Title: Ripple v. CBS Corporation
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: SC2022-0597
State: Florida
Issuer: Florida Supreme Court
Date: May 9, 2024

Supreme Court of Florida 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC2022-0597 
____________ 
 
JENNIFER RIPPLE, etc., 
Petitioner, 
 
vs. 
 
CBS CORPORATION, et al., 
Respondents. 
 
May 9, 2024 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
We have for review the decision of the Fourth District Court of 
Appeal in Ripple v. CBS Corp., 337 So. 3d 45 (Fla. 4th DCA 2022).  
In Ripple, the Fourth District affirmed the trial court’s ruling on 
Jennifer Ripple’s claim for damages under section 768.21(2) of the 
Florida Wrongful Death Act (the Act).  Id. at 59.1  That provision 
allows a “surviving spouse” to recover “for loss of the decedent’s 
companionship and protection and for mental pain and suffering 
 
1.  The Act is codified at sections 768.16-768.26, Florida 
Statutes (2015). 
 
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from the date of injury.”  The district court held that a spouse who 
married the decedent after the onset of the injury that caused the 
decedent’s death cannot recover damages as a “surviving spouse” 
under section 768.21(2).  Id. at 58.  Ripple expressly and directly 
conflicts with a decision of another district court, Domino’s Pizza, 
LLC v. Wiederhold, 248 So. 3d 212, 221 (Fla. 5th DCA 2018), where 
the Fifth District Court of Appeal held that a spouse who married 
the decedent after the injury can recover damages as a “surviving 
spouse” under section 768.21(2).  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, 
§ 3(b)(3), Fla. Const.2 
 
For the reasons discussed below, we agree with the Fifth 
District and hold that a spouse who married the decedent after the 
injury can recover damages as a “surviving spouse” under section 
768.21(2).  We reject Respondents’ argument that, in these 
circumstances, the common law “marriage before injury” rule bars 
recovery under section 768.21(2).  Consequently, we approve the 
 
2.  Our jurisdiction is based on article V, section 3(b)(3), rather 
than article V, section 3(b)(4), because the Fourth District did not 
certify the decision below to be in direct conflict with a decision of 
another district court or of this Court.  See art. V, § 3(b)(4), Fla. 
Const.; Ripple, 337 So. 3d at 60. 
 
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holding in Domino’s and quash Ripple to the extent that it holds 
otherwise.  In the present case, we hold that Jennifer Ripple can 
recover as a “surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2).  We do not 
reach Ripple’s alternative argument regarding the claim of the 
decedent’s adult children for damages under section 768.21(3) of 
the Act. 
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
 
Before his death, Richard Counter filed a personal injury 
complaint against multiple defendants (Defendants).  Counter 
alleged common law negligence and strict liability actions and 
claimed that Defendants exposed him to asbestos from the 1950s 
through the 1990s.  The pertinent timeline of events leading up to 
his death is as follows: 
 
On May 22, 2015, the decedent was diagnosed with 
mesothelioma.  Less than two months later, on July 4, 
2015, the decedent married the woman with whom he 
had lived for decades . . . .  On July 23, 2015, the 
decedent filed his original personal injury complaint. . . . 
 
Less than four months later, on November 1, 2015, 
the decedent died from mesothelioma. 
 
Ripple, 337 So. 3d at 48. 
 
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The woman he married was Jennifer Ripple, Petitioner.  
Counter’s relatives included Ripple and two adult children from a 
previous marriage. 
Ripple, as personal representative of Counter’s estate, 
amended the personal injury complaint, thereby replacing 
Counter’s common law personal injury claims with the estate’s 
wrongful death claims for damages under the Act.  The estate 
sought damages for Ripple under section 768.21(2), which provides 
that “[t]he surviving spouse may also recover for loss of the 
decedent’s companionship and protection and for mental pain and 
suffering from the date of injury.”  The estate sought alternative 
damages for the adult children under section 768.21(3), which 
provides that “[m]inor children of the decedent, and all children of 
the decedent if there is no surviving spouse, may also recover for 
lost parental companionship, instruction, and guidance and for 
mental pain and suffering from the date of injury.” 
 
Defendants—Respondents here—moved for judgment on the 
pleadings as to both Ripple’s damages claim and the adult 
children’s alternative damages claim.  Defendants argued that 
Ripple could not recover damages under section 768.21(2) because 
 
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she was not married to Counter at the time of his alleged asbestos 
exposure.3  Defendants based their argument on Florida’s common 
law rule that “a party must have been legally married to the injured 
person at the time of the injury in order to assert a claim for loss of 
consortium.”  Id. at 49-50 (quoting Defs.’ Mot. for Partial J. on the 
Pleadings (first quoting Fullerton v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 660 So. 2d 
389, 390 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995) (citing Tremblay v. Carter, 390 So. 2d 
816, 817 (Fla. 2d DCA 1980)); and then citing Kelly v. Georgia-
Pacific, LLC, 211 So. 3d 340 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017))).  Defendants also 
argued that the rationale for this common law rule is that “a person 
may not marry into a cause of action and that a line must be drawn 
somewhere as to liability.”  Id. at 50 (quoting Defs.’ Mot. for Partial 
J. on the Pleadings (citing Fullerton v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 660 So. 
2d 389, 390 (Fla. 5th DCA 1995), and Kelly v. Georgia-Pacific, LLC, 
211 So. 3d 340 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017))). 
 
3.  We have noted that in asbestos personal injury litigation, 
the injury is the asbestos exposure.  See Am. Optical Corp. v. 
Spiewak, 73 So. 3d 120, 128-29 (Fla. 2011) (stating that the “actual 
injury” is inhalation of asbestos fibers that become “embedded in 
the lungs of the plaintiffs without their knowledge or consent”). 
 
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Defendants further argued that Counter’s adult children could 
not recover under section 768.21(3) because Ripple qualified as a 
“surviving spouse” under that subsection. 
 
In its response, the estate argued that in Kelly v. Georgia-
Pacific, LLC, 211 So. 3d 340 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017), the Fourth 
District erroneously held that a spouse who married the decedent 
after the decedent’s injury cannot recover damages under section 
768.21(2).  The estate argued that the trial court should deny 
Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings under the Fifth 
District’s decision in Domino’s, which held that a spouse who 
married the decedent after the injury can recover damages under 
section 768.21(2).  The estate noted that the Fifth District “adopted 
the ‘common and ordinary’ meaning of the term ‘surviving spouse.’ ”  
Ripple, 337 So. 3d at 50 (quoting Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Partial 
J. on the Pleadings (citing Domino’s, 248 So. 3d at 219)).  The estate 
explained that the Fifth District defined the term as “ ‘a married 
person who outlives his or her husband or wife,’ irrespective of 
whether the marriage commenced before or after the decedent[]’s 
exposure to asbestos.”  Id. (quoting Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for 
Partial J. on the Pleadings (citing Domino’s, 248 So. 3d at 219)). 
 
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The estate alternatively requested that if the trial court 
followed Kelly instead of Domino’s, it deny Defendants’ motion as to 
Counter’s adult children.  The estate argued that Defendants 
employed an “irreconcilable contradiction” by asserting that Ripple 
was not a “surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2) but that she 
was such a spouse under section 768.21(3).  Id.4 
 
The trial court granted Defendants’ motion for judgment on 
the pleadings as to Ripple’s damages claim but denied the motion 
as to the adult children’s claim.  In its written order, the trial court 
cited Kelly for its ruling on Ripple’s claim but provided no reasoning 
for its ruling on the adult children’s claim. 
 
Defendants later moved for summary judgment as to the adult 
children’s claim.  Defendants argued that under the Act, adult 
children of the decedent may only recover damages under section 
768.21(3) if there is no surviving spouse.  Defendants claimed it 
was undisputed that Ripple was Counter’s “surviving spouse.” 
 
4.  Respondents never expressly argued that Ripple is not a 
“surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2), but the district court 
viewed them as essentially having made that argument.  See Ripple, 
337 So. 3d at 58. 
 
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The estate claimed in response that Defendants were 
extending Kelly’s poor reasoning.  The estate argued that Kelly is 
“contrary to established precedent,” “contrary to the legislative 
intent,” and “unconvincing.”  Id. at 51 (quoting Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ 
Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (citing Domino’s, 248 So. 3d at 220-21 (“It 
is the public policy of the state to shift the losses resulting when 
wrongful death occurs from the survivors of the decedent to the 
wrongdoer.  Sections 768.16-768.26 are remedial and shall be 
liberally construed.” (citing § 768.17, Fla. Stat.)))). 
 
The trial court granted Defendants’ motion for summary 
judgment.  In its written order, the trial court concluded that “as 
there is a surviving spouse, albeit a spouse who is herself barred 
from recovery pursuant to Kelly, an adult child is barred from 
recovery pursuant to the plain language of section 768.21(3) of the 
Wrongful Death Act.”  Id. at 52.  The trial court recognized the 
estate’s argument that Defendants’ interpretation of section 
768.21(3) would “completely cut off recovery under the Wrongful 
Death statute for the decedent’s family, other than for funeral 
expenses,” which “would ‘turn back the legal clock to a time when a 
tortfeasor could delay justice until the injured person died and 
 
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thereby avoid all liability for their wrongdoing.’ ”  Id. at 51-52.  
However, the trial court concluded that it was bound by Kelly and 
the Act’s plain language. 
 
The estate then voluntarily dismissed without prejudice its 
remaining claims.  The estate asked the trial court to enter final 
judgment in Defendants’ favor.  After the trial court did so, the 
estate appealed both the order granting Defendants’ motion for 
judgment on the pleadings and the order granting Defendants’ 
motion for summary judgment to the Fourth District. 
 
The Fourth District affirmed the order granting Defendants’ 
motion for judgment on the pleadings as to Ripple’s section 
768.21(2) damages claim.  However, it reversed the order granting 
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to the adult 
children’s section 768.21(3) damages claim.5 
 
Refusing to recede from Kelly, the district court concluded that 
Ripple could not recover damages as a “surviving spouse” under 
 
5.  On the adult children’s claim, the district court concluded 
that if Ripple was not a “surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2), 
the adult children could recover damages under section 768.21(3).  
We do not reach this issue because we conclude that a spouse who 
married the decedent after the injury is a “surviving spouse” who is 
not precluded from recovering damages under section 768.21(2). 
 
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section 768.21(2).  The district court quoted lengthy sections from 
Kelly and from Domino’s to contrast the analyses in those opinions.  
Additionally, citing Thornber v. City of Fort Walton Beach, 568 So. 
2d 914 (Fla. 1990), the district court observed that in Domino’s, the 
Fifth District did not conduct a Thornber analysis.  In Thornber, we 
stated that “[u]nless a statute unequivocally states that it changes 
the common law, or is so repugnant to the common law that the 
two cannot coexist, the statute will not be held to have changed the 
common law.”  Ripple, 337 So. 3d at 53 (alteration in original) 
(citing Thornber, 568 So. 2d at 918). 
Because it did conduct a Thornber analysis in Kelly, the 
Fourth District concluded that its reasoning in Kelly was more 
sound than the Fifth District’s in Domino’s.  The district court thus 
applied Kelly, in which it determined that the Act does not explicitly 
change the “marriage before injury” common law rule and held that 
the spouse therefore could not recover damages under section 
768.21(2).  The Fourth District also noted that Domino’s permits the 
“absurd result” of “allow[ing] a spouse to recover consortium 
damages under the Wrongful Death Act simply because his or her 
spouse has died when that same spouse would be prohibited from 
 
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recovering the same damage under a loss of consortium claim had 
his or her spouse survived.”  Id. at 57-58 (citing Kelly, 211 So. 3d at 
346). 
The district court further noted that the trial court erred in 
concluding that Ripple was Counter’s “surviving spouse, albeit a 
spouse who is herself barred from recovery pursuant to Kelly.”  Id. 
at 58.  Concluding that Defendants sought to rewrite section 768.21 
by adding the words “albeit a spouse who is [] barred from recovery 
pursuant to Kelly,” the district court reversed the summary 
judgment order involving the claim of the decedent’s adult children.  
Id. at 59.6 
Our review follows. 
ANALYSIS 
 
This case presents a question of statutory interpretation, 
which we review de novo.  Levy v. Levy, 326 So. 3d 678, 681 (Fla. 
 
6.  The special concurrence elaborated that although Kelly was 
correctly decided, it was an “unfortunate factual application” of the 
common law “marriage before injury” rule.  Ripple, 337 So. 3d at 60 
(Gerber, J., concurring specially).  Because the injury in Kelly was 
latent, the special concurrence observed that “nothing within Kelly’s 
facts would suggest that the decedent’s wife, nearly forty years 
earlier, had ‘married into a cause of action.’ ”  Id. at 61. 
 
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2021).  At the threshold, we must determine whether a spouse who 
married the decedent after the onset of the injury that caused the 
decedent’s death is a “surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2) of 
the Act.  We hold that such a spouse is a “surviving spouse” under 
that provision.  And, as we explain later, we further hold that the 
common law “marriage before injury” rule does not bar recovery 
under 768.21(2) by a surviving spouse who married the decedent 
after the date of injury. 
 
Our analysis of course begins with the text.  Section 768.21(2) 
states: “The surviving spouse may also recover for loss of the 
decedent’s companionship and protection and for mental pain and 
suffering from the date of injury.”  § 768.21(2), Fla. Stat.  The plain 
language of section 768.21(2) indicates that a spouse who married 
the decedent after the onset of the injury that caused the decedent’s 
death is a “surviving spouse” under that subsection.  Because the 
Act does not define the term “surviving spouse,” we accord the 
phrase its ordinary meaning while giving regard to the context in 
which the phrase is used.  Barnett v. Dep’t of Fin. Servs., 303 So. 3d 
 
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508, 513 (Fla. 2020).7  We recently clarified that “[t]he plainness or 
ambiguity of statutory language is determined by reference to the 
language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, 
and the broader context of the statute as a whole.”  Conage v. 
United States, 346 So. 3d 594, 598 (Fla. 2022) (alteration in 
original) (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 
(1997)).  Thus, we use “ ‘all the textual and structural clues’ that 
bear on the meaning of a disputed text.”  Id. (citing Alachua County 
v. Watson, 333 So. 3d 162, 169 (Fla. 2022)). 
We typically turn to dictionaries to determine ordinary 
meaning.  Id. at 599.  The ordinary meaning of “spouse” is a person 
lawfully married to someone else.  See Spouse, Black’s Law 
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).  We face, then, the remaining question: 
When is a spouse a “surviving spouse”?  In other words, does the 
ordinary meaning of the word “survivor” tell us whether 
survivorship under section 768.21(2) is determined at the time of 
the decedent’s injury or at the time of the decedent’s death? 
 
7.  The Act defines “[s]urvivors” as including “the decedent’s 
spouse.”  See § 768.18, Fla. Stat. 
 
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We conclude that a “surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2) 
is a spouse at the time of the decedent’s death because the ordinary 
meaning of “surviving spouse” is a spouse who outlives the other 
spouse.  In 1972, when the Legislature established the new Florida 
Wrongful Death Act, Martin v. United Sec. Servs., Inc., 314 So. 2d 
765, 766-67 n.1 (Fla. 1975) (citing ch. 72-35, Laws of Fla.),8 Black’s 
Law Dictionary defined “survivor” as “[o]ne who survives another; 
one who outlives another; one who lives beyond some happening; 
one of two or more persons who lives after the death of the other or 
others.”  Survivor, Black’s Law Dictionary (4th rev. ed. 1968).  Also, 
the current version of Black’s Law Dictionary defines “surviving 
spouse” as “[a] spouse who outlives the other spouse.”  Surviving 
spouse, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). 
Thus, survivorship under section 768.21(2) is determined at 
the time of the decedent’s death, which is the time when the spouse 
outlives the decedent.  A spouse who outlives the decedent is a 
“surviving spouse” under section 768.21(2) who may recover 
damages under that provision.  Moreover, the “from the date of 
 
8.  The Act merged the survival cause of action for personal 
injuries and the wrongful death cause of action.  Id. at 768. 
 
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injury” language in section 768.21(2) cannot reasonably be read to 
contradict this ordinary meaning.  § 768.21(2), Fla. Stat.; see Kelly, 
211 So. 3d at 349 (Taylor, J., dissenting) (observing that the “from 
the date of injury” language “does not provide a limitation as to who 
may recover, but rather indicates what a surviving spouse may 
recover”). 
We need not go further in our interpretation of the term 
“surviving spouse” in section 768.21(2).  However, we note that our 
conclusion is supported by the surrounding subsections in section 
768.21, which have the same grammatical structure; by section 
768.17, which shows the Legislature’s intent for the Act “to shift the 
losses resulting when wrongful death occurs from the survivors of 
the decedent to the wrongdoer”; and, as explained below, by the 
rule that claims under the Act accrue upon the decedent’s death.  
See Sheffield v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 329 So. 3d 114, 120 (Fla. 
2021). 
Respondents argue that, even if Ripple is the decedent’s 
surviving spouse under section 768.21(2), the common law 
“marriage before injury” rule bars her recovery.  They note that the 
text of the Act, at section 768.20, allows defendants to maintain 
 
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defenses against individual survivors.  And Respondents say that 
basic principles of statutory interpretation require us to read the 
Act against a common law background and to preserve common law 
rules that are not repudiated by or inconsistent with the text of the 
statute.  In support of the latter argument, Respondents rely heavily 
on our decision in Thornber. 
We do not dispute the importance of reading statutes with an 
awareness of and sensitivity to background common law rules.  
Depending on the circumstances, such rules might retain 
independent force as a supplement to statutory provisions, as was 
the case in Thornber.  Common law rules might also inform the 
correct interpretation and application of statutory provisions 
themselves.  Here, though, we do not think that the common law 
“marriage before injury” rule bars Ripple from recovering damages 
under section 768.21(2). 
As our Court has previously recognized, a wrongful death 
claim is not a continuation of a common law personal injury claim.  
Sheffield, 329 So. 3d at 120.  The wrongful death cause of action 
accrues once the decedent dies from the injury; at that moment, 
both the common law personal injury claim and a spouse’s 
 
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derivative common law loss of consortium claim abate.  Id. (citing 
§ 768.20, Fla. Stat.); see ACandS, Inc. v. Redd, 703 So. 2d 492, 495 
(Fla. 3d DCA 1997).  The decedent’s death gives rise to an 
independent cause of action under the Act.  Sheffield, 329 So. 3d at 
121. 
Thus, under the Act, the surviving spouse does not pursue a 
distinct cause of action based on loss of consortium.  Instead, the 
Act contemplates a standalone wrongful death claim in which, 
under section 768.21(2), the surviving spouse may recover damages 
“for loss of the decedent’s companionship and protection and for 
mental pain and suffering from the date of injury.”  It is not clear 
that the “marriage before injury” rule, a common law defense to a 
cause of action based on loss of consortium, can also serve to 
eliminate an element of statutory damages. 
More broadly, we note that Florida’s modern Wrongful Death 
Act, enacted in 1972, effectuated a complex merger of two 
previously existing causes of action: a statutory wrongful death 
action focused on compensating survivors, and a survival action 
focused on compensating the decedent (through his or her estate).  
See generally Martin, 314 So. 2d at 767-68 (explaining the pre-1972 
 
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legal landscape and the Act’s origin in a report of the Florida Law 
Revision Commission).  In merging the causes of action, the 
Legislature eliminated some previously allowable damages and 
authorized new ones: “The claim for pain and suffering of the 
decedent from the date of injury to the decedent was eliminated.  
Substituted therefor was a claim for pain and suffering of close 
relatives, the clear purpose being that any recovery should be for 
the living and not for the dead.”  Id. at 769.  This of course explains 
section 768.21(2), which includes a surviving spouse’s damages for 
“mental pain and suffering” calculated from the date of the 
decedent’s initial injury.  Allowing the “marriage before injury” rule 
as a defense to a surviving spouse’s recovery of damages under 
section 768.21(2) thus risks upsetting the Act’s logic and 
underlying structure. 
We acknowledge Respondents’ argument that our failure to 
recognize a “marriage before injury” defense in these circumstances 
creates a partial anomaly.  Because Ripple was not married to the 
decedent at the time of injury, she could not have pursued a 
common law action for loss of consortium if the decedent had 
survived the injury.  Yet, because of the decedent’s death from that 
 
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same injury, part of Ripple’s recovery under section 768.21(2) might 
include damages for “loss of the decedent’s companionship and 
protection” from the date of injury—including, arguably, the same 
damages that would have been unavailable to Ripple if the decedent 
had survived.  We think it is up to the Legislature, not the courts, to 
decide whether this is a problem that needs fixing and, if so, how. 
Finally, we note that as the finder of fact, a jury may, in 
considering the evidence, determine whether a spouse’s conduct 
amounts to an attempt to marry into a section 768.21(2) claim.  
Nothing in our decision today prevents juries from considering the 
timing and duration of a couple’s marriage when evaluating a claim 
for damages under section 768.21(2).  Our legal system entrusts the 
jury with evaluating the evidence to determine a proper award 
under section 768.21(2).  See Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Rintoul, 342 
So. 3d 656, 676 n.6 (Fla. 4th DCA 2022) (Warner, J., concurring in 
part and dissenting in part) (stating that the jury “would certainly 
take into consideration the length of the marriage”); Peterson v. Sun 
State Int’l Trucks, LLC, 56 So. 3d 840, 842 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) 
(explaining that “[w]hen a jury finds that one spouse has sustained 
injuries as a result of the negligence of a third party, an award of 
 
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damages to the other spouse for loss of consortium is not 
automatic” and that “in order to prevail on a claim for loss of 
consortium, the claiming spouse must present competent testimony 
concerning the impact that the incident has had on the marital 
relationship”). 
 
We therefore hold that Ripple is a “surviving spouse” under 
section 768.21(2).  As explained above, a “surviving spouse” is a 
spouse who outlives the other spouse.  Here, Ripple legally married 
Counter on July 4, 2015, and Counter died on November 1, 2015.  
Ripple was Counter’s spouse at the time of his death.  Because she 
outlived her husband, Ripple is a “surviving spouse” under section 
768.21(2) as a matter of law.  Moreover, we further hold that the 
“marriage before injury” rule does not bar Ripple’s recovery of 
damages under section 768.21(2). 
CONCLUSION 
 
For these reasons, we approve the holding in Domino’s that a 
spouse who married the decedent after the onset of the injury that 
caused the decedent’s death can recover damages as a “surviving 
spouse” under section 768.21(2).  We quash Ripple to the extent 
 
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that it holds otherwise and remand for proceedings consistent with 
this opinion. 
 
It is so ordered. 
MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, LABARGA, COURIEL, GROSSHANS, 
FRANCIS, and SASSO, JJ., concur. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION 
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal 
Certified Direct Conflict of Decisions 
 
 
Fourth District - Case No. 4D2020-1939 
 
 
(Broward County) 
 
Mathew D. Gutierrez of The Ferraro Law Firm, P.A., Miami, Florida, 
 
 
for Petitioner 
 
Matthew J. Conigliaro of Carlton Fields, P.A., Tampa, Florida, 
 
 
for Respondents 
 
Daniel B. Rogers of Shook, Hardy & Bacon, L.L.P., Miami, Florida, 
 
 
for Amicus Curiae The Coalition for Litigation Justice, Inc.