Task: songer_r_fed

What follows is an opinion from a United States Court of Appeals.
Intervenors who participated as parties at the courts of appeals should be counted as either appellants or respondents when it can be determined whose position they supported. For example, if there were two plaintiffs who lost in district court, appealed, and were joined by four intervenors who also asked the court of appeals to reverse the district court, the number of appellants should be coded as six.
In some cases there is some confusion over who should be listed as the appellant and who as the respondent. This confusion is primarily the result of the presence of multiple docket numbers consolidated into a single appeal that is disposed of by a single opinion. Most frequently, this occurs when there are cross appeals and/or when one litigant sued (or was sued by) multiple litigants that were originally filed in district court as separate actions. The coding rule followed in such cases should be to go strictly by the designation provided in the title of the case. The first person listed in the title as the appellant should be coded as the appellant even if they subsequently appeared in a second docket number as the respondent and regardless of who was characterized as the appellant in the opinion.
To clarify the coding conventions, consider the following hypothetical case in which the US Justice Department sues a labor union to strike down a racially discriminatory seniority system and the corporation (siding with the position of its union) simultaneously sues the government to get an injunction to block enforcement of the relevant civil rights law. From a district court decision that consolidated the two suits and declared the seniority system illegal but refused to impose financial penalties on the union, the corporation appeals and the government and union file cross appeals from the decision in the suit brought by the government. Assume the case was listed in the Federal Reporter as follows:
United States of America,
Plaintiff, Appellant
v
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendant, Appellee.
International Brotherhood of Widget Workers,AFL-CIO
Defendants, Cross-appellants
v
United States of America.
Widgets, Inc. & Susan Kuersten Sheehan, President & Chairman
of the Board
Plaintiff, Appellants,
v
United States of America,
Defendant, Appellee.
This case should be coded as follows:Appellant = United States, Respondents = International Brotherhood of Widget Workers Widgets, Inc., Total number of appellants = 1, Number of appellants that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials" = 1, Total number of respondents = 3, Number of respondents that fall into the category "private business and its executives" = 2, Number of respondents that fall into the category "groups and associations" = 1.
Note that if an individual is listed by name, but their appearance in the case is as a government official, then they should be counted as a government rather than as a private person. For example, in the case "Billy Jones & Alfredo Ruiz v Joe Smith" where Smith is a state prisoner who brought a civil rights suit against two of the wardens in the prison (Jones & Ruiz), the following values should be coded: number of appellants that fall into the category "natural persons" =0 and number that fall into the category "state governments, their agencies, and officials" =2. A similar logic should be applied to businesses and associations. Officers of a company or association whose role in the case is as a representative of their company or association should be coded as being a business or association rather than as a natural person. However, employees of a business or a government who are suing their employer should be coded as natural persons. Likewise, employees who are charged with criminal conduct for action that was contrary to the company policies should be considered natural persons.
If the title of a case listed a corporation by name and then listed the names of two individuals that the opinion indicated were top officers of the same corporation as the appellants, then the number of appellants should be coded as three and all three were coded as a business (with the identical detailed code). Similar logic should be applied when government officials or officers of an association were listed by name.
Your specific task is to determine the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officials". If the total number cannot be determined (e.g., if the respondent is listed as "Smith, et. al." and the opinion does not specify who is included in the "et.al."), then answer 99.

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.
Defendant John Edward Foster appeals his conviction on three counts of distribution of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Foster argues on appeal that his conviction should be reversed and that this case should be remanded for a new trial for the following reasons: (1) the district court erred in preventing him from presenting two witnesses that would have aided him in establishing his entrapment defense; (2) the district court improperly denied his motion to reveal the identity and location of the government informant prior to trial; and (3) a transcript of a taped telephone conversation between defendant and the government informant should not have been given to the jury to use in their deliberations. We affirm.
During the time of the events in question, Foster was employed by the United States Postal Service. On June 26, July 3, and September 12, 1985, he made three separate sales of an eighth of an ounce of cocaine to an undercover postal inspector, L.A. Armstrong. Foster was first introduced to Armstrong through a government informant, Walter David Kyle. Kyle had told Foster that a friend of his brother’s from Kansas City had a good deal of money and was interested in purchasing some drugs. This “friend” was in reality Armstrong. A meeting between Foster, Armstrong, and Kyle was then arranged to take place at a midtown St. Louis restaurant on June 26, 1985. At the meeting, Armstrong asked Foster if he would be interested in purchasing an eighth of an ounce of cocaine for him. According to Foster, nothing was resolved at the meeting, but Foster did admit to telling Armstrong to give him a call later, stating that possibly he could do something for Armstrong.
Later that same day, Foster was contacted at home by Kyle and was asked to meet Armstrong and Kyle at a motel room that evening. The telephone conversation was recorded in its entirety by a government agent. Foster subsequently came to the motel room and was given $400 by Armstrong to purchase $350 worth of cocaine. Foster left and some two hours later returned with the cocaine, which he gave to Armstrong. Foster received fifty dollars for making the purchase. Kyle was present in the motel room both when the $400 exchanged hands and when Foster returned with the cocaine. Afterwards, however, he had no further involvement in the later cocaine purchases by Armstrong from Foster on July 3 and September 12, 1985.
I.
Prior to the presentation of the defense’s case, the government made a motion in limine to prohibit the defense from introducing evidence from two witnesses, Michael Harris and Linda Jamison, concerning their knowledge of Kyle’s drug usage. The district court ruled that the testimony should be excluded. Foster made an offer of proof that Linda Jamison would testify that she had met with Kyle on three occasions in May 1985, and that on each of these occasions Kyle offered to provide her with cocaine — offers that she refused. Michael Harris testified out of the presence of the jury that on an evening in late May 1985 he had observed Kyle freebasing cocaine in the presence of Foster and another individual at Harris’ mother’s home. Foster argues that it was improper for the district court to exclude this testimony since it was necessary to establish his entrapment defense.
The defense of entrapment consists of two elements: that government agents induced or caused the defendant to commit the crime charged, and that the defendant was not otherwise predisposed to commit the crime. United States v. Woosley, 761 F.2d 445, 448 (8th Cir.1985); United States v. hard, 734 F.2d 1290, 1293 (8th Cir.1984). The policy behind the defense is that law enforcement officers and their agents should be involved in detecting and preventing crime and not in manufacturing it. See Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 434, 83 S.Ct. 1381, 1385, 10 L.Ed.2d 462 (1963).
Foster claims that the excluded testimony would have helped establish the inducement portion of the defense. His theory of inducement was that Kyle sought to establish a relationship with Foster based on Kyle’s providing drugs for him. Kyle’s effort to gain favor with Foster, it is argued, went so far as having Kyle offer drugs to Foster’s wife’s cousin, Linda Jami-son. Once this relationship had been established, Kyle then proposed to introduce Foster to Armstrong with the idea that Armstrong had the financial means to pay a premium price for the drugs that Foster might obtain. Kyle then allegedly suggested that this surcharge could be used to provide drugs for Foster and Kyle.
Although we doubt that it was proper for the district court to exclude the testimony of Jamison and Harris, we find that if any error occurred, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Maull, 806 F.2d 1340, 1345 (8th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 107 S.Ct. 1352, 94 L.Ed.2d 522 (1987). We are confident that the addition of the testimony of Jamison and Harris would not have had an effect on the outcome of the case. A review of the record reveals that Foster’s allegations of inducement are somewhat weak given the evidence presented at trial; the testimony of these two witnesses would have done little to strengthen Foster’s defense. More than anything else, Foster appears to have been motivated by a desire to obtain money so that he could purchase drugs for his own use. The proffered testimony of Jamison and Harris hardly contradicts this fact. In reality, it appears that all that the government agents did was provide an opportunity for Foster to commit the illegal transactions. This, in and of itself, is insufficient to establish entrapment. United States v. Lard, 734 F.2d 1290 (8th Cir.1984); United States v. Quinn, 543 F.2d 640 (8th Cir.1976). Accordingly, the exclusion of the testimony of the two witnesses was harmless error at worst.
II.
Foster filed a pretrial motion for the disclosure of the identity of the government’s confidential informant, Walter David Kyle. The district court adopted the magistrate’s recommendation that the motion not be granted.
The need for protecting the identity of government informants is well recognized. See Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251, 254, 59 S.Ct. 174, 176, 83 L.Ed. 151 (1938); Roviaro v. United States, 353 U.S. 53, 59, 77 S.Ct. 623, 627, 1 L.Ed.2d 639 (1957). Nevertheless, the need for anonymity must give way when the identity of the informant “is relevant and helpful to the defense of an accused, or is essential to a fair determination of a cause * * Roviaro, 353 U.S. at 60-61, 77 S.Ct. at 627-28. The Court in Roviaro stated that this determination should be made on a case-by-case basis:
We believe no fixed rule with respect to disclosure is justifiable. The problem is one that calls for balancing the public interest in protecting the flow of information against the individual’s right to prepare his defense. Whether a proper balance renders nondisclosure erroneous must depend on the particular circumstances of each case, taking into consideration the crime charged, the possible defenses, the possible significance of the informer’s testimony, and other relevant factors.
353 U.S. at 62, 77 S.Ct. at 628-29.
Under the facts of this case, the district court did not err in not requiring the disclosure of the informant’s identity prior to trial. Foster makes much of the fact that Kyle was a key participant in the first drug transaction between Foster and Armstrong. It cannot be gainsaid that Kyle was a key witness in this case. The disclosure of an informant who was an active participant in the crime the accused is charged with is generally required. See United States v. Barnes, 486 F.2d 776, 778-79 (8th Cir.1973). We find, however, that Foster was not harmed by the non-disclosure of Kyle’s identity prior to trial. It is highly significant that Kyle ultimately testified at trial. See id at 779. He testified at length and was subjected to extensive cross-examination regarding his relationship with Foster, the circumstances of Foster’s crimes, and the specifics of his role as a government informant. Foster had a full opportunity to question Kyle about entrapment-related conduct and any other relevant matters. At no time did Foster request a continuance, an opportunity to voir dire Kyle, or any other relief upon learning Kyle’s full identity. In addition, there is nothing to indicate that Foster would have done anything different to affect the result at trial had an earlier disclosure been made. We thus find that the district court did not err in declining to permit an earlier disclosure of Kyle’s identity.
III.
The government was permitted to play a tape of a June 26, 1985, telephone conversation between Kyle and Foster. With the permission of the court, and without objection by Foster, the jurors were provided a transcript of the conversation to use while they listened to the tape. The court instructed the jurors that they were to be guided by what they heard and that the transcript was to be used only as an aid in listening to the tape. Later, during its deliberations, the jury asked the court for the transcript of the taped conversation. Foster objected, contending that the transcript had not been admitted into evidence. Overruling Foster’s objection, the court provided the transcript to the jury.
We hold that the district court did not err in permitting the jury to use the transcript in its deliberations. Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the transcript was in fact admitted into evidence without objection just prior to the close of the government’s case. A proper foundation was laid for the transcript, and Foster has not challenged the accuracy of the transcript.
Once exhibits are properly admitted into evidence, it is within the sound discretion of the trial court to allow them to be sent to the jury room. United States v. Parker, 491 F.2d 517 (8th Cir.1973). We find no abuse of discretion in this instance. The district court instructed the jury that what it heard on tape and not what was contained in the transcript was to be controlling if there were any discrepancies between the two. This instruction clearly and correctly informed the jury that the transcript itself was not to be given any “independent weight.” See United States v. McMillan, 508 F.2d 101, 105-06 (8th Cir.1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 916, 95 S.Ct. 1577, 43 L.Ed.2d 782 (1975). Furthermore, the jurors had already read the transcript while the tape recording of the June 26 telephone conversation was being played during the trial; Foster raised no objection to the use of the transcript at that time. We conclude, therefore, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the jury to take the transcript into the jury room.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
. The Honorable William L. Hungate, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.
. It is noteworthy that during Foster's offer of proof, Michael Harris did not acknowledge that Kyle was providing drugs to Foster.

Question: What is the total number of respondents in the case that fall into the category "the federal government, its agencies, and officialss"? Answer with a number.
Answer:

Answer: 1