Task: songer_typeiss

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Your task is to determine the general category of issues discussed in the opinion of the court. Choose among the following categories. Criminal and prisioner petitions- includes appeals of conviction, petitions for post conviction relief, habeas corpus petitions, and other prisoner petitions which challenge the validity of the conviction or the sentence or the validity of continued confinement. Civil - Government - these will include appeals from administrative agencies (e.g., OSHA,FDA), the decisions of administrative law judges, or the decisions of independent regulatory agencies (e.g., NLRB, FCC,SEC). The focus in administrative law is usually on procedural principles that apply to administrative agencies as they affect private interests, primarily through rulemaking and adjudication. Tort actions against the government, including petitions by prisoners which challenge the conditions of their confinement or which seek damages for torts committed by prion officials or by police fit in this category. In addition, this category will include suits over taxes and claims for benefits from government. Diversity of Citizenship - civil cases involving disputes between citizens of different states (remember that businesses have state citizenship). These cases will always involve the application of state or local law. If the case is centrally concerned with the application or interpretation of federal law then it is not a diversity case. Civil Disputes - Private - includes all civil cases that do not fit in any of the above categories. The opposing litigants will be individuals, businesses or groups.

PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff instituted an action in the Supreme Court of New York, apparently for commissions on a sale of defendant’s product, by service of a summons upon defendant’s treasurer temporarily in New York City. As permitted by state practice, the complaint was not attached. Defendant removed the case to the court below and then secured an order of dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction.
It may be, as plaintiff suggests, that jurisdiction over non-residents is being extended, see Wham, An Expanding Concept: Jurisdiction over Non-Residents, 44 A.B.A.J. 422 (1958); but we know of no case going as far as plaintiff asks under the law of New York which controls in this removed action. Bomze v. Nardis Sportswear, Inc., 2 Cir., 165 F.2d 33. Thus for a corporation to be found "present” in New York, there must be local corporate activities which the court regards “as more than casual or occasional, and so systematic and regular as to manifest ‘Continuity of action from a permanent locale’ ”; and while solicitation of business is to be considered, there must be “solicitation * * * plus some additional activities.” (Italics in original.) Elish v. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 305 N.Y. 267, 269, 112 N.E.2d 842, 843; and see Rondinelli v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry., 5 A.D.2d 842, 170 N.Y.S.2d 947. The courts there were dealing thus gingerly with foreign railroads which maintained local offices for the regular and continuous solicitation of business. None of those features are here present.
Defendant is a New Hampshire corporation, manufacturing and distributing fiber glass panels, with a single office and place of business in Manchester, New Hampshire. While plaintiff claims an agency relation as “distributor” for it, he, like retailers in general, buys the product and resells it, the defendant suggesting, but not enforcing, a resale price. Defendant’s officers asserted under oath that they have never solicited or entered into a contract of sale in New York, and that their standard form of sale always requires final approval in Manchester, whence the goods are shipped F. O. B. While plaintiff attempts to assert that a few contracts were made in New York, it is apparent from these terms that this is a mistake of law. Additionally defendant’s general manager made several trips to New York to talk to architects; but since no sales were solicited or made at the time, there is no reason to question the manager’s sworn statement that his purpose was educational, rather than the direct and immediate solicitation of business. Plaintiff of course has complete remedies available in the New Hampshire courts, state or federal.
Affirmed.

Question: What is the general category of issues discussed in the opinion of the court?
A. criminal and prisoner petitions
B. civil - government
C. diversity of citizenship
D. civil - private
E. other, not applicable
F. not ascertained
Answer:

Answer: D