With no explanation, label text_A→text_B with either "not_related" or "related".
text_A: Neil deGrasse Tyson wrote Maus.
text_B: Transforming growth factor beta -LRB- TGF-β -RRB- is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms -LRB- TGF-β 1 to 4 , HGNC symbols TGFB1 , TGFB2 , TGFB3 , TGFB4 -RRB- and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages .. cytokine. cytokine. transforming growth factor. transforming growth factor. HGNC. HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. TGFB1. TGFB1. TGFB2. TGFB2. TGFB3. TGFB3. signaling proteins. cell signaling. white blood cell. white blood cell. Activated TGF-β complexes with other factors to form a serine / threonine kinase complex that binds to TGF-β receptors , which is composed of both type 1 and type 2 receptor subunits .. TGF-β receptors. TGF beta receptors. After the binding of TGF-β , the type 2 receptor kinase phosphorylates and activates the type 1 receptor kinase that activates a signaling cascade .. This leads to the activation of different downstream substrates and regulatory proteins , inducing transcription of different target genes that function in differentiation , chemotaxis , proliferation , and activation of many immune cells .. TGF-β is secreted by many cell types , including macrophages , in a latent form in which it is complexed with two other polypeptides , latent TGF-beta binding protein -LRB- LTBP -RRB- and latency-associated peptide -LRB- LAP -RRB- .. latent TGF-beta binding protein. latent TGF-beta binding protein. Serum proteinases such as plasmin catalyze the release of active TGF-β from the complex .. plasmin. plasmin. This often occurs on the surface of macrophages where the latent TGF-β complex is bound to CD36 via its ligand , thrombospondin-1 -LRB- TSP-1 -RRB- .. CD36. CD36. thrombospondin-1. thrombospondin-1. Inflammatory stimuli that activate macrophages enhance the release of active TGF-β by promoting the activation of plasmin .. plasmin. plasmin. Macrophages can also endocytose IgG-bound latent TGF-β complexes that are secreted by plasma cells and then release active TGF-β into the extracellular fluid .. Among its key functions is regulation of inflammatory processes , particularly in the gut .. TGF-β also plays a crucial role in stem cell differentiation as well as T-cell regulation and differentiation .. As such , it is a highly researched cytokine in the fields of cancer , auto-immune diseases , and infectious disease .. cytokine. cytokine. The TGF-β superfamily includes endogenous growth inhibiting proteins ; an increase in expression of TGF-β oftens correlates with the malignancy of many cancers and a defect in the cellular growth inhibition response to TGF-β .. Its immunosuppressive functions then come to dominate , contributing to oncogenesis .. The disregulation of its immunosuppressive functions is also implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases , although their effect is mediated by the environment of other cytokines present .
not_related.