Task: songer_weightev

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals. You will be asked a question pertaining to issues that may appear in any civil law cases including civil government, civil private, and diversity cases. The issue is: "Did the factual interpretation by the court or its conclusions (e.g., regarding the weight of evidence or the sufficiency of evidence) favor the appellant?" This includes discussions of whether the litigant met the burden of proof. Answer the question based on the directionality of the appeals court decision. If the court discussed the issue in its opinion and answered the related question in the affirmative, answer "Yes". If the issue was discussed and the opinion answered the question negatively, answer "No". If the opinion considered the question but gave a mixed answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part, answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion does not discuss the issue, or notes that a particular issue was raised by one of the litigants but the court dismissed the issue as frivolous or trivial or not worthy of discussion for some other reason, answer "Issue not discussed". If the opinion considered the question but gave a "mixed" answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part (or if two issues treated separately by the court both fell within the area covered by one question and the court answered one question affirmatively and one negatively), answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion either did not consider or discuss the issue at all or if the opinion indicates that this issue was not worthy of consideration by the court of appeals even though it was discussed by the lower court or was raised in one of the briefs, answer "Issue not discussed".

WILLIAM E. DOYLE, Circuit Judge.
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT
This cause was commenced on March 20, 1975, in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, on which date the United States Department of Labor filed a complaint against Sandia alleging age discrimination under Section 7(b) of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. Section 621, et seq. Also alleged to be violative of the ADEA was an administrative practice maintained by Sandia until April 30, 1973, which mandated intervals between salary increases and known as “stretch-out.” Subsequently, on September 16, 1975, this action was consolidated with two private actions, previously pending in the trial court, which actions arose from the same occurrence, namely, a work force reduction conducted by Sandia which had commenced in the spring of 1973.
This action is to be distinguished from these previously pending private actions which are also on appeal in this court in our Nos. 79-1021, 79-1168 through 79-1181, Mistretta, et al. v. Sandia Corporation, which were consolidated with this case by order of this court on March 9, 1979, and argued together with this case. This case is the principal action, and the private actions are governed by the law and evidence of this action, although additional legal and factual issues are presented by the private actions which are not considered here.
The three consolidated actions proceeded as a “spurious class action” under the provisions of 29 U.S.C. Section 216 rather than as a class action under Rule 23 F.R.C.P. Because of the multiplicity of parties and issues involved in the continuous filing of claims in the government’s action and of consents to become plaintiffs in the private actions, possibly totaling 225, the issues of individual claims and damages and whether claims were timely filed were postponed, and the Secretary of Labor’s action to establish a pattern or practice of unlawful discrimination, along with the same issue from the actions of the private plaintiffs, was tried to the court, Edwin L. Mechem, Judge, on January 19 through February 17, 1977. The object was to divide the “liability” and “remedial” issues involved in the various claims. The sole question to be determined was whether a prima facie case of age discrimination in Sandia’s employment practices could be shown.
On October 20,1977, the trial court issued an Interlocutory Opinion in which it held, inter alia, that a prima facie case had been established showing that Sandia had engaged in a pattern or practice of discrimination against a portion of the protected class, those employees between the ages of 52 and 64. The opinion directed that at the subsequent trial, Sandia would proceed and have the burden of presenting evidence in its defense, responding to the prima facie case and overcoming it. Having made findings and conclusions, partially based upon the statistical evidence, the trial court held that
It had been previously decided that individual claims in the private action would follow the trial on pattern or practice issues. Individuals age 40 to 51 who filed consents in the private action may present their individual cases that age was a factor in their selection for layoff. They, however, have the burden of putting on a prima facie case of discrimination and must carry the burden of proof. Consent plaintiffs laid off between March 23, 1973 and October 18, 1973, in the 40-51 age group, must also prove that the notice requirement should not bar their complaints. These burdens must also be carried by individuals ages 40-65 who filed consents and who were laid off involuntarily prior to the March, 1973 reduction in force.
This concludes the liability phase of this action. In the remedial phase, the focus will be on individual relief. Sandia may present evidence showing that each individual was selected for layoff based on reasons other than age, subject to further evidence by the Government or consent plaintiff showing that reasons are pretexts for unlawful discrimination. International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396 (1977).
Pursuant to the above Interlocutory Order, the public and private suits were separated for trial in the “second phase.” Trial of the issues involved in the actions brought by the first seventeen private plaintiffs commenced on June 20, 1978 and continued through July 6, 1978. Trial of the issues raised by the second group of fourteen plaintiffs claiming through the Secretary of Labor was held from October 24 through November 2, 1978. Subsequent trials were held thereafter. On May 31, 1979, a “partial final judgment” was entered on findings and conclusions entered February 20, 1979, in favor of the Secretary of Labor on the claims of eleven former Sandia employees in the total sum of $333,614 for lost earnings, $9,665 for lost savings contributions, and other relief, which judgment forms the basis for this appeal. On July 1, 1979, the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission succeeded to the enforcement authority of the Secretary of Labor, 3 C.F.R. 321 (1979), which fact, it is agreed by the parties, has no effect upon the issues which are to be considered here. Subsequently, the EEOC succeeded the Secretary of Labor as a party herein. The judgment considered here granted injunctive relief, back pay, certain benefits, and reinstatement to eleven employees, all of whom were between the ages of 52 and 64 and had been terminated by Sandia in 1973. Issues relating to damages on behalf of present and former Sandia employees arising as a result of certain salary administration practices known as “stretch-out,” are still pending in the trial court. As to the claims of two claimants, the trial court found in favor of Sandia and the claims were dismissed. The record is incomplete as to the disposition of the claim of one claimant, Donald E. Fossum.
SUMMARY OF FACTS
The factual background which has given rise to this case is essential to an evaluation of the issues raised in this appeal. Sandia was first organized in 1946 as an engineering and testing division of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories which were then engaged in the field of developing atomic weaponry. In 1949, it was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Electric Company to serve as prime contractor engaged in engineering and testing for the United States Atomic Energy Commission. All of Sandia’s contracts and work are federal and all of its funding, including funding for compensation of personnel, derives from federal appropriations. During the 1960’s, Sandia engaged in research and development activities as assigned. Now it is engaged in the development of new technologies, including nuclear weaponry, nuclear power and safety, and solar energy technology and projects. Its primary responsibility continues in the area of nuclear ordnance.
The Atomic Energy Commission has now become the United States Energy Research and Development Administration, and the functions of Sandia are under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Energy. By the terms of its contract with ERDA, Western Electric does not receive profits from Sandia’s operations.
Inasmuch as Sandia’s sole funding is federal, it undergoes change as a result of federal policies and political needs. In 1968, Congress instituted cutbacks in project funding in activities of Sandia. A work force reduction was required to be instituted at Sandia in 1970, with existing employees being terminated both voluntarily and involuntarily. In 1971, another program was instituted to terminate some employees involuntarily, and this program was examined but left unchallenged by the Department of Labor. It was specifically approved by the EEC compliance section of the AEC.
In 1972, however, a further budget cut for the fiscal year 1974 indicated to a committee of administrators formed by Sandia that its 12% reduction in staff which had been achieved was going to be insufficient: approximately 800 additional employees were to be terminated. On January 29, 1973, the threatened reduction which led to this action took place. Management announced to the employees that a further force reduction program was to be instituted during the spring of 1973.
The resulting program was widespread and painful. Each of Sandia’s vice presidents was assigned a quota of existing personnel to nominate for termination, and supervisors were required to review and evaluate existing employees. Only staff or technical employees and the “associate” and “assistant” staff and technical level employees (designated as “non-graded” employees) were involuntarily terminated. Prior to the reduction in force there were approximately 4500 “non-graded” employees. The program terminated 810 employees; of these, 320 were terminated involuntarily; 306 of these were classified as “non-graded.” A total of 207 of the 306 terminated “non-graded” employees were age 40 or older.
Of the employees who were terminated voluntarily, some left by attrition and others were permitted to take advantage of enhanced pension and retirement benefits or layoff allowances. Some were granted a reprieve to reach pension vesting anniversaries before March 1974. The fates of 39 were spared, 38 of whom were in the protected age group.
The procedures followed in selecting existing employees for involuntary termination were substantially the same as those followed in the previous force reduction plan which had gone unchallenged by the Labor Department. In the early stages the procedure was for supervisors at various levels to nominate “candidates” for termination. The supervisors themselves were not, of course, subject to the reduction process. Nevertheless, some supervisors were required to accept demotion to non-supervisory jobs without a change in salary.
The names of candidates nominated by the supervisors were reviewed by two specially formed committees consisting of personnel selected on a company-wide basis. Instructions to the committee members were to submit performance evaluations for each candidate. Sandia claimed that some employees were terminated because their jobs were eliminated. The trial court doubted whether any of these were terminated for that reason since the duties of those jobs were merely reassigned.
Because of previous complaints as well as humanitarian considerations, the ages of employees nominated for termination were considered by the review committees. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act was not overlooked as a problem. The committees reviewed the candidates in light of personnel records and the supervisor’s performance evaluations, as well as whether detailed layoff criteria were being employed by the various departments within Sandia.
Final authority for the layoff resided in a committee of vice presidents of Sandia, called the “Small Staff,” which reviewed the candidates, compiled a “master list” of candidates for termination, and issued the layoff notices, effective March 23,1973. In some cases, the effective dates were on benefit anniversary dates. The present action and its consolidated cases, as well as those cases and issues in this case still pending in the district court, concerns the results and ramifications of the actions.
SCOPE AND FORM OF FINDINGS OF FACT
On February 20, 1979, the trial court entered its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, to which minor modifications were later made, which are the basis of this appeal. The court noted therein that the issues relating to the alleged discriminatory impact of the “stretch-out” practice of salary administration were being reserved for a later trial and that only claims relating to involuntary termination of the employees represented by the Secretary of Labor were being adjudicated. The trial court both found and concluded that Sandia had had full knowledge of the applicability to its employment practices of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act from the time of its passage. Findings of fact were made as to the claims of 13 of the individuals. It concluded that Sandia had willfully violated the provisions of the ADEA in its discharge of 11 of the claimants, but had not violated the ADEA with respect to two others. The court’s further conclusion was that the Secretary of Labor was entitled to injunctive relief to prevent further violations of the ADEA and to restrain Sandia from withholding compensation found to be due to the claimants (denominated as “plaintiffs”), and that certain of the claimants were entitled to be offered reinstatement.
THE ISSUES
The three essential issues which are presented for review are:
1. Whether the trial court erred in finding that the evidence established a prima facie case that Sandia unlawfully discriminated against employees on the basis of age, and, specifically, whether the trial court erred in its consideration of the statistical evidence.
2. Whether the trial court erred in interpreting the effect of the finding of a prima facie case of a pattern and practice of illegal age discrimination as it applied to the burden which Sandia was required to bear in the “remedial stage” of the proceedings.
3. Whether the trial court erred in assessing and awarding relief to the claimants.
THE STATISTICAL EVIDENCE
The statistical evidence adduced at the “pattern or practice” trial was presented by plaintiffs through Dr. John M. Spalding, a statistician. Dr. Spalding had been retained to conduct statistical tests on the data relating to hiring practices, demotions and salary administration policies together with terminations which resulted from the reduction in force at Sandia.
According to Dr. Spalding, the field of statistics is comprised of two groups:
Descriptive statistics, which summarizes informational data by using averages and measures of dispersion.
Statistical inference, which uses the informational data to arrive at statements of probability.
His testimony tended to pursue the latter use of the summarized data. He used computer runoff sheets which contained employee data supplied by Sandia, making corrections to his original data. From this information, he prepared statistical bar graphs and OGIVE charts for each category of employee involved in the reduction in force, together with some combinations of categories, subcategories, and an overall study of all employees involved.
The term “OGIVE” is not defined in the record, but the charts show the results of the application of the test, used in each of the analyses, known as the Kolmogorof-Smirnov test. That test was said to measure the difference between an observed frequency of the occurrence of an event and the frequency of the event which would be expected if the event had occurred by chance. The statistician then consults standard statistical tables and makes a statement as to probability of the event occurring solely by chance. This was also termed a test of the statistical significance of the “goodness of fit” of the occurrences. Statisticians for both plaintiffs and defendant agreed that the probability of a chance occurrence of less than 5% was statistically significant. Dr. Spalding conducted 36 separate analyses of the computer data with a view to establishing his “null hypothesis” that selection of an employee for inclusion in the layoff, all other factors being equal, was independent of age. The probability of the variable, age, being a chance occurrence was less than 5%, (in many cases less than 1%) in 34 of the analyses. This was “statistical inference” evidence which both sides employed to support their positions.
In addition to the computer runoff sheets, Dr. Spalding had access to, and used in his preparation of the graphs and charts, both a master list of employees who had been scheduled to be terminated and a confidential termination classification list which coded each employee involved in the reduction in force according to the method of disposition of his involvement. According to this confidential classification:
Employees who were terminated voluntarily were assigned a code of “A.”
Employees who left Sandia voluntarily, but who, unbeknownst to them, had been scheduled to be terminated involuntarily, were assigned code “B.”
Code “C” consisted of employees who had requested that their personnel records reflect a voluntary termination but who actually were terminated involuntarily.
Code “D” represented those employees who were involuntarily laid off and whose records reflected that fact.
A fifth category, added by the plaintiff, code “E,” consisted of those employees who were scheduled on the master list to be laid off but who, because more employees volunteered for layoff than had been anticipated, were “saved” or “snatched back” according to local parlance. All remaining employees were designated as code “F.”
Based upon the codes, the analysis proceeded according to the company designated job classifications. The employees here involved were considered to be at a level below both the supervisory and management level, but above the “graded” level assigned to clerical and manual personnel. These employees, considered to be “non-graded,” consisted of the scientists and engineers engaged in the research and development activities. These are designated Members of Technical Staff, or MTS. The technical staff employees were allowed to work with or without supervision, depending on their job performance ratings and other factors.
The remaining “non-graded” employees were designated “PEP plan” or Position Evaluation Plan Employees. For the most part, this class is made up of support or staff positions. PEP plan employees are classified as to whether their jobs are technical or administrative.
Technical employees are designated either Technical Staff Associates, TSA’s, who are professional but non-degree holding aides to the technical staff.
Staff Assistant Technical, SAT’s are technically trained assistants to the Technical Staff and Staff Associates, or engaged in testing, maintenance and production.
Administrative employees are designated either Member of Laboratory Staff, MLS, consisting of professional level administrators, low level supervisors, and professional support technicians concerned with activities outside the main missions of the company (these people may be supervised or non-supervised), or Staff Assistant Laboratory, SAL, who are assistants to the Laboratory Staff, drafters, designers, or senior clerical employees.
Within each of these job categories, and in two instances, subcategories based upon whether the employee was supervised or non-supervised, the codes were applied to the terminated and “saved” employees and the resulting data analyzed on the basis of the ages of employees on February 1, 1973, just prior to the layoff.
The tests were studies of the observed frequencies of the selection of employees eligible for termination under the announced reduction in force, considered by age, compared to the population of all employees within each job category. Three main combinations of termination codes were selected for study; C and D, which were employees who were involuntarily terminated; B, C and D, which were the employees who were involuntarily terminated and those who would have been so terminated had they not volunteered; and B, C, D and E, which were all of the employees included in the latter combination with the addition of the “saves” or “snatchbacks.” All three of these combinations concerned employees who were in fact selected by Sandia for termination under the reduction in force. In addition to these main combinations, other combinations, as well as each group of employees within a single termination code category were studied, but not presented in graphic form.
Separate analyses were conducted for the categories of employees, MTS plus all PEP employees, both with supervisors and without supervisors; all PEP employees, both with and without supervisors; MTS alone, both with and without supervisors; SAT; TSA; SAL; LSA; and MLS both with and without supervisors.
The trial court based its consideration of the statistical evidence on a numerical and percentage overview of the effects of age on the data. It considered the strength of the expert testimony presented by the plaintiff to be in the “presentation of the data” rather than in terms of the probability statements and statistics. It gave considerable weight to the data relating to the C and D employees, those actually involuntarily terminated, and used the combined data which consisted of BCD and BCDE groupings, those selected for involuntary termination, only as corroborative. Its consideration of the data combined the analyses of the two job categories which had been separated on the basis of whether or not the employee was supervised or unsupervised. It commented generally on the data relating to each job category, consideration being given in some categories to the category’s size and uniformity of age range, the percentage of the category laid off in the reduction in force, the median age of the category’s employees and the median age of those terminated, the point at which age appears to have become a factor in the termination of the employees. In addition, the trial court considered documentary evidence of employee records which it regarded as significant and having an effect on the selection process. One element which the trial court considered in common in connection with each category was the age range within the protected group which it felt to be disproportionately affected by the terminations. This presumably subjective determination can best be demonstrated in the following columnar analysis:
Age range considered % of total terminated C&D % of nonulation within category
SAT
52- 64 53 20
TSA
53- 64 64 25
SAL
52-64 36 21
LSA
58-63 55 12
MLS (combined)
55-64 53 15
MTS (combined)
54- 64 11 3
Lab-wide study of PEP employees non-graded employees, all MTS and
54-64 33 15
In each of the instances in which the trial court considered the data introduced by the addition of the B (voluntary but would have been terminated anyway) category and E (selected for termination but “saved”) category, the disproportion was bolstered.
In addition to the consideration of statistical data, the trial court considered exhibits introduced by the plaintiffs, largely made up of management and supervisory memoranda and personnel reports, which tended to indicate that older non-supervisory employees were stereotyped as unproductive and as becoming technically obsolete; that the company’s management was convinced that “new blood” or young Ph.D.s were the company’s future due to the rapidity of technological changes. Also considered was “an arbitrary generalization” that older employees could not keep pace with new technology, an attitude which the trial court felt corroborated the statistics and supported the inference that age was a factor in the selection of employees for termination. A substantial number of layoff decisions were made by supervisors who were in the lower half of the protected age group. Sandia’s reviewing committees had noted the disproportionate impact of the layoffs on older employees, but were unsuccessful in solving the problem.
Plaintiffs supplemented their statistical evidence by calling a number of Sandia’s supervisors, who testified that management was concerned over the increasing average age of the corporation’s employees. The concern of Sandia over the increasing average age caused it to use various methods to encourage older employees to volunteer for the reduction in force program.
A division supervisor had a meeting, warned of the impending cutback and said that older people had better really consider retiring. At about this same time, another supervisor told one group of employees that “Any number of us ought to prepare to retire by age 55,” because he believed that it would be Sandia’s policy in a few more years.
Another witness said that one of his supervisors told him to remember that he had reached a dangerous age, telling him that he had reached 55 and “you can be forced to retire.”
Just prior to the commencement of the RIF program, the associate director, Pope, wrote a memo reporting how to encourage nonessential employees to leave the company. In the memo it was pointed out that people with 15 years’ tenure, between the ages of 48 and 55, even when given Sandia’s lowest performance ratings, are far above national averages and that their skills may well be valuable in many situations. This, continued Mr. Pope, was for encouraging such employees to leave Sandia.
There was also evidence that qualification for benefits under the retirement plan was a factor in choosing older employees for layoffs.
One department manager testified that he was told to consider three criteria in nominating employees for termination: elimination of jobs, job performance and the likelihood of personnel taking advantage of the early retirement program.
TESTIMONY ON BEHALF OF DEFENDANT SANDIA
In response to the testimony of the plaintiffs, Sandia offered expert testimony by its statistician, Dr. Prairie, whose theme was that the most significant factor in determining which of the employees were to be terminated was performance rather than age. He gave testimony based upon analysis of the same data which had been used by Dr. Spalding. It was carried out in four stages.
The first of these was a contingency analysis which considered the C and D groups (those involuntarily terminated) as compared with the A, B, E and F groups dividing the employees by job classification and by age only on the basis of whether the employees were within the protected class (over 40 or under 40). This step gave a statistically significant correlation between termination and age in the MLS and SAT job categories, but Dr. Prairie concluded that this fact only indicated that further analysis must be performed.
The second of the four steps was application of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to the MTS category based upon Dr. Prairie’s division of the employees into three subcategories; low performers, middle performers, and high performers, all based upon the defendant’s performance rating system. The trial court noted that this step would be considered flawed if the performance ratings contained age bias. Ultimately, the court rejected Dr. Prairie’s analysis on this basis. Dr. Prairie’s own finding was that employees under age 40 tended to receive higher performance ratings, but contended that much of this influence was due to a correlation between performance and formal education (Master’s degree level). Dr. Prairie’s opinion was that age was a factor in its impact on the termination of only those employees under age 40, and of those, only those classified as “middle performers.”
Dr. Prairie’s third step added an additional element which assigned a numerical value used by Sandia’s personnel system for education. This step, termed a “discriminant analysis,” sought to identify the factors or combinations of factors which contributed to employee selection for layoff. Individual age groupings were considered separately. This step convinced Dr. Prairie that performance was the key factor in determining which employees would be selected for layoff.
The fourth step divided the employee categories on the basis of whether the employees were over or under age 40. It ranked them according to performance levels assigned by Sandia; outstanding, good, satisfactory, and unsatisfactory. This step was, in addition, a discriminant analysis, done separately for the MLS, MTS, SAT, and SAL categories, and reaching the conclusion that there was a strong relationship between low performance and layoff. Here again, the significance between age and performance was partially explained by the influence of higher formal educational rankings being prevalent among younger employees. Dr. Prairie’s studies considered only employees actually terminated, and not those selected for termination. Sandia also submitted testimony based on a study designed to apply objective criteria to the performance rating system in order to show that the layoff patterns would have been similar had objective, rather than subjective, ratings been utilized.
The above is illustrative of the very extensive direct testimony on behalf of the plaintiffs which served to corroborate the statistics. The trial court, on October 20, 1977, entered a so-called Interlocutory Opinion which is the subject of objection and complaint on the part of Sandia. In it the trial court disposed of a number of pretrial problems which had not been finally ruled on.
THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS
The trial court considered age discrimination as not as clear-cut an issue as discrimination under Title YII cases where if unlawful discrimination is found to be present, it is usually demonstrated to be present in a pattern or practice against a protected group as a whole. It found that the evidence established a prima facie case that a pattern and practice of age discrimination begins to appear at age 52 in its influence on layoff decisions and that the inference that age was a factor becomes stronger after age 55, increasing up to age 58, at which point it remains a steady influence until age 64. The trial court further found that the defendant’s statistical analyses were insufficient to defeat the prima facie case “that individuals ages 52 to 64 were adversely affected by layoff decisions in a pattern significantly different from other employees.”
The court noted that the issues were:
First, whether the defendant discriminated against employees from 40 to 65 years of age in selection of employees for termination in connection with the March 1973 layoff or reduction in force.
Second, whether defendant discriminated against Technical Staff members and Position Evaluation Plan employees from 40 to 65 years of age in defendant’s salary increase procedures (“stretch-out”).
Third, whether defendant discriminated against MTS employees from 40 to 65 in the salary allocation and distribution policies and practices which used age bands or groups during periods when these policies and practices were in effect.
Finally, whether during the periods relevant to these actions, defendant had discriminated against individuals from 40 to 64 years of age in recruiting and hiring policies.
•The third issue stated was withdrawn at the termination of the plaintiffs’ case by the Secretary.
The court explained that Sandia grew out of an engineering support division of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1946. At that time a private corporation was formed, and Sandia was a prime contractor serving the Atomic Energy Commission, which became Energy Research and Development Administration. Western Electric is the parent corporation and does not receive a fee. All costs are, however, reimbursable and are funded by the federal government.
Sandia’s structure was also explained as consisting of a president, a number of vice presidents, directors, department managers and division supervisors. Those scientists and engineers engaged in the research and development activities are classified as MTS. SAT employees are involved in either technical or laboratory staff functions and set up in various classifications that are not particularly relevant to the present decision.
The population of Sandia Corporation totaled 8,200 in 1967 and declined to about 6,500 as a result of the 1973 layoff. In 1975, the company began research in non-weapon areas, chiefly energy programs. The court found that in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s, Sandia observed that the average age and length of service of the lab’s employees was increasing. It became concerned with the “profiles” of the MTS group. Believing that there was a threat to its technical vitality, it sought to employ young university graduates, particularly those with advanced degrees. The age guidelines given to recruiters were age 23 for a Bachelor’s Degree, 25-26 for a Master’s Degree, and 30 for a Ph.D. Those applicants who exceeded the age guidelines were not automatically eliminated, however. The recruiters were instructed to screen them closely so as to discover why they received their degrees beyond the guideline age. Recruiters would sometimes find individuals whose high grade point average was misleading due to a light academic course load. There were other explanations, for example, military service during the Vietnam conflict. Important to note is that there had to be an explanation as to why the applicant was delayed in receiving a degree. The recruiters insisted that age was not a criterion, but there were comments that age should not be considered as a detriment or that “we should overlook his age.” This same policy, the court found, was applied to the bulk of Sandia’s MTS hiring effort among unsolicited applications.
The court found that there was a group of exhibits designated “Bright Young Men Memos.” Actual hiring was engineered by the line organization interested in the applicant, not the recruiter or the personnel office. This was regardless of how the application was initiated. When a line organization requested that an individual be hired, a supervisor would write a laudatory memorandum and send it through channels. The court found that there were approximately 25 such memos received in evidence to cover the period 1965-1975. In the text of most of these exhibits there is a reference to the applicant as a bright or eager young man, and in some instances the writers observed that the individual is over 30 and then state why they are not concerned about his advanced age. The explanation is that these are words of description and not qualification. There are no comments as to whether these individuals were hired or rejected.
Plaintiffs’ expert in statistics, the court said, presented two hiring studies, neither of which added anything. The base data alone showed that few new hires came from the protected age group; that Dr. Spalding computed this to be 6%, but then he went on to compare this to data for engineers in nation-wide employment. The weight of this is affected by the fact that the 30% national figure included categories of engineers not used by Sandia, and it did not show availability for employment.
The court went on to describe the second hiring study of Dr. Spalding. The court found that they did not often recruit in the protected age group because they said older applicants were not available in significant numbers. They preferred to have recent formal training. At the same time, they did not close the door in an older applicant’s face. The inclination was to hire them only in instances where there was a vacancy. There was, however, little proof that established, so the court ruled, that there had been significant discrimination in this area of recruitment.
Finally, the court concluded that the Title VII cases with respect to hiring were not too helpful in an age discrimination case as to promotions and educational opportunity. The court was unable to find that these policies made any significant contribution to the end result.
As to the “stretch-out” system of salary increases, the trial court made a lengthy analysis and concluded that after weighing all of the evidence in the area, the plaintiffs had shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the “stretch-out” policy discriminated against plaintiffs in the protected age group on a class-wide basis. This was a method by which supervisors determined percentage increase of an employee’s salary and in doing so looked for the interval since his last raise. If the percentage and interval requirements were satisfied, the raise could be approved and effective immediately. If not, it was postponed to a time when the requirements were met. The judge found that this program was used in a very literal way and that, as a result, the “stretch-out” discriminated against workers in protected age groups. The court said that the burden of going forward with the evidence had shifted to Sandia to either rebut the prima facie case or present some other non-discriminatory reason for its salary practices.
What this amounted to was a rather strict use of criteria in giving an individual a raise, and it was found to work against persons within the protected age groups because of the more or less arbitrary postponement of wage increases.
The interlocutory decree was much too conclusory, extensive and detailed to suit Sandia. Sandia objected to the theory of analysis in the Interlocutory Opinion calling for examination of each year of age of each unit to ascertain whether an adverse effect had resulted in the layoff selections. The analysis was carried out for the six major employment categories at Sandia and for groups of those employee categories. It said that the approach lacked reasonable guidelines or standards. Strong objection was made to the fact that the trial court had concluded that a prima facie showing of discrimination had been made as to technical staff members for the six major categories. Sandia objected to the absence of reasonable guidelines or standards for the analysis, and a determination that an adverse impact had been sustained by one age group or one employee category was used as the basis for inferring discrimination in a different age group or dissimilar employee category. Another basis for the prima facie case was the receipt into evidence of what Sandia claimed was an assortment of exhibits detailing considerations for promotion and memorandum dealing with termination. It was said that the memoranda were too few, too insubstantial and too lacking in foundation to support the conclusion of age discrimination. It objected also to the fact that Sandia had not been allowed comparable discovery of the plaintiffs’ files.
Basically, the argument is that the burden of proof placed upon Sandia as a result of the determination that a prima facie case had been made out by the Secretary of Labor imposed an illegal or invalid burden.
SALARY ADMINISTRATION-THE TRIAL COURT’S FINDINGS
The findings made in these areas were for evidentiary value only, no relief was being sought by the Secretary. In fact, there was no allegation that the policies were in violation of the ADEA. This evidence indicated that written recommendations for promotion were often accompanied by considerations of age. The statistical evidence merely showed that in the MTS category, the mean age of those employees on roll increased over an eleven-year period (36.1 in 1964 to 41.4 in 1974), while the mean age of those promoted decreased over a ten-year period (36.3 in 1965 to 34.9 in 1974). (A low point in the mean age of those promoted was hit in 1971 at age 32.1.)
The trial court found the evidence as to Sandia’s promotion policy to be sufficient to cause “a reasonable suspicion” that age was a factor in promoting members of the technical staff to the first supervisory level; it declined, however, to comment on whether a prima facie case of age discrimination had been established from this.
The discussion of Sandia’s educational programs was brief. It included a year of college education toward a master’s degree, a doctoral studies program, a tuition support program for college courses taken outside of working hours and non-credit courses taught at Sandia

Question: Did the factual interpretation by the court or its conclusions (e.g., regarding the weight of evidence or the sufficiency of evidence) favor the appellant?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Mixed answer
D. Issue not discussed
Answer:

Answer: A