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Hurricane Matthew Update from Aaron Strickland - Oct. 9, 2016

Georgia Power's Emergency Operations Director Aaron Strickland provides an update on the company's responds to Hurricane Matthew on the afternoon of October 9, 2016.

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at first 24 hours, take some time to get set up, take some time to evaluate, to really start becoming efficient and really beginning the restoration. We spent the first 24 hours going through the process of putting the final plans together and then entering and safely entering the coastal region because of the high winds. We couldn't get in there. So we are just now getting close to our first 24 hours on the coast. Started out with 342,000 out. We're down to now we're under 200,000. We're making that progress. We're going to start seeing those numbers start coming down the way we want to see them.

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Using Khan Academy for flipped classroom | Khan For Educators | Khan Academy India

In this video, we will learn about the Flipped classroom model, its benefits, and how you can use Khan Academy to implement Flipped Learning.

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Welcome back teachers. In this last video, we bring one more exciting strategy for you. In this video, we will learn about the FLIP classroom model, its benefits and how you can use Khan Academy to implement FLIP learning. To understand the FLIP classroom model, let us first see how we teach in a traditional classroom. We will divide the steps involved in three stages and we will see what happens in each of these stages. Before the class, during the class and after the class. In a traditional classroom, before the class, the teacher first plans how to introduce the topic to the class. During the class, the teacher explains the concept and will assign homework to students. During this time, student listen and understand the teacher. After the class, student go back home and then they complete the homework. A FLIP classroom on the other hand, flips this entire process. In the before part of this class, the teacher first shares relevant content with the students as a home assignment. Students read, listen or watch the content given at home. They learn at their own pace and can go through the material as many times as they want. In the during part of the class, the teacher devotes time to the hands-on group activities to strengthen and go deeper into the concept. Students are guided and supported by teachers and peers as needed. In the after part, students are given quizzes to check for understanding. In the next section, let's try and understand what are the benefits of using FLIP classroom approach. The first benefit of the FLIP classroom is that it is a learner-centric model. In this model, students can study at their own pace. They may go through the article or video shared by the teacher as many times and at any time that they want before the class. In the FLIP classroom, since the students are introduced to the concepts outside of the school, it frees up the time of the teacher inside the classroom. This presents an excellent opportunity for the teacher to plan for different forms of in-class activity such as peer learning, project-based learning or any other activity-based learning. FLIP classrooms allows the teacher to use the in-class time to provide much more personalized support to the students. Since the students have already gone through the content at home, they could come prepared with any questions they may have. With so many advantages, we are sure you would definitely consider flipping your class too. Let's see how you can do that using content available at Khan Academy. One thing you need to ensure before using FLIP classroom strategy is that all of your students have access to some form of device to access the material assigned by you. It could be a smartphone, a laptop or a desktop computer. If some of your students do not have devices at home, then you may want to make school computer lab available to them. Khan Academy has ready content that can be easily assigned to the student as per their need and your teaching plan. Here is how you can implement FLIP classroom model using this content. We will follow the same three stages that we have seen before, before the class, during the class and after the class. Let's say I am a teacher of class 4 and I want to teach the concept of multiplication by distributive property to my students. So before the class, I will go through the content available on Khan Academy platform and check for suitable material that can be assigned to the students. Here on the topic of multiplying using distributive property, I found a 6-minute video. I can watch this video and confirm if this is the content that I want my students to go through before the next class. I will go ahead and assign this content to my students. Students will need to watch this video before they come to the next class. They can also make their notes. During the class, after I teach the concept, I would want the students to work in groups to solve practice questions. This will ensure that the students who need additional support could get it first from their peers before I step in. During the class, I would ensure that all my students are able to solve these questions based on the learnings from the class. After the class, I will assign a practice quiz on Khan Academy to students. The score from this quiz will help me understand how much mastery students have achieved in the skill. With this video, we come to the end of yet another milestone. You have completed Khan for Educators Advanced Course. You are a few steps away from certification. Do complete the exercises and articles and take the unit test. Thank you for your commitment to make free and high quality education available to your students anytime and anywhere.

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This Makes Holy Spirit Jealous #Shorts

#Shorts When we do this, it stirs the Holy Spirit's jealousy. For more content, watch my video, “Why Demons HAVE TO Obey You,” by clicking here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2exGmSMcnig&list=PLyPy6sEo_wicTkzXJ1mUD-fK04EVWJ4Qv&index=54 To receive in-depth teaching on spiritual warfare and deliverance, get my book, “Holy Spirit: The Bondage Breaker,” by clicking here: https://www.davidhernandezministries.com/bondage-breaker ______________________________ 📩 Sign up to receive updates, free content, and more from David via email: http://www.davidhernandezministries.com/email ______________________________ 🟢 Make a one-time donation to help fund our livestreams, content, events, and more: http://www.davidhernandezministries.com/donate ______________________________ 🤝 Become a monthly ministry supporter. Partner with David for as low as $15 a month: http://www.davidhernandezministries.com/partner ______________________________ 🗓 Upcoming Events - Come experience the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. See David's ministry event schedule: http://www.davidhernandezministries.com/events ______________________________ 📚 David’s books and ministry apparel: https://www.davidhernandezministries.com/shop ______________________________ Receive Livestream text alerts. Text LIVE to 747474 ______________________________ Receive ETV content right to your phone. Text ETV to 747474 ______________________________ #EncounterTV #DavidDigaHernandez #God #HolySpirit #HolySpiritPower #SpiritualWarfare #Demons #Christian

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The Holy Spirit is jealous for you. Ungodly jealousy is based on selfishness. Godly jealousy is based on selflessness. The Bible says, or do you think that the Scripture says in vain, the Spirit who dwells in us yearns jealously? We stir the Holy Spirit's jealousy when we exaggerate demonic power and minimize His power. We stir His jealousy when we imagine as though demonic power can resist His power. We insult the very essence of His nature when we suggest that light can dwell with darkness. Stop glorifying the enemy and realize just how mighty the power of the Holy Spirit is. There is no Spirit more powerful than the Holy Spirit. For more on spiritual warfare, get Holy Spirit the bondage breaker at bondagebreaker.com.

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Helping Small Businesses Succeed | Kaiser Permanente

At the August 2018 Inner City Capital Connections (ICCC) program kick-off for the Los Angeles/San Bernardino cohort, Vanessa Faggiolly, chief financial officer, Amerisal, LLC, describes the program’s benefits, and appreciates event sponsor Kaiser Permanente Southern California for helping small businesses in underserved communities succeed.

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My name is Vanessa Fadirli. I'm the CFO of American Foods and I am an alum at ICCC, the class again over here. It's been such an amazing program and I'm glad to be back. I nominated over five of my colleagues to come to the program because I want them to take advantage of the great information that they're going to take, especially with the professors, talking about finance, talking about strategy, talking about capital. The last program that I love about it is that it is short but so much full of information and it will get you straight to the point of what you need in order to succeed. Grow your business, create more jobs and I love how Kaiser Permanente is helping us thrive, succeed and improve the quality of life of our employees and mostly in underserved communities. I'm very happy and I'm proud to be part of this program and alum and I can't wait to keep learning because everything is about learning and we're all about that. Every time things are changing, things innovate, business are innovating and we need to be part of that. And how do we do that? By coming to class. So thank you Kaiser, thank you ICCC, thank you ICIC. It's honestly, I'm humbled and honored to be part of all of your programs.

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VLOG # 999 | The MOST *Challenging* Running SHOE of 2018

Adidas Ultra Boost for the loss in 2018. Listen, I'm a positive person, but I also want to continue to provide you the best information on running shoes, and I would personally stay away from the Adidas Ultra Boost line up. The upper and the weight on the Adidas line up is just difficult to fall in love with, very difficult. I'm wondering what happened to the Adidas line up in the past 5 - 8 years? The BOOST technology that Adidas has made famous through their line up of running shoes feels more like a cross trainer or recreational walk around shoe. I would consider using the Adidas Ultra Boost 19 for treadmill running or lifting in the gym, but I would not use it for running outside. Again, the biggest challen in the Adidas Ultra Boost line up is that the upper is very sloppy in my opinion. My ankle did not feel secure at all with the Primeknit Upper, and the collar that wraps around your ankle is already collapsing in on itself after just 40 miles. So no go for the Adidas Ultra Boost line up, and I will not be buying the Adidas Ultra Boost 19 shoe, how about you? If you are an Adidas fan or an Ultra Boost fan, make your case down in the comments. What was your most challening (disappointing) running shoe of 2018? 🔻SNAIL MAIL 🔻 Seth James DeMoor PO BOX 1972 Englewood, CO 80150 USA 🔻WATCH MORE BELOW: TOP 3 VLOGS IN PAST MONTH 🔻 🔸SKECHERS GoRun Pure Running Shoes First Impression: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYxhs0jciH8 🔸Nike Vaporfly 4% Flyknit Race Day Vlog | Pumpkin Pie 5K Denver Colorado: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_gUOXVobvc&t=6s 🔸New Balance Fresh Foam Beacon Full Review | 2018 Running Shoes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtE8Ze3AyUs&t=2s ==================================================== 🔻LET'S CONNECT 🔻 🔸Strava: https://www.strava.com/athletes/20320892 🔸Twitter: https://twitter.com/SethJamesDeMoor 🔸Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sethjamesdemoor/ 🔸Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sethjamesdemoor/ 🔸Email updates: http://eepurl.com/dH-K05 ==================================================== 🔻WINTER RUNNING GEAR FROM AMAZON 🔻 • TrailHeads Touchscreen Gloves with Reflective Waterproof Mitten Shell: https://amzn.to/2Pj4pfh • Salomon Fastwing Hybrid Jacket: https://amzn.to/2UhJiNM • Toughwear neck and head warmer (Balaclava): https://amzn.to/2EfxPJX ==================================================== 🔻CURRENT RUNNING SHOES FROM AMAZON 🔻 • Salomon Speedcross 4, men's: https://amzn.to/2URNzrH and Women's: https://amzn.to/2R0GXrW • New Balance Beacons V1, Men's: https://amzn.to/2z9JbuY and Women's: https://amzn.to/2qPGxG2 • Nike Pegasus 35 Turbo, Men's: https://amzn.to/2DGmW3A • STANCE Running Socks, my favorite socks: https://amzn.to/2DGXN96 ==================================================== 🔻RUNNING GEAR FROM AMAZON 🔻 • HOKA Recovery Sandal: https://amzn.to/2Aacm1u • NIKE Winter Running Pants: https://amzn.to/2Dg3VUP • ZENSAH Neon Green Reflective Compression Arm Sleeves: https://amzn.to/2zkT3lR • SMITH Sunglasses: https://amzn.to/2CVlHNv • SUUNTO Peak 3 Watch: https://amzn.to/2RXOYM1 • SALOMON green running hat: https://amzn.to/2PLQy26 • NATHAN handheld Waterbottle for LONG runs: https://amzn.to/2DH2oYP • TRAILHEADS winter running gloves: https://amzn.to/2L2IHeP ==================================================== 🔻RUNNING RECOVERY TOOLS FROM AMAZON 🔻 • Foot Log massage tool: https://amzn.to/2DMdBq2 • Roller Massage Stick, lots of options here from Amazon: https://amzn.to/2Sd9FTg • Pro Band for stretching: https://amzn.to/2zscWav ==================================================== 🔻MUSIC 🔻 • • Closing Song: Floppy Circus ft. Panthurr, singing "The Brightest Smile": https://soundcloud.com/floppycircus/the-brightest-smile-ft-panthurr ==================================================== 🔻CAMERA GEAR FROM AMAZON 🔻 • GoPro 7 Black: https://amzn.to/2ysSmGv • Gimbal for GoPro (Feiyutech): https://amzn.to/2PEXBt3 • DJI SPARK: https://amzn.to/2uMzQXE • Canon 5D DSLR Camera: https://amzn.to/2A4iECl • Rode Video Pro Mic: https://amzn.to/2OcB4Ur Seek beauty. Work hard. & Love each other. ----- Subscribe today if you're looking for more of all three in life! Running vlogs and running motivation at it's finest here on this channel. If you need a little motivation to start running to get back in shape, you have arrived at the right YouTube channel. Here on this running YouTube focused channel, you will experience motivation, knowledge, and love for each other by sharing each other's stories. Running inspiration served up daily. Seth James DeMoor Daily Vlog Channel Seek Beauty Work Hard & Love Each Other

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We are all most there. We are all most there. You have inspired me to get to vlog 999. This is number 999, which means tomorrow on Christmas Day. Merry Christmas, by the way, almost, almost there. Somebody asked the other day, like, did I plan out the fact that vlog 1000 would publish on Christmas Day? I wish I was that good. That is not the case. I did not plan this out, but this is how it's happening. I'm just in a reflective mode, for sure, over these next 48 hours, simply because the journey we have been on together here on YouTube has been hard at times, inspiring all the time, basically. Like, there's moments where I've been challenged, for sure, to keep this baby going, but we've made it now to number 999. And so today, I'm gonna take it a little easier because I actually need a little more time for editing number 1000 for tomorrow. So make sure you come back tomorrow for number 1000. I, whew, I don't want to talk about it too much because it gets me just like in reflective mode of thinking after just looking back on life. So it's exciting, but today, I don't wanna focus too much on the negative for this shoe that I'm about to talk to you about. Let's just say I'm a positive person. I like to stay positive. That's how I approach life because I think it leads to obviously better, greater happiness in life, true joy, authentic joy, not just like fleeting happiness, but like real authentic joy if we remain in a positive state of mind as much as possible and just like real basic as runners, like we like to be healthy people as runners especially, everyone, everyone wants to be healthy, but especially runners, we strive for good health. And so our mental game, if we are in a positive state of mind more often than not, and listen, we all have bad days. We all need to vent at times. Don't get me wrong, but the more we can remain positive, the better we will do in training. The better our body will be reacting to our workouts. Let's get to the shoe that I'm just struggling with and is challenging me to think outside the box. Am I missing something here? Once I reveal it to you, I want you fans out there of this shoe and of this shoe company to comment below and help me through the challenge. Help me understand what they're attempting to do. Help me appreciate the shoe because guess what? This shoe company is the second largest in the world. The Adidas Ultra Boost. Yes, this is the shoe that has brought me the most challenge in 2018 for understanding why I would ever run in it. And listen, I feel a little bad because I did not, I like to put 50 miles into a shoe before I give you a full review. I only got to about 38 miles in this shoe before, according to Strava, before I said, huh, I don't think I'm gonna run in this guy anymore, but I did try. I promise, I tried 38 miles in it. Before we dive into the specs of the Ultra Boost, the Adidas Ultra Boost, I wanna just read a brief history of Adidas. And when I buy a shoe, I like to know the story behind how the company started because I think that influences the lineup of the shoes that they produce. And I was talking to the running shoe store reps a couple of days ago about the on company from Switzerland. And so anyway, here's the a little brief history of Adidas. The founder was Adolf Adi Dossler, which you can see how they got the name going there. Dossler assisted in the development of spiked running shoes for multiple athletic events to enhance the quality of spiked athletic footwear. He transitioned from a previous model of heavy metal spikes to utilizing canvas and rubber. In 1936, Dossler persuaded US sprinter Jesse Owens to use his handmade spikes at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Following Owens's four gold medals, the name and reputation of Dossler's shoes became known to the world sportsmen and their trainers. And so Adidas is a, and it goes on, yeah, it goes on by, they were selling 200,000 pairs of shoes every year before World War II. Anyway, and I don't know all the details of the founder and of obviously that was Tough Times and the world history around between World War I and World War II. But this is early. Like this, when did Bowerman, was Bowerman the 60s? Yeah, I think Bowerman was the 60s. Well, now Nike is the biggest running shoe company in the world, Adidas. I don't know if they're the second largest running, but they're the second largest shoe company in the world. Now I just share that brief history of the Adidas story because I think it's important as consumers of products and running shoes that we know the backstory because guess what? Real people designed this Ultra Boost in 2015 was the first release. And so I, as I share constructive criticism, I fully realized like real people with real stories put a lot of work into this shoe. But I also realized that real people with real stories are spending their hard-earned money buying running shoes now and in 2019 and I wanna make sure you're just making good decisions. And on that note, the Adidas Ultra Boost 19 just released I think a week ago, maybe 10 days ago and I will not be purchasing that shoe, but maybe you will. And again, make your case for Adidas down below in the comment. And now the basic specs behind the Ultra Boost, 22 millimeter stack height in the heel, 12 in the toe box, which gives it a 10 millimeter drop. So a pretty high drop for a running shoe and then the weight and probably if you've run in this shoe, I'm guessing you've noticed that it is heavy. It is, is this the heaviest shoe I ran in in 2018? Outside of the La Sportiva lineup, I think this is the heaviest shoe I wore in 2018, 11 ounces. So like, why would you wanna wear an 11 ounce shoe if you don't have to? That's one of my biggest concerns with this Ultra Boost from Adidas. And yes, the Ultra Boost 19 that just came out is just as heavy. I think I saw on the Adidas website like 10.9 ounces. So basically 11 ounces. That's not so good. All right, let's talk about my biggest concern of the Ultra Boost and I love you, Adidas. Well, Adidas, I'm trying to love you but this is just a major, major, major issue. And it's not the weight and I don't mind actually running in heavy shoes. I think it can help strengthen your legs, maybe give you a little more strengthening workout but Adidas, your prime knit upper. So the upper is the top of the shoe for all of you out there that are just learning about running shoes and shoes in general. This is the upper, it's called a prime knit material. It's thick and heavy and it is comfortable but I would say it is not breathable. It feels very, it feels like you're putting on a wool sock and like that can be comfy in the winter but in the summer, no way. Like I wore this in the summertime and my foot would get hot and especially since the shoe is black like I could literally feel my foot like starting to sweat as soon as I put the shoe on. So a very heavy, thick, prime knit upper material that I'm just not a fan of and sloppy. It's just, it's sloppy. Like you can see it here. It's breaking, it's collapsing in on itself this through the toe box and this plastic cage is what I'm gonna call it. It feels kind of gimmicky, Adidas because your logo has the three stripes, right, Adidas? Your logo is three stripes, which is fine but that should not influence the engine. The logo should not influence the direct design of the shoe and so they have this plastic cage to help lock down your foot in the shoe and they just went with three strips of plastic here. Why not go with four? Why not go with five? Why not go with two? You went with three, I think, because that's your logo. What? What? I don't know what they were thinking with this plastic cage on top but not a fan and that is my biggest concern with the Ultra Boost is the upper, it's just, it's sloppy. I felt like my foot was gonna slide right off the midsole. All right, according to Adidas, the midsole, let's talk about the midsole since we're on the topic. It has what they're calling TPU pellets, basically what provides the Ultra Boost midsole with the energy return. They're saying there's 3,000 TPU pellets inside this midsole and it's a decent midsole. I would not call it responsive. I would call it cushioned and comfortable but as far as like giving you back your energy, not bad but not great either. So the midsole, it's not breaking, here's the thing, okay, one positive because I don't wanna be all negative, durability seems really good. I don't feel like I've lost, now I've only done 40 miles approximately but I don't feel like I've lost anything as far as through the midsole and frankly, you shouldn't just after 40 miles but comfortable, yes, but responsive, yeah, not in my books, not in my books. And just one brief point on the outsole, like no major concerns with the rubber. Yeah, it's like basically almost like a spider web design and it's designed to be flexible but Adidas does have this plastic plate through the midfoot called the torsion system and it's designed to provide a little more support through the midfoot and then transfer energy forward. I don't know, is it working? It's hard to tell. I didn't notice a huge benefit from this torsion system but if you can feel it through your midfoot when you're running in the Ultra Boost, definitely let me know. I'll be curious to hear your thoughts on that. So that's the outsole. Now I always want to end on a positive note, very comfortable, very comfortable. It's like wearing a slipper, granted a heavy slipper but it is like wearing a slipper so when could you use this? I treadmill running, I think this would be fine on a treadmill where you're not on any uneven surfaces because I could see this being an ankle breaker real quick, like rolling an ankle real easy in the shoe. It's just, the upper is just too sloppy, too flexible. But it is comfortable or cross training in a gym. If you're working out in a gym, if you're riding stationary bikes, if you're doing the treadmill, doing just cross training, oh yeah, I think you could wear this shoe for sure but as far as getting out there just pounding miles, very expensive shoe if you buy it, brand new, full retail, $180. Definitely, definitely not worth $180. This was my most challenging shoe of 2018. All right, the keyword is Ultra for the Adidas Ultra Boost. Ultra is the keyword, thank you so much for hitting it up down in the comments and the question of the day, I hate to even ask it, what was the most challenging shoe that you wore in 2018, AKA maybe the most disappointing shoe that you ran in in 2018? And maybe you don't have one, if you don't have one, bonus points. That means you made good and productive purchases in the past year but the reason I ask that question of the day is to help all of us avoid making purchases, moving forward in 2019 that are maybe not so solid and it's all about helping each other here on YouTube and helping each other make good decisions and maybe the Ultra Boost 19 has an incredible upgrade. I don't know, I probably won't be purchasing it unless you really make the case for it down below in the comments but and again, everyone's foot is different, everyone's stride is different just slightly and so this shoe might work perfectly for you. I don't want to come across as negative Nancy, I simply want to share my transparent experience in the shoe with you and then you get to go to the running shoe store and actually try them on and see like yeah, this is not working for me or like oh my goodness, this is the best shoe I've ever run in, just let me know down in the comments once you try that. You rock, thank you for watching the 999th Daily Vlog in a row, mm-mm-mm. Folks, oh God, all right, I'm not gonna get into it but I just, I love you, I love you, mm, mm. Wow, yep, seek beauty, work hard and love each other.

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I Played Video Games with Marshawn Lynch

Get Madden now: http://x.ea.com/77269 Esfand's Tailgate Tour exclusive episode with a visit to Las Vegas Allegiant Stadium tailgate before the Raiders game where I meet Marshawn Lynch and challenge him to a game of Madden right in front of the stadium. Subscribe: http://shorturl.at/oOY17 Streaming Every Day on EsfandTV! https://twitch.tv/esfandtv Stay Connected with Esfand: keychain.club/Esfand ▶Twitter: https://twitter.com/EsfandTV​ ▶Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/EsfandTV ▶Discord: https://discord.gg/EsfandTV​ ▶Instagram: https://instagram.com/EsfandTV Edited by: Fakomi #Esfand​ #twitch​ #streamer​ #EsfandTV​ EsfandTV http://www.youtube.com/esfandtv/

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Guys, we are here at the Raiders game with Wake. It's going to be a crazy day. So Madden hooked this up. A little special edition, NFL edition tailgate tour. We're here at the Raiders Stadium, and we're here with the Madden Cruiser. You guys can check that out. We were maddened. If you want to complain about the game, they got a hotline. We can literally call and complain about the ratings. So they got the bus inside of there. They got game stations out here. So NFL tailgates, a little bit different than college tailgates. I've never done an NFL tailgate before. So it's a brand new experience for me. We're here in Las Vegas. But yeah, like I said, NFL legend running back. Marshawn Lynch is going to be here and joining us. And I was like, dude, this is going to be sick. We're going to do some maddened minigames for a little bit. And then we'll walk around the tailgates and we'll do it. How's it going? Good to meet you. I'm S-Fan. How are you doing? Yeah, good. Bro, I thought you would have been ready by now. Well, I was waiting on you. Man, are you cheating this shit? You couldn't have a gift from people in the family. No, I was not. I was not. But they ain't even in the game. I would never disrespect you like that. Who team you on? Who do I? See, I got to redeem the Cavals. I got to redeem them. They got to work here. Bro, you're going to have to play Madden for about another 10 years to redeem the Cavals. Tell them, bro. I'm on the game. Man, get it? Oh, that is how it is. You can take them out. Go to the end of the game. You got to get them right. Take yourself out. I'll put in big ass and full back to some. They haven't gone black for a while. Feel me? You try to cheat me, bro. What? No, I made you good. You walk around with a mic on? No, this isn't even work. I do this when I'm talking to people. Is the whole team full of martial arts, bro? How did you set it up to where I was going to be the player on any team I picked? No, no, I knew you were going to pick the Raiders. You didn't. I watched film. I know you grew up a Raiders man. Oh, your return kicks, too, look at this. Yeah, that's what, ooh. See, I told you. Get in faith, and then get to the damn 20-yard line. Fat ass out of here. No, get him out of the game, though. Oh, hold on, he a 99? They got a boy, your boy, at 99 right now. Man, you feel me? I'm going to show love to the running back there. That's how we rock. There you go, OK, cool. You ever watch Twitch at all? You know what Twitch is? When you play on Twitch, you don't watch Twitch. Oh, yeah, yeah, but I mean, you watch it, too, because you watch other people play. Well, I don't just play. Yeah, man, you don't watch people. Like, they're watching right now. They're live. Hey, no power to them. But I'd rather play than just be watching you play. Why would I watch you play if I could play myself? That's a good question, because there's no reason to watch me play, but other people. But I'm just saying, other people, too, if you don't want to play me there, why would I play you? I was hoping you were going to show up in a golf cart. Oh! Oh, and you out here acting bad. You don't look like you play man, but I respect that. Wait, why do you mean I don't look like I play man? Because you don't look like you play man. It's because I look so ugly. You look like you play Minecraft or something. OK. Or like one of them games with the dragons and shit. Oh, yeah, yeah, I play games with dragons. Yeah, yeah, yeah. I do that. We got about 10,000 people in chat right now. Yo, what? What is it 10,000 people watching you play? They're watching you play. They're not here for me, they're just watching you now. They don't get on camera man. No, because they in there for a reason. 10,000 people could be actually playing themselves, but they sitting here watching us. Well, they're probably playing or like they're working or whatever and then they're just watching us on the other monitor on TV. Well, it's a lot of shit going on. But I still think you got your game from roadblocks. Not ever playing. Get that shit out of here. You got to catch that him right in the hands. Pour it down. Man, you got to pun it. You got to pun it. 47. Bruh, you got to pun it, bruh. Bruh, you got to pun it, bruh. You cheating, bruh. I'm cheating. Bruh, you got to pun it, bruh. I paid this guy. I paid this guy $3 million a year. Is that going to do his job? No shit. I know I should have whined about you, bruh. Oh, you smoked it. Should have punted, man. Oh, no, did you do it on purpose? Bring your ass back over here, dog. You did that shit on purpose. I did not. Bring your weird ass on, pick up and stick, so I can commit to whooping your ass. Why you do that? I did not. It's the difficulty. What the difficulty got to do with it? When I play on my own, it's harder, so it's faster. So my brain, I was used to going, isn't it easy to play on his stick still? Yeah. It was too easy. It was too easy, so it was too slow. Hey, man, he really out here trying to play me also. He just played me on some corn ball and shit. Come on. You got five seconds, bruh. You just played me on some corn ball and shit, bruh. Get that over. No, what the fuck? I told you you'd be here. What the fuck was that, bruh? Like I said, I had no idea what you done. I'm all, what is it, star Madden, and you playing on rookie, bruh. I'm on Madden. How you try to do me like this? No, I'm not. Oh, it's for y'all. It's for the streamers, the individuals watching this. No, man, no, man. For the inches. Do you go for it? No, you got to put a little shit on me. You kidding me? No, no, no. See, that's how I know for sure. You get no GM job. You feel me? You cannot coach. What do you mean? Bruh, you got to punt that, bruh. No, punning is no loser. Losers punt. Winners win. Oh, man. Oh, that's a good play, bruh. I like that play. What's a good one? Yeah, I like that play. Post-corner in the middle? What? Say that again. It was like a post-corner, but it was over the middle. Can you run out for them back in? Corner post. I played online in D-line. It's OK. I was in D-line, man. I'm not here to judge. I'm not here to judge. Look at me. You think I ever ran around in my life? Yeah. Well, I appreciate that. I'm not judging, bro. That's what I'm saying. But look, we here to help each other. I'm not going to let you put that kind of thing. OK, OK. Get some. I see what you're doing. Oh, he ain't. Good job. Good job, bro. So you said this, you do this all day? No, I play Madden sometimes. I play everything. I do Madden sometimes. I do a lot of this, where I walk around, I go travel, I go to college games. I'm going to just keep it a beam with you, bro. I know I've seen how you was going to play me from the jump when you put my shit on. Superstar and you put yours on the roof. I knew you was up to something, but at the end of the day, bro, I'm going to show, you know, I'm talking about the type of individual I am. I'm going to make sure you do your dougie, you feel me? So I couldn't come on your screen and you know, I'm talking about disrespect you, I promise. So I got to let you, you feel me? We'll see. OK, so from now on, now I want you to pour it on. Because these guys, trust me, these 10,000 people would love nothing more than to just see me get my ass beat. Why is that? They brought you for a reason. Yeah, because they want to see me get my ass beat. Oh, no, that ain't the same. No shot. Get the f**k out of there. Just go and breakdance in this s**t. You can't just go family play. God damn. How are you pumped, mate, bro? I think you've double capped it. Oh, my Lord. Come on, dude, I had him. He said he's having, he's like 30, and he's having the best career of his years so far, man. 30, a youngster. See, you say that now. He is a youngster. Yeah, but you say that because you're a hero. No, he's a youngster, bro. How old are you now? I'm 37. It's awful sport. Next year, trade eight. Snub, no. See, look at this guy. His confidence goes through the ruby scores. Well, I just told you it was different, because at first, you know what I mean? It was what it was, and now it's going to change. But it was smooth. Just let me ask you, so in a day, how often do you turn on your switch? I'm like 12 hours a day. Every day? This is what my day is. Every day, I wake up at 9. I'm in meetings for three hours. I got calls, I got meetings. I'm a businessman. I own four businesses. Oh, what kind of business is this that you're talking about? I own a computer company, talent management company. Like, you manage Twitchers? Yeah. All right. So we got that, and we got a publishing company for video games. Okay. So a published video game. All right. I coached the Cowboys. Okay, well, that it's white. Yeah, see, no, no, no, no, no, this is bad. Look. He didn't even try to go for it. See, the confidence. You know what? They lost the confidence. You know what? It's not my concern. See, now he's trying because he's playing with himself. Earlier, he was going to try. Now he's trying. See before. No, they ain't got nothing to do with it. Yes, it is. Yes, it is. I told you, I ain't got nothing to do with it. See, now here's what's going to happen. At first, he's like, oh, it's 40. So what did I tell you? What did I tell you? You said you're 40. I want, I'm for show, so. But look, I said I wanted to get a play in here with Blur, right? Oh my gosh. Look, there it is. Hey, it's been a pleasure, my guy. I appreciate it. Yeah, hey man, look, check this out. Yeah. You stay blessed. Yeah, I appreciate you too. You stay blessed, young fellow. But wear your microphone. I want a microphone. Yeah, here, you can get the microphone for a little bit. Hey, man, thank you. Hey, thank you all out there. Yeah, I'm talking about you. God bless and good night. Hey, can you, can you, would you do me a huge favor? I got this Raiders helmet two years ago. Would you sign this for me? No, go get a cowboy helmet. I don't got a cowboy helmet. I do, but it's a Tony Romo one. There it is, look at that. Some Roblox stuff, man. He came with his V-Bucks and got an URB. Hey, this one's going on my shelf. Now I appreciate it, man, for real, for real. Thank you so much. That was fun. Your man game ain't trash. Thanks, dude, I appreciate it. All right, we'll see you around, man, for real. Thank you. Dude, that was sick. There you go. Future Hall of Famer. Margeon was great, dude. That was an absolute blast, man. Guys, this is Gorilla Rilla, the biggest Raiders fan in the world. How many years you've been doing this? Almost 30 years. 30 years. Almost three decades, guys. Three decades. How did you become Gorilla Rilla for the first time? How'd you gain your super powers? You know what, man? First and foremost, the foundation of it all, I was born in Halloween. There you go. I was born with a mask on. So that's how it all started. And when I came back in 1995, I was at a yard sale, I was in a suit, I bought it for $20. It was born then. It's prophecy. Maybe someday I could be like the successor to Gorilla Rilla. Oh, you would be a perfect Gorilla. You'd get the hair, the fur. I probably don't need much. Yeah, I don't need too much. I got everything for you. I got the suit, I got the jersey, I got the hat. OK, let's get it on. You just show both of you from behind. It's not much of a change. I just turned. Look at that. Oh, yeah, look at his font. Halfway there. OK, oh, we'll get real sweaty. Oh, yeah, he'll get wet and ready. OK. Well, how come my face ID works? What the heck? Face ID? Oh, my God. What the heck is this? What the hell are we showing Viper's fans here? Hey, let's go right now! Hey! That's a stunt stunt, son. I am a Viper! This is like a whole thing. You start this, and it's like a culture. I'm like, other fans, those people come, and they show up in the Gorilla costume, four-radar games. There's no territorial nature here amongst these Gorillas. They're very open. There's no sense that this is my part of the land now. Yeah, it's like a culture that's been established from the computer. Like, that's three, four, five. Everyone wants a piece. Packers fans, raiders fans. Can you, as a Packers fan, take a photo? You absolutely can't. We've got to figure out what some of these fans think about the addition of the second Gorilla-Rilla. How do you guys feel about the addition of a second Gorilla-Rilla? Is that something you think the Raiders Nation could be open to, or what are we thinking? Nothing. It could all be built in. What do you think the max limit is? How many Gorilla-Rillas can we add to the fleet? Ain't no limit. Are you guys from, are you guys from, what's your name? No, we actually from Virginia. Virginia? Richmond. How'd you guys become Raiders fans? It started with me, like, in the sixth or seventh grade, Bo Jackson and Marcus Allen. That'll do it. Bo Jackson, that'll do it. Now, I was a kid, and now I just fell in love with him. Yeah, absolutely. Hope for a good win tonight. Thanks so much for your time, dude. Infinite Gorilla-Rillas are acceptable. You heard it here first. How do you feel about, as a Packers fan, taking a photo with Gorilla-Rilla? Ah, it's fair game. Fair game. If you guys came to us, and you want to take a picture with Senority's head, you should be able to take a picture with Senority's head. It's fair, it's fair, it's fair. Is it like a trophy? Like, are you collecting these? Like, if you win, is it like, you know, like keeping a deer head or something? You know what I mean? You can always flag it. Yeah. With what we did. In case I wake up tomorrow and don't do anything, at least I'm not sure if I'm allowed to. Is there a chance of you not remembering anything? There's a chance. We are. What are the odds you don't remember anything from today? Tomorrow. 50-50. 50-50. That's a good game. That's my third night here. It's been 50-50. Last two nights, all you know. Let's go. Thank you so much for your time, and I appreciate it. 50-50. How did the tattoo come to be? When did you get it? Why? That's the story. Well, I'm a Diarrator fan, of course. And I got, when Al Davis died, my sisters and I went out and got matching radar tattoos, which is when I got that one. What's your most memorable moment as a Raiders fan? Oh my gosh, meeting Charles Watson at his winery and him signing my back. He signed your back? He signed my back. That's your next dad? That's my next dad. I know. Thank you so much, of course. You know what I think is so cool? These like giant medallions people have. They're just these full board. They're everywhere. I gotta figure out where to get one. We need a Raiders medallion. I believe the Raiderettes specifically requested Esfango on stage to meet them. So thank you. I guess what's going on? They'll tell you it's a little different than cars tell you. A little bit different, but man, it is cool. It is like the culture and the environment. The fact that like Gorilla Rilla basically establishes whole like community tradition is unreal. Like that's sad. Yeah, my daughter supports the Packers and she has done for the university. So we traveled to watch the Packers. I'm a Raiders fan myself. I like soccer in London, Tottenham Hotspur. Sure, sure. And we've been to Lambeau. We've been to Washington last year. We've been to Minnesota to see Vikings. All to see the Packers play. No kidding. How do you compare the atmosphere of football in London versus American football here? That's a really good question because I talk to a lot of American people about it. In London, soccer is more tribal. It's more aggressive. You support your team and it's a bit more aggravation. Yeah, like, well, I'm a Tottenham fan. We hate the Gooners. Here, everyone gets together. They segregate fans in England to stop the hassle. Yeah. Whereas here, everyone sits together. It's far more civilized. Oh, look at you two. Yeah. But you speak to some American people and they like the age, the aggravation in the sort of the English soccer. They say this is a bit too tame for them. But for me, this is far more civilized. Oh, yeah. But there's a very interesting difference. So what do you prefer? Depending on the day, I've grown up in soccer, so I'm used to soccer. But days like today, I can come along, relax, and I enjoy the occasion more. I've got soccer when your team's playing in a foreign age. Sure, yeah. Different times. You know what's going to happen, you know? It's a lot of almost scoring. Exactly. Exactly. It's nice, good fun. Absolutely. Thank you for your presentation. You're welcome. Let's go find the Gorillas. This is great. Yeah, thank you. Thank you. Give me a hug. Now, this is awesome. I mean, this whole culture, everything you guys built, put together. You see, it's so cool because like the fans are just like, it's a greater nation, you know? And they just want to be a part. They just want to see Gorilla, Gorilla. They get excited. Like, it's sick. It's actually like, it's awesome. I love seeing it. All right, we'll see you. Hey, hey, man. Hey, man. Love working with you guys. The Gorilla family, baby. I am the father. We better, we better than AA meeting. That was great. That was so, dude, the culture. I appreciate it. Can we take this off? Oh my gosh. Thank you. Holy. Chad, by the way, again, Madden hooked this whole thing up, got us to play with, with Marshawn Lynch and everything. Instead of the whole thing with Gorilla, Gorilla, it's a huge shout out to Madden. If you're new here, make sure to follow the stream, turn on your notifications. We're not done yet, Chad. You guys want to go to the pro shops, see what they sell at the games? Let's say, let's walk this way. Let's do it. Dude, this feels like a legendary stream. It's been amazing. Look at this, Chad. We're here. This is the official Raiders team shop. Dude, I wonder how many, how much merch, how many jerseys and stuff they sell on game days. Oh, really? They got buys this. Which one's better? The line? Raiders have it with a line like this? Or this one? One or two? Chad, which one's better? One or two? I think I want one of these. Black though? I mean, that's the color. It's black and white. Someone was paying for half a hat. Dude. You guys have, I guess I'm like the Samoans. Do they want to chain that badly? They really want to chain. I'll go get a chain. Which chain do we get? Chad, you save $45. This is real gold. It's gold. This is gold. And then this is real silver. They call it cream gold. Yeah. Undisputed, dude. Undisputed, heavyweight champion. Chad, it's electric. This is NFL football. Packers, Raiders, Wade Wilder, heavyweight champion in the world. It's Monday night. Thank you so much for joining us. The game is about to kick off. It's on ESPN. Maybe you'll see us in the stands.

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Kelsey Grammer's LUXURY Mansions: From Malibu to Britain & Hidden Catskills Retreat! | HOUSE TOUR

Kelsey Grammer's LUXURY Mansions: From Malibu to Britain & Hidden Catskills Retreat! | HOUSE TOUR SUBSCRIBE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkrKgPRTzgfFE6NLWvx3vUQ?sub_confirmation=1 Join us as we tour the luxurious homes of Emmy-winning actor Kelsey Grammer! From the glitz of Hollywood in his former Malibu estate to his serene escape in the Catskills, and now his recent acquisition in Britain, dive into the lavish life of this iconic actor. 🏠✨ Dive deep into the Malibu mansion, frequently showcased on 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills'. Discover Kelsey's secret retreat in the Catskills and his plans for his newest property in Britain. Kelsey's homes are as captivating as his illustrious career! 🎭 For more exciting tours of celebrity homes, subscribe to our channel and don't forget to check out our latest news at https://famousnews.ai. #KelseyGrammer #LuxuryHomes #CelebrityHouses #BeforeTheyWereFamous #HollywoodMansions 🔗 USEFUL LINKS 🔗: 🔗 https://www.instagram.com/karathevampireslayer 🌟 https://beforetheywerefamous.com/ 📰 https://famousnews.io/ 🌐 https://famousluxury.co Timecodes: 0:00 - INTRO 0:25 - MALIBU ESTATE (FORMER) 2:45 - LONGTIME HOME IN CATSKILLS 4:45 - BUYS HOME IN BRITAIN 6:30 - Conclusion & Wrap Up 6:55 - End Credits/Outro Stay Connected With Us: 📸 Instagram - 🔗 https://www.instagram.com/famousluxuryco 🔗 https://www.instagram.com/karathevampireslayer

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Actor Kelsey Grammer has long owned a home in upstate New York where he also opened his own brewery and in early 2023 he bought a property across the pond in Britain. While he lives away from the glitz and glamour of Hollywood these days, it wasn't always that way. Back in 2015, Kelsey and his ex-wife Camille Grammer, star of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, sold their former massive mansion located in the Malibu Hills. This mega home, set on five acres of land with ocean views and boasted nearly 7,000 square feet of space, with stunning features like a two-story ballroom and a kitchen designed by Wolfgang Puck himself. The estate was stunning, offering everything from a resort-sized swimming pool to horse stables, and it was also seen often in Camille's Real Housewives TV episodes. It last appeared on the market for sale at just under $20 million. In 2019, Kelsey Grammer's one-time lavish estate in Malibu came on the market for a whopping $19.95 million, which was the marital mansion he shared with ex-wife Camille Grammer. Thanks to Camille's starring role on the Bravo Reality series Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, this home was featured heavily on the show for the first two seasons. Kelsey and Camille got married in 1997 and bought the five-acre compound in the Malibu Hills a year later for $4.5 million. The five-time Emmy-winning actor known for his roles in Frasier & Cheers met Camille in 1996. Despite many years living in the stunning mansion, the couple would eventually divorce in 2001, and Camille continued to live there for about a year afterwards. Kelsey's former French country-style property was sold in 2015 for $13 million and has been on and off the market ever since. Kelsey and Camille's former residence was stunning and fully guardgated, located in the celeb-favored pocket of Sarah Retreat in Malibu. He has stayed spent a total of almost 14,000 square feet, while the main house measured in at 6,650 square feet, with seven bedrooms and 13 baths. Elsewhere on the property, there were outbuildings like a guest house, a carriage house, and multiple other structures. Once past the 24-7-Gardi gates and into the mansion, you'll find that the home is stylish in every room. Boasting spaces like a handful of living and dining rooms, and even a two-story ballroom with stunning chandelier. This space was ideal for hosting large functions and formal gathering. For more intimate occasions, there were living and family rooms throughout the home, many of which had fireplaces and outdoor access. The impressive and spacious kitchen was actually designed by Wolf, King, Puck himself, and offered wood beam ceilings, two islands, chef-grade appliances, and even a pizza oven. The kitchen flowed into an indoor-outdoor dining area too. With a mansion this big, the highlights inside were endless. Kelsey no doubt had access to a handful of activities, whether he wanted to relax in the 14-person home theater, or read a good book in the wood paneled library. There's also a wine cellar in the main mansion, while a building near the pool contained the property's home gym and a spa. The master suite that Kelsey occupied for years had a sitting room as well as a private terrace with views of the mountains and ocean, the same views that grace most of the impressive property. All of the guest suites in the mansion had their own fireplaces for a cozy stay. Aside from the handy outbuildings on the ground, there were features like a horse-riding ring and six-star horse barn, all of which were surrounded by landscape gardens and a lily pond. There was also a resort-sized free-form swimming pool along with two spas, a bathhouse and elsewhere a tennis court. The alfresco dining could be enjoyed on one of the terraces, or cooked outside in the barbecue area where there's even an outdoor fireplace. Kelsey Gramerit left the glitz and glamour of Hollywood a while ago to live in the Catskills area of Upstate New York, where he lives with his current wife, Katie, who he married in 2011 along with their children. Kelsey's Faith American Brewing Company is located in the town of Margaretville, where he owns a home. When growing up, he spent Thanksgiving at a farm in Kingston, just nearby, a time he described as the most idyllic of his life. There's little to no information about Kelsey's long-time property out here because he chooses to keep this part of his life private. We do know that Margaretville is a friendly and small village located in the Catskill Mountains of New York State. It borders on Catskill Park's 770,000 acres of preserved, protected, wild, public land. Margaretville is full of farmlands, golf courses, hunting, kayaking, hiking, camping, and a bunch of other outdoor activities. It seems like Kelsey's current lifestyle is a lot different from his former time living in Beverly Hills. According to the actor, he had long had a vision to bring a brewery to his small town in the Catskills and founded his Faith Brewing Company in 2015. However, over the years, the actor had only spoke about it on and off, and even as recently as 2021, it was reported that it's hard to find his beers widely available. We do know that Kelsey's brewing company is Christian themed, and it's something of a labor of love for Kelsey. He said about his life out in Margaretville, We've got a lot of love here, my wife and I, she loves this place as much as I do. We raise our three children here, our family comes here, our extended family comes here all the time, and it's always a loving experience. It was always a fantastic environment in which to like, watch kids grow, and to think about what people can do, they just care enough about something. While Kelsey and his wife, Katie, love their life in New York states, most recently in early 2023, he purchased another property for his family across the pond in England, where his wife is from. It's not where you might imagine in England though, it's actually in a small town near Bristol. The actor has been a regular visitor to the North Somerset town Portishead for years. He announced that he and his wife had purchased a little place in the town and are now working on the property. In an interview with Radio Bristol, Kelsey said, I love the people of Portishead and the time we spend there. We've actually bought a place there, a little place we are going to be working on. Katie, his wife, who is 26 years, his junior is the daughter of former Bristol City footballer and Bristol rovers coach Alan Walsh. He continued on about their new property. We won't be taking up residence for a while, but yeah, we're pretty excited about it. We have a little view of Wales from the channel there. The actor has been seen regularly in Portishead, which gave its name to the 90s band, usually while he's visiting Katie's family. Although it's not known exactly where in town the property is, Kelsey said that it was close to the coast. After looking at what we know about Kelsey Grammer's properties, that'll wrap up this house tour. Before we go, answer this question for me. If you had 500 acres of land to yourself, what would you do with it? For me, I definitely think it would be a dog-sank-drait or like a farm, but let me know down in the comments what you would do and don't forget to like, subscribe, and follow me on Instagram to chat. I'm Cara the Vampire Slayer and if you want to check out another tour before you go, stay tuned for this look into the homes of Amanda Saifried also owns a house in the Catskills. Bye!

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Wolfson Centre Services | Tour of the pilot plant and testing laboratories

Come on a virtual tour that highlights some of our key pieces of equipment that are used for industrial consultancy projects and for research activities. If you prefer to skip to a specific topic, please use these time markers: Road tanker filling 0:42 – 1:40, Pneumatic Conveying and Rotary Valves 1:40 – 4:36, Segregation 5:34 – 7:37 and 19:47 – 21:21, Particle breakage 7:37 – 9:21, Dust in processes 9:21 – 12:32, General characterisation techniques 4:40 – 5:34, 12:35 – 19:12 and 26:19 – 31:05, Size and shape analysis 21:21 – 26:19, Sampling 31:05 – 32:56, Fluidisation 32:56 – 34:04 Wolfson Centre | University of Greenwich www.gre.ac.uk/engsci/research/groups/wolfsoncentre wolfson-enquiries@gre.ac.uk 020 8331 8646

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Wel i'r cyfnod, a gweithio'r Wolffesyn Cymru i'r cyfnod yr Bio-Soldat Cymru. Yn mynd i'r Mike Bradley. Rhywbeth yma'n cyfnod o'r Wolffesyn Cymru, a rhaid i'r profesiad yw'r Bio-Soldat Cymru i'r Unedig Pwgolig. Felly yn y Llyfrgell Gweithgol. A gydag yma yna'n ymlaen i gael y piler o'r labn, ac rhaid i'n gweithio'n gweithio'r cyfnod o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ddweithiau, a how they might relate to your problems and needs in powder handling. So first of all we've got a test rig here. This simulates the flow of material particularly fine powders when we're doing the filling of road tankers and rail tankers. A lot of people have problems with getting just the right amount of material in the right condition in logistics tanks such as I described. I that rig we've got here, we place a significant quantity of powder in the top section, drop the material through, we can measure its condition of aeration, adjust that if necessary, catch the material in the bottom, see how it flows, how it settles, and what the bulk density is which is critical to filling those 10% we then re-circulate the material through a screw-convir here, so that bring some material back up to the top so that we can recirculate and do further tests. So I'm going to show you our pneumatic conveying test rigs. Pneumatic conveying is one of the areas that we're historically best known for. We have one of the world's best facilities for pneumatic conveying pilot plant testing and quite a number of Wolfson sent, ex-Wolfson send of people have become quite important in this area of industry ond. Felly we have here a blow tank test rig, which is very similar to what we use in industry. Much of our pilot plant equipment here is at the, shall we say, the smaller end of the industrial scale. So we can do testing which is realistic, which is scalable to what would happen in the plant. So this is very similar to what is used on a road tanker or a rail tanker or indeed a land-based blow tank, where powder is put into here, pressurised with air, and then the material is driven out around the pipelines. We have test pipelines which run around our building inside the building and also around the yard outside, something like 140 metres of pipeline of each of three different sizes, again commensurate with industrial sizing. The material then is received in the receiving hopper, which is on the top of the rig, so that we can measure the flow rate of material. We can adjust the air flow, adjust the powder flow, measure the way in which the powder behaves, and that gives us the properties we need to predict how it's going to behave in a full-scale pipeline. And then we've got a second rig over here, which works in many ways very similar. We have a blow tank which puts powder into the pipeline, supplied also with air from the same compressors. One of the differences on this rig is that in the midsection here we have what we call a full stream cross-cut sampler. And the advantage of that is that we can take samples of material between conveying runs and before and after conveying, so that we can actually measure change of the material during conveying, moisture uptake, particle degradation and so on. Rotary valves are a very important part of many pneumatic conveying systems, and to many users of pneumatic conveying systems they describe them as the bane of their lives, because there are so many different design options that need to be selected from, there are so many different potential problem areas with them, and there are so many different effects that they can have on the material. So a study of the science of how rotary valves work, how to select them, their interaction with the material is a very important part of our research and consultancy. One of the important things about most powders and bulk solids is that they are affected by ambient conditions. Temperature and humidity affect their moisture content, the way they flow, the way they behave, and very often ambient conditions vary in factories and in external storage piles and so on, but also many materials are processed at different conditions apart from ambient. So quite a lot of our work we use climate chambers in order to condition material and measure their properties at those different conditions. So in this chamber here we can dial in temperature and humidity from north to 100% humidity and minus 40 to plus 180 degrees C, and we have in here a machine which measures the flow properties of the materials and so we can condition the material, we can undertake the testing at those controlled conditions. One of the most important keys to success in bulk solids handling is understanding the behavior of the material. Measuring that material behavior is what we call characterization, and characterization instruments is something we've done a lot of development of here at the Wolfson Centre. One of the things that happens with powders when they move, they have a tendency to separate. This is a mixture of mung beans and couscous that have a size ratio of about 3 to 1. Many real bulk solids actually have a wider size range than that, and you can see that what has happened, as the material has been filled into here, the beans being larger have rolled towards the outside, the couscous being smaller has stayed in the middle. So if this is something that we've deliberately made a mixture of, or indeed if it's just a natural material with a range of sizes, this can cause us immense problems with processing. So what we've got here is a characterization instrument that enables us to measure that tendency of materials to separate. So this was developed through a project funded by UK Research Council, EPSRC, a number of years ago, and it's a segregation tester. This is what we call autosegregation of materials, and it's the same process that happens when you see sand and stones on the beach. You get the pebbles at the top, the shingle partway down the sand at the bottom, and this is the natural tendency of materials. So we put our test material into this little mixer here, we mix it, we allow it to flow out, form an angle of repose here, and then we can sample it, and that gives us a measurement of this natural tendency to segregate. And that tells us either if that's going to be a problem in a process, we need to either change the material, or we need to change the process in order to reduce the tendency to segregate the material. Another important thing in many bulk solids processes is the breakage of particles. When you buy a jar of coffee granules, you expect to get a jar of granules, not half a jar of granules and half a jar of dust. So the breakage of materials when they're handled, and reduced perhaps from pellets into dust like this, causes a lot of problems in many industrial processes. So what we've developed here is another characterization technique which enables us to measure that particle breakage. It's what we call a degradation tester. So we feed the particles into this spinning disk here from which they flow through the disk, they're fired against these targets here, and then we pick up the broken bits afterwards, the broken pellets or whatever else they may be, granules, and we do a measurement of the degradation. From that we determine what we call the breakage matrix, which is a physical numerical representation of the tendency of the material to break. And then from that breakage matrix we can predict how these particles are going to break down in handling, whether it be through a pneumatic conveyor, a transfer point in a belt conveyor, drop onto a stockpile or any other part of a process. And then we can use this to evaluate the improvements to maybe the strength of the particles or the harshness of the process can be reduced, which again we can evaluate using this tester. So let's talk a little bit about dust. Dust causes immense problems in every industry that handles and processes bulk and powder materials, whether we're talking minerals and mining, quarrying or at the other end pharmaceuticals, food, anywhere there are particulate materials there will be dust. Dust causes problems with health. If you breathe dust in it can be very harmful to health, a recognition in recent years of the dangers of breathing particulate materials, especially what are known as PM5s and PM2.5s has revolutionised the attention this area gets. Not only from the perspective of inhaling of dust, but also dust explosions. Dust explosions kill many people as well. And the expense of tidying up the mess created by dust and the annoyance that it causes to neighbours is also a huge problem in many industries. So three different things here I'm going to talk about that relate to dust. I'm going to start over here first of all. This machine answers the question how dusty is the material that I'm going to be handling? So this is what we call a dust emissivity test. It's a characterisation technique where we place some dust inside this rotator, place our bulk material inside this rotating drum and as it turns so the material tumbles around inside we draw air through and we collect the dust on a filter in here. And the quantity of dust collected gives us an objective measurement of the ability of that material to emit dust. So that's very important to us if we're handling let's say a new cargo that we've not come across before or if we're manufacturing a material that is going to be used in a factory a particulate material. They need to know how dusty is it going to be. So that's how dusty a material is. Obviously very often we use filters in order to capture dust so we have a filter test rig here. This enables us to run tests and undertake research on the performance of filters, how good they are at capturing and separating materials and not allowing dust through and indeed how easy they are to clean. So the design of the filters, the type of material used, the design of the baghouse itself, these are all critical things that we undertake a lot of research and testing on. And then over here still related to filters, this is our filter media test rig. So in here we can put samples of different types of the filtration medium that go into these filters and we can make an objective test at how good they are at stopping the powder, the dust from getting through and indeed what pressure drop that they cause. And so this gives us the fundamental information that enables us to evaluate the materials that goes to manufacture these filters that we see here. So you've seen the pilot plant area where we have the more industrial scale of test equipment. Now I'm just going to show you briefly around our laboratory area where we do small scale bulk experiments and characterization of materials. So first of all I'm going to take you over to these instruments over here. This instrument here is what we call the DVS or Dynamic Vapor Sorption Analyzer. I mentioned earlier that most powders and bulk solids are affected to some degree by the effect of humidity, moisture uptake and loss. And what this instrument does, it measures how the moisture content varies with ambient humidity that the powder is exposed to. So as you can see on the graph here, along the bottom we have the humidity of the air and on the y axis you can see this is how the mass of the powder changes because of uptake and then loss of water. So here we see placing a sample of powder in the DVS in order to undertake a measurement of its response to airborne humidity. So once the chamber is closed up the computer control on this instrument automatically ramps humidity up and down with stocks for a suitable period at step values of humidity and it observes for the stability of the material mass of that humidity and how that changes before it moves on to the next one. Then from that we can construct what we call the moisture sorption curve of the powder which shows how the moisture content varies with humidity. So here we have an instrument that measures the density of particles. We have two different types of densities with bulk materials. We have what we call the bulk density which is the volume that an assembly of particles occupies in relation to its mass but of course part of that is full of air. So we also need to know the true solid density of the particles and that's what this equipment measures. It's called a picnometer. So let's talk about powder flow properties. This instrument the PFT or Powder Flow Ability Tester developed here at the Wolfson Centre and used now worldwide manufactured by Brookfield Engineering. This measures the ability of a powder to flow or not flow in a process and one of the things about powders is when you have a powder that is fine or that has a high surface energy or that is moist it demonstrates what we call cohesion which is the ability to stick together. Let me just demonstrate this. We're all familiar with making a snowball. This isn't snow or may look like it it's the same sort of colour. This is actually a pharmaceutical powder and you can see it's in a loose condition here. If I pick this up in my hand like many powders and I squeeze it when I open my hand it maintains a structure a strength here and this makes the powder hard to handle. So what we measure in terms of powder flow properties is the relationship between how hard I've squeezed the powder and the strength of the resulting aglomerate and the relationship between those two is what we call the flow function. So the way in which this instrument works is we place a powder sample in the test cell here with this placed we start a test under computer control which compacts the powder shears it in order to consolidate it at a controlled stress and then we change to a different stress and we shear again to measure the strength of the powder. Under automatic control this runs about 40 different tests at different values of consolidation stress and test stress. The data comes up on a graph over here which shows the effect of the stress the measured strength of the material versus the test stress that we use for a range of different consolidating stresses and on here what we see is what are known as the yield loci for the powder for different consolidation stresses. They're fitted with Moore's circles as shown and then from that analysis we calculate what is known as the flow function of the powder and the flow function is the unique fingerprint of the powder that relates its strength to the stress that has been applied to it. So by using this instrument and making that measurement of powder flow function we can then determine how large an outlet is required on a hopper or a feeder or a silo to get reliable flow with this material or alternatively we can use this the other way we use this very frequently and many of the users worldwide use it in this way for powder formulation optimization in other words adjusting the formulation of their powders and the manufacturing of their powders to generate as it were user friendly handling properties and that's one of the most popular uses of this but it's also widely used for quality control as well checking from batch to batch with powders that powders have consistent flow properties and those consistent flow properties often mean then that the the powder has consistent processing properties in its use so it's used for for example measurement of the coffee grounds that go into the pods that go into into coffee makers because a consistent flow ability here indicates a consistent particle property which means that then when you make the coffee using the pod you get a consistent flavour from the coffee also used for many other industries as well in pharmaceuticals in in aggregates inquiring mining and so on as well so here we have the so-called powder spreadability tester and this relates to additive manufacturing or 3d printing manufacturing of components by taking powders and fixing the grains together to make a component rather than taking a block of metal and machining away what you don't want is very is a very fast growing trend in manufacturing lends itself very well to high value components and small production runs and so on so that's the powder spreadability tester moving on we talked yesterday about segregation and the ability of particles the natural tendency of particles to separate by size we referred to what we call free surface segregation where when you have a heap of particles the larger ones tend to roll to the bottom the smaller ones than to stay in the middle there is a different kind of segregation which occurs commonly in many processes called air induced segregation and this commonly happens where a powder blend may be for a pharmaceutical or food manufacturing typically is dropped down a shoot from one process to another and the counter flow of air causes the fines to be stripped out and this instrument captures and makes an objective measurement of that trend of the powder to separate by size so within this we place the powder in a hopper on the top here and it runs an automatic program that turns on an airflow drops the powder and then we separate the parts of this column and we measure the size distribution or chemical analysis or maybe taste or smell or whatever it else that is we're interested in between those separate segments so the machine works automatically it runs a test in a standard way and then that provides information to us really about how easily that powder separates and again we can use that either for improvement of processes or for improvement of formulations to reduce that problem in manufacturing size and shape analysis of the particles within a powder or bulk solid is very important because that controls critically many of the aspects of their behavior we have four different methods of measuring particle sizes and shapes here at the Wolfson centre all of which have their own advantages and disadvantages so the machine we have over here this is the optical size and shape analyzer this uses air to disperse particles onto a slide it then takes pictures of all the individual particles and produces for us an analysis of the distribution of the sizes and also the distribution of the shapes as well and then over here on this side we have a laser particle size analyzer so this uses diffraction of laser light the particles go into this dispenser here and in the machine the particles are projected in an air stream across a laser sheet and the diffraction of that laser light enables us then to determine the size distribution of the particles within that sample this is particularly useful for where we're dealing with extremely fine particles often for coarser particles we use sieve analysis and we have a sieve analyzer so the sieve analyzer is operated from the computer here and then this then gives us a simple print out of the size distribution of the particles within the analysis as we see here the principle of sieve analysis for size distribution measurement is to use a stack of sieves something like this with different size holes so we place them on top of one another we shake the sieves and the particles of different sizes stop on those different sieves now the old-fashioned way of doing this of course is to weigh these sieves put them together put the material in shake it and then take the part and weigh them again that's very labor intensive and very often we have dozens and dozens of sieve analyses to do for a project so we use a computer controlled robotic sieve analyzer here and the way in which this works is that we place the sieves inside the machine and we have a variety of sieves of different sizes in here largest at the top the smallest at the bottom and when we're ready to run what we do is to load the sample sample is pre-wade over here we place that in the machine and then we start the machine under computer control at the end of the cleaning cycle the machine brings all the clean sieves back together ready for the next analysis so here we have another method for size analysis by sieving that applies particularly to particles that are too fine or too cohesive to drop through a normal vibrating sieve under gravity and this we call our air swept sieve the way in this machine the way in which this machine works is that we have a variety of different sizes of sieves here but we can go down to much smaller sizes than on the ordinary shaker sieve this enables us to sieve down to about 12 microns and the way in which the machine works so as well as having the vibration on the sieve that goes in here it also has in here a device which projects an airflow through the sieve while the vibration is being applied and that enables us to encourage a flow through the sieve of particles that would otherwise either ball up or stick on the sieve and there are many advantages of sieve analysis one being that it's a particularly direct and reliable way of sizing particles but obviously this extends the reach of that technology so some other different characterization techniques as well which we use here quite widely this is the poured and tapped bulk density tester so we put a sample of powder in here and after tapping it we see how the bulk density varies and this is a common test used in many different industries to determine the bulk density for the equipment design but also to look at how bulk density changes with tapping which gives us a measure of the powder behaviour so we take the measuring cylinder and we would weigh out a certain quantity of material and having weighed this material we would put it in the cylinder here read off the volume as poured place it on the machine and we would allow that to run for a designated number of taps it's interesting to note that different industries have different standards for the number of taps used and then we can see the change in the volume that occurs here and hence we can obtain both the initial poured density the settled tap density and the ratio between the two which is often known as the housing ratio then we have the so-called texture analyzer here this is essentially a computer controlled press which enables us to apply a vertical force a vertical movement and measure the force so we can use this for compacting materials again to see how for example the bulk density varies with stress but also for larger particles we can put a fixture in here where we can actually break the particles and measure the individual particle strength which is important in many instances moving on this is the particle attrition tester in a small scale so this we use to measure the tendency of particles to break during impact again so inside here we have a rotating disc particles are fed in through the through the funnel into this rotating disc here they come down the channels accelerate out and then they hit the targets in here we then pick up the broken particles and we can do a size analysis and therefore just see how much the particles break down so this again is a good method for measuring the breakage matrix of particles which we can use that information then to predict the level of breakage within a certain process or again we can use it to aid formulation by changing the structure of the particles in order to make them stronger more resistant to break down mixing is an important process for many particulate materials lots of particulate products are made of particles of different species that are blended together and this is one of a number of different types of mixing technology that we use that we test here at the Wilson Centre this is known as the turbulent mixer so the sample for mixing goes into the pot here and then that's put on the machine in order to blend it and as I say this is just one of many different mixing technologies that we experiment with here at the Wilson Centre because different types of materials require a different action in order to mix them effectively a very important aspect of bulk solids analysis is sample subdivision when we receive a large sample of material maybe from a customer's plant or perhaps from our own pilot plant this is much too large a sample to analyse whether we want to do sieve analysis flow property testing or anything like that now if we just put a scoop in and take some material out that is not going to be representative of the average of what's in the larger sample because in this larger sample we will have segregation the particles will naturally be separated by size so we need to find a way of subdividing this to obtain subsamples that are fully representative we use this machine here which is known as a spinning riffler so we have a hopper here a little feeder at the bottom and a number of bins here on the turntable material goes in the top and when we run this the material is fed out of the bottom of the hopper flowing down here in a first in first out discharge pattern or mass flow as we call it as the bins go round because they rotate continuously each of these bins receives multiple cuts through that large sample so each of these eight smaller subsamples is fully representative of the average of what we put in and therefore when we analyse this the results are meaningful in relation to the larger sample that we started with here we have a fluidised bed test rig fluidised bed processes are used in a very wide range of industrial applications where we need reaction between gases and solids catalytic cracking of crude oil to produce petroleum products is one of the best now but there are many many others as well so what we have here we have effectively a a cylinder glass tube in this particular case and in here we have our powder then from the bottom we introduce the gas as the gas flows up through here it causes movement and dilation of the powder and the intimate contact between the powder and the gas then gives us a very good reaction so whether we're looking at heating cooling chemical reaction or anywhere else where we want close contact between gas and powder for process purposes this technology is widely used and we can set this up to simulate the movement of the fluid bed and the process that is going on inside so you've had the short tour of our facilities here at the Wolfson Centre you've seen our extensive pilot plant facilities and our labs as well for characterisation and so on all of this equipment is available for use for industrial purposes for design projects for troubleshooting and so on if you come on one of our short courses you can come and see this in person or indeed on some of the courses you'll get your hands on and actually get to use some of this equipment and of course if you have requirements to deal with bulk solids where there is currently limited knowledge then we get involved in research through lots of different means as well so thank you for your time and bearing with me and I hope we get to meet sometime

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How to get inclusive growth started in fragile contexts? Panel discussion and guidebook launch

Fragile and conflict-affected states experience volatile economic growth, with significant consequences for human welfare. Fragile states tend to grow in booms and busts, with little correlation with institutional quality or state capacity. Economic growth, if it is sustained and inclusive, can lead a country out of fragility. On 9 June 2021 UNU-WIDER organized a panel discussion on the topic: How to get inclusive growth started in fragile contexts? The event will mark the launch of a new UNU-WIDER policy guidebook 'Deals and development in fragile and conflict-affected states' (published in June 2021). The guidebook is aimed at practitioners to deepen their understanding on how to incorporate political economy insights to understanding and intervening in fragile contexts. More details on the event at https://www.wider.unu.edu/event/how-get-inclusive-growth-started-fragile-contexts Download your copy of the book at https://www.wider.unu.edu/node/238709

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Welcome to the panel discussion on the topic, how to get inclusive growth started in fragile context. I'm Kunal Singh, the director of UNIWIDER. This event marks the launch of a new UNIWIDER policy guidebook, Teals and Development in Fragile and Confident Effective States, now available online and fully accessible on UNIWIDER's website. The policy guidebook will be presented by Eric Worker, who's a William Sehehl professor at the BD School of Business at Simon Fraser University, Canada, and non-resident senior research fellow in UNIWIDER. The presentation will be followed by a panel discussion with five eminent experts, which we chaired by Professor Patricia Justino, UNIWIDER senior research fellow, and an eminent scholar in conflict herself. By 2030, more than half of the world's poor will be living in countries characterized by fragility, conflict, and violence. Violent conflict conflict has increased to the highest level in the past three decades. Broad-based growth has the potential of delivering a double dividend for fragile and conflict affected states. Firstly, such inclusive growth processes can lift millions of the most dire living conditions that can be found anywhere in the world. Secondly, inclusive growth can lead to increased state capacity to deliver public goods that matter for development and contribute to the legitimacy of the state. By doing so, they can bring about political stability and essential precondition for a country to exit out of fragility and conflict. Unfortunately, sustained inclusive growth as politically legitimate is rarely observed in fragile and conflict affected states. So how does one get growth going in such states? In the policy guidebook, we provide a framework understanding the constraints to growth in fragile states that takes as a starting point, the premise that igniting growth in fragile states is not simply about fixing institutions. Ecocratic reforms will not work if one is not sensitive to the political context. Growth and governance interventions are inextricably linked and need to go hand in hand. The guidebook is designed to help advisors working with developing agencies as well as policymakers in fragile and conflict affected states to analyze country contexts, their own country context, and design interventions with the goal of enabling positive growth episodes that reduce fragility. The aim of the guidebook is to provide actionable levers of intervention to bring about ground reform and improve a fragile and conflict affected states chance of achieving transformative economic growth with an objective of building enduring peace and prosperity in the country. I will now invite Eric Worker to make his presentation on the framework and the policy guidebook. Eric, over to you. Thank you, Kunal, for the introduction and thank you to everyone in attendance for sharing some of your time today and looking forward to your insights on the challenge of inclusive growth in fragile states. So the work for this guidebook comes from a broader project that Kunal and I have been involved with, along with Lant Pritchett that we've been working on for a number of years, a project called Deals and Development. And in that project, we came together with a number of scholars from around the world and put together a framework and then a series of country case studies in which we took the framework and brought it to different countries around the world. And for that project, we started with three observations. The first is that the countries that we care about do not experience steady growth, the 2% per year that OECD economies like Finland or the UK might normally experience. Rather, what matters for those countries is growth episodes. In other words, a period of growth of five to 15 years in which a country grows at a normally consistent clip. And if we look at fragile countries in particular, we see that they're the slowest average growers with the highest level of variance. In other words, even though they're growing slower on average, at any given point, some of the fastest growing countries around the world are fragile. And as Kunal mentioned, institutions can't drive economic growth in the medium run. Sure, institutions are highly correlated with GDP per capita, but if you look at whether institutions today can predict growth tomorrow, there's very limited predictive power. Looking at fragile states, for example, if we take the slowest growing and the fastest growing fragile states, they have almost the identical level of basic state functions. A third insight that motivated this larger project is that policies don't imply implementation. As development advisors, we might work hard to come up with the right policy and suggest a law or set of regulations for a lower income country. But what research has found by Lantan others, is that firms don't actually face those rules, but rather a selectively enforced business environment. And that couldn't be more so than in fragile states. Go to the next slide. So what I'm gonna present today is a framework that builds off the framework in this book, available by the way for free downloads on the OUP website, in which we modify the framework to make it directly applicable to those who are working in fragile and conflict-affected states. Building off the IGC report that Adnan Khan, one of our panelists today, helped to contribute to in which they identify a number of characteristics of state fragility. And at its heart, this is a framework that is a political economy model of business government relations. And there are five moving parts. And in the guidebook and in this presentation, I'll briefly take you through those five different parts. But as you'll notice, we bring on some of the latest research over the last two decades in political economy and development and try to bring that into an actionable space that you as policymakers and advisors can hopefully sink your teeth into. So of the five moving parts, there's two that represent the political and the business interests. And those interact with one another to drive a set of government actions. The first set of actions is around the investment environment and the second is around investments in state capacity. And then together those interests working through those government actions, along with any external events or exogenous forces lead to a growth episode. But importantly, that growth episode then has a feedback loop back into those original business or economic and political interests as some constituencies are empowered by the growth episode while others will recede in power. Next slide, please. So the first piece of the framework that I'll describe is the rent space, which is the variable that we use to capture the business or economic interests in the country. And the key driving motivation here is that one shouldn't think of the private sector as a monolith with a single set of interests but rather different firms have different interests and different demands on government which will lead to different government actions in the future. And to simplify that a little bit, we divide the private sector into four different quadrants along two dimensions. The first is distinguishing what power business makes its profits. At one side, we have businesses that make their money through market competition that is through a better good or service than other businesses in a competitive marketplace. And in the other side are those businesses that achieve their profits through discretionary government actions that lead to regulatory rents such as allowing a monopoly to occur. And on the other dimension, are businesses in that country to sell stuff to the rest of the world using local factors of production or are they selling to the domestic market? So that gives us four types of firms. And just to take an example, workhorse firms, those that are in competitive sectors selling to the domestic market are gonna make demands of the state such as for better rules, more common infrastructure as well as investments in people's education that can allow them to be more productive. In contrast, power brokers, those that are selling to the domestic market but gaining their profitability through regulatory rents might actually benefit from a convoluted business environment that might show up as one of the lower ranked countries on the world's doing business indicators because that will provide barriers to entry that will allow them to take advantage of their unique relationships with those in power. And looking to fragile states, we're likely to see a higher share of renties and power brokers, those firms that are likely to advocate for the types of policies that will not lead to inclusive growth. Next slide, please. Our political interests is captured by the well-known construct of the political settlement that has been used in development circles for nearly two decades. Did John and Putzel summarize Mushta Khan's work in this space describing the political settlement as the balance or distribution of power between contending social groups and classes on which any state is based? Now, as an economist, I think of the political settlement as I sort of imagine a bunch of political actors who have what Khan calls some underlying holding power and you don't need 100% of all political elites in a coalition in order to govern. Rather, some subset of those will be governing and they just have to provide enough carrots and sticks to those who are on the outside to sustain that political settlement. Now, if we look at fragile states, one of the characteristics as mentioned in the IGC report is that violence or by non-state actors is present. And what we found looking across several case studies is that rather than always leading to instability, violence can also help sustain a political settlement by allowing those who are inside to use coercive action in order to maintain access to politics and also enabling the business actors who they can basically tap on to provide political finance in exchange for protection. A second feature of state fragility that's relevant to the political settlement is that societal divisions are more common in fragile states. And that just makes a political settlement harder to form and less stable when it's there. And next slide. So now we've got our economic or business and our political interests which feed back with one another by demands on government and then the needs of political actors to undertake specific actions. And one of those areas in which they undertake actions is in the investment environment which we capture through a concept we call the deals space. Here, recognizing that it's deals, in other words, firm or investment-specific arrangements that describe the business environment in fragile states. Now, we distinguish between ordered deals, that is deals that once made between a state and a firm, for example, are likely to be honored once they're made and disordered deals. That is the interests will come together and the deal will only be in place so long as those interests remain there. We also distinguish between closed deals, that is deals that are only available to those who are closely aligned with the regime and open deals that are available for anyone who's willing to play ball. An example of open disordered deals would be in the informal sector where small businesses are able to come and transact their business, perhaps as part of a membership in a loose-formed coalition with one inspector coming from the government in one week and another in a couple of weeks, but that doesn't allow those firms the sort of runway to be able to make long-term and significant investments. What we find is that many of the deals in fragile states are both closed that is only available to some as well as disordered which leads to a complex environment if you're looking to make more complicated investments. We also find, however, that across the rent space or across the private sector, there are some industries that faced more open deals than others as well as more ordered deals than others. And next slide, please. Okay, so we've got our business and political interests leading to government actions in the investment environment. And then the second category in which government actions are occurring are in investments in state capacity, specifically essential functions like infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Now, in some takes on state fragility where this is the common feature of state fragility of having low state capacity, the problem is seen as one of lack of capability or ability. And in our framework that couldn't be farther from the case, rather we see low investments in state capacity as a deliberate response to the political logic of the business and the political elite. In the case of fragile states, there might not be a demand for it from business actors, power brokers and wrongties who dominate the space in fragile states don't require more effective inputs of human or physical capital for profitability. Similarly from the political side, the political settlement might be sustained through repression and patronage rather than competence and performance. If that's the case, none of the elite are really seeking to increase investments in state capacity. Next slide, please. So now we've got our interests and our government actions which lead to growth episodes. And we're not just interested in the change in economic growth or GDP per capita, that's one of the features of the growth episode would be the number of years and the average rate of economic growth of an episode. But we're also interested in two other features of the episode. One is the change in legitimacy that the government has to undertake what scholars would call coercive action. And then the other is the change in structural transformation that is going from producing fewer and simpler things to more and more complex goods and services. Now our research in the book project showed that when we observe a growth acceleration that is a growth episode that suddenly fast or medium coming out of a period of stagnation or decline, that that comes usually from a switch from disordered to ordered deals. In contrast growth maintenance going from one positive growth episode to another tends to be driven by open and ordered deals. So in other words, what starts growth leading to order might not perpetuate, which is open. State capacity we don't find necessarily as a driver of the GDP growth rate itself as I mentioned earlier, but it's more likely to be involved in the legitimacy as well as the level of structural transformation as those are investments in the underlying factors of production of capital and human capital. Now looking at growth episodes in fragile states how could we make sense of observing a country growing at eight or 10% per year and then possibly seeing that country return to state fragility? Well, in our framework, there are what we call negative feedback loops that bring about negative consequences for increase of growth. So the growth could be driven by closed deals that are favoring Ranche and power broker firms which themselves aren't demanding much in terms of inclusive reforms from the state leading to limited investment in state capacity. And then you have a growth episode with reduced legitimacy and no or negative progress on structural transformation. So if a country growing like this over five to 10 years if you can imagine that feeding back into the business interests we would see further empowerment of those same segments of the economy that are not demanding inclusive growth. And in the political settlement reinforcing the existing status quo which all will reinforce the drivers of fragility in the first place. Next slide. So we promised some ideas for policies and I'll leave this to most of this to the panelists as well as if you'd like to download the guide and look there's some suggestions in each of the different areas on potential policy interventions and also things to avoid. But let me just mention the first one here which is to consider sector development activities in workhorse and magician industries those in which businesses are competing against one another. And the idea here isn't just to create new income per capita which could be create some sort of social surplus though that's a good thing but rather the motivation in our framework is to create new constituencies that is new business interests who will be in favor of inclusive reform hopefully demanding improvements to state capacity and a more open deals environment. Thanks very much. Thank you very much Eric for such a close provoking presentation. And thank you Conal for the kind introduction. For those of you that join a bit later my name is Patricia Giustino. I'm a senior research fellow here at UNYWIDE and I have the great honor of chairing the next panel with five exciting speakers and experts on this area of research. I'll let me start by introducing them to you. First we have Adnan Khan who is the academic director and professor in practice at the School of Public Policy at the London School of Economics. Adnan previously served as research and policy director of the International Growth Center and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School. We then have Aloisius Uche Ordu who is a senior fellow and director of the African Growth Initiative in the Global Economy and Development Program at the Brookings Institution. He held previous senior positions with the African Development Bank and the World Bank. Our third panelist is Ankh Hovla. Ankh is also of some of the most influential academic studies on conflict and she's currently a professor of development research at the University of Konstanz in Germany where she holds the prestigious Alexander von Huwold professorship. In fourth we have Frank Busquay who is the deputy director at the Institute for Capacity Development at the IMF. He was also previously the senior director of the World Bank's Fragility Conflict and Violence Group. And finally we're very happy to have with us Miko Martini. Miko is a political governance advisor with the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office in Somalia. Welcome all and thank you so much for joining us for this important discussion on how to promote growth in some of the most difficult settings in the world. I'm gonna start this panel discussion with Admir and then follow with the other panelists in the order of the introductions. And what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna ask a question to which one of you and we agree that everyone would speak for about five minutes. And in the meantime, all participants and welcome for joining us which I see you have a very large number of attendent attendees. Please add your questions to the Q&A function. The chat is not working so you need to add your questions to the Q&A and I'll be monitoring those during the panel and then open up the discussion after all the panelists interventions. So let me then start with Admir. Admir, we just heard Eric reflecting on the challenges of establishing inclusive growth in conflict affected in fragile countries. And you yourself have called the very influential report on escaping the fragility trap by the LSE Oxford Commission on straight fragility growths and development. Based on what you have heard from Eric and your own work, what do you think makes economic growth and development initiatives so challenging in fragile states? Over to you. Thank you, Patricia. And thanks to the organizers for inviting me and congratulations on making a very important contribution. But given the names on this report, Eric, Kunal, and Landt, one couldn't expect any less. So thank you, Patricia, for asking the question. I don't need to motivate the question that fragile states are important. And but let me start that we know very little. We have a very limited understanding of both about how to generate economic growth in developing countries in general, but fragile states in particular and how to go about the business of state building it. So basically we are looking at a history of mostly failure. And it could be a failure of national sector, but I would also say in case of fragile states, it's mostly also a failure of international sector. The strategy that we have been generally following has not worked. And in economic growth also, we have very limited understanding of what ignites economic growth, how it is maintained. And also in terms of thinking about a structured analytical framework for thinking about episodes of economic growth. And that's why I think this particular book makes an important contribution. We do have a large literature on economic growth from solo, the endogenous growth models and others. The question is how do we apply those to the developing countries and especially the fragile countries where as Eric mentioned, the question of economic growth is inextricably linked to the other dimensions. It's basically a syndrome of fragility, an environment where we have weak state capacity, weak state legitimacy. We have also very limited private sector participation. And I will also say that partly our limited understanding is because of the flawed models or the understanding that we have about these countries. And especially coming to fragile societies and one quick clarification, I think as mentioned in the report is at least some of the international works is obsessed about this binary distinction between fragile and non-fragile. I was glad to see that the book and we also do that have the same approach. Thanks of fragility as a continuum and the dimensions of fragility and not just like either or a zero one state. But it's partly also because although we have some technocratic knowledge, in fragile states, it's the reality of politics also which has to be seen with the technocratic knowledge that we have on economic growth. And that's where lies the, especially in the policy implications of it, lies most of the failure of how to kickstart growth. Basically, what we have been doing is to infer how to kickstart growth or how to build a successful state from the current characteristics of successful states. What I would call the curse of Denmark. If Denmark has done it, it's a successful state. Let's copy Denmark. Now Denmark hasn't become Denmark by being Denmark. It has gone through a very messy history of making all kinds of adjustment, political settlements, adjustments over the period of centuries. And ignoring that, what I'm, is completely counterproductive. What I'm trying to say is an approach that ignores history, initial conditions and politics is not going to work. Both history and initial conditions and politics are inextricably linked. And that's where I think this book makes an important contribution in linking the literature on economic growth with the literature on politics and institutions, both Asim Adlur Robinson, North Wallace Weingast, but also Dijon Putsul and Khan and taking it forward and having an analytical framework that links those together. Why this matters in practice? Let me give an example. My colleague on the Frijal State's work, Rafat Alakali, was a minister in the post Arab Spring government in Yemen, a government facing huge challenges, very limited, like legitimacy, but also facing crisis. And there was a huge, very high citizen expectations about what the government could deliver, coupled with very limited capacity of what the government could actually deliver. And the reason these call it like these flawed frameworks could be debilitating is the government had resources, some resources, but they were asked, in this case, by international community to come up with almost a perfect PPP law, a law on public-private partnership, before they could actually spend that money. And so after a couple of years later, after many, many iterations of that law, yes, they came up with, maybe I wouldn't call it perfect, but as close to perfect as they could get. But the perfect was the enemy of the good. By that time, they had lost their political legitimacy. The government was out of power by the rebels who exactly used this argument, here is the government that doesn't deliver. And the rest, as you know, is history. I could go with examples like this from other contexts also. I worked in Africa quite a lot, South Sudan before the Civil War, one of the major donors was forcing them to adopt a carbon reduction as their core strategy. And at that time, South Sudan had many other priorities as you can imagine. And similarly, I can give example from other contexts also. So I like this book with the realism that it brings along with the framework. And also with the country-state case studies. To me, it's more of a case of like, given the messy world of politics, how do we think of, call it, honorable growth enhancing political deals that are actually honored in practice exposed? So that's one way of thinking about it. I like that quote a lot. I also have a couple of, call it like questions, the queries or reflection points of reflection that I hope Kunal and Eric, whether today or later could come up with something. One is this book focuses primarily on kick-starting and maintaining economic growth while taking the other dimensions of fragility as given. And so one question is, how do we think of this? How do the authors think of this interaction between the initial conditions, between the politics and the economics? This could vary at different times. But in other words, how much can we maintain or think of this separability between the other conditions and about the economic strategy which could be growth promoting? This could obviously vary with the conditions and I give you one example so to make it maybe more complete. One of the most insightful testimonies in our commission on fragility came from the Tunisian minister, Hedi Larbi in the post Arab Spring government where again they had very limited no government of national unity, limited legitimacy, faced by Islamists on the outside, huge pressure on them and very, very limited capacity to deliver. And how do we prioritize? And many from the international and other communities came up with long list of things that they could do to promote growth, to promote like other things. They had very, very, very limited political space. They ultimately ended up doing something which was not on any of those lists, which was they ended up as their top priority for the next limited time, few months, as cleaning the mosque. So an agenda that the outsider, the Islamic student object to which gave them some political legitimacy. In other words, an example of doing something that gives them quick win, small step that give them some legitimacy and some space that they would build on for doing longer term things. And I'm interested in knowing from how do the authors think about this like the medium-run growth strategy along with how do we build the political space for doing this? My last comment is again along the same lines about the policy implications of their work which I personally find is quite interesting. In other words, like in thinking about how to move from an unstable disorder and political environment marked by disorder deals to a stable political environment marked by ordered deals. What concrete actions can be taken by policy makers? Again, the book talks about principles at the right which is the right approach because you can't be too prescriptive about how each country would do. I agree. I think that's the right. And the specific examples in the trip has go into more details. But even at the level of the principles, how do we think about like about the policy space and who is the audience? What role can international actors and other actors can do and what role can national actors can do? Which is also, I would also say the book and I think Eric also mentioned a little bit which is what concrete actions can be taken by insiders both in normal times. And here my, this is more of what I find quite useful is not only the framework that the book has used, I find all of those like fascinating and very useful but also using a Basile-Bersam framework of how do we build state capacity in environments marked by fragility and how do we move, escape the fragility trap by making specific investments and under what conditions different societies make those investments in legal capacity and in collective capacity, in fiscal capacity and how does that promote economic growth? So some reflections along those lines would be great. Let me stop it. Thank you. Again, I congratulate the authors for making a very important contribution. Perfect. Thank you very much and you've made my life easier because some of the questions are also part of the questions I have for the panelists. Also we'll make Konal and Eric's life a bit easier also answering some of these. Let's then move to Aloysius. And you have a wealth of experience working in some of the context that Eric and Konal mentioned in their piece. And one of the issues that was emphasized in Eric's presentation is the role of elites which also links to what I just discussed as well. And I wonder if we could explore this a little bit more. In your view, how should state capacity be developed when elite interest may not necessarily align with developing state capacity? There may be an inherent interest in keeping state capacity low. What are your thoughts and in your experience have there been any successful policies that could address this challenge which is pretty prevalent in a lot of the context we're talking about? All right, thank you. Thank you very much. And first of all, let me thank Eric for the presentation. And of course, my friend Konal for inviting me to this panel. It's great to see the other panelists and to appreciate the point already indicated by Adnan. First and foremost, the topic we're dealing with today from the perspective of the African continent is a very, very serious one. Because what are you talking of the IMF? You're talking of the World Bank? You're talking of the African Development Bank? Or any other institution? It's quite clear that the largest numbers of fragile states are on the African continent. This is clearly a very, very serious problem. The Institute of Security Studies in South Africa, for example, in their projection, estimated that by 2050, more than one billion Africans, about half of the projected population of the continent at that time would be living in fragile states or situations of fragility. This is really scary. And it puts, it's quite numbing when we think of the issues that Eric outlined in the approaches in the book, which I found very, very helpful. And when you look at the fact that these many people are going to be living in fragile states or situations of fragility on the African continent, it has tremendous consequences, not just for the African continent itself, but for the global economy as a whole. Back in the 19th century, 12 million able-bodied Africans were marched out of the continent in slavery. Today, we have many, many African youths leaving Africa on a treacherous journey, many of them ending up in the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea and those who make it to Europe and elsewhere, the United States, et cetera, for in search of better life. Why are they doing this? A number of factors that encapsulated in the point Eric made in the book and with the other authors, state capacity is weak in their countries of origin. Take my own country, Nigeria. The concentration of fragility was the Northeast because of the problems with Boko Haram. Today, you see that fragility has moved from the Northeast of the country to the Northwest and now there is also the challenge between the nexus between climate change and fragility and as farmers move south, all kinds of insecurity. Whether you're talking of Northern Mozambique, you're talking of the Central African Republic or the central part of the continent and of course the Sahela, say hope. So this is the subject matter of this book is really, really important because for the continent in particular, as I mentioned, the challenges are enormous and it's not obvious to me that we've found a magic bullet and then your question is very clear that the interests of the elite and I'm not even sure that we found a compelling example where the elites themselves have done something to address the issue of fragility. One that comes to mind, of course, is we would go back to 1994 when clearly if you are talking of fragile states on the African continent, you could not include a wonder, right? But fast forward to today, you know, back to your question, Patricia, fast forward to today, the elite, the leadership of the country, the recognition that state failure is at the heart, the institutional failure to deliver goods and services for the children, the women and men of these countries. It's at the heart of the whole thing. And so we could cite that, if you like, as an example of where elites have actually taken this seriously and transformed their country by building basically institutions of governance, restoring the institutions of government. If you take side by side next door with Burundi, where that has not happened, then anybody's list you care to mention on fragility, Burundi's included, but Rwanda is not. So that's directly to your question. So some of those characteristics in terms of armed conflict and violence that threaten citizens, the inequality, the exclusion of a majority of the population, and of course, weak governance. These are explosive cocktails, the so-called fragility trap or syndrome as others have referred to it. And I agree with Anand, particularly that history, we ought to learn from history. Important to consolidate state security, that's what we've learned from Europe and elsewhere. Important to build capacity, that's what we're also learning as in the case of Rwanda, et cetera. The transformation to greater inclusion. These are all lessons of history from all world regions. But in Africa, all these things are happening simultaneously. And the state is constantly on the challenge. A couple of the challenges Eric mentioned, and I see Frank is also here because most of the work he did, not to steal his thunder at the World Bank, basically hammer home this point. These countries, these things are happening simultaneously. So where does Africa go from here? It's really the question, what to do? First of all, fragility is not cast on cement, right? It's not cast on cement because if you have domestic ownership and commitment, which is the starting point to move the agenda forward, then things happen as you contrast South Sudan and say Rwanda, right? That domestic ownership and commitment is missing in South Sudan. Whereas that wasn't the case in Rwanda. There are other, there's no shortage of what international financial institutions should do. In fact, many, many years ago in 2014, the African Development Bank itself Rwanda Donald Kabiruka commissioned a panel which was led by Ellen Johnson-Seliff at that time on what to do on the fragile states of the continent. Whether you look at World Bank's own recommendations, IMF, these institutions have made similar recommendations, which is where I find this book that Eric outlined today very, very helpful because the political economy dimensions often at the heart of the matter. Let me just end with one remark and that is really a question for the authors themselves because there is this sense that we often see fragility not as a, I mean, we see fragility as a category of states, we list them. But in my experience on the African continent, it's important that we don't see fragility as a category of states as such, but as a risk inherent in the development process itself. Because when I left Nigeria, Nigeria was not a fragile state. When I talk of my own country today that are just situations of fragility, raring its ugly head everywhere. So that as we pass through these development processes, what do the authors see in terms of the classification of the main culture, rather than here are a bunch of fragile states? Perhaps it's a risk inherent in development. I'll leave it at that. Thank you very much. Thank you very much and I couldn't read more. I mean, we have plenty of examples of developed countries with pockets of fragility and conflict. But talking that for now, let me move to Anke. Anke, you've researched many of these challenging topics for many years and an interesting thing is, or maybe a trade-off that we might be observing here is in the literature, we often have shown that adverse economic shocks can increase the type of violence. However, can economic growth interventions reduce that threat since effectively higher economic growth may increase the overall pie, hence the rent space that Eric referred to, and potentially also increase the threat of violence from actors outside the existing political settlement? How do we square the circle? Thank you very much. Sir, this is a hard act to follow on Adnan and Aloysius. Maybe he shouldn't have left Nigeria and it would have been more stable, sir, as a question of causality here. And of course, on the sidelines, I've sought off, I was still in Oxford when Adnan and others were busy with the LSE Oxford Fragility Commission and produced a big report and also a lot of interesting countries studies. So what I liked about the LSE Oxford approach and also, so while I was in Oxford, Lant Pritchard, so I became more familiar with Lant's ideas on deals and development. So what I like about both approaches is that this isn't economists sort of solving a problem. But because in economics, a lot of things are easy. You need more investment in physical and human capital. You need technological progress and voila, you've got growth. I mean, we understand these models, yeah? But at the core of these problems, and this is what I like about these sort of fragility or approaches to fragility is our political problems. And unless we solve these and tackle these, we will not have growth. So we need to work across the disciplines and really learn from each other what expertise everybody can bring to the table. And I think the sort of complete dominance of economists in this area has got to stop. And I think these are very good signs, yeah, that people are opening up and sort of saying, okay, these are the problems we could use for the address, but there are other issues we need to sort of open up on. So what I find also helpful as a way of thinking about things is a very simple triangle that was proposed by Sam Boles and Wendy Carlin, published last year, where they look at governments and markets, so these sort of main elements that you were talking about today, but then also this sort of relationship to civil society. And Adnan was already talking about this, yeah, you need buy-in and trust, and you have to reinforce these sort of these deals that have to be honored. It's sort of our honor ideal, because I think you are trustworthy because it's a reciprocal arrangement. You can't regulate everything. You need buy-in from the population, yeah, from civil society. And how do you do this? Well, different things will work in different places. And Adnan already cited the Clean the Mosques initiative, yeah, that incidentally also didn't cost very much. So it isn't necessarily about investing a lot of money. You need to find an entry point. So what are the main functions of a state? So a state has to provide security and a state has to provide something that enables individuals to lift themselves out of poverty. And of course, these two things are interrelated, yeah, and a lot of people are, you know, coming in rickety boats and try and cross the Sahara Desert and are being terribly traumatized. Even those who make it and don't die on the way, they are enormously in debt to their own families, to other people have been very often brutalized during their journey. And why are they coming? Because they neither have peace nor prosperity where they come from, yeah, or to varying degrees. And incidentally, of course, you know, there's sort of like continuum of fragility is an important way of thinking about it. Okay, but for me at the core of this is really how do you get security? And in post-conflict situations, you very often have an opportunity, a window of opportunity to have security sector reform. Because very often the army and the police are part of the problem, they're not solutions to the problem. So you need to sort of start there, but none of these security sector reforms can be successful unless they're embedded in a wider political agreement here, yeah. Now, rebuilding an army. So for example, in Somalia, the army isn't really totally on the state side. There are a lot of, there's a lot of infiltration. You don't have an army that really wants to fight al-Shabaab and so you won't really get security here. So, but in principle, you should be able, in terms of building an institution and building it on merit, the army should be a good starting place. Because soldiers, you can, they have to be young and fit and capable of fulfilling these tasks. So it might be a very good exemplary institution within your state apparatus, because I mean, virtually every country has got a standing army to sort of instill the idea that there should be recruited on merit. Police is very often much more problematic in fragile countries. Typically they are over-armored because the worry about the elites is always they will be toppled over. So the army has got a slightly different role to how we would maybe like to have it in a non-fragile situation. The police is very often seen as corrupt and incapable of sort of unwilling to stop violence. And this can be very dangerous because if you look at Latin America there, the danger doesn't come from armed conflict any longer. I mean, it used to be a big problem, but it comes from within it. So hollowing out of the state, it's the narco-trafficking that is so lucrative, and you can't really do it without help from within the state. And parts of West Africa are already there, I think, where there's a lot of trafficking of illegal drugs going on. Okay, so the question was, so it's quite clear that these adverse shocks, as we've also heard from Aloysius, adverse shocks give you armed conflict. We've done lots of people have done research on this, but there's an asymmetry. So if we've got growth, do we then, I think there's an asymmetry, sorry. So if we get growth, do we then stop the whole process? And I think that's unfortunately less likely to be the case because in a lot of, let me stay with African countries, a lot of African countries have seen growth because of primary commodity booms. And that does not give you that sort of inclusive growth. And it also doesn't give you a good opportunity for policy reform. Policy reform happens in times of need, not boom. And so I think you shouldn't let a good crisis go to waste as the silly joke goes. And sort of try and... So in a sad way, this doesn't help you to sort of generate that this growth that came more or less from a global perspective to help you with your more localized problem. Let me end on one thought that I find quite important to discuss. As we are going forward with greening our economy and digitalizing after this pandemic or through this pandemic and after the pandemic, we will need a lot of natural resources, so rare earths. They're not rare, it's just, they are everywhere in the world, but you just profitably mine them in a few places. And for all these lithium batteries, there are quite a few places in Africa where there's going to be more mining. And that might be very good for global climate change, but it might cause even more local instability. And I'd like us all to be mindful of that and address these issues as we move forward to greening the global economy. Thank you. Thank you very much, okay? And I'll park for a moment at your point about growth and come back to that in a minute. But let me now move to Frank. Frank, you led the World Bank's Fertility Conflict and Violence Group at the time when the bank moved more decisively towards working in these political difficult environments and now at the IMF. In your view, what is the role of development partners including natural donors in promoting growth and stability in these contexts and what can effectively be done to support economic growth or different types of economic growth that we just heard discussing without increasing the risk of violence? Sure, I will have the answer to these questions. But thank you very much, Patricia, for inviting me. Very happy to be at this event, joining some old colleagues, not all by the age, but from the provenance institution. So very happy to see you all, really. Now, two quick points I would like to make. And by the way, I actually fully agree with many, many points that have been raised before. I think the whole point about the Fajiti trap, the whole point about having a tailored approach, looking at drivers of Fajiti, not making some assumptions that make sense in some less fragile context, I will come back to it. So I just want to already say where I stand on this notion. Humility is also important. I don't think, I think we unfortunately have more failures and difficulties, at least in a short medium term, then success and recognizing the leadership and the momentum like Professor Coley used to say is actually critical. So already, so that you know where I stand here, basically the some of the key principle that I think are quite important. Two quick points because I think it was a little bit raised by Alousius, but I would like to come back to it, especially at the time of COVID-19. I mean, if you look at what happened over the past decades, you really have a level of violence that have been at their 30 year peak. You really have, we have about today 80 million people that are forced displaced. I think the last statistic that I saw is that the world population living 60 kilometers from a major conflict event had doubled to 220 million since 2007. So the situation was actually quite already serious. Now with COVID-19, it's actually even worse. When you look at the conclusion that we just did some internal analysis, you have debt and inflation that are really rising. I have the numbers here, public debt in federal states rose by almost 16% points to 76% of GDP last year. And the debt as well have been increasing in all those countries. So the whole point is that today, and that's why this event is so timely, federal states, and I will come back to the definition and categorization as well. But in any case, whatever list you take, they are really a significant risk offering behind non-FCS. And it's not only about economic aspects, it's the whole point is that you have countries that are impacted by fragility, conflict of violence or active conflict. They really have a new threat posed by the COVID-19 which is exacerbating some current grievances, inequalities and gaps in institutional capacity. So really the key question for all actors today is how to help authorities, countries to build back better. We can talk about green recovery. We can talk also about inclusive growth and making sure that we tackle key grievances. I think it was mentioned just now by anchor. It's during tough time that you also can take some focus on some key reforms. Just on these notions about the categorization for federal states, non-federal states, I think actually the key point is for national and for international actors is to focus on those countries that are not yet fragile. Looking at Birkin Faso eight years ago, which was on no list, whatever list you can consider, but basically you could see that definitely there was a potential for increasing inequalities. And then when you can look at the end of the day, all the non-state actors, Islamist groups, they are coming to a space where there is actually a lack of support from authorities and lack of social contracts. And therefore very important to look at this early warning system, to look at this trend in inequalities. It's not only poverty, we know it from the Arab Spring. I think it was mentioned when you mentioned also when it was done with Adil Abi Indonesia and so on. And the whole point is to say, how can international actors not focus just on fragile states, but focus on the non-fragile states and look low income, middle income, what are some of the trend and how can different actors with different mandate can actually focus on those issue before it leads to an escalation of violence and conflict. So you see, I'm not too much into where we have a list that's really the key list to be adopted worldwide. The opposite, there is a continuum. Obviously it goes low income, middle income. Why do some institutions have those lists to make it super clear? Because at the end of the day, it helps to focus an institution on a specific set of countries that really have, as we have heard right now, a different type of issue. When there is no security, no rule of law, significance, government challenge, yes, this actually requires a tailored approach. And that actually leads me to my last point, which is to say, what does it mean? It means that in this context, it's very important to recognize the importance of the drivers of fragility that need to be embedded when you design program. The bank, as you may know, is now asked to carry out what we call risk-resistant assessment in all federal states. This is good, because at the end of the day, you need to ensure that when you design program of development, but there will also financing program from the fund and other key actors, you are going to fully understand what are the source of resilience, what are the key drivers of fragility. At the end of the day, it's not only about macroeconomic stability, it's about inclusive job and helping countries to exit fragility. And the whole point is, how can we better tackle all international actors, those key drivers of fragility. I think there are a few, about the point about tailoring the support and that's why there is some list. It's also recognizing the importance to adapt the support to the environment. When you're looking, and that's really the whole point about tailoring. So it means that, for instance, when you're going to have the need for reform, you need to obviously look at gradual pace for fiscal adjustment. They will need to take into account the capacity, the vulnerabilities, but also what are the costs needed for cohesion building initiatives. For the whole point about focusing on those countries in at this time, is actually like I was mentioning, Professor Coley, who is always insisting rightly on it, is about looking at the pivotal times. Reform may be good, but may not be actually the right recommendation at this time. And therefore trying to better understand again, the political economy, drivers of fragility, and that's why cooperation between all actors, even you maintain actors, the bank, the firm, bilateral agency is so important to have a well-informed and good understanding about the situation on the ground and be able to have a tailored approach when pushing for reforms or providing financing. So I will just stop here, but I think my message is three, four. One, today is actually getting worse with COVID-19. If not only in terms of economic situation, it's actually in terms of exacerbating inequalities. So we talk a lot about divergence, divergence between countries, but also within countries. And my second point is to say more and more, I'm very happy to see this, you see more about the importance of humility, recognizing the importance of partnership, meaning having more presence on the ground, making sure that we focus more on the how and not the what, making sure that we can leverage assessment for all the organizations, especially focusing on the political economy, drivers of fragility, and ensuring that we have a tailored approach, meaning that fully consistent of this recognition of the situation on the underground and the different constraints that countries are facing and something that could work very well in Denmark, which was mentioned, that's why I mentioned again, may not be at all appropriate at a specific time for another countries. Let me stop here at the stage. Thank you, thank you very much. And picking up on those points, let me now turn to Nicole. Nicole, the SCDO country office in Somalia has, I assume, to grapple with these difficult questions at the very practical level on a daily basis, and therefore pragmatism may be more important than ideal policies, which is a point that has been made by almost all panelists. All panelists have also mentioned by now the issue of quality of growth. In your opinion, is there a difference between good growth and bad growth in the sense of growth that leads to a further reduction in political legitimacy and state capacity? And can we prevent bad growth at all? Or are there shades of bad growth that we can support provided that violence can be prevented? Yeah, thank you for that great and very tricky question and also to Kunal and Eric and the team for inviting me to participate here. I think much of what I will say about this really picks up on the excellent points that have already been very eloquently made by the panel so far. I mean, I think the fundamental thing to say here and really is picked up very clearly in the framework that Eric presented is that growth, of course, can be bad in that it can be part of a system that retains instability. And I think this is the sort of fundamental point that I would want to make, which is that growth is essentially a reflection of existing political behavior. I think Adnan made that point as well. It's not separate from this, but the deals on the table both drive and then in turn are driven by these dynamics in this sort of mutually reinforcing set of relationships. And so we should probably not be all that surprised that we're political dynamics are unsettled and benefit from instability. That growth is a part of why that is the case. In trying to think about this and the sort of work that we've done in this space, I think there are sort of over, I would suppose a number of overlapping circumstances or sort of criteria. And these are picked up very well by Eric and others that when our present together would give a pretty good indication that a context is in this sort of negative feedback loop domain. So I think the first, and these have been said already, but it's the presence of a sort of narrow elite bargain or a political settlement that is pretty informed where elites are still vying for control. Two, where governance structures aren't really accountable to the public where citizens aren't the main source of legitimacy per se. Three is where security apparatus is very fragmented or where elites or private actors can deploy violence as a tool for where the state is new, is very weak or where you're dealing with a rentier state, which is certainly the case where I work. And finally, where you see these rents clustered in so-called power broker and rentier growth sectors as articulated in this framework without real scope for deriving profit from more competitive growth areas. I recognize there's probably other criteria, but I think when these things overlay, these are big red flags that we should be really paying attention to. And in these contexts, growth is probably a source of contestation and maybe generating rents into a system that is going to disincentivize the opening up of the political settlement or the establishment of the rule of law. And I just wanna touch briefly, as you mentioned at work on Somalia where I've worked for four years most recently, but in total six years. And I think this is really well illustrated in the Somali context. I mean, here you see rents very much clustered in these natural monopolies and there's a sort of fragile elite bargain which has predicated essentially on a division of spoils and a sort of clan-based power sharing arrangement, which agrees sort of ostensibly that dominant clans will enjoy relatively monopolistic control over rents in relative geographic territories. And those parties to this agreement, more or less have arrived in this because they have the ability to use and deploy violence. The state can't really check that. I think Anke made that point about Somalia, but in fact the state is actually often uses what limited access it has to a security apparatus to fuel these internal squabbles and shore up its own control in the system. So any rents that elites can seize upon really reinforce a desire to avoid establishing the rule of law or the sharing of power beyond this narrow group. I should just say quickly that this context is particularly marked by the presence of al-Shabaab which isn't always true in fragile states and is a powerful actor that plays into this political economy. And the sort of cumulative effect is that this essentially prevents and constrains in any really practical way any means for competitive or productive growth and that reinforces there's reliance on the capture of rents. So in Somalia fragility, it's not a consequence, it's retained with intent by these vested financial interests and it's secured to the use of threat of periodic political violence and conflict. And so I think that kind of brings us to this question of so what can we do about it? I mean, I think the question of prevention is really tricky. Where you see most of these dynamics you're probably already in the pot boiling and it's a question about how we incrementally make things better. I think Frank's point about humility is really important. There are no easy wins here. It's literally systemic. But I guess just to offer a few thoughts as we have been trying to think a little bit creatively about these things that I know others are as well. I mean, I think first cause there are no easy wins we need to really be good at and better at making sure our ambitions are realistic. In the context where we engage do we have actually not just a good sense of what Denmark looks like but what that next incremental step would look like? Do we have a vision for that ourselves? I think the second point is just to think about as we have these visions around trying to break away from these negative feedback loops and diversify into more competitive sectors this really needs to be done in recognition of these underlying power dynamics because if they're not addressed and worked with and through they can create new sources of conflict. I think the third thing is that in places where these entrenched dynamics exist an important bit of this is to keep a keen eye out to opportunities that may emerge but recognize that these will come with risks. And I keep thinking about the energy transition in particular and others have mentioned this. I mean, that could be an opportunity enforcing elites to look for new sources of generating rents in particularly in resource-dependent conflict affected states but equally that transition may encourage even shorter term rent seeking behavior. The next point I think I would just want to make is around thinking about whether there are entry points to reduce constraints placed in more competitive sectors. For instance, overlapping taxation, international sanctions and trade regimes, security challenges, all of these may constrain more competitive sources of generating profits themselves. So there may be entry points there. I think there's also within this and linked to this a point about revisiting and sense checking the role of the state itself and how we approach the sort of project of state building which can play into and exacerbate this dynamic. And finally, I think I would just say, there are big questions in this space. I think others have said this, but I think there's just a fundamental question about, is this pernicious cycle just part of a longer, non-linear but ultimately progressive process or not? Are these bad growth feedback loops actually perhaps not viable for the state in the longer term? And then I think there's a question to all of us is whether we are structured and set up and incentivizing ourselves in our own institutions to continue to ask us questions and make these assessments in a more kind of collective and collaborative way. Thank you. I'll leave it there. Thank you very much. And thank you to all for these great interventions. We're actually running a little bit late but then we have a lot of questions. So what I thought I would do is compiles the questions into sort of groups. So apologies if I'm not asking exactly the same question that you posted, but I'll try to compile them into topics that will be manageable for the speakers. And then I will give the pass on again to Eric and Kunal to react to both the questions from the participants and from the panelists. And then give everyone the opportunity to sort of come in and pick and choose whatever questions you'd like. So I can see sort of three broad areas of questions here. One, and it was asked by quite a few people is about the prerequisites for fiscal and monetary policy mix and also support for other sectors, for instance SMEs and other sectors. What are these prerequisites? And I guess this is also a question about prioritization and policy sequencing as pointed out by Adnan. So I was wondering if we could reflect a bit more on that. There is also a question about COVID. And I think it was Frank that already brought this issue into the discussion. I mean, as a response to the UN Secretary General, we saw a series of peace accords coming up, ceasefires coming up immediately after the start of COVID but by October, November conflict have returned to previous levels and it's probably getting worse now. At least in certain areas, that's what the date is showing. It's getting worse, violence is increasing. And this is because it's opened the opportunities for several opportunities to armed groups and various groups outside of the settlement. Are there also opportunities being open for inclusive economic growth in a situation like this? What's the role of COVID in promoting certain types of growth in fragile countries? And finally, there is actually quite a relevant question here on corruption and point well made that corruption is multi-dimensional as we know. What are your thoughts about the direction of causality between corruption and fragility, both corruption within the country and also spillovers from, I guess, neighboring countries or are in the same region? I think this is a lot for Eric and Kunal to absorb. So maybe we give them now the space to address all these issues and then maybe all the panelists then can have a few words about any of these issues that you'd like to pick up on. So Eric, do you want to go fast or you could pass on the Kunal too? Sure, let me say three things in brief. There's so many excellent points raised and I'm so grateful to our panelists and to our attendees for these really rich and interesting questions and discussions. Let me just say three things. One is that kind of around what is success in this framework? And I think it was raised by a number of the panelists. And in our framework, it's a very simple one which is can you achieve growth that's positive but that also brings about incremental improvements with a, I guess, a barely positive feedback loop because the one generates increasing prosperity at the individual and community level and then the other reduces the drivers of fragility and that would apply whether a country is labeled fragile or whether it's not labeled fragile but it still has those same underlying political dynamics. And a second which is kind of representing the humility that we bring to it. It's hard in 15 minutes to communicate that but essentially if you spend more time with the framework and with the larger book it's what we try to offer is more of a framing more questions than answers. So you get folks like Nicole who go into such level of detail and insight that the initial framing just can't do and it's to stimulate the types of questions and conversations and ideally work across disciplines as Anka mentioned that can generate those real local understandings of what the solutions might be. Let me turn it to Kunal because I'd like to hear from our panelists as well. Okay, so let me actually thanks so much Eric and Patricia. Let me actually go and address Adnan's brilliant question also what Alas has also asked also on the framework because I think it's a really important and cuts across on the discussion going on here. First, Adnan asked that do we see legitimacy and growth enhancing investments or policies separate? That's a great question because we haven't really spent too much time talking about this in the framework and Adnan, you're right. But one of the things we try to do in the framework is say, look, you as an economist or a growth advisor in FCT or any economists working in the multilaterals you should not see yourself as an economist prime in our new city of United States and think also outside the box when you look at what we need to do and the example you gave about legitimacy enhancing action in the case of the example you gave is a great example of how one should think outside the box because legitimacy enhancing actions help growth going because it leads to more volatile stability which is very important for getting all the deals on the table. So I think the point that I think we were trying to do in this policy guidebook and the work that we've been doing previously is to try to get the growth and the governance and humanitarian advisors in different agencies think together and work together because you cannot do this on your own. And I think that's a very so example you gave exactly what I think should lead to that kind of discussion among agencies working on federal states and thinking through thinking outside the box. The second point you made is how do we move from a disordered deals environment to order deals environment? And then of course, let's just raise the question of the example Rwanda. And I think one critical thing we know and this is not just the example Rwanda if you think about many of the success stories we have in the developing world the South Korea's, the China's more recently Bangladesh the incredible periods of Indonesia incredible periods of conflict at the beginning of their development process but they resolved that and they moved on. How did they do that? And one important lesson we can draw from all of the stories is that how the long-term horizons of the political elites gets elongated, it gets extended. So they can start thinking outside what kind of gains are we going to get from the rents in the next few months, next years to thinking about how can we get this our country going for the next 10, 20 years? So that process of extending the time horizon of elites to see beyond the short term gains from the rents that they might see in the economy now to looking at what might happen 10, 20 years from now is a very important transformation that you've seen for yourself in Rwanda. Now, how do we get that going? How does that happen? Very difficult to say. And previously actually sometimes it might happen in a way you may not want. In other words, suddenly the ransom oil might try out. Suddenly there are any other natural resources might try out. And then you might say, oops, we have a problem. What we were seeing in the short term extraction of the beginning of this rents is not possible anymore. Let's think about something else. So in actually sometimes crisis generates this kind of movement towards long-term horizons of elites. And that's why I think we should also think of crisis and opportunity and maybe even the pandemic could well be an example of that. Of how that can actually lead to an extension of the time horizon of elites exactly as I've already mentioned, the best the person work on how cohesive political decisions can be formed. So I think it's a really important point. And I don't think that there are good enough examples yet of how this can happen. Horizons of elites going much beyond the short term towards the long term. But I think we need to think about how that can happen and how the international community itself can try and trigger the sort of trigger or at least enable this kind of processes. So I think that's really important. The other thing I wanted to say is that I think the thing that's really, really I think came across in the discussion so far is that initial conditions, history, all that matter are very important. So we need to understand initial conditions and history very, very carefully. Because each of the subsystems you've seen so far we can move out of fragility itself. There are many very specific issue conditions and historical conditions that allow this to happen. And we need to understand that. And in other words, no one country that has moved out of fragility in the last 30, 40 years is the same as the other country. Each of them are different in their own way. And I think that is very important for us working in this area and the space to understand because often as economists, we don't think about those issues. And I think we think about a one-size-fits-all model which simply doesn't work. So I think that's the thing I think that are things which I think hopefully we're trying to contribute to in this policy guidebook, make us think through outside the box, think about trying to bring growth, governance, humanitarian advices together in one place, not a silos, thinking through together in one way. How do we get growth going? That is politically legitimate, that you can enhance it capacity, that can transform the economy in a way that's absolutely can think about growth for a longer term, not just for a short term. All of those things are very important. And I think that's one of the things that I think Eric and I were really wanted to do in getting the guidebook out to get this sort of conversation going. And I'm really excited to see that has happened to some extent in the panel so far. Thanks, Benji. Thank you very much, Eric and Kunal. Before I pass on to all the panelists because we have literally five minutes left but just to highlight there are questions here that we will pass on to Eric and Kunal on the difference between internal drivers and external drivers. Can we reflect more on external drivers? How do we define inclusive growth in fragile states? Is there other measurements that are new and coming up as well? How do we define fragility? So lots of questions around all these important areas around definition and also how do you sort of extend the framework as well? So we will pass on all of these to Kunal and Eric. Very grateful for all these questions. But now let me give the panelists 30 seconds each for final comments on how to promote inclusive growth in conflict-affected and fragile countries. Why don't we go in the reverse order and start with Nicole and then go around Frank on her hololuses and Anna. Nicole. Sure, thank you. And I should say my internet unfortunately cut out just when you were asking those questions, but I thought there were some really interesting questions I saw in the chat around the international drivers and the regional dynamics. And I just want to say that these are systems within systems. And I do think when we start to think about these interconnectivities, we need to start to also parse out the extent to which there are these regional and international drivers that also benefit from these stable instability dynamics and whether we are piecing those together. So when we talk about, and I really agree with this point that Eric and Kunal emphasize about working more systemically across our areas of specialism. And I think also getting to that place where we're expanding that to a more regionalized or internationalized approach. There isn't this false dichotomy between these states and then everything that surrounds them and the sort of global north, but I think they're sort of part of these systems. So working in greater totality is something that I also am really interested in doing. But just a big thank you for this and really interesting. Thank you, Frank. Just thank you very much, Patricia. Now, just to come back on the COVID-19 because we can look at potential for reform and we need to keep it very clear as well. I was trying to make the point that COVID-19 is having a devastating impact in those fragile states. They already had existing vulnerabilities. They have less capacity than others states to manage shocks. And clearly this is the notion of compound risk. I mean, we clearly see it in Somalia, Anke knows it better than anybody else where you have the triple shock, lockers, COVID and floods. So basically I just want to make it clear that recovery in those countries is going to be protracted. It's going to take time and it needs support more than ever. And it's about costational financing. It's about grants, but also it's recognizing, which was exactly the whole point about Eric presentation, that it has to be fully adapted. It has to be tailored, understanding the leadership, the momentum and the importance of design program that will be addressing this source of resilience and drivers of fragility. And we can talk more about what does it mean in terms of fiscal adjustment, in terms of reform, we've got some feedback from Annan and others, which are really in line with the key recommendation that we share as well. And Mr. Stop here. Thank you. Thank you. I'd also like to pick up on the opportunities that we will hopefully see through COVID. So let me make three quick points. So first of all, COVID of course exposed existing weaknesses. And in some countries, there's little trust in the healthcare system and little capacity to sort of deal with the donated doses. So for example, yeah, there were a couple of countries where lots of doses were actually incinerated, but then there were also countries like Malawi, but there were also countries like Ghana, okay, not a fragile state, but they used drones to sort of get the vaccines to remote areas and vaccination programs in the past in Africa have been very successful, yeah, for example, polio vaccination and so on. So let's be hopeful, you know, that with the nation from the outside, you know, this pandemic is also going to come to an halt in Africa. So it does lower income. Patricia and I are part of a study on a worldwide COVID study. I've put it in the Q&A section here, livewithcorona.org. So we know that this is really hard-hitting for people. So what sort of cash transfer programs can we think of? So for example, the United States has now got a sort of child benefit, yeah, universal child benefit for the first time. And that's also been, you know, made possible through the crisis, I think. So let's think of ways how we can sort of support people. And then the last one is that COVID has brought about quite a few policy experiments. So for example, countries have restricted movement, but they've restricted all sorts of other stuff as well. For example, alcohol sales. And we know that violence has gone down. So let's think a little bit more about these sort of public health implications beyond the virus. But this has been excellent to connect with all of you and also I saw so many interesting comments in the chat, yeah. So please reach out to us, most of us are on Twitter, and we can continue there. Yes, indeed. Hello, Mrs. Thank you very much. And I think that this has been a fascinating conversation. Two points, basically. I think that Frank and everybody here tuned in. We will all agree that one of the most difficult things we confront in fragile states is lack of data. I have not seen a rigorous economic data. Nor should I expect to see on households and firms desegregated, the role of women in our communities, et cetera, et cetera. So data is pivotal. Why is that important? Well, we're in 2021. And so technology, we should not ignore the role of technology, mobile phones and how we can use the new technologies to have access to data that until now, we were not able to. So that's one point going forward in terms of fragile states. And of course, second point, we tend to think obviously on state level and therefore interventions are driven by country-specific interventions. International cooperation at a time when there were tremendous challenge towards globalization and international cooperation. Africa marched in solidarity. If in doubt, see what the African, Africa CDC has done during the COVID. And so our interventions should also focus on continental and regional efforts. Many of the conversations we could have on the Sahel or in the Horn of Africa, it would be very difficult to have those conversations without regional entities. And we all know that many of these regional entities desire support and strengthen to capacitate them. So beyond the state level in the continent, I think these continental and regional entities should not be forgotten in any interventions we think about. Thank you very much. Thank you. And thank you for raising the point about data that hasn't been mentioned. I've spent the last 15 years of my life collecting data in the COVID zone, sometimes with the World Bank, but we're still not there. Adnan. Thank you. Two points. So one about prioritization and sequencing. So one piece of advice rather than thinking of grand strategies that can move fragile countries in one big leap to Denmark. I think we should be thinking about concrete, feasible steps, actions that can take these countries step by step towards greater capacity, greater growth and greater legitimacy and focus on those for each country. In other words, move the frontier and then move the frontier up as well. One comment on corruption, we should focus on corruption when it becomes a major cause of fragility and underdevelopment when it has macro consequences. And there's a role of international community there also don't give aid loans to the mobutus of the world, but also in terms of like tax havens and ownership registries and a number of other things, some of which are happening, actually happen. But also there is an obsession with corruption which is sometimes unhelpful. If it is seen in terms of rents that promote growth that become grieves in the system for promoting economic growth in the context of this book, maybe we need to think differently. But I would also say that the obsession with corruption in many cases also generates more unintended consequences, more harm than good. In my own work, I can show that the cure is often worse than the disease. And while we should think about corruption, we should also think about the unintended consequences of corruption control measures that we start with. Absolutely right. So now we are one minute over the time, but if I could ask all of you to stay for another few minutes with us, I would like to thank all the panelists and all the participants for the great questions and for the great interventions. And I will pass on to Kunal who will close this webinar. Thank you so much for everyone. Thanks, Patricia. I was actually also going to thank everyone who's taking part in this panel. So I was going to thank Eric for my long-term co-author for the policy guide to the presentation. Patricia for very able to chair the panel. And of course, panelists and non-analysts, Anke, Frank and Nicole, for your very insightful comments and for a very lively panel discussion that we had today. I also should mention that Eric and I received some great feedback on our framework and the policy guidebook from colleagues in the UK's FCTO. We had a workshop with them in February of this year. And thanks very much for our colleagues there for really, which has really enhanced the framework and the guidebook itself. And I just want to end by saying that the policy guidebook is just one part of wider extensive work on conflict, just one part. Patricia herself is leading a major project on institutional legacies of violent conflict. And we have more details on the website, lots of exciting work coming out soon in the next year or so. So do look at our website for publication and working papers on the project. Our first of our first major conference next year is on conflict. And the dates are 16 and 17 May. So please keep an eye out for calls and information about the conference closer to the time. So that's going to be very exciting. Hopefully all of you will be there for that conference. Thanks to everyone who attended the event and I hope to see all of you in a future wider event very shortly. Thanks. Thank you so much.

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Cynthia Nixon's Acting Career Post 'Sex and the City'

Actor and director Cynthia Nixon, best known for her role in Sex and the City, explains to Catie Lazarus how the show helped her become a "bankable actor." Want more Employee of the Month? • Hear our full conversation on the Employee of the Month podcast on iTunes: http://apple.co/1DFlitt • Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more videos: http://bit.ly/EOTMyt • Attend a monthly live taping of Employee of the Month at Joe's Pub Connect with EOTM:  Website: http://employeeofthemonthshow.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/EOTMS Twitter: http://twitter.com/CatieLazarus YouTube: http://youtube.com/monkeysareadorable iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/employee-of-the-month/ Recorded March 19, 2015 at Joe's Pub | Audio mixed by Josh Rogosin | Video by Lucas O’Neill, Adam Abel and Meredith Kaufman Younger | Edited by Adam Abel | Graphics by Ed Mundy | Theme Music by Eric Biondo Band feat. Shockwave Employee of the Month is a Lazarus Rising Production. http://www.lazarusrising.com

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you'll get described sometimes and write up so say she's a bankable actress and I was just curious what does that mean and then what does that do for your career right I mean right I had been acting you know I mean so my very first things were on film and television and then I a couple years later I started doing stage right now I had done a million plays and and phenomenal plays with unbelievable yeah a lot of really great plays wasn't until Sex and the City where I believe they would sort of describe you no totally so when I was yeah I mean very early on in Sex and the City I got offered it you know a lead in an independent film that a friend of mine had written but still that they've never would have been able to offer it to me you know and I always remember I did this one you know TV movie that I was with Scott Bakula and I and Eva Marie Saint that I just totally loved and it was about a woman in Appalachia and the Depression and stuff now my even though I'm from New York and my parents are from Chicago and Texas respectively my grandmother is from Appalachia you know she's from the Missouri Ozarks and so I feel like I really could totally get that character but I said to the and I was like it's a very juicy part you know she's dying of tuberculosis she's got like eight kids I mean it was great and and but I said to the director how did you ever think of me for this because I know I have all this Ozark in my background but how would you ever know that you know why did you cast me he said oh I've been a fan of yours for years and I would have cast you in a million projects that I've done but when the time came to to cast this project I received for this particular role that you're doing the wife I received a list of women who had the enough TV queue which means enough people out watching television know who you are and might be think to tune in if you were in something and he said you know I get those lists for everything that I cast but you had never been on the list before I would have cast you right away but you would never on the list but all of a sudden there you were so I saw your name I was like don't need to go any farther great so that's like a very you know focused view of like what sex in the city did for me yeah

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A Day With Chalee Teaser

A real stand-up guy! What do service members do when they’re off duty? One sailor, in Key West, Fl., makes people laugh. #KnowYourMil #ADayWith For more on the Department of Defense, visit: http://www.defense.gov Like DoD on Facebook: http://facebook.com/DeptofDefense Follow DoD on Twitter: http://twitter.com/DeptofDefense Follow DoD on Instagram: http://instagram.com/DeptofDefense

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Anybody that I promise those backstage passes, it ain't no backstage, I'm just going to job come out here and make me look good, man. Hi, you can't even see me. I'm Charlie Junior. Yes, I'm in the military, but I do comedy on the side. My material comes from my son. You know, he's hilarious, you know, being a father, you know, and being a sailor, and just generating all that, putting it together, man. It's just... Anyway, man, y'all, I'm getting too emotional, man, and getting too deep, man. I got a show in a few minutes, and I need to turn up, man. Charlie Junior, hashtag on running, you already know slogan. I got a show to get to, man. I don't have time.