A:As the World Turns started on April 2, 1956. B:As the World Turns -LRB- often referred to as ATWT -RRB- is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 .. CBS. CBS. American. United States. television. television. soap opera. soap opera. Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light .. Irna Phillips. Irna Phillips. soap opera. soap opera. sister show. sister show. Guiding Light. Guiding Light. Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light .. American. United States. television. television. soap opera. soap opera. Guiding Light. Guiding Light. As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 .. Manhattan. Manhattan. Brooklyn. Brooklyn. Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1 :30 pm EST. .. Illinois. Illinois. EST. Eastern Time Zone. Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length .. As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4 :30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere .. EST. Eastern Time Zone. The Edge of Night. The Edge of Night. At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 .. Nielsen ratings. Nielsen ratings. In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years .. The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC .. The Edge of Night. The Edge of Night. ABC. American Broadcasting Company. In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day .. At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known .. Helen Wagner. Helen Wagner. Don MacLaughlin. Don MacLaughlin. Don Hastings. Don Hastings. Eileen Fulton. Eileen Fulton. Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas .. American. United States. longest serving actors. List of longest-serving soap opera actors#Television. The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 .. On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network .. CBS. CBS. soap opera. soap opera. Guiding Light. Guiding Light. Procter and Gamble. Procter and Gamble. On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings .. CBS. CBS. The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 .. CBS. CBS. Procter and Gamble. Procter and Gamble. On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .. CBS. CBS. The Talk. The Talk ( TV series ) Answer: cancel
A:The Hunger Games is a recorded work. B:The Hunger Games is a 2012 American dystopian science fiction adventure film directed by Gary Ross and based on the novel of the same name by Suzanne Collins .. Gary Ross. Gary Ross. Suzanne Collins. Suzanne Collins. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). dystopian. Utopian and dystopian fiction. science fiction. Science fiction film. adventure film. adventure film. novel of the same name. The Hunger Games ( novel ). It is the first installment in The Hunger Games film series and was produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , with a screenplay by Ross , Collins , and Billy Ray .. Nina Jacobson. Nina Jacobson. Billy Ray. Billy Ray ( screenwriter ). The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). The film stars Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , Liam Hemsworth , Woody Harrelson , Elizabeth Banks , Lenny Kravitz , Stanley Tucci , and Donald Sutherland .. Jennifer Lawrence. Jennifer Lawrence. Josh Hutcherson. Josh Hutcherson. Liam Hemsworth. Liam Hemsworth. Woody Harrelson. Woody Harrelson. Elizabeth Banks. Elizabeth Banks. Lenny Kravitz. Lenny Kravitz. Stanley Tucci. Stanley Tucci. Donald Sutherland. Donald Sutherland. The story takes place in a dystopian post-apocalyptic future in the nation of Panem , where boys and girls between the ages of 12 and 18 must take part in the Hunger Games , a televised annual event in which the `` tributes '' are required to fight to the death until there is only one survivor .. dystopian. Utopian and dystopian fiction. post-apocalyptic. post-apocalyptic. Panem. Panem. Katniss Everdeen -LRB- Lawrence -RRB- volunteers to take her younger sister 's place .. Katniss Everdeen. Katniss Everdeen. Joined by her district 's male tribute , Peeta Mellark -LRB- Hutcherson -RRB- , Katniss travels to the Capitol to train for the Hunger Games under the guidance of former victor Haymitch Abernathy -LRB- Harrelson -RRB- .. Peeta Mellark. Peeta Mellark. Haymitch Abernathy. Haymitch Abernathy. Development of The Hunger Games began in March 2009 when Lions Gate Entertainment entered into a co-production agreement with Color Force , which had acquired the rights a few weeks earlier .. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). Color Force. Color Force. Lions Gate Entertainment. Lions Gate Entertainment. Collins collaborated with Ray and Ross to write the screenplay .. The screenplay expanded the character of Seneca Crane to allow several developments to be shown directly to the audience and Ross added several scenes between Crane and Coriolanus Snow .. The main characters were cast between March and May 2011 .. Principal photography began in May 2011 and ended in September 2011 , with filming taking place in North Carolina .. North Carolina. North Carolina. The Hunger Games was shot entirely on film as opposed to digital .. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). The film was released on March 21 , 2012 , in some European countries and in the US on March 23 , 2012 , in both conventional theaters and digital IMAX theaters .. IMAX. IMAX. Japan received it last , on September 28 .. When the film released , it set records for opening day -LRB- $ 67.3 million -RRB- and opening weekend for a non-sequel .. At the time of its release , the film 's opening weekend gross -LRB- $ 152.5 million -RRB- was the third-largest of any movie in North America .. It is the first film since Avatar to remain in first place at the North American box office for four consecutive weekends .. Avatar. Avatar ( 2009 film ). The film was a massive box-office success by grossing over $ 694 million worldwide against its budget of $ 78 million , making it the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and ninth-highest-grossing worldwide of 2012 .. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 18 , 2012 .. Blu-ray Disc. Blu-ray Disc. With 7,434,058 units sold , the DVD was the best-selling DVD of 2012 .. A sequel , The Hunger Games  : Catching Fire , was released on November 22 , 2013 , in the United States .. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). The Hunger Games received positive reviews from critics , with praise for its themes and messages , as well as Jennifer Lawrence 's portrayal of Katniss , though there was criticism of the film 's use of shaky cam in the action sequences .. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). Jennifer Lawrence. Jennifer Lawrence. shaky cam. shaky camera. Like the novel , the film has been noted for its similarities to other works , such as Robert Sheckley 's short story `` Seventh Victim '' and its Italian film adaptation The 10th Victim , the Japanese novel Battle Royale and its film adaptation , and the Shirley Jackson short story `` The Lottery '' , with some criticizing The Hunger Games for being derivative of such works .. The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games ( novel ). Robert Sheckley. Robert Sheckley. Seventh Victim. Seventh Victim. The 10th Victim. The 10th Victim. Battle Royale. Battle Royale. film adaptation. Battle Royale ( film ). Shirley Jackson. Shirley Jackson. The Lottery. The Lottery. Collins stated in an interview that her novel and screenplay drew on sources of inspiration such as the myth of Theseus , Roman gladiatorial games , reality television , and the desensitization of viewers to media coverage of real-life tragedy and war , not to think as just an audience member , `` Because those are real people on the screen , and they 're not going away when the commercials start to roll . ''. Theseus. Theseus. gladiatorial. gladiatorial. reality television. reality television. desensitization. desensitization ( psychology ). war. war. The song `` Safe & Sound '' won a Grammy Award and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song .. Safe & Sound. Safe & Sound ( Taylor Swift song ). Grammy Award. Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media. Golden Globe Award. Golden Globe Award. Best Original Song. Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. For her performance , Lawrence won the Saturn Award for Best Actress , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie , the Empire Award for Best Actress and was also nominated for the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress .. Saturn Award. Saturn Awards. Best Actress. New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. Broadcast Film Critics Association Award. Broadcast Film Critics Association Award. Empire Award. Empire Award. New York Film Critics Circle Award. New York Film Critics Circle Award Answer: cancel
A:Harmanpreet Kaur played in women's one-day internationals. B:Tarentola protogigas -LRB- English name  : First Giant wood gecko or Giant Fogo wood gecko -RRB- is a species of geckos in the family Phyllodactylidae .. species. species. gecko. gecko. family. Family ( biology ). Phyllodactylidae. Phyllodactylidae. Fogo. Fogo, Cape Verde. The species is endemic to the Cape Verde Islands , they are founded in the southwest portion or the Western Barlavento Islands , including Fogo , Brava and the lesser Ilheus Secos The species was named in by Hans Hermann Schleich in 1984 .. species. species. endemic. Endemism. Cape Verde. Cape Verde. Fogo. Fogo, Cape Verde. Brava. Brava, Cape Verde. Ilheus Secos. Ilheus Secos. Hans Hermann Schleich. Hans Hermann Schleich Answer: identifier
A:Helen Hunt worked in movies that involved computer graphics. B:Helen Elizabeth Hunt -LRB- born June 15 , 1963 -RRB- is an American actress , director , and screenwriter .. She starred in the sitcom Mad About You for seven years , and played single mother Carol Connelly in the 1997 romantic comedy film As Good as It Gets , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress .. Mad About You. Mad About You. romantic comedy film. romantic comedy film. As Good as It Gets. As Good as It Gets. Academy Award for Best Actress. Academy Award for Best Actress. Some of her other notable films include Twister -LRB- 1996 -RRB- , Cast Away -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , What Women Want -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , Pay It Forward -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , and The Sessions -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , the latter garnered her a second Academy Award nomination .. Twister. Twister ( 1996 film ). Cast Away. Cast Away. What Women Want. What Women Want. Pay It Forward. Pay It Forward ( film ). The Sessions. The Sessions ( film ). She made her directorial debut in 2007 with Then She Found Me -LRB- 2007 -RRB- .. Then She Found Me. Then She Found Me. Hunt has also won four Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards .. Emmy Awards. Emmy Awards. Golden Globe Awards. Golden Globe Awards. Screen Actors Guild Awards. Screen Actors Guild Awards Answer: cancel
A:The United States participated in the Vietnam War. B:The Vietnam War -LRB- Chien tranh Viet Nam -RRB- , also known as the Second Indochina War , and known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America -LRB- Khang chien chong My -RRB- or simply the American War , was a war that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 .. Saigon. Battle of Saigon ( 1968 ). Cambodia. Cambodia. Laos. Laos. Indochina. Indochina. Vietnam. Vietnam. fall of Saigon. fall of Saigon. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam .. Indochina Wars. Indochina Wars. South Vietnam. South Vietnam. North Vietnam. North Vietnam. Indochina. Indochina. Vietnam. Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union , China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States , South Korea , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies .. North Vietnamese. North Vietnamese. United States. Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. anti-communist. anti-communism. allies. Free World Military Forces. The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war .. Cold War. Cold War. proxy war. proxy war. The Viet Cong -LRB- also known as the National Liberation Front , or NLF -RRB- , a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North , fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region , while the People 's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army -LRB- NVA -RRB- , engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle .. North Vietnamese. North Vietnamese. Viet Cong. Viet Cong. Vietnam. Vietnam. anti-communist. anti-communism. common front. common front. guerrilla war. guerrilla warfare. conventional warfare. conventional warfare. As the war continued , the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew .. Viet Cong. Viet Cong. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations , involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes .. air superiority. Air supremacy. search and destroy. search and destroy. ground forces. Army. artillery. artillery. In the course of the war , the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam .. North Vietnam. North Vietnam. Vietnam. Vietnam. strategic bombing. strategic bombing. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam .. North Vietnamese. North Vietnamese. Viet Cong. Viet Cong. Vietnam. Vietnam. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States .. Indochina. Indochina. United States. Role of the United States in the Vietnam War. colonial war. colonial war. First Indochina War. First Indochina War. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam .. South Vietnam. South Vietnam. Vietnam. Vietnam. This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy , with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism worldwide .. domino theory. domino theory. containment policy. containment policy. Beginning in 1950 , American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina.The Military Assistance Advisory Group , Indochina -LRB- with an authorized strength of 128 men -RRB- was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies .. Indochina. Indochina. allies. Free World Military Forces. French Indochina. French Indochina. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s , with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962 .. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft , which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence .. Gulf of Tonkin incident. Gulf of Tonkin incident. North Vietnamese. North Vietnamese. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965 .. combat units. Military organization. Operations crossed international borders  : bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968 , the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive .. Tet Offensive. Tet Offensive. Cambodia. Cambodia. Laos. Laos. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government , but became the turning point in the war , as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam .. Tet Offensive. Tet Offensive. South Vietnam. South Vietnam. Vietnam. Vietnam. Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves .. ground forces. Army. Vietnamization. Vietnamization. Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973 , the fighting continued .. Paris Peace Accord. Paris Peace Accord. In the U.S. and the Western world , a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture .. Vietnam. Vietnam. anti-Vietnam War movement. Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. counterculture. Counterculture of the 1960s. The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North -- South relations .. Eastern. Eastern Bloc. Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973 .. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war , and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year .. Saigon. Battle of Saigon ( 1968 ). South Vietnam. South Vietnam. North Vietnamese. North Vietnamese. Vietnam. Vietnam. capture of Saigon. Fall of Saigon. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities -LRB- see Vietnam War casualties -RRB- .. Vietnam War casualties. Vietnam War casualties. Vietnam. Vietnam. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million .. Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict , and a further 1,626 remain missing in action .. Cambodians. Khmer people. Laotians. Lao people Answer: cancel
A:The Shape of Water (film) is an upcoming American film. B:Elections to the National Baseball Hall of Fame for 2011 proceeded according to the rules revised in July 2010 .. National Baseball Hall of Fame. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. As in the past , the Baseball Writers ' Association of America -LRB- BBWAA -RRB- voted by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players .. The new Expansion Era Committee , that replaced the Veterans Committee , convened in December 2010 to select from an Expansion Era ballot of long-retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport from 1973 to the present time , called the `` Expansion Era '' by the Hall of Fame .. Expansion Era Committee. Veterans Committee. Veterans Committee. Veterans Committee. The Hall of Fame induction class of 2011 consisted of players Roberto Alomar and Bert Blyleven elected by the writers and executive Pat Gillick , elected by the Committee , who formally entered the Hall on July 24 , 2011 at the Hall of Fame in Cooperstown , New York .. Roberto Alomar. Roberto Alomar. Bert Blyleven. Bert Blyleven. Pat Gillick. Pat Gillick. For the first time , the Hall of Fame extended its induction festivities over a weekend .. On the day before the main induction ceremony , the Hall of Fame hosted the first Hall of Fame Awards Presentation .. Two annual awards for media excellence , the Hall 's own Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasters and the BBWAA 's J. G. Taylor Spink Award for writers , were presented at this ceremony .. Ford C. Frick Award. Ford C. Frick Award. J. G. Taylor Spink Award. J. G. Taylor Spink Award. The irregularly presented Buck O'Neil Lifetime Achievement Award was also included in the ceremony .. Buck O'Neil Lifetime Achievement Award. Buck O'Neil Lifetime Achievement Award. Previously , these awards were presented at the actual induction ceremony . Answer: identifier
A:The Guest stars actress Maika Monroe. B:Dulce amor -LRB- International Title  : Candy Love -RRB- is an Argentine telenovela that on Telefe in 2012 .. Telefe. Telefe. It stars Sebastian Estevanez , Carina Zampini , Juan Darthes and Calu Rivero .. Sebastian Estevanez. Sebastian Estevanez. Juan Darthes. Juan Darthes. Carina Zampini. Carina Zampini. Calu Rivero. Calu Rivero. With the conflicting interests of Segundo Cernadas , Laura Novoa , Sol Estevanez , Mercedes Oviedo and Gerardo Romano portrayed the villains .. Segundo Cernadas. Segundo Cernadas. Laura Novoa. Laura Novoa. Mercedes Oviedo. Mercedes Oviedo. Sol Estevanez. Sol Estevanez. Gerardo Romano. Gerardo Romano. It began broadcasting on January 23 , 2012 and its ending on April 29 , 2013 . Answer: identifier
A:Glenn Close won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1984. B:Tawaif is a Bollywood movie released in 1985 .. It was produced by R.C. Kumar and directed by B. R. Chopra .. B. R. Chopra. Baldev Raj Chopra Answer: identifier
A:There are multiple judges involved with K-pop Star 2. B:was a Japanese embryologist and cell biologist .. Japanese. Japanese people. embryologist. embryologist. biologist. biologist. He was born in 1904 in Tokyo , the youngest son of Baron Dan Takuma , president of the Mitsui Gomei Kaisha Corporation .. Dan Takuma. Dan Takuma. Takuma Dan was educated in the United States , graduating from MIT in 1878 .. MIT. MIT. United States. United States. He was one of the first foreign students to be educated at MIT and later , as president of the Japan Steel Works , he initiated and maintained close research ties with The Institute .. MIT. MIT. Japan. Japan. After receiving his undergraduate degree in Japan , Katsuma Dan also came to the United States where he studied embryology with Prof. L.V. Heilbrunn at the University of Pennsylvania .. United States. United States. L.V. Heilbrunn. L.V. Heilbrunn. University of Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania. Japan. Japan. In addition Dan worked and studied at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole -LRB- MBL -RRB- from 1931 to 1934 , and later in 1936 .. Marine Biological Laboratory. Marine Biological Laboratory. It was here that he met his future wife -LRB- and longtime scientific collaborator -RRB- Jean M. Clark -LRB- 1910 -- 1978 -RRB- .. Clark , who was also a student of Heilbrunn 's , studied fertilization in marine invertebrates .. invertebrates. invertebrates. fertilization. fertilization. The couple raised five children .. They also maintained lasting ties to the MBL and returned often in later years as summer researchers and lecturers in embryology .. In March 1932 , while Dan was studying at the MBL , his father was assassinated in Japan by ultra-nationalist radicals in the ` League of Blood Incident ' .. League of Blood Incident. League of Blood Incident. Japan. Japan. Katsuma Dan returned to Japan in the late 1930s and worked at the Misaki Marine Biological Station in Morioso Bay .. Japan. Japan. He and his students maintained a remarkable degree of scientific productivity during World War II .. His spirit is reflected in a letter written after the war to a friend in the United States  : `` ... ducking under bombs was not so bad .. United States. United States. Rather it was a great excitement .. Hide and seek at the expense of your life ca n't help being exciting .. There was , however , an awful side to it too . ''. Near the end of the war the Japanese Navy took over the Misaki Marine Station and converted it into a base for miniature submarines .. Japanese. Japanese people. Although displaced , Dan and his students set up a crude laboratory nearby and continued their work .. At the end of the war Dan posted a hand-written note on the door of Misaki , addressed to advancing America forces , in which he said  : `` ... you can destroy the weapons and the war instruments but save the civil equipments -LSB- sic -RSB- for the Japanese students .. Japanese. Japanese people. When you are through with your job here notify to the university -LSB- sic -RSB- and let us come back to our scientific home . ''. The note was signed , `` The last one to go . ''. The obvious humanity and the mention of American marine biological laboratories appealed to a US Naval officer who passed the note on to the MBL .. It was later published in Time Magazine under the headline , `` Appeal to the Goths '' .. Time Magazine. Time Magazine. Dan 's scientific work focused on using marine invertebrates as model organisms to study fundamental questions in cell biology and embryonic development .. invertebrates. invertebrates. cell biology. cell biology. embryonic development. embryonic development. development. developmental biology. He and his students focused on direct observation of cell behavior using light microscopy and discovered many of the fundamental aspects of fertilization , development , and morphogenesis -LRB- e.g. , Dan and Okazaki , 1956 -RRB- .. fertilization. fertilization. development. developmental biology. morphogenesis. morphogenesis. To settle a long-standing debate over the existence of the mitotic spindle , he encouraged his student , Shinya Inoue , to construct polarized light microscopes and look for evidence of organized polymer networks in living cells .. mitotic spindle. mitotic spindle. microscopes. microscopes. polymer. polymer. And , together with Daniel Mazia , he was the first to isolate the mitotic apparatus and subject it to biochemical study .. Daniel Mazia. Daniel Mazia. This work demonstrated conclusively the existence of the mitotic spindle and initiated the modern biochemical study of mitosis .. mitotic spindle. mitotic spindle. mitosis. mitosis. Dan and his students also developed methods for measuring small , local movements of the cell surface during division .. This enabled detailed , quantitative studies of the process of cell cleavage -LRB- cytokinesis -RRB- .. cytokinesis. cytokinesis. Based on this work , Dan proposed the novel idea that cell cleavage is driven directly by elongation of the mitotic spindle .. mitotic spindle. mitotic spindle. That is , the spindle itself attaches to the cell surface via ` astral rays ' -LRB- microtubules -RRB- and physically draws in the cleavage furrow -LRB- Dan , 1943 -RRB- .. microtubules. microtubules. cleavage furrow. cleavage furrow. Subsequent work indicated that cleavage is actually driven by contraction of an actin filament network in the cortex rather than by expansion of the spindle but this idea was the forerunner of the current view of cytokinesis , in which interaction of spindle microtubules with the cell cortex determines the position of the cleavage furrow .. cytokinesis. cytokinesis. microtubules. microtubules. cleavage furrow. cleavage furrow. actin. actin. cortex. Cortex ( anatomy ). Katsuma Dan was professor of zoology at the Tokyo Metropolitan University from 1949-1968 .. zoology. zoology. Tokyo Metropolitan University. Tokyo Metropolitan University. He also served as president of the university from 1964 until his retirement in 1972 .. Dan was president of both the Zoological Society of Japan and the Japanese Society of Developmental biologists .. Japanese. Japanese people. Japan. Japan. In 1976 he received the Second Order Imperial Medal , and in 1987 he received the Emperor 's Award for Cultural Merit .. A fellowship honoring Katsuma and Jean Dan was established in 1979 for cultural exchange between the United States and Japan .. United States. United States. Japan. Japan. Katsuma Dan died in 1996 in Osaka , Japan , at the age of 91 .. Japan. Japan. Osaka. Osaka Answer:
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