Task: songer_realresp

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
Your task is to determine whether or not the formally listed respondents in the case are the "real parties." That is, are they the parties whose real interests are most directly at stake? (e.g., in some appeals of adverse habeas corpus petition decisions, the respondent is listed as the judge who denied the petition, but the real parties are the prisoner and the warden of the prison) (another example would be "Jones v A 1990 Rolls Royce" where Jones is a drug agent trying to seize a car which was transporting drugs - the real party would be the owner of the car). For cases in which an independent regulatory agency is the listed respondent, the following rule was adopted: If the agency initiated the action to enforce a federal rule or the agency was sued by a litigant contesting an agency action, then the agency was coded as a real party. However, if the agency initially only acted as a forum to settle a dispute between two other litigants, and the agency is only listed as a party because its ruling in that dispute is at issue, then the agency is considered not to be a real party. For example, if a union files an unfair labor practices charge against a corporation, the NLRB hears the dispute and rules for the union, and then the NLRB petitions the court of appeals for enforcement of its ruling in an appeal entitled "NLRB v Widget Manufacturing, INC." the NLRB would be coded as not a real party. Note that under these definitions, trustees are usually "real parties" and parents suing on behalf of their children and a spouse suing on behalf of their injured or dead spouse are also "real parties."

BAILEY ALDRICH, Senior Circuit Judge.
Defendant Baines was indicted on two counts; Count I for conspiracy to possess with. the intent to distribute more than 1,000 pounds of marijuana, and Count II, for possession with intent to distribute the same. 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a), 841(b)(1)(B) and 846. He was found guilty on Count I, and acquitted on Count II. He appeals, alleging error in the denial of his motions for acquittal and for a new trial for insufficiency of evidence; erroneous admission of declarations of alleged conspirators, and improper jury argument by the Assistant U.S. Attorney. We affirm.
Briefly, the evidence would warrant the following. One Browning organized a shipment of some 5,000 pounds of marijuana from the Caribbean on board an auxiliary schooner. When the vessel was shortly to be off the Maine coast, and no arrangements had been made for offloading, Browning engaged one Kavanaugh, who, in turn, got in touch with defendant. On a drive from Portland to Rockland defendant allegedly agreed, in general terms, for about ten percent of the wholesale value, to accomplish the unloading, defendant to select the site and hire the workers. Defendant was instructed how to call the vessel, and communicate with the truckers who would take the marijuana to the stash house. Kavanaugh, who turned government witness with respect to the above, testified that he had no further contact, but that he informed Browning how defendant was to be reached.
The eventual sale of the marijuana went through, and Kavanaugh received his share of the proceeds. Defendant’s claim that this evidence indicated only that he had expressed a willingness to negotiate and not that he had entered into the conspiracy does not wash.
Equally untenable is defendant’s objection to the court’s Petrozziello finding admitting against him declarations of other conspirators made prior to the date that it could be found that defendant entered into the conspiracy. Such inclusion is the general rule. United States v. Jannotti, 729 F.2d 213, 221 (3d Cir.1984); United States v. Tombrello, 666 F.2d 485, 490-91 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 994, 102 S.Ct. 2279, 73 L.Ed.2d 1291. The only exception we find, United States v. Gee, 695 F.2d 1165, 1169 (9th Cir.1983), is undiscussed dictum, for which the court cited two prior cases, neither of which offered even dicta in support. We need only recall the well-known simile that a conspiracy is like a train. When a party knowingly steps aboard, he is part of the crew, and assumes conspirator’s responsibility for the existing freight — or conduct — regardless of whether he is aware of just what it is composed. United States v. Sarno, 456 F.2d 875, 878 (1st Cir.1972). Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(E) does not change the common law. United States v. Badalamenti, 794 F.2d 821, 827 (2d Cir.1986). Defendant offers no reason why verbal acts in furtherance of the conspiracy should be treated differently from physical ones.
It is true that in Petrozziello, 548 F.2d at 23, we spoke in terms of declarations subsequent to the defendant’s joinder. Nothing turned on the point, and there was no intention to overrule Sarno. Any limitation implied was inadvertent, and is hereby withdrawn. Cf. United States v. Badalamenti, ante.
Finally, defendant complains of a remark by the prosecutrix in summation, emphasizing, in explaining the necessity of relying on informers, the seriousness of drug offenses. This was uncalled for. The court, however, made an extensive correction, and we would not reverse for this one, relatively minor, excess.
Affirmed.
. United States v. Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20 (1st Cir.1977).
. We suggest the court might have done better to have noted its prior decision in United States v. Anderson, 532 F.2d 1218, 1230 (9th Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 839, 97 S.Ct. 111, 50 L.Ed.2d 107.

Question: Are the formally listed respondents in the case the "real parties", that is, are they the parties whose real interests are most directly at stake?
A. both 1st and 2nd listed respondents are real parties (or only one respondent, and that respondent is a real party)
B. the 1st respondent is not a real party
C. the 2nd respondent is not a real party
D. neither the 1st nor the 2nd respondents are real parties
E. not ascertained
Answer:

Answer: A