Title: DCBS v. Muliro
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: S062922
State: Oregon
Issuer: Oregon Supreme Court
Date: June 16, 2016

736	
June 16, 2016	
No. 39
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE 
STATE OF OREGON
In the Matter of the Compensation of 
Rebecca M. Muliro, Claimant.
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER
AND BUSINESS SERVICES,
Workers’ Compensation Division;
 and ComPro, Inc.,
Respondents on Review,
v.
Rebecca M. MULIRO,
Petitioner on Review,
and
LIBERTY NORTHWEST 
INSURANCE CORPORATION;
Adams & Gray Home Care - Marquis Home Health;
and Assured at Home,
Respondents.
(WCB 103496, 1102720; CA A152594; SC S062922)
En Banc
On review from the Court of Appeals.*
Submitted on the record on January 12, 2016.
R. Adian Martin, Portland, filed the brief for petitioner 
on review.
Greg Rios, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, filed the 
brief for respondent on review. With him on the brief were 
Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Paul L. Smith, 
Deputy Solicitor General.
NAKAMOTO, J.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The 
order of the Workers’ Compensation Board is reversed, and 
the case is remanded to the board for further proceedings.
______________
	
*  Review from Workers’ Compensation Board. 267 Or App 526, 341 P3d 131 
(2014).
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
737
Case Summary: The Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS) 
sought judicial review of the Workers’ Compensation Board’s order providing 
that, under ORS 656.210(2)(b), the employer’s preexisting knowledge of claim-
ant’s secondary employment was imputed to the insurer. DCBS argued that, 
under the express terms of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A), what a claimant must provide, 
and the insurer must receive, is actual notice. The Court of Appeals agreed that, 
under ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A), the insurer must receive actual notice. Held: ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A) requires a claimant to prove that the insurer received actual 
notice of the claimant’s secondary employment within 30 days of the insurer’s 
receipt of the initial claim.
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The order of the board is 
reversed, and the case is remanded to the board for further proceedings.
738	
DCBS v. Muliro
	
NAKAMOTO, J.
	
Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, an injured 
worker with more than one employer may be entitled to 
receive supplemental temporary disability benefits from the 
Workers’ Benefit Fund, in addition to the disability benefits 
the worker receives from the employer’s insurer. The injured 
worker cannot qualify “unless the insurer * 
* 
* receives,” 
within 30 days of receipt of an initial claim, “notice that the 
worker was employed in more than one job” at the time of 
injury. ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A). The question in this case is 
whether an injured worker must provide actual notice of 
the worker’s secondary employment in connection with the 
claims process or whether the employer’s preexisting knowl-
edge of that employment may be imputed to the insurer to 
satisfy the notice requirement of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A). We 
hold that the correct interpretation of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) 
requires a claimant to prove that the insurer received actual 
notice of the claimant’s secondary employment within 30 
days of the insurer’s receipt of the initial claim.
I.  BACKGROUND
	
We take the historical facts, which are undisputed, 
from the findings of the Workers’ Compensation Board in its 
order on review. While claimant was employed by Adams 
& Gray Home Care-Marquis Home Health (Adams & Gray) 
as a certified nursing assistant, she sustained a workplace 
injury.
	
At that time, claimant also worked for two other 
home health employers, and Adams & Gray was aware of 
that fact. Two coordinators at Adams & Gray responsible for 
scheduling claimant’s work hours, claimant’s supervisors, 
knew of her secondary employment because claimant would 
at various times let a supervisor know, when asked to han-
dle a placement, that she was already scheduled by another 
agency.
	
Claimant promptly sought workers’ compensation 
benefits for her injury. She filed a workers’ compensation 
claim, which Adams & Gray’s insurer, Liberty Northwest 
Insurance Corporation (Liberty), received less than a week 
later. As part of her claim, claimant filled out and signed 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
739
several workers’ compensation benefits forms that were 
submitted to Liberty—a Liberty claim form (Form 801) and 
a Department of Consumer and Business Services (DCBS) 
“Worker’s and Physician’s Report for Workers’ Compensation 
Claims” form (Form 827). On each form, there was a box 
above the signature line labeled either “Check here if you 
are employed w/more than one employer” or “Check here 
if you have more than one employer.” Claimant did not 
check the boxes on those forms that would have indicated 
that she had more than one employer. Form 801 contained 
Liberty’s mailing address, telephone number, and fax num-
ber, and Form 827 provided a telephone number to call in 
case the claimant did not “know the name and address of 
the insurer.”
	
Claimant gave a recorded statement to a claims 
investigator less than two weeks after she had filed her 
claim. Claimant told the investigator that Adams & Gray 
usually gave her 40 hours of work per week. The investiga-
tor did not ask claimant whether she had other employers 
while working for Adams & Gray, and claimant did not vol-
unteer that information. Within 30 days of filing her claim, 
neither claimant nor Adams & Gray had informed Liberty 
that claimant had secondary employment, and Liberty was 
unaware of that fact.
	
Approximately nine months after her injury, 
claimant informed Liberty through counsel that she had 
had multiple employers at the time of her injury and 
requested supplemental temporary disability benefits. 
Liberty elected not to process the claim for supplemental 
disability benefits, so DCBS, through its assigned process-
ing administrator, ComPro, Inc., did so.1 ComPro denied 
claimant’s request on the ground that claimant was inel-
igible for those benefits because Liberty had not received 
timely notice of claimant’s secondary employment, as 
required by ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A).
	
1  If an insurer elects to transfer responsibility to process and pay supple-
mental disability benefits, DCBS will “administer and pay the supplemental 
benefits directly or shall assign responsibility to administer and process the 
payment to a paying agent selected by the director.” ORS 656.210(5)(b); OAR 
436-060-0035(l)(a). In that event, ComPro acts as assigned administrator for 
supplemental disability benefits on behalf of DCBS.
740	
DCBS v. Muliro
	
Subsequently, claimant requested a hearing before 
the board’s Hearings Division. Based on Adams & Gray’s 
knowledge of claimant’s secondary employment and the 
reasoning of an earlier board decision, the administra-
tive law judge (ALJ) concluded that Liberty had received 
timely notice of claimant’s secondary employment. The 
ALJ determined that claimant was eligible for supple-
mental disability benefits and ordered ComPro to process 
claimant’s claim. DCBS and ComPro sought board review 
of that decision, and the board affirmed the ALJ’s order. 
The board concluded that “the ‘notice’ requirement of ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A) has been met when the employer receives 
information regarding secondary employment.”
	
The board acknowledged that the express language 
of the statute provides that notice must be received by the 
“insurer” and that an “employer (unless it is self-insured) 
has no express statutory obligation to pass information/
knowledge to its insurer or statutory administrator, and 
no responsibilities under the Director’s rules for process-
ing supplemental disability claims.” But, the board stated 
that it is “well settled that, with respect to the process-
ing of claims, notice provided by a claimant to an insured 
employer may be imputed to the insurer.” According to the 
board, even if claimant had the burden to provide notice of 
secondary employment, “[c]laimant did provide the infor-
mation, albeit to [Adams & Gray],” and the “issue of whether 
[the required] information should be imputed from [Adams 
& Gray] to [Liberty] is a matter distinct from the express 
statutory language.” (Footnote omitted; emphasis in orig-
inal.) As support, the board cited three Court of Appeals 
cases “dealing with ‘imputation’ between an employer and 
its insurer”: Anfilofieff v. SAIF, 52 Or App 127, 627 P2d 1274 
(1981); Nix v. SAIF, 80 Or App 656, 723 P2d 366, rev den, 
302 Or 158 (1986); and SAIF v. Abbott, 103 Or App 49, 796 
P2d 378 (1990), modified on recons, 107 Or App 53, 810 P2d 
878 (1991). Underlying the board’s decision was its concern 
that it should not interpret the statutory scheme in a way 
that “would allow an employer to nullify a supplemental dis-
ability claim by simply refraining from forwarding other-
wise timely received supplemental disability information to 
its insurer.”
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
741
	
DCBS, with Liberty and Adams & Gray join-
ing, sought judicial review in the Court of Appeals. 
DCBS argued that, under the express terms of ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A), what a claimant must provide, and 
the insurer must receive, is “actual notice.” The Court of 
Appeals agreed that ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) identifies who 
must receive notice and makes no provision for any type of 
notice other than actual notice.  DCBS v. Muliro, 267 Or 
App 526, 536, 341 P3d 131 (2014). The Court of Appeals 
also noted that the director of DCBS had adopted an agency 
rule to implement the provisions of ORS 656.210(2)(b) that 
was consistent with its reading of the statute. That rule, 
OAR 436-060-0035(6), is not challenged in this case and 
augments ORS 656.210(2)(b) by expressly stating that the 
injured worker must provide notice to the insurer. The 
Court of Appeals determined that Anfilofieff, Nix, and 
Abbott did not “provide helpful context for an interpretation 
of the notice requirement in ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A).” Muliro, 
267 Or App at 535. Instead, the court considered its rea-
soning in Valencia v. GEP BTL, LLC, 247 Or App 115, 269 
P3d 65 (2011), to be instructive. Relying on that case, the 
Court of Appeals determined that “an injured worker seek-
ing supplemental disability has the burden of satisfying the 
requirements of ORS 656.210(2)(b); when the worker does 
not provide the necessary information, the entity responsi-
ble for processing the claim is not obligated to independently 
seek that information out.” Muliro, 267 Or App at 536. As a 
result, the Court of Appeals rejected claimant’s contention 
that Adams & Gray’s knowledge of claimant’s secondary 
employment should be imputed to Liberty.
	
Claimant petitioned for review in this court, chal-
lenging the conclusion that ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) requires a 
claimant to provide, and the insurer to receive, actual notice 
of secondary employment. We allowed review to address the 
interpretation of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A).
II.  ANALYSIS
	
The issue presented involves statutory construc-
tion, which we resolve by applying familiar principles set 
out in PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 317 Or 606, 
610-12, 859 P2d 1143 (1993), and State v. Gaines, 346 Or 
742	
DCBS v. Muliro
160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009). We attempt to discern the 
meaning of the statute most likely intended by the legis-
lature that enacted it, examining the text in context, any 
relevant legislative history, and pertinent rules of interpre-
tation. Gaines, 346 Or at 171-72.
	
Determining the intended meaning of a statute is 
a question of law. Bergerson v. Salem-Keizer School District, 
341 Or 401, 411, 144 P3d 918 (2006). But, depending on 
the nature of the statutory terms at issue, an administra-
tive agency’s construction of a statute nevertheless may be 
entitled to a measure of deference. See generally Springfield 
Education Assn. v. School Dist., 290 Or 217, 223, 621 P2d 547 
(1980) (summarizing the categorization of statutory terms). 
Whether the agency’s construction is entitled to such defer-
ence depends on whether the disputed term is exact, inexact, 
or delegative. Id. Whether legislation is exact, inexact, or del-
egative is itself a question of statutory construction, requir-
ing us to examine the text of the statute in its context. J. R. 
Simplot Co. v. Dept. of Agriculture, 340 Or 188, 197-98, 131 
P3d 162 (2006). As explained below, this case involves inexact 
terms, and, in those types of cases, we examine the meaning 
of the statute without deference to the agency’s construction.
A.  Supplemental Disability Benefits and the Statute
	
We begin our analysis with an overview of the 
supplemental temporary disability benefits and the stat-
ute at issue. The Workers’ Benefit Fund (the Fund) pays 
for special benefits designed to promote full employment 
and compensation to injured workers. OAR 411-031- 
0040(10)(c)(B). The Fund is created in the State Treasury, 
separate and distinct from the General Fund, and is pri-
marily funded by employer assessments, noncomplying 
employer recoveries, and civil penalties. ORS 656.605(1); 
see ORS 656.054; ORS 656.506; ORS 656.735. Assessments 
collected for the Fund are computed yearly to meet its needs. 
ORS 656.506(4). Development of the assessment rate takes 
into consideration estimates of annual fund expenditures 
and revenues, annual hours worked per employee, the num-
ber of employees covered by workers’ compensation insur-
ance, and the Fund balance requirements. OAR 436-070-
0010(2). The Fund is “appropriated continuously” to the 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
743
director of DCBS “to carry out the activities for which the 
fund may be expended.” ORS 656.605(3). And the director 
of DCBS has the authority to distribute funds, as well as to 
increase assessments or lower benefits when needed. ORS 
656.605(3) - (4); ORS 656.506.
	
One of the special benefits that is paid out of the 
Fund is the replacement of lost wages for the injured work-
er’s secondary employment—that is, multiple-employer sup-
plementary temporary total disability benefits (also known 
as “supplemental temporary disability benefits,” “supple-
mental disability benefits,” or “supplemental disability”). 
See ORS 656.210(5); ORS 656.605(2)(d); OAR 436-060-
0035(1)(e); OAR 436-060-0500. The cost of administering 
those benefits is also paid out of the Fund. ORS 656.210(5); 
ORS 656.605(2)(d).
	
Temporary total disability compensation is typi-
cally based on wages from a single employer. Under ORS 
656.210(1), an injured worker can receive temporary total 
disability compensation in an amount based on the work-
er’s wages.2 If the worker has “one job at the time of injury,” 
the amount of compensation is based on the worker’s weekly 
wage from that one job. ORS 656.210(2)(a)(A).
	
But, if the worker has “more than one job at the 
time of injury,” the amount of compensation can be based 
on “all earnings the worker was receiving from all subject 
employment.” ORS 656.210(2)(a)(B). The statute in dispute, 
ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A), sets out one of the requirements for 
an injured worker to become eligible for the supplemental 
temporary disability benefits paid out of the Fund.
	
An injured worker is not entitled to supplemental 
disability
“unless the insurer, self-insured employer or assigned 
claims agent for a noncomplying employer receives:
	
2  ORS 656.210(1) provides, in part:
	
“When the total disability is only temporary, the worker shall receive 
during the period of that total disability compensation equal to 66-2/3 per-
cent of wages, but not more than 133 percent of the average weekly wage nor 
less than the amount of 90 percent of wages a week or the amount of $50 a 
week, whichever amount is less.”
744	
DCBS v. Muliro
	
“(A)  Within 30 days of receipt of the initial claim, notice 
that the worker was employed in more than one job with a 
subject employer at the time of injury; and
	
“(B)  Within 60 days of the date of mailing a request for 
verification, verifiable documentation of wages from such 
additional employment.”
ORS 656.210(2)(b) (emphases added). Thus, ORS 656.210(2)(b) 
provides that an injured worker is ineligible for supplemen-
tal disability benefits unless the employer’s insurer receives 
two items, each within a required time period: (1) notice of 
the injured worker’s secondary employment within 30 days 
of the “receipt of the initial claim” under subparagraph (A) 
and (2) “verifiable documentation of wages” of that addi-
tional employment within 60 days from when the insurer 
requests the documentation under subparagraph (B).
	
Subparagraph (A) is silent as to whether the worker 
or the employer is responsible for providing notice of the 
injured worker’s secondary employment to the insurer. 
However, DCBS’s rule, OAR 436-060-0035(6)(b), states that 
an injured worker is eligible for supplemental disability ben-
efits if “[t]he worker provides notification of a secondary job 
to the insurer within 30 days of the insurer’s receipt of the 
initial claim[.]” DCBS’s rule expressly places the burden of 
providing the notice on the worker. That rule also requires a 
worker to provide notice within a specific timeframe, namely, 
within 30 days of the insurer’s receipt of the initial claim.
B.  Text and Context of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A)
	
On review, claimant reprises the arguments she 
made before the Court of Appeals. The gravamen of claim-
ant’s position is that an insured employer’s knowledge of 
an injured worker’s secondary employment at the time of 
her injury—regardless of how or when that knowledge was 
acquired—is imputed to the employer’s insurer for pur-
poses of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A). Claimant does not dispute 
that the text of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) appears to require 
that the insurer receive actual notice of an injured work-
er’s secondary employment. She instead draws our atten-
tion to (1) “context,” which, according to claimant, includes 
the surrounding workers’ compensation statutes, common 
law principles of agency, and Oregon case law, and (2) the 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
745
legislative history of the statute. We conclude that the text 
of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A), in context, is dispositive.
	
We turn first to the text of ORS 656.210(2)(b) to 
determine the meaning of the disputed words “receive” 
and “notice.” In construing those two words, we pay care-
ful attention to “the exact wording of the statute.” State v. 
Vasquez-Rubio, 323 Or 275, 280, 917 P2d 494 (1996). We 
do so because only that wording received the consideration 
and approval of a majority of the members of the Legislative 
Assembly. OR-OSHA v. CBI Services, Inc., 356 Or 577, 588, 
341 P3d 701 (2014). As we explained in Gaines, that formal 
adoption process produces “the best source from which to 
discern the legislature’s intent, for it is not the intent of indi-
vidual legislators that governs, but the intent of the legisla-
ture as formally enacted into law.” 346 Or at 171.
	
As mentioned, to determine the meaning of the 
terms in the phrase “receives * 
* 
* notice” as it is used in 
ORS 656.210(2(b) and subparagraph (A), we must ascertain 
whether they are exact, inexact, or delegative in nature, 
so that we may apply the appropriate standard of review. 
In this case, we swiftly conclude that the statutory phrase 
“receives * 
* 
* notice” contains inexact terms: Neither term is 
so precise that no interpretation is necessary (as to require 
only factfinding), as is the case for exact terms. Nor does 
the phrase indicate that the legislature intended to delegate 
the determination of its meaning to an agency charged with 
implementing the statute, such as the term “good cause,” an 
open-ended phrase that necessitates further administrative 
agency policymaking. See Springfield Education Assn., 290 
Or at 223; see also Bergerson, 341 Or at 411 (inexact terms 
“express a complete legislative meaning but with less pre-
cision”). For that reason, we examine the meaning of ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A) without deference to DCBS’s construction. 
Blachana, LLC v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 354 Or 
676, 687, 318 P3d 735 (2014) (agency’s interpretation of non-
delegative term “is not entitled to deference on review”).
	
Because the statute does not define the disputed 
terms, our task is to determine the intended meaning of 
“receives * 
* 
* notice,” applying the ordinary tools of statu-
tory construction. When the legislature has not defined a 
746	
DCBS v. Muliro
word or a phrase, we assume, at least initially, that the word 
or phrase has its “plain, natural, and ordinary” meaning. 
PGE, 317 Or at 611. We frequently consult dictionary defini-
tions of the terms, on the assumption that, if the legislature 
did not give the term a specialized definition, the dictionary 
definition reflects the meaning that the legislature would 
naturally have intended. State v. Murray, 340 Or 599, 604, 
136 P3d 10 (2006). But, when the legislature uses technical 
terminology, that is, “terms of art” that are “drawn from 
a specialized trade or field[,]” courts “look to the meaning 
and usage of those terms in the discipline from which the 
legislature borrowed them.” Comcast Corp. v. Dept. of Rev., 
356 Or 282, 296, 337 P3d 768 (2014). When “a term is a legal 
one, we look to its ‘established legal meaning’ as revealed 
by, for starters at least, legal dictionaries.” Id. We do not, 
however, interpret statutes solely on the basis of dictionary 
definitions. State v. Cloutier, 351 Or 68, 96, 261 P3d 1234 
(2011). Instead, we examine word usage in context to deter-
mine which among competing definitions is the one that the 
legislature more likely intended. State v. Fries, 344 Or 541, 
547-48, 185 P3d 453 (2008) (context determines which of 
multiple definitions is the one the legislature intended).
	
We begin with the ordinary meaning of the word 
“receive.” “Receive” is defined as “to take possession or deliv-
ery of * 
* 
* .” Webster’s Third Int’l Dictionary 1894 
(unabridged ed 2002). Similarly, The American Heritage 
Dictionary of the English Language 1467 (5th ed 2011) 
defines “receive” as “1a. To take or acquire (something given 
or offered); get or be given: receive a present. b. To be the 
person who gets (something sent or transmitted): receive an 
email.” (Emphases in original.) Thus, in ordinary usage, the 
word “receive” connotes a person getting something sent or 
transmitted to him or her. The same is true in legal usage. 
See Black’s Law Dictionary 1460 (10th ed 2014) (to receive 
means “[t]o take (something offered, given, sent, etc.); to 
come into possession of or get from some outside source <to 
receive presents>”).
	
The ordinary meaning of the word “notice” can vary 
from its usage as a legal term of art. Webster’s, for example, 
defines “notice” as “a communication of intelligence or of a 
claim or demand often required by statute or contract and 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
747
prescribing the manner or form of giving it[.]” Webster’s at 
1544. Similarly, The American Heritage Dictionary of the 
English Language 1206 (5th ed 2011) defines “notice” as
“3. A written or printed announcement: a notice of sale. 
4a. A formal announcement, notification, or warning, espe-
cially an announcement of one’s intention to withdraw from 
an agreement or leave a job: gave my employer two weeks’ 
notice; raised the price without notice. b. The condition 
of being formally warned or notified: put us on notice for 
chronic lateness.”
(Emphases in original.) Thus, in ordinary usage, “notice” 
requires or connotes some form of communication. See 
Wright v. Turner, 354 Or 815, 827, 322 P3d 476 (2014) (unde-
fined terms are assumed to have ordinary meanings).
	
“Notice,” however, can include constructive or 
imputed knowledge of a fact when used as a legal term of 
art. For example, Black’s defines “notice” as
	
“1.  Legal notification required by law or agreement, 
or imparted by operation of law as a result of some fact 
(such as the recording of an instrument); definite legal cog-
nizance, actual or constructive, of an existing right or title 
* 
* 
*. A person has notice of a fact or condition if that person 
(1) has actual knowledge of it; (2) has received information 
about it; (3) has reason to know about it; (4) knows about 
a related fact; or (5) is considered as having been able to 
ascertain it by checking an official filing or recording.
	
“2.  The condition of being so notified, whether or not 
actual awareness exists[.]”
Black’s at 1227. Thus, the ordinary meaning of “notice” 
does not necessarily apply to that word as it is used in ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A).
	
Claimant’s position is consistent with “notice” being 
used in the statute as a legal term that encompasses imputed 
notice. In our view, however, the legislature’s use of the term 
“receives” cuts against claimant’s proposed interpretation, 
which permits the knowledge of claimant’s other employ-
ment by supervisors who scheduled her work at Adams & 
Gray to be imputed to Liberty to satisfy the requirement 
in ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A). That is because imputed notice, 
by definition, is not “received” by the party to whom it is 
748	
DCBS v. Muliro
imputed. Instead, imputed notice is “[i]nformation attributed 
to a person.” Black’s at 1228 (defining “imputed notice” as 
“[i]nformation attributed to a person whose agent, having 
received actual notice of the information, has a duty to dis-
close it to that person”) (emphasis added). If Adams & Gray’s 
preexisting knowledge of claimant’s secondary employment, 
unconnected to the claims process, is attributed to Liberty, 
Liberty would not actually be receiving, that is, taking pos-
session or delivery of, that information.
	
In several ways, the context of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) 
confirms that the legislature intended that an insurer 
must receive actual notice of an injured worker’s secondary 
employment. First, the larger scheme of ORS 656.210(2)(b) 
provides contextual evidence that supports that reading. See 
Force v. Dept. of Rev., 350 Or 179, 188, 252 P3d 306 (2011) 
(explaining that statutory context includes “other parts of 
the statute at issue”). The statute plainly indicates who 
must receive notice: an “insurer,” a “self-insured employer” 
or an “assigned claims agent for a noncomplying employer.” 
ORS 656.210(2)(b). An “employer,” i.e., a person or entity 
“who contracts to pay a remuneration for and secures the 
right to direct and control the services of any person,” ORS 
656.005(13)(a), such as Adams & Gray, is not listed. Instead, 
under ORS 656.210(2)(b), notice of secondary employ-
ment must be given directly to an employer only when the 
employer is a “self-insured employer.” Unlike Adams & 
Gray, a “self-insured employer” is an employer who “directly 
assumes the responsibility for providing compensation due 
subject workers and their beneficiaries under [the workers’ 
compensation statutes],” ORS 656.403(1), and must comply 
with specified statutory criteria to maintain “self-insured” 
status, ORS 656.005(25). Because the legislature has spec-
ified that notice of a claimant’s secondary employment be 
given to the insurer, an assigned claims agent, or a self-
insured employer, the preexisting knowledge of the claim-
ant’s secondary employment of an employer like Adams & 
Gray does not appear to be relevant to whether the claimant 
may receive supplemental disability benefits.
	
The timeframe specified for notice in the stat-
ute lends additional support. For a claimant to be eligible 
for supplemental disability benefits, the legislature has 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
749
specified prompt notice of a claimant’s secondary employ-
ment: notice must be given to the designated entity 
“[w]ithin 30 days of receipt of the initial claim.” ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A). The statute plainly establishes a time-
frame during which that information must be received by 
the designated entity for a claimant to establish a supple-
mental disability claim, and that timeframe is tied to the 
injured worker’s initial claim. That timeframe suggests that 
the required notice to the insurer is part of the supplemen-
tal disability benefits claims process. Put simply, to be eli-
gible for the benefits, a claimant bears responsibility for the 
insurer’s receipt of information relating to her secondary 
employment within a 30-day window.
	
Claimant’s view of ORS 656.210(2)(b), though, does 
not take into account the timing of notice and the appar-
ent connection between notice of secondary employment and 
the claimant’s initiation of a workers’ compensation claim 
described in the statute. In this case, the fact that two 
supervisors at Adams & Gray had earlier become aware that 
claimant had secondary employment was not, as a factual 
matter, connected to claimant’s filing of her initial work-
ers’ compensation claim. In other words, at no point within 
the 30-day window did claimant provide that information 
to Liberty, and neither did she provide the information to 
Adams & Gray in connection with her initial workers’ com-
pensation claim. In the absence of such a connection, claim-
ant’s contention that there was imputed notice to Liberty by 
virtue of knowledge that Adams & Gray obtained at some 
unknown earlier point disregards the timing requirement 
of the statute. Claimant’s position leads to the conclusion 
that the timing of Adams & Gray’s receipt of notice does not 
matter, which seems contrary to the timing requirement in 
the statute.
	
Although claimant acknowledges that the text 
of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) favors the reading of it urged by 
DCBS and ComPro, she maintains that the board’s reading 
of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) is the better one based on a contex-
tual argument. As context, claimant relies on an employer’s 
general duty to assist its insurer to process claims under 
the workers’ compensation statutes, case law attributing 
misconduct by an employer and imputing knowledge of an 
750	
DCBS v. Muliro
employer to a workers’ compensation insurer in other con-
texts, and principles of agency law. Claimant’s contextual 
argument, though, fails to persuasively validate the board’s 
reading of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A).
	
Claimant employs two statutory provisions, ORS 
656.017(1) and ORS 656.262(1), to argue that an employer’s 
knowledge of an injured worker’s secondary employment 
should be imputed to the employer’s insurer under ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A) based on an employer’s duty to process 
claims. The first of those, ORS 656.017(1), provides:
	
“(1)  Every employer subject to this chapter shall main-
tain assurance with the Director of the Department of 
Consumer and Business Services that subject workers of 
the employer and their beneficiaries will receive compen-
sation for compensable injuries as provided by this chapter 
and that the employer will perform all duties and pay other 
obligations required under this chapter, by qualifying:
	
“(a)  As a carrier-insured employer; or
	
“(b)  As a self-insured employer as provided by ORS 
656.407.”
(Emphasis added.) Claimant focuses on the emphasized part 
of the provision, contending that ORS 656.017(1) imposes a 
duty on an employer to perform all duties required under the 
workers’ compensation statutes. But even if claimant’s read-
ing of the provision is correct—and ORS 656.017(1) is not 
directed to some other purpose, such as a requirement that 
the subject employer either obtain workers’ compensation 
insurance or else provide workers’ compensation as a self-
insured employer—the provision begs the question whether 
an employer like Adams & Gray was obliged to perform any 
duty relating to notice of secondary employment.
	
In that regard, claimant notes that an employer 
has a general obligation to assist its insurer pursuant to a 
second statute, ORS 656.262(1): “All employers shall assist 
their insurers in processing claims as required in this chap-
ter.” The statute does not define “processing.” And, because 
we assume that the legislature intended to use that word 
in its ordinary sense, we resort to dictionary definitions 
to give that word its plain, natural, and ordinary mean-
ing. “Processing” means “to subject to rapid examination 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
751
and handling designed to dispose of routine details” or “to 
take care of, attend to, or dispose of by some largely rou-
tine procedure .” 
Webster’s at 1808 (emphasis in original). Thus, an employer 
assists its insurers in processing claims by promptly exam-
ining and handling claims by “some largely routine pro-
cedure.” For purposes of ORS chapter 656, a “claim” is “a 
written request for compensation from a subject worker or 
someone on the worker’s behalf, or any compensable injury 
of which a subject employer has notice or knowledge.”3 ORS 
656.005(6). “Compensation” includes “all benefits, includ-
ing medical services, provided for a compensable injury to 
a subject worker or the worker’s beneficiaries by an insurer 
or self-insured employer pursuant to [chapter 656].” ORS 
656.005(8) (emphasis added). Thus, by definition, a compen-
sable injury may result in a multi-faceted initial claim, i.e., 
the first or original work injury claim and, depending on the 
circumstances, other related claims, or sub-claims, for ben-
efits such as the supplemental disability benefits at issue.4
	
We are persuaded that an employer has a duty 
under ORS 656.262(1) to assist its insurer in processing 
claims for supplemental disability benefits. Nevertheless, in 
light of the text of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) and its context, as 
discussed above, we are unpersuaded that the legislature 
intended that any knowledge by the employer of a claim-
ant’s secondary employment, no matter how unconnected 
that knowledge is to the claims process, must be imputed to 
the employer’s insurer.
	
Claimant’s two other contextual arguments lack 
merit. None of the three Court of Appeals decisions on which 
claimant and the board have relied sheds light on the proper 
interpretation of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) given the facts 
	
3  ORS 656.003 provides that, “[e]xcept where the context otherwise requires, 
the definitions given in this chapter govern its construction.”
	
4  “At one and the same time an injury can (and often does) give rise to com-
pensation ‘claims’ for * 
* 
* temporary total disability (ORS 656.210)[.]” Ohlig 
v. FMC Marine & Rail Equipment, 291 Or 586, 599-600, 633 P2d 1279 (1981) 
(Peterson, J., dissenting). Therefore, the word “claim” as used in chapter 656, 
“illustrates the fact that although but one claim is made in the sense that but one 
request for compensation is made under ORS chapter 656, the relief requested 
may involve claims of many different kinds.” Id. at 600.
752	
DCBS v. Muliro
presented in this case. In Anfilofieff and Nix, the reason-
ing the Court of Appeals employed reveals a basic formula: 
unreasonable conduct by an employer designed to impede 
the claims process plus an employer’s obligation to process 
claims equals attribution of the employer’s misconduct to its 
insurer in certain circumstances. We do not decide the valid-
ity of that formula, and we do not consider its applicability to 
this case, because claimant does not advance that argument, 
nor could she. Employer misconduct is absent from this case: 
Adams & Gray promptly forwarded to Liberty claims-related 
forms that claimant had herself completed without checking 
boxes to indicate that she had other employers at the time of 
her injury. The third case, Abbott, arose in a different con-
text and does not assist in the resolution of the question in 
this case: whether the employer’s preexisting knowledge of 
claimant’s secondary employment was sufficient to satisfy a 
specific notice requirement in ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A).
	
And, claimant’s argument based on agency law 
rests on an incorrect legal principle. Liberty, claimant 
notes, is an agent of Adams & Gray. Claimant next asserts 
that, as the result of “inverse imputation,” the knowledge 
of Adams & Gray, the principal, was imputed to Liberty, 
the agent. Claimant cites no authority for her novel the-
ory, and we know of no court that has recognized “inverse 
imputation” as a principle of agency law. Knowledge of an 
agent is imputed to the principal, not the other way around. 
Under the common law of agency, it is presumed that an 
agent always communicates to the principal all information 
that it should communicate within the scope of the agency, 
“although the agent does not, in fact, inform his principal 
thereof.” Hogan v. Alum. Lock Shingle Corp., 214 Or 218, 
228, 329 P2d 271 (1958). Thus, “notice to an agent is notice 
to his principal.” State Farm Fire v. Sevier, 272 Or 278, 288, 
537 P2d 88 (1975).
	
In sum, the text of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) and 
the context of that provision indicate that the legislature 
intended an injured worker seeking supplemental disability 
benefits to bear the burden of providing notice of secondary 
employment to the employer’s insurer. An injured worker’s 
obligation can be met in multiple ways, including by the 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
753
worker providing the information (such as by delivering a 
completed claim form) directly to the insurer or to his or 
her employer, who, because of a statutory claims processing 
obligation, must transmit that information to its insurer. 
In either of those scenarios, notice will not be imputed; the 
insurer will receive actual notice.
C.  Legislative History
	
The parties also urge us to consider the legislative 
history of ORS 656.210(2)(b)(A) to support their differing 
views of the statute. We briefly address the legislative his-
tory, bearing in mind that the purpose of resorting to leg-
islative history is to aid the court in determining what the 
legislature as an institution intended the statute to mean. 
On that point, we echo the dissent in Errand v. Cascade 
Steel Rolling Mills, Inc., 320 Or 509, 888 P2d 544 (1995), 
identifying some of the pitfalls of relying too greatly on leg-
islative history: “In general, an examination of legislative 
history is most useful when it is able to uncover the mani-
fest general legislative intent behind an enactment.” Id. at 
539 n 4 (Graber, J., dissenting) (quoted in Gaines, 346 Or at 
172-73 n 9). Other kinds of conclusions drawn from cherry-
picked quotations of single legislators or of nonlegislator 
witnesses have to be carefully examined. See id. (Graber, 
J., dissenting) (cautioning that reliance on “the beliefs of a 
single legislator or witness” is “fraught with the potential 
for misconstruction”).
	
With those principles in mind, we turn to the prof-
fered legislative history of ORS 656.210(2)(b). We conclude 
that the testimony of the nonlegislator witnesses offered by 
the parties is consistent with, but adds little to, the textual 
analysis of the statute.
	
In 2001, the legislature enacted Senate Bill (SB) 
485, which incorporated the statutory provision at issue in 
this case. Or Laws 2001, ch 865, § 3. As introduced, the bill 
proposed the creation of the supplemental disability benefit 
and the procedures for obtaining the benefit. During consid-
eration of the bill, Jerry Keene, an appellate attorney spe-
cializing in appellate workers’ compensation law, testified 
that
754	
DCBS v. Muliro
“there’s * 
* 
* language [in Section 3 of SB 485 that] con-
notes a clear intent to basically set up a raise or waive situ-
ation. The worker has the opportunity to bring the fact that 
they work two jobs to the employer within thirty days of the 
injury. * 
* 
* But they do bear the responsibility to get this 
information to the insurer in a timely manner.”
Tape Recording, Senate Committee on Business, Labor and 
Economic Development, SB 485, Mar 14, 2001, Tape 49, Side 
A (statement of Jerry Keene) (emphases added).
	
As the emphasized part of his testimony indicates, 
Keene explained to the committee that the bill placed the 
obligation on the worker to provide notice of secondary 
employment. Keene’s testimony, as well as the rest of the 
legislative history, indicates that workers “bear the respon-
sibility” for providing all the information necessary for 
processing a supplemental disability claim. Id. Keene also 
stated that diligence is crucial because “once the thirty day 
window * 
* 
* comes and goes,” the opportunity to receive sup-
plemental benefits “will not be there anymore * 
* 
* and that 
was fairly clear in the language [of Section 3].” Id.
	
Claimant emphasizes that Keene also stated that 
the injured worker has the opportunity to bring the fact that 
he or she works two jobs to the “employer.” Id. Claimant also 
flags the testimony of a second nonlegislator witness, Jim 
Egan, who similarly testified that “all an injured worker 
would have to do would be to hand his or her pay-stub” from 
the secondary employer to his or her “employer” or “insur-
ance carrier” for “proof enough that there was another job.” 
Tape Recording, Senate Committee on Business, Labor 
and Economic Development, SB 485, Feb 2, 2001, Tape 18, 
Side A (statement of Jim Egan) (emphasis added). Claimant 
urges us to conclude that the Keene and Egan testimony 
demonstrates that the terms employer and insurer are 
“interchangeable” for purposes of providing notice. We draw 
a different conclusion, namely, that the proffered testimony 
of Keene and Egan is consistent with our reading of ORS 
656.210(2)(b)(A), which generally requires the injured 
worker to direct information of his or her secondary employ-
ment to the insurer but which also allows the worker to give 
the requisite information to the employer in connection with 
the worker’s initial claim. In the latter case, the employer, 
Cite as 359 Or 736 (2016)	
755
because of its statutory obligation to process claims, will 
then be obliged to transmit the information to the insurer.
	
Accordingly, we reject claimant’s contention that, 
when an injured worker does not communicate to the insurer 
or the employer within 30 days of the initial claim that she 
or he has multiple employers, despite having the ability to 
do so, the employer’s preexisting knowledge, unconnected to 
the claims process, must be imputed to the insurer. Because 
claimant did not communicate to Liberty or Adams & Gray 
that she had secondary employment within 30 days of 
Liberty’s receipt of her initial claim, which she could have 
accomplished by checking the box relating to secondary 
employment on either of two claims forms she filled out, and 
Liberty did not otherwise receive actual notice of her sec-
ondary employment, the board erred in affirming the ALJ’s 
order directing DCBS, through ComPro, to pay claimant 
supplemental disability. Thus, we affirm the decision of the 
Court of Appeals and reverse and remand the board’s order.
	
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. The 
order of the Workers’ Compensation Board is reversed, and 
the case is remanded to the board for further proceedings.