[RESULTS] Among HIV-exposed infants , 25 ( OH ) D concentrations 30 ng/mL were significantly associated with clinical [ incidence ratio rate ( IRR ) : 1.34 ; 95 % CI : 1.06,1.70 ; P = 0.02 ] and confirmed ( IRR : 1.71 ; 95 % CI : 1.71 ; 1.15 , 2.54 ; P < 0.01 ) malaria diagnoses , whereas concentrations of < 10 ng/mL were associated with oral candidiasis ( IRR : 1.47 ; 95 % CI : 1.00-2 .15 ; P = 0.046 ) and wasting ( HR : 1.71 ; 95 % CI : 1.20 , 2.43 ; P < 0.01 ) .