. S. 1126 (1982); McDonald v. Draper, 451 U. S. 933 (1981); McDonald v. Tennessee, 425 U. S. 1000 (1976); McDonald v. Tennessee, 417 U. S. 927 (1974).
In the affidavit in support of his present motion to. proceed informa pauperis, petitioner states that he earns approximately $300 per month, is self-employed, and has less than $25 in his checking or savings account. He states that he has no dependents.
See In re McDonald, 488 U. S. 940 (1988) (petition for mandamus and/or prohibition); In re McDonald, 484 U. S. 812 (1987) (petition for common law certiorari or habeas corpus); McDonald v. Tennessee, 475 U. S. 1088, rehearing denied, 475 U. S. 1151 (1986) (petition for certiorari); In re McDonald, 479 U. S. 809 (1986) (petition for habeas corpus).
See, e. g., Procup v. Strickland, 792 F. 2d 1069 (CA11 1986); Peck v. Hoff, 660 F. 2d 371 (CA8 1981); Green v. Carlson, 649 F. 2d 285 (CA5 1981); cf. In re Martin-Trigona, 737 F. 2d 1254, 1261 (CA2 1984) (“Federal courts have both the inherent power and constitutional obligation to protect their jurisdiction from conduct which impairs their ability to carry out Article III functions”).
Petitioner has repeatedly ignored the letter and spirit of this Court’s Rule 26, which provides in part that, “[t]o justify the granting of [an extraordinary writ], it must be shown that the writ will be in aid of the Court’s appellate jurisdiction, that there are present exceptional circumstances warranting the exercise of the Court’s discretionary powers, and that adequate relief cannot be had in any other form or from any other court.”

Question: Who is the petitioner of the case?
年. attorney general of the United States, or his office
数. specified state board or department of education
日. city, town, township, village, or borough government or governmental unit
的. state commission, board, committee, or authority
月. county government or county governmental unit, except school district
用. court or judicial district
成. state department or agency
名. governmental employee or job applicant
时. female governmental employee or job applicant
件. minority governmental employee or job applicant
一. minority female governmental employee or job applicant
请. not listed among agencies in the first Administrative Action variable
中. retired or former governmental employee
据. U.S. House of Representatives
码. interstate compact
不. judge
新. state legislature, house, or committee
文. local governmental unit other than a county, city, town, township, village, or borough
下. governmental official, or an official of an agency established under an interstate compact
分. state or U.S. supreme court
入. local school district or board of education
人. U.S. Senate
功. U.S. senator
上. foreign nation or instrumentality
户. state or local governmental taxpayer, or executor of the estate of
为. state college or university
间. United States
号. State
取. person accused, indicted, or suspected of crime
回. advertising business or agency
在. agent, fiduciary, trustee, or executor
页. airplane manufacturer, or manufacturer of parts of airplanes
字. airline
有. distributor, importer, or exporter of alcoholic beverages
个. alien, person subject to a denaturalization proceeding, or one whose citizenship is revoked
作. American Medical Association
示. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
出. amusement establishment, or recreational facility
是. arrested person, or pretrial detainee
失. attorney, or person acting as such;includes bar applicant or law student, or law firm or bar association
表. author, copyright holder
除. bank, savings and loan, credit union, investment company
加. bankrupt person or business, or business in reorganization
败. establishment serving liquor by the glass, or package liquor store
生. water transportation, stevedore
信. bookstore, newsstand, printer, bindery, purveyor or distributor of books or magazines
类. brewery, distillery
置. broker, stock exchange, investment or securities firm
理. construction industry
本. bus or motorized passenger transportation vehicle
息. business, corporation
行. buyer, purchaser
定. cable TV
改. car dealer
市. person convicted of crime
期. tangible property, other than real estate, including contraband
以. chemical company
修. child, children, including adopted or illegitimate
元. religious organization, institution, or person
方. private club or facility
录. coal company or coal mine operator
区. computer business or manufacturer, hardware or software
单. consumer, consumer organization
位. creditor, including institution appearing as such; e.g., a finance company
型. person allegedly criminally insane or mentally incompetent to stand trial
法. defendant
县. debtor
存. real estate developer
品. disabled person or disability benefit claimant
前. distributor
称. person subject to selective service, including conscientious objector
注. drug manufacturer
值. druggist, pharmacist, pharmacy
输. employee, or job applicant, including beneficiaries of
建. employer-employee trust agreement, employee health and welfare fund, or multi-employer pension plan
能. electric equipment manufacturer
大. electric or hydroelectric power utility, power cooperative, or gas and electric company
例. eleemosynary institution or person
度. environmental organization
始. employer. If employer's relations with employees are governed by the nature of the employer's business (e.g., railroad, boat), rather than labor law generally, the more specific designation is used in place of Employer.
到. farmer, farm worker, or farm organization
面. father
载. female employee or job applicant
点. female
密. movie, play, pictorial representation, theatrical production, actor, or exhibitor or distributor of
动. fisherman or fishing company
果. food, meat packing, or processing company, stockyard
图. foreign (non-American) nongovernmental entity
提. franchiser
发. franchisee
式. lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual person or organization
国. person who guarantees another's obligations
登. handicapped individual, or organization of devoted to
错. health organization or person, nursing home, medical clinic or laboratory, chiropractor
者. heir, or beneficiary, or person so claiming to be
认. hospital, medical center
误. husband, or ex-husband
接. involuntarily committed mental patient
关. Indian, including Indian tribe or nation
重. insurance company, or surety
第. inventor, patent assigner, trademark owner or holder
地. investor
如. injured person or legal entity, nonphysically and non-employment related
设. juvenile
目. government contractor
开. holder of a license or permit, or applicant therefor
事. magazine
可. male
要. medical or Medicaid claimant
代. medical supply or manufacturing co.
小. racial or ethnic minority employee or job applicant
选. minority female employee or job applicant
标. manufacturer
明. management, executive officer, or director, of business entity
编. military personnel, or dependent of, including reservist
求. mining company or miner, excluding coal, oil, or pipeline company
列. mother
网. auto manufacturer
万. newspaper, newsletter, journal of opinion, news service
最. radio and television network, except cable tv
器. nonprofit organization or business
所. nonresident
内. nuclear power plant or facility
体. owner, landlord, or claimant to ownership, fee interest, or possession of land as well as chattels
通. shareholders to whom a tender offer is made
务. tender offer
此. oil company, or natural gas producer
商. elderly person, or organization dedicated to the elderly
序. out of state noncriminal defendant
化. political action committee
消. parent or parents
否. parking lot or service
保. patient of a health professional
使. telephone, telecommunications, or telegraph company
次. physician, MD or DO, dentist, or medical society
机. public interest organization
对. physically injured person, including wrongful death, who is not an employee
量. pipe line company
查. package, luggage, container
部. political candidate, activist, committee, party, party member, organization, or elected official
性. indigent, needy, welfare recipient
和. indigent defendant
更. private person
后. prisoner, inmate of penal institution
证. professional organization, business, or person
题. probationer, or parolee
确. protester, demonstrator, picketer or pamphleteer (non-employment related), or non-indigent loiterer
格. public utility
了. publisher, publishing company
于. radio station
金. racial or ethnic minority
公. person or organization protesting racial or ethnic segregation or discrimination
午. racial or ethnic minority student or applicant for admission to an educational institution
円. realtor
片. journalist, columnist, member of the news media
空. resident
态. restaurant, food vendor
管. retarded person, or mental incompetent
主. retired or former employee
天. railroad
自. private school, college, or university
我. seller or vendor
全. shipper, including importer and exporter
今. shopping center, mall
来. spouse, or former spouse
正. stockholder, shareholder, or bondholder
说. retail business or outlet
意. student, or applicant for admission to an educational institution
送. taxpayer or executor of taxpayer's estate, federal only
容. tenant or lessee
已. theater, studio
结. forest products, lumber, or logging company
会. person traveling or wishing to travel abroad, or overseas travel agent
段. trucking company, or motor carrier
计. television station
源. union member
色. unemployed person or unemployment compensation applicant or claimant
時. union, labor organization, or official of
交. veteran
系. voter, prospective voter, elector, or a nonelective official seeking reapportionment or redistricting of legislative districts (POL)
过. wholesale trade
电. wife, or ex-wife
询. witness, or person under subpoena
符. network
未. slave
程. slave-owner
常. bank of the united states
条. timber company
当. u.s. job applicants or employees
情. Army and Air Force Exchange Service
口. Atomic Energy Commission
合. Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Air Force
车. Department or Secretary of Agriculture
实. Alien Property Custodian
组. Secretary or administrative unit or personnel of the U.S. Army
版. Board of Immigration Appeals
周. Bureau of Indian Affairs
址. Bonneville Power Administration
记. Benefits Review Board
二. Civil Aeronautics Board
同. Bureau of the Census
业. Central Intelligence Agency
权. Commodity Futures Trading Commission
其. Department or Secretary of Commerce
进. Comptroller of Currency
试. Consumer Product Safety Commission
验. Civil Rights Commission
料. Civil Service Commission, U.S.
传. Customs Service or Commissioner of Customs
述. Defense Base Closure and REalignment Commission
集. Drug Enforcement Agency
多. Department or Secretary of Defense (and Department or Secretary of War)
无. Department or Secretary of Energy
员. Department or Secretary of the Interior
报. Department of Justice or Attorney General
他. Department or Secretary of State
無. Department or Secretary of Transportation
服. Department or Secretary of Education
线. U.S. Employees' Compensation Commission, or Commissioner
这. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
制. Environmental Protection Agency or Administrator
将. Federal Aviation Agency or Administration
处. Federal Bureau of Investigation or Director
高. Federal Bureau of Prisons
子. Farm Credit Administration
道. Federal Communications Commission (including a predecessor, Federal Radio Commission)
章. Federal Credit Union Administration
手. Food and Drug Administration
库. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
三. Federal Energy Administration
从. Federal Election Commission
支. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
家. Federal Housing Administration
长. Federal Home Loan Bank Board
付. Federal Labor Relations Authority
秒. Federal Maritime Board
路. Federal Maritime Commission
完. Farmers Home Administration
象. Federal Parole Board
则. Federal Power Commission
现. Federal Railroad Administration
京. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
转. Federal Reserve System
辑. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
限. Federal Trade Commission
力. Federal Works Administration, or Administrator
学. General Accounting Office
外. Comptroller General
调. General Services Administration
项. Department or Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
北. Department or Secretary of Health and Human Services
工. Department or Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
笑. Interstate Commerce Commission
监. Indian Claims Commission
任. Immigration and Naturalization Service, or Director of, or District Director of, or Immigration and Naturalization Enforcement
相. Internal Revenue Service, Collector, Commissioner, or District Director of
微. Information Security Oversight Office
册. Department or Secretary of Labor
联. Loyalty Review Board
平. Legal Services Corporation
增. Merit Systems Protection Board
听. Multistate Tax Commission
解. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
等. Secretary or administrative unit of the U.S. Navy
得. National Credit Union Administration
收. National Endowment for the Arts
安. National Enforcement Commission
价. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
藏. National Labor Relations Board, or regional office or officer
命. National Mediation Board
应. National Railroad Adjustment Board
看. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
索. National Security Agency
资. Office of Economic Opportunity
产. Office of Management and Budget
串. Office of Price Administration, or Price Administrator
布. Office of Personnel Management
原. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
知. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
级. Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
水. Patent Office, or Commissioner of, or Board of Appeals of
击. Pay Board (established under the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970)
好. Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
物. U.S. Public Health Service
放. Postal Rate Commission
亿. Provider Reimbursement Review Board
经. Renegotiation Board
模. Railroad Adjustment Board
之. Railroad Retirement Board
台. Subversive Activities Control Board
州. Small Business Administration
配. Securities and Exchange Commission
画. Social Security Administration or Commissioner
统. Selective Service System
共. Department or Secretary of the Treasury
连. Tennessee Valley Authority
海. United States Forest Service
节. United States Parole Commission
退. Postal Service and Post Office, or Postmaster General, or Postmaster
間. United States Sentencing Commission
比. Veterans' Administration
问. War Production Board
至. Wage Stabilization Board
备. General Land Office of Commissioners
你. Transportation Security Administration
黑. Surface Transportation Board
或. U.S. Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corp.
与. Reconstruction Finance Corp.
影. Department or Secretary of Homeland Security
话. Unidentifiable
视. International Entity
Answer:

Answer: 和