Task: songer_appbus

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the appellant is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

SHACKELFORD MILLER, Jr., Circuit Judge.
Appellant, George Williams, was found guilty by a jury under a four-count indictment, which charged him in Counts 1 and 2 with acquiring on or about October 21,1961, about 1% lbs. of marihuana, without having paid the transfer tax required by law, and with having illegally transferred said marihuana on the same day to William A. Withworth, and which charged him in Counts 3 and 4 with acquiring on October 28,1961, about 722.15 grams of marihuana without having paid the transfer tax imposed by law and with having illegally transferred said marihuana on the same day to William A. Withworth, in violation of Sections 4744(a) (1) and 4742(a), Title 26 United States Code. He received sentences of five years on each count to run concurrently. This appeal followed.
Appellant did not deny the illegal possession of marihuana and the illegal transfer of it to Withworth on the days in question, but relied upon the defense of entrapment. This issue was submitted to the jury, which by its verdict found against the appellant.
On this appeal counsel contends that the defense of entrapment was established as a matter of law. Under the view which we take of the case, it is unnecessary to review the evidence on this issue.
In Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435, 53 S.Ct. 210, 77 L.Ed. 413, the Supreme Court discussed the defense of entrapment. It said that the first duties of the officers of the law are to prevent, not to punish crime, and that it was not their duty to incite to and create crime for the sole purpose of prosecuting and punishing it; that while decoys may be used to present opportunity to one intending or willing to commit crime, they are not permissible to ensnare the innocent and law-abiding into the commission of crime. It quoted with approval the following definition of entrapment. “When the criminal design originates, not with the accused, but is conceived in the mind of the government officers, and the accused is by persuasion, deceitful representation, or inducement lured into the commission of a criminal act, the government is estopped by sound public policy from prosecution therefor.” If the facts are in dispute as to whether the criminal design originated with the accused and the Government merely afforded opportunities or facilities for the commission of the offense, in which event entrapment is not available, or was conceived in the mind of the government officers, in which event the defense of entrapment is available, the issue is a factual one to be decided by the jury.
In the present case the appellant testified that the government agents were the instigators of the transactions in question, that the criminal design did not originate with him, and that he was by persuasion and inducement lured into the commission of the offenses with which he was later charged. However, the evidence of the Government sharply contradicted this testimony and was to the effect that the appellant was the one who contacted the government officers and suggested to them that he could furnish them with marihuana. This clearly presented a jury question. The District Judge charged the jury correctly upon the law of entrapment and its finding against the appellant’s contention cannot be set aside on this appeal.
Appellant also contends that the argument of the government attorney was prejudicial and deprived him of a fair trial in that it was an appeal to passion and prejudice concerning irrelevant matters. In the course of the argument the attorney for the Government stated, “Do you want this stuff floating around in illegal channels of commerce, where children can get hold of it, where people can get it and do things that they wouldn’t otherwise do ? We are not doing anything to him. We are protecting ourselves and your family and my family and your children and my children. Do you want them selling that down at the drugstores and cigar store and peddling it around the school grounds?” At this point counsel for appellant objected to the argument on the ground that it was inflammatory. The Court sustained the objection and instructed the government counsel to stick to the evidence. No request was made that the remarks be stricken or that the jury be admonished not to consider them. No motion for a mistrial was made.
In United States v. Ramos, 268 F.2d 878, 880, C.A. 2nd, which was a case involving the sale of narcotics, the government attorney in the course of his summation referred to traffic in nareotics as “a dirty business,” a “vicious business,” a “sneaky business,” and as “a vicious racket,” and referred to the purchase price of three ounces of heroin as “representing $1,265 worth of human degradation.” The Court held that it was not improper for government counsel in the prosecution of such a case, at least within certain limitations, to emphasize the importance of the case by calling attention to the unsavory nature and the social consequences of illicit traffic in narcotics — consequences far more serious than those flowing, for instance, from illicit traffic in lottery tickets or in untaxed liquor, and that appraised against the background of the trial, the whole summation and the judge’s charge, the fleeting passages complained of did not vitiate the fairness of the trial. We are of the opinion that under the circumstances of this case, the rule is applicable here. See: Robilio v. United States, 291 F. 975, 986, C.A. 6th; Kowalchuk v. United States, 176 F.2d 873, 877, C.A. 6th; Bogy v. United States, 96 F.2d 734, 741, C.A. 6th, cert. denied, 305 U.S. 608, 59 S.Ct. 68, 83 L.Ed. 387; United States v. Passero, 290 F.2d 238, 243, 245-246, C.A. 2nd, cert. denied, 368 U.S. 819, 82 S.Ct. 36, 7 L.Ed.2d 25.
Appellant also complains of the trial judge’s refusal to permit counsel to develop the theory of entrapment in his opening statement to the jury and of the improper receipt in evidence of some hearsay testimony. We have considered these contentions and are of the opinion that they were minor in nature and did not constitute prejudice. Rule 52(a), Rules of Criminal Procedure; Lichtenwalter v. United States, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 187, 190 F.2d 36, C.A.D.C.; United States v. Finazzo, 288 F.2d 175, 177, C.A. 6th; Harlow v. United States, 301 F.2d 361, 375, C.A. 5th.
The judgment is affirmed.

Question: What is the total number of appellants in the case that fall into the category "private business and its executives"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 0