Title: Ex parte Raphael Jermine Landrum. PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS (In re: Raphael Jermine Landrum v. State of Alabama)
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 1090119
State: Alabama
Issuer: Alabama Supreme Court
Date: August 27, 2010

REL:08/27/2010 
Notice: T h i s o p i n i o n i s 
s u b j e c t t o f o r m a l r e v i s i o n b e f o r e p u b l i c a t i o n i n 
t h e 
advance 
s h e e t s o f 
Southern Reporter. 
R e a d e r s a r e 
r e q u e s t e d t o n o t i f y t h e 
Reporter of 
Decisions, 
Alabama A p p e l l a t e C o u r t s , 300 D e x t e r Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 
((334) 229¬
0 6 4 9 ) , o f 
any 
t y p o g r a p h i c a l 
o r 
o t h e r e r r o r s , i n 
o r d e r t h a t c o r r e c t i o n s may 
be 
made b e f o r e 
t h e o p i n i o n i s 
p r i n t e d i n 
Southern 
Reporter. 
SUPREME COURT OF ALABAMA 
SPECIAL TERM, 2010 
1090119 
Ex p a r t e Raphael Jermine Landrum 
PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI 
TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS 
( I n r e : 
Raphael Jermine Landrum 
v. 
S t a t e o f Alabama) 
(Mobile C i r c u i t Court, CC-08-739; 
Court o f C r i m i n a l Appeals, 
CR-08-0229) 
BOLIN, 
J u s t i c e . 
R a p h a e l J e r m i n e L a n d r u m p e t i t i o n s 
t h i s C o u r t f o r 
a w r i t 
o f 
c e r t i o r a r i 
t o r e v i e w 
t h e C o u r t 
o f C r i m i n a l 
A p p e a l s ' 
1090119 
d e c i s i o n 
a f f i r m i n g , 
b y 
u n p u b l i s h e d memorandum, 
t h e 
t r i a l 
c o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n t o a l l o w i n t o e v i d e n c e Landrum's 
i n c u l p a t o r y 
c u s t o d i a l s t a t e m e n t . 
L a n d r u m v . S t a t e (No. CR-08-0229, 
J u l y 
24, 
2009) 
So. 3d 
( A l a . C r i m . App. 2 
0 
0 
9 ) ( t a b l e ) . 
We 
g r a n t e d 
c e r t i o r a r i 
r e v i e w t o c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e C o u r t o f 
C r i m i n a l 
A p p e a l s ' 
d e c i s i o n 
c o n f l i c t s 
w i t h 
p r e c e d e n t 
i n t e r p r e t i n g M i r a n d a v. A r i z o n a , 384 U.S. 436 ( 1 9 6 6 ) . 
F o r t h e 
f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s , we 
a f f i r m t h e C o u r t o f C r i m i n a l 
A p p e a l s ' 
j u d g m e n t . 
F a c t s and P r o c e d u r a l H i s t o r y 
L a n d r u m , who was 17 y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e o f h i s a r r e s t , 
was 
c h a r g e d 
w i t h m u r d e r i n g 
J i m m i e McGhee. 
The 
t r i a l 
c o u r t 
d e n i e d h i m y o u t h f u l - o f f e n d e r s t a t u s , and L a n d r u m was t r i e d as 
an 
a d u l t . 
The 
j u r y 
f o u n d 
L a n d r u m 
g u i l t y 
o f t h e 
l e s s e r -
i n c l u d e d o f f e n s e o f m a n s l a u g h t e r . 
See § 1 3 A - 6 - 3 ( a ) ( 1 ) , A l a . 
Code 1975. 
The 
t r i a l 
c o u r t s e n t e n c e d L a n d r u m t o 20 y e a r s , 
t h a t s e n t e n c e was 
s p l i t , 
and he was o r d e r e d t o s e r v e 5 y e a r s 
i n 
c o n f i n e m e n t 
and t h e b a l a n c e was s u s p e n d e d , w i t h 4 y e a r s ' 
p r o b a t i o n . 
D u r i n g t h e t r i a l , L a n d r u m 
f i l e d a m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s an 
i n c u l p a t o r y s t a t e m e n t he h a d made t o D e t e c t i v e Mack 
Hardeman 
2 
1090119 
o f 
t h e M o b i l e 
P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t . D u r i n g 
t h e h e a r i n g on 
t h e 
m o t i o n , 
d e f e n s e 
c o u n s e l 
and 
t h e 
S t a t e 
s t i p u l a t e d 
t o 
t h e 
f o l l o w i n g 
f a c t s r e g a r d i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t s 
g i v e n by L a n d r u m t o 
D e t e c t i v e H a r d e m a n : 
On 
t h e m o r n i n g o f J u n e 4, 2007, 
a r o u n d 
3:00 
a.m., 
L a n d r u m 
v o l u n t a r i l y 
t u r n e d 
h i m s e l f 
i n 
a t 
t h e 
h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e M o b i l e P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t and was 
a r r e s t e d . 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman a d v i s e d L a n d r u m o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
and 
a t t e m p t e d 
t o i n t e r r o g a t e h i m , 
b u t L a n d r u m r e f u s e d t o g i v e a 
s t a t e m e n t 
t o D e t e c t i v e Hardeman 
u n t i l 
h i s p a r e n t s 
a r r i v e d . 
When 
Landrum's 
f a t h e r 
a r r i v e d , 
L a n d r u m 
gave 
a 
s t a t e m e n t 
d e n y i n g h i s i n v o l v e m e n t 
i n t h e d e a t h o f J i m m i e McGhee. 
Law-
e n f o r c e m e n t 
o f f i c i a l s 
t h e n t r a n s p o r t e d L a n d r u m t o t h e 
M o b i l e 
M e t r o J a i l . 
Landrum's g i r l f r i e n d 
c o n t a c t e d D e t e c t i v e Hardeman 
and 
i n f o r m e d h i m 
t h a t L a n d r u m w a n t e d t o s p e a k w i t h h i m . 
On 
t h e 
a f t e r n o o n o f J u n e 
6, 
2007, b e t w e e n 
3:00 
p.m. 
and 
4:00 
p.m., 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman a r r i v e d a t t h e M o b i l e M e t r o 
J a i l 
and 
L a n d r u m c o n f e s s e d t o h a v i n g 
k i l l e d J i m m i e McGhee. 
The 
f o l l o w i n g e x c h a n g e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e h e a r i n g : 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : I t e l l you w h a t . J u d g e , I 
d o n ' t 
t h i n k i t ' s g o i n g t o be 
-- 
w e l l , 
i t m i g h t 
be. 
I was 
g o i n g t o s a y 
I d o n ' t 
t h i n k i t ' s g o i n g t o 
be 
n e c e s s a r y 
f o r t e s t i m o n y . 
I t ' s m e r e l y 
g o i n g t o be 
a 
s t i p u l a t i o n 
t o 
t h e 
f a c t s . 
L e t ' s 
see 
i f you 
c a n 
3 
1090119 
s t i p u l a t e t o i t . L e t ' s s e e i f 
we c a n s t i p u l a t e t o 
t h e 
f a c t u a l p o r t i o n o f i t . 
I t h i n k we 
c a n . 
"The 
f i r s t t i m e -- T h i s i s 
my u n d e r s t a n d i n g . I f 
you go a l o n g w i t h i t , t e l l t h e J u d g e . The f i r s t 
t i m e 
t h a t t h e y 
i n t e r r o g a t e d R a p h a e l he went down t o 
t h e 
h e a d q u a r t e r s 
on h i s 
own a n d t h a t was l i k e 3:00 i n 
t h e m o r n i n g on J a n u a r y t h e 4 t h -- I meant J u n e t h e 
4 t h . 
I t 
was l i k e 3:00 o ' c l o c k i n 
t h e 
m o r n i n g on J u n e 
t h e 4 t h 2007. 
" [ P r o s e c u t o r ] : Uh-huh. 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : 
A t t h a t p o i n t i n 
t i m e when 
t h e y 
f i r s t 
a t t e m p t e d 
t o 
i n t e r r o g a t e h i m , 
t h e y 
M i r a n d i z e d h i m a n d he s a i d I d o n ' t want t o t a l k t o 
a n y b o d y u n t i l my mama o r d a d d y g e t s down h e r e , 
o k a y ? 
So 
t h e y 
h e l d o f f . H i s d a d d y comes down. Then 
t h e y 
i n t e r r o g a t e 
h i m . T h i s 
i s e a r l y 
-- i n t h e 
e a r l y 
m o r n i n g h o u r s o f J u n e t h e 4 t h . 
A l l r i g h t . They s e n d 
h i m t o M e t r o . He g i v e s a s t a t e m e n t . 
They s e n d h i m 
t o 
M e t r o . D e t e c t i v e Hardeman t h e n h e a r s f r o m Landrum's 
g i r l f r i e n d , 
R a p h a e l ' s g i r l f r i e n d , 
s a y s R a p h a e l w a n t s 
t o 
t a l k t o y o u . Come down t o M e t r o . So, [ D e t e c t i v e 
H a r d e m a n ] goes down t h e r e . He g e t s down t h e r e i n t h e 
a f t e r n o o n o f J u n e 6 t h 
2007. I t h i n k i t was somewhere 
i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d maybe o f 3:30 o r 4:00 o ' c l o c k . 
"CPL. HARDEMAN: 
As b e s t as I c a n 
remember, y e a h . 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : When he g o e s down t h e r e , 
I d o n ' t h a v e a n y t h i n g i n 
my d i s c o v e r y t h a t 
t e l l s me 
o r 
t h a t I s e e where he r e - M i r a n d i z e d h i m a t t h a t 
t i m e , a n d we're t a l k i n g a b o u t f r o m 3:00 o ' c l o c k i n 
t h e m o r n i n g on J u n e 4 t h u n t i l somewhere b e t w e e n 3:30 
and 
4:00 
o ' c l o c k 
on t h e a f t e r n o o n 
o f J u n e 6 t h . 
T h a t ' s n o t a t r e m e n d o u s s p a n o f t i m e , I 
u n d e r s t a n d 
b u t 
y o u ' v e g o t t o r e a l i z e 
w e ' r e 
d e a l i n g 
w i t h a 
c h a l l e n g e d 
1 7 - y e a r - o l d 
h e r e . A n d he may -- y o u may 
h a v e 
r e - M i r a n d i z e d 
h i m , b u t 
i t ' s n o t i n t h e 
t r a n s c r i p t . 
I t ' s n o t i n t h e r e c o r d i n g o r a n y t h i n g 
where y o u r e - M i r a n d i z e d h i m . A l l y o u d i d 
was 
t e l l 
4 
1090119 
h i m t h a t y o u came down t h e r e b e c a u s e h i s g i r l f r i e n d 
c a l l e d . So, y o u know, i f 
y o u r e - M i r a n d i z e d h i m --
"CPL. HARDEMAN: I d i d 
n o t r e - M i r a n d i z e h i m . I 
b e l i e v e when I f i r s t w a l k e d i n , 
I s a i d , remember 
t h e 
r i g h t s I r e a d y o u b e f o r e , a n d 
I k e e p t h e r e c o r d e r i n 
my p o c k e t a n d 
I t u r n e d t h e r e c o r d e r o n . A n d I d o n ' t 
know i f 
I s a i d 
t h a t b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e s t a t e m e n t . 
I d o n ' t t h i n k i t ' s 
on t h e t r a n s c r i b e d s t a t e m e n t , b u t 
I w o u l d h a v e s a i d 
t h a t . 
H a v i n g r e a d someone 
t h e i r 
r i g h t s 
p r e v i o u s l y , I d o n ' t 
a l w a y s go b a c k a n d 
r e ¬
r e a d them t h e i r 
r i g h t s . 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : Okay. 
"THE COURT: How o l d 
was [Landrum] a t t h e t i m e 
t h e s t a t e m e n t was t a k e n ? 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : He was 17. 
"CPL. HARDEMAN: Y e s , s i r . 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : A n d 
c h a l l e n g e d . 
" [ P r o s e c u t o r ] : 
When 
y o u 
s a y 
' c h a l l e n g e d , ' 
C l a u d e , I mean --
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : I t h i n k h e ' s somewhere 
i n 
t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f a f e w p o i n t s b e l o w t h e l i n e . I 
t h i n k h e ' s g o i n g t o be a f e w p o i n t s o r more 
b e l o w 
72. 
The r e a s o n I s a y t h a t 
i s b e c a u s e 
I ' v e b e e n 
d e a l i n g w i t h h i m . 
I ' v e d e a l t w i t h t h e d i s c o v e r y . 
I 
d o n ' t h a v e a c e r t i f i c a t e 
f r o m a d o c t o r , b u t I c a n 
j u s t 
t e l l y o u r i g h t now -¬
"THE COURT: T h a t ' s 
a l r i g h t . 
" [ P r o s e c u t o r ] : 
J u d g e , when y o u l o o k e d 
a t 
h i s 
r e c o r d f o r [ y o u t h f u l - o f f e n d e r 
s t a t u s ] , y o u c a n 
s e e 
t h a t he c o m p l e t e d 
s c h o o l . 
T h e r e i s no -- He's n o t 
p l e a d i n g 
g u i l t y b y r e a s o n o f i n s a n i t y o r a n y t h i n g . 
5 
1090119 
" [ L a n d r u m ' s c o u n s e l ] : He q u i t s c h o o l i n 
t h e 8 t h 
g r a d e a n d he n e v e r g o t 
a GED. I'm n o t u s i n g t h a t as 
"THE COURT: I mean, I t h i n k y o u have t o j u s t 
T h a t ' s n o t r e a l l y f o r 
me t o d e c i d e now. I mean, n o t 
many p e o p l e I s e e down h e r e on t h e c r i m i n a l 
d o c k e t 
h a v e g o t P h i 
B e t a k e y s h a n g i n g a r o u n d 
t h e i r 
n e c k s . 
So, t h e l e g a l p r o p o s i t i o n i s 
i f 
y o u have a 1 7 - y e a r -
o l d who i s p r o p e r l y M i r a n d i z e d -- D i d y o u g i v e h i m 
j u s t t h e r e g u l a r 
a d u l t M i r a n d a o r d i d 
y o u g i v e h i m 
t h e j u v e n i l e 
M i r a n d a ? 
"CPL. 
HARDEMAN: 
The 
j u v e n i l e 
M i r a n d a , 
Y o u r 
H o n o r . 
"THE COURT: Okay. So, y o u gave h i m 
j u v e n i l e 
M i r a n d a , a p p a r e n t l y , e a r l y h o u r s a.m. on t h e 4 t h . 
So, 48 h o u r s 
p l u s a few l a t e r , 
d e p e n d i n g 
on what 
t i m e i n t h e a f t e r n o o n y o u went down t h e r e -- Am I 
d o i n g t h a t 
r i g h t ? 
"CPL. HARDEMAN: R o u g h l y , 36 h o u r s o r 48 -
" [ L a n d r u m ' s 
c o u n s e l ] : J u n e 4 t h t o J u n e 5 t h i s 
24. 5 t h t o t h e 6 t h i s 48, a n d t h e n y o u ' v e g o t f r o m 
3:00 o ' c l o c k i n 
t h e m o r n i n g on t h e 6 t h 
up 
t i l l 4:00 
i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . So, t h a t ' s a l m o s t a n o t h e r — w e l l , 
i t i s a n o t h e r 12 h o u r s . T h a t ' s w h a t , 60 h o u r s ? 
"THE COURT: So, i f 
a p e r s o n i s 
p r o p e r l y 
j u v e n i l e 
M i r a n d i z e d , 
r e f u s e s t o g i v e a s t a t e m e n t u n l e s s one 
o f h i s p a r e n t s i s t h e r e , 
t h e y w a i t , 
p a r e n t comes, 
s t a t e m e n t i s t a k e n on t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g o f t h e 4 t h . 
And 
t h e n a t s o m e t i m e 
t h e r e a f t e r , 
w o r d i s r e c e i v e d 
t h a t 
[Landrum] w a n t s t o a g a i n 
t a l k t o t h e p o l i c e . 
They go b a c k 
a n d i n q u i r e as do y o u remember t h e 
r i g h t s I r e a d y o u b e f o r e . Y e s . 
Do y o u s t i l l want t o 
t a l k t o me o r w o r d s t o t h a t 
e f f e c t . 
Y e s . A n d a 
s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t was t a k e n . 
So, I g u e s s t h e l e g a l 
p r o p o s i t i o n i s what p e r i o d o f t i m e f o r 
a 
j u v e n i l e 
6 
1090119 
has t o l a p s e b e f o r e 
i t ' s n e c e s s a r y 
t o 
r e - M i r a n d i z e 
them and have them s i g n w a i v e r s , e t c e t e r a . " 
The 
h e a r i n g 
c o n t i n u e d , 
w i t h 
t h e 
l a w y e r s 
m a k i n g 
t h e i r 
a r g u m e n t s . 
U l t i m a t e l y , 
t h e 
t r i a l 
c o u r t 
c o n c l u d e d 
t h a t 
Landrum's s t a t e m e n t made i n t h e a f t e r n o o n o f J u n e 6 s h o u l d be 
n o t be s u p p r e s s e d . 
D i s c u s s i o n 
The 
F i f t h Amendment t o t h e U n i t e d 
S t a t e s 
C o n s t i t u t i o n 
p r o v i d e s 
t h a t 
" [ n ] o p e r s o n 
... 
s h a l l 
be c o m p e l l e d i n a n y 
c r i m i n a l c a s e t o be a w i t n e s s 
a g a i n s t 
h i m s e l f . " U.S. 
C o n s t . 
Amend. V. 
I n M i r a n d a , t h e U n i t e d 
S t a t e s Supreme 
C o u r t 
h e l d 
t h a t t h e r i g h t a g a i n s t s e l f - i n c r i m i n a t i o n " i s 
f u l l y a p p l i c a b l e 
d u r i n g a p e r i o d o f c u s t o d i a l i n t e r r o g a t i o n . " 384 U.S. a t 460. 
The Supreme 
C o u r t i n M i r a n d a f u r t h e r h e l d t h a t " t h e r i g h t t o 
h a v e c o u n s e l p r e s e n t a t t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n i s i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o 
t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e F i f t h Amendment p r i v i l e g e 
" 384 U.S. 
a t 469. 
B e f o r e a c u s t o d i a l i n t e r r o g a t i o n , a s u s p e c t must be 
i n f o r m e d o f t h e s e 
r i g h t s , now commonly 
r e f e r r e d t o as M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s . 384 U.S. a t 444 ( " P r i o r t o any q u e s t i o n i n g , t h e p e r s o n 
must be w a r n e d t h a t he h a s a r i g h t t o r e m a i n s i l e n t , 
t h a t any 
s t a t e m e n t he does make may be u s e d as e v i d e n c e a g a i n s t h i m , 
and t h a t he h a s a r i g h t t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f an a t t o r n e y , e i t h e r 
7 
1090119 
r e t a i n e d 
o r a p p o i n t e d . " ) . 
The Supreme 
C o u r t 
i n M i r a n d a 
r e c o g n i z e d t h a t " t h e d e f e n d a n t may w a i v e e f f e c t u a t i o n o f t h e s e 
r i g h t s , 
p r o v i d e d 
t h a t 
t h e w a i v e r 
i s made 
v o l u n t a r i l y , 
k n o w i n g l y , a n d i n t e l l i g e n t l y . " 
I d . 
Two 
f a c t o r s 
a f f e c t 
t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h e t h e r 
a 
d e f e n d a n t h a s w a i v e d t h e s e 
r i g h t s : 
" F i r s t , t h e r e l i n q u i s h m e n t o f t h e r i g h t must h a v e 
b e e n v o l u n t a r y i n t h e s e n s e 
t h a t i t was t h e p r o d u c t 
o f 
a 
f r e e 
a n d 
d e l i b e r a t e 
c h o i c e 
r a t h e r 
t h a n 
i n t i m i d a t i o n , 
c o e r c i o n , o r d e c e p t i o n . S e c o n d , t h e 
w a i v e r must have b e e n made w i t h a f u l l a w a r e n e s s o f 
b o t h t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r i g h t b e i n g a b a n d o n e d a n d 
t h e 
c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e d e c i s i o n t o a b a n d o n 
i t . 
O n l y i f 
t h e 
' t o t a l i t y o f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n ' 
r e v e a l b o t h an u n c o e r c e d 
c h o i c e a n d 
t h e 
r e q u i s i t e 
l e v e l 
o f c o m p r e h e n s i o n 
may a c o u r t 
p r o p e r l y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s have b e e n 
w a i v e d . " 
Moran v. B u r b i n e , 475 U.S. 412 , 421 (1 
98 
6 ) . 
I n W y r i c k v .  
F i e l d s , 459 U.S. 42, 48-49 
( 1 9 8 2 ) , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Supreme 
C o u r t 
r e j e c t e d a p e r se r u l e 
r e q u i r i n g 
p o l i c e t o r e a d v i s e a 
s u s p e c t o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
b e f o r e q u e s t i o n i n g h i m a b o u t 
r e s u l t s o f a p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n a t i o n , when he h a d r e q u e s t e d t h e 
p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n a t i o n a n d h a d w a i v e d t h o s e r i g h t s i n w r i t i n g 
b e f o r e 
t a k i n g t h e e x a m i n a t i o n , i n f a v o r o f a more 
f l e x i b l e 
a p p r o a c h 
f o c u s i n g on t h e 
t o t a l i t y 
o f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . 
" [ T ] h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s [ h a d 
n o t ] c h a n g e d so s e r i o u s l y t h a t h i s 
8 
1090119 
a n s w e r s 
no 
l o n g e r were 
v o l u n t a r y , 
o r 
... 
he 
no 
l o n g e r 
was 
m a k i n g 
a 
' k n o w i n g 
and 
i n t e l l i g e n t r e l i n q u i s h m e n t ' 
o f 
h i s 
r i g h t s . " 
W y r i c k , 459 U.S. 
a t 47 
( q u o t i n g E d w a r d s v. A r i z o n a , 
451 
U.S. 
477, 
482 
( 1 9 8 1 ) ) . 
" [ T ] h e 
q u e s t i o n s p u t 
t o 
[ t h e 
d e f e n d a n t ] a f t e r t h e e x a m i n a t i o n w o u l d n o t have c a u s e d h i m t o 
f o r g e t t h e r i g h t s o f w h i c h he h a d b e e n a d v i s e d and w h i c h 
he 
h a d u n d e r s t o o d moments b e f o r e . " 
W y r i c k , 459 U.S. 
a t 49. 
The 
i s s u e 
i n t h i s c a s e i s w h e t h e r 
t h e M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
g i v e n t o L a n d r u m became s t a l e o r were t o o r e m o t e b a s e d on t h e 
f a c t s o f t h i s c a s e . 
" I t i s w e l l 
s e t t l e d t h a t once M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
h a v e b e e n 
g i v e n and 
a w a i v e r made, 
a 
f a i l u r e t o 
r e p e a t 
t h e 
w a r n i n g s 
b e f o r e 
a 
s u b s e q u e n t 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n 
w i l l 
n o t 
a u t o m a t i c a l l y 
p r e c l u d e t h e 
a d m i s s i o n 
o f 
t h e 
i n c u l p a t o r y 
r e s p o n s e . 
F a g a n 
v. 
 
S t a t e , 412 So. 2d 1282 
( A l a . C r i m . App. 
1 9 8 2 ) ; Smoot  
v. S t a t e , 383 So. 2d 605 
( A l a . C r i m . App. 
1 9 8 0 ) . " 
H o l l a n d e r 
v. 
S t a t e , 
418 
So. 
2d 
970, 
972 
( A l a . C r i m . 
App. 
1 9 8 2 ) . 
"Whether M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s s h o u l d be g i v e n b e f o r e e a c h 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n must d e p e n d upon t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f e a c h c a s e . 
The 
l e n g t h 
o f 
t i m e 
and 
t h e 
e v e n t s 
w h i c h 
o c c u r 
b e t w e e n 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n s 
a r e r e l e v a n t m a t t e r s t o c o n s i d e r . " 
J o n e s 
v. 
S t a t e , 47 A l a . App. 
568, 570, 258 So. 2d 910, 
912 
( 1 9 7 2 ) . 
"'Once t h e mandate o f M i r a n d a has b e e n c o m p l i e d 
w i t h a t t h e t h r e s h o l d o f t h e q u e s t i o n i n g i t i s n o t 
9 
1090119 
n e c e s s a r y t o r e p e a t t h e w a r n i n g s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f 
e a c h s u c c e s s i v e i n t e r v i e w . ' G i b s o n v . S t a t e , 347 So. 
2d 576, 582 ( A l a . C r . App. 1 9 7 7 ) . See a l s o 
C l e c k l e r 
v. S t a t e , 570 So. 2d 796 ( A l a . C r . App. 1 9 9 0 ) . 
"'An 
a c c u s e d may be r e a d t h e M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
p r i o r t o one i n t e r r o g a t i o n b u t n o t 
c o n f e s s u n t i l a l a t e r i n t e r r o g a t i o n 
d u r i n g 
w h i c h t h e r e was no r e r e a d i n g o f t h e M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g . As a g e n e r a l r u l e , 
i t h a s b e e n 
h e l d t h a t M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s a r e n o t r e q u i r e d 
t o 
be 
g i v e n 
b e f o r e 
e a c h 
s e p a r a t e 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n 
o f 
a 
d e f e n d a n t 
a f t e r 
an 
o r i g i n a l w a i v e r o f t h e a c c u s e d ' s r i g h t s h a s 
b e e n made. 
However, i f 
s u c h a l o n g 
p e r i o d 
o f t i m e h a s e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e 
o r i g i n a l 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g 
and 
t h e 
s u b s e q u e n t 
c o n f e s s i o n t h a t i t 
c a n be s a i d t h a t , u n d e r 
t h e 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e a c c u s e d 
was n o t 
i m p r e s s e d w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l r e a d i n g o f 
h i s 
r i g h t s i n m a k i n g t h e u l t i m a t e 
c o n f e s s i o n , 
t h e n 
t h e 
c o n f e s s i o n 
s h o u l d 
be 
h e l d 
i n a d m i s s i b l e . ' 
"C. Gamble, M c E l r o y ' s A l a b a m a E v i d e n c e , 201.09 ( 5 t h 
e d . 
1997) 
( f o o t n o t e s 
o m i t t e d ) . 
See 
P h i l l i p s 
v . 
 
S t a t e , 668 So. 2d 8 8 1 , 883 ( A l a . C r . App. 1 9 9 5 ) . " 
P o w e l l v. S t a t e , 796 So. 2d 404, 414 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 9 9 9 ) . 
I n 
Ex p a r t e J.D.H., 797 So. 2d 1130 ( A l a . 2 0 0 1 ) , J.D.H. 
was a r r e s t e d and c h a r g e d w i t h f i r s t - d e g r e e sodomy and 
f i r s t -
d e g r e e 
s e x u a l 
a b u s e . 
O f f i c e r s 
a d v i s e d h i m o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s ; he w a i v e d t h o s e 
r i g h t s , and he a g r e e d t o s p e a k 
w i t h 
p o l i c e . 
He s a i d n o t h i n g i n c r i m i n a t i n g , b u t he a g r e e d t o t a k e 
a p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n a t i o n . He was p l a c e d i n j a i l . 
S i x t e e n d a y s 
10 
1090119 
l a t e r he was b r o u g h t t o t h e c o u r t h o u s e t o t a k e t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n a t i o n . 
The i n d i v i d u a l who a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e p o l y g r a p h , 
an e m p l o y e e o f t h e A l a b a m a B u r e a u o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n , 
c o n d u c t e d 
a p r e p o l y g r a p h i n t e r v i e w . 
J.D.H. r e c e i v e d no M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
b e f o r e t h a t i n t e r v i e w , and no one r e m i n d e d h i m o f h i s p r e v i o u s 
w a i v e r . 
The p r e p o l y g r a p h 
i n t e r v i e w 
c o n s i s t e d o f a w r i t t e n 
q u e s t i o n n a i r e . 
The 
q u e s t i o n n a i r e 
a s k e d 
J.D.H. 
d e t a i l e d 
q u e s t i o n s 
a b o u t t h e a l l e g a t i o n s a g a i n s t 
h i m and a s k e d f o r 
p o s s i b l e 
e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h o s e 
a l l e g a t i o n s . 
The 
p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r a l s o s p o k e w i t h J.D.H., t e l l i n g J.D.H., as he 
t e l l s 
a l l 
t h e p e r s o n s 
he e x a m i n e s , 
t h a t he d i d n o t know w h e t h e r 
J.D.H. was g u i l t y and t h a t , i f 
he were g u i l t y , he s h o u l d n o t 
t o 
t a k e 
t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n a t i o n . 
J.D.H. 
t h e n 
t o l d t h e 
p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r 
t h a t 
he 
d i d n o t 
want 
t o 
t a k e 
t h e 
e x a m i n a t i o n . 
The e x a m i n e r c a l l e d t h e p o l i c e i n v e s t i g a t o r b a c k 
t o t h e e x a m i n a t i o n room a t J.D.H.'s r e q u e s t . 
The i n v e s t i g a t o r 
t h e n 
t o o k 
a 
s t a t e m e n t 
f r o m 
J.D.H. 
t h a t 
amounted 
t o a 
c o n f e s s i o n . 
A t no t i m e was J.D.H. 
t o l d 
t h a t t h e p o l y g r a p h 
r e s u l t s w o u l d be i n a d m i s s i b l e i n c o u r t , 
t h a t he 
s t i l l h a d a 
r i g h t t o r e m a i n 
s i l e n t , o r t h a t he h a d t h e r i g h t t o c o n s u l t an 
a t t o r n e y . 
11 
1090119 
W i t h 
r e g a r d t o t h e amount o f t i m e 
e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e 
M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s a n d t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n i n J.D.H., t h i s 
C o u r t 
s t a t e d : 
" T h i s 
C o u r t 
r e c o g n i z e s 
t h a t 
t h e 
C o u r t 
o f 
C r i m i n a l A p p e a l s h a s a l i n e o f c a s e s 
h o l d i n g 
t h a t 
once 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
have 
b e e n 
g i v e n 
a n d t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
h a s made 
a 
k n o w i n g , 
i n t e l l i g e n t , 
a n d 
v o l u n t a r y w a i v e r , a f a i l u r e t o r e p e a t t h e w a r n i n g s 
w i l l n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y p r e c l u d e t h e a d m i s s i o n o f an 
i n c u l p a t o r y 
s t a t e m e n t . See H o l l a n d e r v. S t a t e , 418 
So. 2d 970 
( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 
982) 
( b e t w e e n 
1 a n d 
1.75 
h o u r s p a s s e d w h i l e p o l i c e were s e a r c h i n g h o u s e ; 
no r e p e a t o f M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s ) ; F a g a n v. S t a t e , 412 
So. 2d 1282 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1982 
) ( l a p s e o f 3 1/2 
h o u r s d i d 
n o t r e q u i r e a r e n e w e d w a r n i n g ) ; Smoot v .  
S t a t e , 383 So. 2d 605 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 9 8 0 ) ( l a p s e 
o f 
30 
m i n u t e s 
b e t w e e n 
t h e 
w a r n i n g s 
a n d t h e 
s t a t e m e n t ) ; B u r l i s o n v . S t a t e , 369 So. 2d 844 ( A l a . 
C r i m . App. 1 9 7 9 ) ( l a p s e o f 45 m i n u t e s 
b e t w e e n t h e 
r e a d i n g o f M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
a n d t h e t a k i n g 
o f a 
s t a t e m e n t d i d 
n o t r e q u i r e a r e p e a t o f t h e w a r n i n g s ) ; 
J o h n s o n v. S t a t e , 56 A l a . App. 583, 324 So. 2d 298 
( 1 9 7 5 ) ( t h r e e t o f o u r d a y s , 
w i t h a r e m i n d e r o f t h e 
w a r n i n g s ) ; J o n e s v. S t a t e , 47 A l a . App. 568, 258 So. 
2d 
910 
( 1 9 7 2 ) ( w a r n i n g 
was 
g i v e n 
one 
d a y a n d 
s t a t e m e n t made t h e f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g ) . However, we 
n o t e t h a t i n 
most o f t h o s e c a s e s t h e t i m e l a p s e was 
n o t more t h a n a few h o u r s . 
I n none o f t h o s e 
c a s e s 
d i d t h e l a p s e e x c e e d a few d a y s w i t h o u t a t l e a s t a 
r e m i n d e r 
o f t h e w a r n i n g s . 
See J o h n s o n 
v . 
S t a t e , 
s u p r a . " 
7 
97 So. 2d a t 1131-32. 
However, 
t h i s 
C o u r t 
i n J.D.H. 
e m p h a s i z e d 
o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s , b e s i d e s t h e amount o f t i m e , 
t h a t w a r r a n t e d s u p p r e s s i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t . 
The C o u r t 
s t a t e d : 
12 
1090119 
"The 
t i m e 
t h a t p a s s e d b e t w e e n t h e d a t e J.D.H. was 
g i v e n t h e M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s a n d t h e d a t e he made t h e 
c o n f e s s i o n was 16 d a y s , o r 2 weeks a n d 2 d a y s . I t i s 
t h i s 
C o u r t ' s 
o p i n i o n 
t h a t 
a f t e r 
two weeks t h e 
w a r n i n g s 
o r d i n a r i l y 
w i l l 
have 
l o s t 
t h e i r 
e f f i c a c y . 
However, 
t h i s 
C o u r t h a s s t a t e d t h a t i n d e t e r m i n i n g 
w h e t h e r a c o n f e s s i o n was v o l u n t a r y a c o u r t 
s h o u l d 
l o o k t o t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . McLeod v .  
S t a t e , 718 So. 2d 727 ( A l a . ) , on remand, 718 So. 2d 
731 ( A l a . 
C r i m . A p p . ) , 
c e r t . 
d e n i e d , 524 U.S. 929, 
118 S . C t . 2327, 141 L . E d . 2 d 701 ( 1 9 9 8 ) . 
The l a p s e 
o f 
t i m e i n t h i s 
c a s e , c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f 
t h e 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s 
s u r r o u n d i n g 
t h e 
c o n f e s s i o n , 
r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h a t c o n f e s s i o n 
be 
e x c l u d e d , 
t h e r e 
b e i n g 
no 
s h o w i n g 
t h a t t h e 
d e f e n d a n t h a d r e c e i v e d a new w a r n i n g b e f o r e he made 
t h e c o n f e s s i o n . 
"The 
d e f e n d a n t 
a g r e e d 
t o 
t a k e 
a 
p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n a t i o n when he was 
f i r s t 
a r r e s t e d . The r e c o r d 
d o e s n o t i n d i c a t e t h a t he h a d any c o n t r o l o v e r when 
t h e 
exam 
w o u l d be 
g i v e n . On November 
22 
, 1996, 
J.D.H. was t a k e n 
f r o m t h e j a i l t o t h e c o u r t h o u s e . 
A t t h e c o u r t h o u s e , he met [ t h e 
p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] 
and 
f i l l e d 
o u t 
t h e 
p r e p o l y g r a p h 
w r i t t e n 
q u e s t i o n n a i r e . 
The 
q u e s t i o n s 
on 
t h a t 
f o r m 
a s k e d 
s p e c i f i c a l l y a b o u t t h e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m a n d a s k e d 
h i m 
t o a d m i t 
o r t o deny t h e a l l e g a t i o n s 
a n d t o 
p r o v i d e 
p o s s i b l e 
e x p l a n a t i o n s . When [ t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] 
r e v i e w e d 
t h e f o r m s 
a n d t h e n 
' a d v i s e d ' 
J.D.H. t h a t he s h o u l d n o t t a k e t h e t e s t i f 
he was 
g u i l t y , [ t h e 
p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n e r ] d i d 
n o t t e l l J.D.H. 
t h a t t h e t e s t 
r e s u l t s were i n a d m i s s i b l e . 
When [ t h e 
p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n e r ] 
a d v i s e d J.D.H. n o t t o t a k e t h e 
t e s t i f 
he was g u i l t y , he d i d 
n o t s a y t h a t J.D.H. 
c o u l d r e f u s e t o t a k e t h e t e s t by o p t i n g t o 
' r e m a i n 
s i l e n t . ' 
N o r d i d [ t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] 
t e l l 
J.D.H. t h a t r e m a i n i n g 
s i l e n t was 
s t i l l 
an o p t i o n . 
I n s t e a d , when J.D.H. 
s a i d he d i d 
n o t want t o t a k e 
t h e 
t e s t , 
[ t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] 
t o l d 
[ t h e 
i n v e s t i g a t o r ] 
t h a t J.D.H. h a d ' c o n f e s s e d . ' 
13 
1090119 
"These 
a c t i o n s 
were 
d e s i g n e d 
t o 
e l i c i t 
an 
i n c r i m i n a t i n g r e s p o n s e . 
See Rhode I s l a n d v. 
I n n i s , 
446 U.S. 2 9 1 , 2 9 2 , 100 S . C t . 1682, 64 L . E d . 2 d 297 
(1980) 
( p o l i c e 
a c t i o n 
c o n s t i t u t e s 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n i f 
t h e 
a c t i o n s 
o r w o r d s 
a r e 
' r e a s o n a b l y 
l i k e l y 
t o 
e l i c i t 
an 
i n c r i m i n a t i n g 
r e s p o n s e ' ) . These 
a c t i o n s 
o v e r b o r e 
a n y 
w i l l 
J.D.H. may 
h a v e h a d t o r e m a i n 
s i l e n t and n o t i n c r i m i n a t e h i m s e l f . The S t a t e a r g u e s 
t h a t b e c a u s e no one p r o m i s e d a n y t h i n g t o J.D.H. t h e 
a c t i o n s 
o f 
[ t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] 
and [ t h e 
d e t e c t i v e ] 
were 
n o t 
c o e r c i v e . 
However, 
t h e i r 
a c t i o n s were f a r 
more c o e r c i v e and o v e r b e a r i n g t h a n 
a mere m e n t i o n o f l e n i e n c y . 
The o f f i c e r s 
r e m o v e d 
J.D.H.'s c h o i c e t o be s i l e n t . They b a c k e d h i m 
i n t o 
a 
c o r n e r . 
I f J.D.H. t o o k t h e t e s t and f a i l e d i t , 
[ t h e 
p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n e r ] 
w o u l d 
'know' J.D.H. was 
g u i l t y ; 
i f J.D.H. c h o s e n o t t o t a k e t h e t e s t , b y 
c h o o s i n g 
t o 
r e m a i n 
s i l e n t , 
t h e n 
[ t h e p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n e r ] w o u l d know t h a t he was g u i l t y . 
I n 
f a c t , 
[ t h e 
p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n e r ] 
t o o k J.D.H.'s 
r e f u s a l t o 
t a k e t h e t e s t t o be a ' c o n f e s s i o n , ' and t h a t 
r e f u s a l 
was t h e n u s e d t o c a u s e h i m t o f e e l 
t h a t he h a d no 
c h o i c e b u t t o c o n f e s s . [The p o l y g r a p h e x a m i n e r ] u s e d 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t ' s c h o o s i n g t o r e m a i n s i l e n t t o c o e r c e 
h i m 
i n t o 
c o n f e s s i n g . 
"The p u r p o s e o f a M i r a n d a w a r n i n g i s t o e n s u r e 
t h a t 
any 
w a i v e r 
o f 
t h e 
r i g h t 
a g a i n s t 
s e l f -
i n c r i m i n a t i o n 
i s 
a 
k n o w i n g , 
i n t e l l i g e n t , 
and 
v o l u n t a r y 
one. T h e r e 
was 
n o t h i n g 
v o l u n t a r y 
a b o u t 
J.D.H.'s w a i v e r o f h i s r i g h t t o r e m a i n 
s i l e n t . " 
Ex p a r t e J.D.H., 797 a t 1132-33. 
O t h e r c o u r t s h a v e , i n a d d r e s s i n g w h e t h e r M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
h a v e become s t a l e , 
f o c u s e d on t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g 
t h e 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n . 
I n J a r r e l l v . B a l k c o m , 735 F.2d 1242 
( 1 1 t h 
C i r . 
1 9 8 4 ) , 
J a r r e l l 
c o n f e s s e d t o m u r d e r , 
k i d n a p p i n g , armed 
14 
1090119 
r o b b e r y , 
and 
a g g r a v a t e d 
a s s a u l t 
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 
t h r e e 
h o u r s 
a f t e r 
r e c e i v i n g 
h i s 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
f r o m 
a 
p o l i c e 
i n v e s t i g a t o r a t c i t y 
h a l l . 
J a r r e l l was n e v e r r e a d v i s e d o f h i s 
r i g h t s , 
e v e n 
a f t e r 
b e i n g 
a r r e s t e d . 
From t h e t i m e 
J a r r e l l 
r e c e i v e d h i s M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s 
u n t i l he c o n f e s s e d , 
J a r r e l l 
was 
e s c o r t e d f r o m 
c i t y 
h a l l t o p o l i c e h e a d q u a r t e r s , where he was 
i n t e r v i e w e d b y a p o l i c e s e r g e a n t , d r i v e n f r o m h e a d q u a r t e r s t o 
t h e d i s t r i c t a t t o r n e y ' s o f f i c e , where a p o l y g r a p h 
e x a m i n a t i o n 
was 
a d m i n i s t e r e d , t h e n 
d r i v e n b a c k t o p o l i c e 
h e a d q u a r t e r s , 
where 
he 
was 
a r r e s t e d 
b y 
t h e same 
p o l i c e 
s e r g e a n t , 
and 
i n t e r r o g a t e d 
f o r an 
a d d i t i o n a l 
30 
t o 
45 
m i n u t e s 
by 
t h e 
s e r g e a n t b e f o r e c o n f e s s i n g . 
J a r r e l l 
a r g u e d 
t h a t t h e M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
s h o u l d h a v e b e e n r e f r e s h e d and t h a t , t h e r e f o r e , t h e 
c o n f e s s i o n was 
i n a d m i s s i b l e . 
"Under t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h i s c a s e , we do n o t 
v i e w a c o n f e s s i o n g i v e n l e s s t h a n f o u r h o u r s 
a f t e r 
t h e 
i s s u a n c e 
o f 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
i n a d m i s s i b l e 
b e c a u s e 
o f t h e 
f a i l u r e 
t o 
r e i s s u e 
t h e 
w a r n i n g s . 
A l t h o u g h 
J a r r e l l 
was 
n o t 
t e c h n i c a l l y 
i n 
c u s t o d y 
u n t i l 
he was 
a r r e s t e d , 
he was 
a s u s p e c t 
f r o m t h e 
moment 
he 
r e c e i v e d 
h i s 
w a r n i n g s . 
The 
r e c o r d 
r e f l e c t s 
t h a t t h e w a r n i n g s 
g i v e n were c o m p l e t e 
and 
t h a t 
J a r r e l l 
u n d e r s t o o d 
them. 
C f . 
E d w a r d s 
v . 
 
I n d i a n a , 
412 N.E.2d 2 2 3 , 225-26 
( I n d . 1 9 8 0 ) 
(where 
d e f e n d a n t , 
n o t y e t a s u s p e c t , was g i v e n 
o r a l l y h i s 
M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s and r e c o r d c o n t a i n e d no e v i d e n c e o f 
c o n t e n t o f o r a l a d v i s e m e n t , 
c o n f e s s i o n g i v e n 5 h o u r s 
l a t e r 
when 
d e f e n d a n t 
h a d 
become 
a 
s u s p e c t 
n o t 
15 
1090119 
a d m i s s i b l e ) . 
F u r t h e r m o r e , 
t h e 
f a c t 
t h a t 
J a r r e l l 
c o n f e s s e d t o a s t a t e 
o f f i c e r 
( B l a n n o t t ) o t h e r t h a n 
t h e 
one 
who 
a d m i n i s t e r e d 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
( B i s h o p ) , does n o t r e n d e r t h e w a r n i n g s 
i n s u f f i c i e n t , 
e s p e c i a l l y 
s i n c e , 
b e f o r e 
i n t e r r o g a t i n g 
J a r r e l l , 
B l a n n o t t a s k e d B i s h o p i n J a r r e l l ' s p r e s e n c e 
w h e t h e r 
p e t i t i o n e r h a d r e c e i v e d h i s M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s . 
(T.T. 
5 4 5 ) . 
See 
S t a t e v. 
G a l l a g h e r , 
36 O h i o App. 
2d 
79, 
301 
N.E.2d 
888 
(1973) 
(change 
f r o m 
one 
s t a t e 
i n t e r r o g a t o r 
t o 
a n o t h e r 
i n s u f f i c i e n t 
b r e a k 
t o 
r e q u i r e 
f r e s h 
w a r n i n g s ) . 
C f . 
U n i t e d 
S t a t e s 
v. 
 
H o p k i n s , 
433 
F.2d 
1041 
( 5 t h 
C i r . 1970 ), 
c e r t . 
 
d e n i e d , 401 U.S. 
1013, 91 S . C t . 1252, 28 L . E d . 2 d 
550 
(1971) 
(change f r o m s t a t e p o l i c e o f f i c e r 
q u e s t i o n i n g 
d e f e n d a n t 
a b o u t 
s t a t e 
c r i m e 
t o 
f e d e r a l 
o f f i c e r 
q u e s t i o n i n g 
a b o u t 
f e d e r a l 
c r i m e ; 
no 
new 
w a r n i n g s 
r e q u i r e d ) ; M i t c h e l l v. S t a t e , 3 Tenn. C r . App. 
153, 
458 
S.W.2d 
630 
(1970) 
( q u e s t i o n i n g 
r e g a r d i n g 
d i f f e r e n t 
c r i m e o c c u r r e d on 
f o l l o w i n g 
day; 
no 
new 
w a r n i n g s r e q u i r e d ) . We c o n c l u d e t h a t no v i o l a t i o n o f 
p e t i t i o n e r ' s 
r i g h t s 
o c c u r r e d 
b y 
t h e 
f a i l u r e 
t o 
r e i s s u e t h e M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s a t t h e t i m e o f 
a r r e s t 
b e c a u s e 
t h e 
t o t a l i t y 
o f t h e 
f a c t s 
do 
n o t 
r e f l e c t 
t h a t 
J a r r e l l was u n a w a r e o f h i s r i g h t s , 
t h a t he 
was 
p r e s s u r e d , 
o r 
t h a t 
he 
was 
m e n t a l l y 
d e f i c i e n t 
o r 
n a i v e 
a b o u t 
t h e 
p r o c e s s 
t h a t 
was 
u n d e r 
way. 
A d d i t i o n a l l y , 
J a r r e l l 
h a d 
h a d 
p r e v i o u s e x p e r i e n c e 
w i t h l a w e n f o r c e m e n t 
o f f i c e r s where h i s r i g h t s were 
e x p l a i n e d . " 
735 F.2d a t 
1254. 
I n M a r t i n v. W a i n w r i g h t , 
770 
F.2d 
918 , 930 
( 1 1 t h C i r . 
1985) , m o d i f i e d on 
o t h e r g r o u n d s , 
781 
F.2d 
185 
( 1 1 t h C i r . 
1986) , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s 
C o u r t o f A p p e a l s 
f o r t h e E l e v e n t h 
C i r c u i t d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s M i r a n d a r i g h t s h a d n o t 
b e e n v i o l a t e d when he made h i s s e c o n d c o n f e s s i o n , e v e n 
t h o u g h 
16 
1090119 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t h a d w a i v e d h i s M i r a n d a r i g h t s one week 
e a r l i e r 
and t h e p o l i c e d i d n o t 
f u l l y r e a d v i s e h i m o f h i s r i g h t s . 
770 
F.2d 
a t 
9 3 0 - 3 1 . 
B e f o r e 
t h e 
s e c o n d 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n , 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t was g i v e n a d e t a i l e d r e m i n d e r o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s . 
I n r e a c h i n g i t s c o n c l u s i o n , t h e c o u r t r e l i e d on t h e f a c t 
t h a t 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
h a d 
b e e n 
" f u l l y 
w a r n e d , 
and 
k n o w i n g l y 
and 
i n t e l l i g e n t l y w a i v e d h i s M i r a n d a r i g h t s , " and t h a t , d u r i n g t h e 
s e c o n d 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n , he 
" i n d i c a t e d t h a t he u n d e r s t o o d t h o s e 
r i g h t s . " 
770 F.2d a t 
930. 
U n i t e d S t a t e s v. J o n e s , 147 F. Supp. 2d 752 
(E.D. 
M i c h . 
2 0 0 1 ) , 
i n v o l v e d 
a 
d e f e n d a n t 
who 
was 
a r r e s t e d 
f o l l o w i n g 
a 
s e a r c h o f an a u t o m o b i l e i n w h i c h he was 
a p a s s e n g e r . 
He 
was 
r e a d h i s M i r a n d a r i g h t s a t 11:23 p.m. 
on F e b r u a r y 14, 2 0 0 1 , 
by 
a 
p o l i c e 
s e r g e a n t , 
and 
he 
w a i v e d 
t h o s e 
r i g h t s . 
He 
gave 
i n c u l p a t o r y s t a t e m e n t s t o t h e s e r g e a n t l a t e on t h e n i g h t 
o f 
F e b r u a r y 
14 
o r 
e a r l y 
i n t h e m o r n i n g 
o f 
F e b r u a r y 
15. 
The 
d e f e n d a n t 
n e x t 
met 
w i t h 
a D r u g 
E n f o r c e m e n t 
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 
("DEA") T a s k F o r c e a g e n t on F e b r u a r y 15, 2 0 0 1 , b e t w e e n 
6:00 
and 
7:00 
p.m. 
The 
DEA 
a g e n t d i d n o t 
t h i n k t h e 
d e f e n d a n t ' s 
M i r a n d a r i g h t s were r e r e a d t o h i m b e f o r e t h e s e c o n d 
i n t e r v i e w . 
17 
1090119 
W i t h 
r e g a r d t o w h e t h e r 
t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s M i r a n d a w a r n i n g h a d 
become s t a l e , t h e c o u r t 
s t a t e d : 
"The 
q u e s t i o n t h u s becomes w h e t h e r t h e p a s s a g e 
o f t i m e b e t w e e n D e f e n d a n t ' s b e i n g p r o v i d e d w i t h h i s 
M i r a n d a r i g h t s on F e b r u a r y 14 and h i s i n t e r v i e w w i t h 
[ t h e DEA a g e n t ] on F e b r u a r y 15 r e n d e r e d h i s M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
s t a l e . 
T h e r e i s no b l a n k e t r u l e f o r when 
p o l i c e must r e m i n d a s u s p e c t o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s , 
and t h e mere e l a p s e o f t i m e d o e s n o t 
n e c e s s a r i l y 
d i c t a t e t h a t p o l i c e g i v e f r e s h w a r n i n g s . See U n i t e d  
S t a t e s 
v. W e e k l e y , 
130 F.3d 747 
, 751 
( 6 t h C i r . 
1 9 9 7 ) . 
I n s t e a d , 
t h e 
i n q u i r y 
comes 
down 
t o two 
q u e s t i o n s : (1) w h e t h e r , when he r e c e i v e d h i s M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s , D e f e n d a n t knew and u n d e r s t o o d h i s r i g h t s ; 
and 
(2) 
w h e t h e r 
a n y t h i n g 
h a p p e n e d 
b e t w e e n 
t h e 
w a r n i n g s 
and 
D e f e n d a n t ' s 
i n c u l p a t o r y 
s t a t e m e n t s , 
i n c l u d i n g 
t h e 
p a s s a g e 
o f 
t i m e 
o r 
any 
o t h e r 
i n t e r v e n i n g e v e n t , t h a t r e n d e r e d D e f e n d a n t u n a b l e t o 
f u l l y 
c o n s i d e r t h e e f f e c t o f an e x e r c i s e o r w a i v e r 
o f t h o s e r i g h t s b e f o r e s p e a k i n g w i t h p o l i c e . U n i t e d  
S t a t e s v . V a s q u e z , 
889 F. Supp. 171, 177 (M.D. P a . 
1 9 9 5 ) . 
"[The 
p o l i c e 
s e r g e a n t ' s ] 
u n c o n t r a d i c t e d 
t e s t i m o n y was t h a t D e f e n d a n t 
u n d e r s t o o d h i s r i g h t s 
u n d e r M i r a n d a , as e v i n c e d b y D e f e n d a n t ' s 
s i g n i n g o f 
t h e M i r a n d a w a i v e r . The C o u r t f i n d s 
t h i s 
t e s t i m o n y 
c r e d i b l e 
and 
c o n c l u d e s 
t h a t 
D e f e n d a n t 
knew 
and 
u n d e r s t o o d h i s r i g h t s when he r e c e i v e d h i s M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s . 
"More t h a n e i g h t e e n h o u r s h a d p a s s e d , h o w e v e r , 
b e t w e e n 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
t h a t 
[ t h e 
p o l i c e 
s e r g e a n t ] 
gave 
D e f e n d a n t 
on 
F e b r u a r y 
14 
and 
D e f e n d a n t ' s 
i n t e r v i e w 
w i t h 
[ t h e DEA 
a g e n t ] 
on 
F e b r u a r y 
15. 
D u r i n g 
t h a t 
p e r i o d , 
t h e r e 
was 
an 
i n t e r r u p t i o n i n 
t h e c o n t i n u i t y o f t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n , 
as [ t h e p o l i c e s e r g e a n t ] h a d c e a s e d h i s q u e s t i o n i n g 
a t 1:13 a.m. on F e b r u a r y 15 and [ t h e 
DEA a g e n t ] d i d 
n o t b e g i n h i s i n t e r v i e w e a r l i e r t h a n 6:00 p.m. ( H r g . 
18 
1090119 
T r . a t 90:8.) T h e r e was a c h a n g e i n l o c a t i o n b e t w e e n 
t h e 
i n t e r v i e w 
t h a t 
[ t h e p o l i c e 
s e r g e a n t ] 
c o n d u c t e d 
and t h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n done by [ t h e 
DEA a g e n t ] . The 
f o r m e r was a t t h e p o l i c e 
s t a t i o n ; t h e l a t t e r was a t 
t h e 
f e d e r a l 
b u i l d i n g . 
( H r g . 
T r . 89, 105.) [The DEA 
a g e n t ] who c o n d u c t e d t h e i n t e r v i e w o f D e f e n d a n t on 
F e b r u a r y 
15, 
was 
n o t 
t h e 
same 
o f f i c e r 
who 
a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e w a r n i n g s 
on F e b r u a r y 14. A l l o f 
t h e s e 
f a c t o r s 
m i l i t a t e 
t o w a r d t h e c o n c l u s i o n 
t h a t 
D e f e n d a n t c o u l d n o t f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e a w a i v e r o f 
h i s 
M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s when he s p o k e t o [ t h e 
DEA a g e n t ] on 
F e b r u a r y 
15 and t h a t h i s s t a t e m e n t s t o [ t h e DEA 
a g e n t ] 
must 
t h e r e f o r e 
be 
s u p p r e s s e d . 
See 
Commonwealth v. D i x o n , 475 P a . 365, 380 A.2d 7 
65, 
767-69 
( 1 9 7 7 ) . 
The C o u r t 
a p p r e h e n d s 
no 
f a c t o r s 
m i l i t a t i n g t o w a r d t h e o p p o s i t e c o n c l u s i o n . 
" C o n s i d e r i n g t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s , 
t h e 
C o u r t h o l d s 
t h a t 
D e f e n d a n t ' s 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
were 
s t a l e 
when he 
s p o k e 
t o [ t h e DEA 
a g e n t ] 
on 
F e b r u a r y 15. The C o u r t 
w i l l 
o r d e r 
s u p p r e s s e d a n y 
i n c u l p a t o r y s t a t e m e n t s t h a t D e f e n d a n t made t o [ t h e 
DEA a g e n t ] d u r i n g 
t h e i r 
i n t e r v i e w on F e b r u a r y 1 5 . " 
147 F. Supp. 2d a t 7 6 1 - 6 2 . 
I n U n i t e d S t a t e s v . P r u d e n , 398 F.3d 2 4 1 , 246-47 (3d C i r . 
2 0 0 5 ) , t h e d e f e n d a n t was a r r e s t e d b y A l c o h o l , 
T o b a c c o , 
and 
F i r e a r m ("ATF") a g e n t s a t a r o u t i n e m e e t i n g w i t h h i s p r o b a t i o n 
o f f i c e r on J a n u a r y 14, 2003. 
He was q u e s t i o n e d b y two ATF 
a g e n t s . 
B e f o r e q u e s t i o n i n g , t h e d e f e n d a n t was a s k e d i f 
he was 
w i l l i n g t o t a l k , a n d , upon r e c e i v i n g an a f f i r m a t i v e 
a n s w e r , 
one o f t h e a g e n t s r e a d t h e d e f e n d a n t h i s 
M i r a n d a r i g h t s . 
The 
d e f e n d a n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t he u n d e r s t o o d h i s r i g h t s and d i d n o t 
19 
1090119 
a s k a q u e s t i o n o r r e q u e s t a l a w y e r . 
The d e f e n d a n t a g r e e d t o 
a n s w e r t h e ATF 
a g e n t s ' q u e s t i o n s . 
The ATF 
a g e n t s q u e s t i o n e d 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t f o r a b o u t h a l f an h o u r . 
He a d m i t t e d t h a t he h a d 
gone t o a gun 
s h o p and 
t h a t he e x a m i n e d some g u n s , b u t 
he 
d e n i e d t h a t e i t h e r o f t h e p e o p l e w i t h h i m h a d a t t e m p t e d t o buy 
guns f o r h i m . 
The 
a g e n t s 
t o o k t h e d e f e n d a n t 
t o a 
f e d e r a l 
d e t e n t i o n c e n t e r , where he s p e n t t h e n i g h t . 
The n e x t m o r n i n g , 
J a n u a r y 
15, 2003, one 
o f t h e ATF 
a g e n t s who 
h a d 
o r i g i n a l l y 
q u e s t i o n e d 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
and 
a n o t h e r 
ATF 
a g e n t 
d r o v e 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
f r o m 
t h e 
j a i l 
t o 
t h e 
c o u r t h o u s e 
f o r an 
i n i t i a l 
h e a r i n g . 
The 
o r i g i n a l 
ATF 
a g e n t 
e x p l a i n e d 
t h e 
b o o k i n g 
p r o c e d u r e s 
t o 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
and 
i n f o r m e d 
h i m 
t h a t 
t h e 
p r o s e c u t o r p l a n n e d t o a s k t h e m a g i s t r a t e j u d g e t o d e t a i n 
h i m 
b e f o r e 
t r i a l . 
The 
o r i g i n a l 
ATF 
a g e n t 
i n d i c a t e d 
t o 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t t h a t , i f t h e r e was 
a n y t h i n g e l s e he h a d t o s a y , he 
s h o u l d s a y i t b e c a u s e , 
a f t e r t h e 
i n i t i a l a p p e a r a n c e , i t w o u l d 
be 
t o o 
l a t e . 
The 
o r i g i n a l 
ATF 
a g e n t 
t h e n 
r e m i n d e d 
t h e 
d e f e n d a n t t h a t h a d r e a d h i m h i s M i r a n d a r i g h t s and a s k e d t h e 
d e f e n d a n t i f he remembered h i s r i g h t s . 
The d e f e n d a n t 
a g r e e d 
t o 
a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s d u r i n g t h e r i d e t o t h e c o u r t h o u s e . 
The 
d e f e n d a n t t h e n made s t a t e m e n t s t h a t d i f f e r e d f r o m h i s o r i g i n a l 
20 
1090119 
s t a t e m e n t s . 
The d e f e n d a n t l a t e r a r g u e d t h a t h i s 
s e c o n d w a i v e r 
on 
J a n u a r y 15 was n o t k n o w i n g 
o r 
i n t e l l i g e n t . 
The 
c o u r t 
a d d r e s s e d t h e i s s u e o f s t a l e M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s as f o l l o w s : 
" [ T ] h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a s u s p e c t n e e d s t o be w a r n e d 
when q u e s t i o n i n g r e s u m e s b o i l s down t o w h e t h e r t h e 
s u s p e c t c a n and does 
e f f e c t i v e l y w a i v e h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s a t t h e s e c o n d 
q u e s t i o n i n g . As J u d g e 
M c C l u r e 
has 
a p t l y p u t i t , 
" ' t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r a t i m e l a p s e 
r e n d e r s 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
' s t a l e ' 
may be 
r e d u c e d t o a n s w e r i n g two q u e s t i o n s : (1) A t 
t h e 
t i m e 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
were 
p r o v i d e d , 
d i d t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
know 
and 
u n d e r s t a n d h i s r i g h t s ? 
(2) D i d a n y t h i n g 
o c c u r 
b e t w e e n 
t h e 
w a r n i n g s 
and 
t h e 
s t a t e m e n t , w h e t h e r t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e o r 
o t h e r i n t e r v e n i n g e v e n t , w h i c h r e n d e r e d t h e 
d e f e n d a n t 
u n a b l e 
t o 
c o n s i d e r 
f u l l y 
and 
p r o p e r l y 
t h e 
e f f e c t 
o f an 
e x e r c i s e 
o r 
w a i v e r 
o f t h o s e 
r i g h t s 
b e f o r e 
m a k i n g 
a 
s t a t e m e n t t o l a w e n f o r c e m e n t 
o f f i c e r s ? " ' 
" U n i t e d 
S t a t e s v. V a s q u e z , 
889 F. Supp. 1 7 1 , 177 
(M.D. 
P a . 
1 9 9 5 ) . 
We 
now 
a d o p t 
t h i s 
e m i n e n t l y 
s e n s i b l e 
f r a m e w o r k 
f o r a n a l y z i n g 
t h e 
e f f e c t 
o f 
d e l a y s 
b e t w e e n 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
and 
c u s t o d i a l 
s t a t e m e n t s . 
"The 
f i r s t q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r 
P r u d e n knew and 
u n d e r s t o o d 
h i s r i g h t s 
a t t h e 
t i m e 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
were 
g i v e n on 
J a n u a r y 
14. As 
e x p l a i n e d 
a b o v e , 
we 
t h i n k 
t h a t t h e a n s w e r t o t h i s 
q u e s t i o n 
must be y e s . 
The s e c o n d 
q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r t h e 
p a s s a g e 
o f t i m e o r an 
i n t e r v e n i n g 
e v e n t 
r e n d e r e d 
P r u d e n 
u n a b l e 
t o 
e f f e c t i v e l y 
w a i v e 
h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s when he was q u e s t i o n e d a g a i n t h e 
f o l l o w i n g 
m o r n i n g . A s i g n i f i c a n t amount o f t i m e p a s s e d b e t w e e n 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s 
and 
P r u d e n ' s 
J a n u a r y 
15 
21 
1090119 
s t a t e m e n t : 
t h e 
r e c o r d 
does 
n o t 
r e f l e c t 
t h e 
e x a c t 
amount, b u t i t seems t h a t P r u d e n was 
a r r e s t e d i n t h e 
a f t e r n o o n 
on J a n u a r y 
14 and 
q u e s t i o n e d 
a g a i n i n t h e 
m o r n i n g 
o f 
J a n u a r y 
15, 
s u g g e s t i n g 
a t i m e 
l a p s e 
o f 
p e r h a p s 
t w e n t y 
h o u r s . 
T h i s 
i s 
l o n g e r 
t h a n 
t h e 
p e r i o d s 
i n v o l v e d i n [Guam v. 
] D e l a 
P e n a [ , 
72 
F.3d 
767 
( 9 t h 
C i r . 1 9 9 5 ) ] 
( f i f t e e n 
h o u r s ) 
and 
V a s q u e z 
( t h r e e h o u r s ) , 
and d o e s seem t o be 
a t t h e u p p e r 
end 
o f t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e . On 
t h e 
o t h e r h a n d , A g e n t 
K u s h e b a 
s p e c i f i c a l l y r e m i n d e d P r u d e n o f h i s 
r i g h t s 
b e f o r e r e s u m i n g q u e s t i o n s , and P r u d e n r e s p o n d e d t h a t 
he 
u n d e r s t o o d 
h i s 
r i g h t s , 
d i d 
n o t 
a s k 
K u s h e b a 
t o 
r e p e a t them, and was 
w i l l i n g 
t o a n s w e r 
q u e s t i o n s . 
" B e y o n d 
t h e 
p a s s a g e 
o f 
t i m e , 
we 
c a n 
f i n d 
no 
o t h e r 
r e l e v a n t e v e n t 
t h a t 
c o u l d have 
l e s s e n e d 
t h e 
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f P r u d e n ' s M i r a n d a w a i v e r . T h e r e 
a r e 
no 
a l l e g a t i o n s o f 
m i s t r e a t m e n t , 
i n t i m i d a t i o n , 
o r 
d e p r i v a t i o n o f f o o d o r s l e e p d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v e n i n g 
d e t e n t i o n . On b o t h J a n u a r y 
14 and J a n u a r y 
15, 
P r u d e n 
was 
q u e s t i o n e d by t h e same ATF A g e n t , K u s h e b a , a b o u t 
t h e same o f f e n s e s . The 
c h a r g e s were n o t e s c a l a t i n g , 
see 
U n i t e d 
S t a t e s v. M a r c , C r i m . 
No. 
96-76-SLR 
(D. 
D e l . 
1997) 
( s u p p r e s s i n g 
s t a t e m e n t 
t a k e n 
10 
h o u r s 
a f t e r M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s when s u s p e c t was 
a r r e s t e d 
and 
w a r n e d 
f o r m i s d e m e a n o r d r u g 
p o s s e s s i o n , 
b u t 
l a t e r 
q u e s t i o n e d a b o u t f e l o n y f i r e a r m c h a r g e s ) , 
and 
t h e r e 
were no 
s u r p r i s e s t h a t m i g h t h a v e c o n f u s e d 
P r u d e n . 
Nor 
i s 
t h e r e 
any 
r e a s o n 
t o 
t h i n k 
t h a t 
t h e 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s 
o f t h e q u e s t i o n i n g -- 
i n a p o l i c e 
c a r 
on 
t h e 
way 
t o 
c o u r t 
-- 
were 
p a r t i c u l a r l y 
i n t i m i d a t i n g . 
P r u d e n 
p o i n t s 
o u t 
t h a t 
he 
had 
' l i t e r a l l y 
no 
c h o i c e 
b u t 
t o 
s t a y w i t h 
t h e 
a g e n t s ' 
d u r i n g t h i s q u e s t i o n i n g . T h a t i s t r u e , b u t we 
c a n n o t 
see 
how 
t h a t 
f a c t 
d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h i s 
q u e s t i o n i n g 
f r o m any 
o t h e r c u s t o d i a l 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n . 
" F i n a l l y , 
P r u d e n 
a l l e g e s 
t h a t 
A g e n t 
K u s h e b a 
d e c e i v e d 
h i m 
i n t o w a i v i n g 
h i s r i g h t s by 
s u g g e s t i n g 
t h a t he 
s h o u l d make a s t a t e m e n t b e f o r e 
t h e 
i n i t i a l 
a p p e a r a n c e , a t w h i c h p o i n t 
' i t 
w o u l d be 
t o o 
l a t e . ' 
A g e n t K u s h e b a a p p a r e n t l y meant t h a t , i f P r u d e n 
had 
22 
1090119 
n o t h i n g 
e l s e 
t o s a y b e f o r e 
t h e a p p e a r a n c e , 
t h e 
p r o s e c u t o r 
w o u l d move t o h a v e h i m d e t a i n e d b e f o r e 
t r i a l . 
As 
t h i s 
a p p e a r s 
t o have b e e n 
t r u e , 
i t 
i s 
d i f f i c u l t 
t o s e e how 
i t c o n s t i t u t e s 
d e c e p t i o n . 
F u r t h e r m o r e , 
t h e r e i s no e v i d e n c e 
t h a t 
K u s h e b a ' s 
s t a t e m e n t c o e r c e d P r u d e n , who u n h e s i t a t i n g l y 
a g r e e d 
t o 
t a l k . 
"The 
r e l a t i v e l y 
l o n g t i m e b e t w e e n t h e M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s a n d t h e s t a t e m e n t a t i s s u e , t h e c h a n g e o f 
l o c a t i o n , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n P r u d e n ' s 
J a n u a r y 
14 and 15 s t a t e m e n t s , and t h e l a c k o f 
i n d e p e n d e n t 
c o r r o b o r a t i o n o f P r u d e n ' s 
w a i v e r a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s 
t h a t 
m i g h t 
c o u n s e l 
a g a i n s t 
f i n d i n g 
an 
e f f e c t i v e 
M i r a n d a 
w a i v e r 
d u r i n g t h e J a n u a r y 15 q u e s t i o n i n g . 
These 
f a c t o r s 
make 
t h i s 
a 
f a i r l y 
c l o s e 
c a s e . 
U l t i m a t e l y , 
h o w e v e r , 
we 
t h i n k 
t h a t 
t h e 
c h a n g e d 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s 
were n o t enough t o i m p a i r 
P r u d e n ' s 
a b i l i t y 
t o make a k n o w i n g 
and v o l u n t a r y 
M i r a n d a 
w a i v e r . B e c a u s e A g e n t K u s h e b a r e m i n d e d P r u d e n o f h i s 
M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s , 
a l b e i t 
w i t h o u t 
r e p e a t i n g 
t h o s e 
r i g h t s 
i n 
f u l l , 
and 
b e c a u s e 
P r u d e n 
p l a i n l y 
remembered t h e w a r n i n g s and u n h e s i t a t i n g l y a g r e e d t o 
t a l k , we h o l d t h a t h i s s t a t e m e n t was made 
p u r s u a n t 
t o an e f f e c t i v e M i r a n d a w a i v e r , and s h o u l d n o t h a v e 
b e e n 
s u p p r e s s e d . " 
P r u d e n , 398 F.3d a t 2 4 6 - 4 8 . 
I n 
t h e p r e s e n t 
c a s e , 60 h o u r s h a d e l a p s e d b e t w e e n t h e 
t i m e L a n d r u m h a d b e e n g i v e n h i s j u v e n i l e M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s and 
t h e t i m e he c o n f e s s e d .
1 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman h a d g i v e n L a n d r u m 
1 R u l e 1 1 ( B ) o f t h e A l a b a m a R u l e s o f J u v e n i l e 
P r o c e d u r e , 
e f f e c t i v e 
a t 
t h e 
t i m e 
o f 
Landrum's 
a r r e s t , 
and 
s i n c e 
r e s c i n d e d , 
l i s t s 
t h e 
" R i g h t s 
o f 
a 
C h i l d 
B e f o r e 
B e i n g 
Q u e s t i o n e d W h i l e i n C u s t o d y . " 
The i n t e r r o g a t o r must i n f o r m a 
j u v e n i l e o f t h e s e r i g h t s b e f o r e q u e s t i o n i n g h i m on " a n y t h i n g 
c o n c e r n i n g t h e c h a r g e " f o r w h i c h he was a r r e s t e d . They i n c l u d e 
" t h e r i g h t t o c o m m u n i c a t e " w i t h t h e c h i l d ' s c o u n s e l , p a r e n t , 
23 
1090119 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g s i n t h e e a r l y m o r n i n g o f J u n e 4, 2007 
, 
a f t e r 
Landrum 
t u r n e d 
h i m s e l f 
i n t o 
t h e 
p o l i c e 
d e p a r t m e n t . 
N o t h i n g 
i n d i c a t e d t h a t L a n d r u m d i d n o t u n d e r s t a n d t h e M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s r e a d t o h i m .
2 
L a n d r u m r e f u s e d t o t a l k u n t i l one o f h i s 
p a r e n t s 
a r r i v e d . 
L a n d r u m ' s 
f a t h e r 
a r r i v e d , 
and 
L a n d r u m 
d e n i e d 
b e i n g 
i n v o l v e d i n McGhee's d e a t h . 
L a n d r u m was 
t h e n 
t a k e n 
f r o m 
t h e 
p o l i c e 
d e p a r t m e n t 
t o t h e 
p o l i c e 
s t a t i o n . 
Landrum's g i r l f r i e n d c o n t a c t e d D e t e c t i v e Hardeman and t o l d h i m 
o r g u a r d i a n a n d , i f he o r she i s n o t p r e s e n t , 
" i f n e c e s s a r y , 
r e a s o n a b l e means 
w i l l be p r o v i d e d f o r t h e c h i l d t o do s o . " 
These r i g h t s a r e now p r o v i d e d f o r i n § 1 2 - 1 5 - 2 0 2 , A l a . Code 
1975, 
a p a r t o f t h e new J u v e n i l e Code. 
"The t o t a l i t y - o f - t h e - c i r c u m s t a n c e s a p p r o a c h 
i s a d e q u a t e t o d e t e r m i n e 
w h e t h e r t h e r e has 
b e e n a w a i v e r e v e n where 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n o f 
j u v e n i l e s 
i s 
i n v o l v e d . 
We 
d i s c e r n 
no 
p e r s u a s i v e 
r e a s o n s 
why any o t h e r 
a p p r o a c h 
i s 
r e q u i r e d where t h e q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r 
a 
j u v e n i l e 
has 
w a i v e d 
h i s 
r i g h t s , 
as 
o p p o s e d t o w h e t h e r an a d u l t has done s o . 
The t o t a l i t y a p p r o a c h p e r m i t s -- i n d e e d , i t 
m a n d a t e s 
-- 
i n q u i r y 
i n t o 
a l l 
t h e 
c i r c u m s t a n c e s 
s u r r o u n d i n g 
t h e 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n . T h i s i n c l u d e s e v a l u a t i o n o f 
t h e j u v e n i l e ' s age, e x p e r i e n c e , 
e d u c a t i o n , 
b a c k g r o u n d , 
and 
i n t e l l i g e n c e , 
and 
i n t o 
w h e t h e r he has t h e c a p a c i t y t o 
u n d e r s t a n d 
t h e w a r n i n g s g i v e n h i m , t h e n a t u r e o f h i s 
F i f t h 
Amendment 
r i g h t s , 
and 
t h e 
c o n s e q u e n c e s o f w a i v i n g t h o s e 
r i g h t s . " 
2 
F a r e v. M i c h a e l C., 442 U.S. 707, 725 
( 1 9 7 9 ) . 
24 
1090119 
t h a t L a n d r u m w a n t e d t o s p e a k w i t h h i m . 
On t h e a f t e r n o o n o f 
J u n e 
6, 
2007, 
D e t e c t i v e 
Hardeman 
s p o k e 
w i t h 
L a n d r u m 
and 
L a n d r u m c o n f e s s e d t o t h e k i l l i n g . 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman d i d n o t 
a d v i s e L a n d r u m o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
a g a i n when he met 
w i t h 
L a n d r u m on t h e a f t e r n o o n o f J u n e 6, 2007. 
I n s t e a d , 
D e t e c t i v e 
Hardeman r e m i n d e d L a n d r u m t h a t he h a d r e a d t h e M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
t o h i m 
e a r l i e r . 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman 
s t a t e d t h a t he d i d n o t 
know i f he r e m i n d e d L a n d r u m o f h i s M i r a n d a r i g h t s 
" b e f o r e o r 
a f t e r 
t h e 
[ s e c o n d ] 
s t a t e m e n t . " 
A t 
f i r s t 
g l a n c e , 
t h i s 
s t a t e m e n t a p p e a r s t o be 
i n t e r n a l l y i n c o n s i s t e n t 
-- i . e . , 
a 
r e m i n d e r o f M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s a f t e r a s t a t e m e n t i s t a k e n w o u l d 
be 
a 
u s e l e s s 
g e s t u r e . 
However, 
t h e 
more 
r e a s o n a b l e 
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n 
t a k e n 
i n t h e c o n t e x t 
o f D e t e c t i v e 
Hardeman's 
t e s t i m o n y , and t h e one a p p a r e n t l y t a k e n b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t , i s 
t h a t D e t e c t i v e Hardeman r e m i n d e d L a n d r u m o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
b e f o r e he t u r n e d on h i s t a p e 
r e c o r d e r . 
T h i s i s s u p p o r t e d 
b y 
t h e 
f a c t 
t h a t , 
i f he r e m i n d e d L a n d r u m 
a f t e r t h e 
s t a t e m e n t , 
t h e n t h e r e m i n d e r w o u l d h a v e a p p e a r e d i n t h e s t a t e m e n t . 
T h a t 
t h e 
t r i a l 
c o u r t made t h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n 
i s s u p p o r t e d 
by t h e 
c o u r t ' s 
s t a t e m e n t a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e h e a r i n g 
on t h e 
m o t i o n t o 
s u p p r e s s : 
25 
1090119 
"[THE COURT]: So, i f a p e r s o n 
i s p r o p e r l y 
j u v e n i l e 
M i r a n d i z e d , r e f u s e s t o g i v e a 
s t a t e m e n t 
u n l e s s 
one 
o f h i s p a r e n t s 
i s t h e r e , 
t h e y 
w a i t , 
p a r e n t 
comes, 
s t a t e m e n t 
i s 
t a k e n 
on 
t h e 
e a r l y 
m o r n i n g o f t h e 4 t h . And t h e n a t s o m e t i m e t h e r e a f t e r , 
w o r d i s r e c e i v e d t h a t [Landrum] w a n t s t o a g a i n 
t a l k 
t o t h e p o l i c e . They go b a c k and i n q u i r e as do you 
remember t h e r i g h t s I r e a d you b e f o r e . Y e s . Do you 
s t i l l 
want t o t a l k t o me o r w o r d s t o t h a t 
e f f e c t . 
Y e s . And a s e c o n d 
s t a t e m e n t was t a k e n . 
So, I g u e s s 
t h e 
l e g a l 
p r o p o s i t i o n i s what p e r i o d o f t i m e f o r a 
j u v e n i l e has t o l a p s e b e f o r e i t ' s 
n e c e s s a r y t o r e -
M i r a n d i z e 
them 
and 
have 
them 
s i g n 
w a i v e r s , 
e t 
c e t e r a . " 
S i n c e t h e t a p e - r e c o r d e d s t a t e m e n t d o e s n o t c o n t a i n D e t e c t i v e 
Hardeman's 
r e m i n d e r 
r e g a r d i n g 
t h e 
M i r a n d a 
w a r n i n g , 
t h e n 
D e t e c t i v e Hardeman a p p a r e n t l y r e m i n d e d L a n d r u m o f h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
b e f o r e 
t u r n i n g 
on h i s t a p e 
r e c o r d e r and 
t a k i n g h i s 
s t a t e m e n t . 
B a s e d on t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , we 
c o n c l u d e 
t h a t Landrum's M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s were n o t s t a l e when he s p o k e 
t o D e t e c t i v e Hardeman on J u n e 6, 2007. 
L a n d r u m u n d e r s t o o d h i s 
M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s 
on 
J u n e 
4, 
2007, when 
t h o s e 
r i g h t s 
were 
o r i g i n a l l y r e a d t o h i m . 
P u r s u a n t t o t h o s e r i g h t s , he r e f u s e d 
t o make a s t a t e m e n t 
u n t i l one o f h i s p a r e n t s a r r i v e d a t t h e 
p o l i c e 
s t a t i o n . 
A l t h o u g h 
60 
h o u r s 
e l a p s e d 
f r o m 
t h e 
t i m e 
L a n d r u m 
was 
f i r s t 
r e a d 
h i s 
r i g h t s , 
i t was 
L a n d r u m 
t h a t 
r e i n i t i a t e d c o n t a c t w i t h t h e same o f f i c e r who h a d 
o r i g i n a l l y 
26 
1090119 
i n t e r v i e w e d h i m on J u n e 4, 2 0 0 7 .
3 
T h e r e was a c h a n g e i n t h e 
l o c a t i o n o f 
t h e i n t e r v i e w s f r o m t h e p o l i c e d e p a r t m e n t t o t h e 
c i t y 
j a i l , 
and 
L a n d r u m ' s 
o r i g i n a l 
d e n i a l 
o f 
i n v o l v e m e n t 
c h a n g e d 
t o an a d m i s s i o n t h a t he was 
i n v o l v e d . 
L a n d r u m 
was 
r e m i n d e d 
o f 
h i s M i r a n d a 
r i g h t s . 
We 
c a n n o t 
s a y 
t h a t 
t h e 
M i r a n d a w a r n i n g s became so s t a l e as t o f a i l t o p r o t e c t L a n d r u m 
f r o m t h e c o e r c i v e n e s s i n h e r e n t i n a c u s t o d i a l 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n . 
B a s e d 
on 
t h e 
f o r e g o i n g , 
we 
a f f i r m 
t h e j u d g m e n t o f 
t h e 
C o u r t o f C r i m i n a l A p p e a l s . 
AFFIRMED. 
Cobb, C . J . , and L y o n s , W o o d a l l , 
S t u a r t , 
S m i t h , P a r k e r , 
and Shaw, J J . , c o n c u r . 
M u r d o c k , J . , c o n c u r s i n t h e 
r e s u l t . 
3The 
p r e s e n t 
c a s e 
i s 
d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e 
f r o m 
Ex 
p a r t e 
 
W i l l i a m s , 31 So. 3d 670 
( A l a . 2 0 0 9 ) , i n w h i c h t h e d e f e n d a n t , 
who 
h a d i n v o k e d h i s F i f t h Amendment r i g h t 
t o c o u n s e l d u r i n g 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n , 
h a d 
r a i s e d 
t h e 
i s s u e 
w h e t h e r 
a 
t h i r d 
p a r t y 
c o u l d 
i n i t i a t e 
f u r t h e r 
i n t e r r o g a t i o n by t h e 
p o l i c e . 
27