With no explanation, label text_A→text_B with either "not_related" or "related".
text_A: Pluto is in the universe.
text_B: Abiogenesis -LRB- British English  : -LSB- ˌeɪˌbaɪoʊˈdʒɛnᵻsᵻs ,   - ˌbaɪə - -RSB- , -LSB- - en - ˌbiːoʊ - ,   - ˌbiːə - -RSB- -RRB- , biopoiesis , \ \ or informally , the origin of life , is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter , such as simple organic compounds .. British English. British English. life. life. Abiogenesis is studied through a combination of paleontology , laboratory experiments and extrapolation from the characteristics of modern organisms , and aims to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life on Earth .. life. life. paleontology. paleontology. chemical. chemistry. The study of abiogenesis can be geophysical , chemical , or biological , with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three .. geophysical. geophysics. chemical. chemistry. biological. biology. Life itself is dependent upon the specialized chemistry of carbon and water and is largely based upon five different families of chemicals .. carbon. carbon. water. water. Lipids are fatty molecules comprising large chemical chains of hydrocarbons and play an important role in the structure of living cell membranes , actively and passively determining the transport of other molecules into and out of cells .. chemical. chemistry. Lipids. Lipids. hydrocarbons. hydrocarbons. Carbohydrates are sugars , and as monomer units can be assembled into polymers called polysaccharides , such as cellulose , the rigid chemical of most plant cell walls .. chemical. chemistry. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. monomer units. monomers. polymers. polymers. polysaccharides. polysaccharides. cellulose. cellulose. Nitrogenous bases are organic molecules in which the amine group of nitrogen , combined with two hydrogen atoms , plays an important part .. Nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous bases. amine. amine. organic molecules. List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules. Chlorophyll is based upon a porphyrin ring derived from amine monomer units , and is important in the capture of the energy needed for life .. life. life. monomer units. monomers. amine. amine. Chlorophyll. Chlorophyll. porphyrin. porphyrin. Nucleic acid monomers are made from a carbohydrate monosaccharide a nitrogenous base and one or more high energy phosphate groups .. monosaccharide. monosaccharide. phosphate. phosphate. When joined together they form either the unit of inheritance , the gene , made from DNA or RNA , which translates the genetic information into protein structures .. gene. gene. DNA. DNA. RNA. RNA. protein. protein. The monomer unit of a protein is usually one of 20 amino acids , comprising an amine group , a hydrocarbon , and a carboxylic acid .. amine. amine. protein. protein. Through a condensation reaction , in which the carboxylic acid of one amino acid is linked to the amine of another with removal of a water molecule , a peptide bond is formed .. water. water. amine. amine. condensation reaction. condensation reaction. peptide bond. peptide bond. molecule. molecule. amino acid. amino acid. Polymers of amino acids are termed proteins and these molecules provide many catalytic metabolic functions for living processes .. proteins. proteins. catalytic. catalysis. metabolic functions. metabolism. Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these five classes of molecules .. Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how self-replicating molecules , or their components , came into existence .. self-replicating. Self-replication. It is generally thought that current life on Earth is descended from an RNA world , although RNA-based life may not have been the first life to have existed .. life. life. RNA world. RNA world. RNA. RNA. The classic Miller -- Urey experiment and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids , the basic chemical constituents of the proteins used in all living organisms , can be synthesized from inorganic compounds under conditions intended to replicate those of the early Earth .. chemical. chemistry. proteins. proteins. early Earth. History of Earth. Various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions have been proposed , including lightning and radiation .. lightning. lightning. radiation. radiation. Other approaches -LRB- `` metabolism-first '' hypotheses -RRB- focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules necessary for self-replication .. chemical. chemistry. early Earth. History of Earth. catalysis. catalysis. precursor molecules. Precursor ( chemistry ). self-replication. self-replication. Complex organic molecules have been found in the Solar System and in interstellar space , and these molecules may have provided starting material for the development of life on Earth .. life. life. organic molecules. List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules. Solar System. Solar System. interstellar space. interstellar space. starting material. Precursor ( chemistry ). The panspermia hypothesis alternatively suggests that microscopic life was distributed to the early Earth by meteoroids , asteroids and other small Solar System bodies and that life may exist throughout the Universe .. life. life. early Earth. History of Earth. Solar System. Solar System. panspermia hypothesis. panspermia hypothesis. microscopic life. Microorganism. small Solar System bodies. Small Solar System body. Universe. Universe. It is speculated that the biochemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago , during a habitable epoch when the age of the universe was only 10 to 17 million years .. life. life. biochemistry. biochemistry. Big Bang. Big Bang. habitable. Galactic habitable zone. epoch. Chronology of the universe#Dark Ages. age of the universe. age of the universe. The panspermia hypothesis proposes that life originated outside the Earth , not how life came to be .. life. life. panspermia hypothesis. panspermia hypothesis. Nonetheless , Earth remains the only place in the Universe known to harbour life , and fossil evidence from the Earth informs most studies of abiogenesis .. life. life. Universe. Universe. fossil evidence from the Earth. Earliest known life forms. More than 99 % of all species of life forms , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct .. life. life. extinct. Extinction. The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years ; the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago , and possibly as early as the Eoarchean Era , after geological crust started to solidify following the molten Hadean Eon .. life. life. age of the Earth. age of the Earth. Eoarchean. Eoarchean. crust. Crust ( geology ). Hadean. Hadean. Eon. Geologic time scale. In May 2017 , evidence of the earliest known life on land may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits -LRB- often found around hot springs and geysers -RRB- uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia .. life. life. earliest known life. Earliest known life forms. on land. Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land. geyserite. geyserite. Pilbara Craton. Pilbara Craton. Western Australia. Western Australia. However , there have been a number of discoveries that suggested the earliest appearance of life on Earth was even earlier in time .. life. life. Currently , microfossils within hydrothermal vent precipitates dated from 3.77 to 4.28 billion years old found in Quebec , Canada may be the oldest record of life on Earth , suggesting `` an almost instantaneous emergence of life '' after ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago .. life. life. microfossils. Micropaleontology#Microfossils. hydrothermal vent precipitates. Hydrothermal vent. Quebec. Quebec. oldest record of life on Earth. Earliest known life forms. ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago. Origin of water on Earth#Water in the development of Earth. According to biologist Stephen Blair Hedges , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe . ''. life. life. Stephen Blair Hedges. Stephen Blair Hedges
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