With no explanation, label text_A→text_B with either "not_related" or "related".
text_A: The Renaissance was a period of time.
text_B: The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present .. Europe. Europe. prehistory. prehistoric. Some of the best-known civilizations of prehistoric Europe were the Minoan and the Mycenaean , which flourished during the Bronze Age until they collapsed in a short period of time around 1200 BC .. Europe. Europe. Minoan. Minoan civilization. Mycenaean. Mycenaean Greece. Bronze Age. Bronze Age. collapsed. Bronze Age collapse. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of Ancient Greece .. classical antiquity. classical antiquity. Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece. After ultimately checking the Persian advance in Europe through the Greco-Persian Wars in the 5th century BC , Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great , spreading throughout Asia , Africa , and other parts of Europe .. Europe. Europe. Persian. Achaemenid Empire. Greco-Persian Wars. Greco-Persian Wars. Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great. Asia. Asia. Africa. Africa. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin .. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and Eastern empires .. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Western. Western Roman Empire. Eastern. Eastern Roman Empire. During the 4th and 5th centuries , the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe grew in strength , and repeated attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire .. Europe. Europe. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Western. Western Roman Empire. Germanic peoples. Germanic peoples. Northern Europe. Northern Europe. Fall of the Western Roman Empire. Fall of the Western Roman Empire. AD 476 traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages .. Middle Ages. Middle Ages. In Western Europe , Germanic peoples became more powerful in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own .. Europe. Europe. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Western. Western Roman Empire. Germanic peoples. Germanic peoples. Western Europe. Western Europe. Of all of the Germanic peoples , the Franks would rise to a position of hegemony over Western Europe , the Frankish Empire reaching its peak under Charlemagne around 800 .. Europe. Europe. Western. Western Roman Empire. Germanic peoples. Germanic peoples. Western Europe. Western Europe. Franks. Franks. hegemony. hegemony. Frankish Empire. Frankish Empire. Charlemagne. Charlemagne. This empire was later divided into several parts ; West Francia would evolve into the Kingdom of France , while East Francia would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire , a precursor to modern Germany and Italy .. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. West Francia. West Francia. Kingdom of France. Kingdom of France. East Francia. East Francia. Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire. The British Isles were the site of several large-scale migrations .. British Isles. British Isles. The Viking Age , a period of migrations of Scandinavian peoples , occurred from the late 8th century to the middle 11th century .. Viking Age. Viking Age. The Normans , a Viking people who settled in Northern France , had a significant impact on many parts of Europe , from the Norman conquest of England to Southern Italy and Sicily .. Europe. Europe. Normans. Normans. Norman conquest of England. Norman conquest of England. Southern Italy and Sicily. Norman conquest of southern Italy. England. England. The Rus ' people founded Kievan Rus ' , which evolved into Russia .. After 1000 the Crusades were a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back under Christian rule .. Crusades. Crusades. Levant. Levant. The Crusaders opened trade routes which enabled the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers .. Genoa. Republic of Genoa. Venice. Republic of Venice. The Reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom .. Reconquista. Reconquista. Iberia. Iberia. Christendom. Christendom. Eastern Europe in the High Middle Ages was dominated by the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire .. Europe. Europe. Eastern. Eastern Roman Empire. Middle Ages. Middle Ages. Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe. High Middle Ages. High Middle Ages. Mongol Empire. Mongol Empire. Led by Genghis Khan , the Mongols were a group of steppe nomads who established a decentralized empire which , at its height , extended from China in the east to the Black and Baltic Seas in Europe .. Europe. Europe. Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan. As Mongol power waned towards the Late Middle Ages , the Grand Duchy of Moscow rose to become the strongest of the numerous Russian principalities and republics and would grow into the Tsardom of Russia in 1547 .. Middle Ages. Middle Ages. Late Middle Ages. Late Middle Ages. Grand Duchy of Moscow. Grand Duchy of Moscow. Tsardom of Russia. Tsardom of Russia. The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe .. Europe. Europe. Middle Ages. Middle Ages. Late Middle Ages. Late Middle Ages. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted .. Europe. Europe. Black Death. Black Death. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period .. Europe. Europe. In Scandinavia , the Kalmar Union dominated the political landscape , while England fought with Scotland in the Wars of Scottish Independence and with France in the Hundred Years ' War .. Kalmar Union. Kalmar Union. Wars of Scottish Independence. Wars of Scottish Independence. England. England. In Central Europe , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth became a large territorial empire , while the Holy Roman Empire , which was an elective monarchy , came to be dominated for centuries by the House of Habsburg .. Europe. Europe. Roman Empire. Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman Empire. Central Europe. Central Europe. elective monarchy. elective monarchy. House of Habsburg. House of Habsburg. Russia continued to expand southward and eastward into former Mongol lands .. In the Balkans , the Ottoman Empire overran Byzantine lands , culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , which historians mark as the end of the Middle Ages .. Middle Ages. Middle Ages. Balkans. Balkans. Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire. Fall of Constantinople. Fall of Constantinople. Beginning in the 14th century in Florence and later spreading through Europe , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology .. Europe. Europe. Florence. Florence. Renaissance. Renaissance. The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge had an enormous liberating effect on intellectuals .. Simultaneously , the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority .. Protestant Reformation. Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther. Martin Luther. Henry VIII seized control of the English Church and its lands .. Henry VIII. Henry VIII of England. The European religious wars between German and Spanish rulers .. European religious wars. European religious wars. The Reconquista ended Muslim rule in Iberia .. Reconquista. Reconquista. Iberia. Iberia. By the 1490s a series of oceanic explorations marked the Age of Discovery , establishing direct links with Africa , the Americas , and Asia .. Asia. Asia. Africa. Africa. Age of Discovery. Age of Discovery. the Americas. the Americas. Religious wars continued to be fought in Europe , until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia .. Europe. Europe. Peace of Westphalia. Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years ' War .. Europe. Europe. hegemony. hegemony. Spanish crown. Spanish empire. Treaty of the Pyrenees. Treaty of the Pyrenees. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 .. Europe. Europe. The Industrial Revolution began in England , based on coal , steam , and textile mills .. Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution. England. England. Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberte , egalite , fraternite .. Europe. Europe. continental Europe. continental Europe. French Revolution. French Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte took control , made many reforms inside France , and transformed Western Europe .. Europe. Europe. Western. Western Roman Empire. Western Europe. Western Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte. But his rise stimulated both nationalism and reaction and he was defeated in 1814 -- 15 as the old royal conservatives returned to power .. The period between 1815 and 1871 saw revolutionary attempts in much of Europe -LRB- apart from Britain -RRB- .. Europe. Europe. They all failed .. As industrial work forces grew in Western Europe , socialism and trade union activity developed .. Europe. Europe. Western. Western Roman Empire. Western Europe. Western Europe. socialism. socialism. trade union. trade union. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Russia in 1861 .. serfdom. serfdom. in Russia. Serfdom in Russia. Greece and the other Balkan nations began a long slow road to independence from the Ottoman Empire , starting in the 1820s .. Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Empire. Italy was unified in its Risorgimento in 1860 .. Risorgimento. Risorgimento. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 , Otto von Bismarck unified the German states into an empire that was politically and militarily dominant until 1914 .. Franco-Prussian War. Franco-Prussian War. Otto von Bismarck. Otto von Bismarck. Most of Europe scramble for imperial colonies in Africa and Asia in the Age of Empire .. Europe. Europe. Asia. Asia. Africa. Africa. in Africa. Scramble for Africa. the Age of Empire. the Age of Empire. Britain and France built the largest empires , while diplomats ensured there were no major wars in Europe , apart from the Crimean War of the 1850s .. Europe. Europe. Crimean War. Crimean War. The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took sides .. Europe. Europe. First World War. First World War. Southeastern Europe. Southeastern Europe. Great Powers. Great Powers. The 1917 October Revolution led the Russian Empire to become the world 's first communist state , the Soviet Union .. October Revolution. October Revolution. Russian Empire. Russian Empire. communist state. communist state. Soviet Union. Soviet Union. The Allies , led by Britain and France , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary , in 1918 .. Allies. Allies of World War I. Central Powers. Central Powers. German Empire. German Empire. Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the Treaty of Versailles .. Paris Peace Conference. Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Big Four. The Big Four ( World War I ). Treaty of Versailles. Treaty of Versailles. The war 's human and material devastation was great .. Germany lost its overseas empire and several provinces , had to pay large reparations , and was humiliated by the victors .. They in turn had large debts to the United States .. The 1920s were prosperous until 1929 when the Great Depression broke out in 1929 , and led to the collapse of democracy in many European states .. Great Depression. Great Depression. The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , rearmed Germany , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to assert themselves on the continent by demands and appeasement , leading eventually to the Second World War .. Nazi. Nazi. Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler. Second World War. Second World War. Most of the fighting took place on the Eastern Front , and the war ended with the defeat of the Axis powers , leaving the USSR and the United States dominating Eastern and Western Europe respectively .. Europe. Europe. Western. Western Roman Empire. Eastern. Eastern Roman Empire. Western Europe. Western Europe. Eastern Front. Eastern Front ( World War II ). Axis powers. Axis powers. The Iron Curtain now separated the east under Moscow 's control from the capitalist West .. Iron Curtain. Iron Curtain. capitalist. capitalist. The United States launched the Marshall Plan from 1948 -- 51 and NATO from 1949 , and rebuilt industrial economies that all were thriving by the 1950s .. Marshall Plan. Marshall Plan. NATO. NATO. France and West Germany took the lead in forming the European Economic Community , which eventually became the European Union -LRB- EU -RRB- .. West Germany. West Germany. European Economic Community. European Economic Community. European Union. European Union. Secularization saw the weakening of Protestant and Catholic churches across most of Europe , except where they were symbols of anti-government resistance , as in Poland .. Europe. Europe. The Revolutions of 1989 brought an end to both Soviet hegemony and communism in Eastern Europe .. Europe. Europe. Eastern. Eastern Roman Empire. hegemony. hegemony. Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe. Revolutions of 1989. Revolutions of 1989. communism. communism. Germany was reunited , Europe 's integration deepened , and both NATO and the EU expanded to the east .. Europe. Europe. NATO. NATO. The EU came under increasing pressure because of the worldwide recession after 2008 .. worldwide recession after 2008. Great Recession
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