Title: P. v. Concha
Citation: 47 Cal. 4th 653
Docket Number: S163811
State: California
Issuer: California Supreme Court
Date: November 12, 2009

1 
Filed 11/12/09 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 
THE PEOPLE, 
) 
 
 
) 
 
Plaintiff and Respondent, 
) 
 
 
) 
S163811 
 
v. 
) 
 
 
) 
Ct.App. 2/5 B195197 
REYES CONCHA et al., 
) 
 
 
) 
Los Angeles County 
 
Defendants and Appellants. 
) 
Super. Ct. No. BA287017 
 
____________________________________) 
 
Reyas Concha, Julio Hernandez, and Max Sanchez attempted to murder 
Jimmy Lee Harris.  During the attempt, Harris responded in self-defense by 
stabbing Max Sanchez to death.  Relying on the so-called provocative act murder 
doctrine, the jury convicted defendants Concha and Hernandez of first degree 
murder for the death of Sanchez.  We granted review to determine whether a 
defendant may be liable for first degree murder when his accomplice is killed by 
the intended victim in the course of an attempted murder.  We hold that a 
defendant may be convicted of first degree murder under these circumstances if the 
defendant personally acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation during 
the attempted murder.  
I.  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
On July 14, 2005, Reyas Concha, Julio Hernandez, Max Sanchez, and a 
fourth unidentified man threatened to kill Jimmy Lee Harris during an apparent 
attempted robbery.  Harris fled from the assailants and ran down the middle of a 
2 
street in Los Angeles.  The four men pursued Harris for over a quarter of a mile 
before cornering him against a fence.  Harris attempted to scale the fence and one 
or more of the assailants began stabbing him.  The stabbing continued for several 
seconds.  Harris, realizing that his life was in danger, turned around and attempted 
to fight the four men off.  Harris pulled a pocket knife from his pocket and “began 
to stab as many of them as [he] could.”  Harris then fled and found someone who 
called the police.  Harris suffered severe injuries, but he survived.  Sanchez died 
from the stab wounds that Harris inflicted during the attack. 
The jury convicted defendants of attempted first degree murder of Harris.  
(Pen. Code, §§ 187, 664, subd. (a).)1  Relying on the provocative act murder 
doctrine, the jury also convicted defendants of the first degree murder of Sanchez.  
(Pen. Code, § 187 subd. (a).)  The jury found true that Hernandez personally used a 
deadly and dangerous weapon during both the attempted murder and the murder.  
(§ 12022, subd. (b)(1).)  The jury specifically found true allegations that the 
attempted murder of Harris was committed willfully, deliberately, and with 
premeditation (§ 664, subd. (a)).  However, the jury was not asked to find, and did 
not specifically find, that each defendant personally acted willfully, deliberately, 
and with premeditation during the attempt.  Hernandez admitted that he had 
suffered a prior strike conviction.  (§§  667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d).)  
The jury deadlocked as to each defendant on an attempted second degree robbery 
charge (§§ 211, 664) and the trial court granted the prosecution‟s motion to 
dismiss the attempted robbery charges. 
                                              
1 
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
3 
The Court of Appeal affirmed the convictions.  In an opinion by Justice 
Mosk, the majority held that defendants‟ first degree murder convictions for the 
death of their accomplice based on the provocative act doctrine was supported by 
the jury‟s finding that the attempted murder of the victim was willful, deliberate 
and premeditated.  The majority reasoned that the murder convictions “were not 
based on a provocative act implied malice theory that would have  required a 
finding of second degree murder.  Instead, the convictions were based on 
defendants‟ express malice in attempting to kill Harris.”  The majority applied the 
doctrine of transferred intent to reach its conclusion that defendants‟ mental state 
in connection with the attempted murder made them guilty of Sanchez‟s murder in 
the first degree, reasoning as follows:  “Section 189 expressly provides that a 
willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing is murder of the first degree.  The jury 
found that defendants acted with malice, premeditation, and deliberation in 
attempting to murder Harris, and found that each committed at least one act in the 
course of attempted murder that was a proximate cause of Sanchez‟s killing.  Thus, 
defendants‟ mental state—express malice, willfulness, deliberation, and 
premeditation—in connection with the attempted murder of Harris transferred to 
the killing of Sanchez, making them guilty of his murder in the first degree.” 
In a separate concurring opinion, Justice Turner concluded that the murder 
conviction should be reduced from first degree to second degree because the jury‟s 
express malice and premeditation finding with respect to the attempted murder 
count cannot be transferred to the provocative act murder of defendants‟ 
accomplice. 
We granted review limited to the following issue: “Did the trial court err in 
allowing the jury to return verdicts of first degree murder when the case was tried 
on a theory of provocative-act murder?” 
4 
II.  DISCUSSION 
Defendants contend the provocative act murder doctrine limits a 
defendant‟s liability to second degree murder when the defendant‟s accomplice is 
killed by the victim during a willful, deliberate, and premeditated attempt to 
commit murder.  We disagree. 
Murder is the unlawful killing of a person with malice aforethought.  
(§ 187.)  Murder includes both actus reus and mens rea elements.  To satisfy the 
actus reus element of murder, an act of either the defendant or an accomplice must 
be the proximate cause of death.  (People v. Roberts (1992) 2 Cal.4th 271, 320 
(Roberts); People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111, 1118 (McCoy).)  For the 
crime of murder, as for any crime other than strict liability offenses, “there must 
exist a union, or joint operation of act and intent, or criminal negligence.”  (§ 20.)  
To satisfy the mens rea element of murder, the defendant must personally act with 
malice aforethought.  (McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.)   
A defendant can be liable for the unlawful killings of both the intended 
victims and any unintended victims.  “ „[T]here is no requirement of an unlawful 
intent to kill an intended victim. The law speaks in terms of an unlawful intent to 
kill a person, not the person intended to be killed.‟ ”  (People v. Bland (2002) 28 
Cal.4th 313, 323 (Bland), quoting People v. Scott (1996) 14 Cal.4th 544, 556 
(Scott) (conc. opn. of Mosk, J.).) 
For example, a defendant is liable for both murder and attempted murder if 
he or an accomplice attempts to kill a specific person and instead kills a bystander.  
(Scott, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 546.)  Similarly, a defendant is liable for two 
murders if, in the course of killing his intended victim, he or an accomplice also 
kills a bystander.  (Bland, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 325-326.)  In short, a defendant 
may be liable for murder when he possesses the appropriate mens rea and either 
the defendant or an accomplice causes an unlawful death.  As we explained in 
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Bland, “ „[a] mens rea . . . is an elastic thing of unlimited supply. . . . It may 
combine with a single actus reus to make a single crime.  It may as readily 
combine with a hundred acti rei, intended and unintended, to make a hundred 
crimes . . . . Unforeseen circumstances may multiply the criminal acts for which 
the criminal agent is responsible. A single state of mind, however, will control the 
fact of guilt and the level of guilt of them all.‟ ”  (Id. at p. 325, quoting Harvey v. 
State (Md.Ct.App. 1996) 681 A.2d 628, 637.) 
However, the defendant is liable only for those unlawful killings 
proximately caused by the acts of the defendant or his accomplice.  (Roberts, 
supra, 2 Cal.4th at p. 320.)   “In all homicide cases in which the conduct of an 
intermediary is the actual cause of death, the defendant‟s liability will depend on 
whether it can be demonstrated that his own conduct proximately caused the 
victim‟s death . . . .”  (People v. Cervantes (2001) 26 Cal.4th 860, 872, fn. 15 
(Cervantes).)  “[I]f the eventual victim‟s death is not the natural and probable 
consequence of a defendant‟s act, then liability cannot attach.”  (Roberts, supra, 2 
Cal.4th at p. 321.)  Our prior decisions make clear that, where the defendant 
perpetrates an inherently dangerous felony, the victim‟s self-defensive killing is a 
natural and probable response.  (See, e.g., People v. Gilbert (1965) 63 Cal.2d 690, 
705 (Gilbert); People v. Caldwell (1984) 36 Cal.3d 210, 220-222 (Caldwell).) 
In the present case, although it is apparent that defendants Concha and 
Hernandez did not intend to kill their accomplice, they had the intent to kill a 
person when they attacked their intended victim, and therefore are guilty of murder 
as to any killing either of them proximately caused while acting together pursuant 
to their intent to kill.   
Once liability for murder “is otherwise established, section 189 may be 
invoked to determine its degree.”  (Gilbert, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 705; see also 
Caldwell, supra, 36 Cal.3d at p. 217, fn. 2, quoting Gilbert with approval; 
6 
Cervantes, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 872, fn. 15 [“If proximate causation is 
established, the defendant‟s level of culpability for the homicide in turn will vary 
in accordance with his criminal intent.”].)  Section 189 states that if an unlawful 
killing is “willful, deliberate, and premeditated,” or is perpetrated by means of 
“poison, lying in wait, torture . . . , discharging a firearm from a motor vehicle, 
intentionally at another person outside of the vehicle with the intent to inflict 
death,” specific types of weapons, destructive devices, explosives, or ammunition, 
or in the perpetration of certain enumerated felonies,2 it is murder of the first 
degree.  (§ 189.)  “All other kinds of murders are of the second degree.”  (Ibid.)  
Therefore, “assuming legal causation, a person maliciously intending to kill is 
guilty of the murder of all persons actually killed.  If the intent is premeditated, the 
murder or murders are first degree.”  (Bland, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 323-324, fn. 
omitted.)  While joint participants involved in proximately causing a murder “ „are 
tied to a “single and common actus reus,” “the individual mentes reae or levels of 
guilt of the joint participants are permitted to float free and are not tied to each 
other in any way.  If their mentes reae are different, their independent levels of 
guilt . . . will necessarily be different as well.” ‟ ”  (Dressler, Understanding 
Criminal Law (2d ed. 1995) § 30.06[C], p. 450, fns. omitted, as quoted with 
approval in McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at pp. 1118-1119.) 
                                              
2  
We note that the felony-murder rule cannot support liability for first degree 
murder under the facts presented here for two reasons.  First, the felony-murder 
rule can be invoked only when the defendant or an accomplice actually commits 
the killing.  (People v. Washington (1965) 62 Cal.2d 777, 781 (Washington) 
[“Section 189 requires that the felon or his accomplice commit the killing, for if he 
does not, the killing is not committed to perpetrate the felony.”]; People v. Antick 
(1975) 15 Cal.3d 79, 90.)  Second, attempted murder is not one of the enumerated 
felonies in section 189.   
7 
Therefore, “[i]f a jury finds that a defendant proximately caused a death, 
either solely through his own conduct or through the actions of others where his 
conduct is shown to be a substantial concurrent cause of the death, and the 
defendant did so with a premeditated intent to kill, then the defendant is guilty of 
first degree murder.”  (People v. Sanchez (2001) 26 Cal.4th 834, 849 (Sanchez).) 
Defendants contend provocative act murder is limited to “second degree as 
a matter of law,” impliedly arguing that provocative act murder is an independent 
crime with a fixed level of liability.  However, that is not the case.  While each of 
our prior decisions dealing with provocative act murder found the defendant liable 
for second degree murder, a statement that provocative act murder is second 
degree murder is not universally correct.  In our prior cases, malice was implied 
from the provocative act.  However, as here, when malice is express because the 
defendant possessed a specific intent to kill, first degree murder liability may be 
proper if the charged defendant personally acted willfully, deliberately, and with 
premeditation. 
One of this court‟s earliest statements regarding provocative act murder is 
found in Gilbert, supra, 63 Cal.2d 690.  “When the defendant or his accomplice, 
with a conscious disregard for life, intentionally commits an act that is likely to 
cause death, and his victim or a police officer kills in reasonable response to such 
act, the defendant is guilty of murder.  In such a case, the killing is attributable, not 
merely to the commission of a felony, but to the intentional act of the defendant or 
his accomplice committed with conscious disregard for life.  Thus, the victim‟s 
self-defensive killing or the police officer‟s killing in the performance of his duty 
cannot be considered an independent intervening cause for which the defendant is 
not liable, for it is a reasonable response to the dilemma thrust upon the victim or 
the policeman by the intentional act of the defendant or his accomplice.”  (Id. at 
pp. 704-705.)  We later stated that, “[i]n the classic provocative act murder 
8 
prosecution, malice is implied from the provocative act, and the resulting crime is 
murder in the second degree.”  (Cervantes, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 872, fn. 15; see 
also Washington, supra, 62 Cal.2d at p. 782 [in a typical case of provocative act 
murder, malice is implied from the defendant‟s participation in “ „an act that 
involves a high degree of probability that it will result in death‟ ”].) 
This statement regarding a classic provocative act murder prosecution is 
often, but not always, true.  Provocative act murder is not an independent crime 
with a fixed level of liability.  (Cervantes, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 867, fn. 10.)  It is 
simply a type of murder.  The words “provocative act murder” are merely 
shorthand used “for that category of intervening-act causation cases in which, 
during commission of a crime, the intermediary (i.e., a police officer or crime 
victim) is provoked by the defendant‟s conduct into [a response that results] in 
someone‟s death.”  (Id. at p. 872, fn. 15) 
Gilbert makes it clear that liability for provocative act murder is not limited 
to second degree murder.  “[W]hen a murder is otherwise established, section 189 
may be invoked to determine its degree.”  (Gilbert, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 705.)  
Consequently, the provocative act murder doctrine does not limit a defendant‟s 
liability to second degree murder where a defendant‟s accomplice is killed by the 
victim or a police officer in the course of an attempted murder.  As discussed 
above, a defendant‟s culpability for an unlawful killing is commensurate with his 
mens rea.  (Cervantes, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 872, fn. 15.)  As we explained in 
Cervantes, “whether or not a defendant‟s unlawful conduct is „provocative‟ in the 
literal sense, when it proximately causes an intermediary to kill through a 
dependent intervening act, the defendant‟s liability for the homicide will be fixed 
in accordance with his criminal mens rea.  If the defendant proximately causes a 
homicide through the acts of an intermediary and does so with malice and 
premeditation, his crime will be murder in the first degree . . . .”  (Ibid.)  Similarly, 
9 
where malice is merely implied from the defendant‟s conduct, the defendant is 
liable only for second degree murder.  Finally, “[i]f the defendant proximately 
causes a homicide through the acts of an intermediary and does so without malice, 
his crime will be manslaughter . . . .”  (Ibid.) 
To summarize, a defendant is liable for murder when the actus reus and 
mens rea elements of murder are satisfied.  The defendant or an accomplice must 
proximately cause an unlawful death, and the defendant must personally act with 
malice.  Once liability for murder is established in a provocative act murder case or 
in any other murder case, the degree of murder liability is determined by 
examining the defendant‟s personal mens rea and applying section 189.  Where the 
individual defendant personally intends to kill and acts with that intent willfully, 
deliberately, and with premeditation, the defendant may be liable for first degree 
murder for each unlawful killing proximately caused by his or her acts, including a 
provocative act murder.  Where malice is implied from the defendant‟s conduct or 
where the defendant did not personally act willfully, deliberately, and with 
premeditation, the defendant cannot be held liable for first degree murder. 
We note that the doctrine of transferred intent occasionally has been used to 
explain defendant‟s liability in provocative act murder cases.  Under the “classic 
formulation” of the transferred intent doctrine, where a defendant intends to kill a 
victim but misses and instead kills a bystander, the intent to kill the intended 
victim is imputed to the resulting death of the bystander and the defendant is liable 
for murder.  (People v. Shabazz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 55, 62; see also 1 Witkin & 
Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law (3d. ed. 2000) Elements, § 13, p. 215-216.)  However, 
under the transferred intent doctrine, the defendant‟s intent is not actually 
transferred from the intended victim to the unintended victim.  “Rather, as applied 
here, [the transferred intent doctrine] connotes a policy — that a defendant who 
shoots at an intended victim with intent to kill but misses and hits a bystander 
10 
instead should be subject to the same criminal liability that would have been 
imposed had he hit his intended mark.”  (Scott, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 551.)  “ „For 
purposes of applying the rule of transferred intent, it does not matter whether 
defendant himself fired the fatal shot or instead induced or provoked another to do 
so; in either situation, defendant‟s culpable mental state is determined as if the 
person harmed were the person defendant meant to harm.‟ ”  (Sanchez, supra, 26 
Cal.4th at p. 850, fn. 9, quoting id. at p. 856 (conc. opn. of Kennard, J.).)   
While the transferred intent doctrine would reach the same result as the 
proximate cause analysis adopted above if the defendant proximately caused the 
death of someone other than his intended victim and the jury found that the 
defendant personally acted during an attempted murder willfully, deliberately, and 
with premeditation, we choose not to rely on the transferred intent doctrine in our 
analysis of provocative act murder.  We have recognized that the transferred intent 
doctrine has the potential to cause “conceptual difficulties” (Bland, supra, 28 
Cal.4th at p. 317), when applied to some factual scenarios because, 
notwithstanding its name, “[i]t does not denote an actual transfer of intent from the 
intended to the unintended victim.”  (1 Witkin & Epstein, Cal. Criminal Law, 
supra, Elements, § 15, p. 218, citing Scott, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 550.)3  Here, 
although the traditional transferred intent formulation and a proximate causation 
analysis reach the same result, we shall rely on a proximate cause analysis to 
                                              
3  
As we noted in Bland, “[t]he term „transferred intent,‟ if taken literally, is 
underinclusive.  In his concurring opinion in Scott, Justice Mosk suggested that the 
term „transferred malice‟ might be more accurate (Scott, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 
554 (conc. opn. of Mosk, J.)), but even that term is too narrow.  Someone who 
premeditates a killing but kills the wrong person is guilty of a premeditated, not 
just intentional, murder.  (People v. Sanchez (2001) 26 Cal.4th 834, 850-851.)  A 
more accurate designation might be „transferred mental state.‟ ”  (Bland, supra, 28 
Cal.4th at p. 319, fn. 1.) 
11 
explain the general basis for criminal liability and, in a provocative act murder 
case, the available degrees of murder. 
We next address the need for the jury to consider whether a defendant 
personally acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation during an 
attempted murder that proximately caused the death of an unintended person (a 
provocative act murder) when two or more defendants are charged with joint 
participation in the attempted murder.  
As discussed above, a defendant charged with murder or attempted murder 
can be held vicariously liable for the actus reus of an accomplice, but, for murder, 
a defendant cannot be held vicariously liable for the mens rea of an accomplice.   
(McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.)  The same is not true for an attempted 
murder that is willful, deliberate, and premeditated.  For such an attempted murder, 
although each defendant must have the intent to kill, a defendant may be 
vicariously liable for the premeditated and deliberate component of the mens rea of 
an accomplice.  (People v. Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613, 626.) 
Subdivision (a) of section 664 provides that, as a general matter, a person 
guilty of attempted murder must be punished by imprisonment for five, seven or 
nine years.  It goes on to provide, that “if the [murder] attempted is willful, 
deliberate, and premeditated . . . , the person guilty of the attempt shall be punished 
by imprisonment . . . for life . . . .  The additional terms provided . . . for attempted 
willful, deliberate, and premeditated murder shall not be imposed unless the fact 
that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated is charged in 
the accusatory pleading and admitted or found to be true by the trier of fact.”  
(Ibid.)  In People v. Lee, supra, 31 Cal.4th 613, we construed section 664, 
subdivision (a), as requiring “only a certain quality characterizing the crime itself, 
that is that the attempted murder was willful, deliberate and premeditated,” and we 
declined the “defendants‟ invitation to insert a personal-mental-state requirement 
12 
not imposed by section 664(a).”  (Id. at p. 626.)  Therefore, to be liable under 
section 664, subdivision (a), all that is necessary is that the defendant or his 
accomplice attempted a murder, that both intended to kill, and that either the 
defendant or an accomplice acted with willfulness, deliberation, and premeditation.  
(Lee, at p. 626.)  Accordingly, the trial court instructed the jury on the 
premeditation allegation for the attempted murder charge, pursuant to CALCRIM 
No. 601, as follows: “If you find the defendant guilty of attempted murder, you 
must then decide whether the People have proved the additional allegation that the 
attempted murder was done willfully, and with deliberation and premeditation.  
The defendant and/or a principal acted willfully if he intended to kill when he 
acted.  The defendant and/or principal deliberated if he carefully weighed the 
considerations for and against his choice and, knowing the consequences, decided 
to kill.  The defendant and/or principal premeditated if he decided to kill before 
acting.  The attempted murder was done willfully and with deliberation and 
premeditation if either the defendant or a principal or both of them acted with that 
state of mind.”  In turn, the court asked the jury to find whether an attempted 
murder “was committed willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation within the 
meaning of Penal Code Section 664(a).” 
However, with regard to the mens rea required for a first degree murder 
conviction, the jury must find that the individual defendant personally acted 
willfully, and with deliberation and premeditation during the attempted murder.  
(McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.)  Consequently, it appears defendants are 
correct that the trial court inadequately instructed the jury on first degree murder 
for Sanchez‟s death because the instructions failed to require that the jury resolve 
whether each defendant acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation 
during the course of the attempted murder of Harris.  
13 
Although we have concluded that the trial court did not err by allowing the 
jury to consider returning a verdict of first degree murder against defendants for 
the death of their accomplice under the provocative act doctrine, it appears that the 
trial court did err when instructing on first degree murder, as opposed to attempted 
murder, by not providing an instruction that explained that for a defendant to be 
found guilty of first degree murder, he personally has to have acted willfully, 
deliberately, and with premeditation when he committed the attempted murder.  
(McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 1118.)  The Court of Appeal in its opinion did not 
focus on this point.  We therefore remand the matter for the Court of Appeal to 
consider whether this instructional error was prejudicial. 
III.  DISPOSITION 
We agree with the Court of Appeal that first degree murder liability can be 
established in a provocative act murder case.  However, under our decision in 
McCoy, supra, 25 Cal.4th 1111, the instructions on first degree murder for the 
death of Sanchez failed to require the jury to find whether each defendant 
personally acted willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation during the course 
of the attempted murder of Harris.  Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the  
Court of Appeal and remand the matter to that court for further proceedings 
consistent with this opinion.   
 
CHIN, J. 
 
WE CONCUR: 
 
GEORGE, C.J. 
KENNARD, J. 
BAXTER, J. 
WERDEGAR, J. 
MORENO, J. 
CORRIGAN. J.
 
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court. 
 
Name of Opinion People v. Concha 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Unpublished Opinion 
Original Appeal 
Original Proceeding 
Review Granted XXX 160 Cal.App.4th 1441 
Rehearing Granted 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Opinion No. S163811 
Date Filed: November 12, 2009 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Court: Superior 
County: Los Angeles 
Judge: Kathleen Kennedy-Powell 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Attorneys for Appellant: 
 
Maria Morrison, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant Reyas Concha. 
 
Diana M. Teran, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant Julio Hernandez. 
 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Attorneys for Respondent: 
 
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Pamela C. 
Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr., Scott A. Taryle and Stephanie A. Miyoshi, 
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
 
Mitchell Keiter as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiff and Respondent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion): 
 
Maria Morrison 
California Appellate Project 
520 South Grand Avenue, 4th Floor 
Los Angeles, CA  90071 
(213) 243-0300 
 
Diana M. Teran 
1048 Irvine Avenue, PMB 613 
Newport Beach, CA  92660 
(949) 759-8556 
 
Stephanie A. Miyoshi 
Deputy Attorneys General 
300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702 
Los Angeles, CA  90013 
(213) 897-8784