mentions
sequence
entities
sequence
entity_titles
sequence
types
sequence
spans
sequence
sentence
stringlengths
3
1.31k
sent_idx_unq
int32
44M
55.8M
[ "dahl", "dahl", "dahl" ]
[ "C0600533", "C0600533", "C0600533" ]
[ "Rats, Inbred Dahl", "Rats, Inbred Dahl", "Rats, Inbred Dahl" ]
[ [ "Mammal", "writer", "poet", "screenwriter", "author", "novelist", "children's writer", "aircraft pilot", "autobiographer", "spy", "short story writer" ], [ "Mammal", "writer", "poet", "screenwriter", "author", "novelist", "children's writer", "aircraft pilot", "autobiographer", "spy", "short story writer" ], [ "Mammal", "writer", "poet", "screenwriter", "author", "novelist", "children's writer", "aircraft pilot", "autobiographer", "spy", "short story writer" ] ]
[ [ 10, 11 ], [ 12, 14 ], [ 16, 18 ] ]
Receiving the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement , Dahl encouraged Dahl 's children and Dahl 's readers to let their imagination run free .
44,000,000
[ "massachusetts institute of technology" ]
[ "C1564093" ]
[ "Vidirakt S mit PVP" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "Pharmacologic Substance", "Biomedical or Dental Material", "university", "private not-for-profit educational institution", "institute of technology" ] ]
[ [ 13, 17 ] ]
The `` Tech '' in the company 's name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , where Herbert Kalmus and Daniel Frost Comstock received their undergraduate degrees in 1904 and were later instructors .
44,000,001
[ "somali" ]
[ "C0337847" ]
[ "Somalis (ethnic group)" ]
[ [ "Population Group", "ethnic group" ] ]
[ [ 4, 5 ] ]
Daud Bisinle is a Somali politician .
44,000,002
[ "czechoslovakia" ]
[ "C0010872" ]
[ "Czechoslovakia" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "historical country", "sovereign state" ] ]
[ [ 10, 11 ] ]
The Czechoslovakia men 's national under-21 volleyball team represents the Czechoslovakia in international men 's volleyball competitions and friendly matches under the age 21 .
44,000,003
[ "royal navy" ]
[ "C0588968" ]
[ "Warfare branch personnel - Royal Navy" ]
[ [ "Professional or Occupational Group", "navy" ] ]
[ [ 9, 11 ] ]
These were the first submarine weapons launched by the Royal Navy in the Second World War .
44,000,004
[ "bahamas" ]
[ "C1277528" ]
[ "Born in Bahamas" ]
[ [ "Finding", "administrative territorial entity", "sovereign state", "country", "Commonwealth realm", "archipelagic state" ] ]
[ [ 17, 18 ] ]
The weakening storm changed its course to the north-northwest , as it drifted through Cuba and the Bahamas .
44,000,005
[ "nepal" ]
[ "C1277423" ]
[ "Born in Nepal" ]
[ [ "Finding", "geographic region", "sovereign state", "country", "landlocked country" ] ]
[ [ 14, 15 ] ]
Bhagavathi is a small town in Arghakhanchi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal .
44,000,006
[ "st joseph county" ]
[ "C3814055" ]
[ "St. Joseph County, IN" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "county of Indiana" ] ]
[ [ 9, 12 ] ]
US 6 crosses over the Kankakee River before entering St Joseph County .
44,000,007
[ "lancet" ]
[ "C0777169" ]
[ "Lancet" ]
[ [ "Medical Device", "scientific journal", "medical journal" ] ]
[ [ 5, 7 ] ]
Psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott wrote to The Lancet in 1943 about the `` special objection that is easily felt to the treatment of mental disorder by any method that leaves a permanent physical deficiency or deformity of the brain '' , even if favourable results could sometimes be shown to follow .
44,000,008
[ "saguaro" ]
[ "C1965859" ]
[ "Carnegiea gigantea (homeopathic remedy)" ]
[ [ "Pharmacologic Substance", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 1, 2 ] ]
The saguaro provides voluminous amounts of pollen , nectar , and fruits .
44,000,009
[ "magdeburg", "cologne", "frankfurt" ]
[ "C0636329", "C2709265", "C0299005" ]
[ "prothrombin Magdeburg", "Cologne - Zebrafish", "prothrombin Frankfurt" ]
[ [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "city", "big city", "urban municipality of Germany", "Hanseatic city", "independent city of Germany", "college town", "Luther city", "state capital in Germany", "independent city of Saxony-Anhalt" ], [ "Fish", "big city", "urban municipality of Germany", "city with millions of inhabitants", "Hanseatic city", "Roman city", "independent city of Germany", "metropolis_Q200250", "urban district of North Rhine-Westphalia" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "city", "big city", "urban municipality of Germany", "Free imperial city", "college town", "financial centre", "European City", "urban district of Hesse", "Freie Stadt" ] ]
[ [ 17, 18 ], [ 22, 23 ], [ 42, 43 ] ]
The group operated chiefly against industrial and military installations in Germany , attacking an ordnance depot at Magdeburg , marshalling yards at Cologne , synthetic oil plants at Merseburg , a railroad tunnel at Ahrweiler , bridges at Irlich , factories at Frankfurt , and other strategic objectives .
44,000,010
[ "sunday", "sun", "saturn", "jupiter", "mars", "sun", "venus", "mercury", "moon" ]
[ "C1436360", "C2353433", "C0244437", "C1722904", "C4227122", "C2353433", "C1956904", "C1257481", "C1313265" ]
[ "SU 1498", "SUN 1334H", "Saturn (herbicide)", "Jupiter protein, Drosophila", "MARS, PRO800THR", "SUN 1334H", "XBP-1 venus fusion protein", "SOL1 protein, Hodotermopsis japonica", "luna protein, Drosophila" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "holiday", "day", "day of the week" ], [ "Organic Chemical", "G-type main-sequence star", "Population I star" ], [ "Organic Chemical", "Pharmacologic Substance", "gas giant", "outer planet" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "gas giant", "outer planet" ], [ "Gene or Genome", "inner planet", "superior planet" ], [ "Organic Chemical", "G-type main-sequence star", "Population I star" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Biologically Active Substance", "inner planet", "inferior planet" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Biologically Active Substance", "inner planet", "inferior planet" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "natural satellite" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ], [ 10, 11 ], [ 27, 28 ], [ 29, 30 ], [ 31, 32 ], [ 34, 35 ], [ 36, 37 ], [ 38, 39 ], [ 41, 42 ] ]
The name `` Sunday '' , the day of the Sun , is derived from Hellenistic astrology , where the seven planets , known in English as Saturn , Jupiter , Mars , the Sun , Venus , Mercury and the Moon , each had an hour of the day assigned to them , and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day .
44,000,011
[ "height" ]
[ "C4315986" ]
[ "Tall stature (in some patients)" ]
[ [ "Finding", "biomedical measurand", "height", "body size", "person property", "observable entity" ] ]
[ [ 28, 30 ] ]
Precocious puberty occurs when children younger than 8 experience changes indicative of puberty , including development of breast buds ( thelarche ) , pubic hair , and a growth spurt .
44,000,012
[ "chile" ]
[ "C1277453" ]
[ "Born in Chile" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country" ] ]
[ [ 13, 14 ] ]
The National Council of Culture and the Arts ( CNCA ) was the Chile an government agency responsible for arts and cultural policy .
44,000,013
[ "haig", "jan christiaan smuts" ]
[ "C0441167", "C3239566" ]
[ "Haig Fergusson forceps", "Percogesic Reformulated Jan 2011 Oral Product" ]
[ [ "Medical Device", "politician", "military officer" ], [ "Clinical Drug", "politician", "lawyer", "military officer", "botanist", "philosopher" ] ]
[ [ 7, 8 ], [ 16, 19 ] ]
As the war drew to a close Haig had to locate and escort the Boer leader Jan Christiaan Smuts to the peace negotiations at Vereeninging .
44,000,014
[ "fsb" ]
[ "C0970478" ]
[ "Zonyl FSB" ]
[ [ "Pharmacologic Substance", "Biomedical or Dental Material", "security agency", "Federal service (Russian Federation)" ] ]
[ [ 8, 9 ] ]
Teplyakov claims that Anikeyev was recruited by the FSB in August 2015 .
44,000,015
[ "coracii", "kingfisher" ]
[ "C0326154", "C0326160" ]
[ "Coraciiformes", "Racket-tailed kingfisher" ]
[ [ "Bird", "taxon" ], [ "Bird", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 2, 3 ], [ 5, 6 ] ]
Order : Coraciiformes Family : Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads , long , pointed bills , short legs and stubby tails .
44,000,016
[ "india" ]
[ "C3595802" ]
[ "Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus associated betasatellite [India: Faizabad: Cow Pea:2012]" ]
[ [ "Virus", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "dominion of the British Empire" ] ]
[ [ 12, 13 ] ]
Rebbanasaurus is a small sphenodontian reptile found in the Kota Formation of India .
44,000,017
[ "new york" ]
[ "C0524709" ]
[ "Subways" ]
[ [ "Manufactured Object", "rapid transit" ] ]
[ [ 13, 17 ] ]
Avenue X is a local station on the IND Culver Line of the New York City Subway .
44,000,018
[ "batman" ]
[ "C1174481" ]
[ "batman protein, Drosophila" ]
[ [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "fictional human", "television character", "comics character", "animated character", "chief executive officer", "philanthropist", "superhero", "martial artist", "detective", "superhero film character", "fictional vigilante", "fictional businessperson", "fictional detective" ] ]
[ [ 61, 62 ] ]
The Johnson Smith Company placed advertisements for gadgets and toys that appeared on the back cover of many historically significant comic books , including `` Action Comics `` # 1 ( June 1938 ) ( the first appearance of the character Superman ) and `` Detective Comics `` # 27 ( May 1939 ) ( the first appearance of the character Batman ) .
44,000,019
[ "anna" ]
[ "C1142991" ]
[ "Ana o 1 protein, Anacardium occidental" ]
[ [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Immunologic Factor", "model", "tennis player" ] ]
[ [ 6, 8 ] ]
On the women 's side , Ana Ivanovic defeated Tathiana Garbin 6–0 , 6–3 in the night match preceding Baghdatis vs Safin .
44,000,020
[ "canada" ]
[ "C2966719" ]
[ "Flag for Date of death - Canada not populated:Presence or Identity:Point in time:Cancer.To be specified in another part of the message:Nominal" ]
[ [ "Clinical Attribute", "sovereign state", "country", "Commonwealth realm", "dominion of the British Empire" ] ]
[ [ 7, 8 ] ]
In 1963 , O'Donovan , immigrated to Canada with Sheila , then pregnant , and their two young sons .
44,000,021
[ "competition" ]
[ "C0013550" ]
[ "Economic Competition" ]
[ [ "Occupational Activity", "economic concept", "competition", "relation" ] ]
[ [ 11, 12 ] ]
Open skies policies and low-cost carrier s have helped to bring competition to the market .
44,000,022
[ "brice" ]
[ "C1833136" ]
[ "Marden Walker like syndrome" ]
[ [ "Disease or Syndrome", "painter", "illustrator", "printmaker" ] ]
[ [ 15, 17 ] ]
Translations by Snyder and by Red Pine were influential in the work of the artist Brice Marden , who executed a large series of paintings , drawings , and prints themed around the poems .
44,000,023
[ "football" ]
[ "C4288385" ]
[ "Playing a Basketball or Soccer Game" ]
[ [ "Intellectual Product", "type of sport", "football_Q1081491", "spectator sport" ] ]
[ [ 2, 3 ] ]
Ratings for football have generally been very good .
44,000,024
[ "chicago" ]
[ "C0602213" ]
[ "chicago acid" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "Pharmacologic Substance", "city of the United States", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants" ] ]
[ [ 15, 16 ] ]
Her father walked out on her family , then her mother abandoned her at a Chicago shopping center when they were shopping for groceries , leaving Punky alone with her dog Brandon .
44,000,025
[ "nrl" ]
[ "C1834333" ]
[ "NRL, LEU160PRO" ]
[ [ "Gene or Genome", "sports league" ] ]
[ [ 13, 14 ] ]
An Australia international representative , Joel played Joel 's club football in the NRL for the Penrith Panthers ( with whom Joel won the 2003 premiership ) and the Brisbane Broncos .
44,000,026
[ "india" ]
[ "C3595802" ]
[ "Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus associated betasatellite [India: Faizabad: Cow Pea:2012]" ]
[ [ "Virus", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "dominion of the British Empire" ] ]
[ [ 17, 18 ] ]
Kolkata Police has the task of policing the metropolitan area of Kolkata ( formerly Calcutta ) , India , as defined under the Calcutta Police Act , 1866 and the Calcutta Suburban Police Act,1866 .
44,000,027
[ "footballer", "defender" ]
[ "C4288385", "C1601594" ]
[ "Playing a Basketball or Soccer Game", "Tusso DF" ]
[ [ "Intellectual Product", "type of sport", "football_Q1081491", "spectator sport" ], [ "Organic Chemical", "Pharmacologic Substance", "association football position", "defender_Q31861287" ] ]
[ [ 12, 13 ], [ 20, 21 ] ]
Mickaël Ange Nanizayamo ( born 8 May 1998 ) is a French footballer who plays for FC Lausanne-Sport as a defender .
44,000,028
[ "agha" ]
[ "C4225954" ]
[ "AGA, 1-BP DEL, 336T" ]
[ [ "Gene or Genome", "title of honor" ] ]
[ [ 16, 17 ] ]
At the inception of the `` Hamidiye `` cavalry corps in 1891 , Mustafa , `` agha `` ( chief ) of the local Miran clan , enrolled and was made a commander with the rank of paşa , hereafter known as Mustafa Paşa .
44,000,029
[ "carter" ]
[ "C3257760" ]
[ "Lil Goats Zinc Oxide Topical Product" ]
[ [ "Clinical Drug", "actor", "singer", "entrepreneur", "songwriter", "rapper", "music executive" ] ]
[ [ 2, 3 ] ]
In 2008 Wayne was named `` Best MC '' by `` Rolling Stone '' .
44,000,030
[ "seguenzioidea" ]
[ "C3450501" ]
[ "Seguenzioidea sp. SW-2012" ]
[ [ "Eukaryote", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 21, 22 ] ]
Brookula is a genus of minute sea snail s or micromollusc s , marine gastropod mollusc s unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea .
44,000,031
[ "cape town" ]
[ "C4017021" ]
[ "FH CAPE TOWN 2 PHENOTYPE" ]
[ [ "Finding", "big city", "capital_Q5119", "port settlement", "statistical territorial entity", "Q96482621" ] ]
[ [ 14, 16 ] ]
Howard Vincent went in a private capacity anyway , however , and arrived in Cape Town in January 1900 , at the height of the war .
44,000,032
[ "tel aviv", "jerusalem" ]
[ "C2663772", "C3990292" ]
[ "Bartonella sp. Tel Aviv Rr", "Levantina hierosolyma" ]
[ [ "Bacterium", "city", "big city", "city council_Q3505887" ], [ "Eukaryote", "city", "big city", "capital_Q5119", "city council_Q3505887" ] ]
[ [ 36, 38 ], [ 39, 40 ] ]
Later , during a meeting of Hapoel labourers in Afula , it was decided to break off from the World Maccabi Organization and create the Hapoel ( Labor ) Organization , followed by Hapoel teams from Tel Aviv , Jerusalem , Herzliya and other cities and towns .
44,000,033
[ "tuscola", "us state", "michigan" ]
[ "C3827746", "C4290260", "C2960774" ]
[ "Tuscola County, MI", "the listed conditions when complicating the pregnant state, when aggravated by the pregnancy, or as a reason for obstetric care", "Michigan hand outcomes questionnaire score" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "county of Michigan" ], [ "Pathologic Function", "constituency", "first-level administrative country subdivision", "designation for an administrative territorial entity of a single country", "administrative territorial entity of the United States", "federated state" ], [ "Finding", "state of the United States" ] ]
[ [ 5, 7 ], [ 9, 11 ], [ 12, 13 ] ]
Gagetown is a village in Tuscola County in the US state of Michigan .
44,000,034
[ "celery", "american serpentine leafminer", "american nightshade", "bidens alba" ]
[ "C3853014", "C1219150", "C3453942", "C1015871" ]
[ "Apium graveolens var. rapaceum", "Liriomyza trifolii", "Solanum nodiflorum", "Bidens alba" ]
[ [ "Plant", "taxon", "herb" ], [ "Eukaryote", "taxon" ], [ "Plant", "taxon" ], [ "Plant", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 0, 1 ], [ 20, 22 ], [ 34, 36 ], [ 39, 41 ] ]
Celery is also attacked , but to a lesser extent than by the closely related American leaf miner ( `` Liriomyza trifolii `` ) , and wild plants that act as host include `` Solanum americanum `` and `` Bidens alba `` .
44,000,035
[ "vienna" ]
[ "C3558360" ]
[ "Debaryomyces vindobonensis" ]
[ [ "Fungus", "city with millions of inhabitants", "enclave", "city-state", "metropolis_Q200250", "statutory city of Austria", "state of Austria", "federal capital" ] ]
[ [ 38, 39 ] ]
Between Bernhard I of Saxe-Meiningen and his youngest brother John Ernest IV of Saxe-Saalfeld , strife lasted for thirty-five years , ending only in 1735 with several interventions from the Holy Roman Emperor , Charles VI , in Vienna .
44,000,036
[ "group one" ]
[ "C0441843" ]
[ "Group I (alphabetic group)" ]
[ [ "Intellectual Product" ] ]
[ [ 4, 6 ] ]
Peter Chapple-Hyam managed two Group One wins in Peter Chapple-Hyam 's first season as a trainer in 1991 .
44,000,037
[ "museum of modern art" ]
[ "C3339384" ]
[ "Moma" ]
[ [ "Eukaryote", "art museum", "art institution" ] ]
[ [ 24, 28 ] ]
In 1955 Hans 's work , along with that of Hans 's wife Caroline Hebbe , was selected by Edward Steichen for the world-touring Museum of Modern Art exhibition and book The Family of Man , seen by 9 million visitors .
44,000,038
[ "napoleon" ]
[ "C1928704" ]
[ "Berenicornis Bonaparte 1850" ]
[ [ "Bird", "politician", "military officer", "statesperson", "art collector", "emperor" ] ]
[ [ 35, 36 ] ]
The British authorities encourage Jenny to go to Stuttgart and try to live extravagantly at the Duke 's expense in the hope that a shortage of funds with compel him to renew his treaty against Napoleon .
44,000,039
[ "counties" ]
[ "C0454770" ]
[ "Counties of Republic of Ireland" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "second-level administrative country subdivision", "first-level administrative country subdivision", "historical administrative division", "administrative territorial entity of Ireland" ] ]
[ [ 13, 16 ] ]
Thirty-one teams have been scheduled to take part – thirty-one of the thirty-two Counties of Ireland .
44,000,040
[ "norfolk" ]
[ "C0454866" ]
[ "Norfolk" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "ceremonial county of England", "non-metropolitan county" ] ]
[ [ 6, 7 ] ]
Narborough and Pentney station was in Norfolk , serving the villages of Narborough and Pentney .
44,000,041
[ "lifetime" ]
[ "C0556295" ]
[ "Lifetime non-drinker" ]
[ [ "Finding", "television station", "specialty channel" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ] ]
Originally aired on Lifetime , the film was written by Christine Conradt and Ken Sanders , and features Jamie Luner and Caitlin Thompson .
44,000,042
[ "iran" ]
[ "C3781307" ]
[ "Aspergillus cf. quadrilineatus IRAN 235C" ]
[ [ "Fungus", "sovereign state", "country", "Islamic republic" ] ]
[ [ 36, 37 ] ]
Tolombeh-ye Afraz ( , also Romanize d as Tolombeh-ye Afrāz ; also known as Afrāz ) is a village in Kabutar Khan Rural District , in the Central District of Rafsanjan County , Kerman Province , Iran .
44,000,043
[ "gary cooper" ]
[ "C0335912" ]
[ "Cooper" ]
[ [ "Professional or Occupational Group", "film actor", "screenwriter", "television actor" ] ]
[ [ 11, 13 ] ]
The Hanging Tree `` was directed by Delmer Daves , starring Gary Cooper , Maria Schell , George C Scott and Karl Malden , which was released by Warner Bros .
44,000,044
[ "brasilia", "campinas", "salvador", "sao paulo", "manaus", "north america", "argentina", "europe" ]
[ "C3966975", "C0666800", "C1143563", "C4119725", "C4095160", "C0454978", "C4087734", "C3698401" ]
[ "Anteaglonium brasiliense", "band 3, Campinas", "salvador protein, Drosophila", "Blautia sp. Marseille-P2398", "Surazomus manaus", "Island of North America", "Tiarapsylla argentina", "Carers of older people in Europe index negative impact score" ]
[ [ "Fungus", "municipality of Brazil", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants", "capital_Q5119" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "city", "municipality of Brazil", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants" ], [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Biologically Active Substance", "municipality of Brazil", "city with millions of inhabitants", "metropolitan region" ], [ "Bacterium", "city", "municipality of Brazil", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants", "capital_Q5119" ], [ "Eukaryote", "city", "municipality of Brazil", "capital_Q5119" ], [ "Geographic Area", "continent", "subcontinent" ], [ "Eukaryote", "sovereign state" ], [ "Finding", "geographic region", "population group", "continent", "continental area and surrounding islands" ] ]
[ [ 5, 6 ], [ 10, 11 ], [ 16, 17 ], [ 19, 21 ], [ 25, 26 ], [ 35, 37 ], [ 38, 39 ], [ 41, 42 ] ]
Usually these flights originate in Brasília , Belo Horizonte , Campinas , Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , or São Paulo and are bound for Manaus , Belém , Porto Velho , Northeast Brazil , North America , Argentina , and Europe .
44,000,045
[ "chicago" ]
[ "C0602213" ]
[ "chicago acid" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "Pharmacologic Substance", "city of the United States", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants" ] ]
[ [ 10, 11 ] ]
The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago , Illinois , in 1968 .
44,000,046
[ "enterobacter" ]
[ "C4223895" ]
[ "Enterobacter sp. 29m" ]
[ [ "Bacterium", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 12, 14 ] ]
Researchers in 2018 reported , after detecting the presence of five `` Enterobacter bugandensis `` bacterial strains on the ISS ( none of which are pathogen ic to humans ) , that microorganisms on the ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts .
44,000,047
[ "white", "african american", "native american", "asian", "other races" ]
[ "C1513907", "C1513907", "C1513907", "C1513907", "C1513907" ]
[ "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander", "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander", "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander", "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander", "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" ]
[ [ "Population Group" ], [ "Population Group" ], [ "Population Group" ], [ "Population Group" ], [ "Population Group" ] ]
[ [ 9, 10 ], [ 13, 15 ], [ 18, 20 ], [ 23, 24 ], [ 28, 30 ] ]
The racial makeup of the town was 9169 % White , 033 % African American , 033 % Native American , 365 % Asian , 266 % from other races , and 133 % from two or more races .
44,000,048
[ "estonia" ]
[ "C1277357" ]
[ "Born in Estonia" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "unitary state", "countries bordering the Baltic Sea" ] ]
[ [ 15, 16 ] ]
The National Centre Party ( , `` RKE '' ) was a political party in Estonia .
44,000,049
[ "tunisia", "tunisia" ]
[ "C1277518", "C1277518" ]
[ "Born in Tunisia", "Born in Tunisia" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "Mediterranean country" ], [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "Mediterranean country" ] ]
[ [ 0, 1 ], [ 31, 32 ] ]
Tunisia was the first Mediterranean country to sign an Association Agreement with the European Union , in July 1995 , although even before the date of entry came into force , Tunisia started dismantling tariffs on bilateral EU trade .
44,000,050
[ "giant squid" ]
[ "C1005189" ]
[ "Architeuthidae" ]
[ [ "Eukaryote", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 0, 2 ] ]
Giant squid breathe using two large gills inside the mantle cavity .
44,000,051
[ "dvd", "bd" ]
[ "C1880244", "C1282688" ]
[ "DVD Regimen", "BD Pen device" ]
[ [ "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure", "machine-readable medium", "optical disc" ], [ "Medical Device", "optical disc" ] ]
[ [ 12, 13 ], [ 24, 25 ] ]
The first and second seasons of `` Rome '' were released on DVD in the US in 2006 and 2007 , respectively ; and Blu-ray versions were released in 2011 .
44,000,052
[ "english" ]
[ "C3669481" ]
[ "Veterinary Terminology Services Laboratory English language reference set" ]
[ [ "Intellectual Product", "modern language", "l language", "Anglic languages" ] ]
[ [ 7, 8 ] ]
`` We gaan naar Rome '' ( English : We 're going to Rome ) is a Schlager song by Simon Tahamata an association football player , who played for AFC Ajax and the Netherlands national team at the time of release which was in 1979 on Dutch label GIP .
44,000,053
[ "e number" ]
[ "C2987491" ]
[ "E Number: 213" ]
[ [ "Inorganic Chemical", "numbering scheme" ] ]
[ [ 12, 14 ] ]
It has been used as an improving agent for flour with the E number E922 , although it is no longer approved for this use within the EU .
44,000,054
[ "sia", "sia" ]
[ "C1225105", "C1225105" ]
[ "Sia", "Sia" ]
[ [ "Eukaryote", "singer", "composer", "songwriter", "record producer" ], [ "Eukaryote", "singer", "composer", "songwriter", "record producer" ] ]
[ [ 6, 7 ], [ 8, 11 ] ]
In 1997 Crisp disbanded , and Sia released Sia (musician) 's debut studio album , `` OnlySee '' , on Flavoured Records , in Australia , on 23 December .
44,000,055
[ "cyclotron" ]
[ "C0521315" ]
[ "Cyclotron teleradiotherapy" ]
[ [ "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure", "cyclic particle accelerator" ] ]
[ [ 4, 5 ] ]
The compactness of the cyclotron reduces other costs as well , such as foundations , radiation shielding , and the enclosing building .
44,000,056
[ "united kingdom" ]
[ "C4015435" ]
[ "One consanguineous Caucasian United Kingdom family has been reported (last curated January 2015)" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "island nation", "Commonwealth realm", "colonial power" ] ]
[ [ 25, 27 ] ]
The General Service Medal ( 1962 GSM , also sometimes referred to as the Campaign Service Medal ) , is a campaign medal of the United Kingdom introduced in 1962 to replace both the General Service Medal ( 1918 ) , as awarded to the Army and RAF , and the Naval General Service Medal ( 1915 ) .
44,000,057
[ "romantic period" ]
[ "C4042888" ]
[ "Romanticism" ]
[ [ "Idea or Concept", "architectural style", "art movement", "literary movement", "art style", "cultural movement" ] ]
[ [ 2, 4 ] ]
During the Romantic Period , she was portrayed as a stately , calm woman .
44,000,058
[ "mol" ]
[ "C1172511" ]
[ "MOL 294" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical" ] ]
[ [ 31, 32 ] ]
The UTC contract was still worth up to $ 51 million ( equivalent to $ in ) , with the actual amount depending on how much work was attributable to the MOL , and how much to the ongoing work on Titan III .
44,000,059
[ "israel" ]
[ "C4228753" ]
[ "Seven patients from 4 families in Israel have been reported (last curated July 2015)" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "Mediterranean country" ] ]
[ [ 11, 12 ] ]
Winograd , a former professional soccer player in Kfar Saba , Israel and assistant soccer coach at the University of Richmond , went on to law school at the University of Pennsylvania .
44,000,060
[ "manhattan", "new york city" ]
[ "C3979876", "C1947254" ]
[ "Manhattan parechovirus", "New York elm yellows phytoplasma" ]
[ [ "Virus", "financial centre", "borough of New York City" ], [ "Bacterium", "city of the United States", "city", "big city", "city with millions of inhabitants", "port settlement", "largest city", "global city" ] ]
[ [ 10, 11 ], [ 13, 16 ] ]
A statue of Shinran Shonin stands in Upper West Side Manhattan , in New York City on Riverside Drive between 105th and 106th Streets , in front of the New York Buddhist Church .
44,000,061
[ "prolife" ]
[ "C0003193" ]
[ "Anti-Abortion Groups" ]
[ [ "Health Care Related Organization", "political movement" ] ]
[ [ 7, 8 ] ]
Donnelly opposes abortion , and identifies as pro-life .
44,000,062
[ "raw" ]
[ "C1442323" ]
[ "Raw Milk" ]
[ [ "Substance", "milk", "raw food" ] ]
[ [ 1, 3 ] ]
Unpackaged raw milk may only be sold under specific conditions .
44,000,063
[ "navajo", "mckinley", "new mexico" ]
[ "C0574545", "C3829153", "C0027972" ]
[ "Navajo language", "McKinley County, NM", "New Mexico" ]
[ [ "Language", "language", "modern language", "vulnerable language", "l language", "Southern Athabaskan languages" ], [ "Geographic Area", "county of New Mexico" ], [ "Geographic Area", "state of the United States" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ], [ 16, 18 ], [ 19, 21 ] ]
Tse Bonito ( Navajo : `` '' ) is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States and is part of the greater Window Rock , Arizona population center , and seat of the Navajo Nation government .
44,000,064
[ "pagellus caninus", "pagellus caninus", "bream" ]
[ "C0329122", "C0329122", "C4181365" ]
[ "Calamus bajonado", "Calamus bajonado", "unclassified Sparidae" ]
[ [ "Fish", "taxon" ], [ "Fish", "taxon" ], [ "Fish", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 1, 3 ], [ 5, 7 ], [ 18, 19 ] ]
The jolthead porgy ( `` Calamus bajonado '' ) is an ocean-going species of fish in the family Sparidae .
44,000,065
[ "grade" ]
[ "C1704634" ]
[ "Pitch (deviation)" ]
[ [ "Quantitative Concept", "physical quantity", "line_Q1228250" ] ]
[ [ 21, 22 ] ]
The Guinness World Record once again lists Baldwin Street as the steepest street in the world , with a 348 % grade ( 1 in 341 ) after a successful appeal against the ruling that handed the title , briefly , to Ffordd Pen Llech .
44,000,066
[ "kennedy" ]
[ "C1531009" ]
[ "asmarine J" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "politician", "writer", "journalist", "military officer", "statesperson" ] ]
[ [ 12, 13 ] ]
The film also contains a tape recording of Lyndon Johnson stating that Kennedy was planning to withdraw , a position in which Johnson disagreed .
44,000,067
[ "northeast" ]
[ "C2698501" ]
[ "Northeastern United States Census Region" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "geographic region" ] ]
[ [ 9, 10 ] ]
States beyond the Census Bureau definition are included in Northeast Region by various other entities : Anthropologists recognize the `` Northeastern Woodlands '' as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries .
44,000,068
[ "gibraltar" ]
[ "C0017540" ]
[ "Gibraltar" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "border town", "port settlement", "disputed territory", "Mediterranean country", "British Overseas Territories", "United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories" ] ]
[ [ 7, 8 ] ]
The Gibraltar national rugby union team represent Gibraltar in men 's rugby union .
44,000,069
[ "alfred" ]
[ "C1579243" ]
[ "Hitchcock operation for tenosynovitis of biceps brachii" ]
[ [ "Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure", "film actor", "film director", "screenwriter", "film producer", "cinematographer", "film editor", "television producer", "television director" ] ]
[ [ 8, 10 ] ]
Sole was also influenced by the works of Alfred Hitchcock , as well as the 1955 French film `` Les Diaboliques `` , while assembling compositions in the film .
44,000,070
[ "woodcock" ]
[ "C0325811" ]
[ "American woodcock" ]
[ [ "Bird", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 15, 17 ] ]
Crepuscular birds include the common nighthawk , barn owl , owlet-nightjar , chimney swift , American woodcock , spotted crake , and white-breasted waterhen .
44,000,071
[ "harlequin" ]
[ "C3854364" ]
[ "Harlequin skin reaction" ]
[ [ "Finding", "fictional human", "theatrical character", "circus performer" ] ]
[ [ 0, 1 ] ]
Harlequin inherits his physical agility and his trickster qualities , as well as his name , from a mischievous `` devil `` character in medieval passion plays .
44,000,072
[ "american" ]
[ "C4284713" ]
[ "Duration of stay outside the U.S." ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "federal state", "constitutional republic", "democratic republic", "superpower_Q1489259" ] ]
[ [ 8, 9 ] ]
Ida May Mellen ( 1877–1970 ) was an American ichthyologist and biologist .
44,000,073
[ "black sea" ]
[ "C2936642" ]
[ "Black Sea" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "sea", "mediterranean sea" ] ]
[ [ 21, 23 ] ]
Near the village Istria it flows into Lake Istria , which is connected with Lake Sinoe , a lagoon of the Black Sea .
44,000,074
[ "alien" ]
[ "C2713307" ]
[ "Extraterrestrial Life" ]
[ [ "Idea or Concept", "hypothetical entity", "life" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ] ]
Kuiil is an alien of the Ugnaught species .
44,000,075
[ "azerbaijan" ]
[ "C1277347" ]
[ "Born in Azerbaijan" ]
[ [ "Finding", "administrative territorial entity", "sovereign state", "country", "landlocked country" ] ]
[ [ 16, 17 ] ]
Xəlfəlikənd ( also , Khalfalikend and Khalifa ) is a village in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan .
44,000,076
[ "north america" ]
[ "C0454978" ]
[ "Island of North America" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "continent", "subcontinent" ] ]
[ [ 13, 15 ] ]
Consequently , during the late 1990s , sales of the type within the North America n market rose dramatically .
44,000,077
[ "christmas day" ]
[ "C0416814" ]
[ "Accidental ingestion of christmas cherry berries" ]
[ [ "Injury or Poisoning", "public holiday", "Christian holy day", "federal holiday" ] ]
[ [ 26, 28 ] ]
The local branch of the Peace Pledge Union , a pacifist organisation , would invite local prisoners of war from the camp to their homes on Christmas Day .
44,000,078
[ "kuwait", "iraq" ]
[ "C4011980", "C1277410" ]
[ "Based on report of one consanguineous Kuwaiti family (last curated December 2014)", "Born in Iraq" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country" ], [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country" ] ]
[ [ 11, 12 ], [ 22, 23 ] ]
Skodon was Counselor for Economic Affairs at the American Embassy in Kuwait from 1989 to 1991 , and was in Kuwait when Iraq invaded in August 1990 .
44,000,079
[ "english" ]
[ "C1277356" ]
[ "Born in England" ]
[ [ "Finding", "country", "nation_Q6266", "cultural area", "constituent part of the United Kingdom" ] ]
[ [ 4, 5 ] ]
Richard Sparcheford was an English priest in the first half of the 16th century .
44,000,080
[ "roman" ]
[ "C0574317" ]
[ "Romance language" ]
[ [ "Language", "language family", "Italic languages" ] ]
[ [ 2, 4 ] ]
The modern Romance languages – such as French , Spanish , and Italian – all derive from Latin .
44,000,081
[ "monkey", "monkey", "phoenix" ]
[ "C0426876", "C0426876", "C4095781" ]
[ "Monkey hand", "Monkey hand", "Pompilus phoenix" ]
[ [ "Finding", "fictional human", "fictional monkey", "mythological or legendary monkey" ], [ "Finding", "fictional human", "fictional monkey", "mythological or legendary monkey" ], [ "Eukaryote", "legendary bird" ] ]
[ [ 16, 18 ], [ 24, 26 ], [ 36, 37 ] ]
The Dragon King calls upon the other major Dragon Kings for assistance to source this for Sun Wukong , and they arrive and give Sun Wukong a golden chain mail shirt ( 鎖子黃金甲 ) , a phoenix -feather cap ( 鳳翅紫金冠 `` Fèngchìzǐjinguān '' ) , and cloud-walking boots ( 藕絲步雲履 `` Ǒusībùyúnlǚ '' ) .
44,000,082
[ "american" ]
[ "C4284713" ]
[ "Duration of stay outside the U.S." ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "federal state", "constitutional republic", "democratic republic", "superpower_Q1489259" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ] ]
Niteflyte was an American funk group , whose main members were Howard Johnson and Sandy Torano .
44,000,083
[ "peru" ]
[ "C1277467" ]
[ "Born in Peru" ]
[ [ "Finding", "sovereign state", "country", "republic" ] ]
[ [ 9, 10 ] ]
Elvira García y García ( 1862-1951 ) was a Peru vian educator and feminist .
44,000,084
[ "berlin" ]
[ "C4038655" ]
[ "Berlin beetle protein" ]
[ [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Biologically Active Substance", "urban municipality of Germany", "city with millions of inhabitants", "capital_Q5119", "Hanseatic city", "city-state", "town divided by border", "metropolis_Q200250", "Einheitsgemeinde of Germany", "state of Germany", "seat of government", "integrated municipality", "federal capital" ] ]
[ [ 8, 9 ] ]
Bugge was educated in Christiania , Copenhagen and Berlin .
44,000,085
[ "united kingdom" ]
[ "C3639330" ]
[ "BPI - Need Further Information about Pain Medication" ]
[ [ "Intellectual Product", "organization" ] ]
[ [ 7, 10 ] ]
The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies .
44,000,086
[ "london" ]
[ "C4017600" ]
[ "HPRT LONDON PHENOTYPE" ]
[ [ "Finding", "city", "city with millions of inhabitants", "capital_Q5119", "metropolis_Q200250", "administrative territorial entity of the United Kingdom", "financial centre" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ] ]
Claire moved to London with Claire 's mother and sister , working at the London Library Service at Willesden going on to become a branch manager .
44,000,087
[ "polish" ]
[ "C3084007" ]
[ "Poland Brassica oleracea Phytoplasma" ]
[ [ "Bacterium", "sovereign state", "country", "countries bordering the Baltic Sea" ] ]
[ [ 12, 13 ] ]
Rafał Kazimierz Trzaskowski ( ; born 17 January 1972 ) is a Polish politician and the current Mayor of Warsaw .
44,000,088
[ "birmingham" ]
[ "C4274769" ]
[ "Assessment using Birmingham Object Recognition Battery" ]
[ [ "Diagnostic Procedure", "city with millions of inhabitants", "metropolis_Q200250" ] ]
[ [ 20, 21 ] ]
Housing for the McKay 's employees swelled the local population and the town of Sunshine was touted as the `` Birmingham of Australia '' .
44,000,089
[ "mauritius" ]
[ "C3149882" ]
[ "Most reported cases come from the island of Mauritius or nearby islands" ]
[ [ "Finding", "geographic location", "sovereign state", "country", "republic", "island nation", "parliamentary republic" ] ]
[ [ 44, 45 ] ]
On 22 May 2019 , the United Nations General Assembly debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos Archipelago , which has been occupied by the UK for more than 50 years , `` forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius '' .
44,000,090
[ "caucasus" ]
[ "C4114520" ]
[ "Caucasus prunus virus" ]
[ [ "Virus", "geographic region" ] ]
[ [ 48, 49 ] ]
The first few pages of the novel feature two maps : one of the city centre of Berlin and another of the extent of the massively-expanded Greater German Reich , which stretches from Alsace-Lorraine ( `` Westmark '' ) in the west to the Ural Mountains and lower Caucasus in the east .
44,000,091
[ "moses" ]
[ "C1871946" ]
[ "Moses protein, Drosophila" ]
[ [ "Amino Acid, Peptide, or Protein", "Biologically Active Substance", "military leader", "human biblical figure", "prophet" ] ]
[ [ 16, 17 ] ]
According to this view , while the title `` rabbi '' was not used earlier , Moses was the first rabbi ( and is commonly referred to by Orthodox Jews as `` Moses our Rabbi '' ) , with the knowledge and laws received at Sinai being passed down from teachers to students through the era of the Judges , and the prophets ( most of whom are seen as the `` rabbis '' of their time ) , through the sages of the late Second Temple period , and continuing until today .
44,000,092
[ "cole" ]
[ "C3809781" ]
[ "Cole disease" ]
[ [ "Disease or Syndrome", "writer", "artist", "entrepreneur", "designer" ] ]
[ [ 5, 6 ] ]
From 1837 to 1840 , Henry worked as an assistant to Rowland Hill and played a key role in the introduction of the Penny Post .
44,000,093
[ "vienna", "europe", "south america", "asia" ]
[ "C3558360", "C3698401", "C0037713", "C3658205" ]
[ "Debaryomyces vindobonensis", "Carers of older people in Europe index negative impact score", "South America", "Asia, Northern" ]
[ [ "Fungus", "city with millions of inhabitants", "enclave", "city-state", "metropolis_Q200250", "statutory city of Austria", "state of Austria", "federal capital" ], [ "Finding", "geographic region", "population group", "continent", "continental area and surrounding islands" ], [ "Geographic Area", "continent", "subcontinent" ], [ "Geographic Area", "continent", "continental area and surrounding islands" ] ]
[ [ 3, 4 ], [ 23, 24 ], [ 27, 29 ], [ 30, 31 ] ]
Later , in Vienna , Castillo passed the audition at the Mozart Boys ' Choir of Vienna and participated in various tours around Europe , and to South America and Asia .
44,000,094
[ "bbc" ]
[ "C4275001" ]
[ "Assessment using BBCS (Bracken Basic Concept Scale)" ]
[ [ "Diagnostic Procedure", "business", "public broadcasting" ] ]
[ [ 4, 5 ] ]
Solo worked for the BBC as a pundit at the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup .
44,000,095
[ "nigeria" ]
[ "C0028075" ]
[ "Nigeria" ]
[ [ "Geographic Area", "sovereign state", "country", "federal republic" ] ]
[ [ 9, 10 ] ]
Chris Maduabrochukwu Okolie ( died 2007 ) was a Nigeria n concert promoter and publisher and who founded New Breed Organization , publishers of the now defunct `` New Breed '' magazine .
44,000,096
[ "john adams" ]
[ "C4044611" ]
[ "timosaponin J" ]
[ [ "Organic Chemical", "politician", "lawyer", "diplomat", "statesperson", "political philosopher" ] ]
[ [ 31, 33 ] ]
There was legal agitation against slavery in the 13 colonies starting in 1752 by lawyer Benjamin Kent , whose cases were recorded by one of his understudies , the future president John Adams .
44,000,097
[ "muricid" ]
[ "C1082275" ]
[ "Muricidae" ]
[ [ "Eukaryote", "taxon" ] ]
[ [ 16, 17 ] ]
Thais mariae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .
44,000,098
[ "san francisco" ]
[ "C4017137" ]
[ "APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (SAN FRANCISCO)" ]
[ [ "Finding", "city of the United States", "city", "big city", "Zimbabwe", "consolidated city-county", "sanctuary city" ] ]
[ [ 1, 3 ] ]
In San Francisco , the Muni Metro light-rail system , which has both on-street and underground stations , uses a combination of high and low platforms , and the vehicles feature retractable stairs to accommodate both platform types .
44,000,099
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Dataset Card for MedWiki

Dataset Summary

MedWiki is a large sentence dataset collected from a medically-relevant subset of Wikipedia and annotated with biomedical entities in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) knowledge base. For each entity, we include a rich set of types sourced from both UMLS and WikiData. Consisting of over 13 million sentences and 17 million entity annotations, MedWiki can be utilized as a pretraining resource for language models and can improve performance of medical named entity recognition and disambiguation systems, especially on rare entities.

Here, we include two configurations of MedWiki (further details in Dataset Creation):

  • MedWiki-Full is a large sentence dataset with UMLS medical entity annotations generated through the following two steps: (1) a weak labeling proecedure to annotate WikiData entities in sentences and (2) a data integration approach that maps WikiData entities to their counterparts in UMLS.
  • MedWiki-HQ is a subset of MedWiki-Full with higher quality labels designed to limit noise that arises from the annotation procedure listed above.

Languages

The text in the dataset is in English and was obtained from English Wikipedia.

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

A typical data point includes a sentence collected from Wikipedia annotated with UMLS medical entities and associated titles and types.

An example from the MedWiki test set looks as follows:

{'sent_idx_unq': 57000409,
 'sentence': "The hair , teeth , and skeletal side effects of TDO are lifelong , and treatment is used to manage those effects .",
 'mentions': ['tdo'],
 'entities': ['C2931236'],
 'entity_titles': ['Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome 1'],
 'types': [['Disease or Syndrome', 'disease', 'rare disease', 'developmental defect during embryogenesis', 'malformation syndrome with odontal and/or periodontal component', 'primary bone dysplasia with increased bone density', 'syndromic hair shaft abnormality']],
 'spans': [[10, 11]]}

Data Fields

  • sent_idx_unq: a unique integer identifier for the data instance
  • sentence: a string sentence collected from English Wikipedia. Punctuation is separated from words, and the sentence can be tokenized into word-pieces with the .split() method.
  • mentions: list of medical mentions in the sentence.
  • entities: list of UMLS medical entity identifiers corresponding to mentions. There is exactly one entity for each mention, and the length of the entities list is equal to the length of the mentions list.
  • entity_titles: List of English titles collected from UMLS that describe each entity. The length of the entity_titles list is equal to the length of the entities list.
  • types: List of category types associated with each entity, including types collected from UMLS and WikiData.
  • spans: List of integer pairs representing the word span of each mention in the sentence.

Data Splits

MedWiki includes two configurations: MedWiki-Full and MedWiki-HQ (described further in Dataset Creation). For each configuration, data is split into training, development, and test sets. The split sizes are as follow:

Train Dev Test
MedWiki-Full Sentences 11,784,235 649,132 648,608
MedWiki-Full Mentions 15,981,347 876,586 877,090
MedWiki-Full Unique Entities 230,871 55,002 54,772
MedWiki-HQ Sentences 2,962,089 165,941 164,193
MedWiki-HQ Mentions 3,366,108 188,957 186,622
MedWiki-HQ Unique Entities 118,572 19,725 19,437

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Existing medical text datasets are generally limited in scope, often obtaining low coverage over the entities and structural resources in the UMLS medical knowledge base. When language models are trained across such datasets, the lack of adequate examples may prevent models from learning the complex reasoning patterns that are necessary for performing effective entity linking or disambiguation, especially for rare entities as shown in prior work by Orr et al.. Wikipedia, which is often utilized as a rich knowledge source in general text settings, contains references to medical terms and can help address this issue. Here, we curate the MedWiki dataset, which is a large-scale, weakly-labeled dataset that consists of sentences from Wikipedia annotated with medical entities in the UMLS knowledge base. MedWiki can serve as a pretraining dataset for language models and holds potential for improving performance on medical named entity recognition tasks, especially on rare entities.

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

MedWiki consists of sentences obtained from the November 2019 dump of English Wikipedia. We split pages into an 80/10/10 train/dev/test split and then segment each page at the sentence-level. This ensures that all sentences associated with a single Wikipedia page are placed in the same split.

Who are the source language producers?

The source language producers are editors on English Wikipedia.

Annotations

Annotation process

We create two configurations of our dataset: MedWiki-Full and MedWiki-HQ. We label MedWiki-Full by first annotating all English Wikipedia articles with textual mentions and corresponding WikiData entities; we do so by obtaining gold entity labels from internal page links as well as generating weak labels based on pronouns and alternative entity names (see Orr et al. 2020 for additional information). Then, we use the off-the-shelf entity linker Bootleg to map entities in WikiData to their counterparts in the 2017AA release of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), a standard knowledge base for biomedical entities (additional implementation details in forthcoming publication). Any sentence containing at least one UMLS entity is included in MedWiki-Full. We also include types associated with each entity, which are collected from both WikiData and UMLS using the generated UMLS-Wikidata mapping. It is important to note that types obtained from WikiData are filtered according to methods described in Orr et al. 2020.

Since our labeling procedure introduces some noise into annotations, we also release the MedWiki-HQ dataset configuration with higher-quality labels. To generate MedWiki-HQ, we filtered the UMLS-Wikidata mappings to only include pairs of UMLS medical entities and WikiData items that share a high textual overlap between titles. MedWiki-HQ is a subset of MedWiki-Full.

To evaluate the quality of our UMLS-Wikidata mappings, we find that WikiData includes a small set of "true" labeled mappings between UMLS entities and WikiData items. (Note that we only include WikiData items associated with linked Wikipedia pages.) This set comprises approximately 9.3k UMLS entities in the original UMLS-Wikidata mapping (used for MedWiki-Full) and 5.6k entities in the filtered UMLS-Wikidata mapping (used for MedWiki-HQ). Using these labeled sets, we find that our mapping accuracy is 80.2% for the original UMLS-Wikidata mapping and 94.5% for the filtered UMLS-Wikidata mapping. We also evaluate integration performance on this segment as the proportion of mapped WikiData entities that share a WikiData type with the true entity, suggesting the predicted mapping adds relevant structural resources. Integration performance is 85.4% for the original UMLS-Wikidata mapping and 95.9% for the filtered UMLS-Wikidata mapping. The remainder of items in UMLS have no “true” mappings to WikiData.

Who are the annotators?

The dataset was labeled using weak-labeling techniques as described above.

Personal and Sensitive Information

No personal or sensitive information is included in MedWiki.

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

The purpose of this dataset is to enable the creation of better named entity recognition systems for biomedical text. MedWiki encompasses a large set of entities in the UMLS knowledge base and includes a rich set of types associated with each entity, which can enable the creation of models that achieve high performance on named entity recognition tasks, especially on rare or unpopular entities. Such systems hold potential for improving automated parsing and information retrieval from large quantities of biomedical text.

Discussion of Biases

The data included in MedWiki comes from English Wikipedia. Generally, Wikipedia articles are neutral in point of view and aim to avoid bias. However, some prior work has shown that ideological biases may exist within some Wikipedia articles, especially those that are focused on political issues or those that are written by fewer authors. We anticipate that such biases are rare for medical articles, which are typically comprised of scientific facts. However, it is important to note that bias encoded in Wikipedia is likely to be reflected by MedWiki.

Other Known Limitations

Since MedWiki was annotated using weak labeling techniques, there is likely some noise in entity annotations. (Note that to address this, we include the MedWiki-HQ configuration, which is a subset of MedWiki-Full with higher quality labels. Additional details in Dataset Creation).

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

MedWiki was curated by Maya Varma, Laurel Orr, Sen Wu, Megan Leszczynski, Xiao Ling, and Chris Ré.

Licensing Information

Dataset licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation Information

@inproceedings{varma-etal-2021-cross-domain,
    title = "Cross-Domain Data Integration for Named Entity Disambiguation in Biomedical Text",
    author = "Varma, Maya  and
      Orr, Laurel  and
      Wu, Sen  and
      Leszczynski, Megan  and
      Ling, Xiao  and
      R{\'e}, Christopher",
    booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021",
    month = nov,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Punta Cana, Dominican Republic",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-emnlp.388",
    pages = "4566--4575",
}

Contributions

Thanks to @maya124 for adding this dataset.

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