Task: songer_genapel1

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
When coding the detailed nature of participants, use your personal knowledge about the participants, if you are completely confident of the accuracy of your knowledge, even if the specific information is not in the opinion. For example, if "IBM" is listed as the appellant it could be classified as "clearly national or international in scope" even if the opinion did not indicate the scope of the business. 
Your task is to determine the nature of the first listed appellant.

HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judge.
The defendants-appellants, hereafter the State or the State of Colorado, appeal from an order of the United States District Court directing inter alia that the State of Colorado close the maximum security unit of the Colorado State Penitentiary at Canon City, Colorado, hereinafter referred to as “Old Max.” The order was premised mainly on findings of numerous violations of the constitutional rights of the plaintiff class (inmates of the penitentiary) under the Eighth Amendment protecting against cruel and unusual punishment, with some additional constitutional infringements also being found. Ramos v. Lamm, 485 F.Supp. 122 (D.Colo.). Implementation of the order to close Old Max was deferred on the condition that the State would present proper plans for eradication of the constitutional violations found by the district court. Id. at 169-70.
I
The factual background
In November 1977 Fidel Ramos, an inmate at Old Max, filed a pro se civil rights suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against certain State defendants challenging as unconstitutional his status as a “transitional worker” at Old Max and his living conditions at that facility. In February 1978 the National Prison Project and the A.C.L.U. Foundation of Colorado appeared on behalf of Ramos and filed an amended complaint, styled as a class action, basically alleging that “the totality of the conditions” at Old Max violated various constitutional rights of the inmates confined in that facility. The amended complaint did not seek compensatory or punitive damages as did the original pro se complaint; rather it asked only for declaratory and injunctive relief along with costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees. The district court certified the suit as a class action under Rule 23(a), F.R.Civ.P. and described the class as “[a]ll persons who are now or in the future may be incarcerated in the maximum security unit of the Colorado State Penitentiary at Canon City, Colorado.” I R. 62.
After extensive discovery trial began on October 15, 1979. Following five (5) weeks of trial, the district court on November 15 ruled from the bench in favor of the plaintiff class and entered certain emergency orders pertaining to medical care. On December 20 the court filed a memorandum opinion and order supplementing the bench ruling and detailing its findings of violations of the plaintiffs’ rights. Ramos v. Lamm, supra.
On this appeal the State of Colorado argues that the trial court erred: (1) in refusing to abstain from exercising its jurisdiction in this case; (2) in failing to “apply the correct constitutional standard in making its findings that the totality of conditions at... [Old Max] violated the plaintiff class’ eighth amendment rights;” (3) in finding a constitutional violation because the evidence, measured under the correct constitutional standard, was insufficient to support such findings; and (4) in choosing an appropriate remedy. We will detail additional facts as we discuss the appellate contentions, to which we now turn.
II
Abstention
Subsequent to the filing of the amended complaint the State filed a “motion to dismiss and/or abstain.” After a hearing the district court denied the motion to abstain without prejudice to the issue being raised at a later time. During closing arguments, counsel for the State again asked the district court to abstain from exercising its jurisdiction.
In its written opinion the court concluded that although it had shown “great deference” to Colorado prison officials in the past, it was unable to continue that deference in light of the “substantial, often compelling, evidence of long existing and continuing constitutional violations.” 485 F.Supp. at 132. Accordingly, the district court declined to abstain.
The State first strenuously argues for reversal under the principles enunciated in such cases as Colorado River Water Cons. Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483; Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669; Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424; Railroad Comm’n v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496, 61 S.Ct. 643, 85 L.Ed. 971. The state claims that there were several pending state proceedings in which the conditions of confinement at Old Max were being challenged, that the plaintiffs could have intervened as a matter of right in at least one of these proceedings under Colo.R.Civ.P. 24, and that the plaintiffs could have instituted a § 1983 civil rights action in a Colorado state court. Thus abstention was mandated since the plaintiff class had an “opportunity” to present their federal claims in a state forum.
The State further claims that the principle of comity and the critical state interest in the operation of its penal system make federal court abstention “particularly important where the plaintiff challenges the constitutionality of the state’s prison system”; that “the state’s efforts to establish a coherent policy with respect to a matter of substantial public concern” were disrupted by the district court’s refusal to abstain; and that since questions of state law are critical to the resolution of the case, the district court should have abstained. See Brief of Appellant at 15-25.
We are acutely aware of the delicate role of the federal courts in matters involving the administration, control, and maintenance by the states of their penal systems-an area historically within the domain and control of those sovereign entities. See Battle v. Anderson, 564 F.2d 388, 391-92 (10th Cir.); Bethea v. Crouse, 417 F.2d 504, 505-06 (10th Cir.); see also Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 404-05, 94 S.Ct. 1800, 1807, 40 L.Ed.2d 224; Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 491-92, 93 S.Ct. 1827, 1837, 36 L.Ed.2d 439. We cannot agree, however, with the State’s argument here that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to abstain in view of the serious violations alleged of basic rights under the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments, and the substantial evidence later offered on these claims. See, e. g., Campbell v. McGruder, 580 F.2d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir.); and see Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 562, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 1886, 60 L.Ed.2d 447. “The doctrine of abstention, under which a District Court may decline to exercise or postpone the exercise of its jurisdiction, is an extraordinary and narrow exception to the duty of a District Court to adjudicate a controversy properly before it.” Colorado River Water Cons. Dist. v. United States, supra, 424 U.S. at 813, 96 S.Ct. at 1244. Only in “exceptional circumstances” should a federal plaintiff be ordered to repair to the state court. Id.; accord, Zwickler v. Koota, 389 U.S. 241, 248, 88 S.Ct. 391, 395, 19 L.Ed.2d 444 (abstention appropriate “only in narrowly limited special circumstances”).
In reviewing the district court’s refusal to abstain, we note that the Supreme Court has “confined the circumstances appropriate for abstention to three general categories,” none of which apply to justify refusal to hear this constitutional case. Colorado River, supra, 424 U.S. at 814, 96 S.Ct. at 1244; see generally 17 C. Wright, A. Miller, & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure §§ 4241-55 (1978). This is not a case where the federal constitutional issues “might be mooted or presented in a different posture by a state court determination of pertinent state law.” Colorado River Water Cons. Dist. v. United States, supra, 424 U.S. at 814, 96 S.Ct. at 1244; Railroad Comm’n v. Pullman Co., supra, 312 U.S. at 500-01, 61 S.Ct. at 645; see Manney v. Cabell (9th Cir. No. 79-3260, April 29, 1980). The Manney case does apply the abstention doctrine in the setting of a correctional institution controversy, but it does so in a case where the application of two state statutes might avoid the federal constitutional issues. Here there are no underlying issues of state law which, if resolved, might avoid the decision of this case as a whole and its substantial constitutional claims, most of which we uphold. The rights claimed to have been violated are plainly federal in origin and nature and are in no way “entangled in a skein of state law that must be untangled before the federal case can proceed.” McNeese v. Board of Educ., 373 U.S. 668, 674, 83 S.Ct. 1433, 1437, 10 L.Ed.2d 622. The mere fact that a federal claim, brought in federal court, might have been brought instead in state court does not justify abstention. See, e. g., Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374, 379-80 n.5, 98 S.Ct. 673, 677 n.5, 54 L.Ed.2d 618; Colorado River, supra, 424 U.S. at 813-14, 96 S.Ct. at 1244; Zwickler v. Koota, supra, 389 U.S. at 251, 88 S.Ct. at 397.
Likewise, this is not a case which presents “difficult questions of state law bearing on policy problems of substantial public import whose importance transcends the result in the case... at bar.” Colorado River, supra, 424 U.S. at 814, 96 S.Ct. at 1244. In Burford v. Sun Oil Co., supra, 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424, the Supreme Court held that the district court should dismiss a complaint on the ground that the issues involved a specialized aspect of a complicated local regulatory system which, the court concluded, should be left to local administrative bodies and courts. See also Alabama Public Service Comm’n v. Southern R. Co., 341 U.S. 341, 349, 71 S.Ct. 762, 768, 95 L.Ed. 1002. Here local state courts have not been assigned a special review function over the administration and maintenance of Old Max. There is no state adjudicative system charged with the implementation of state policy as in Colorado River. Thus the exercise of federal jurisdiction in this case will not cause a widespread disruption of a unified scheme of local regulation. See, e. g., Campbell v. McGruder, supra, 580 F.2d at 525; Santiago v. City of Philadelphia, 435 F.Supp. 136, 145 (E.D.Pa.1977); see generally Procunier v. Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 405-06, 94 S.Ct. at 1807; Preiser v. Rodriguez, supra, 411 U.S. at 499 & n.14, 93 S.Ct. at 1841 & n.14. The fact that a federal constitutional challenge is made against state penal administration “does not establish that the controversy is an unduly sensitive one beyond legitimate federal concerns.” McRedmond v. Wilson, 533 F.2d 757, 764 (2d Cir.).
Finally, this is not a case in which the plaintiffs have attempted to enjoin a pending state proceeding initiated by the state against them in which they would have an opportunity to present their federal claim in a state forum. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971); see also Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 423-25, 99 S.Ct. 2371, 2377, 60 L.Ed.2d 994. Here there is no pending state proceeding initiated by the state. There are only pending actions in the state court with a number of similar issues, in which the plaintiff class might have intervened. “Generally, as between state and federal courts, the rule is that ‘the pendency of an action in the state court is no bar to proceedings concerning the same matter in the Federal court having jurisdiction....’ ” Colorado River, supra, 424 U.S. at 817, 96 S.Ct. at 1246; accord, Will v. Calvert Fire Ins. Co., supra, 437 U.S. at 662 (plurality) and 670, 98 S.Ct. at 2557 and 2561 (Brennan, J., dissenting). Consequently, the district court correctly determined that abstention under the Younger line of cases was inappropriate. See Ramos v. Lamm, supra, 485 F.Supp. at 174.
In sum, we conclude there was no error or abuse of discretion by the district court in declining to abstain from hearing this constitutional case and the substantial constitutional claims asserted. As the Supreme Court noted in Procunier v. Martinez, supra, 416 U.S. at 405-06, 94 S.Ct. at 1807:
[A] policy of judicial restraint cannot encompass any failure to take cognizance of valid constitutional claims whether arising in a federal or state institution. When a prison regulation or practice offends a fundamental constitutional guarantee, federal courts, will discharge their duty to protect constitutional rights.
Like the trial judge, we are moved by the words of Judge Murrah from Stapleton v. Mitchell, 60 F.Supp. 51, 55 (D.Kan.), words recalled by the Supreme Court in Zwickler v. Koota, supra, 389 U.S. at 248, 88 S.Ct. at 395, in describing the duty of federal courts “to guard, enforce, and protect every right granted or secured by the Constitution of the United States”:
We yet like to believe that whenever the Federal Courts sit, human rights, under the Federal Constitution are always a proper subject for adjudication, and that we have not the right to decline the exercise of that jurisdiction simply because the rights asserted may be adjudicated in some other forum.
Ill
The Eighth Amendment claims
In a bifurcated argument the State, supported by the Colorado General Assembly as amicus, challenges the district court’s ultimate finding that the constitutional rights of the plaintiff class have been violated as a result of the conditions of confinement at Old Max. Their general line of argument is that (1) the trial court failed to use the correct constitutional standard in assessing the Eighth Amendment claims, and (2) the evidence, measured by the correct standard, “is insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that the conditions of confinement. constitute cruel and unusual punishment.” See Brief of Appellant at 25, 34; Brief of Amicus Curiae at 13-14.
We will consider the constitutional standard to be applied to the Eighth Amendment claims first. Then we will analyze the more specific challenges to the trial court’s findings leading to its conclusion that the State has violated the constitutional guarantee.
A. The constitutional standard
In Battle v. Anderson, supra, 564 F.2d at 393, we stated that “the Supreme Court has not wavered in its holding that the Eighth Amendment... is, inter alia, intended to protect and safeguard a prison inmate from an environment where degeneration is probable and self-improvement unlikely because of the conditions existing which inflict needless suffering, whether physical or mental.” In affirming the district court’s finding there that overcrowding in the Oklahoma State Penitentiary violated the inmates’ Eighth Amendment rights, we held “that while an inmate does not have a federal constitutional right to rehabilitation, he is entitled to be confined in an environment which does not result in his degeneration or which threatens his mental and physical well being.” Id. at 401, 403.
The district court and the plaintiffs rely to some degree on this language from Battle to support the conclusion that a constitutional violation occurred here. See 485 F.Supp. at 133, 156; Brief of Appellee at 43, 101. The State and the amicus say that it was error to apply the “degeneration standard” from Battle, error which taints the finding that the totality of conditions at Old Max violate the Eighth Amendment. They urge that we adopt instead the standard enunciated in Newman v. Alabama, 559 F.2d 283, 291 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 438 U.S. 915, 98 S.Ct. 3144, 57 L.Ed.2d 1160:
If the State furnishes its prisoners with reasonably adequate food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety so as to avoid the imposition of cruel and unusual punishment, that ends its obligation under Amendment Eight.
See Brief of Appellant at 27-33; Reply Brief of Appellant at 6, 9-11; Brief Amicus Curiae at 8-9, 11-14.
We see no conflict between our decision in Battle and the Fifth Circuit’s decision in Newman. The standard announced in Battle concerned degeneration in relation to the entire penal environment — the conditions of confinement. These conditions were not identified in Battle beyond inadequate cell space. We conclude that in the areas of shelter, sanitation, food, personal safety, and medical care — the core areas in any Eighth Amendment claim — the district court’s findings and conclusions of violations of the plaintiffs’ rights are entirely justified and supported by the record. We do not think, however, that the record in this case requires or justifies going into all of the concepts on penology pressed by the plaintiffs and adopted in the district court’s opinion — the concepts of motility, classification, and idleness — since the shortcomings in these areas are not of constitutional dimension. While there may be a point where abuse in these areas would constitute an actual violation of the Eighth Amendment guarantee, we hold that in this case the present record and the findings on these subjects do not warrant the court’s broad remedial orders (485 F.Supp. at 170) intruding into these areas of prison administration. See Battle v. Anderson, supra, 564 F.2d at 403; Newman v. Alabama, supra, 559 F.2d at 291-92; Marchesani v. McCune, 531 F.2d 459, 462 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 846, 97 S.Ct. 127, 50 L.Ed.2d 117.
Thus we conclude that the district court did not apply an improper constitutional standard here in making its findings on shelter, sanitation, food, personal safety, and medical care at the Colorado prison.
B. The sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings of Eighth Amendment violations
With a few exceptions, the State generally admits that there was “little conflict in the evidence which was introduced at trial.” Instead its argument is “directed towards what it feels was a clearly erroneous assimilation of those facts” by the district court. Brief of Appellant at 25-26, 37. Thus it appears the State is mainly arguing that the undisputed evidence does not support the court’s ultimate finding and conclusion that the conditions of confinement at Old Max violate the Eighth Amendment rights of the inmates. See generally XLV R. 106-07.
After extensive hearings and a personal inspection of the prison, the district court made detailed findings of fact in the core areas which we have mentioned. Such findings by the trial judge who heard and saw the evidence may not be set aside on appeal unless they are clearly erroneous. See e. g., Rasmussen Drilling, Inc. v. Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corp., 571 F.2d 1144, 1148-49 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 862, 99 S.Ct. 183, 58 L.Ed.2d 171 (1978); Battle v. Anderson, supra, 564 F.2d at 400; F.R. Civ.P. 52(a). The resolution of conflicts in the evidence and the appraisal of credibility of witnesses are for the trial court hearing a case without a jury. See Rasmussen Drilling, Inc. v. Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corp., supra, 571 F.2d at 1149. Guided by these principles we will consider the findings in detail.
1. Shelter and Sanitation
The district court made a general finding that the inmates of Old Max “are housed under conditions which fall below all recognized constitutional and professional standards.” 485 F.Supp. at 133. Specifically it found inter alia that “[t]he main living areas of Old Max are unfit for human habitation”; that most of the cells in which inmates are confined provide for barely one-half the square footage of space required by modern correctional standards; and that “[e]nvironmentally Old Max is inadequate to meet the health and safety needs of prisoners in the correctional system.” Id. at 134. With respect to the “physical environment,” the court found that the “conditions are grossly inadequate and constitutionally impermissible.” Id. at 155.
The State argues that much of the court’s criticism of Old Max is directed at the prison’s design, which it admits “is a vestige of the past and is not consistent with modern penology.” Brief of Appellant at 48. The “salient point” according to. the State “is that long before this suit was filed, the state had begun to build a ‘state of the art’ prison which will not have the deficiencies of the present Auburn prisons.” Id. It argues that since the designing of Auburn style prisons was stopped in the late 1960’s, and the constitutionality of using certain cells at Old Max was upheld by this court in 1975, “its beginning to plan a new prison in 1976 is overwhelming evidence that it is keeping pace with evolving standards of decency that mark a maturing society.” Id. at 50. The State also says that since “the length of confinement must be considered” in determining whether constitutional standards have been violated, the trial court’s failure to recognize that Old Max will soon be closed voluntarily constitutes reversible error. Id. Finally, with respect to sanitation, the State argues that “the totality of circumstances in sanitation cannot be held to be unconstitutional” because the evidence clearly shows that sanitation “has improved greatly over the last few years”; that cleaning activity has increased significantly under the directorship of defendant Richetts; and that many of the sanitation problems at Old Max are a direct result of the inmates’ absolute refusal to help keep the prison clean. Id. at 56-57.
In response, plaintiffs argue that “the undisputed findings establish that the physical conditions of confinement at Old Max are ‘grossly inadequate’ ”; that the construction of new prison facilities which will be completed in the future is not a defense to present unconstitutional conditions of confinement; and that there is no record evidence which supports the State’s claim that Old Max will be closed voluntarily or permanently. Answer Brief of Appellees at 46-49, 55-59.
In Battle v. Anderson, supra, we upheld the district court’s conclusion that “[i]t is incumbent on the incarcerating body to provide the individual with a healthy habilitative environment.” 564 F.2d at 395. In affirming in Battle, we upheld the finding that 60 square feet of living space was the minimum amount of square footage which the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments require that a state provide an inmate. Id. at 395, 397, 403. A necessary corollary to this ruling is that a state must provide within such living space reasonably adequate ventilation, sanitation, bedding, hygienic materials, and utilities (i.e., hot and cold water, light, heat, plumbing). Id. at 394-95, 403; see also Bono v. Saxbe, 620 F.2d 609, 613 (7th Cir.); Hite v. Leeke, 564 F.2d 670, 674 (4th Cir.); Palmigiano v. Garrahy, supra, 443 F.Supp. at 979; Laaman v. Helgemoe, 437 F.Supp. 269, 308-09, 323 (D.N.H.). In short, a state must provide an inmate with shelter which does not cause his degeneration or threaten his mental and physical well being. Battle v. Anderson, supra, 564 F.2d at 403.
Considering the record in light of this standard, the evidence showed these facts. Old Max came into existence as a territorial prison in the late 1860’s before Colorado became a state. The physical facility as it exists now “dates from 1895, with numerous additions, the most recent in 1971.” II App.Exh. 26; I App.Tes. 15-17. Approximately 1000 inmates are housed in five cell-houses within the walls of the institution and one cellhouse outside the prison walls. I App.Tes. 16-17; IV App.Tes. 114; Brief of Appellant at 39.
Most of the prison population is housed in three cellhouses - 1, 3 and 7. Cellhouse 1, built in 1948, contains approximately 360 inmates who are assigned single cells which are 35 square feet in size, with net usable space of about 14 square feet. I App.Tes. 43-44; II App.Exh. 97; V R. 849. Cell-house 3, built in 1951, contains approximately 86 prisoners in protective custody, administrative segregation, punitive segregation, or deathrow. Inmates in cellhouse 3 are not considered members of the general prison population since they are locked in their cells an average of 23 hours a day. I App.Tes. 19. These cells do not provide the inmate the 60 square feet of space required in Battle. Cellhouse 7 was built in 1938 and is structurally similar to cellhouse 1. It houses approximately 390 inmates who are either in protective custody or administrative segregation, or who are classified as transitional workers (i. e. inmates without jobs). Cellhouse 7 has 326 cells of 31.5 square feet and 64 cells, used for administrative segregation, of approximately 62 square feet. I App.Tes. 30; II App.Exh. 165-66; V R. 862; XXIII R. 11; XXIX R. 50.
The remainder of the prison population is housed in cellhouses 4 and 5 and the Diagnostic Unit. Cellhouse 4, built in the 1930’s, is located outside the prison walls and once was used as the women’s prison. The cells are about 40 square feet. I App.Tes. 17, 44-45. Cellhouse 5 is located under the prison infirmary and houses about 20 trustee inmates. Id. at 17. The Diagnostic Unit cellhouse is a three-tier unit which was built in 1962 and currently houses 120 inmates. The cells in this unit are approximately 49 square feet. I App.Tes. 45-46, 369; III App.Tes. 110. Thus we note that there is a widespread deficiency in living space under the Battle standard.
Aside from the deficiency in cell size, the buildings where inmates live are in a serious state of disrepair and fail to meet minimal health and safety needs of the prisoners. For example, the roofs in the major cellhouses and the prison auditorium leak, despite repair work. See 1 App.Tes. 27, 392, 395, 398; III App.Tes. 131-32; II App.Exh. 130- 32, 144-45. Existing heating and ventilation systems are incapable of providing adequate temperature control and ventilation in the cellhouses and in some work buildings used by the inmates. See III App.Tes. 102-03, 128-46; 189, 191; II App. Exh. 130-32, 143-50, 158, 162-66, 196-97, 200.
Inadequate ventilation, especially in the cells and shower areas, results in excessive odors, heat, and humidity with the effect of creating stagnant air as well as excessive mold and fungus growth, thereby facilitating personal discomfort along with health and sanitation problems. See II App.Exh. 158, 162-67. Leaking pipes and defective plumbing cause sewage to accumulate in cells and service areas or to drain into adjacent or lower cells, resulting in innumerable health and safety problems which, when combined with the temperature control and ventilation problems, make the main living areas particularly unfit for human habitation. See I App.Tes. 29, 42, 44, 85; II App.Exh. 11-13, 26, 131-51; III App.Tes. 131- 47, 215; IV App.Tes. 116-17; XXXIII R. 83-85, 106.
In addition, the evidence also shows an extensive problem with rodent and insect infestation in the cellhouses. See I App. Tes. 27, 191-92; II App.Exh. 145, 147, 163, III App.Tes. 109-10, 128-46, 195-96. Trash, decayed food, and other material routinely litter the cells and corridors of the cellhouses, conditions which are partially the product of the inmates’ own actions. See, I App.Tes. 27-28, 196; II App.Exh. 131-45, 162, 167; III App.Tes. 137-38. Nevertheless, many of the health and sanitation deficiencies, were found to be “the result of a lack of routine maintenance and cleaning programs.” 485 F.Supp. at 136. Bath water in the shower areas remains impounded on the floors due to obstructed drains. Missing ceramic floor tiles make shower room floors exceptionally difficult to clean and provide areas for significant mold and slime buildup. Metal stubs sticking up through the floor along with exposed electrical wiring provide additional health hazards to inmates using the shower facilities. See I App.Tes. 203; II App.Exh. 130-32,144,148-52, III App.Tes. 107-09,125-26, 143, 147, 195. These deficiencies could be corrected by routine maintenance and cleaning programs. See II App.Exh. 130-32, 162-68.
The health and sanitation problems extend beyond the common-use areas and into the individual cells. The evidence shows that in some instances inmates are not provided with enough cleaning supplies to allow them to adequately clean their own cells. See I App.Tes. 197; III App.Tes. 18, 125-27, 197. Numerous broken windows and the lack of window screens contribute significantly to the fly infestation problem. See id. at 128. The bedding used by inmates is heavily stained and soiled, and is not cleaned or changed when a new inmate is assigned to a cell. See id. at 105-07,131, 139; II App.Exh. 144, 152; I App.Tes. 196. These items could also be corrected by routine maintenance and cleaning programs. See II App.Exh. 162-68.
Without doubt, the State’s inability to meet minimal shelter and sanitation standards contributes immeasurably in making the main living areas unfit for human habitation. Ill App.Tes. 215. Unquestionably, the small cells in which inmates are confined, along with the deteriorating and unsanitary conditions in the main living areas, have a direct detrimental impact on the health and well being of the inmates. Considering the record as a whole we must sustain the trial court’s findings and conclusion that the conditions in which inmates are confined at Old Max are “grossly inadequate and constitutionally impermissible.”
2. Food
The district court found that the “[cjonditions in the food services areas. fail to meet any known public health standards”; the kitchen facilities and equipment are obsolete and unsanitary; state health code violations persist, after numerous inspections; most of the deficiencies are “caused by a lack of routine maintenance, operational and cleaning procedures”; these deficiencies “have long been serious problems”; and the “unsanitary conditions have a direct impact on the health of the inmate population.” 485 F.Supp. at 136, 155. The court concluded that these “conditions are grossly inadequate and constitutionally impermissible.” Id. at 155.
The State recognizes that the court’s findings concerning the sanitation in the kitchen areas are “extremely serious.” However, it argues that the court “pieced together various facts and failed to accurately reflect the totality of conditions” at Old Max. Brief of Appellant at 53-54. Moreover, because this is “the one area in which the defendant’s evidence significantly conflicted with the plaintiff’s evidence,” the State complains that the court failed to note favorable testimony from a defense witness concerning the kitchen facility, despite the court’s conclusion that all state witnesses were credible. Id. at 52, 54. Finally, although it does not deny the health code violations, the State objects to the district court’s use of state health department standards in determining whether the conditions in the food service area violate constitutional standards. Id. at 55-56.
As we noted earlier, the State must provide an inmate with a “healthy habilitative environment.” This includes providing nutritionally adequate food that is prepared and served under conditions which do not present an immediate danger to the health and well being of the inmates who consume it. See, e. g., Palmigiano v. Garrahy, supra, 443 F.Supp. at 962, 979; Laaman v. Helgemoe, supra, 437 F.Supp. at 309, 323; Pugh v. Locke, 406 F.Supp. 318, 329 (M.D.Ala.), aff’d as modified sub nom., Newman v. Alabama, 559 F.2d 283, 288 (5th Cir.), rev’d in part sub nom., Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781, 98 S.Ct. 3057, 57 L.Ed.2d 1114; cert. denied, Newman v. Alabama, 438 U.S. 915, 98 S.Ct. 3144, 57 L.Ed.2d 1160; see also Campbell v. McGruder, supra, 580 F.2d at 548, Sweet v. South Carolina Dept. of Corrections, 529 F.2d 854, 862 (4th Cir.). Moreover the state health code, while not establishing “constitutional minima,” is relevant in making a finding regarding the constitutionality of existing conditions. See note 10 supra; see also Williams v. Edwards, 547 F.2d 1206, 1214 (5th Cir.).
Here conditions in the main food service areas are substantially similar to the unsanitary conditions which exist in the main living areas. The physical plant itself is old, outdated, and poorly maintained. Kitchen equipment is in a state of disrepair. The dishwasher in the main kitchen leaks water all over the floor, creating a safety hazard for those working in the kitchen area. Floor drains barely function and standing pools of water are common. Rotting food remains on floors which are not readily cleanable due to their deteriorated condition. Ventilation throughout the main kitchen is inadequate and high temperatures are common.
In addition, sanitation deficiencies are compounded by a highly irregular and ineffective cleaning program. The floors, walls, windows, and food storage shelves throughout the food service area are soiled with dirt and rodent droppings. The walls of the walk-in coolers where food is stored have mold growing on them. Floor fans used to circulate the air cause dust and lint to be blown over the food preparation and dishwashing areas. Rodent and insect infestation is extensive.
Inmate workers are not given basic instruction on food protection and food service sanitation. Consequently food items are stored on the floors of walk-in storage compartments and food is often left uncovered allowing the rodents and roaches to contaminate it. Food products which can support food borne diseases are not properly stored and are often left out at room temperature. Food preparation surfaces and cooking equipment are

Question: What is the nature of the first listed appellant?
A. private business (including criminal enterprises)
B. private organization or association
C. federal government (including DC)
D. sub-state government (e.g., county, local, special district)
E. state government (includes territories & commonwealths)
F. government - level not ascertained
G. natural person (excludes persons named in their official capacity or who appear because of a role in a private organization)
H. miscellaneous
I. not ascertained
Answer:

Answer: E