Title: Nicholson v. State
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 55S01-1107-CR-444
State: Indiana
Issuer: Indiana Supreme Court
Date: March 21, 2012

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT 
 
 
 
 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 
Scott Knierim 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gregory F. Zoeller 
Danville, Indiana  
 
 
 
 
 
Attorney General  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Andrew R. Falk 
Arturo Rodriguez II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deputy Attorney Generals  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indianapolis, Indiana 
______________________________________________________________________________ 
 
In the 
Indiana Supreme Court  
_________________________________ 
 
No. 55S01-1107-CR-444 
 
RODNEY NICHOLSON, 
Appellant (Defendant below), 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
V. 
 
STATE OF INDIANA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appellee (Plaintiff below), 
 
 
_________________________________ 
 
Appeal from the Morgan Superior Court, Cause No. 55D01-0811-FC-383 
The Honorable G. Thomas Gray, Judge 
_________________________________ 
 
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 55A01-1005-CR-251 
_________________________________ 
 
March 21, 2012 
 
David, Justice. 
 
 
 This case involves a conviction for stalking under Indiana Code section 35-45-10-5(a) 
(2008).  A majority of the Court of Appeals held that a span of twenty-two months between 
contacts would not fit the definition of repeated or continuing harassment and therefore would 
not support a conviction for stalking.  We disagree and affirm the trial court, holding that the lag 
in time between the harassing calls in 2006 and the subsequent single call in 2008 did not 
foreclose the conviction for stalking, particularly since much of the break in time between the 
FILED
CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
Mar 21 2012, 11:51 am
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calls was due to defendant’s incarceration.  Ultimately, the record demonstrated the calls 
involved a course of conduct involving repeated and continuing harassment of the victims.1   
Facts and Procedural History 
 
In 2006, wife and her daughters received daily phone calls over a six-month period from 
Rodney Nicholson.  Whenever wife or her daughters would answer the phone, the calls would 
devolve into graphic content.  Nicholson would breathe heavily into the phone and make sounds 
as if he were masturbating.  Wife testified at trial that Nicholson said he was going to “put his 
penis on [her and her daughters] body and masturbate and ejact [sic] and come all over us and 
things of . . . of that nature, and he would breathe as if he was eja . . . jaculating or masturbating, 
as if he was doing that.”  Nicholson would hang up the phone when husband would interrupt the 
conversation.  One night in 2006, Nicholson was discovered outside the victims’ residence and 
was arrested.  He pled guilty to voyeurism charges and was incarcerated.  The phone calls did 
not stop until Nicholson was incarcerated.  From 2006, when he was convicted of voyeurism, 
until November 1, 2008, Nicholson had no contact with the victims’ household.   
  
On November 1, 2008, Nicholson phoned the victims’ residence at 1:00 a.m.  Wife dialed 
the number that was left on the caller ID.  Nicholson answered the phone.  He was breathing 
heavily in the phone and acting like he was masturbating.  Nicholson told wife he was going to 
masturbate all over [wife’s] body.  Husband picked up the phone and could hear Nicholson 
talking about masturbating.  When Nicholson heard husband’s voice, he hung up the phone.  
Wife turned to husband and said, “That’s [Nicholson’s] voice.  He’s out.  It’s [Nicholson].”  
Husband immediately called back, and the phone went to voicemail, identifying Nicholson by 
name.   
 
The victims reported the incident to the police.  Police were able to track the number to 
Nicholson.  The State charged Nicholson with Class C felony stalking and three counts of Class 
B misdemeanor harassment for calls to wife and two other women identified during its 
investigation.  The State also alleged that Nicholson was a habitual offender.   
                                                 
1 Throughout this opinion, we will provide anonymity to the victims by referring to them as wife, husband, or 
daughters.   
3 
 
 
A jury found Nicholson guilty of the stalking and harassment charges, and he admitted to 
being a habitual offender.  The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded Nicholson’s stalking 
conviction.  Nicholson v. State, 948 N.E.2d 820, 824 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).  Judge Bradford 
dissented.  Id. at 824 (Bradford, J., dissenting).  We granted transfer.   
I. Admission of Defendant’s Prior Acts 
 
Nicholson first claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior 
conviction for voyeurism and its surrounding circumstances.  Nicholson specifically claims that 
the trial court erred in allowing:  (1) the prosecutor to mention Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction 
during his opening statement; (2) the prosecutor to characterize Nicholson as a “peeping tom” 
during his opening statement; (3) the prosecutor to refer to the circumstances surrounding 
Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction during his opening statement; (4) the prosecutor to introduce 
testimony from the detective who worked on Nicholson’s voyeurism case; and (5) the prosecutor 
to introduce the husband’s testimony about how the incidents surrounding the original voyeurism 
conviction affected him and his family.  Although these were five different instances, they all 
arise from the mention of Nicholson’s original voyeurism conviction and the circumstances 
surrounding the conviction.   
 
Wide discretion is afforded the trial court in ruling on the admissibility and relevancy of 
evidence.  Smith v. State, 730 N.E.2d 705, 708 (Ind. 2000).  We review evidentiary decisions for 
abuse of discretion and reverse only when the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of 
the facts and circumstances.  Id.  “A claim of error in the exclusion or admission of evidence will 
not prevail on appeal unless the error affects the substantial rights of the moving party.”  
McCarthy v. State, 749 N.E.2d 528, 536 (Ind. 2001).   
 
Our evidentiary rule governing this issue provides, 
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character 
of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.  It may, however, be 
admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, 
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request 
by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice 
in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pre-trial notice on good 
cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at 
trial. 
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Ind. Evidence Rule 404(b).   
 
One of this Court’s first opinions about Rule 404(b) was in Wickizer v. State, 626 N.E.2d 
795 (Ind. 1993).  “The use of evidence of other crimes, acts and conduct . . . to prove matters 
other than general character has always been problematic for the courts.”  Id. at 797 (quoting 
Gregory Joseph et al., Evidence in America § 14.3 at 6 (1992)).  We further recognized that 
“fundamental to our system of jurisprudence is the notion that the State, relying upon evidence of 
uncharged misconduct, may not punish a person for his character.”  Id. (citing Lannan v. State, 
600 N.E.2d 1334, 1338 (Ind. 1992)).  Admission of this type of prior conduct evidence has the 
potential to improperly create the “‘forbidden inference’—that the defendant acted badly in the 
past, and that the defendant’s present, charged actions conform with those past bad acts . . . .”  
Hardin v. State, 611 N.E.2d 123, 129 (Ind. 1993).   
 
When a trial court assesses the admissibility of 404(b) evidence, it must “(1) determine 
that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the 
defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act and (2) balance the probative value of the 
evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403.”  Ortiz v. State, 716 N.E.2d 345, 350 
(Ind. 1999).  Particularly relevant in this case is the exception that evidence about other crimes 
may be admissible for purposes such as proof of identity.  Allen v. State, 720 N.E.2d 707, 711 
(Ind. 1999).  This identity exception was carved out primarily for crimes “so nearly identical that 
the modus operandi is virtually a ‘signature.’”  Id.  (citing Thompson v. State, 690 N.E.2d 224, 
234 (Ind. 1997)).  This Court has previously said that the crimes must be so strikingly similar 
that we can say with reasonable certainty that the same person committed them.  Penley v. State, 
506 N.E.2d 806, 810 (Ind. 1987).   
 
We hold that in this instance, the crimes were so strikingly similar and the evidence so 
inextricably linked as to be necessary and relevant to the matter.  The evidence went to the very 
nature of the charged crime of stalking.  As Judge Bradford pointed out in his dissent, “Far from 
being evidence of ‘other’ acts, it is evidence of the very acts that establish that Nicholson 
repeatedly harassed the [victims].”  Nicholson v. State, 948 N.E.2d 820, 824 n.3 (2011) 
(Bradford, J., dissenting).  In the 2006 phone calls and in the 2008 call, Nicholson targeted the 
household late at night and breathed heavily into the phone.  In both 2006 and 2008, Nicholson 
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made sounds as if he were masturbating and told the wife and daughters he was going to 
masturbate and ejaculate on them.  When husband picked up the phone, Nicholson always hung 
up.   
 
Furthermore, Nicholson’s voyeurism conviction and the incidents surrounding that 
conviction are inextricably linked to the stalking charge and conviction.  Those 2006 incidents 
relating to the voyeurism conviction are necessary facts to prove the current stalking case.  
Finally, the voyeurism case can be used to show absence of mistake in this matter, to show that 
defendant knew the exact home he was targeting, and to show that he was not dialing a random 
number but the same phone number he dialed in 2006.   
 
We hold the trial court properly admitted the evidence under Rule 404(b).   
II. Repeated or Continuing Harassment 
 
The General Assembly has codified stalking as “[a] person who stalks another person.”  
Ind. Code § 35-45-10-5(a) (2008).  To stalk has been defined as “a knowing or an intentional 
course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of another person that would 
cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened.”  Id. § 35-45-
10-1.    
The State is required to prove that Nicholson (1) knowingly or intentionally, (2) engaged 
in a course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of the victims, (3) that would 
cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened, and (4) that 
actually caused the victims to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened.  Johnson v. 
State, 721 N.E.2d 327, 331 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).  As previously stated, a majority of the Court of 
Appeals held that the 2006 conduct, coupled with a single phone call on November 1, 2008, was 
insufficient to support the stalking conviction.  Nicholson, 948 N.E.2d at 824.  We hold to the 
contrary:  the facts here suffice.   
 
A unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals in Johnson previously dealt with this issue:   
The harassment prohibited by Indiana’s anti-stalking law must be either 
“repeated” or “continuing.”  “Repeat” is defined in WEBSTER’S NINTH NEW 
COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY (1985) as “to make, do, or perform again.”  Id. at 
6 
 
998.  In considering the meaning of the term “repeatedly” in Alabama’s stalking 
statute, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals held that the term means “more 
than once.”  State v. Randall, 669 So.2d 223, 227 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995); accord 
People v. Heilman, 25 Cal. App. 4th 391, 400 (1994) (repeatedly means “more 
than one time”).  Likewise, we conclude that the term “repeated” in Indiana’s 
anti-stalking law means “more than once.”   
Johnson, 721 N.E.2d at 332–33.  In Johnson, the stalking occurred on three different occasions 
during the same night.  Id. at 333.  The Court of Appeals wrote, “[i]t makes no difference that the 
behavior occurred over a short period of time.  If the legislature had wanted to place parameters 
on the period of time over which such behavior could occur, it could have done so.”  Id. at 333.   
 
Different states have varying lengths of time in which incidents can become the crime of 
stalking.  Arkansas, for example, has the most narrow time frame, which says a pattern of 
conduct must be composed of two or more acts separated by at least thirty-six hours but must 
occur within a year.  Ark. Code Ann. § 5-71-229(d)(1)(A) (2011).  Minnesota law imposes a 
pattern of conduct of “two or more acts within a five-year period.”  Minn. Stat. § 609.749 (sub. 
div. 5)(b) (2009).  Wisconsin uses language signifying a “continuity of purpose” over which 
period of time the acts occur.  Wis. Stat. § 940.32(1)(a) (2011).2  Ohio requires the acts and 
pattern of conduct be “closely related in time.”  Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.211(D)(1) (2011).  
In fact, in Middleton v. Jones, a three-year gap existed between harassing incidents.  856 N.E.2d 
1003, 1006 (Ohio 2006).  The Ohio court, in affirming the conviction, held that because “closely 
related in time” was not defined, the trier of fact should make that determination, “considering 
the evidence in the context of all the circumstances of the case.”  Id. at 1007.  
 
In construing Indiana Code section 35-45-10-1, we hold that absent an explicit time 
frame established by the General Assembly during which stalking can occur, the trier of fact 
should determine if the “course of conduct involv[ed] repeated or continuing harassment.”  I.C. § 
35-45-10-1.  This statutory construction would place Indiana squarely in the middle of the 
majority of the states.  In the instant case, the stalking took place over the course of two years, 
with Nicholson’s incarceration serving as a break.  The telephone calls from 2006 and 2008 were 
virtually identical, with Nicholson mimicking masturbation and describing masturbating on the 
                                                 
2 Many states follow this continuity-of-purpose language.  Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.048 (West 2007); Okla. Stat. tit. 21 
§ 1173 (2002); Cal. Penal Code § 646.9 (2010); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:40.2 (2008); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-311.02 
(2008); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 633:3-a (LexisNexis 2007); Penn. Stat. Ann. tit. 18 § 2709.1 (2011); R.I. Gen. Laws 
§ 11-59-1 (2002); S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-1700 (2011); Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13 § 1061 (2010). 
7 
 
wife and daughters.  These calls were interrupted only by Nicholson’s conviction for voyeurism 
related to his six-month-long harassment of the victims and his subsequent incarceration for a 
period of time thereafter.  We find there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to determine 
Nicholson engaged in a “course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment.”  Id.   
Furthermore, we find that there was sufficient evidence of the remaining prongs of the 
stalking statute to convict Nicholson.  The State must also prove a reasonable person would feel 
terrorized, frightened, intimidated, or threatened, and the victim actually felt so.  We find a 
reasonable person would have felt terrorized.  Wife testified that she was scared and feared for 
her safety upon realizing Nicholson called the house again.  Wife testified,  
Q:  After all this happened, did that affect your employment when you 
were working? 
A:  It did.  There was days I didn’t go to work.  I ha . . . Jim and I have a 
good rel . . . I’ve worked with him off and on since I was a kid and there 
was days I didn’t want to go to work and there was days that I wanted to 
be off from work and be home early because I didn’t want it to get 
nighttime.  The . . . the . . . the time he got out of jail and after this, 
[husband] would have to be home before it got dark with me because I 
didn’t want to stay in the house by myself and he . . . I would meet him at 
the Burger King and then we would come home. 
.     .     . 
Q:  Did [the home] used to be a place of comfort or . . . or safety for you? 
A:  Yeah.  Yeah.  We . . . we moved from town to there.  It was home.  It 
was home.  And he took away everything as far as, you know, I don’t even 
have a phone there anymore.  Do I want to live there?  If I . . . no, I don’t 
want to stay there. 
.     .     . 
Q:  Specifically, without going into any of that, why . . . why don’t you 
want to live there anymore? 
A:  Because I’m not comfortable with him knowing where I live. 
Q:  Okay.  Did that phone call on November 1st, did that make you fearful 
again when you (inaudible)? 
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A:  Yeah, that’s when we got the gun permits and learned and got the 
shotgun and, yeah. 
 
We hold that Nicholson’s 2006 voyeurism conviction and his 2008 call to the victims’ 
residence are inextricably linked together.  Nicholson was incarcerated for the hundreds of 
sexually depraved, vagrant phone calls he made to the victims’ residence in 2006.  He called to 
the same victims again in 2008.  In between these phone calls, Nicholson was incarcerated for 
the 2006 calls.3  The victims thought their nightmare was over.  However, the nightmare was 
only paused when Nicholson was found guilty in 2006 and sent to jail.  The nightmare resumed 
with one phone call in 2008.  With these facts, the circumstances surrounding the 2006 
voyeurism conviction was relevant and not prejudicial.  All the 2006 phone calls are inextricably 
linked to the 2008 phone call and stalking charge.   
 
Had Nicholson not been incarcerated between 2006 and 2008, our analysis may have 
been different.  However, it appears the main reason the stalking of the victims took a break was 
Nicholson’s incarceration.  Because of this, we hold Nicholson engaged in a knowing course of 
conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of the wife.  That knowing conduct, 
resumed upon his release from incarceration, would have caused a reasonable person to feel 
terrorized, frightened, intimidated, and threatened, and did cause those feelings in wife. 
Conclusion 
 
There is no statutorily determinate timeframe required for a stalking conviction.  Stalking 
could occur over a matter of minutes or years.  The key is for the trier of fact to determine what 
the course of conduct was and if it involved repeated or continuing harassment.  In this case, 
there was sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to determine Nicholson engaged in stalking 
when he made hundreds of degrading phone calls in 2006 and again made a degrading phone call  
in 2008.   Furthermore,  Nicholson’s original voyeurism conviction,  inextricably  linked to the  
 
 
                                                 
3 Unfortunately, the record does not include the exact amount of time Nicholson was incarcerated.   
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current matter, was relevant to the trier of fact and not prejudicial.  It is within the province of 
the General Assembly if it wishes to enact specific timeframe parameters to the stalking statute.   
Shepard, C.J., and Dickson and Rucker, JJ., concur. 
Sullivan, J., dissents, believing the opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case, 948 N.E.2d 820, 
to have been correct.