Title: State v. Littlejohn
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 105872
State: Kansas
Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court
Date: January 17, 2014

1 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 105,872 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee, 
 
v. 
 
KEDRIN LITTLEJOHN, 
Appellant. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
 
1. 
K.S.A. 22-3414(3) creates a procedural hurdle when a party fails to object because 
the statute establishes a preservation rule for jury instruction claims on appeal. It 
provides, in part, that no party may assign as error a district court's giving or failure to 
give a particular jury instruction, including a lesser included offense instruction, unless 
the giving or failure to give the instruction is clearly erroneous. If it is clearly erroneous, 
appellate review is not predicated upon an objection in the district court. 
 
2. 
To establish that the giving or failure to give a jury instruction was clearly 
erroneous, the reviewing court must determine whether there was any error at all. This 
requires demonstrating that giving the proposed instruction would have been both legally 
and factually appropriate, employing an unlimited review of the entire record. And if 
error is found on that basis, then the court moves to a reversibility inquiry in which it 
assesses whether it is firmly convinced the jury would have reached a different verdict 
had the instruction been given. The defendant maintains the burden to establish the 
degree of prejudice necessary for reversal. 
2 
 
 
 
3. 
 
When reviewing a district court ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, an 
appellate court reviews the factual underpinnings of the decision under a substantial 
competent evidence standard. The ultimate legal conclusion drawn from those facts is 
reviewed de novo. The appellate court does not reweigh the evidence, assess the 
credibility of the witnesses, or resolve conflicting evidence. 
 
4. 
 
A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the charging document for the first 
time on appeal must show the alleged defect (1) prejudiced the defendant's preparation of 
a defense; (2) impaired the defendant's ability to plead the conviction in any subsequent 
prosecution; or (3) limited the defendant's substantial rights to a fair trial. 
 
5.  
Failure to support a point with pertinent authority or show why it is sound despite 
a lack of supporting authority or in the face of contrary authority is akin to failing to brief 
the issue. An issue not briefed by the appellant is deemed waived and abandoned. 
 
6. 
 
It has long been the law of Kansas that an accusatory pleading in a criminal action 
may, in order to meet the exigencies of proof, charge the commission of the same offense 
in different ways. Furthermore, in an alternative means case, the State is not required to 
elect one means or another when presenting its case to the jury or when requesting jury 
instructions. 
 
7. 
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, this court 
reviews such claims by looking at all the evidence in a light most favorable to the 
3 
 
 
 
prosecution and determining whether a rational factfinder could have found the defendant 
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to 
support a conviction, the appellate court generally will not reweigh the evidence or 
evaluate the credibility of witnesses.  
 
8. 
A letter of additional authority pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 6.09(b) (2013 
Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 50) is reserved for citing significant relevant authorities not 
previously cited in the party's brief which come to the party's attention after briefing. 
Appellate courts will not consider new issues raised for the first time in a party's Rule 
6.09(b) letter. 
 
9. 
Cumulative trial errors, when considered collectively, may require reversal of the 
defendant's convictions when the totality of circumstances substantially prejudiced the 
defendant and denied the defendant a fair trial. If the evidence is overwhelming against 
the defendant, however, no prejudicial error may be found based upon this cumulative 
error rule. Furthermore, a single error cannot constitute cumulative error.  
 
 
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; TERRY L. PULLMAN, judge. Opinion filed January 14, 
2014. Affirmed. 
 
Catherine A. Zigtema, of Maughan & Maughan LC, of Wichita, argued the cause, and Carl F.A. 
Maughan, of the same firm, was with her on the brief for appellant.  
 
Matt J. Maloney, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Nola Tedesco Foulston, district 
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee. 
 
 
4 
 
 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
ROSEN, J.:  A jury found Kedrin Littlejohn guilty of felony murder, aggravated 
robbery, aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated assault. The district court sentenced 
Littlejohn to a hard 20 life sentence plus a consecutive sentence of 277 months' 
imprisonment. 
 
On appeal, Littlejohn raises several issues regarding the jury instructions given in 
this case. Additionally, he argues that (1) the district court erred in denying his motion to 
suppress the statements he made to detectives after being Mirandized; (2) the complaint 
filed against him was defective because each crime charged contained alternative means 
for committing the crime alleged; (3) the State presented insufficient evidence to convict 
him of any crime; and (4) cumulative error denied him his right to a fair trial.  
 
We find that none of the issues raised by Littlejohn have merit; accordingly, we 
affirm his convictions. 
 
FACTS 
 
On the morning of May 12, 2008, Littlejohn and Shannon Bogguess went to Jim 
Collins' used vehicle dealership in Wichita with a handgun, intending to take money from 
Collins by force. Bogguess and Littlejohn confronted Collins inside the dealership. When 
Collins resisted, Bogguess shot him in the leg. Bogguess and Littlejohn then put Collins 
in a Hummer motor vehicle that was at the business in an attempt to take Collins to an 
ATM, where they intended to force him to withdraw cash for them. As they were driving 
the Hummer down St. Francis Street in Wichita, Collins jumped from the moving vehicle 
into the street.  
 
5 
 
 
 
At approximately 8 a.m., several witnesses at the scene saw Bogguess and 
Littlejohn attempt to pick Collins up and get him back into the Hummer. When onlookers 
started to yell at Bogguess and Littlejohn, Littlejohn ran back to the Hummer and got into 
the front passenger seat. Bogguess stood by Collins for a few moments before running to 
the Hummer. Bogguess then walked back to where Collins was sitting in the street and 
shot him in the neck/shoulder area. Bogguess ran back to the Hummer, got into the 
driver's seat, and drove the vehicle south down the street.  
 
After the Hummer drove off, Jeremy Linot, a witness at the scene, ran out to the 
middle of the street to help Collins. Linot saw that Collins was trying to roll to his left in 
an attempt to stand up. As Linot was aiding Collins, someone yelled out to him to look 
out. Linot looked up and saw that the Hummer had turned around and was heading back 
towards them. Linot reacted by trying to drag Collins off the street, but he had to give up 
his efforts in order to dodge the Hummer. The Hummer sped by, running over Collins.  
 
The Hummer proceeded north on St. Francis Street and eventually turned west 
onto Lewis Street. Shortly thereafter, police and medical personnel arrived, and Collins 
was pronounced dead at the scene at 8:20 a.m. A crime scene investigator collected a cell 
phone and a 9 mm cartridge casing at the scene. It was later determined that the cell 
phone belonged to Bogguess. 
   
David Dresher was walking east on Lewis Street a little after 8 a.m. when he saw 
the Hummer traveling very fast in the opposite direction. Dresher saw the Hummer drive 
through a stop sign and eventually come to a stop in the middle of the street where it 
remained for a few moments before backing up and driving into an alleyway on the south 
side of Lewis Street between Broadway and Topeka Streets. Dresher kept walking and 
eventually saw a police car come speeding from the west. Dresher realized that the police 
6 
 
 
 
were probably looking for the Hummer, so he flagged the officer down and directed him 
to the alleyway where he had last seen the Hummer. 
 
A second officer, John Duff, was driving his police car east on Lewis when he saw 
a man, later identified as Littlejohn, standing on the northwest corner of Lewis and 
Broadway Streets. Duff made eye contact with Littlejohn but continued east on Lewis in 
search of the Hummer. Duff saw that a police car was pulled over on Lewis and that an 
officer was speaking to Dresher, who was pointing back towards the west. Duff 
continued driving east on Lewis but soon turned around when he saw that the officer had 
driven his car further to the west, parked, and gotten out of his car with his gun drawn. 
Duff joined the officer at that position where they eventually located the Hummer parked 
in the alleyway. After determining that no one was inside the Hummer or in the alley, the 
officers secured the area and reported the Hummer's license plate and vehicle 
identification numbers to dispatch.    
 
After performing these duties, Duff was standing in the parking lot of a nearby 
Chinese restaurant when Littlejohn approached him. Littlejohn was breathing hard, 
sweating, and spitting—behavior Duff believed indicated that Littlejohn had been 
running. Duff recognized Littlejohn as the man he had previously seen standing on the 
corner of Lewis and Broadway, but at that time, Duff did not notice Littlejohn breathing 
hard, sweating, or spitting.   
 
Littlejohn told Duff that he had been robbed, a story which amazed Duff 
considering the number of police cars traveling through the area that morning. Duff asked 
Littlejohn what had been taken from him, and Littlejohn said his cell phone. Duff asked 
Littlejohn where the robbery had occurred, and Littlejohn pointed at the Hummer and 
said that "they" had done it. Duff asked Littlejohn for his name, and Littlejohn told him 
that his name was Deidra Howard.  
7 
 
 
 
Littlejohn told Duff that the people in the Hummer had robbed him of his cell 
phone at gunpoint and made him get into the Hummer in the area of Douglas and Hillside 
Streets, an area quite a distance away from their current location. Littlejohn told Duff that 
the driver was a Hispanic male with blond hair that had been dyed red and that two other 
people were inside the Hummer—a white male with a pink shirt and a black male with 
gray hair. He said that the white male sat in the front passenger seat and the black male 
sat in the back passenger seat with Littlejohn. Duff asked Littlejohn if the men had taken 
anything besides his cell phone. Littlejohn said no. 
 
Littlejohn was eventually transported to city hall for questioning. As they were 
walking into city hall, Littlejohn told Duff that his name was Kedrin Littlejohn, not 
Deidra Howard. Duff took Littlejohn to an interview room, handcuffed him to a table, 
and put a leg iron on his ankle. Duff left the interview room but later heard a commotion 
and went back inside. There, he saw Littlejohn laying on the floor and looking like he 
was having some sort of medical problem. Duff immediately yelled for help. When Duff 
crawled underneath the table to unlock Littlejohn's leg iron, Duff noticed that Littlejohn 
had blood on the bottom of his shoes. Police removed Littlejohn's shoes and clothing and 
placed those items into custody. After giving him a jumpsuit to wear, Littlejohn was 
transported to the hospital where a doctor examined Littlejohn and determined that there 
was nothing medically wrong with him. Littlejohn was taken back to city hall and 
eventually interviewed by two detectives. The interview started at 1:53 p.m. 
 
Prior to that time, police went to Collins' vehicle dealership and saw large amounts 
of blood on the floor in different locations within the shop area of the building. It was 
apparent to police that somebody had walked in the blood because they observed at least 
two different sole pattern impressions in the blood. A crime scene investigator later 
collected two shell casings and an unfired cartridge from the building.  
 
8 
 
 
 
At 1 p.m. that same day, police learned that Collins' credit cards were being used 
at the Towne East shopping area in Wichita. Police went to that location to investigate 
and ultimately arrested Bogguess at a nearby location. Credit cards belonging to Collins, 
as well as his used vehicle dealer's license, were found in Bogguess' possession. Also 
found in Bogguess' possession was a cell phone which was later determined to belong to 
Littlejohn. Police later reviewed video footage showing Bogguess using Collins' credit 
cards at a Sears store located at Towne East. 
 
Additionally, police found a red Chevy Blazer parked in a Dillon's parking lot near 
Collins' dealership. The Blazer was registered to Carla Abraham, Littlejohn's mother. 
Police spoke to Abraham about the vehicle. She said that Littlejohn left her house very 
early that morning in the Blazer and that she had not seen or heard from him since that 
time. Inside the Blazer, police found a McDonald's paycheck stub made out to Littlejohn.   
 
After being advised of and waiving his Miranda rights, Littlejohn spoke with 
detectives, repeating his story of being robbed by the occupants of the Hummer. After 
taking a 30-minute break, the detectives returned to the interview room and eventually 
told Littlejohn that bloody footprints were found inside Collins' dealership and that the 
sole patterns were consistent with his shoes. After hearing this, Littlejohn admitted to 
participating in the crimes. Sometime after Littlejohn's shoes were seized, law 
enforcement determined that the sole pattern on Littlejohn's shoes matched the sole 
pattern of the bloody footprints found at Collins' dealership. Furthermore, Collins' DNA 
was found on one of Littlejohn's shoes and on his shirt.   
 
Littlejohn told detectives that he had met Bogguess several months ago at a club in 
downtown Wichita. Littlejohn said that Bogguess had told him that he knew how they 
could get some money and that all Littlejohn would have to do was point a gun. 
Littlejohn said that in the weeks leading up to and on the morning of the incident, they 
9 
 
 
 
discussed robbing Collins. Bogguess told Littlejohn that Collins had a lot of money and 
that Littlejohn could get $10,000 for participating in the robbery.   
 
Littlejohn met Bogguess that morning at the Dillon's parking lot. They entered 
Collins' building using the back stairway. Inside, they confronted Collins. Littlejohn 
admitted to pointing a gun at Collins and ordering him to get down on the floor. As 
Littlejohn was doing this, Bogguess went and retrieved a set of keys—presumably the 
keys to the Hummer that was parked in the garage area of the building. Littlejohn said 
that when Bogguess returned, he took the gun from him. At this point, Collins attacked 
Bogguess. During the struggle, Bogguess fired the gun twice—once at the ceiling and 
once at Collins, shooting him in the leg.  
 
After Collins was shot, he fell to the floor. As Bogguess picked Collins up and put 
him into the Hummer, Littlejohn held the gun. Littlejohn said that the purpose of placing 
Collins in the Hummer was that they planned to take him to an ATM machine to get cash. 
They left the building in the Hummer, but before they could make it to an ATM machine, 
Collins jumped out of the vehicle on St. Francis Street.  
 
Littlejohn said that after Collins jumped out of the Hummer, they stopped the 
vehicle, got out, and tried to get Collins off the street and back into the vehicle. Littlejohn 
said that Collins yelled for help while he was on the street, and Bogguess told him to shut 
up. When it became apparent that they could not get Collins back into the vehicle, 
Littlejohn went back to the Hummer and got into the front passenger seat. When 
Bogguess came back to the Hummer, Littlejohn said that he gave the gun to Bogguess or 
Bogguess took possession of the gun. Bogguess then walked back and shot Collins. 
Littlejohn said that he did not actually see Bogguess shoot Collins, but he heard the 
gunshot. Bogguess got into the driver's seat of the Hummer and drove the vehicle away 
before turning it around and running over Collins.   
10 
 
 
 
Littlejohn said that they drove to an area that he was unfamiliar with and ditched 
the Hummer. As they ran from the Hummer, Bogguess dropped the gun they had used in 
a nearby trash can. Subsequently, police recovered a 9 mm semiautomatic handgun from 
a trash can located at the southwest corner of Broadway and Lewis. A firearms examiner 
later confirmed that shell casings recovered from Collins' place of business and at the 
scene of the shooting on St. Francis Street had been ejected from this gun.   
 
Littlejohn told detectives that he and Bogguess ran together to a nearby 
McDonald's. Notably, a witness who was pulling out of the McDonald's drive-through 
that morning reported to police that she saw two men—fitting the descriptions of 
Littlejohn and Bogguess—running past the restaurant together. Littlejohn stated that 
when they got to McDonald's, he realized that he did not have his cell phone, so he turned 
around and ran back to the Hummer. Bogguess continued running. By the time Littlejohn 
got to the area where the Hummer was parked, police had already arrived at the scene. It 
was at this point when Littlejohn decided to approach an officer and tell him that he was 
the victim of a robbery. 
 
At 5:32 p.m., after Littlejohn's interview was completed, he began complaining 
about having chest pains. He was transported to the hospital where he was again checked 
and determined to be suffering no medical complications. He was released from the 
hospital and taken back to the city building. While waiting to be transported to the 
Sedgwick County Adult Detention Facility, Littlejohn asked an officer how long he 
would be in jail. The officer told him that she did not know. In response, Littlejohn said, 
"I'm going to get probably life." Littlejohn was eventually transported and booked into 
the detention facility. 
 
A firearms trace through the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the 9 
mm handgun recovered from the trash can determined that the gun had been part of a 
11 
 
 
 
multiple gun purchase by a woman named Jocqulyn Johnson. A detective spoke with 
Johnson and learned that the handgun had been stolen from a vehicle parked in Johnson's 
driveway sometime between April 11 and April 25, 2008. Johnson and Littlejohn's 
mother lived on the same residential block. Littlejohn had been living at his mother's 
residence in April 2008.  
 
During their investigation, police reviewed the cell phone records of Littlejohn and 
Bogguess, which showed that they had the following text-message exchange on the 
morning of May 12, 2008: 
 
7:07 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"what's up?" 
7:09 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"what's up, I'm here waiting. He should be 
here pulling up at any minute." 
7:09 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"where you at, I'm on my way." 
7:13 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"Douglas and Chautauqua." 
7:18 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"here I come." 
7:19 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"Bet." 
7:27 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"I'm on Douglas." 
7:28 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"stop before you get to the store." 
7:29 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"K." 
7:31 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"the Dillons." 
7:39 a.m.—Littlejohn to Bogguess—"where he at." 
7:46 a.m.—Bogguess to Littlejohn—"hurry and do it." (This message failed to be 
delivered to Littlejohn.)  
 
Jaime Oeberst, the district coroner for Sedgwick County and the chief medical 
examiner at the Sedgwick County Regional Forensic Science Center, performed an 
autopsy on Collins on May 13, 2008. Oeberst determined that Collins had suffered 
multiple blunt-force injuries and sustained two gunshot wounds—one to the right side of 
his head and one to his lower left leg. Oeberst noted that the gunshot wound to Collins' 
12 
 
 
 
head showed that the bullet entered behind Collins' right ear, traveled downward and 
through his upper neck, and exited near the left corner of his mouth. Oeberst found 
gunpowder residue around the entrance wound, indicating that the gun was fired no 
greater than a foot away from Collins' head.   
 
With regard to the injuries Collins sustained as a result of being run over by the 
Hummer, Oeberst noted that Collins suffered multiple skull fractures and suffered 
fractures to his sixth cervical vertebra, ribs, sternum, and lumbar spine. Furthermore, both 
of Collins' shoulders were dislocated, his collarbone was dislocated, and his right 
shoulder blade was fractured. 
 
Oeberst opined that the cause of Collins' death was multiple blunt force injuries 
and that the gunshot wound to Collins' neck contributed to his death. She stated that the 
gunshot wound alone could have proven to be fatal but that the blunt force trauma (i.e., 
the injuries Collins sustained as a result of being run over by the Hummer) killed Collins 
before the gunshot wound could.  
 
The State charged Littlejohn with alternative counts of premeditated first-degree 
murder and first-degree felony murder and single counts of aggravated robbery, 
aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated assault based on the act of nearly running over 
Jeremy Linot with the Hummer. Littlejohn's case proceeded to a jury trial where the State 
presented the above-mentioned facts.   
 
Carla Abraham, Littlejohn's mother, testified for the defense at trial. She said that 
on May 11, 2008, which was Mother's Day, Littlejohn spent the day with her. Abraham 
said that Littlejohn told her about a possible job he was really excited about which 
involved working at a car lot.   
 
13 
 
 
 
Littlejohn testified at trial, claiming that Bogguess forced him at gunpoint to 
participate in the robbery and kidnapping of Collins and that Bogguess acted alone in 
killing Collins. 
 
Littlejohn said that he had known Bogguess for only a couple of weeks prior to the 
robbery. About a week prior to the robbery, Littlejohn complained to Bogguess about 
being unsatisfied with working at McDonald's. In response, Bogguess told Littlejohn that 
he was making $10 an hour detailing cars and that he could get Littlejohn a job doing the 
same thing. 
 
Littlejohn said that Bogguess called him on the evening of May 11, 2008, asking 
him if he was still interested in the job detailing cars. Littlejohn said he was, so Bogguess 
told Littlejohn to meet him at Collins' vehicle dealership the next morning at 7:30 a.m. 
The next day, Littlejohn woke up at 7 a.m. and drove the Chevy Blazer to the area and 
parked the vehicle in the Dillon's parking lot. When he parked, Littlejohn saw that 
Bogguess was standing outside of Collins' building next to the garage door.    
 
Littlejohn said he walked over to Bogguess, and Bogguess told him that the man 
he needed to speak to about the job was upstairs in his office. Littlejohn walked up the 
outside flight of stairs and into the building. He walked down a hallway and into an office 
where he saw Collins. Littlejohn told Collins that he was there for the detailing job. 
Collins told Littlejohn that he did not know what Littlejohn was talking about. Littlejohn 
explained to Collins that Bogguess had told him about the detailing job and that he was 
downstairs. Collins said that they should go downstairs to see what Bogguess was talking 
about.  
 
Collins and Littlejohn walked down a different flight of stairs that led to the 
garage area on the floor level of the building. They walked towards the garage door 
14 
 
 
 
which was open and looked around but did not see anybody. Littlejohn said at that 
moment, Bogguess came into the garage holding a gun. Littlejohn said that he and 
Collins reacted by putting their hands up in the air. Bogguess pointed the gun at Collins 
and said, "[Y]ou been fucking me out of my money. I want my money you owe me." In 
response, Collins said, "Come on Shane, why are you doing this?" Bogguess then shot 
Collins in the leg, causing Collins to fall to the floor. Littlejohn said that Bogguess then 
pointed the gun at him and ordered him to help put Collins in the Hummer. Littlejohn 
told Bogguess that he did not "want any part of this." In response, Bogguess fired a shot 
in the air. At that point, Littlejohn complied and helped get Collins into the Hummer. 
Once Collins was in the vehicle, Bogguess told Littlejohn to give him his cell phone, 
which Littlejohn did. Bogguess then told Littlejohn that he could either get into the 
Hummer or get shot. Littlejohn said that he got into the front passenger seat of the 
Hummer. Bogguess got into the driver's seat and drove the Hummer out of the garage and 
onto the street. Bogguess eventually turned onto St. Francis Street where Collins jumped 
from the vehicle.   
 
After Collins jumped, Littlejohn said that Bogguess stopped the Hummer and told 
him to get out and help load Collins back into the vehicle. Littlejohn said he walked over 
to Collins, put his hand out, and asked Collins to please get back into the Hummer 
because he, Littlejohn, did not want to get shot. According to Littlejohn, Collins scooted 
away from them and called out for help. Bogguess told Littlejohn to get Collins into the 
car. Littlejohn refused, saying he was not going to touch him. Bogguess then told him to 
go back to the Hummer. Littlejohn did so and got into the front passenger seat. Littlejohn 
said at that point, he looked for the keys, but they were not in the ignition. Bogguess then 
walked up to the driver's side window and told Littlejohn to help him get Collins back 
into the Hummer. According to Littlejohn, he just sat there and told Bogguess that he was 
not helping him. In response, Bogguess started screaming. Bogguess then walked back to 
where Collins was sitting in the street and shot him. Bogguess then ran back and got into 
15 
 
 
 
the driver's seat of the Hummer and drove the vehicle away but returned and ran over 
Collins.   
 
Littlejohn said that after Bugguess parked the Hummer in the alleyway, he got out 
of the vehicle and ran towards McDonald's. Bogguess chased after him and yelled for 
him to wait and come back. After they ran past McDonald's, Littlejohn said Bogguess 
eventually stopped chasing him and ran in a different direction. 
   
Littlejohn said that he eventually ran back to the front of McDonald's and saw a 
police car drive by and go towards the alleyway where the Hummer was parked. He then 
ran towards the police car and encountered Officer Duff. Littlejohn said that he told Duff 
that his name was Deandra and that he had been robbed by the occupants of the Hummer. 
Littlejohn explained that Deandra was his middle name. He denied telling Duff that his 
name was Deidra Howard. 
 
Littlejohn testified that he made up the story of being a victim of a robbery 
because, at the time, he was on probation and was afraid that his probation would be 
revoked if he told police that Bogguess forced him to participate in the crimes. 
Furthermore, Littlejohn said that he told the detectives that he was a participant in the 
crimes because he thought that was what they wanted to hear. He explained that he did 
not tell them the story that he was testifying to at trial—that he went to Collins' place of 
business for a job interview and was subsequently forced to participate in the crimes—
because he did not think they would believe him. Finally, Littlejohn denied ever pointing 
the gun at Collins or even having possession of the gun. 
 
The jury found Littlejohn guilty of felony murder, aggravated robbery, aggravated 
kidnapping, and aggravated assault. The district court sentenced Littlejohn to a hard 20 
16 
 
 
 
life sentence for the felony-murder conviction and a consecutive sentence of 277 months' 
imprisonment for the remaining convictions. Littlejohn filed a timely notice of appeal. 
 
JURY INSTRUCTIONS 
 
On appeal, Littlejohn contends that the district court erred in instructing or failing 
to instruct the jury on several issues. Littlejohn argues that the district court erred when it:  
(1) failed to instruct the jury on both second-degree intentional and unintentional murder 
as lesser included offenses of felony murder; (2) failed to give a unanimity instruction in 
connection to the felony-murder charge; (3) instructed the jury on criminal liability based 
on an aiding or abetting theory; and (4) instructed the jury on the defense of compulsion.   
 
Littlejohn concedes on appeal that he failed to request jury instructions on second-
degree intentional and unintentional murder and failed to object to the district court's 
instructions regarding criminal liability based on aiding or abetting and the defense of 
compulsion. Accordingly, a clearly erroneous standard of review applies to these issues. 
See K.S.A. 22-3414(3). But, Littlejohn contends that he requested a unanimity instruction 
in connection to the felony-murder charge, resulting in the application of the more 
favorable harmless error standard of review. See State v. Plummer, 295 Kan. 156, 162-
63, 283 P.3d 202 (2012).  
 
Based on the transcript of the jury instruction conference, it is clear that the district 
court, not Littlejohn, proposed giving a unanimity instruction in connection to the felony-
murder charge. The district court believed such an instruction was necessary because the 
State alleged that the felony-murder charge was supported by two separate underlying 
felonies (i.e., the aggravated robbery or aggravated kidnapping of Collins) and, thus, the 
jury, if it found Littlejohn guilty of felony murder, had to be unanimous as to which 
underlying felony supported the conviction. The State objected to the district court's 
17 
 
 
 
proposed unanimity instruction, stating that the two underlying felonies being alleged in 
support of the felony-murder charge presented alternative means, not multiple acts, of 
committing the felony murder. Accordingly, the State argued that a unanimity instruction 
was unwarranted. See State v. Bailey, 292 Kan. 449, 458, 255 P.3d 19 (2011) 
("[D]ifferent underlying felonies supporting a charge of felony murder are alternative 
means rather than multiple acts."); see also State v. Becker, 290 Kan. 842, Syl. ¶ 4, 235 
P.3d 424 (2010) ("In an alternative means case the jury must be unanimous as to guilt for 
the single crime charged, but not as to the particular means by which the crime was 
committed, so long as substantial evidence supports each alternative means."). 
 
Defense counsel did not provide the district court with a legal argument as to why 
a unanimity instruction should be given in connection with the felony-murder instruction. 
He merely stated that he was "not going to agree" with not giving the instruction. The 
district court agreed with the State's argument and decided not to give a unanimity 
instruction.  
 
Now on appeal, Littlejohn provides this court with a legal argument that he failed 
to provide to the district court. He claims that the felony-murder charge was supported by 
multiple acts (i.e., Bogguess shooting Collins in the street and Bogguess running Collins 
over with the Hummer) which individually could have constituted the crime of felony 
murder. Based on this new assertion, he argues the district court should have given its 
proposed unanimity instruction.      
 
As we have explained, "it is important to remember that the purpose of requiring 
an objection is to allow the district court to correct an error, if one occurred. [Citation 
omitted.]" State v. Ellmaker, 289 Kan. 1132, 1139, 221 P.3d 1105 (2009), cert. denied 
130 S. Ct. 3410 (2010). In Ellmaker, the defendant objected to an instruction on one 
ground but asserted a different argument on appeal. Under those circumstances, even 
18 
 
 
 
though the defendant had objected to the instruction, this court concluded the defendant 
failed to comply with K.S.A. 22-3414(3) and, thus, applied a clearly erroneous standard 
of review. Ellmaker, 289 Kan. at 1139; see State v. Tapia, 295 Kan. 978, 995, 287 P.3d 
879 (2012) (clearly erroneous standard of review applied on appeal to defendant's jury 
instruction issue when defendant's request for jury instruction before district court was 
interpreted as being so indistinct as to not clearly communicate the request or, 
alternatively, as being different from the request he was making on appeal).  
 
Accordingly, review of all the jury instruction issues raised in this appeal is 
controlled by K.S.A. 22-3414(3) and the stair-step analytical process set out in State v. 
Herbel, 296 Kan. 1101, Syl. ¶¶ 7-8, 299 P.3d 292 (2013), and State v. Williams, 295 Kan. 
506, 511, 286 P.3d 195 (2012). As Williams articulated, K.S.A. 22-3414(3) creates a 
procedural hurdle when a party fails to object because the statute establishes a 
preservation rule for instruction claims on appeal. It provides, in part, that no party may 
assign as error a district court's giving or failure to give a particular jury instruction, 
including a lesser included offense instruction, unless the giving or failure to give the 
instruction is clearly erroneous. If it is clearly erroneous, appellate review is not 
predicated upon an objection in the district court. Williams, 295 Kan. at 512-13. 
 
To establish that the giving or failure to give an instruction was clearly erroneous, 
the reviewing court must determine whether there was any error at all. This requires 
demonstrating that giving the proposed instruction would have been both legally and 
factually appropriate, employing an unlimited review of the entire record. Williams, 295 
Kan. at 515-16. And if error is found on that basis, then the court moves to a reversibility 
inquiry in which it assesses whether it is firmly convinced the jury would have reached a 
different verdict had the instruction been given. The defendant maintains the burden to 
establish the degree of prejudice necessary for reversal. 295 Kan. at 516. 
19 
 
 
 
A. Did the district court err in failing to instruct the jury on second-degree intentional 
and unintentional murder as lesser included offenses of felony murder?  
 
 
1. Were these instructions legally appropriate? 
 
K.S.A. 21-3402 defines second-degree murder as "the killing of a human being 
committed:  (a) Intentionally; or (b) unintentionally but recklessly under circumstances 
manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life." The statute focuses 
culpability on whether the killing is intentional or unintentional, not whether a deliberate 
and voluntary act leads to death. State v. Deal, 293 Kan. 872, 885, 269 P.3d 1282 (2012). 
Both types of second-degree murder constitute lesser included offenses of felony murder. 
See State v. Calvin, 279 Kan. 193, 202, 105 P.3d 710 (2005). But see K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 
21-5109(b)(1) (there are no lesser degrees to felony murder effective July 1, 2012); see 
also State v. Wells, 297 Kan. 741, Syl. ¶ 8, 305 P.3d 568 (2013) ("Because the 
legislature's 2012 amendment to K.S.A. 21-5109 regarding lesser included crimes was 
not merely procedural or remedial but substantive, it is not to be applied retroactively to a 
case pending on appeal at the time of the amendment."). The instructions on second-
degree intentional murder and second-degree unintentional murder would have been 
legally appropriate in this case.  
 
 
2. Were these instructions factually appropriate? 
 
Because the evidence presented at trial showed that Bogguess killed Collins by 
running him over with the Hummer, Littlejohn's guilt for either type of second-degree 
murder would have to be based on an aiding or abetting theory. Second-degree 
intentional murder is a specific-intent crime requiring the defendant to have the specific 
intent to kill. Deal, 293 Kan. at 883. Furthermore, "[f]or a defendant to be convicted of a 
specific-intent crime on an aiding and abetting theory, that defendant must have the same 
20 
 
 
 
specific intent to commit the crime as the principal." State v. Becker, 290 Kan. 842, 852, 
235 P.3d 424 (2010). 
 
Even if we assume without deciding that an instruction on second-degree 
intentional murder would have been factually appropriate, we conclude that failing to 
give such an instruction was not clearly erroneous. The evidence presented at trial clearly 
established that Littlejohn was guilty of felony murder because he participated in an 
aggravated robbery and aggravated kidnapping of Collins and that Collins was killed 
during the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from these two inherently 
dangerous felonies. See K.S.A. 21-3401(b) (felony murder); K.S.A. 21-3436(a)(2) and 
(4) (identifying aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery as inherently dangerous 
felonies); State v. Ransom, 288 Kan. 697, 713-14, 207 P.3d 208 (2009) ("[A] defendant 
may be convicted of felony murder even if the victim was not killed by the defendant . . . 
as long as the homicide occurred as a direct result of an inherently dangerous felony."). 
Accordingly, we are not firmly convinced that the jury would have reached a different 
verdict had the district court instructed the jury on second-degree intentional murder as a 
lesser included offense of felony murder.  
 
With regard to second-degree unintentional reckless murder, this court stated in 
Deal that this type of murder is a killing of a human that is not purposeful, willful, or 
knowing but which results from an act performed with knowledge the victim is in 
imminent danger, although death is not foreseen. Deal, 293 Kan. at 884. As Littlejohn 
concedes in his brief, the facts of this case established that Collins' death resulted from an 
act intended to bring about his death. Thus, an instruction on second-degree unintentional 
but reckless murder would have been factually inappropriate. Cf. State v. Cordray, 277 
Kan. 43, 56, 82 P.3d 503 (2004) (evidence sufficient to support jury verdict of 
unintentional but reckless second-degree murder where the defendant fired a gun in the 
general direction of a vehicle at night, striking an occupant); State v. Jones, 27 Kan. App. 
21 
 
 
 
2d 910, 915, 8 P.3d 1282 (2000) (held jury could have found evidence supporting 
recklessness where witnesses testified defendant shot gun randomly over crowd of people 
with eyes closed). 
 
B. Did the district court err in not giving a unanimity instruction in connection with the 
felony-murder instruction?  
 
As mentioned above, Littlejohn contends that the district court should have given 
a unanimity instruction regarding the felony-murder charge because the jury was 
presented with evidence of multiple acts (i.e., Bogguess shooting Collins in the street and 
Bogguess running Collins over with the Hummer) which individually could have 
constituted the crime of felony murder. 
 
 
1. Was this instruction legally appropriate?  
 
"When several acts are alleged, any one of which could constitute the crime 
charged, the court is presented with a multiple acts case that requires the jury to be 
unanimous as to which one of the acts the defendant committed." State v. Jones, 295 Kan. 
1050, Syl. ¶ 3, 288 P.3d 140 (2012); see State v. Sanborn, 281 Kan. 568, 569, 132 P.3d 
1277 (2006) ("A unanimity instruction is used when the State charges one crime but 
relies on multiple acts to support that one crime." [Emphasis added.]). To ensure 
unanimity in such cases, the district court must give the jury a unanimity instruction, or 
the State must elect the particular act it relies on for conviction. State v. Voyles, 284 Kan. 
239, 244-45, 160 P.3d 794 (2007).    
 
In Voyles, this court laid down analytical steps to follow when considering a 
multiple acts claim on appeal. The threshold question in the Voyles framework, over 
which an appellate court exercises unlimited review, is whether the case truly involves 
multiple acts, i.e., "whether the defendant's actions could have given rise to multiple 
22 
 
 
 
counts of the charged crime or whether the alleged conduct was unitary." (Emphasis 
added.) State v. Trujillo, 296 Kan. 625, 629-30, 294 P.3d 281 (2013). If this case does not 
involve multiple acts, then Littlejohn's argument fails. See Voyles, 284 Kan. at 244. 
 
Bogguess' acts of shooting Collins and then running him over with the Hummer do 
not constitute multiple acts supporting the felony-murder charge against Littlejohn 
because those actions could not have given rise to multiple counts of felony murder. 
Regardless of the number of potentially fatal acts performed against Collins, he could 
only be killed once during the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from the 
underlying felonies supporting the felony-murder charged in this case. Accordingly, 
Littlejohn could only be charged and convicted of a single count of felony murder. Thus, 
a unanimity instruction in connection with the felony-murder charge would not have been 
legally appropriate.  
 
C. Did the district court err in instructing the jury regarding aiding or abetting? 
 
Next, Littlejohn argues that the district court erred by not adding the following 
language to the aiding or abetting instruction given to the jury:  "Mere association with 
the principals who actually commit the crime or mere presence in the vicinity of the 
crime are themselves insufficient to establish guilt as an aider and abettor." State v. 
Green, 237 Kan. 146, Syl. ¶ 4, 697 P.2d 1305 (1985). 
 
The district court instructed the jury that an aider or abettor is one  
 
"who, either before or during its commission intentionally aids or abets another to 
commit a crime with intent to promote or assist in its commission is criminally 
responsible for the crime committed regardless of the extent of the defendant's 
participation, if any, in the actual commission of the crime."    
23 
 
 
 
 
Littlejohn contends that the above instruction—which was based on PIK Crim. 3d 
54.05—was insufficient because the jury could have still found him guilty of the crimes 
charged despite him testifying at trial that he was compelled to participate in the crimes 
and was merely present when the crimes at issue occurred.  
 
Though the additional language is a correct statement of law, this court has 
repeatedly held that juries are presumed to intuit from the word "intentionally" in PIK 
Crim. 3d 54.05 that proof of mere association or presence would be insufficient to 
convict. See, e.g., State v. Edwards, 291 Kan. 532, 551-52, 243 P.3d 683 (2010); State v. 
Davis, 283 Kan. 569, 581-83, 158 P.3d 317 (2006); State v. Hunter, 241 Kan. 629, 639, 
740 P.2d 559 (1987). Based on that precedent, we decline to find that the district court's 
refusal to add the requested language to the pattern instruction on aiding or abetting was 
clearly erroneous. But, as we recently noted in State v. Llamas, 298 Kan. 246, 261-62, 
311 P.3d 399 (2013),  
 
"The better practice would be to include the mere association or presence language when 
a defense is based on the theory that a defendant was merely present and did not actively 
aid and abet a crime. We encourage trial judges to use language from our cases, such as 
was suggested in this case. Failing to do so may not constitute error if, as in this case, the 
instructions properly and fairly state the law as applied to the facts of the case. [Citations 
omitted.] That does not mean the instruction cannot be improved upon, and adding the 
mere association or presence language would do so by explaining the legal concepts in 
commonly understood words." 
 
 
 
 
 
24 
 
 
 
D. Did the district court err when it instructed the jury regarding the defense of 
compulsion?  
 
Based on Littlejohn's testimony at trial, the district court believed that it was 
necessary and appropriate to give the following instruction to the jury regarding the 
defense of compulsion: 
 
"Compulsion is a defense if the defendant acted under the compulsion or threat of 
imminent infliction of death or great bodily harm, and he reasonably believed that death 
or great bodily harm would have been inflicted upon him had he not acted as he did. 
"Compulsion is not a defense to a crime of First Degree Murder—Premeditated. 
"Compulsion may be a defense to a crime of First Degree Murder—Felony 
Murder—if the compulsion is also applicable to the underlying acts, i.e.,—Aggravated 
Robbery or Aggravated Kidnapping. 
"Such a defense is not available to one who willfully or wantonly placed himself 
in a situation in which it was probable that he would have been subjected to compulsion 
or threat." (Emphasis added.)   
 
See Hunter, 241 Kan. at 642 (Compulsion may be used as a defense to felony murder 
when compulsion is a defense to the underlying felony.). 
 
Littlejohn contends that the district court erred when it included the italicized 
language within its instruction on the defense of compulsion. He argues that there was no 
evidence presented at trial showing that he willfully or wantonly placed himself in a 
situation where it was probable that he would be subjected to compulsion or threat. 
Instead, Littlejohn contends that the evidence presented at trial established that he was 
either a voluntary participant in the crimes or that he was an innocent victim who was led 
to Collins' dealership under false pretenses and was subsequently forced against his will 
to participate in the crimes. He contends that by including the willful or wanton language, 
the instruction improperly expanded his criminal liability for the crimes committed 
25 
 
 
 
against Collins because the instruction could have led the jury into concluding that his 
mere presence within the vicinity of the crimes committed by Bogguess made him 
criminally liable for those acts. 
 
 
1. Was this instruction legally appropriate? 
 
The district court's compulsion instruction was based on PIK Crim. 3d 54.13, 
which in turn is based on K.S.A. 21-3209. That statute states:  
 
"(1) A person is not guilty of a crime other than murder or voluntary 
manslaughter by reason of conduct which he performs under the compulsion or threat of 
the imminent infliction of death or great bodily harm, if he reasonably believes that death 
or great bodily harm will be inflicted up him . . . if he does not perform such conduct. 
"(2) The defense provided by this section is not available to one who willfully or 
wantonly places himself in a situation in which it is probable that he will be subjected to 
compulsion or threat." (Emphasis added.) 
 
Clearly, the last paragraph of the district court's instruction is based on subsection 
(2) of K.S.A. 21-3209. Because the district court instructed the jury on the defense of 
compulsion, it was legally appropriate for the district court to also instruct the jury on the 
circumstances which prevent a defendant from raising a compulsion defense.  
 
 
2. Was this instruction factually appropriate? 
  
In the Notes on Use to PIK Crim. 3d 54.13, it states that the instructional language 
regarding when the defense of compulsion is unavailable "should be used only when 
there is some evidence indicating that the defendant willfully or wantonly placed himself 
or herself in the situation indicated." In State v. Scott, 250 Kan. 350, 827 P.2d 733 (1992), 
26 
 
 
 
this court explained the types of situations that would prevent a defendant from raising a 
compulsion defense. The court stated:   
 
"A compulsion defense is not available to a person who willfully or wantonly 
places himself or herself in a situation in which it is probable that compulsion or threat 
will occur; thus, a person who connects himself or herself with criminal activities or is 
otherwise indifferent to known risks cannot use compulsion as a defense." (Emphasis 
added.) Scott, 250 Kan. 350, Syl. ¶ 6. 
 
Though Littlejohn testified at trial that he went to Collins' used vehicle dealership 
for a job interview and ended up being compelled by Bogguess to participate in the 
crimes, the State's evidence indicated that he was a voluntary participant in all the crimes. 
The jury, however, was not required to accept either version in toto. See In re J.W.S., 250 
Kan. 65, 67-68, 825 P.2d 125 (1992) ("It is respondent's position that there was no 
evidence he aided and abetted in the death of Sauer. If Malone is believed, respondent 
was the principal. If respondent's version is believed, then he was guilty of no crime. This 
rationale is faulty. The jury was not required to accept, in toto, either version."); State v. 
Lashley, 233 Kan. 620, 628, 664 P.2d 1358 (1983) (same). Therefore, the jury could have 
found that Littlejohn went to Collins' vehicle dealership knowing that Bogguess intended 
to rob Collins and that Bogguess subsequently forced Littlejohn to participate in the other 
crimes. Thus, it was factually appropriate for the district court to inform the jury of when 
the defense of compulsion is unavailable to a defendant.      
 
POST-MIRANDA STATEMENTS 
 
Next, Littlejohn argues that the district court erred when it failed to grant his 
motion to suppress his post-Miranda statements to police. Littlejohn made a 
contemporaneous objection at trial regarding the statements.   
 
27 
 
 
 
"When reviewing a district court ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, an 
appellate court reviews the factual underpinnings of the decision under a substantial 
competent evidence standard. The ultimate legal conclusion drawn from those facts is 
reviewed de novo. The appellate court does not reweigh the evidence, assess the 
credibility of the witnesses, or resolve conflicting evidence." State v. Ransom, 288 Kan. 
697, Syl. ¶ 1, 207 P.3d 208 (2009). 
 
Prior to trial, Littlejohn filed a motion seeking to have his post-Miranda 
statements to police suppressed because he did not voluntarily and intelligently waive his 
rights under Miranda and because his statements to police were involuntary and coerced 
by the police. Within his motion, Littlejohn did not provide any factual allegations to 
support his claims.  
 
A pretrial hearing on the motion was conducted on October 8, 2010. At the 
hearing, the district court judge stated that in preparation for the hearing, he had reviewed 
a DVD recording and transcript of Littlejohn's interrogation. Notably, neither the DVD 
nor the transcript is included within the record on appeal. At the hearing, Dr. Mitchell 
Flesher testified on behalf of the defense regarding an evaluation of Littlejohn he 
conducted in September 2009, 14 months after Littlejohn was interviewed by the 
detectives. Detective Blake Mumma, one of the detectives who interviewed Littlejohn, 
testified on behalf of the State regarding how he conducted the interview (including how 
he Mirandized Littlejohn) and what Littlejohn's demeanor was like during the interview.  
 
After hearing this evidence, the district court judge made the following findings of 
fact and conclusions of law:   
 
"Nowhere through this entire interview, which I did watch every minute of every 
question, every answer of it, and I was especially watching the physical presentation, the 
verbal delivery, all of those matters relating to Mr. Littlejohn, I noted nothing that gave 
me any consideration at all that he was under the influence of any drugs or alcohol. That 
28 
 
 
 
he was under the belief that he had to say these things. That he was being coerced in 
some way to say these things. Absolutely there were no promises made. No promises of 
leniency or any favorite—any favoritism or favored treatment that might result from his 
giving a statement.  
"There is nothing whatsoever in my review of the tape, and now especially 
considering the testimony and report of Dr. Flesher, that leads me to believe that Mr. 
Littlejohn did not understand the Miranda warnings as were given to him, that he did not 
appreciate them, and that there's nothing that leads me to believe that his waiver of them 
was anything other than knowing, intelligent, freely, and voluntarily given.  
"Yes, he's not as intelligent as measured by Dr. Flesher as other people. But in 
and of itself that's not a factor that would invalidate or make involuntary his statements. 
"For those reasons I will deny the motion that was filed on October 9 of 2009." 
 
It is clear from this district judge's ruling that he relied heavily on the DVD 
recording and transcript of Littlejohn's interrogation to determine whether Littlejohn 
voluntarily waived his Miranda rights and whether his statements to the detectives were 
freely made. In order to determine whether the district court's ruling on the suppression 
motion was supported by substantial competent evidence, it would be necessary to review 
the DVD and transcript. Unfortunately, Littlejohn has failed to include this evidence 
within the record on appeal, which prevents review of his claim. See State v. 
McCullough, 293 Kan. 970, 999, 270 P.3d 1142 (2012) ("The party claiming an error 
occurred has the burden of designating a record that affirmatively shows prejudicial 
error."); see also State v. Cervantes-Puentes, 297 Kan. 560, 564, 303 P.3d 258 (2013) 
("But Cervantes-Puentes failed to include the photo array in the appellate record, 
preventing our review of the district court's factual findings and legal conclusion 
regarding the array."). 
 
 
 
 
29 
 
 
 
DEFECTIVE COMPLAINT 
 
Next, Littlejohn argues that each charge filed against him contained alternative 
means for committing the crime alleged. Based on this assertion, he claims that the 
complaint lacked sufficient specificity to apprise him of the nature of the charges. 
Littlejohn did not file a bill of particulars prior to trial or file a motion to arrest judgment 
after his trial was complete.  
 
A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the charging document for the first 
time on appeal must show the alleged defect either "(1) prejudiced the defendant's 
preparation of a defense; (2) impaired the defendant's ability to plead the conviction in 
any subsequent prosecution; or (3) limited the defendant's substantial rights to a fair trial. 
[Citation omitted.]" State v. Gracey, 288 Kan. 252, 254, 200 P.3d 1275 (2009); see State 
v. McElroy, 281 Kan. 256, 261, 130 P.3d 100 (2006). 
 
K.S.A. 22-3201(b) states in pertinent part:  "The complaint, information or 
indictment shall be a plain and concise written statement of the essential facts 
constituting the crime charged, which complaint, information or indictment, drawn in the 
language of the statute, shall be deemed sufficient."  
 
In making his argument, Littlejohn does not contend that the charges filed against 
him failed to allege any essential facts or were not drawn in the language of the 
applicable statutes. He merely claims—providing no explanation or legal authority for his 
claims—that because each charge contained alternative means for committing the crime 
charged, the complaint prejudiced his ability to prepare a defense and impaired his 
"ability to plea" his convictions in a subsequent prosecution. 
 
30 
 
 
 
Failure to support a point with pertinent authority or show why it is sound despite 
a lack of supporting authority or in the face of contrary authority is akin to failing to brief 
the issue. State v. Tague, 296 Kan. 993, 1001, 298 P.3d 273 (2013). An issue not briefed 
by the appellant is deemed waived and abandoned. State v. Holman, 295 Kan. 116, 125, 
284 P.3d 251 (2012).   
 
Even if we ignore Littlejohn's failure to properly brief this issue, we still reject his 
argument. In State v. Saylor, 228 Kan. 498, 503-04, 618 P.2d 1166 (1980), this court 
stated:  "It has long been the law of Kansas that an accusatory pleading in a criminal 
action may, in order to meet the exigencies of proof, charge the commission of the same 
offense in different ways." Furthermore, in an alternative means case, the State is not 
required to elect one means or another when presenting its case to the jury or when 
requesting jury instructions. State v. Stevens, 285 Kan. 307, 309, 172 P.3d 570 (2007), 
overruled on other grounds by State v. Ahrens, 296 Kan. 151, 158-61, 290 P.3d 629 
(2012). Accordingly, Littlejohn's complaint that the charges filed against him contained 
alternative means and, thus, rendered the complaint deficient is without merit. 
 
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE  
 
Next, Littlejohn raises a number of conclusory arguments in his brief in an effort 
to show that the State presented insufficient evidence to convict him of any crime.  
 
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, this court 
reviews such claims by looking at all the evidence in a light most favorable to the 
prosecution and determining whether a rational factfinder could have found the defendant 
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Frye, 294 Kan. 364, 374-75, 277 P.3d 1091 
(2012). In determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction, the 
31 
 
 
 
appellate court generally will not reweigh the evidence or evaluate the credibility of 
witnesses. State v. Hall, 292 Kan. 841, 859, 257 P.3d 272 (2011). 
 
In his brief, Littlejohn first claims that the State  
 
"failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant's individual participation in 
the joint criminal venture, the defendant's use of or possession of the firearm in this 
matter, and the defendant's continued intent to participate in the vehicular trauma to the 
victim after completion of the initial offense with the shooting of the victim." 
 
Littlejohn provides no citation to the record in support for these claims, nor does 
he provide any explanation of how these claims relate to each individual conviction. 
Regardless, Littlejohn's statements to the detectives, when viewed in the light most 
favorable to the State, established that Littlejohn and Bogguess planned to rob Collins 
and acted on this plan on the morning of May 12, 2008. Furthermore, Littlejohn admitted 
to detectives that he pointed the gun at Collins while inside his business establishment.   
 
With regard to his "continued intent to participate in the vehicular trauma to the 
victim" claim, Littlejohn is presumably arguing that in order to be convicted of felony 
murder, there had to be evidence presented at trial showing that he had the intent to kill 
Collins when Bogguess ran him over with the Hummer. This claim has no merit. In order 
to convict Littlejohn of felony murder, the State had to show that Littlejohn participated 
in an aggravated robbery and aggravated kidnapping of Collins and that Collins was 
killed during the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from these two inherently 
dangerous felonies. Again, Littlejohn's statements to detectives established that he 
participated in both the aggravated robbery and aggravated kidnapping of Collins. And 
the jury could certainly conclude from the evidence that, at the very least, Collins was 
killed while Littlejohn and Bogguess were attempting to flee from the crimes they just 
32 
 
 
 
committed. See State v. Cheffen, 297 Kan. 689, 699, 303 P.3d 1261 (2013) (The phrase 
"in the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from an inherently dangerous felony" 
in K.S.A. 21-3401[b] does not create alternative means; instead, the phrase describes 
factual circumstances sufficient to establish a material element of felony murder.).        
 
Next, Littlejohn claims that the evidence established that Collins' death resulted 
from either being shot or run over by the Hummer. Accordingly, he claims that the State 
had to establish his liability for Collins' murder under "each alternative means theory" 
and that it failed to do so. Littlejohn's argument is without merit. There is absolutely no 
language in the felony-murder statute to suggest that the possible ways in which someone 
is killed during the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from an inherently 
dangerous felony create alternative means of committing felony murder. See State v. 
Brown, 295 Kan. 181, 189-90, 199-200, 284 P.3d 977 (2012) (The first step in an 
alternative means analysis is determining whether the criminal statute supporting the 
charged crime is an alternative means statute. If so, the elements instruction incorporating 
the language of the statute should be tailored to include only those alternative means for 
which there is some evidence.). 
 
Next, Littlejohn contends that his conviction for aggravated robbery should be 
reversed because in the complaint charging him with the crime, the State alleged that the 
property taken from the person or presence of Collins was "keys, Hummer, and credit 
cards." Littlejohn argues that the individual pieces of property alleged to have been taken 
from Collins established either alternative means of committing aggravated robbery or 
multiple acts which would warrant a unanimity instruction in connection to the jury 
instruction on aggravated robbery. Based on the contention that his aggravated robbery 
conviction should be reversed, Littlejohn also argues that his felony-murder and 
aggravated kidnapping convictions should also be reversed because the aggravated 
33 
 
 
 
robbery charge served as an element for both the felony-murder and aggravated 
kidnapping charges. 
 
Like the felony-murder statute, the aggravated robbery statute contains absolutely 
no language to suggest that taking individual pieces of property from the person or 
presence of a victim establish alternative means of committing an aggravated robbery. 
With regard to Littlejohn's multiple acts argument, there is no analysis within Littlejohn's 
brief addressing whether the taking of the three pieces of property from Collins should be 
considered unitary conduct or separate and distinct acts. See State v. Colston, 290 Kan. 
952, 962, 235 P.3d 1234 (2010) (identifying factors for determining whether the acts at 
issue occurred during a single course of conduct or whether the acts are separate and 
distinct from each other). Again, an issue not briefed by the appellant is deemed waived 
and abandoned. Holman, 295 Kan. at 125.  
 
Regardless, the evidence presented at trial indicates that the three pieces of 
property were taken from Collins during a single course of conduct—the takings occurred 
at or near the same time; the takings occurred at the same location; there were no 
intervening events between the takings; and there is no evidence to suggest that different 
impulses motivated the individual takings. The aggravated robbery charge was not 
supported by multiple acts requiring a unanimity instruction. See Colston, 290 Kan. at 
962. 
 
Finally, prior to oral arguments, Littlejohn filed a letter of additional authority 
pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 6.09(b) (2013 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 50), arguing that his 
aggravated robbery conviction was based on the alternative means of taking property by 
force or by threat of bodily harm to Collins and that insufficient evidence was presented 
at trial showing that property was taken from Collins by threat of bodily harm.  
 
34 
 
 
 
Littlejohn did not raise this specific argument in his brief. Rule 6.09(b) letters are 
reserved for citing significant relevant authorities not previously cited which come to a 
party's attention after briefing. This court has previously held that an appellate court will 
not consider new issues raised for the first time in a party's Rule 6.09(b) letter. See, e.g., 
State v. Tague, 296 Kan. 993, 1010-11, 298 P.3d 273 (2013); State v. Houston, 289 Kan. 
252, Syl. ¶ 13, 213 P.3d 728 (2009) ("[Rule 6.09] was not intended to be, nor should it 
be, used as yet another briefing opportunity."). 
 
Littlejohn has failed to show that any of his convictions should be reversed due to 
insufficient evidence.  
 
CUMULATIVE ERROR 
 
Littlejohn asserts that even if the issues that he has raised do not rise to the level of 
reversible error individually, the cumulative effect of these errors operated to deny him a 
fair trial, requiring reversal of his convictions.  
 
Cumulative trial errors, when considered collectively, may require reversal of the 
defendant's convictions when the totality of circumstances substantially prejudiced the 
defendant and denied the defendant a fair trial. If the evidence is overwhelming against 
the defendant, however, no prejudicial error may be found based upon this cumulative 
error rule. Thompson v. State, 293 Kan. 704, 721, 270 P.3d 1089 (2011). Furthermore, a 
single error cannot constitute cumulative error. State v. Haberlein, 296 Kan. 195, 212, 
290 P.3d 640 (2012).  
 
As shown from the facts stated above, the State presented overwhelming evidence 
establishing Littlejohn's culpability for each crime he was found guilty of committing. 
Furthermore, in our analysis of all the issues that Littlejohn raised on appeal, we only 
35 
 
 
 
found one that may have constituted error, though not reversible error:  the failure to 
instruct the jury on second-degree intentional murder. This one possible error cannot 
constitute cumulative error. Littlejohn's cumulative error argument is without merit.   
 
Affirmed.