Task: songer_indict

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals. The issue is: "Did the court rule that the indictment was defective?" Answer the question based on the directionality of the appeals court decision. If the court discussed the issue in its opinion and answered the related question in the affirmative, answer "Yes". If the issue was discussed and the opinion answered the question negatively, answer "No". If the opinion considered the question but gave a mixed answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part, answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion does not discuss the issue, or notes that a particular issue was raised by one of the litigants but the court dismissed the issue as frivolous or trivial or not worthy of discussion for some other reason, answer "Issue not discussed". If the opinion considered the question but gave a "mixed" answer, supporting the respondent in part and supporting the appellant in part (or if two issues treated separately by the court both fell within the area covered by one question and the court answered one question affirmatively and one negatively), answer "Mixed answer". If the opinion either did not consider or discuss the issue at all or if the opinion indicates that this issue was not worthy of consideration by the court of appeals even though it was discussed by the lower court or was raised in one of the briefs, answer "Issue not discussed". If the court answered the question in the affirmative, but the error articulated by the court was judged to be harmless, answer "Yes, but error was harmless". 

LEMMON, Circuit Judge.
A depressing tale of lies, disguises, and aliases resorted to by a group of seasoned subversives, referred to by their own attorneys as “these Communists”, is unfolded by the record in this case.
It is a tale of how a handful of Reds sought to shield a convicted member of their group from condign punishment.
It is a tale of the devious practices to which they resorted in their almost successful efforts to cheat the law.
It is, finally, a tale of how their deceptions and their subterfuges were frustrated at last by the patient labors of Federal “Cossacks”, as officers of the law are sometimes contemptuously called by the Reds.
With regard to the means used by “the Communists” to help a pair of their leaders to thwart justice, it is naive indeed to expect to find them hiding in alleys, skulking in twilight corners, turning up their coat collars, or pulling their hats down over their eyes.
No; the hard-core members are far too adroit and well-instructed for such amateurish cloak-and-dagger technique. They select a quiet village, rent a cabin, and then, wearing shorts, play ping-pong in their front yard. Or they add touching domestic notes, hanging up the family wash or buying groceries at the village store.
1. The Indictment.
The indictment was in four counts. The first count alleged that on October 14, 1949, Robert G. Thompson was convicted in New York for conspiring to (1) organize a society for the overthrow and destruction of the Government of the United States by force and violence; and (2) advocate and teach the overthrow and destruction of the Government by force and violence in violation of Sections 2, 3 and 5 of the Act of June 28, 1940, commonly known as the Smith Act. (18 U.S.C.A. 1940 ed. §§ 10, 11, 13; 18 U.S;C.A. § 2385, 1948 revision).
It was further averred that on August 27, 1953, near Twain Harte, Tuolumne County, California, the appellants, knowing that Thompson had been convicted of the above offense, “did receive, relieve, comfort and assist” him “in order to hinder and prevent his apprehension and punishment”. This count was brought under 18 U.S.C.A. § 3, infra.
The second count charged that the appellants conspired to commit the offense charged in Count 1, and seven overt acts were set forth. 18 U.S.C.A. § 371.
The third count alleged that on. August 27, 1953, the appellants Kremen, Coleman, and Rasi, also known as Ross, knowing that a warrant had been issued for the apprehension of the appellant Sid Stein, also known' as Sidney Steinberg, harbored and concealed him so as to prevent his discovery and arrest, a warrant for his arrest having been issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. 18 U.S. C.A. § 1071.
The fourth count stated that the three appellants named in the third count conspired with each other, with Thompson, and with divers other persons to harbor and conceal Steinberg “so as to prevent his discovery and arrest”, while those three appellants knew that a warrant for the arrest of Steinberg, under the name of Sid Stein, had been issued by the above-mentioned Court in New York on June 20, 1951. Thompson was named in this fourth count as a “co-conspirator but not as a defendant”. Six overt acts were alleged. 18 U.S.C.A. § 371.
2. Statement of the Case.
Motions to dismiss, for discovery and inspection, for a bill of particulars, for the issuance of pre-trial subpoenas, and for a return of property seized in the raid and its suppression as evidence were made by the appellants and were denied. The District Court did, however, rule that the appellants might, on demand, have a copy of the summarized list of items seized. Such a copy was furnished them, infra.
After a trial starting on April 12, 1954, and lasting two weeks, during which the appellants offered no evidence, each appellant was found guilty on all counts in which he or she was charged. Judgments of imprisonment were pronounced upon all of the appellants, from which judgments the present appeals were taken.
3. The Appellants’ Attacks Upon the Judgments of Conviction.
The following errors are asserted to have been committed by the court below, in the order in which they are discussed in the six subdivisions of the appellants’ opening brief, and in the order in which they will be considered herein:
. 1. Sections 3 and 371 of 18 U.S.C.A. were construed and applied under the first and second counts of the indictment in a manner violative of the due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment.
2. The search and seizure were unlawful and it was error to deny the motions to suppress.
3. The evidence is insufficient to sustain the conviction against any of the appellants.
4. The first and second counts of the indictment do not state any offense against the United States since they do not charge Thompson with a violation of the Smith Act.
5. The trial court erred in instructing the jury.
6. The trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury as requested by the appellants.
4. The Applicable Statutes.
As we have noted in our summary of the indictment, the charges are based upon three sections of 18 U.S.C.A. as follows:
“§ 3. Accessory after the fact
“Whoever, knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact.
“Except as otherwise expressly provided by any Act of Congress, an accessory after the fact shall be imprisoned not more than one-half the maximum term of imprisonment or fined not more than one-half the maximum fine prescribed for the punishment of the principal, or both; or if the principal is punishable by death, the accessory shall be imprisoned not more than ten years.”
“§ 371. Conspiracy to commit offense or to defraud United States
“If two or more persons conspire either to commit any offense against the United States, or to defraud the United States, or any agency thereof in any manner or for any purpose, and one or more of such persons do any act to effect the object of the conspiracy, each shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both.
“If, however, the offense, the commission of which is the object of the conspiracy, is a misdemeanor only, the punishment for such conspiracy shall not exceed the maximum punishment provided for such misdemeanor.”
“§ 1071. Concealing person from arrest
“Whoever harbors or conceals any person for whose arrest a warrant or process has been issued under the provisions of any law of the United States, so as to prevent his discovery and arrest, after notice or knowledge of the fact that a warrant or process-has been issued for the apprehension of such person, shall be fined not more than $.1,000 or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.”
5. Testimony in Connection With the Motion to Suppress Evidence.
Because of the appellants’ contention that there was insufficient evidence to-justify the arrests, the seizures, or the subsequent verdicts of guilty, we are attempting to give in the following two sections somewhat full summaries of the relevant testimony.
William H. Whelan, an agent of the 'Federal Bureau of Investigation, was in charge of the fifteen agents and the matron who participated in the arrests that took place at a certain house and its environs near the vilage of Twain Harte, on August 27, 1953, at 1:05 p. m.
The house, referred to in the record as a “cabin”, was a two-story structure with a small porch on one side of it. It was on a “secondary” road, with a driveway leading from the road to the cabin itself.
The arresting party arrived in six automobiles, which drove up the roadway to the front of the house. Thompson and Steinberg were standing out in the yard. Whelan announced that he and his party were agents of the F.B.I., and that they were there to arrest them. He called upon the pair to surrender.
Thompson and Steinberg put their hands up. Agent Whelan directed them to go over to two trees in the yard, and ordered some other agents to take charge of them and search them. The two prisoners were handcuffed and were permitted to sit on the ground beside one of the trees.
Whelan testified that at that time he “advised them (Thompson and Stein-berg) that they were being arrested because of the warrants that were outstanding for the arrest of both of them in the Southern District of New York”. He then directed the other agents to go into the house and he followed them inside. There the three persons were ordered to come outside. The men were searched, handcuffed, and seated. The young woman was searched with the help of the matron, and then was seated on a chair by the porch. Elsewhere the record indicates that Mrs. Kremen was not handcuffed.
The three prisoners who had been brought out of the house were “advised that they were being arrested by virtue of the fact that they were harboring” the two persons for whom the officers “had warrants outstanding”. They were all handcuffed and searched.
The three prisoners taken from inside the house were the appellants Ross,. Kremen, and Coleman. Steinberg, who was arrested outside the house, is the fourth appellant. Thompson, it will be remembered, was not made a defendant in the instant case.
The five prisoners were fingerprinted and photographed on the spot. Then they were told that they would be taken in without any more delay than was necessary, to be arraigned. In view of the fact that they would be transported to San Francisco, they were given the opportunity to pick up clothing or other articles that they might wish to take along on the trip. Each was taken to San Francisco in a separate automobile and all were arraigned in that city later the same evening.
Back in Twain Harte, the search “was completed that afternoon”. Whelan had given orders that, with the exception of items of furniture, all personal property was to be taken.
It was conceded that no search warrant was ever obtained. The officers were not looking for anything in particular — they were searching for “weapons, * * * contraband or anything that would be a fruit of the crime or a part of the crime”. A document of 25 pages, entitled “Personal Property and Papers”, which was a list of articles seized at the cabin, was introduced in evidence by the appellants. The list was prepared under Whelan’s supervision.
Whelan testified that he made the decision to arrest the five persons at the cabin. This decision, made “in consultation”, was that, “if a known fugitive is there, if there are others there that it can be said could be a part of the harboring process, then the others should be taken too.”
The agent’s weapons were drawn and directed at the appellants at the time of the arrest. The appellants “were asked for permission to allow the search to be made”, but “they said nothing”.
The appellants were wearing “play clothes” or “sun clothes”, and there was some laundry on the line. “The whole house looked like it was lived in. There were two cars there, * * * There was food in the house.”
Thompson and the appellant Steinberg were “recognized”, and Agent Whelan had them “under surveillance” while they were in the yard talking together.
Whelan’s first information that Kremen and her companions were at those premises was received on the afternoon preceding the raid, but he “knew it for sure that morning”, within an hour or so before the arrest — at least so far as Kremen, Thompson, and Steinberg were concerned.
On cross-examination, the attorney for the appellee brought out the fact that F.B.I. agents had gone to the vicinity of the cabin “some time prior to the arrest”, and that on the day of the raid “the first group were in the vicinity of the cabin around 6:00 a. m.” Whelan himself appeared at the scene “just at the time of the arrest”, but “was in contact with them by radio” from 6 a. m. until the time at which he himself appeared. The other agents reported to him “to identify persons as they came out or went in and to name them if they could.”
Mrs. Thelma L. Germany testified that she and her husband owned the cabin in question and rented it that summer through “Jimmy” Morrow, a real estate broker.
Morrow, next called as a witness, stated that a “Mrs. Lee Kaplan” had approached him, expressing a desire to rent a cabin “that was secluded and quiet because her brother was ill with nerves and she wanted to be where they would be by themselves.” “Mrs. Kaplan” rented the cabin in question and paid the rental monthly in advance. Morrow identified the appellant Kremen as the person who had rented the cabin. The rent was to start on June 26, 1953.
In connection with the motion to return seized property, supra, Agent Whelan testified that “the automobiles” were returned. “They had a registered name on it and they were returned. We never found out to this day who wants any of the rest of this property.” The appellee’s attorney stated in open court that “The automobiles were registered to people other than these defendants and we returned them.”
6. The Testimony at the Trial.
(a) The Reconnaissance
Special Agent Erickson testified that on the day of the arrests he arrived in the area of the cabin at 5 a. m. He and four other agents hid behind boulders or trees on a hill above the cabin. He was in the area above the road and sometimes on the road itself. Erickson was able to observe an outhouse, infra, at all times. He was about 100 feet from the cabin, and remained at his station until about 1:04 p. m.
At 9:30 a. m. a man emerged from the entrance of the cabin. The witness saw this man later in the day. The following morning, the man identified himself to Erickson in Alcatraz Penitentiary as Robert Thompson. Erickson also identified Thompson from colored and black- and-white photographs, hereinafter sometimes referred to as “Exhibit 2” and “Exhibit 3”, respectively.
Thompson came out of the cabin with a fly fishing rod and practiced casting for about ten minutes. He then laid the rod on a small table in the yard and returned to the cabin.
At about 9:45 a. m. a woman came out of the cabin and sat in an armchair near the entrance. She appeared to be writing or drawing. Erickson identified the woman as the appellant Kremen. She sat in the chair for about 15 minutes and then returned to the cabin.
While Mrs. Kremen was sitting in the chair, a man dressed only in a pair of brown trousers came out of the cabin. He sat on the ground off of the lowest terrace right by the entrance from which he and the other two had emerged. He remained there for a few minutes and went back in at about the same time that Mrs. Kremen re-entered the cabin. The witness identified that man as the appellant Carl Ross.
Mrs. Kremen re-emerged at about a quarter past ten, carrying what was apparently washed clothing, which she hung on a line stretched to the outhouse from the corner of the cabin nearest to the entrance. She immediately returned to the cabin. The clothing was a man’s, and there was “some type of a towel”.
At about 10:30 another man came out of the cabin, walked around the yard briefly, and returned. He was dressed in only a pair of yellow swimming trunks or shorts. He was identified by Erickson as the appellant Coleman.
All the four above-mentioned individuals kept walking in and out of the cabin several times. “I did not keep an accurate record of their exits and entrances.”
At about noon, a fifth person came out of the cabin. He too was dressed only in a pair of trousers. Erickson identified that man as the appellant Steinberg. The latter pulled a chair up to the table and sat there, apparently writing or drawing, Erickson testified. After 15 or 20 minutes, Steinberg got up and went back into the house.
At about five minutes after 1 p. m., Thompson and Steinberg were together in the yard. Immediately before that time, all five occupants of the cabin had been sitting in the yard around the table. They appeared to be talking.
Just before 1:05, the other three returned to the house.
At about 12:45, Erickson had received certain instructions from his superior. Pursuant to those instructions he had been relaying the information that he and the other agents were “observing” to an agent in charge of the operation. Those instructions were passed along by means of a two-way radio, or “handitalkie”.
“We had been observing the people through binoculars and relaying the details as we observed them,” Erickson testified. “About 12:30 we relayed the information that, to our satisfaction, two of the * * * people * * * were * * * fugitives * * *"
“About 12:45 we received instructions to stand by, not to move, but to be prepared to assist approaching party, which was approaching by automobile. We were told that there would be an arrest effected, that we would have to take the two who were there that we were satisfied were fugitives in our minds. We were told that we should also be prepared and that we would effect an arrest of all the parties there, * * *”
When the automobiles were seen coming into the entrance driveway, the officers were instructed to leave their cover positions on the upper road and on the wooded hillside and move down to the cleared area “and assist in effecting the arrest of the people of the cabin.”
The F.B.I. converged upon the cabin at 1:04 p. m.
(b) The Attack
When he observed the F.B.I. automobiles coming up the driveway, Agent Erickson dropped his handi-talkie and came down the wooded hillside to the parking area.
When the first car arrived, the agent in charge jumped out and “issued the command to everyone present that we were agents of the F.B.I. and that those on the premises were under arrest.” The three appellants who were inside — Kremen, Ross, and Coleman — “were removed to the outside” to join Thompson and the appellant Steinberg.
Individual agents “assumed charge of the prisoners independently,” according to Erickson. He personally took charge of Ross, searching and handcuffing him.
When all of the five persons had thus submitted to arrest, the agent in charge announced that there were warrants for Thompson and Steinberg, and that the officers would have to hold the others on charges of harboring.
One of the documents taken from the appellant Ross has the cryptic flavor of which American Communists are so fond:
“8/24
“Dear Jim:
“Enclosed is note to my Betty. In open envelope is some material which (I?) have written. If you care to read and comment, you are welcome. Please seal before you send off.
“The person on this end of arrangement is being instructed to break off with your lady until he makes certain other arrangements. As previously agreed, contact from your end to be with S, with whom we are in contact. S will explain further and make necessary further arrangements.
“Regards,
“Jess”
Erickson made a thorough search of the house, which gave plain evidence of having been lived in. There was food on the two stoves, on the cabinet above the sink, in the refrigerator. There were two typewriters, a radio and a television set. Clothes were on the floor. There were brief cases and boxes filled with documents of all kinds. There also were papers in the two automobiles.
After reporting the results of his search to his superior officer, Agent Erickson was told to take the material back to San Francisco. The first search through the material was made at the house. He placed the boxes, suitcases, and the material from the two automobiles in a car that was provided for him, and went back to San Francisco with them, for a more detailed study. The appellants emphasize this taking for further study. There was nothing unlawful in this.
Before Erickson departed, the special agent in charge asked the appellants whether any of them would identify any of the material that was theirs. They all stood mute. The agent pointed out to them that up until that moment it was their privilege to say nothing. He asked them again whether they would identify anything there, or specify “anything they wanted us to take care of”. The appellants remained mute. At no time did any of them tell him what was theirs. They now can hardly clamor for the return of property to which they laid no claim when they had ample opportunity to do so.
Agent Erickson identified a great mass of material taken in the raid. On cross-examination, he testified that while the officers were satisfied, from their observations through binoculars and their examinations of photographs, that two of the occupants of the cabin were fugitives, one of the agents, Joseph McCann, had previously seen the pair in person. He was sure that this was true as to Steinberg, and believed that it applied also to the other. McCann himself later testified that he had known Steinberg since November, 1950, and that he had “observed” Thompson on “numerous occasions” in New York.
Agent McCann, stationed in New York, testified that when he first saw Steinberg in November, 1950, Steinberg weighed about 165 pounds, with “a full face and a heavy build.” His hair was long and black. He was about five feet six inches in height, and had a light and sallow complexion. When he saw him on the day of the raid, Steinberg weighed about 125 or 130 pounds, his hair was cut short, he was much thinner in face and body, and he had grown a mustache.
When Agent McCann “observed” Thompson in New York in 1949 and 1950, the latter was about five feet ten inches in height, weighed about 180 or 190 pounds, had long brown hair, and had a fairly stocky build. On the day of the raid, Thompson weighed 210 or 220 pounds, his hair was red — apparently dyed — and was cut short. He wore a light strawberry blond mustache. His eye-brows were strawberry blond also. He was very stocky in appearance, and “had a very large stomach”.
A wallet was pointed out by Steinberg as belonging to him, McCann said. It contained a California Citizens Angling license, three business cards, a Social Security card, and six rent receipts. All these documents contained the name “Josh Newberg” or “Joshua Newberg”. McCann testified that in his search of Steinberg’s person and wallet he found no material bearing the name “Sidney Steinberg”. Special Agent Erickson had previously identified a Resident Citizen Fishing License, a Social Security card, and five business cards as having been found in the cabin. They likewise bore the name “Josh Newberg” or “Joshua Newberg”.
Agent McCann testified that on June 20, 1951, he had a wax-rant of arrest to serve on Steinberg; that he first attempted to serve it on that day, at Stein-berg’s residence; that he was not able to serve the warrant; and that Steinberg “had not been seen” by McCann since that time, until the encounter at Twain Harte.
Glenn A. Harter, a special agent of the F.B.I., stationed at San Francisco, said that he examined the contents of Mrs. Kremen’s purse at the time of the raid. Among those contents were a library card in the name of Lee Kaplan, another library card in the name of Richard Kaplan, a California resident citizen’s angling license in the name of Lee Kaplan, a free campfire permit in the name of Mrs. Lee Kaplan, a Social Security card in the name of Lee Kaplan, a California Motor Vehicle Operator’s License in the name of Lee Lefko Kaplan, a Pacific Gas & Electric Company bill issued to R. Kaplan; a San Jose Water Works bill bearing the name Richard R. Kaplan; and “a document saying that ‘this is your invoice’ to * * * Mr. Richard Kaplan * * * ” Agent Harter testified the Kremen material that he examined did not reflect the name of Shirley Kremen or Mrs. Irving Kremen.
Special Agent Joseph T. Daly testified that he was at the cabin on the day of the raid and again on September 2, 1953. On the latter date, he examined ten garbage cans in a garbage container inside of the outhouse, dusting them for fingerprints. He placed scotch tape over the “latent” fingerprints that he found and sent the cans that contained fingex-prints to Agent Clark in San Francisco. He identified ten Budweiser beer cans as being in the garbage cans to which he referred.
Senior Plant Quarantine Inspector Henry James Warren, of the California Department of Agriculture, stationed at Dorris, California, produced a page from his records showing that an automobile bearing the Missouri license number C-54-274, had entered the State of California at Dorris on August 20, 1953.
Frank J. Smith, special agent for the F.B.I. at New York, said that he had known Thompson from 1949 to the time of the trial, and that the latter’s appearance on August 27, 1953, when Smith arrested him, was “not at all” the way he looked four years before. In 1949 Thompson had dark brown hair, which he wore much longer than at the time of his arrest. When picked up at Twain Harte, at which time Thompson’s picture was taken, he had a “crew cut”, his hair was dyed red, he wore a reddish mustache, and his eyebrows were red. His complexion was “a bi-own”.
“When I knew him in the past,” Agent Smith continued, “he had an apparently sallow complexion. He wasn’t the color he was at the time we saw him.
“He weighed about 41 pounds heavier on August 27, 1953, than he had when I saw him prior to that, which was about May 1st, 1951. He had a definite stomach, quite a large stomach, which he didn’t have before. He was a husky built fellow, but he was quite fat in this picture here.”
Between the time that he first saw Thompson and May, 1951, Smith testified that he “must have seen Thompson several hundred times”. He saw Thompson at the Communist Party headquarters, and at about the time of the trial in New York.
At first Thompson wouldn’t say anything to him, Smith testified. When fingerpi-inted, Thompson denied his identity, but would not “talk about who he was”. In a coat that belonged to a suit that Thompson admitted was his, there was found a certificate of birth stating that John Francis Brennan” was born in New York on Api-il 9, 1909.
Another exhibit was a book contaiixing a $100 initiation stamp and certifying that “Brennan” had been granted membership in the Intel-national Association of Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, affiliated with the American Federation of Labor.
Smith also identified a wallet found in the khaki trousers that Thompson was wearing. A sheaf of papers found inside the wallet was also introduced in evidence. These papers bore the name of “John Brennan” or that of “Linda Corsia Brennan.” Smith testified that “there was nothing in his wallet or on his person with the name of Robert G. Thompson at all.”
Later, in San Francisco, Thompson admitted to Smith that the wallet and the papers in it were his. He finally said to Smith, “Well, I guess you know who I am,” and signed a “listing” of the money, the wallet, and a penknife that had been taken from him. He signed as “Robert Thompson”.
Albert B. Ground, a fingerprint examiner for the F.B.I., with headquarters in Washington, was the next witness. He testified that he had examined “approximately 5,000,000” of the 130,000,-000 fingerprints in the F.B.I. files. He said that he had examined the ten Budweiser beer cans already referred to, and had found thereon the fingerprints of each of the four appellants, as well as that of the alleged co-conspirator Thompson.
John Lautner, a consultant with the Department of Justice, testified that for twenty years prior to January, 1950, except for the time when he was in the Army, he had been employed as a functionary of the Communist Party. When the appellee’s attorney sought to inquire as to Lautner’s specific function in the Party, counsel for the appellants objected that there was “no foundation”. The answer of the District Judge was so apposite to many other similar objections by defense counsel that it bears quoting here:
“ * * * counsel can’t put in all the evidence in one instant of time.”
Lautner had been head of the New York State Review Commission, security officer of the New York State Organization, and a member of the National Review Commission, all of the Communist Party. He testified that he was acquainted with the appellants Ross, Coleman, and “Stein” (Steinberg).
Lautner knew Steinberg from 1948 up to the time that the former left the Party, on January 17, 1950. Steinberg’s New York office was at the Communist Party headquarters, in the same building where Lautner himself had had his offices.
Thompson had his headquarters in the “national office” of the Communist Party from about 1944 to the time that Lautner left the Party.
Coleman had his offices there from May, 1947, up to the summer of 1949, when Lautner himself acquired an office in the building. He saw Coleman in the presence of Thompson many times, from the summer of 1947 up to the end of 1949, at the state headquarters of the Party. He also saw them at the Party’s state convention, at Webster Hall, New York.
The witness said that he had seen Steinberg and Ross in the presence of Thompson, and that he had seen Stein-berg in the presence of Ross at the 1948 national convention of the Party. Coleman was present at the state convention. Thompson was present at both conventions.
In connection with his duties in the Communist Party, Lautner had occasion to work with Coleman, Steinberg, and Thompson.
Thompson, as state chairman of the Communist Party, was Lautner’s superior in the New York State organization, and also as member of the National Committee Thompson was his superior officer. This was their status from 1945 to December, 1950.
Lautner and the appellant Coleman were both members of the New York State Organization Commission, Coleman being a member of the educational department and head of the review commission. This party relationship of the two men continued from May, 1947, to about the middle of 1949.
Burnett Britton, another F.B.I. special agent, testified that he visited the area of the Twain Harte cabin at 2:35 p. m. on August 26, 1953 — the day before-the raid. His car came to about five yards of the cabin and stopped. He saw Mrs. Kremen standing at the door, while two men, whom he identified as Coleman and Thompson, were playing Ping-pong at a table in the parking area south of the cabin. Thompson was again described as having “strawberry blond” hair.
Britton said that he noticed a light-green Chevrolet coupe in the parking area. Later that day, at 4:15 p. m., he saw Mrs. Kremen driving the same automobile “extremely slowly”.in the main thoroughfare of Sonora, California, which is about fourteen miles from the village of Twain Harte.
At midnight of the same day, Britton again visited the cabin premises, and again at 3 a. m., the following day, August 27, and, finally, with the raiding party at 1:05 p. m. At that final visit, he observed two automobiles at the cabin, one of them being the 1950 green Chevrolet coupe.
On cross-examination, Britton stated that on his visit to the cabin premises in the afternoon of August 26, the car in which he was riding was being driven by Robert Summers, an employee of the Pacific Gas & Electric Company, whom Agent Britton had picked up at Sonora three-quarters of an hour before. The automobile stopped at the entrance of the house for about three'minutes. Britton remained in the car, but Summers approached Mrs. Kremen. After three minutes Summers returned to the car, and the two men drove off.
Woodrow Walton, a salesman for a Hudson automobile agency at St. Louis, Missouri, testified that he sold a Hudson to a man whom he identified as Samuel Coleman, one of the appellants, on June 5, 1953. Coleman traded in an Olds automobile, signing the necessary papers with the name “William B. Gordon”. Coleman kept the license number of his old car and used it on his new Hudson, which' is in accordance with Missouri ■practice. The license number was :C54274.
Walter C. Donner, of Camdenton, Missouri, owner and operator of a motel and cottages, identified Coleman as a man who stayed, at one of his cottages for two days during the Memorial Day weekend in 1953. Coleman was accompanied by one man and two women. At this juncture counsel for the appellants, again objected and the Court, as we have noticed before, remarked, “He has to start somewhere.” Counsel for the appellee withdrew his question about the gender of the party, but a moment later developed the information that one of the persons with Coleman was a man, and that there were three persons with him altogether. Donner testified that he arranged for a boat for Coleman, who returned on July 4 and 5 with his same party and took a cabin there again for two days.
Odie E. Meyers, operator of “a fishing dock or boat resort” at Camdenton, testified that a man whom he identified as Coleman accompanied by a “lady” came to the Meyers dock during the Memorial Day weekend and made reservations for two boats for the July 4 holiday.
During the July 4 holiday four persons were in the Coleman party. Coleman used the name “Gordon”. The man with him had hair with a “grayish reddish cast”: Meyers identified the two photographs of Thompson as being pictures of the man he saw with Coleman at the boat dock. Coleman and Thompson were together at the boat dock during the three days that the party was there.
Some time after the visits of the Coleman party, some F.B.I. agents asked for the boat resort’s registrations “for that particular day”, or the July 4 holidays. The Government men came back and forth to.the dock on as many as ten occasions, each time bringing photographs that Meyers and his wife were asked to identify as being of persons who had been there.
The first time that Thompson’s picture was in a group photograph that was shown to Meyers and his wife, they “selected it”, Meyers testified. The couple picked out “only two photographs altogether” — Coleman’s and Thompson’s. The first time the officers visited the fishing dock, Mr. and Mrs. Meyers were shown a photograph of “Gordon” (Coleman), and “the next time they brought back those photographs, why, he had apparently been apprehended and the photo was in cuffs.” During the various visits, the officers showed the couple about four or five different photographs of Thompson and they “picked (him) out each time”. Defense counsel himself brought out, on cross-examination, that Meyers “did not know before (he) got on the witness stand” that he was going to be asked to identify Exhibits 2 and 3.
Harold G. Anderson, a merchant of Bigfork, Montana, with authority to issue Montana fishing licenses, identified Exhibits 2 and 3 as being photographs of a man that represented himself as being “J. F. Brennan” and to whom a fishing license was issued, on August 10, 1953. A person giving the name “Linda Brennan” was present at the time.
E. M. Spencer, owner of some cabins near Poison, Montana, about thirty miles from Bigfork, identified Exhibits 2 and

Question: Did the court rule that the indictment was defective?
A. No
B. Yes
C. Yes, but error was harmless
D. Mixed answer
E. Issue not discussed
Answer:

Answer: A