Task: sc_casedisposition

What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the disposition of the case, that is, the treatment the Supreme Court accorded the court whose decision it reviewed. The information relevant to this variable may be found near the end of the summary that begins on the title page of each case, or preferably at the very end of the opinion of the Court. For cases in which the Court granted a motion to dismiss, consider "petition denied or appeal dismissed". There is "no disposition" if the Court denied a motion to dismiss.

Mr. Justice Brennan
delivered the opinion of the Court.
These direct appeals and the cross-appeal are from a judgment of a three-judge District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania that declared the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (Rail Act), 87 Stat. 985, 45 U. S. C. § 701 et seq. (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), unconstitutional in part and enjoined its enforcement. 383 F. Supp. 510 (1974). We noted probable jurisdiction, post, p. 801. We reverse.
I
Introduction
A rail transportation crisis seriously threatening the national welfare was precipitated when eight major railroads in the northeast and midwest region of the country entered reorganization proceedings under § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act, 11 U. S. C. § 205. After interim measures proved to be insufficient, Congress concluded that solution of the crisis required reorganization of the railroads, stripped of excess facilities, into a single, viable system operated by a private, for-profit corporation. Since such a system cannot be created under § 77 rail reorganization law, and since significant federal financing would be necessary to make such a plan workable, Congress supplemented § 77 with the Rail Act, which became effective on January 2, 1974. The salient features of the Rail Act are:
1. Reorganization of each railroad in § 77 reorganization must proceed pursuant to the Rail Act unless the district court having jurisdiction over its reorganization (a) finds, within 120 days after January 2, 1974, “that the railroad is reorganizable on an income basis within a reasonable time under section [77] and that the public interest would be better served by such a reorganization than by a reorganization under this chapter,” or (b) within 180 days after January 2, 1974, “finds that this chapter does not provide a process which would be fair and equitable to the estate of the railroad in reorganization... § 207 (b), 45 U. S. C. § 717 (b) (1970 ed., Supp. III). Appeals from § 207 (b) orders may be taken within 10 days of entry to a Special Court constituted under § 209 (b), 45 U. S. C. § 719 (b) (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), and must be decided by the Special Court within 80 days after the appeal is taken. Section 207 (b) expressly provides that “[t]here shall be no review of the decision of the special court.”
2. Appellant United States Railway Association (USRA) is established as a new Government corporation. § 201 (a), 45 U. S. C. § 711 (a) (1970 ed., Supp. III). USRA must prepare a “Final System Plan” for restructuring the railroads in reorganization into a “financially self-sustaining rail service system.” § 206 (a)(1), 45 U. S. C. §716 (a)(1) (1970 ed., Supp. III). See §§ 201, 202, 204-206, 45 U. S. C. §§ 711, 712, 714-716 (1970 ed., Supp. III). The Final System Plan must provide for transfer of designated rail properties by the railroads in reorganization to a private state-incorporated corporation, Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail), §301 (a), 45 U. S. C. §741 (a) (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), in return for securities of Conrail, plus up to $500 million of USRA obligations guaranteed by the United States, and “the other benefits accruing to such railroad by reason of such transfer.” §206 (d)(1), 45 U. S. C. §716 (d)(1) (1970 ed., Supp. III); see also §210, 45 U. S. C. § 720 (1970 ed., Supp. III).
3. USRA must submit a proposed Final System Plan to Congress within 570 days after January 2, 1974, §§207 (c), 207 (d), 208 (a), 45 U. S. C. §§ 717 (c), 717 (d), 718 (a) (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), that is, by July 26, 1976. The Plan becomes “effective” if neither House of Congress disapproves it within 60 continuous session days after submission. §§ 102 (4), 208 (a), 45 U. S. C. §§ 702 (4), 718 (a) (1970 ed., Supp. III). USRA is required to transmit the Plan within 90 days after its effective date to the Special Court which, under § 209 (b), is given exclusive jurisdiction of all “proceedings with respect to the final system plan.” 45 U. S. C. § 719 (b) (1970 ed., Supp. III). The Special Court “within 10 days after deposit... of” Conrail securities and USRA obligations “shall... order the trustee or trustees of each railroad in reorganization... to convey forthwith” to Conrail “all right, title, and interest in the rail properties of such railroad in reorganization...” designated in the Final System Plan. § 303 (b), 45 U. S. C. § 743 (b) (1970 ed., Supp. III).
4. The Special Court next determines whether the conveyances of the rail properties to Conrail “(A)... are in the public interest and are fair and equitable to the estate of each railroad in reorganization in accordance with the standard of fairness and equity applicable to the approval of a plan of reorganization... under section [77]... [or] (B) whether the transfers or conveyances are more fair and equitable than is required as a constitutional minimum.” § 303 (c), 45 U. S. C. § 743 (c) (1970 ed., Supp. III). If the Special Court finds that the transfer is not fair and equitable, the Special Court must reallocate, or order issuance of additional, Conrail securities and USRA obligations (subject to the overall $500 million limitation on USRA obligations for this purpose), or enter a judgment against Conrail, or decree a combination of these remedies. §303 (c)(2). The Special Court is not authorized to enter a judgment against the United States. Section 303 provides also that if the Special Court decides that the consideration exchanged for the rail properties is “more fair and equitable than is required as a constitutional minimum,” § 303 (c)(1)(B), it shall make necessary adjustments so that the “constitutional minimum” is not exceeded. § 303 (c) (3). Appeal from § 303 (c) determinations is to this Court. § 303 (d).
5. Although railroads in reorganization subject to the Act are free to abandon service and dispose as they wish of any rail properties not designated for transfer under the Final System Plan, §§ 304 (a)-(c), 45 U. S. C. §§ 744 (a)-(c) (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), until that Plan becomes effective none “may discontinue service or abandon any line of railroad... unless... authorized to do so by [USRA] and unless no affected State or local or regional transportation authority reasonably opposes such action...” § 304(f).
II
Proceedings in the District Court
Constitutional questions concerning the Act are raised in this litigation by parties with interests in the Penn Central Transportation Co. (Penn Central), the largest of the eight railroads in reorganization. The principal contention of the plaintiffs in the District Court was that the Rail Act in two respects effects a taking of rail properties of Penn Central without payment of just compensation, in violation of the Fifth Amendment. They contended, first, that the Conrail securities and USRA obligations and other benefits to be received would not be the constitutionally required equivalent of the rail properties compelled by § 303 (b) to be transferred. This is the “conveyance taking” issue. This claim was rejected by the District Court as premature. 383 F. Supp., at 517-518. They contended, second, that a taking of their property without just compensation will result from the severe inhibitions imposed upon discontinuance of service and abandonment of lines. In particular, they claimed that § 304 (f) compels continuation of rail operations pending implementation of the Final System Plan even if erosion of the Penn Central estate beyond constitutional limits occurs during this period. This is the “erosion taking” issue. The District Court agreed that § 304 (f) required continued operations to this extent, and viewed the huge operating losses already incurred by Penn Central as making this contention ripe for determination, saying:
“[W]e are persuaded that a significant possibility exists that a point of erosion either has been or may soon be reached so that it can be said that [the contention of plaintiffs below] of interim unconstitutional taking by continued loss operations is ripe for adjudication.” 383 F. Supp., at 525.
The District Court rejected the argument of the United States, USRA, and the Penn Central Trustees that if in fact the constitutional limit of permissible uncompensated erosion should be passed, plaintiffs would have an adequate remedy at law in the Court of Claims under the Tucker Act, 28 U. S. C. § 1491. The District Court construed the Rail Act as precluding a Tucker Act remedy, stating:
“We are persuaded that the legislative history supports the conclusion that Congress intended that financial obligations be limited to the express terms of the Act. Article I, Section 9, Clause 7 [of the Constitution] provides that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the United States except in consequence of an appropriation made by law. Section 213 (b) [of the Rail Act], and section 214 entitled ‘Authorization for Appropriations’ place an express ceiling on expenditures. Section 210 describes the maximum obligational authority of [USRA], and the authorization for appropriation is limited to ‘such amounts as are necessary to discharge the obligations of the United States arising under this section.’ (Emphasis supplied.) Judicial review is delineated with specificity in Sections 209 (a) and 303 with no mention of the Court of Claims.” 383 F. Supp., at 528-529.
The District Court therefore declared § 304 (f) governing interim abandonments
“null and void as violative of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, to the extent that it would require continued operation of rail services at a loss in violation of the constitutional rights of the owners and creditors of a railroad.”
It consequently enjoined defendants below
“from taking any action to enforce the provisions of Section 304 (f)... with respect to any abandonment, cessation, or reduction of service which has been or may hereafter be determined by a court of competent jurisdiction to be necessary for the preservation of rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution.”
The District Court also declared that § 303 relating to the final conveyance of rail properties pursuant to the Final System Plan is
“null and void as contravening the Fifth Amendment... insofar as it fails to provide compensation for interim erosion pending final implementation of the Final System Plan....”
Finally, the District Court enjoined USRA “from certifying a Final System Plan to the Special Court pursuant to Section 209 (c).” 383 F. Supp., at 530.
The Rail Act was also challenged in the District Court as not “uniform” within the requirement of Art. I, § 8, cl. 4, of the Constitution, which provides that Congress shall have the power to enact “uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.” The District Court dismissed this contention as without merit except as to one provision of § 207 (b). The section provides that if any reorganization court determines in the 180-day proceedings under § 207 (b) that the Act does not provide a fair and equitable process for the reorganization of a debtor, the debtor shall not be reorganized pursuant to the Act, and the reorganization court “shall dismiss the reorganization proceeding.” The District Court declared this part of § 207 (b) “null and void, as violative of Article I, Section 8, Clause 4...,” and enjoined “all parties... from enforcing, or taking any action to implement, so much of Section 207 (b)... as purports to require dismissal of pending proceedings for reorganization under Section 77 of the Bankruptcy Act.”
Ill
The Issues for Decision
The major issues dividing the parties are (1) whether an action at law in the Court of Claims under the Tucker Act, 28 U. S. C. § 1491, will be available to recover any deficiency of constitutional dimension in the compensation provided under the Rail Act for either the alleged “erosion taking” or the alleged “conveyance taking,” and (2) if the Tucker Act remedy is available, whether it is an adequate remedy. The United States, USRA, and the Penn Central Trustees contend that if resort to a supplemental remedy under the Tucker Act is necessary, it is both available and adequate. The plaintiffs below contend that the Rail Act precludes resort to the Tucker Act remedy, and if it does not, that the remedy is inadequate.
The Special Court, speaking through Judge Friendly, comprehensively canvassed both issues, and in a thorough opinion, concluded that the Rail Act does not bar any necessary resort to the Tucker Act remedy and that the remedy is adequate. Our independent examination of the issues brings us to the same conclusion, substantially for the reasons stated by Judge Friendly in Parts VII and VIII-A of the Special Court opinion. 384 F. Supp. 895, 938-951 (1974).
Also disputed is the District Court’s ruling on the uniformity of the Rail Act under the Bankruptcy Clause. We hold that the currently operable portions of the Act are uniform.
IV
A
The Alleged “Erosion Taking”
In its opening brief, the United States, speaking for all federal parties except USRA, argued that the case involved no “erosion taking” because, as a matter of law, eompelled-loss operations pending implementation of the Final System Plan would not constitute a taking of the property of the claimants against the bankrupt railroad estates. The argument was that the general rule that if the railroad “be taken to have, granted to the public an interest in the use of the railroad it may withdraw its grant by discontinuing the use when that use can be kept up only at a loss,” Brooks-Scanlon Co. v. Railroad Comm’n of Louisiana, 251 U. S. 396, 399 (1920); see also Bullock v. Florida ex rel. Railroad Comm’n, 254 U. S. 513 (1921); Railroad Comm’n of Texas v. Eastern Texas R. Co., 264 U. S. 79 (1924), is qualified by the requirement that a railroad estate suffer interim losses for a reasonable period pending good-faith efforts to develop a feasible reorganization plan if the public interest in continued rail service justifies the requirement. Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co., 294 U. S. 648, 677 (1935); see also RFC v. Denver & R. G. W. R. Co., 328 U. S. 495, 535-536 (1946); New Haven Inclusion Cases, 399 U. S. 392, 493 (1970). The United States maintained that the Rail Act represented just such a good-faith effort. In its Reply Brief 3-4, however, it abandoned the position that the Final System Plan was sure to be implemented within a reasonable period:
“Difficulties now unforeseen and unanticipated could in fact delay final implementation of the final system plan. For example, Congress could, in theory, successively disapprove several proposed final system plans. Thus, whatever the probabilities, the parties and this Court have no absolute assurance that the plan will in fact be implemented within a reasonable time. For that reason, we have determined that a taking of property through interim erosion, although extremely unlikely, remains a theoretical possibility under the Rail Act.
“Accordingly, we believe that an injunction preventing [USRA] from denying applications for discontinuance of service under Section 304 (f) in those circumstances might be appropriate unless, as we contend, a remedy for any otherwise uncompensated taking will be available under the Tucker Act. We are therefore persuaded that this Court must reach and decide the 'Tucker Act question’ presented by these appeals.” (Footnote omitted.)
We conclude in any event that the availability of a Tucker Act remedy if the Rail Act effects an “erosion taking” is ripe for adjudication. It is true that there has been no definitive determination that erosion of the Penn Central estate has reached unconstitutional dimensions — that is, that the estate has suffered losses unreasonable even in light of the public interest in continued rail service pending reorganization. But the Penn Central Reorganization Court found that Penn Central is not “reorganizable on an income basis within a reasonable time under § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act.” 382 F. Supp. 831, 842 (ED Pa. 1974). And it was stipulated in the District Court that Penn Central sustained ordinary net losses from mid-1970 through 1973 aggregating approximately $851 million, and that in the two months following enactment of the Rail Act on January 2, 1974, Penn Central had deficits in net railway operating income, total income, net income, and income available for fixed charges. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that compelled continued rail operations under these conditions pending implementation of the Final System Plan may accelerate erosion of the interests of plaintiffs below through accrual of post-bankruptcy claims having priority over their claims. Thus, failure to decide the availability of the Tucker Act would raise the distinct possibility that those plaintiffs would suffer an “erosion taking” without adequate assurance that compensation will ever be provided. Yet there must be at the time of taking "reasonable, certain and adequate provision for obtaining compensation.” Cherokee Nation v. Southern Kansas R. Co., 135 U. S. 641, 659 (1890); see also Joslin Mfg. Co. v. City of Providence, 262 U. S. 668, 677 (1923) ; United States v. Dow, 357 U. S. 17, 21 (1958). Therefore we must determine if the Tucker Act is available.
B
Availability of the Tucker Act Remedy for Any “Erosion Taking”
The Tucker Act, 28 U. S. C. § 1491, provides in pertinent part:
"The Court of Claims shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress, or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliqui-dated damages in cases not sounding in tort.”
A claim founded upon a taking of property for public use by operation of the Rail Act without just compensation in violation of the Fifth Amendment plainly would fall within the literal words of “any claim against the United States founded... upon the Constitution... The District Court, however, inquired whether the Rail Act affirmatively provided the Tucker Act remedy, and held that to “read a Tucker Act remedy into the [Rail] Act” would be “judicial legislation on a grand, if not arrogant, scale.” 383 F. Supp., at 529.
The District Court made the wrong inquiry. The question is not whether the Rail Act expresses an affirmative showing of congressional intent to permit recourse to a Tucker Act remedy. Rather, it is whether Congress has in the Rail Act withdrawn the Tucker Act grant of jurisdiction to the Court of Claims to hear a suit involving the Rail Act “founded... upon the Constitution.” For we agree with the Special Court that
“the true issue is whether there is sufficient proof that Congress intended to prevent such recourse. The [Rail] Act being admittedly silent on the point, the issue becomes whether the scheme of the [Rail] Act, supplemented by the legislative history, sufficiently evidences a Congressional intention to withdraw a remedy that would otherwise exist.” 384 F. Supp., at 939.
Our decisions affirm that this is the correct inquiry. The general rule is that whether or not the United States so intended, “[i]f there is a taking, the claim is ‘founded upon the Constitution and within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims to hear and determine." United States v. Causby, 328 U. S. 256, 267 (1946). “[I]f the authorized action... does constitute a taking of property for which there must be just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, the Government has impliedly promised to pay that compensation and has afforded a remedy for its recovery by a suit in the Court of Claims.” Yearsley v. Ross Construction Co., 309 U. S. 18, 21 (1940). See also Hurley v. Kincaid, 285 U. S. 95 (1932). In Yearsley, the Court, speaking through Mr. Chief Justice Hughes, went on to hold that “it cannot be doubted that the remedy to obtain compensation from the Government is as comprehensive as the requirement of the Constitution... 309 U. S., at 22. (Emphasis supplied.)
We turn then to the inquiry whether the Rail Act withdrew the Tucker Act remedy “that would otherwise exist.” 384 F. Supp., at 939. The argument that it should be so read rests on provisions of the Rail Act said plainly to evince Congress’ determination that no federal funds beyond those expressly committed by the Act were to be paid for the rail properties.
The first provision referred to is § 209 which provides for the impaneling of the Special Court and the consolidation before it of “all judicial proceedings with respect to the final system plan.” The argument attaches significance to the omission in § 303 of any authority in the Special Court to enter a judgment against the United States. Reliance is also placed on two of the Act’s funding provisions. Section 210 (b), captioned “Maximum obligational authority,” provides that the “aggregate amount of [USRA] obligations... which may be outstanding at any one time shall not exceed $1,500,000,-000 of which the aggregate amount issued to [Conrail] shall not exceed $1,000,000,000 and that “[a]ny modification to [these] limitations... shall be made by joint resolution adopted by the Congress.” Section 214 explicitly appropriates up to $12,500,000 to the Secretary of Transportation, to pay the expenses of “preparing the reports and exercising other functions to be performed by him under this chapter,” appropriates up to $5,000,000 to the Interstate Commerce Commission for its use in carrying out its functions, and appropriates up to $26,000,000 to USRA “for purposes of carrying out its administrative expenses...
But these provisions at least equally support the inference that Congress was so convinced that the huge sums provided would surely equal or exceed the required constitutional minimum that it never focused upon the possible need for a suit in the Court of Claims. That this may very well have been the ease is evident in a statement in the House Report:
“The timely implementation of the Final System Plan cannot be obstructed by controversy over the payment for the properties. The Committee is of the opinion that provisions of this title of the [Rail] Act, and especially the provision for deficiency judgment and payment of obligations of [USRA]... are more than adequate to guarantee that the creditors of the bankrupt railroad will receive all that they may Constitutionally claim. In view of these extraordinary protections, no litigation should be permitted to delay the Final System Plan.” H. Rep. 55.
That inference also finds support in the provision of § 303 (c) (3) that authorizes the Special Court to reduce payments to bankrupt estates if they “are fairer and more equitable than is required as a constitutional minimum.” That provision suggests that Congress thought the compensation made possible by the Rail Act could well exceed that required by the Constitution, and gave no consideration to withdrawal of the Tucker Act remedy because it was sure the Rail Act itself provided at least the constitutional minimum compensation.
Finally, the manner in which Congress in § 601, 45 U. S. C. § 791 (1970 ed., Supp. Ill), expressly addressed the Rail Act’s “Relationship to other laws” plainly implies that Congress gave no thought to consideration of withdrawal of the Tucker Act remedy. Section 601 (a) (2) provides that the “antitrust laws are inapplicable with respect to any action taken to formulate or implement the final system plan...”; § 601 (b) provides that “[t]he provisions of the Interstate Commerce Act and the Bankruptcy Act are inapplicable to transactions under this chapter to the extent necessary to formulate and implement the final system plan whenever a provision of any such Act is inconsistent with this chapter”; § 601 (c) provides that, “[t]he provisions of section 4332 (2) (C) of Title 42 [National Environmental Policy Act of 1969] shall not apply with respect to any action taken under authority of this chapter before the effective date of the final system plan.” Yet despite this clear evidence that Congress was aware of the necessity to deal expressly with inconsistent laws., Congress nowhere addresses the Tucker Act question.
It is argued that any uncertainty in the scheme and text of the Rail Act is cleared up by legislative history from the House and the Senate that discloses that Congress meant the Rail Act to withdraw the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims under the Tucker Act. To the contrary, we read the legislative history as disclosing no more than a repeatedly emphasized belief that the Rail Act’s provisions for compensation for the rail properties assured payment of the constitutional minimum. This is plainly the import of the oft-stated view that the taxpayers would not be unduly burdened by the sums provided, see, e. g., 119 Cong. Rec. 36354 (1973) (remarks of Rep. Metcalfe); id., at 36359 (remarks of Rep. Conte); and also of Senator Hartke’s explanation of the Conference Report to the Senate, id., at 43094-43095, which included the statement: As the Special Court remarked, and we agree, this statement in context is “not inconsistent with the view that the Senator was so convinced that the bill, as amended in conference, contained such adequate compensation provisions that a suit in the Court of Claims could not prevail, particularly in view of what he had characterized as a ‘rather slim’ chance of the creditors getting their money through liquidation, rather than as meaning that such a claim could not be maintained.” 384 F. Supp., at 941.
“If we did nothing while continuing to mandate rail service, there is the distinct possibility in view of the prior action of Congress that a number of these people could make a claim against the Government which could be sustained in the Court of Claims.”
We do not think that the argument in support of reading the Rail Act to withdraw the Tucker Act remedy is aided by the colloquy on the House side between the House managers of the bill, 119 Cong. Rec. 42947 (1973). That colloquy does not even concern the withdrawal of Court of Claims jurisdiction. It concerns only the deficiency judgment against Conrail and the powers of the Special Court.
Finally, reliance is put upon what is referred to as "subsequent legislative history” in the form of statements, by Congressmen during Oversight Hearings of the House Subcommittee on Transportation and Aeronautics on June 14, 1974, and on an amicus brief filed in this Court on behalf of 36 Congressmen. But post-passage remarks of legislators, however explicit, cannot serve to change the legislative intent of Congress expressed before the Act’s passage. See, e. g., United States v. Mine Workers of America, 330 U. S. 258, 282 (1947). Such statements “represent only the personal views of these legislators, since the statements were fmade] after passage of the Act.” National Woodwork Manufacturers Assn. v. NLRB, 386 U. S. 612, 639 n. 34 (1967). Moreover, during oral argument before this Court, Representative Adams, spokesman for the congressional group, expressly conceded that circumstances might arise when the Tucker Act remedy would be available:
“QUESTION: So you do anticipate a situation where thé Tucker Act would be available?
“MR. ADAMS: Oh, yes. Let’s say, for example, that after this is all over — and this is the three-judge court’s problem — that if a party comes in and says, you held us beyond the constitutional limit on erosion and at that point we are of the opinion that it went just too long, it was unreasonable, but that is a specific individual case at that point.
“QUESTION: And so the Tucker Act, you think, would be available in that situation?
“MR. ADAMS: Of course. We did not repeal the Tucker Act.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In sum, we cannot find that the legislative history supports the argument that the Rail Act should be construed to withdraw the Tucker Act remedy. The most that can be said is that the Rail Act is ambiguous on the question. In that circumstance, applicable canons of statutory construction require us to conclude that the Rail Act is not to be read to withdraw the remedy under the Tucker Act.
One canon of construction is that repeals by implication are disfavored; See, e. g., Mercantile National Bank v. Langdeau, 371 U. S. 555, 565 (1963); United States v. Borden Co., 308 U. S. 188, 198-199 (1939); Arnell v. United States, 384 U. S. 158, 165-166 (1966). Rather, since the Tucker Act and the Rail Act are “capable of co-existence, it is the duty of the courts, absent a clearly expressed congressional intention to the contrary, to regard each as effective.” Morton v. Mancari, 417 U. S. 535, 551 (1974). Moreover, the Rail Act is the later of the two statutes and we agree with the Special Court:
“A new statute will not be read as wholly or even partially amending a prior one unless there exists a ‘positive repugnancy’ between the provisions of the new and those of the old that cannot be reconciled.... This principle rests on a sound foundation. Presumably Congress had given serious thought to the earlier statute, here the broadly based jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. Before holding that the result of the earlier consideration has been repealed or qualified, it is reasonable for a court to insist on the legislature’s using language showing that it has made a considered determination to that end....” 384 F. Supp., at 943.
The other relevant canon of construction that comes into play is that when a statute is ambiguous, “construction should go in the direction of constitutional policy.” United States v. Johnson, 323 U. S. 273, 276 (1944). There are clearly grave doubts whether the Rail Act would be constitutional if a Tucker Act remedy were not available as compensation for any unconstitutional erosion not compensated under the Act itself. In such case, as the Special Court observed, “[w]hen one admissible construction will preserve a statute from unconstitutionality and another will condemn it, the former is favored even if language,... and arguably the legislative history point somewhat more strongly in another way.” 384 F. Supp., at 944. In other words our “task is not to destroy the Act if we can, but to construe it, if consistent with the will of Congress, so as to comport with constitutional limitations.” CSC v. Letter Carriers, 413 U. S. 548, 571 (1973).
Lynch v. United States, 292 U. S. 571 (1934), fully supports our conclusion. Lynch presented a situation requiring this Court to determine whether a statute that effected an unconstitutional taking was also to be construed to withdraw a cause of action created by an earlier statute. The Economy Act of 1933,48 Stat. 11, provided in § 17 that “all laws granting or pertaining to yearly renewable term insurance are hereby repealed_” District Courts, affirmed by the Courts of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, 67 F. 2d 490 (1933), and the Seventh Circuit, Wilner v. United States, 68 F. 2d 442 (1934), dismissed, on the basis of this provision, suits by beneficiaries of yearly renewable term policies brought under § 405 of the War Risk Insurance Act of 1917, 40 Stat. 410, expressly authorizing suits in the district courts respecting any “disagreement as to a claim under the contract of insurance.” The beneficiaries’ claim was that there was an actionable “disagreement” within the meaning of § 405 because the Government had violated the terms of the policies by failing to pay the premiums when the insureds became totally and permanently disabled and had refused payment of benefits after the insureds died. This Court unanimously reversed the dismissals. Section 17 of the Economy Act was held to effect an unconstitutional taking of vested property rights in the beneficiaries created by the insurance contracts. The question then became whether § 17 had repealed the remedy of a suit in the district court provided by § 405 of the Insurance Act. The Court held, speaking through Mr. Justice Brandéis, that § 17 would not be read as depriving the beneficiaries of that remedy in the absence of a clear indication from Congress that the remedy was taken away. The Court said:
“Fifth. There is a suggestion that although, in repealing all laws ‘granting or pertaining to yearly renewable term insurance,’ Congress intended to take away the contractual right, it also intended to take away the remedy; that since it had power to take away the remedy, the statute should be given effect to that extent, even if void insofar as it purported to take away the contractual right. The suggestion is at war with settled rules of construction. It is true that a statute bad in part is not necessarily void in its entirety. A provision within the legislative power may be allowed to stand if it is separable from the bad. But no provision however unobjectionable in itself, can stand unless it appears both that, standing alone, the provision can be given legal effect and that the legislature intended the unobjectionable provision to stand in case other provisions held bad should fall. Dorchy v. Kansas, 264 U. S. 286, 288, 290. Here, both those essentials are absent. There is no separate provision in § 17 dealing with the remedy; and it does not appear that Congress wished to deny the remedy if the repeal of the contractual right was held void under the Fifth Amendment.” 292 U. S., at 586.
Similarly, “[t]here is no separate provision in [the Rail Act] dealing with the [Tucker Act] remedy; and it does not appear [from the statute or its legislative history] that Congress wished to deny the remedy” if the Rail Act should cause an “erosion taking” that would require the payment of just compensation.
We accordingly hold that the Tucker Act remedy is not barred by the Rail Act but is available to provide just compensation for any “erosion taking” effected by the Rail Act.
y
A
The Alleged “Conveyance Taking”
The District Court declined to decide whether the provisions governing the procedures for and terms of the final conveyance of rail properties to Conrail (the “conveyance taking” issue) violate the Fifth Amendment, thus rendering the Rail Act invalid in its entirety. The District Court was “persuaded that these issues are premature.” 383 F. Supp., at 517.
Briefly, the challenges to the final-conveyance provisions assert that the Rail Act is basically an eminent domain statute and, because compensation is not in cash but largely in stock of an unproved entity, will necessarily work an unconstitutional taking. A variant of the argument is that, even if a reorganization statute, the Rail Act would be unconstitutional unless the Tucker Act remedy is now held to assure payment of any amount by which the market value of stocks and securities awarded by the Special Court is less than the value of the rail properties conveyed. The New Haven Trustee goes further; he argues that even if a reorganization statute, the Rail Act violates substantive due process by failing to assure the “fair and equitable equivalent” of the rail properties valued at their “highest and best use.” The New Haven Trustee also contends that the conveyance provisions constitute a taking such as that threatened by interim erosion: they require operations of the railroad to continue, albeit in a different form, even if the liquidation value for “highest and best use” is greater than the value of the railroad as a going concern. Finally, the New Haven Trustee and the creditor parties contend that the conveyance provisions deny procedural due process, because they mandate the. final conveyance before any meaningful determination of its fairness, and because no provision is made for creditor or stockholder consideration of or

Question: What is the disposition of the case, that is, the treatment the Supreme Court accorded the court whose decision it reviewed?
A. stay, petition, or motion granted
B. affirmed (includes modified)
C. reversed
D. reversed and remanded
E. vacated and remanded
F. affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part
G. affirmed and reversed (or vacated) in part and remanded
H. vacated
I. petition denied or appeal dismissed
J. certification to or from a lower court
K. no disposition
Answer:

Answer: C