Title: Applications of Herrick and Irish
Citation: 922 P.2d 942
Docket Number: 18534
State: Hawaii
Issuer: Hawaii Supreme Court
Date: July 31, 1996

922 P.2d 942 (1996) 82 Hawai`i 329 In re the Applications of Kelly HERRICK and Catherine T. Irish. No. 18534. Supreme Court of Hawai`i. July 31, 1996. *945 John P. Manaut of Carlsmith Ball Wichman Murray Case &amp; Ichiki, on the briefs, Honolulu, for petitioners-appellants. Before MOON, C.J., and KLEIN, LEVINSON, NAKAYAMA and RAMIL, JJ. NAKAYAMA, Justice. Appellants Kelly Herrick and Catherine Irish appeal from decisions of the Hawai`i Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters that denied their requests "for a special exemption or temporary certification until they pass ... the Board's examination requirements." For the reasons set forth below, we reject Appellants' arguments and affirm the decision of the Hawai`i Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters. On February 28, 1984, this court promulgated the RGCR. Under RGCR 2: RGCR 2 essentially provides that a court reporter's verbatim transcripts cannot be used in any court in Hawai`i unless that reporter is certified in accordance with the RGCR.[1] *946 This court has the authority under Article VI, § 7 of the Hawai`i Constitution and Hawai`i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 602-11 "to promulgate rules in all civil and criminal cases for all courts relating to process, practices, procedure and appeals[.]" Because we have the constitutional and statutory authority to supervise and control court proceedings, we prescribe minimum standards for shorthand reporters whose transcripts are to be used in the state courts. See RGCR 1; cf. Kudlich v. Ciciarelli, 48 Haw. 290, 300, 401 P.2d 449, 455 (1965) (holding that a First Circuit Court rule was "related to practice in the circuit court and accordingly was within the scope of this court's constitutional power"). Put another way, to ensure minimum standards in court reporting in Hawai`i courts, RGCR 2 states that transcripts must be prepared by certified shorthand reporters: An uncertified court reporter, however, is not prohibited from transcribing federal cases, private arbitrations, out-of-state depositions, or any proceeding for which the transcript will not be introduced in Hawai`i state court proceedings. To be certified under the RGCR, an applicant must pass a proficiency examination. The Hawai`i Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters administers the National Court Reporters Association's standardized examination in May and November of each year. The exam consists of two parts: (1) a written examination covering grammar, spelling, technology, and medical and legal terminology; and (2) a "speed and accuracy" test. The "speed and accuracy" portion of the examination consists of fifteen minutes of dictation that must be completed at the following speeds: literacy material at 180 words per minute (wpm); jury charge material at 200 wpm; and testimony material at 225 wpm. A passing score requires 70% for the written test and a 95% accuracy rate at the required speeds for the "speed and accuracy" test. See RGCR 10(a) and 10(c)(3); RGCR *947 Exhibit A, Rule 1(a); and RGCR Exhibit A, Form 1. An applicant who successfully completes the examination receives the "CSR" designation and is certified as a Certified Shorthand Reporter under the RGCR. In the past, if the applicant did not pass the examination, original RGCR 11(b) allowed the applicant to apply for up to two temporary certificates provided the applicant continued to take the examinations. See RGCR 11(b).[2] Because the examinations are given twice a year, the original RGCR 11 allowed an unsuccessful applicant to be temporarily certified for up to one year while the applicant tried to pass the examination. On March 7, 1990, this court[3] amended RGCR 11(b) to allow a temporarily certified shorthand reporter ("T-CSR") to renew a temporary court reporter certificate indefinitely as long as the T-CSR continued to sign up for and take the certification examination. RGCR 11(b) (1990) read as follows: (The 1990 amendment deleted the bracketed sentence from the original RGCR 11(b)). The 1990 amended version of RGCR 11(b) (hereinafter "1990 RGCR 11(b)") was further amended because there was some "difficulty [in] hiring certified shorthand reporters [for] *948 the courthouse." The 1990 RGCR 11(b) created a small body of uncertified shorthand reporters whose transcripts were still admissible in Hawai`i court proceedings. Pursuant to 1990 RGCR 11(b), the Hawai`i Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters[4] adopted a policy that all unsuccessful applicants would receive automatic temporary certificates as long as they continued to sign up for and take the certification examination. The 1990 RGCR 11(b) came under immediate criticism. Many felt 1990 RGCR 11(b) was far too lenient and degraded the certification process. In response to these criticisms, the Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters notified all certified shorthand reporters ("CSRs") and T-CSRs that it would "hold a public forum meeting to solicit comments on changes related to T-CSR certificates pursuant to Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Court Reporting" on July 10, 1992. On May 20, 1992, the Board sent a letter to all CSRs and T-CSRs in Hawai`i. The letter stated in its entirety: At the July 10, 1992 meeting, a number of individuals, including Appellant Herrick, offered written and/or oral testimony regarding the proposed amendment to 1990 RGCR 11(b). The Board decided at its August 14, 1992, meeting to recommend the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b). On August 20, 1992, the Board notified all T-CSRs that it would recommend that the supreme court repeal 1990 RGCR 11(b). The Board assured the T-CSRs that it would do "everything necessary to insure success,"[5] which included offering free speed-building classes, free practice materials, and rearranging "the test in two segments allowing for more room to spread out during the test." On September 21, 1992, Robert C. Fazio, Chairman of the Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters, sent to then Chief Justice Herman Lum a number of proposed amendments to the RGCR. One of the proposals was the proposed amendment to 1990 RGCR 11(b). On November 10, 1992, this court[6]*949 amended the RGCR by incorporating the Board's proposed rule changes. The current RGCR 11 went into effect on November 10, 1992, and reads: On November 20, 1992, the Board informed all T-CSRs of the RGCR amendments and sent to each person a copy of the new rules. Appellants Kelly Herrick and Catherine Irish attended Rasmussen Business College, a court reporting school approved and accredited by the National Court Reporters Association. Each successfully completed her studies and received a court reporting certificate from Rasmussen. Appellant Irish received her school certificate in February 1990, and Appellant Herrick received her school certificate in January 1991. Appellants Herrick and Irish moved to Hawai`i where they found jobs as shorthand reporters with private reporting companies. Appellant Irish first took the Hawai`i court reporter examination on March 30, 1990. Although Appellant Irish did not pass the examination, the Board, pursuant to 1990 RGCR 11(b), issued a temporary court reporter certificate to her on April 2, 1990. Like Appellant Irish, Appellant Herrick did not pass the court reporter exam, but was issued a temporary court reporter certificate on March 27, 1991. Appellants Herrick and Irish continued to take the examination but were not successful. When 1990 RGCR 11(b) was repealed in November 1992, Appellants still had not passed the certification examination. Appellants continued to take the exams, but both failed the May and November tests and therefore did not meet the new rule's November 1993 deadline. Thus, in accordance with the current RGCR 11, the Board informed Appellants Herrick and Irish that their temporary court reporter certificates lapsed on January 6, 1994. Appellants asked the Board for a special exemption from the current RGCR 11 or for continued temporary certification. The Board denied the request in October 1994. Appellants appealed to this court under RGCR 9(a).[7] Appellants argue that: (1) the Board's proposal to repeal 1990 RGCR 11(b) failed to take into account the interests of all T-CSRs who relied upon automatic license renewals until they passed the certification examination; (2) Appellants' freelance court reporting services constitute a business enterprise that is entitled to constitutional protection against the impairment of contract; (3) the Board's decision to recommend repeal of *950 1990 RGCR 11(b) violated Appellants' substantive and procedural due process rights; and (4) this court should grant them a special exemption to allow their transcripts to be accepted under RGCR 2.[8] This is an original proceeding. For Appellants' first and fourth arguments, RGCR 9(a) states "the supreme court shall reverse only upon a finding that the decision of the board was arbitrary or capricious." Appellants' remaining constitutional arguments are freely reviewable by this court. See Crosby v. State Dep't of Budget and Finance, 76 Hawai`i 332, 341, 876 P.2d 1300, 1309 (1994) ("[t]o the extent that Crosby's claim is based on his First Amendment Rights ... we must make `an independent constitutional judgment on the facts of the case'") (citations omitted), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 115 S. Ct. 731, 130 L. Ed. 2d 635 (1995). Appellants claim that they moved to Hawai`i, at least in part, because 1990 RGCR 11(b) then provided for unlimited temporary certification: Appellants' Opening Brief at 13-14. Although Appellants' reliance argument is cryptic and contains no supporting legal authority, we surmise that they are advancing a promissory estoppel argument. Motonaga v. Ishimaru, 38 Haw. 158, 163 (1948) (citation omitted). Section 90 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts (1979), which we expressly adopted in Ravelo v. County of Hawaii, 66 Haw. 194, 201, 658 P.2d 883, 887-88 (1983), articulates the doctrine of promissory estoppel: Ravelo, 66 Haw. at 200, 658 P.2d at 887 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 90). Section 90 can be reduced to the following elements:[9] 4 R. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts by Samuel Williston § 8:5, at 85-95 (4th ed.1992). A "promise" is defined as "a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 2(1) (1979). The operative term in section 2(1) is "manifestation of intention." In elaborating on this term, the commentators have said that "[a] promisor manifests an intention if he believes or has reason to believe that the promisee will infer that intention from his words or conduct." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 2(1) comment b. The 1990 RGCR 11(b) specifically allowed a T-CSR to renew a temporary court reporter certificate indefinitely as long as the T-CSR continued to sit for the certification examination. However, 1990 RGCR 11(b) did not "promise" that this court would never abolish temporary certification by repealing 1990 RGCR 11(b). "[T]o the extent [a] license is subject to the state's police power, it is not vested." Stroh v. Midway Restaurant Systems, Inc., 180 Cal. App. 3d 1040, 226 Cal. Rptr. 153, 160 (1986) (affirming a preliminary injunction enjoining violations of rules of the Alcohol Beverage Control Board after revocation of a liquor license and pending an administrative appeal to the Alcohol Beverage Control Board). "No person can acquire a vested right to continue, when once licensed, in a business, trade or occupation which is subject to legislative control under the police powers." Kenneally v. Medical Board of California, 27 Cal. App. 4th 489, 32 Cal. Rptr. 2d 504, 508 (1994) (holding that a physician's right to continue his licensed profession is not a fundamental right) (quoting Gregory v. Hecke, 73 Cal. App. 268, 238 P. 787 (1925) (interior quotation marks omitted)). In granting a license, the state reserves the right to exercise its police powers and place additional regulatory burdens on license holders. Cf. Kennedy v. Hughes, 596 F. Supp. 1487, 1495 (D.Del.1984) ("It is presumed, absent unequivocal language, that a city, in granting a license, reserves the ability to exercise its police powers and place additional regulatory burdens on license holders."). "A license may be changed or even annulled by the supreme legislative power of the state whenever the public welfare demands it." State ex rel. Kelley v. Bonnell, 119 Ind. 494, 21 N.E. 1101 (1889) (holding that an action for mandamus will not lie to compel municipal officers to issue a liquor license to an applicant whose existing license has more than three months to run before expiring). "[T]here is no vested right in a public law which is not in the nature of a private grant, and, however beneficial a statute may be to a particular person or however injuriously the repeal may affect him, the legislature has the right to abrogate it." People ex rel. Eitel v. Lindheimer, 371 Ill. 367, 21 N.E.2d 318, 322 (1939) (holding that the right of a taxpayer to a refund or credit for erroneously paid taxes pursuant to a special remedial statute was not vested, and, upon the repeal of the statute, such right was lost), appeal dismissed, Illinois ex rel. Eitel v. Toman, 308 U.S. 505, 60 S. Ct. 111, 84 L. Ed. 432 (1939); see also, Martin v. State Liquor Authority, 43 Misc.2d 682, 252 N.Y.S.2d 365, 373 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1964) ("No person has a vested interest in any law or legislative policy which entitles him to have it remain unaltered for his benefit[.]") (citations omitted), affirmed, 15 N.Y.2d 707, 256 N.Y.S.2d 336, 204 N.E.2d 496 (1965). "The power to enact necessarily implies the power to repeal and one Legislature cannot be limited or bound by the actions of a previous one[.]" Martin, 252 N.Y.S.2d at 373 (citations omitted). Thus, the state's issuance of a professional, business, or trade license does not give the license-holder an absolute right to continue in that particular profession, business, or trade forever. Cf. Eudy v. Jefferson Parish Council, 363 So. 2d 1235, 1237 (La.Ct.App.1978) ("When circumstances changed so that the number of persons requesting a peddler's permit made supervision and control difficult so as to endanger public health, the Council and the health agency reasonably decided to prohibit all such sales."). *952 Consistent with the foregoing principles, a New York court denied a plaintiff's motion for an order directing the commissioner of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles (the Bureau) to renew the plaintiff's license to operate an automobile driver's school, because the legislature had recently amended the licensing law to prohibit the license renewal of any such business that was located within fifteen hundred feet of a state, city, or county building where motor vehicle registration and licenses were issued to the public. Cohen v. Splain, 42 N.Y.S.2d 498 (N.Y.Sup.Ct.1942), affirmed, 266 A.D. 678, 41 N.Y.S.2d 567 (1943), affirmed, 291 N.Y. 558, 50 N.E.2d 658 (1943). Having originally obtained a license in 1932 permitting him to operate an automobile driver's school for a period of five years, the plaintiff successfully renewed his license to operate the school for another five years in 1937. However, in 1938, the legislature added the fifteen hundred foot distance requirement for license renewal. Cohen, 42 N.Y.S.2d at 499. The Cohen court rejected any notion that the issuance and renewal of the plaintiff's license pursuant to the original licensing requirements somehow mandated that those same licensing requirements would govern all of the plaintiff's subsequent applications for license renewal, and, thus, the Cohen court held that the Bureau was correct in denying the plaintiff's application for license renewal: Id. at 499-500. Indeed, it has been held that, when a legislature amends a licensing statute while a license application is pending, the "change in [the] licensure statute that occurs during the pendency of [the] application for licensure is operative as to the application, so that the law as changed, rather than as it existed at the time the application was filed, determines whether the license should be granted." Lavernia v. Department of Professional Regulation, Bd. of Medicine, 616 So. 2d 53, 53-54 (Fla.Ct.App.1993) (holding that amendments to physician licensing requirements applied to a physician's pending license application, and, thus, the Board of Medicine was correct in denying the physician's license application), review denied, 624 So. 2d 267 (Fla. 1993). Ziffrin v. United States, 318 U.S. 73, 78, 63 S. Ct. 465, 469, 87 L. Ed. 621 (1943) (upholding the Interstate Commerce Commission's denial of an appellant's application for a permit to continue designated contract carrier operations under the grandfather clause of a particular statute, because Congress amended the relevant laws between the appellant's filing of the application and the Interstate Commerce Commission's final order, adding an additional requirement that the appellant could not fulfill). In the instant case, the Board's past issuance and renewal of Appellants' temporary court reporter certificates pursuant to 1990 RGCR 11(b) did not confer upon Appellants a vested right to insist that 1990 RGCR 11(b) would forever govern their future applications for renewal. The provisions in 1990 RGCR 11(b) did not constitute a manifestation of any intention that this court would refrain from repealing temporary court reporter *953 certification sometime in the future, nor did 1990 RGCR 11(b) justify Appellants in understanding that a commitment had been made to renew Appellants' temporary court reporter certificates forever. Thus, 1990 RGCR 11(b) did not constitute a "promise" as contemplated by the Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 2(1). Because the Appellants cannot satisfy the "promise" element of promissory estoppel, the Appellants' promissory estoppel argument must fail, and consequently, we need not analyze the three remaining elements of promissory estoppel, i.e., foreseeability, reliance in fact, and injustice. Appellants next contend that the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) violated their constitutional right to contract.[10] Appellants insist that "[e]xcept for the repeal of Reporter Rule 11, both applicants would have enjoyed continued contractual rights and income from work on in-state deposition jobs. The repeal of temporary certification has prevented them from working on in-state deposition jobs and caused them to lose significant income." In deciding whether a state law has violated the federal constitutional prohibition against impairment of contracts, U.S. Const., art. I, § 10, cl. 1, we must assay the following three criteria: (1) whether the state law operated as a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship; (2) whether the state law was designed to promote a significant and legitimate public purpose; and (3) whether the state law was a reasonable and narrowly-drawn means of promoting the significant and legitimate public purpose. See 2 R. Rotunda &amp; J. Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure § 15.8, at 454 (2d ed.1992); see also Anthony v. Kualoa Ranch, Inc., 69 Haw. 112, 119-20, 736 P.2d 55, 60 (1987) (analyzing whether a statute violated the contracts clause according to "whether the effect of the statute was a substantial impairment of the complaining parties' rights[,] ... what public policy under the police power was sought to be furthered by [the statute], and whether it changes the contractual and property rights on reasonable conditions and is of a character appropriate to its public purpose"). The threshold question is whether the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) operated as a "substantial impairment" of a contractual relationship. See Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 244, 98 S. Ct. 2716, 2722, 57 L. Ed. 2d 727 (1978). "This inquiry has three components: whether there is a contractual relationship, whether a change in law impairs that contractual relationship, and whether the impairment is substantial." General Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 186, 112 S. Ct. 1105, 1109, 117 L. Ed. 2d 328 (1992). The record does not show that Appellants had transcribing contracts with private attorneys at the time 1990 RGCR 11(b) was repealed. Appellants concede that the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) had only a prospective effect on their business prospects: "the repeal of Reporter Rule 11(b) has affected their prospective contractual relations with Rosenberg Reporters and private attorneys in the community who request their services." Appellants do not allege that any existing contracts were impaired by the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b). Even if Appellants had an existing contract with a private attorney for transcribing services at the time 1990 RGCR 11(b) was repealed, that contract would still not have been impaired by the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) because the present RGCR 11 gave all T-CSRs one year to pass the certification exam before temporary court reporter certificates would expire. Therefore, it was not the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) that impaired Appellants' contracts, but rather Appellants' failure to pass the certification *954 examination within the one-year grace period. However, assuming that Appellants had a contractual relationship with private attorneys, and further assuming that the relationships were impaired by the repeal 1990 RGCR 11(b), the record still shows that this impairment was not "substantial." "[T]o determine whether the impairment complained of is `substantial[,]' [t]he legitimate expectations of the contracting parties must be examined[.]" Maryland State Teachers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hughes, 594 F. Supp. 1353, 1360 (D.Md.1984). Other factors that a court must consider include "the severity of the impairment [and] the extent to which the subject matter has been regulated in the past." Schieffelin &amp; Co. v. Department of Liquor Control, 194 Conn. 165, 479 A.2d 1191, 1199 (1984) (citing Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 98 S. Ct. 2716, 57 L. Ed. 2d 727 (1978)). Although the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) may have limited Appellants' marketability, this "impairment" is not substantial in the constitutional sense because of Appellants' expectations and because Hawai`i has regulated the shorthand reporter field since 1984. To elaborate, at the time Appellants might have entered into transcribing contracts, Appellants knew or should have known several things: (1) the RGCR had been in effect since 1984; (2) for six years, from 1984-90, the RGCR strictly limited how long a T-CSR could retain a temporary court reporter certificate; and (3) even after 1990 RGCR 11(b) went into effect on March 7, 1990, Appellants, at most, had no more than a mere unilateral expectation that 1990 RGCR 11(b) would not be amended or would remain in effect until they could pass certification examinations. Based on these understandings, we conclude that any "impairment" of contract was not substantial because: (1) Appellants' expectation that 1990 RGCR 11(b) would continue is not "an obligation of contract within the protection of constitutional guarantees." Josic v. Josic, 78 Ill.App.3d 347, 33 Ill.Dec. 871, 873, 397 N.E.2d 204, 206 (1979) ("expectancy[,] based upon an anticipated continuance of the existing law[,] is not an obligation of contract within the protection of constitutional guarantees"); and (2) Appellants would have entered into transcribing contracts at a time when court reporting was already regulated by the RGCR. As such, those contracts were subject to further regulation by amendments to the RGCR. See Schieffelin &amp; Co., 479 A.2d at 1199 ("if one buys into an enterprise already regulated in the particular to which he now objects, he buys subject to further legislation upon the same topic"). At best, Appellants might have entered into transcribing contracts in the hope that 1990 RGCR 11(b) would remain in effect unamended. Appellants knew that this court had already promulgated the RGCR governing the certification of court reporters. The original RGCR 11(b) strictly limited the number of renewable temporary court reporter certificates. Therefore, the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) was not so unexpected or unfair so as to make the impairment of assumed contracts "substantial." Because we conclude that the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) did not substantially impair any contractual relationships, Appellants' contract argument fails. See Allied Structural Steel Co., 438 U.S. at 245, 98 S. Ct. at 2723. Even assuming, arguendo, that the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) did substantially impair Appellants' contractual relationships, we conclude that the remaining two elements of Appellants' impairment of contract claim are not satisfied here because (2) the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) served a significant and legitimate public purpose, and (3) it was reasonably and narrowly drawn. The purpose of promulgating the RGCR, including RGCR 11, is to expedite the orderly administration of justice and should be viewed as serving a significant and legitimate public purpose. Cf. Estate of Matthewman, 43 Haw. 90, 93 (1959); Nevada Revised Statutes § 656.020(2) (1991) ("[t]he practice of court reporting in the State of Nevada is *955 declared to affect the public health, safety and welfare and is subject to regulation and control in the public interest"). Likewise, the purpose of repealing or amending any rule within the RGCR is to expedite the orderly administration of justice and should be viewed as serving a significant and legitimate public purpose. Therefore, the repeal of 1990 RGCR 11(b) served a significant and legitimate public purpose. The current RGCR 11 is narrowly drawn to accomplish the public purpose for which it was intended, namely the orderly and efficient administration of justice. Appellants opine that the current RGCR 11 is not narrowly drawn and point to HRS § 606-11. "The legislative guidelines for court reporter qualifications is [sic] narrower: either three years experience or examination for competency. One must therefore question what public purpose could be served by a broader, more restrictive rule as applied to these applicants already working competently in the state." Appellants' Opening Brief at 21. In 1972, the legislature amended HRS § 606-11 to include the following language: "The party examined must write at the rate of at least one hundred and sixty words per minute, or at such higher rate as may be prescribed [.]" The legislature explained that "[t]he purpose of the bill is to amend the Hawaii Revised Statutes so as to eliminate inconsistencies with the rules of court[.]" Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 329-72, 1972 House Journal at 771. Therefore, while the RGCR were not in existence when the statute was amended, the legislature clearly intended that the supreme court could prescribe higher minimum standards for court reporters under its rulemaking authority. 1990 RGCR 11(b) was repealed to improve the competency of court reporting in the State of Hawai`i, as well as to safeguard the integrity of the certification process. Although the current RGCR 11 rescinded temporary certification, it gave all T-CSRs a one-year grace period in which to pass the certification examination. Moreover, the new rule provided that "speed building seminars and practice dictation tapes/audio will be available three months prior to all tests until November 1993." As a result, we conclude that the current RGCR 11 is a reasonable and appropriate mechanism for improving the competency of court reporting in Hawai`i, safeguarding the integrity of the certification process, ensuring the orderly and efficient administration of justice, and protecting the integrity of transcripts offered into evidence in Hawai`i courts. See Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas Power &amp; Light, 459 U.S. 400, 412, 103 S. Ct. 697, 705, 74 L. Ed. 2d 569 (1983) (the state law must be "based upon reasonable conditions and [be] of a character appropriate to the public purpose justifying the legislation's adoption") (some brackets added and some omitted). Appellants' third argument is that their procedural and substantive due process rights were violated when 1990 RGCR 11(b) was repealed. Appellants contend that "[o]nce it became clear that the Board intended to recommend to the supreme court the complete repeal of temporary certification [by amending RGCR 11], [they] should have been provided adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard and present evidence against such revocation to satisfy due process concerns." Appellants' Opening Brief at 25. We have said that "[p]rocedural due process protects only against a deprivation of liberty or property interests. Due process therefore is relevant only if liberty or property is deprived." International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. Hawaiian Telephone Co., 68 Haw. 316, 332, 713 P.2d 943, 956 (1986) (citation omitted). Therefore, the preliminary issue in our due process analysis would usually address whether Appellants have a liberty[11] or *956 property[12] interest in their temporary court reporter certificates. See Kernan v. Tanaka, 75 Haw. 1, 21, 856 P.2d 1207, 1218 (1993), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1119, 114 S. Ct. 1070, 127 L. Ed. 2d 389 (1994). However, we need not establish whether Appellants actually have a liberty or property interest in their temporary court reporter certificates, because the record shows that Appellants received individual notice and "the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and a meaningful manner" prior to this court's repeal of temporary court reporter certification. Kernan, 75 Haw. at 22, 856 P.2d at 1218. Klinger v. Kepano, 64 Haw. 4, 10, 635 P.2d 938, 942 (1981) (ellipses and braces omitted). The appropriate process due in a situation requires consideration of three distinct factors: (1) the private interest that will be affected by the official action; (2) the risk of erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional procedural safeguards; and (3) the government's interest, including the function involved and the fiscal or administrative burdens that the additional procedures would entail. Kernan, 75 Haw. at 22-23, 856 P.2d at 1218-19. Utilizing a similar analysis of procedural due process, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that a federal district court did not violate procedural due process when it adopted rules creating a special trial bar and imposing an experience requirement upon all attorneys of the bar of the district court, even though the district court provided the attorneys with neither individual notice nor individual contested case hearings prior to the rule changes. Brown v. McGarr, 774 F.2d 777, 786 (7th Cir.1985). The Brown court initially utilized the following factors to determine whether the district court's action constituted rulemaking or an adjudication: Id. at 780. The Brown court held that the district court's "finding of a correlation between trial experience and competence as a trial attorney, upon which the trial bar membership rule is based, is generalized fact finding, was not focused upon the competence of an individual attorney, and was legislative in nature[,]" and thus, the district court's action constituted rulemaking. Id. at 781. Although the district court had not provided attorneys with individual notice before it *957 adopted the new rules, the district court had provided general notice to all attorneys by publishing a draft of the proposed rules in a local law bulletin and law journal and a general invitation to all interested attorneys to attend public hearings on the proposed rule changes: Id. at 784. The Brown court affirmed the district court's holding "that because adoption of the trial bar membership requirement was an exercise of rulemaking rather than adjudicatory power, the Fifth Amendment's requirement of individualized due process did not apply[,]" and thus, under these circumstances, the district court's notice by publication satisfied the "prior notice" element of procedural due process. Id. Furthermore, the Brown court considered the following three factors in determining whether the general public hearings on the proposed rule changes satisfied the right of the attorneys to be heard: Id. at 785 (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S. Ct. 893, 903, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976) (quotation marks omitted)). Considering these three factors, the Brown court noted that advisory committees, appointed by the district court, had held public hearings at which attorneys could voice their opinions about the rule changes before the district court actually adopted the new rules, and, thus, the district court's eventual adoption of the rules did not violate procedural due process. Id. at 786. Similar to the district court's action in Brown, this court's amendment of RGCR 11 in the instant case constituted quasi-legislative rulemaking rather than an adjudication, because: (1) the amendment to RGCR 11 was generalized in nature (i.e., the repeal of temporary court reporter certification applied to all court reporters rather than to any specific individuals); (2) in the process of amending RGCR 11, this court and the Board considered general facts rather than a particular set of disputed facts; and (3) the amendment of RGCR 11 determined a general policy issue about certification, rather than a specific legal dispute between particular parties. With respect to prior notice, quasi-legislative decisions that affect large numbers of unspecified persons and are not directed at specific individuals do not give rise to the constitutional procedural due process requirement of individual prior notice. Although the act of amending RGCR 11 was quasi-legislative in character, Appellants were nevertheless fortunate enough to receive individual prior notice regarding the proposed repeal of temporary court reporter certification. On January 17, 1992, Board Chairman Fazio sent a letter to all T-CSRs *958 and CSRs in Hawai`i and informed them that the Board was considering amending 1990 RGCR 11(b) to: (i) eliminate the unlimited temporary court reporter certificate provision and (ii) install a four-certificate limit.[13] Chairman Fazio ended his letter by calling for "input on this very important subject." As we have noted, on May 20, 1992, Board Chairman Fazio sent a letter to all T-CSRs and CSRs in Hawai`i and advised them that the Board would "hold a public forum meeting to solicit comments on changes related to T-CSR certificates pursuant to Rule 11 of the Rules Governing Court Reporting" on July 10, 1992. See supra at 335, 922 P.2d at 948. Appellants received notice reasonably calculated, under the circumstances, to apprise them of the pendency of the repeal of temporary court reporter certification and were afforded an opportunity to present their objections. Klinger, 64 Haw. at 10, 635 P.2d at 942. With respect to Appellants' right to be heard, as noted above, on July 10, 1992, the Board held a public forum meeting about the proposed repeal of temporary court reporter certification by amending RGCR 11. At the meeting, Appellant Herrick spoke out against the abolition of temporary court reporter certificates. Thus, assuming, arguendo, that Appellants had a vested liberty or property interest in the temporary court reporter certificates, the risk of erroneous deprivation by amending RGCR 11 was virtually nonexistent, because this court's amendment of RGCR 11 was a quasi-legislative act that uniformly applied to all court reporters in general. Appellants were treated no differently than any other court reporters. The public forum meeting gave the general public, including Appellants, a fair opportunity to voice opposition to the repeal of temporary court reporter certification. And although the public forum meeting did not constitute a contested case hearing, a "contested case hearing is not essential to the guarantee of due process." Medeiros v. Hawaii County Planning Comm'n, 8 Haw.App. 183, 195, 797 P.2d 59, 65, (1990). In light of the fact that amending RGCR 11 constituted quasi-legislative rulemaking, rather than an adjudication of the rights of specific court reporters, any additional procedures such as individual contested case hearings were unnecessary and would have imposed unjustifiable fiscal and administrative burdens on the state. The state's interest in repealing temporary court reporter certification for all court reporters without holding individual contested case hearings outweighed any risk of erroneously depriving Appellants of the temporary court reporter certificates. Under these circumstances, we conclude that amending RGCR 11 did not deprive the Appellants of procedural due process. "[A] substantive due process challenge may be either `facial' or `as applied.'" Restigouche, Inc. v. Town of Jupiter, 59 F.3d 1208, 1211 n. 1 (11th Cir.1995). Appellants assert that the current RGCR 11 facially violates substantive due process because the repeal of temporary court reporter certification is an unjustifiable limitation on their "fundamental right" to work as court reporters. "A fundamental constitutional right is one that is `explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the Constitution.'" Estate of Coates v. Pacific Engineering, a Div. of Pacific Lining Co., Inc., 71 Haw. 358, 363, 791 P.2d 1257, 1260 (1990) (citation omitted). "This court will employ strict scrutiny ... where a suspect classification or fundamental interest is at stake." Nagle v. Board of Education, 63 Haw. 389, 404, 629 P.2d 109, 119 (1981). *959 However, court reporters do not constitute a suspect class[14] of people. Ross v. Peters, 846 P.2d 1107, 1115 (Okla.1993). While we have acknowledged "the liberty of [a] citizen to choose and pursue an innocent occupation[,]" Territory v. Kraft, 33 Haw. 397, 408 (1935), "this court has already held that the right to work is not fundamental and that, therefore, only the rational basis test applies," Nagle, 63 Haw. at 399, 629 P.2d at 116 (citations omitted); accord, Daoang v. Department of Education, 63 Haw. 501, 504, 630 P.2d 629, 631 (1981); Maeda v. Amemiya, 60 Haw. 662, 669, 594 P.2d 136, 141 (1979); Ross, 846 P.2d at 1115 ("[T]he cluster of interests in state licensing of professionals is not per se viewed as a fundamental right which demands strict scrutiny."). "Under the rational basis test, we inquire as to whether a statute[15] rationally furthers a legitimate state interest." Estate of Coates v. Pacific Engineering, a Div. of Pacific Lining Co., Inc., 71 Haw. 358, 364, 791 P.2d 1257, 1260 (1990). It has long been recognized that the state has a legitimate interest in protecting the general welfare of the public by regulating admission into professions: Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114, 121-22, 9 S. Ct. 231, 233, 32 L. Ed. 623 (1888) (upholding a statute requiring physicians in West Virginia to obtain a certificate from the State Board of Health). Thus, "[t]he state may exclude from practice those who are not *960 qualified to hold a professional license." Brown, 774 F.2d at 782; see also Dent, 129 U.S. at 122-23, 9 S. Ct. at 233-34. For example, we have held that attorneys, as officers of the court, have "no constitutional right to practice law in the State of Hawaii" without first satisfying the license requirements of the State Bar of Hawai`i. In re Avery, 44 Haw. 597, 600, 358 P.2d 709, 711 (1961). Even where an applicant for admission into the State Bar of Hawai`i had already accumulated fifty years of experience as a licensed attorney in the State of Massachusetts, we held that he could not practice law in Hawai`i without first passing the examination for the State Bar of Hawai`i, because "the right to practice law is not a natural or constitutional right, but a privilege or franchise the exercise of which is conditioned upon the prescribed requirements of each jurisdiction." Id. at 598, 358 P.2d at 710. Thus, we held that bar examination requirements "constitute a valid exercise of the State's police power and prerogative in pursuance of its objective of maintaining the legal profession on a high level." Id. Likewise, court reporters are officers of the court. Cf. Honolulu Advertiser, Inc. v. Takao, 59 Haw. 237, 239, 580 P.2d 58, 61 (1978).[16] As officers of the court, court reporters have no constitutional right to practice their profession in Hawai`i courts without first satisfying the certification requirements of the State of Hawai`i, because, like attorneys, court reporters have a substantial impact on the general welfare of the public. The duties of court reporters require great skill and cannot be performed by one who does not possess special qualifications. It is vitally important to our legal system that court reporters accurately record testimony in court proceedings and depositions, because the lives, rights, and liberties of citizens are at stake in criminal and civil proceedings. Thus, the state has a legitimate interest in improving the competency of court reporting in Hawai`i, safeguarding the integrity of the certification process, ensuring the orderly and efficient administration of justice, and protecting the integrity of transcripts offered into evidence in Hawai`i courts. Cf. Ross, 846 P.2d at 1117 ("It is evident that the concern for qualified court reporting in the judicial system is a legitimate state purpose."). The only remaining question is whether the current RGCR 11 rationally furthers this legitimate state interest. In Ross, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held that a statutory amendment, which prevented the State Board of Examiners of Official Shorthand Reporters from certifying "stenomask" reporters,[17] rationally furthered the legitimate state interest in assuring the competency of court reporters. Id. at 1118. Pursuant to the statutory amendment, the Oklahoma State Board of Examiners of Official Shorthand Reporters had refused to enroll several stenomask reporters as certified shorthand reporters, and as a result, the stenomask reporters filed a declaratory action against the State Board of Examiners claiming, inter alia, that the certification statute violated their due process rights. Acknowledging that the statutory amendment adversely impacted the stenomask reporters' opportunities to work as court reporters, the Ross court nevertheless had "no difficulty in concluding that [the statutory amendment] me[t] minimal rationality and d[id] not contravene the mandate of substantive due process." Id. at 1118. Id. at 1117. Similarly, it may be that this court's amendment of RGCR 11 and repeal of temporary court reporter certification has adversely impacted Appellants' opportunities to obtain jobs as court reporters in Hawai`i. But when a government entity prescribes certification requirements for a profession, all that is required to satisfy the rational basis standard is that the government entity could conceivably have believed that the requirements would serve the legitimate state purpose of ensuring the competency of the applicants for the profession. It is obviously "conceivable" that requiring court reporters to pass the court reporter certification examination could further the legitimate state interest of improving the competency of court reporting in Hawai`i, safeguarding the integrity of the certification process, ensuring the orderly and efficient administration of justice, and protecting the integrity of transcripts offered into evidence in Hawai`i courts. Current RGCR 11 appears to be a reasonable means for doing so, especially because it gave all T-CSRs a one-year grace period in which to pass the certification examination and provided that "speed building seminars and practice dictation tapes/audio w[ould] be available three months prior to all tests until November 1993." Under the current RGCR 11, Appellants have been and are free to take the certification examination as many times as necessary to obtain certification. It is irrelevant that Appellants had already worked as court reporters pursuant to temporary court reporter certificates prior to this court's amendment of RGCR 11. "To protect society against unqualified licensed professionals, the State may require a licensed professional to satisfy additional conditions after the license is granted." Brown, 774 F.2d at 782-83; Dent, 129 U.S. at 123, 9 S. Ct. at 233-34. "[L]egislation prescribing qualifications for those who engage in activities that require a license in no manner impairs any vested rights of persons who were engaged in the activities before the effective date of the legislation." 51 Am. Jur.2d Licenses and Permits § 14 at 20 (1970) (citing, among other cases, Collins v. Texas, 223 U.S. 288, 297, 32 S. Ct. 286, 289, 56 L. Ed. 439 (1912) (regarding licensing requirements for osteopathy) and Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U.S. 505, 510, 23 S. Ct. 390, 392, 47 L. Ed. 563 (1903) (regarding certificates of registration for persons practicing medicine and surgery) (footnotes omitted)). "The decision to apply [additional] conditions [for licensing] retroactively, like a decision to adopt retroactive economic legislation, satisfies due process if it is justified by a rational legislative purpose." Brown, 774 F.2d at 783. As stated, current RGCR 11 is justified by a rational purpose. We conclude that the repeal of temporary court reporter certification by amendment of RGCR 11 rationally furthered the legitimate state interest in improving the competency of court reporting in Hawai`i, safeguarding the integrity of the certification process, ensuring the orderly and efficient administration of justice, and protecting the integrity of transcripts offered into evidence in Hawai`i courts. Accordingly, current RGCR 11 does not facially violate the right to substantive due process. Appellants also assert that the Board's decision to recommend the repeal of temporary court reporter certification, as applied to Appellants, was "arbitrary insofar as it disregarded the legal or constitutional rights of applicants and failed to consider what would be equitable under the circumstances *962 such as the grandfathering of existing T-CSRs until passage of the RPR exam." Appellants' Opening Brief at 30-31. Appellants' assertion resembles a "facial challenge" more than an "as applied challenge," because Appellants are complaining about a quasi-legislative rulemaking process that led up to the amendment of RGCR 11, rather than the Board's actual application of RGCR 11 to Appellants. However, the Board did apply current RGCR 11 directly to Appellants when the Board denied Appellants' request for a special exemption from the current RGCR 11 or for continued temporary court reporter certification. Due process includes a substantive component that guards against arbitrary and capricious government action, even when the government takes that action pursuant to a facially constitutional law. To establish an "as applied" violation of substantive due process, an aggrieved person must prove that the government's action was clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. Dodd v. Hood River County, 59 F.3d 852, 864 (9th Cir.1995) (affirming a trial court's ruling that a county did not act arbitrarily and capriciously by denying appellants' applications for building permits). For example, even where a licensing scheme for barbers did not facially violate due process, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit nevertheless held that members of the Tennessee Board of Barber Examiners (Board) violated due process by applying the licensing scheme in an arbitrary manner to prevent two applicants from obtaining a license to operate a barbershop. Wilkerson v. Johnson, 699 F.2d 325 (1983). When the applicants tried to open a barbershop directly next to their already existing beauty salon, the Board members told the applicants that they could not obtain a license for the barbershop unless they would build two separate bathrooms and a partition between the dual barbershop/beauty salon. Id. at 327. However, no Tennessee regulation required a dual barbershop/beauty salon to have two separate bathrooms and a partition. Id. at 327 n. 1. Furthermore, one of the Board members was biased because he owned a competing barbershop directly next-door to the applicants' dual barbershop/beauty salon. Id. at 328. Id. at 328 (citations omitted). Considering the nature and seriousness of the Board's infringement upon the applicants, as well as the weakness of the Board's justification for it, the Sixth Circuit held that the Board violated the applicants' right to substantive due process: Id. at 328. However, it is not necessarily arbitrary and capricious for an administrative agency to uniformly apply a new licensing requirement to applicants, even when the new licensing requirement contains a grandfather clause exempting present and past license holders from having to satisfy the new licensing requirement. Pierce v. Alabama Board of Optometry, 835 F. Supp. 593, 601 (M.D.Ala. 1993). In Pierce, the state of Alabama modified *963 its laws governing the practice of optometry by changing the minimum education requirement from a three-year to a four-year school curriculum. Id. at 596. "The law, however, contained a `grandfather clause,' which provided that those seeking the required yearly renewal of their licenses under the new law would not have to meet the new curriculum requirement if they [already] possessed valid regular licenses under the old law." Id. Having completed only a three-year curriculum, the plaintiff in Pierce had been a faculty member at a school of optometry and had held a "temporary license," which "authorized a faculty member to teach and to practice optometry under the auspices of the school; the license, however, was valid and subject to yearly renewal only so long as the recipient was a member of the school's faculty." Id. When the plaintiff subsequently attempted to obtain a regular license pursuant to the grandfather clause, the Alabama Board of Optometry found that, because the plaintiff did not already possess a regular license, he was not eligible to obtain a regular license pursuant to the grandfather clause. Id. at 596-97. In response, the plaintiff argued "that, although the grandfather clause may not be arbitrary on its face, it has been applied [by the Board of Optometry] in an arbitrary manner to him." Id. at 600. However, the Pierce court found no evidence that the Board of Optometry was issuing temporary licenses and regular licenses in an arbitrary manner; the Board of Optometry applied the new four-year curriculum requirement and the grandfather clause in a uniform and consistent manner to all new applicants. Id. at 601. Thus, the Pierce court concluded that the Board of Optometry's application of the grandfather clause to the plaintiff did not violate his right to substantive due process. Id. Likewise, the State of Hawai`i did not violate substantive due process by requiring an applicant for a Hawaiian surveyor's license to have working knowledge of certain Hawaiian language terms. Bradford v. State of Hawai`i, 846 F. Supp. 1411 (D.Haw.1994). In Bradford, a licensing scheme required all Hawaiian surveyors to have working knowledge of certain Hawaiian language terms, and as a result, an examinee who was not familiar with the Hawaiian language failed the licensing examination. Because the Bradford court found no evidence that the State had arbitrarily and capriciously applied the language requirement to the examinee, the Bradford court "grant[ed] defendants summary judgment on plaintiff's substantive due process claims." Id. at 1423. Id. at 1422. Similarly in the instant case, there is no evidence that the Board acted arbitrarily and capriciously when it denied the Appellants' request for a special exemption from the current RGCR 11 or for continued temporary court reporter certification. When current RGCR 11 went into effect on November 10, 1992, Appellants still had not passed the certification examination. The Appellants continued to take the certification examination, but both Appellants failed the May and November tests and, therefore, did not meet the November 1993 deadline of the current RGCR 11. In accordance with the current RGCR 11, the Board informed Appellants Irish and Herrick that their temporary court reporter certificates lapsed on January 6, 1994. There is no evidence that the Board harassed Appellants with nonexistent rules or treated Appellants differently from other court reporters. The Board did not unfairly single them out for unfavorable treatment. *964 The Board did not apply the current RGCR 11 to Appellants in a manner that was arbitrary and unreasonable, or in a manner that had no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare. Accordingly, we conclude that the Board did not apply its rules and regulations to Appellants in any manner that violated substantive due process. Lastly, Appellants argue that "[b]ased on the circumstances presented by this appeal,... an order [should] be issued allowing their transcriptions of in-state jobs to be accepted for filing with the state court clerks for only so long as they take each successive RPR exam until passage." Based on the foregoing analysis, we disagree. For the reasons stated above, we affirm the decision of the Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters. [1] It is important to note that RGCR 2 is not a general licensing provision. Neither Article VI of the Hawai`i Constitution nor HRS § 602-5 provide the authority to impose a universal licensing requirement upon all shorthand reporters. Furthermore, this court simply does not have the resources to regulate all aspects of shorthand reporting. See, e.g., RGCR 2 ("[t]his rule shall not apply to depositions taken and transcribed outside of the State of Hawai`i"). [2] RGCR 11 (1984) read in its entirety: Rule 11. TEMPORARY CERTIFICATION. (a) Temporary certification to engage in the verbatim reporting of trials or judicial proceedings in any of the courts of the State of Hawaii, or for the taking of depositions, either on written or oral examination, for use in the courts of this state, shall be granted by the board, upon application on forms approved by the board and obtainable from the court administrator's office, under the following circumstances: (1) the applicant possesses a certificate or diploma evidencing graduation from high school, GED certificate, or equivalent; (2) the applicant demonstrates reasonable proficiency in making verbatim records of judicial or related proceedings as provided in HRS § 606-11. For the purpose of this rule, the applicant's demonstration of "reasonable proficiency" shall be determined by the applicant's ability to pass an examination for temporary certification given by the board, any member of the board, or any person or entity designated by the board with the authority to give such examination; and (3) the applicant is in compliance with these Rules Governing Court Reporting in the State of Hawaii and any rules and regulations adopted by the board, and has paid the appropriate certification fee established by the board. (b) The temporary certificate shall be valid up through and including the sixtieth day following the date upon which the board gives its next examination for certification as a certified shorthand reporter following the date the temporary certificate is issued. No additional temporary certificates shall be issued to any applicant who fails to take the next scheduled examination for certification as a Hawaii certified shorthand reporter. In the event the applicant fails to pass the examination for certification as a Hawaii certified shorthand reporter, and desires to obtain another temporary certificate, the applicant must, within sixty days following the date of the examination for certification as a Hawaii certified shorthand reporter, apply for a new temporary certificate and meet the requirements of this rule. No more than two temporary certificates shall be issued by the board to any one individual. (c) A reporter certified in another state may apply to the board for temporary certification based on the certification already obtained. [3] On March 7, 1990, the Supreme Court of Hawai`i was composed of Chief Justice Herman T.F. Lum, Associate Justice Frank D. Padgett, Associate Justice Yoshimi Hayashi, Associate Justice James H. Wakatsuki and Associate Justice Edward H. Nakamura. [4] RGCR 3 created the Hawai`i Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters "[i]n order to supervise the examination, certification and conduct of court reporters engaged in reporting matters before the courts of this state or for use therein[.]" [5] The Board's August 20, 1992 letter stated: The CSR Board will recommend to the Supreme Court that Rule 11 be repealed and changed to read: "Temporary certification in the State of Hawaii is hereby repealed. Reporters practicing under Rule 11 governing temporary certification have until November, 1993 to obtain CSR/RPR status. Under separate resolution, speed building seminars will be available upon request from the CSR Board until November, 1993." My friends, this is a year-and-a-half away. You will notice that every opportunity will be afforded you in passing this test. We will give you live dictation, we will give you practice tapes, we will give the test in two segments allowing for more room to spread out during the test. In other words, this Board will do everything necessary to insure success. The only thing we ask of you is simple, PRACTICE. [6] On November 10, 1992, the Supreme Court of Hawai`i was composed of Chief Justice Herman T.F. Lum, Associate Justice Ronald T.Y. Moon, Associate Justice Robert G. Klein, Associate Justice Steven H. Levinson and Intermediate Court of Appeals Chief Judge James S. Burns substituting for Associate Justice James H. Wakatsuki. [7] RGCR 9(a) provides the following: Rule 9. FINAL DECISIONS OF THE BOARD; APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF THE BOARD. (a) All decisions of the board denying any application for certification shall be made in writing, and the reasons for denying the application for certification shall be included in the decision of the board and filed with the court administrator's office. The decision shall be attested by an officer of the board. A copy of the board's decision, together with the reasons for its decision, shall be mailed to the applicant at his or her last known address by certified and/or registered mail by the board or the court administrator's office. An appeal from any decision of the board with respect to the denial of certification may be taken by filing a notice of appeal with the supreme court within thirty (30) days after the date of mailing of the decision of the board by certified and/or registered mail to the applicant's last known address. On appeal, the supreme court shall reverse only upon finding that the decision of the board was arbitrary or capricious. The decision of the supreme court shall, for the purpose of certification, be final. [8] There is no appellee in this case. See RGCR 9(a). [9] "The principle of this section is flexible. The promisor is affected only by reliance which he does or should foresee, and enforcement must be necessary to avoid injustice." Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 90 comment b (1981). [10] Under Article I, section 10 of the United States Constitution, "[n]o State shall ... pass any ... Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts." [11] "Liberty," as defined in the constitutional sense, means more than mere freedom from restraint. It means not merely the right to go where one chooses, but to do such acts as he may judge best for his interest, not inconsistent with the equal rights of others; that is, to follow such pursuits as may be best adapted to his faculties and which will give him the highest enjoyment. The liberty mentioned is deemed to embrace the right of the citizen to be free to use them in all lawful ways; to live and work where he will; to earn his livelihood by any lawful calling, and for that purpose to enter into all contracts which may be proper, necessary, and essential to his carrying out to a successful conclusion the purpose above mentioned. Territory v. Gunst &amp; Co., 18 Haw. 196, 198 (1907) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also State v. Huelsman, 60 Haw. 71, 88, 588 P.2d 394, 405 (1978). [12] A property interest is not limited to the traditional right-privilege distinction, but also includes a benefit which one is entitled to receive by statute. To have a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it. Bush v. Hawaiian Homes Comm'n, 76 Hawai`i 128, 136, 870 P.2d 1272, 1280 (1994) (internal quotation marks, braces, ellipsis points, and citations omitted). [13] The January 17, 1992 letter reads as follows: Dear T-CSR and CSR member: The Hawaii Board of Certified Shorthand Reporters met on January 10, 1992 and decided to revisit the most controversial rule in court reportingRGCR 11(b). The Board is considering the language change that: "No more than four (4) temporary certificates shall be issued by the Board to any one individual." The Board realizes the need for a flexible T-CSR rule and we will participate in speed building and workshops for T-CSRs. We must all realize the need for excellence in our profession. An open-ended CSR rule will only be abused and diminish our standing in the legal community. The Board would appreciate your input on this very important subject. Please direct your correspondence to the undersigned. [14] Suspect classes of people are those who are "saddled with such disabilities, or subjected to such a history of purposeful unequal treatment, or relegated to such a position of political powerlessness as to command extraordinary protection from the majoritarian political process." San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1, 28, 93 S. Ct. 1278, 1294, 36 L. Ed. 2d 16 (1973). [15] When interpreting rules promulgated by the court, principles of statutory construction apply. State v. Baron, 80 Hawai`i 107, 113, 905 P.2d 613, 619 (1995); State v. Lau, 78 Hawai`i 54, 58, 890 P.2d 291, 295 (1995). [16] See also Seidler v. Municipal Court, 12 Cal. App. 4th 1229, 16 Cal. Rptr. 2d 90, 93 (1993); Conklin v. Rogers, 98 A.D.2d 918, 471 N.Y.S.2d 356, 357 (N.Y.App.Div.1983); Wirges v. Arrington, 239 Ark. 1047, 396 S.W.2d 292, 294 n. 5 (1965); Peacock v. State, 154 So. 2d 856, 857 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1963); In re Godden, 158 Neb. 246, 63 N.W.2d 151, 154 (1954); Louisville &amp; N.R. Co. v. Paul's Administrator, 314 Ky. 473, 235 S.W.2d 787, 791 (1950); State v. Industrial Commission, 252 Wis. 204, 31 N.W.2d 196, 197 (1948); Powers v. Isley, 66 Ariz. 94, 183 P.2d 880, 886 (1947). [17] According to the National Stenomask Verbatim Reporters' Association, "The stenomask [method] consists of a low impedance micro-phone encased in a sound-proof mask that the reporter lifts to his face. A tape recorder is connected to the stenomask and a verbatim voice record of the proceedings is made." Ross, 846 P.2d at 1109 n. 1 (internal quotation marks omitted).