Task: sc_casesource

What follows is an opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States. Your task is to identify the court whose decision the Supreme Court reviewed. If the case arose under the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction, note the source as "United States Supreme Court". If the case arose in a state court, note the source as "State Supreme Court", "State Appellate Court", or "State Trial Court". Do not code the name of the state. 

Justice Breyer
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The question before us is one of jurisdiction. An association of nursing homes sued, inter alios, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) and another federal party (hereinafter Secretary) in Federal District Court claiming that certain Medicare-related regulations violated various statutes and the Constitution. The association invoked the court’s federal-question jurisdiction, 28 U. S. C. § 1381. The District Court dismissed the suit on the groiind that it lacked jurisdiction. It believed that a set of special statutory provisions creates a separate, virtually exclusive, system of administrative and judicial review for denials of Medicare claims; and it held that one of those provisions explicitly barred a § 1331 suit. See 42 U. S. C. § 1395Ü (incorporating into the Medicare Act 42 U. S. C. § 405(h), which provides that “[n]o action... to recover on any claim” arising under the Medicare laws shall be “brought under section 1331... of title 28”). The Court of Appeals, however, reversed.
We conclude that the statutory provision at issue, § 405(h), as incorporated by § 1395Ü, bars federal-question jurisdiction here. The association or its members must proceed instead through the special review channel that the Medicare statutes create. See 42 U.S.C. §§1395cc(h), (b)(2)(A), 1395Ü; §§ 405(b), (g), (h).
I
A
We begin by describing the regulations that the association’s lawsuit attacks. Medicare Act Part A provides payment to nursing homes which provide care to Medicare beneficiaries after a stay in a hospital. To receive payment, a home must enter into a provider agreement with the Secretary of HHS, and it must comply with numerous statutory and regulatory requirements. State and federal agencies enforce those requirements through inspections. Inspectors report violations, called “deficiencies.” And “deficiencies” lead to the imposition of sanctions or “remedies.” See generally §§ 1395Í-3, 1395cc.
The regulations at issue focus on the imposition of sanctions or remedies. They were promulgated in 1994, 59 Fed. Reg. 56116, pursuant to a 1987 law that tightened the substantive standards that Medicare (and Medicaid) imposed upon nursing homes and that significantly broadened the Secretary’s authority to impose remedies upon violators. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, §§4201-4218, 101 Stat. 1330-160 to 1330-221 (codified as amended at 42 U. S. C. § 1395Í-3 (1994 ed. and Supp. III)).
The remedial regulations (and a related manual) in effect tell Medicare-administering agencies how to impose remedies after inspectors find that a nursing home has violated substantive standards. They divide a nursing home’s deficiencies into three categories of seriousness depending upon a deficiency’s severity, its prevalence at the home, its relation with other deficiencies, and the home’s compliance history. Within each category they list a set of remedies that the agency may, or must, impose. Where, for example, deficiencies “immediately jeopardize the health or safety of... residents,” the Secretary must terminate the home’s provider agreement or appoint new, temporary management. Where deficiencies are less serious, the Secretary may impose lesser remedies, such as civil penalties, transfer of residents, denial of some or all payment, state monitoring, and the like. Where a nursing home, though deficient in some respects, is in “[substantial compliance,” i. e., where its deficiencies do no more than create a “potential for [causing] minimal harm,” the Secretary will impose no sanction or remedy at all. See generally 42 U. S. C. § 1395i — 3(h); 42 CFR §488.301 (1998); §488.400 et seq.; App. 54, 66 (Manual). The statute and regulations also create various review procedures. 42 U. S. C. §§ 1395ec(b)(2)(A), (h); 42 CFR § 431.151 et seq. (1998); § 488.408(g); 42 CFR pt. 498 (1998).
The association’s complaint filed in Federal District Court attacked the regulations as unlawful in four basic ways. In its view: (1) certain terms, e.g., “substantial compliance” and “minimal harm,” are unconstitutionally vague; (2) the regulations and manual, particularly as implemented, violate statutory requirements seeking enforcement consistency, 42 U. S. C. § 1395i-3(g)(2)(D), and exceed the.legislative mandate of the Medicare Act; (3) the regulations create administrative procedures inconsistent with the Federal Constitution’s Due Process Clause; and (4) the manual and other agency publications create legislative rules that were not promulgated consistent with the Administrative Procedure Act’s demands for “notice and comment” and a statement of “basis and purpose,” 5 U. S. C. § 553. See App. 18-19,27-38, 43-49 (Amended Complaint).
B
We next describe the two competing jurisdictional routes through which the association arguably might seek to mount its legal attack. The route it has followed, federal-question jurisdiction, is set forth in 28 U. S. C. § 1331, which simply states that “district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” The route that it did not follow, the special Medicare review route, is set forth in a complex set of statutory provisions, which must be read together. See Appendix, infra. The Medicare Act says that a home
“dissatisfied... with a determination described in subsection (b)(2)... shall be entitled to a hearing... to the same extent as is provided in [the Social Security Act, 42 U. S. C. § ]405(b)... and to judicial review of the Secretary’s final decision after such hearing as is provided in section 405(g)... 42 U. S. C. § 1395cc(h)(l) (emphasis added).
The cross-referenced subsection (b)(2) gives the Secretary power to terminate an agreement where, for example, the Secretary
“has determinéd that the provider fails to comply substantially with the provisions [of the Medicare Act] and regulations thereunder....” § 1395cc(b)(2)(A) (emphasis added).
The cross-referenced § 405(b) describes the nature of the administrative hearing to which the Medicare Act entitles a home that is “dissatisfied” with the Secretary’s “determination.” The cross-referenced § 405(g) provides that a “dissatisfied” home may obtain judicial review in federal district court of “any final decision of the [Secretary] made after a hearing...Separate statutes provide for administrative and judicial review of civil monetary penalty assessments. § 1395i-3(h)(2)(B)(ii); §§ 1320a-7a(c)(2), (e).
A related Social Security Act provision, § 405(h), channels most, if not all, Medicare claims through this special review system. It says:
“(h) Finality of [Secretary’s] decision.
“The findings and decision of the [Secretary] after a hearing shall be binding upon all individuals who were parties to such hearing. No findings of fact or decision of the [Secretary] shall be reviewed by any person, tribunal, or governmental agency except as herein provided. No action against the United States, the [Secretary], or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331 or 131*6 [federal defendant jurisdiction] of title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subchapter.” (Emphasis added.)
Section 1395Ü makes § 405(h) applicable to the Medicare Act “to the same extent as” it applies to the Social Security Act.
C
The case before us began when the Illinois Council on Long Term Care, Inc. (Council), an association of about 200 Illinois nursing homes participating in the Medicare (or Medicaid) program, filed the complaint we have described, supra, at 7, in Federal District Court. (Medicaid is not at issue in this Court.) The District Court, as we have said, dismissed the complaint for lack of federal-question jurisdiction. No. 96 C 2953 (ND Ill., Mar. 31,1997), App. to Pet. for Cert. 13a, 15a. In doing so, the court relied upon § 405(h) as interpreted by this Court in Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U. S. 749 (1975), and Heckler v. Ringer, 466 U. S. 602 (1984), App. to Pet. for Cert. 15a-19a.
The Court of Appeals reversed the dismissal. 143 F. 3d 1072 (CA7 1998). In its view, a later ease, Bowen v. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians, 476 U. S. 667 (1986), had significantly modified this Court’s earlier case law. Other Circuits have understood Michigan Academy differently. See Michigan Assn. of Homes and Servs. for the Aging v. Shalala, 127 F. 3d 496, 500-501 (CA6 1997); American Academy of Dermatology v. HHS, 118 F. 3d 1495, 1499-1501 (CA11 1997); St. Francis Medical Center v. Shalala, 32 F. 3d 805, 812-813 (CA3 1994), cert. denied, 514 U. S. 1016 (1995); Farkas v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 24 F. 3d 853, 855-860 (CA6 1994); Abbey v. Sullivan, 978 F. 2d 37, 41-44 (CA2 1992); National Kidney Patients Assn. v. Sullivan, 958 F. 2d 1127, 1130-1134 (CADC 1992), cert. denied, 506 U. S. 1049 (1993). We granted certiorari to resolve those differences.
II
Section 405(h) purports to make exclusive the judicial review method set forth in § 405(g). Its second sentence says that “[n]o findings of fact or decision of the [Secretary] shall be reviewed by any person, tribunal, or governmental agency except as herein provided.” § 405(h). Its third sentence, directly at issue here, says that “[n]o action against the United States, the [Secretary], or any officer or employee thereof shall be brought under section 1331 or 1346 of title 28 to recover on any claim arising under this subchapter.” (Emphasis added.)
The scope of the italicized language “to recover on any claim arising under” the Social Security (or, as incorporated through § 1395Ü, the Medicare) Act is, if read alone, uncertain. Those words clearly apply in a typical Social Security or Medicare benefits case, where an individual seeks a monetary benefit from the agency (say, a disability payment, or payment for some medical procedure), the agency denies the benefit, and the individual challenges the lawfulness of that denial. The statute plainly bars §1331 review in such a case, irrespective of whether the individual challenges the agency’s denial on evidentiary, rule-related, statutory, constitutional, or other legal grounds. But does the statute’s bar apply when one who might later seek money or some other benefit from (or contest the imposition of a penalty by) the agency challenges in advance (in a § 1331 action) the lawfulness of a policy, regulation, or statute that might later bar recovery of that benefit (or authorize the imposition of the penalty)? Suppose, as here, a group of such individuals, needing advance knowledge for planning purposes, together bring a § 1331 action challenging such a rule or regulation on general legal grounds. Is such an action one “to recover on any claim arising under” the Social Security or Medicare Acts? That, in effect, is the question before us.
III
In answering the question, we temporarily put the ease on which the Court of Appeals relied, Michigan Academy, supra, to the side. Were we not to take account of that case, § 405(h) as interpreted by the Court’s earlier cases of Weinberger v. Salfi, supra, and Heckler v. Ringer, supra, would clearly bar this § 1331 lawsuit.
In Salfi, a mother and a daughter, filing on behalf of themselves and a class of individuals, brought a § 1331 action challenging the constitutionality of a statutory provision that, if valid, would deny them Social Security benefits. See 42 U. S. C. §§ 416(c)(5), (e)(2) (imposing a duration-of-relationship Social Security eligibility requirement for surviving wives and stepchildren of deceased wage earners). The mother and daughter had appeared before the agency but had not completed its processes. The class presumably included some who had, and some who had not, appeared before the agency; the complaint did not say. This Court held that § 405(h) barred § 1331 jurisdiction for all members of the class because “it is the Social Security Act which provides both the standing and the substantive basis for the presentation of th[e] constitutional contentions.” Salfi, supra, at 760-761. The Court added that the bar applies “irrespective of whether resort to judicial processes is necessitated by discretionary decisions of the Secretary or by his nondiscretionary application of allegedly unconstitutional statutory restrictions.” 422 U. S., at 762. It also pointed out that the bar did not “preclude constitutional challenges,” but simply “require[d] that they be brought” under the same “jurisdictional grants” and “in conformity with the same standards” applicable “to nonconstitutional claims arising under the Act.” Ibid.
We concede that the Court also pointed to certain special features of the case not present here. The plaintiff class had asked for relief that included a direction to the Secretary to pay Social Security benefits to those entitled to them but for the challenged provision. See id., at 761. And the Court thought this fact helped make clear that the action arose “under the Act whose benefits [were] sought.” Ibid. But in a later case, Ringer, the Court reached a similar result despite the absence of any request for such relief. See 466 U. S., at 616, 623.
In Ringer, four individuals brought a § 1331 action challenging the lawfulness (under statutes and the Constitution) of the agency’s determination not to provide Medicare Part A reimbursement to those who had undergone a particular medical operation. The Court held that § 405(h) barred § 1331 jurisdiction over the action, even though the challenge was in part to the agency’s procedures, the relief requested amounted simply to a declaration of invalidity (not an order requiring payment), and one plaintiff had as yet no valid claim for reimbursement because he had not even undergone the operation and would likely never do so unless a court set aside as unlawful the challenged agency “no reimbursement” determination. See id., at 614-616, 621-623. The Court reiterated that § 405(h) applies where “both the standing and the substantive basis for the presentation” of a claim is the Medicare Act, id., at 615 (quoting Salfi, 422 U. S., at 760-761) (internal quotation marks omitted), adding that a “claim for future benefits” is a § 405(h) “claim,” 466 U. S., at 621-622, and that “all aspects” of any such present or future claim must be “channeled” through the administrative process, id., at 614. See also Your Home Visiting Nurse Services, Inc. v. Shalala, 525 U. S. 449, 456 (1999); Califano v. Sanders, 430 U. S. 99, 103-104, n. 3 (1977).
As so interpreted, the bar of § 405(h) reaches beyond ordinary administrative law principles of “ripeness” and “exhaustion of administrative remedies,” see Salfi, supra, at 757 — doctrines that in any event normally require channeling a legal challenge through the agency. See Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U. S. 136, 148-149 (1967) (ripeness); McKart v. United States, 395 U. S. 185, 193-196 (1969) (exhaustion). Indeed, in this very case, the Seventh Circuit held that several of respondent’s claims were not ripe and remanded for ripeness review of the remainder. 143 F. 3d, at 1077-1078. Doctrines of “ripeness” and “exhaustion” contain exceptions, however, which exceptions permit early review when, for example, the legal question is “fit” for resolution and delay means hardship, see Abbott Laboratories, supra, at 148-149, or when exhaustion would prove “futile,” see McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U. S. 140, 147-148 (1992); McKart, supra, at 197-201. (And sometimes Congress expressly authorizes preenforcement review, though not here. See, e. g., 15 U. S. C. § 2618(a)(1)(A) (Toxic Substances Control Act).)
Insofar as § 405(h) prevents application of the “ripeness” and “exhaustion” exceptions, i. e., insofar as it demands the “channeling” of virtually all legal attacks through the agency, it assures the agency greater opportunity to apply, interpret, or revise policies, regulations, or statutes without possibly premature interference by different individual courts applying “ripeness” and “exhaustion” exceptions case by case. But this assurance comes at a price, namely, occasional individual, delay-related hardship. In the context of a massive, complex health and safety program such as Medicare, embodied in hundreds of pages of statutes and thousands of pages of often interrelated regulations, any of which may become the subject of a legal challenge in any of several different courts, paying this price may seem justified. In any event, such was the judgment of Congress as understood in Salfi and Ringer. See Ringer, supra, at 627; Salfi, supra, at 762.
Despite the urging of the Council and supporting amici, we cannot distinguish Salfi and Ringer from the case before us. Those cases themselves foreclose distinctions based upon the “potential future” versus the “actual present” nature of the claim, the “general legal” versus the “fact-specific” nature of the challenge, the “collateral” versus “noncollateral” nature of the issues, or the “declaratory” versus “injunctive” nature of the relief sought. Nor can we accept a distinction that limits the scope of § 405(h) to claims for monetary benefits. Claims for money, claims for other benefits, claims of program eligibility, and claims that contest a sanction or remedy may all similarly rest upon individual fact-related circumstances, may all similarly dispute agency policy determinations, or may all similarly involve the application, interpretation, or constitutionality of interrelated regulations or statutory provisions. There is no reason to distinguish among them in terms of the language or in terms of the purposes of § 405(h). Section 1395ii’s blanket incorporation of that provision into the Medicare Act as a whole certainly contains no such distinction. Nor for similar reasons can we here limit those provisions to claims that involve “amounts.”
The Council cites two other cases in support of its efforts to distinguish Salfi and Ringer: McNary v. Haitian Refugee Center, Inc., 498 U. S. 479 (1991), and Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U. S. 319 (1976). In Haitian Refugee Center, the Court held permissible a §1331 challenge to “a group of decisions or a practice or procedure employed in making decisions” despite an immigration statute that barred § 1331 challenges to any Immigration and Naturalization Service “ ‘determination respecting an application for adjustment of status’” under the Special Agricultural Workers’ program. 498.U. S., at 491-498. Haitian Refugee Center’s outcome, however, turned on the different language of that different statute. Indeed, the Court suggested that statutory language similar to the language at issue here — any claim “arising under” the Medicare or Social Security Acts, § 405(h)— would have led it to a different legal conclusion. See id., at 494 (using as an example a statute precluding review of “ ‘all causes... arising under any of’ ” the immigration statutes).
In Eldridge, the Court held permissible a District Court lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of agency procedures authorizing termination of Social Security disability payments without a pretermination hearing. See 424 U. S., at 326-332. Eldridge, however, is a case in which the Court found that the respondent had followed the special review procedures set forth in § 405(g), thereby complying with, rather than disregarding, the strictures of § 405(h). See id., at 326-327 (holding jurisdiction available only under § 405(g)). The Court characterized the constitutional issue the respondent raised as “collateral” to his claim for benefits, but it did so as a basis for requiring the agency to excuse, where the agency would not do so on its own, see Salfi, 422 U. S., at 766-767, some (but not all) of the procedural steps set forth in § 405(g). 424 U. S., at 329-332 (identifying collateral nature of the claim and irreparable injury as reasons to excuse § 405(g)’s exhaustion requirements); see also Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U. S. 467, 483-485 (1986) (noting that Eldridge factors are not to be mechanically applied). The Court nonetheless held that § 405(g) contains the nonwaivable and nonexcusable requirement that an individual present a claim to the agency before raising it in court. See Ringer, supra, at 622; Eldridge, supra, at 329; Salfi, supra, at 763-764. The Council has not done so here, and thus cannot establish jurisdiction under § 405(g).
The upshot is that without Michigan Academy the Council cannot win. Its precedent-based argument must rest primarily upon that case.
IV
The Court of Appeals held that Michigan Academy modified the Court’s earlier holdings by limiting the scope of “[§]1395ii and therefore § 405(h)” to “amount determinations.” 143 F. 3d, at 1075-1076. But we do not agree. Michigan Academy involved a §1331 suit challenging the lawfulness of HHS regulations that governed procedures used to calculate benefits under Medicare Part B — which Part provides voluntary supplementary medical insurance, e. g., for doctors’ fees. See 476 U. S., at 674-675; United States v. Erika, Inc., 456 U. S. 201, 202-203 (1982). The Medicare statute, as it then existed, provided for only limited review of Part B decisions. It allowed the equivalent of § 405(g) review for “eligibility” determinations. See 42 U. S. C. § 1395ff(b)(l)(B) (1982 ed.). It required private insurance carriers (administering the Part B program) to provide a “fair hearing” for disputes about Part B “amount determinations.” § 1395u(b)(3)(C). But that was all.
Michigan Academy first discussed the statute’s total silence about review of “challenges mounted against the method by which... amounts are to be determined.” 476 U. S., at 675. It held that this silence meant that, although review was not available under § 405(g), the silence did not itself foreclose other forms of review, say, review in a court action brought under § 1331. See id., at 674-678. Cf. Erika, supra, at 208 (holding that the Medicare Part B statute’s explicit reference to carrier hearings for amount disputes does foreclose all further agency or court review of “amount determinations”).
The Court then asked whether § 405(h) barred 28 U. S. C. § 1331 review of challenges to methodology. Noting the Secretary’s Salfi/Ringer-based argument that § 405(h) barred § 1331 review of all challenges arising under the Medicare Act and the respondents’ counterargument that § 405(h) barred challenges to “methods” only where § 405(g) review was available, see Michigan Academy, 476 U. S., at 679, the Court wrote:
“Whichever may be the better reading of Salfi and Ringer, we need not pass on the meaning of § 405(h) in the abstract to resolve this case. Section 405(h) does not apply on its own terms to Part B of the Medicare program, but is instead incorporated mutatis mutandis by § 1395Ü. The legislative history of both the statute establishing the Medicare program and the 1972 amendments thereto provides specific evidence of Congress’ intent to foreclose review only of ‘amount determina tions’ — i. e., those [matters]... remitted finally and exclusively to adjudication by private insurance carriers in a 'fair hearing.’ By the same token, matters which Congress did not delegate to private carriers, such as challenges to the validity of the Secretary’s instructions and regulations, are cognizable in courts of law.” Id., at 680 (footnote omitted).
The Court’s words do not limit the scope of § 405(h) itself to instances where a plaintiff, invoking § 1331, seeks review of an “amount determination.” Rather, the Court said that it would “not pass on the meaning of § 405(h) in the abstract.” Ibid, (emphasis added). Instead it focused upon the Medicare Act’s cross-referencing provision, § 1395Ü, which makes § 405(h) applicable “to the

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条. North Carolina U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of North Carolina
当. Ohio U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Ohio
情. Oregon U.S. Circuit for the District of Oregon
口. Pennsylvania U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Pennsylvania
合. Rhode Island U.S. Circuit for the District of Rhode Island
车. South Carolina U.S. Circuit for the District of South Carolina
实. Tennessee U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Tennessee
组. Texas U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Texas
版. Vermont U.S. Circuit for the District of Vermont
周. Virginia U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Virginia
址. West Virginia U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of West Virginia
记. Wisconsin U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Wisconsin
二. Wyoming U.S. Circuit for the District of Wyoming
同. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia
业. Nebraska U.S. Circuit for the District of Nebraska
权. Colorado U.S. Circuit for the District of Colorado
其. Washington U.S. Circuit for (all) District(s) of Washington
进. Idaho U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of Idaho
试. Montana U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of Montana
验. Utah U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of Utah
料. South Dakota U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of South Dakota
传. North Dakota U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of North Dakota
述. Oklahoma U.S. Circuit Court for (all) District(s) of Oklahoma
集. Court of Private Land Claims
Answer:

Answer: 为