Task: songer_appnatpr

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

COFFRIN, District Judge:
In February, 1972 a truck driven by Robert Gray struck a toll-booth on the New York Thruway causing injury to appellant Frances Markham, who alleges that Gray, a diabetic, was in a semi-comatose state caused by insulin deficiencies. Appellee Anderson was Gray’s physician. His office is located in West Springfield, Pennsylvania, a town bordering Ohio, and his practice is extensive both in Pennsylvania and Ohio.
Anderson examined Gray in Pennsylvania in 1971 and certified that Gray was physically qualified under federal regulations to operate a commercial truck. Plaintiffs alleged that Anderson’s certification of Gray constituted a negligent misrepresentation, since federal regulations applicable at the time of Anderson’s examination provided that a truck driver such as Gray, who required insulin to control a diabetic condition, was not qualified to operate commercial trucks. Markham and her husband brought a diversity action in the District Court for the Western District of New York under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 against Anderson, Gray and Gray’s employer, the trucking company. Anderson was personally served in Pennsylvania under CPLR § 302(a)(3)(ii), on the basis of claims that: (1) he had committed a tortious act outside New York, which (2) caused injury to Markham inside New York, (3) he should reasonably have expected the act to have consequences in the state, and (4) he derived substantial revenue from interstate commerce.
Anderson moved to quash the service and dismiss the complaint on the grounds that Anderson was not subject to personal jurisdiction in New York under CPLR § 302. On May 1, 1975 Judge Curtin dismissed the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction on the grounds that Dr. Anderson did not “derive substantial revenue from interstate commerce” within the meaning of the long-arm statute.
The District Court gave two reasons to support its conclusion. First, the Court observed that the New York Legislature, in promulgating the “substantiality” requirement of CPLR § 302(a)(3), did not intend to subject nonresidents such as Dr. Anderson, whose business activities are “essentially local in nature”, to long-arm jurisdiction. The fact that Dr. Anderson practiced medicine in two states was not considered controlling by the Court, since Dr. Anderson was not the type of nonresident that the legislature “expected or considered capable of defending suits in foreign forums.” Second, the Court reasoned that even if Dr. Anderson’s medical practice was “interstate”, it did not constitute “commerce” for purposes of long-arm jurisdiction, since it was a profession, not a business. This conclusion was based on an analogy to antitrust cases, which, at the time of the Court’s opinion, suggested that professions were not engaged in “commerce” for antitrust purposes.
On appeal, appellant stresses the fact that since the writing of the opinion below, the Supreme Court has ruled that rendition of professional services constitutes “commerce” under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 95 S.Ct. 2004, 44 L.Ed.2d 572 (1975). We agree with appellant’s interpretation of Goldfarb, but do not agree that judicial interpretation of the Sherman Act is binding or even significant in a case interpreting the New York long-arm statute, since the two statutes were intended to have wholly different functions. In our view it is unnecessary to decide whether the practice of medicine by a physician is “commerce” for jurisdictional purposes, since we agree with the conclusion of the District Court that Dr. Anderson’s interstate activities, whether commerce or not, are not “substantial” within the meaning of CPLR § 302(a)(3)(h).
This conclusion is fully supported by the Report of the Judicial Conference cited in Judge Curtin’s opinion. 1966 McKinney’s Session Laws, 2786 et seq. We therefore adopt and see no need to repeat the District Court’s analysis of the legislative intent underlying § 302(a)(3)(h). It is sufficient to note that Dr. Anderson is a small-town doctor who has no on-going contacts with New York and whose interstate activities are not the sort which make him “generally equipped to handle litigation away from his business location.” 1966 McKinney’s Session Laws, 2786, 2788. For this reason, we affirm the judgment of the District Court dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint.
. Dr. Anderson’s answer to interrogatories revealed that approximately 60 percent of the patients he treats in his Pennsylvania office are citizens of Ohio, approximately 75 percent of the patients who were treated or examined by Dr. Anderson in Pennsylvania in 1973 and required hospital care during the course of his treatment were referred by him to Brown Memorial Hospital in Conneaut, Ohio, and approximately 14 hours per week (two hours per day, seven days per week) are spent by Dr. Anderson making rounds and performing surgery in Brown Memorial Hospital.
. New York Civil Practice Law and Rules § 302(a)(3)(ii) provides as follows:
§ 302. Personal jurisdiction by acts of nondomiciliaries.
(a) Acts which are the basis of jurisdiction. As to a cause of action arising from any of the acts enumerated in this section, a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over any non-domiciliary, or his executor or administrator, who in person or through an agent:
. 3. commits a tortious act without the state causing the injury to person or property within the state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the Act, if he
(ii) expects or should reasonably expect the act to have consequences in the state and derives a substantial revenue from interstate commerce or international commerce.
. Prior to the addition of CPLR § 302(a)(3) in 1966, the long-arm statute had been narrowly interpreted by the New York Court of Appeals so as not to reach non-residents who caused tortious injury in the state by an act or omission without the state. Feathers v. McLucas, 15 N.Y.2d 443, 261 N.Y.S.2d 8, 209 N.E.2d 68 (1965). The 1966 amendment was intended to close this gap in the long-arm jurisdiction over non-residents. 1966 McKinney’s Session Laws at 2788. However, as a matter of policy, the amendment was designed so that jurisdiction would not be exercised over a person who caused tortious injuries in the state by acts or omissions outside the state “unless he had other contacts with the state or unless he was engaged in extensive business activities on an interstate or international level . . . ” (emphasis supplied) Ibid. The Judicial Conference therefore fashioned an amendment which would be “broad enough to protect New York residents yet not so broad as to burden unfairly non-residents whose connection with the state is remote.” Ibid. As an example of the sort of non-resident whose interstate business would not be sufficiently connected with interstate commerce, the Judicial Conference mentioned a local tire retailer in Georgia who sells a defective tire to a New Yorker driving a' car with New York plates. While the retailer might foresee the possibility of injury in New York and while the due process clause might permit jurisdiction over him, the Conference concluded that jurisdiction would be unfair, where the retailer had so few contacts with New York.
. Riggall v. Washington County Medical Society, 249 F.2d 266 (8th Cir. 1957), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 954, 78 S.Ct. 540, 2 L.Ed.2d 530 (1958); Matter of Freeman, 34 N.Y.2d 1, 355 N.Y.S.2d 336, 311 N.E.2d 480 (1974).
. Supra, n.3.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "natural persons"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 2