Title: Llabrant D. Dennis v. State of Florida
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: SC95-211
State: Florida
Issuer: Florida Supreme Court
Date: January 31, 2002

Supreme 
Court 
of 
Florida
____________
No. SC95211
____________
LABRANT D. DENNIS,
Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
[January 31, 2002]
PER CURIAM.
We have on appeal a judgment and sentence of the trial court imposing a
death sentence on Labrant D. Dennis.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1),
Fla. Const.  We affirm the conviction and sentence of death. 
FACTS
On the morning of April 13, 1996, University of Miami football player Earl
Little arrived at his on-campus apartment to pick up the keys to his truck, a black
Ford Explorer, he had loaned to his roommate and teammate, Marlin Barnes.  Little
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loaned Barnes the truck the previous evening to attend a party at Club Salvation in
Miami Beach and advised him that he would return to the apartment early the next
morning to retrieve his vehicle.  Little, who spent the night at another on-campus
apartment, arrived at the apartment complex between 7 and 7:30 a.m.  As he
approached his third-floor apartment he noticed that his truck, which was parked
outside the apartment, was tilting towards its right side.  Little examined his truck
and observed a puncture mark in his right rear tire.  He then went upstairs to his
apartment.  
When Little attempted to open the door to his apartment he discovered that it
was unlocked, but when he tried to push the door open he experienced resistance. 
Finally, after several attempts the door gave way enough for him to peer inside the
apartment where he discovered Barnes’ body lying against the front door.  Little
called Barnes’ name and Barnes drew only a heavy breath in response.  Upon
calling his name a second time, Barnes turned his head and Little saw for the first
time that Barnes’ face was badly beaten and bloodied.  Little raced to a nearby
apartment and called police.
Dan Oppert of the Coral Gables Police Department arrived on the scene at
7:34 a.m.  Upon entering the apartment Oppert observed Barnes lying on the floor
with his head leaning against the front door.  As Oppert proceeded through the
-3-
apartment to secure the premises he discovered the body of Timwanika Lumpkins
in a bedroom.  Lumpkins was lying face down and had severe trauma to the back
of her head.  As he continued his search of the apartment he observed that the back
door was dead-bolted.  When Oppert returned to the living room he watched
Barnes make an attempt to get up and then collapse.  
Wayne Sibley of the Coral Gables Fire Rescue arrived at the scene at 7:39
a.m. and Barnes was no longer breathing.  Sibley and other emergency personnel
quickly attended to Lumpkins who was still breathing.  Barnes was pronounced
dead at the scene and Lumpkins was pronounced dead after being airlifted to a
nearby hospital.  
When Miami-Dade Police officer Thomas Charles arrived at the scene, he
first investigated the apartment’s exterior.  Charles examined Little’s Explorer,
observing that both tires on the right side had puncture marks.  The only blood
Charles noted on the exterior of the apartment was immediately outside the front
door.  Upon entering the apartment through the rear door, he observed no blood in
the hallway meeting the rear door and no blood in one of the bedrooms.  When he
entered the bedroom in which Lumpkins’ body was found, he observed a pool of
blood in the middle of the room, with broken fingernails, strands of hair, and an
1.  The other earring was found under the bed Lumpkins’ body lay next to. 
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earring belonging to Lumpkins.1  
Charles next entered the living room where Barnes’ body lay.  Therein he
found wooden splinters strewn about the floor which did not match any of the
furniture found in the room.  Additionally, he discovered a small metal fragment
consistent with a shotgun trigger guard.  Charles also observed a similar piece of
metal along with bone fragments and teeth adjacent to Barnes’ boot.  Other items
found near Barnes included a live 12-gauge shotgun shell, two gold colored
bracelets and a football championship ring.  The police surmised that robbery was
not a motive for the crime as homicide detective Clarence Poitier also found $59 in
Barnes’ pocket, a gold chain with a medallion around his neck, $103 in Lumpkins’
purse, and $550 in a bedroom dresser drawer. 
That morning Edward Hudak, who served as liaison between the University
of Miami and the Miami Police Department, organized a meeting of the football
team on campus to break the news and uncover any leads.  At that meeting some of
the players indicated that Lumpkins had an ex-boyfriend who was a member of rap
group by the name of “The Dawgs.”
At 4 p.m. that afternoon, the lead detective at the crime scene, Thomas
Romagni, was advised to head back to the station to interview members of “The
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Dawgs” who wanted to talk about the murders.  
When Romagni arrived at the station, Lumpkins’ ex-boyfriend, Labrant
Dennis, was waiting with friend, Keith Bell.  After Romagni advised Dennis that
Lumpkins had been murdered, Dennis informed Romagni that he was romantically
involved with Lumpkins for five years and that they had a child together.  
When asked about his relationship with Lumpkins, Dennis told Romagni that
the two had arguments and that he might have slapped her on occasion.  As to
Barnes, Dennis indicated that he knew him and he believed that he lived on campus. 
Dennis, however, told Romagni that he had never been to Barnes’ apartment.  
Dennis told Romagni that he and Lumpkins had an argument the previous
week after she came home late after an evening out with Barnes.  Lumpkins was
staying with Dennis at the house of his cousin, Carolyn Williams, and her
boyfriend, Jesse Pitts.  After the argument Lumpkins moved out on April 6. 
According to Dennis, Pitts informed him that the person who helped her move out
was driving a black Explorer.  Dennis believed that person to be Barnes.
As to his whereabouts the previous evening, Dennis told Romagni that he
went to a bachelor party after 11 p.m., remaining there until 1:30 a.m.  Dennis then
went home, changed clothes, and went to the party at Club Salvation, leaving his
cousin’s house at 2 a.m.  According to Dennis, his cousin Carolyn saw him when
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he came home after the bachelor party.  Dennis denied seeing either Barnes or
Lumpkins at the club.  He remained at the club for about an hour and returned to
his cousin’s apartment and slept until the next morning.  
Dennis consented to having his fingerprints taken and his car searched. 
Police also took pictures of him and observed no injuries on his body.  Dennis then
volunteered to have the clothes he wore the previous evening inspected,
accompanying Romagni to his cousin’s apartment for that purpose.  Romagni
examined the clothing and did not observe blood or other trace evidence. 
Thereafter, Romagni returned to the station with Dennis and Bell and told them that
they were free to leave. 
Several Miami-Dade detectives canvassed the Miami Beach area for
information and encountered Nidia El-Djeije, an attendant at a Amoco gas station
located within blocks of Club Salvation.  El-Djeije told police that on the morning
of April 13 at around 3 a.m. she observed a gray Nissan parked at the gas station. 
Between 3:30 and 4 a.m., El-Djeije became suspicious after observing a black man
matching Dennis’s general physical description, dressed entirely in black with a
hooded sweatshirt covering his face, standing and walking around the car.  El-Djeije
called police.  According to El-Djeije, the man walked towards her glass booth and
turned towards Club Salvation.  He returned no more than five minutes later, got in
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the car, and left before the police arrived.  As soon as the police left, he returned
and remained in the car.  El-Djeije observed that the car had tinted windows and did
not have a license plate.  El-Djeije called Jose Rodriguez from Miami Beach Towing
to advise the individual that the car would be towed if he did not leave.  Rodriguez
arrived at the gas station about fifteen to twenty minutes later, pulling up next to the
driver’s side of the Nissan.  Rodriguez described the vehicle as a two-door light
silver Nissan.  The driver’s side window was cracked open slightly and Rodriguez
advised the person that he had to move the car.  According to Rodriguez, the
Nissan was pointed in the direction of a Chevron station across the street where a
black Explorer with a flat tire or tires 
on its right side was being loaded onto a flat-bed truck.  The driver of the Nissan 
drove off without responding to Rodriguez.
Detectives showed El-Djeije a picture of Dennis’s car, a Mazda Protege, but
she could not recognize it.  Instead, El-Djeije definitively told police that the car she
saw the previous evening was a Nissan.  Several days later detectives interviewed
Watisha Wallace, Dennis’s ex-girlfriend.  Wallace owned a gray two-door Nissan
Sentra which Dennis drove occasionally.  On the weekend of the murders Wallace
traveled to Daytona with several friends in a rental car, leaving her car behind. 
Wallace’s car did not have a license plate displayed in the usual place.  It was
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positioned in the rear window.  The police took photographs of Wallace’s car and
showed them to El-Djeije.  Upon seeing the photographs, Djeije identified
Wallace’s Nissan as the car she saw in the early morning hours of April 13. 
After learning that Joseph Stewart, an acquaintance of Dennis, might have
some information about the murders the police interviewed him on April 29. 
Stewart told police that on April 7, only a day after Lumpkins moved out, Dennis
came to the apartment of Stewart’s girlfriend, Zemoria Wilson.  At that time,
Dennis asked Stewart if he had any guns Dennis could borrow. Stewart told Dennis
about an old sawed-off shotgun he had at his mother’s house.  The shotgun was
missing the shoulder stock and had a long screw sticking out of that end of the gun. 
Otherwise the shotgun, which had a wood-type grill underneath the barrel, was
intact.  The two of them then rode in Dennis’s car to Stewart’s mother’s house to
retrieve the shotgun.  Once there, Stewart advised Dennis that he was uncertain of
whether the shotgun worked.  Nonetheless, Dennis requested the shotgun.  Stewart
initially put the shotgun in a pillow case, but Dennis asked that he place it in
something that would better conceal its appearance.  Stewart then placed the
shotgun in a blue duffel bag and Dennis asked him to carry it out to his car and
place it in the trunk.  According to Stewart, he did not give Dennis any ammunition,
nor did he ask what Dennis wanted the shotgun for. 
-9-
While Stewart was at work on the morning of April 13, he received a call
from Dennis.  Dennis told Stewart that he returned the shotgun and left it behind
some bushes at his mother’s house.  When Stewart arrived home from work that
afternoon he found the bag behind some bushes and immediately noticed that the
duffel bag was much fuller than when he gave it to Dennis.  Stewart took the bag
inside his mother’s house and upon opening it discovered a pair of black pants, a
black sweatshirt, a pair of black boots, the shotgun, and a knife.  The shotgun was
considerably damaged:  the trigger guard was missing, the handgrip was broken and
pieces of the wood-like grill had been broken off.  Stewart, who was familiar with
guns, took the gun apart.  When he unscrewed the ammunition chamber several
shotgun shells fell out.  Stewart became nervous and took the shotgun and the knife
and threw them down a sewer drain.  At the time, Stewart did not notice any blood
on any of the items in the duffel bag.  Stewart took the black clothing out of the
duffel bag and kept both the clothing and the bag in his room.
The following morning Stewart received another call from Dennis.  Dennis
asked Stewart if he had found the duffel bag.  Stewart told him that he had and
asked Dennis if he wanted his clothes back.  Dennis told Stewart the he could
throw the clothes away.  Stewart then threw the clothes and boots in a dumpster
behind a grocery store.  Later that Sunday Stewart paged Dennis, asking to meet
2.  At trial, the State introduced Dennis’s cellular phone records.  Those
records corroborated Stewart’s recall of the times and places where Dennis phoned
him following the murders.  Moreover, the State introduced Stewart’s time card
from work which indicated, consistent with his testimony, that he clocked into
work on the morning of April 13, 1996, at 6:32 a.m. 
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with him.  Dennis eventually came to Stewart’s mother’s house at which time
Stewart advised him that he threw everything he left in the duffel bag away and that
he wanted to be kept out of whatever was going on.  Dennis responded, “Don’t
worry about it.  Nobody would think to come here.  I just had to do what I had to
do and I didn’t even go in my car.”2
During his interview with police, Stewart led them to the drain where he threw
the shotgun and knife.  The police were able to recover both items.  The clothing,
however, could not be recovered as the dumpster where Stewart had deposited
Dennis’s clothing had since been cleaned.  Stewart also gave the police the blue
duffel bag he retained.  
Dennis was arrested on April 30, 1996, and charged with the murders of
Marlin Barnes and Timwanika Lumpkins.  He was subsequently indicted on May 8,
1996, on two counts of first-degree murder, one count of burglary with assault or
battery while armed, and one count of criminal mischief (tire slashing).  
At trial, Shabaka Abdul-Majid, a former teammate and friend of Barnes,
testified that he and Barnes attended a party at Club Salvation on the night of April
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12, 1996.  Barnes drove Earl Little’s Explorer to the party.  According to Abdul-
Majid, the two arrived at the club at midnight.  About an hour after arriving, the two
parted ways.  The next time Abdul-Majid saw Barnes he was upstairs in the VIP
section with Lumpkins.  Barnes and Lumpkins were in an open area of the club
which was visible from the first floor.  Selma Wade, a friend of Barnes who was to
meet Lumpkins at the party, testified that Barnes and Lumpkins could be seen from
the first floor of the club hugging and kissing.  At some point in the evening, Barnes
exited to park the Explorer closer to the club.  Abdul-Majid, Barnes, and Lumpkins
eventually left the club at around 4:30 a.m.  When they reached the Explorer they
discovered that the tires had been slashed.  They then pushed the Explorer to a
nearby Chevron gas station.  Majid and some other friends left Barnes and
Lumpkins at the station while the two awaited a tow truck.  
Tow truck driver Robin Lorenzo testified that he towed the Explorer back to
the University of Miami campus while both Barnes and Lumpkins rode in the truck
with him.  Lorenzo dropped the two off at Barnes’ apartment between 5:30 and
6:30 a.m.  
To establish Dennis’s motive, the State introduced evidence of prior
incidents in which Dennis had stalked Lumpkins and one incident in which Dennis
threatened to kill her with a gun. 
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In support of a finding of premeditation, the State presented the testimony of
University of Miami basketball player Jennifer Jordan, a friend of Barnes and
Dennis.  Jordan testified that on several occasions in which Dennis drove her to
campus, he asked her to “look out and see if I ever see Marlin with a girl that drove
a red car.”  Lumpkins drove a red Honda Civic.  On one of those occasions
Dennis again asked Jordan to look out for a girl in a red car because “he believed
Marlin was messing with his baby’s mother.”  Only a month prior to the murders,
Dennis visited Jordan on campus and asked her where Barnes lived and who lived
with him.  Jordan responded accordingly and Dennis explained that he wanted the
information because he wanted to find out if Marlin was “f- - - ing around with his
baby’s mother.”  
More damaging testimony was obtained from Bernadette Hardy.  Hardy lived
with Joseph Stewart’s girlfriend, Zemoria Wilson, in April of 1996.  Hardy, who
knew Dennis, testified that sometime after 6 a.m. on the morning of the murders she
was awakened by a knock at her window.  When she looked out she saw Dennis
outside wearing a black sweater.  Dennis asked about Stewart’s whereabouts and
Hardy informed him that he was at his mother’s house.  Hardy’s next-door
neighbor, Deborah Scales, also testified that she was awakened that morning by
banging on the window next door at around 7 a.m.  Scales opened the door and
3.  Although Scales testified that she could not recognize the individual, she
was certain that it was not Joseph Stewart. 
4.  The expert testified that this was not surprising given that the shotgun was
submerged in the sewer drain for some time before it was recovered. 
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observed a black male dressed entirely in black.3
As to the physical evidence recovered in the case the State produced the
testimony of George Borghi, an expert in the area of trace evidence and fracture
patterns.  Borghi testified that the metal fragments recovered from Barnes’
apartment conclusively matched the trigger guard of the recovered shotgun.  To
amplify Borghi’s testimony, the State introduced several compelling photographs
of the reconstructed trigger guard.  Additionally, Thomas Quirk, an expert in tool
marks, testified that the wooden fragments found at the apartment were consistent
with the forearm of the shotgun.  Quirk also testified that the knife obtained from
the sewer drain was consistent with the puncture marks on the tires of the Explorer. 
The shotgun was examined and while it tested positive for the presumptive
presence of blood there was not enough blood to do more tests to confirm the
presence of blood.4  Further, the duffel bag Stewart loaned Dennis was tested and
blood matching the victims’ was found on the bag.  No blood or any trace
evidence of the defendant was identified at the scene, nor was any blood or trace
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evidence found in Wallace’s Nissan.  
The State also presented the testimony of Toby Wolson, a forensic biologist
with an expertise in blood stain pattern analysis.  Wolson’s testimony explained the
lack of any footprints from the assailant at the bloody crime scene.  In particular,
Wolson opined that the pooling and smearing of blood near the front door of the
apartment and other nearby patterns were consistent with Barnes struggling and
flailing about after the assailant had already exited the apartment.  Moreover,
Wolson testified that the pooling of blood in the bedroom where Lumpkins was
found was consistent with the gradual bleeding from her wounds.  Wolson further
indicated that the traces of blood found immediately outside the front door of the
apartment was likely the result of blood being pushed out from underneath the door
as Barnes’ wounds bled.  Accordingly, Wolson opined that it was not unlikely that
the assailant accumulated little blood from the scene despite the vast amount of
blood present at the scene when the bodies were discovered.
As to the injuries suffered by the victims, the State’s medical examiner
testified that both victims died from massive head trauma.  According to Dr.
Gulino, Lumpkins suffered lacerations and a compound fracture to the back of her
skull.  Dr. Gulino opined that the skull fractures suffered by Lumpkins were the
type typically seen in high-speed car accidents.  Lumpkins also had a fracture to the
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base of her skull.  Dr. Gulino indicated that many of the injuries to the back of
Lumpkins’ head were consistent with being inflicted with the blunt portion of the
shotgun.  Moreover, several lacerations corresponded with the coils or spring of
the ammunition tube of the shotgun.  Lumpkins also had a fracture to her left hand
and numerous other injuries to her hand which Dr. Gulino testified were consistent
with an attempt to protect herself from injury.  
Similarly brutal injuries were described by Dr. Gulino with regards to Barnes. 
Barnes suffered numerous lacerations over his face and head, many of which had a
crescent character consistent with the broken trigger guard recovered at the scene. 
Indeed, the State introduced several composite pictures comparing the victims’
wounds with the shotgun that made it readily apparent that the victims were struck
with such force that their skin retained what amounted to the shotgun’s
“fingerprints.”  Barnes suffered numerous facial fractures.  Like Lumpkins, Barnes
had several defensive wounds to his forearms and hands.  
In defense, Dennis presented the testimony of his cousin, Carolyn Williams,
to substantiate his alibi defense.  Williams testified that she saw Dennis in his
bedroom with his daughter sometime after 2 a.m.  She further testified that she next
saw Dennis when she awoke at 5 a.m.  According to Williams, he remained at the
house for the rest of the morning. 
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The jury found Dennis guilty on all counts.  At the penalty phase he offered
the testimony of his mother and grandmother.  They testified generally to his
positive relationship with his family and loving relationship with his children.  The
defense offered no evidence of mental mitigation.  Following the penalty phase, the
jury recommended  death sentences for both murders by a vote of eleven to one. 
The trial judge followed the jury’s recommendation, finding four aggravating
circumstances:  (1) that the defendant had been convicted of a prior capital felony
(the contemporaneous murder); (2) that the murder was committed in the course of
a felony (burglary); (3) that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel
(HAC); and (4) that the murder was committed in a cold, calculated, and
premeditated manner without any pretense of legal or moral justification (CCP). 
The court considered the following statutory and nonstatutory mitigation:  (1) that
the defendant did not have a significant history of prior criminal activity (not found
and therefore given no weight); (2) that the defendant was under the influence of
extreme mental or emotional disturbance (given little weight); (3) the capacity of the
defendant to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to
the requirements of the law was substantially impaired (given no weight); (4) a
catchall category of mitigation--the defendant’s kindness to others and love and
affection towards his family (given some weight); (5) that defendant’s demeanor at
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trial was good (given some weight); (6) the length of sentence defendant could
receive if not sentenced to death (found not to be mitigating and therefore given no
weight); and (7) lingering or residual doubt as to defendant’s guilt (found not to be
mitigating and therefore given no weight).
APPEAL
On appeal Dennis raises thirteen claims of error.  We address issues relative
to the guilt phase first. 
In his first claim Dennis contends that the trial court committed fundamental
error in failing to provide the jury with a cautionary instruction on accomplices with
regards to the testimony of Joseph Stewart.  
Florida Standard Jury Instruction (Criminal) 2.04(b) on the weighing of the
testimony of an accomplice provides:
You should use great caution in relying on the testimony of a
witness who claims to have helped the defendant commit a crime. 
This is particularly true when there is no evidence tending to agree with
what the witness says about the defendant.
However, if the testimony of such a witness convinces you
beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, or the other
evidence in the case does so, then you should find the defendant
guilty.
In Boykin v. State, 257 So. 2d 251, 252 (Fla. 1971), we rejected a similar
claim of fundamental error.  Boykin argued that the trial court committed
-18-
fundamental error in failing to “give a cautionary charge that the uncorroborated
testimony of defendant’s accomplice . . . should be received with ‘great caution.’”  
This Court rejected Boykin’s claim, explaining that defense counsel’s arguments,
cross-examination of the accomplice, and the general charge regarding how the jury
is to treat the testimony of witnesses covered the substance of the unrequested
instruction on accomplices:
The content of the charge was in fact clearly referred to and covered
by counsel in their presentations to the jury; furthermore, the general
charge, with regard to how a jury is to treat the testimony of witnesses
and give it such weight as they see fit under all of the evidence,
substantially covers the question raised here.  We do not recommend
that such a charge in these circumstances not be given; we simply say
that it was not fundamental error which would justify reversing the
jury’s verdict.  It is discretionary.  
The third factor that sufficiently covered the problem was the
cross-examination of the accomplice which made it perfectly plain that
he was a questionable and suspect witness.  There can be little doubt
that a jury of reasonable men and women clearly understands that the
testimony of an accomplice is to be closely scrutinized and critically
considered under these circumstances.  There is nothing shown that
would indicate to the contrary here. 
Id. at 252 (footnote omitted); see also Archer v. State, 673 So. 2d 17, 20 n.3 (Fla.
1996) (rejecting, without elaboration, appellant’s claims that the trial court erred in
failing to give several jury instructions including instruction 2.04(b)).  This
reasoning applies with equal force here.  The defense’s cross-examination of
Stewart was dedicated to highlighting omissions in Stewart’s early statements to
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police and his decision to hide the evidence out of fear of being considered a
suspect.  These facts were argued extensively by the defense in closing argument to
urge the jury to disbelieve Stewart and to suggest that Stewart was the murderer and
was merely attempting to lay the blame on Dennis.  Accordingly, under the
circumstances the general jury instruction on how to weigh the evidence was more
than adequate to address Dennis’s concerns.  
In his next claim Dennis contends that the State improperly bolstered the
credibility of several of its witnesses with inadmissible hearsay and opinions, along
with the prosecutor’s unsworn testimony.
Detective Romagni’s testimony
The defense’s cross-examination of lead detective Romagni was dedicated
to demonstrating omissions in the investigation conducted by the police. 
Specifically, the defense focused on the failure of the police to pursue the person
the defense argued should have been the prime suspect, Joseph Stewart.  The
thrust of the defense’s cross-examination was to demonstrate that the police
essentially “chose” to believe Stewart:
Q. 
Okay.  So for two weeks, after he tells you he knew that these 
homicides had occurred and he felt that what he disposed of was 
involved in a homicide, he still didn’t call you to say, “Hey, I’ve got
something that may be important here?”
A. 
He was afraid that he would have been charged.
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Q. 
He was afraid he would be charged with this crime?
A.   
He was afraid he would be charged with a crime he had nothing to do 
with.
Q.  
When you say he had nothing to do with it, sir you choose to believe 
Joseph Stewart; correct?
A.  
I chooses [sic] to believe that your client duped Joseph Stewart.
. . . .
A.  
The reason he didn’t tell me- he didn’t tell me everything, and the 
reason he didn’t tell me is because he didn’t want to get that involved. 
He wanted to turn the evidence over, and he didn’t want to get deeply
involved.
Q. 
That’s what you choose to believe?
A.  
That’s what he told me.
Q.  
And you chose to believe him?
A. 
I have no reason not to believe him.  I haven’t seen anything to the 
contrary not to believe him.
On redirect the State responded to the defense’s intimation that the police simply
“chose” to believe Stewart’s version of events by asking Romagni about the
evidence the police had in their possession supporting there decision to arrest
Dennis.  The defense objected, arguing that the line of questioning called for
inadmissible hearsay.  The court overruled the defense’s objection, based primarily
on the State’s representation that much of the evidence Romagni would refer to
would be properly admitted through other witnesses.  The following is a portion of
Romagni’s testimony on redirect:
Q. 
Did you speak to any witnesses as to the defendant’s jealousy
of Timwanika Lumpkins?
A. 
Yes.
Q.  
Did you speak to any witnesses as to the defendant spying on 
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Timwanika Lumpkins and other persons?
A.  
Yes.
Q.  
Did you speak to any witnesses as to the defendant finding out 
where Marlin Barnes lived just months before his murder?
A.  
Yes. 
Q.  
Did you speak to any witnesses about the fact that this defendant
was spying on Timwanika and Marlin and their being together?
A. 
Yes.
Q.  
Did you speak to any witnesses that could tell you that the defendant
knew at the time of the murders that Watisha’s car was available 
that weekend and where it was left?
A.  
Yes.
Q. 
Did you speak to any witnesses that knew that around seven o’clock 
in the morning the defendant came dressed in black to Zemoria 
Wilson’s apartment?
A. 
Yes.
Q. 
Asking for Joseph Stewart?
A. 
Yes.
Q.  
Did you speak to any witnesses that knew the defendant had
possession of the murder weapon?
A. 
Yes. 
Q.  
During the time of the murders?
A.  
Yes.
The State argues that the defense’s cross-examination of Romagni opened the door
to this line of questioning.  We agree. 
In Rodriguez v. State, 753 So. 2d 29 (Fla. 2000), we explained the concept
of “opening the door”:  “As an evidentiary principle, the concept of ‘opening the
door’ allows the admission of otherwise inadmissible testimony to ‘qualify, explain,
or limit’ testimony or evidence previously admitted.  The concept of ‘opening the
door’ is ‘based on considerations of fairness and the truth-seeking function of a
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trial.’” Id. at 42 (citations omitted).  Here the defense’s cross-examination of
Romagni opened the door to the State’s line of questioning aimed at rebutting the
defense’s implication that the officers’ investigation was less than thorough, relying
solely on Stewart’s word to arrest the defendant.  
Even if we were to conclude that it was error to allow the State to pursue this
line of questioning, any such error was harmless.  Each and every point mentioned
in Romagni’s testimony on redirect was properly admitted into evidence through
the testimony of other witnesses.  See, e.g., Kearse v. State, 662 So. 2d 677, 684-
85 (Fla. 1995) (finding no error in the admission of hearsay evidence concerning the
sequence of events and why the police focused their investigation on the defendant
where the same evidence was admitted through the testimony of other witnesses).  
Dennis claims that Romagni’s testimony was especially harmful to the extent
it referred to Zemoria Wilson’s purported corroboration of Stewart’s testimony. 
During redirect Romagni testified as follows:
Q. 
When you interviewed Joseph Stewart, other than the cell
phone records, what other witnesses did you interview that 
corroborated what Joseph Stewart said?
A.  
Zamoria Wilson, Bernadette Hard[y].
Although Dennis argues that this reference to Wilson, who did not testify at trial,
was devastating because she was not subject to cross-examination, this isolated
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reference to Wilson was hardly the centerpiece of the State’s case.  Stewart’s
testimony was corroborated by, among other things, Dennis’s cell phone records
and the testimony of Bernadette Hardy and Deborah Scales.  While we have
cautioned against the admission of this kind of testimony under the guise of
establishing the chronology of a police investigation, the instant reference to Wilson
pales in comparison to testimony this Court has found worthy of reversal. 
Compare Keen v. State, 775 So. 2d 263, 275-76 (Fla. 2000) (finding reversible
error in allowing detective to testify that insurance company investigation had
concluded that, contrary to the defendant’s claim, the defendant’s wife did not die
accidentally, but was murdered); and Wilding v. State, 674 So. 2d 114, 119 (Fla.
1996) (finding reversible error in the admission of a detective’s testimony that the
police began their investigation of the defendant after receiving an anonymous tip
identifying the defendant as the perpetrator); with State v. Baird, 572 So. 2d 904,
908 (Fla. 1990) (finding error in the admission of a detective’s testimony that the
police targeted the defendant after receiving information that he was involved in the
charged offenses harmless where the testimony was not featured by the State and
there was independent evidence corroborating the testimony of coconspirators).  
Dennis raises a similar claim as to the testimony of Detective Clarence
Poitier.  During cross-examination the defense challenged Poitier’s testimony that
-24-
the evidence pointed to one, not multiple assailants.  Eventually, defense counsel
had the following exchange with Poitier:
Q. 
Certainly whether there was one assailant or more, you do not 
know whether they [the assailants] were surprised by Mr. Little
trying to enter the apartment, do you, for a fact?
A. 
Based on the facts in evidence I’ve experienced in this case, it points 
to Dennis being there.  
After further examination, defense counsel finally got Poitier to concede that he did
not know for a fact there were not multiple assailants.
On redirect, the State attempted to ask Poitier what facts led him to the
conclusion that Dennis committed the crime.  The defense objected on hearsay
grounds and the State argued that the defense opened the door to the inquiry.  The
court agreed with the State and the following transpired:
Q. 
Detective Poitier, what are the facts that you are aware of that 
leads you to [the] conclusion that the defendant is the person that
committed these murders?
A.  
The fact that Joseph Stewart spoke to Detective Romagni.
Q.  
Anything else?
A.  
The domestic abuse history with the defendant and Ms. Lumpkins.
Q. 
Anything else, Detective?
A. 
Not that I could think of.  
As with the testimony elicited from Detective Romagni, we hold that any error in
the admission of this testimony was harmless as everything the detective referred to
on redirect was testified in detail by other witnesses:  Joseph Stewart testified
-25-
extensively at trial and evidence of Dennis’s abuse of Lumpkins was admitted
through the testimony of Lumpkins’ friend Chaka Kahn Williams and her uncle
Patrick McKeithan.  Indeed the State’s redirect cured any impression that the police
had information the jury was not privy to as Poitier mentioned evidence the jury
eventually heard.  
Lastly, although Dennis complains that Poitier’s testimony amounted to an
impermissible opinion as to guilt, he has not preserved that claim on appeal as he
only objected on hearsay grounds at trial.  See Jennings v. State, 782 So. 2d 853,
862 (Fla. 2001) (“[I]n order for an argument to be cognizable on appeal, it must be
the specific contention asserted as legal ground for the objection, exception, or
motion below.”) (quoting Steinhorst v. State, 412 So. 2d 332, 338 (Fla. 1982)). 
We do not find that Poitier’s testimony reached the level of fundamental error. 
Prosecutor’s closing argument
In his final claim in his second issue on appeal Dennis contends that the
State’s closing argument was improper in that the prosecutor was allowed to
present what amounted to unsworn testimony corroborating Stewart’s testimony.
During the State’s direct examination of Stewart, in an attempt to defuse the
anticipated impeachment of Stewart by the defense, the State addressed his initial
statements to police.  Stewart initially told police that he was at his mother’s house
-26-
on the night of April 12, 1996.  During that initial interview Stewart did not indicate
that he had an alibi witness.  In a later statement to police and the prosecutor,
Stewart indicated that Dorothy Davis spent the night with him at his mother’s
house.  Stewart testified that he omitted Davis’s name in his initial statement
because he did not want his girlfriend, Zemoria Wilson, who was in Chicago during
that time, to find out that he was being unfaithful.  In subsequent statements Stewart
also indicated that Dennis made several incriminating statements to him that he
failed to mention during his initial interview.  
As expected, the defense’s cross-examination of Stewart focused on the
omissions in Stewart’s initial statements to police.  The defense argued the issue
further during closing argument:
You [Stewart] left something out.  You left it out intentionally,
isn’t that true.  Yes.  So he didn’t tell the detectives that he had an alibi
witness and then - pardon me almost three months later when he[’s]
called down to the State Attorney’s Office and finally thought on
somebody.
. . . .
My client never confessed to him.  That was manufactured by
Joseph Stewart in order to get himself out of trouble.
The State responded to the defense’s implication that Stewart essentially fabricated
his story to “get himself out of trouble” in rebuttal argument:
Joseph Stewart told that statement to myself and another state
attorney on July 2nd in the State Attorney’s Office.  The defendant
-27-
had been in custody for these murders since April 30th, 1996, and he
was still in custody on July 2nd and nobody had ever threatened.  You
heard the questions.  
Nobody ever threatened Joseph Stewart for being arrested for
anything so the argument that Joseph Stewart came up with his
because he was scared of getting arrested is [absurd].  The defendant
was arrested and into custody. 
Joseph Stewart was out.  Nobody ever said you are going to be
arrested.  Nobody ever said if you don’t come up with some more
evidence you are going to be arrested.  Nobody said it looks bad for
you Joseph.  
As the defense offered no objection to the prosecutor’s arguments, the arguments
must constitute fundamental error for Dennis to be entitled to relief.
The State argues that the prosecutor’s closing alluded to nothing the jury was
not already aware of.  We disagree.   The import of Dennis’s challenge to the 
State’s closing argument was the prosecutor’s “testimony” that no threats were
made to Stewart during that interview to garner additional incriminating evidence
against Dennis.  Although the State’s argument was improper, the record does not
support a finding of fundamental error and the error was at best harmless. 
Detective Romagni’s testimony made it clear to the jury that Stewart was never
threatened with being arrested.  Moreover, Stewart’s statement to the prosecutor
came well after Dennis was taken into custody on the strength of Stewart’s initial
statement to police.  Accordingly, we reject Dennis’s attempt to hold the
prosecutor’s argument fundamental error.  Cf. Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 2d 343
-28-
(Fla. 2001) (prosecutor’s closing argument referring to facts not in evidence
regarding the police’s receipt of information from a BOLO, which evidence was
ruled inadmissible pre-trial, not fundamental error); Pope v. Wainwright, 496 So. 2d
798 (Fla. 1986) (holding prosecutor’s reference in closing argument to having seen
the defendant “grinning from ear to ear” during the testimony of a State witness was
not fundamental error).  
Dennis’s third claim involves the State’s attempt to impeach its own witness,
Watisha Wallace, with evidence that she had her Nissan, the car the State argued
Dennis used to commit the crime, burned for insurance fraud purposes.  Dennis
argues that the State called Wallace as a pretext for presenting, under the guise of
impeachment, the evidence of the car burning which would have otherwise been
inadmissible.  
The admissibility of this evidence was the subject of contentious pre-trial
litigation.  During pre-trial motions the defense argued that evidence of Wallace’s
burning of the car and conviction for insurance fraud was irrelevant and unfairly
prejudicial.  The State responded by arguing that the evidence was relevant to
demonstrate Wallace’s bias.  At that time the State indicated that Wallace had the
car burned four weeks after it was returned to her by police after it had been
searched and no evidence had been discovered:  “Four weeks.  I think it goes to
-29-
her bias, her motive.  She sat in court on a daily basis when this case was being
heard in motions, arguing because she wanted the car back.”  
Understandably puzzled by the State’s argument that the evidence was
relevant to the issue of bias, the trial court pressed the State for an explanation:
Court: 
What is her motive? I don’t understand.
[State]: 
She is his girlfriend, and she’s claiming he didn’t use her car,
and she wasn’t in town, so how would she have known 
anyway?  She’s protecting him and lying for him, and it’s
very obvious because of some of the other witnesses who 
come in and testify.  She sat in court and listened to the fact
that her car was used during a homicide, and when she gets
it back, a perfectly good car, she goes and has somebody
steal it and pays somebody to burn it. 
Although the State insisted that the evidence would not be used to suggest that
Dennis had anything to do with the burning of the car, much of the State’s
argument on the issue indicated otherwise:
[State]: 
His ex-girlfriend or his girlfriend who visits him in jail,
who claims that she has a baby by him while he’s in 
jail, who he is supposedly supporting her children, she
goes out and burns the car and tells the guy that burns 
it, “This car was used in the U.M. killings.”  That doesn’t
go to show her bias when she is trying to protect him and 
lie for him?  That is the main crux of this case.
After initially reserving ruling on the defense’s motion to exclude the evidence, at a
subsequent hearing the trial court ruled that the State could question Wallace about
the car burning.  The court, however, advised the parties that it would issue a
-30-
cautionary instruction to mitigate the danger of unfair prejudice.  Although
maintaining their objection, the defense agreed to a cautionary instruction and
succeeded in having the trial court read the instruction each time the issue of the car
burning was approached by a witness.  The cautionary instruction provided:
The witness . . . may allude in [his or] her testimony to certain
facts regarding or relating to the burning and destruction of a certain
automobile, which fact may constitute a crime.  
That crime, if any, is not a charged crime in this case. 
Therefore, you shall not infer from said testimony any guilt or
responsibility on the part of the defendant, Mr. Labrant Dennis,
whatsoever for that act.  
At trial, the State called Wallace in its case in chief and immediately
impeached her with the fact that she and Dennis maintained a relationship and had a
four-year-old child together.  Wallace testified that she dated Dennis for five and  a
half years, but indicated that they were merely friends in April 1996.  The State then
impeached her with a bond application Wallace completed in October 1996 wherein
she listed Dennis as her boyfriend.  After Wallace continued to deny that she
maintained a romantic relationship with Dennis in April 1996, the State impeached
her with the fact that when Dennis was arrested he was in her bed at 1 a.m. wearing
only underwear.
Following this line of questioning, the State proceeded to ask Wallace about
her car and Dennis’s access to it.  Wallace testified that Dennis drove her car on
-31-
occasion.  After Wallace testified that she had left her car on the weekend of April
12, 1996, at a friend’s house while she and several friends drove to Daytona in a
rental car, the following transpired:
[State]: 
Could the defendant have driven your car while you were 
away that weekend?
Wallace: 
No.
The State then went sidebar and indicated to the court that it wished to introduce
the car burning incident.  Puzzled, the court inquired of the State how Wallace’s
response prompted an inquiry into the matter.  The State responded that Wallace’s
answer was completely contrary to the State’s theory that Dennis used her car to
commit the murders:
Court: 
What I don’t understand [is] how did this particular 
question prompt this.
[State]: 
Because her answer was, No, he could not have driven the car.
It’s showing bias for the defense.  How could she have 
possibly known.
Court: 
How was it impossible?
[State]: 
We are going to show mere bias.  We are going to show she is
lying.  That’s the theory that came in.  She has complete bias
for the defendant.  She has given an incredible answer and we 
are showing that answer incredible and she has a bias to the 
defendant, which is evidenced by the fact.
That’s the theory that comes in and we waited very carefully 
until we were sure the door was open to the testimony.  
After extensive sidebar argument during which the defense argued that the State
failed to lay a proper predicate for impeachment, Wallace was examined outside the
-32-
presence of the jury.  During the voir dire examination by the State, Wallace
testified that she knew Dennis did not drive her car because she had her key with
her in Daytona.  Although she testified that he did not have her key and that she had
not given him a spare set, she conceded that he could have made a spare key on
one of the occasions he borrowed her car.  Following Wallace’s testimony, the
State argued that the evidence was admissible to demonstrate her bias because the
car burning incident demonstrated that there was at least one other key to the car in
addition to Wallace’s.  The trial court, over the defense’s continued objection,
allowed the State to examine Wallace on the car burning incident based on the
State’s representation that they had a detective available to testify that they received
another key to Wallace’s car in the mail during their investigation of the insurance
fraud case.  
When the State continued its direct examination of Wallace, the prosecutor
asked questions making it readily apparent that Wallace was aware of the
importance of her car in the State’s case before she had it burned.  Thereafter the
State asked Wallace about the incident and Wallace admitted being arrested and
convicted for the burning of her car.  Following that testimony the State introduced,
over a defense objection as to relevancy, three pictures of Wallace’s burned-out
car.  Those pictures were admitted into evidence.  
-33-
On cross-examination, the defense emphasized that the car burning incident
occurred only after the police had seized the car to search for evidence and
returned it.  Wallace testified that she was arrested for the car burning incident five
or six months after the police returned her car.
As promised, the State produced the testimony of Columbus Stafford, a
retired City of Miami police officer who investigated the car burning incident in July
1996.  Stafford identified registration papers indicating that Wallace was the owner
of the vehicle in question and indicated, without discussing the substance of any
statements, that he spoke to an anonymous person over the phone and
subsequently received an anonymous letter along with the key of the vehicle. 
Stafford testified that he turned the letter and key over to an agent of the National
Insurance Crime Bureau.  That agent, Robert Dean Love, also testified at trial. 
Love testified that the car was found in June of 1996 and that he received the letter
and key from Detective Stafford.  Love further testified that he went to see the
burned-out car and the key he was provided by Stafford opened the vehicle.  
Section 90.608, Florida Statutes (1997),  provides that “[a]ny party,
including the party calling the witness, may attack the credibility of a witness by: . .
.  (2) showing that the witness is biased.”  We review a trial court’s ruling on the
relevance of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard.  See Zack v. State,
5.  Section 90.403, Florida Statutes (1997), provides in relevant part:
Relevant evidence is inadmissible if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion
of issues, misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence. 
-34-
753 So. 2d 9, 16 (Fla. 2000).  While a party is free to demonstrate the bias of a
witness, the instant evidence was of dubious probative value in that regard and
should have been excluded on account of unfair prejudice.5
The relevance of the car burning to demonstrate bias centered around the
purpose the State ostensibly argued it was not offering the evidence for, i.e., that
Wallace burned the car to destroy potential evidence.  The State’s direct
examination was aimed in part at establishing that Wallace was aware of the
importance of her car in the investigation and therefore burned it once the police
returned it to her.  Given the fact that the police had already searched the car before
Wallace burned it, the evidence was of marginal probative value if any.  Moreover,
the State was able to demonstrate Wallace’s bias by examining her regarding her
relationship with Dennis.  Accordingly, even assuming a cogent argument could be
made that the evidence of the car burning was relevant to demonstrate Wallace’s
bias, the potential of unfair prejudice from the jury inferring that the car was burned
to destroy evidence greatly outweighed any probative value the evidence
-35-
possessed.  The trial court implicitly recognized the danger of unfair prejudiced
presented by the evidence by insisting on a cautionary instruction.  
Furthermore, the State’s claim that the probative value of the evidence lay in
its tendency to demonstrate that Wallace was lying when she testified that she had
only one key to her car is similarly problematic.  The evidence introduced to
substantiate Wallace’s conviction for insurance fraud did not demonstrate that
Wallace had possession of another key or provided a spare key to another person
to burn the vehicle, although the jury was undoubtedly invited to infer that fact from
Detective Stafford’s testimony that an anonymous individual sent the key and a
letter to police which implicated Wallace.  Moreover, Wallace’s testimony that she
only had one key was not nearly as probative as the State suggested.  In fact,
Wallace conceded that Dennis may have made a copy of her key on one of the
occasions he borrowed the car.  Therefore, even assuming the relevance of the
evidence to demonstrate bias, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion
in allowing the State to introduce evidence of Wallace’s burning of her car given its
marginal probative value and its tendency to suggest that Wallace burned the
vehicle to destroy evidence incriminating Dennis.  See Mansfield v. State, 758 So.
2d 636, 648 (Fla. 2000) (“We review a trial court’s ruling on a section 90.403
objection on an abuse of discretion standard.”). 
-36-
Although error, we find the admission of this evidence to be harmless error. 
See, e.g., Rodriguez v. State, 753 So. 2d 29 (Fla. 2000) (applying harmless error
analysis to the erroneous admission of evidence).  The evidence of the car burning
was not a feature of this lengthy trial, in which over forty witnesses took the stand. 
See, e.g., Consalvo v. State, 697 So. 2d 805, 813-14 (Fla. 1996) (holding
prosecutor’s closing argument, which highlighted the similarities between another
burglary and the charged offense where the burglary was not admitted for that
purpose, harmless error where the similarities between the crimes was not a feature
of the trial).  Further, the defense made the jury aware during its cross-examination
of Wallace that she burned the vehicle only after it was seized and searched by
police.  Moreover, Detective Romagni testified during cross-examination that the
search of Wallace’s vehicle netted no evidence.  The defense emphasized this point
to the jury in closing argument:
The burning of that vehicle had absolutely nothing to do with
this case.  The police had that vehicle.  They tested it in every way
imaginable and they found nothing.  So some act that she does that’s
illegal while he is in jail.  He has never been charged with that and he
has got nothing to do with it.  That vehicle was burned merely for
insurance fraud.  It had nothing to do with this incident.  The police
already tested it.  There was nothing there. 
While the State referenced the car burning in its closing, it did so as part of its
general attack on the credibility and perceived bias of Wallace, of which there was
6.  The following is the extent of the State’s discussion of Wallace’s burning
of her car in its closing argument:
He had a key to her car and she saw the key.  Watisha said “no”
he helped pay for my car, but he didn’t have a key.  Watisha who says
that the car was in the same exact spot and Watisha who a few weeks
after getting the car back from the police went out and burned it.
The car used in this homicide she burned it and she pled guilty
to burning it. . . .
By the way going back to Watisha.  She said that she and the
defendant were just friends and yet she told you that when he was
arrested he was undressed, in his underwear, in her bed.
What is she trying to hide here.  Columbus Stafford told you he
was investigating the arson of the car and somebody anonymous sent
the factory key in the mail.  Bob Love, the detective with the insurance
commission told you that it was a factory key.  It fit the car and two of
them usually comes [sic] with the car.  
-37-
ample evidence absent the introduction of the car burning.6  This coupled with the
fact that the jury was given a cautionary instruction prior to each instance in which
the subject was approached leads us to conclude that the error in the admission of
this evidence was harmless. 
In his next claim of error Dennis contends that the trial court erred in denying
his motion to suppress Nidia El-Djeije’s identification of Wallace’s car.  Dennis
argued that the identification was tainted as the product of an unduly suggestive
identification procedure as El-Djeije was shown only a photograph of Wallace’s car
and not other similar Nissans.  
-38-
At trial, El-Djeije testified that she worked as an attendant at a Miami Beach
Amoco station near Club Salvation on the night of April 12, 1996, until 8:30 a.m.
the following morning.  That night, El-Djeije called police when she became
suspicious of a black man dressed entirely in black wearing a hooded sweatshirt
standing next to a Nissan parked at the station.  In that call, the tape of which was
introduced at trial, El-Djeije described the vehicle as a gray four-door 1986 or 1987
Nissan.  Although not on the aforementioned tape, El-Djeije observed that the car
did not have a license plate.  Following the discovery of the bodies, Detective Juan
Sanchez of the Miami-Dade Police Department met with El-Djeije at the gas station
and showed her a photograph of Dennis’s car, a Mazda Protege.  El-Djeije told
Sanchez that she did not recognize the Mazda and informed him that the car she
saw was a Nissan.  Several weeks later Sanchez returned to the gas station and
showed her a picture of Wallace’s Nissan Sentra.  According to Sanchez, El-Djeije
identified Wallace’s car without hesitation.  
Dennis argues that this procedure was unduly suggestive.  We disagree.  A
two-pronged test is used to determine whether suppression of an out-of-court
identification is warranted: “(1) did the police use an unnecessarily suggestive
procedure to obtain the out-of-court identification; (2) and if so, considering all the
circumstances, did the suggestive procedure give rise to a substantial likelihood of
-39-
irreparable misidentification.”  Thomas v. State, 748 So. 2d 970, 981 (Fla. 1999). 
The factors to be considered in the determination of whether the identification of
the vehicle was reliable are all comparable to factors considered in a witness’s
identification of a suspect:
[T]he opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the
crime, the witness’ degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness’
prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty demonstrated by
the witness at the confrontation, and the length of time between the
crime and the confrontation.  
Pittman v. State, 646 So. 2d 167, 171 (Fla. 1994) (quoting Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S.
188, 199 (1972)).  
Although the State argues that there is no support to apply the
aforementioned analysis to the identification of physical evidence, this Court in
Pittman applied the aforementioned analysis to physical evidence.  
In Pittman, the defendant claimed error in the court’s admission of the out-
of-court identification of the defendant’s wrecker.  Pittman was convicted of
murdering three members of his estranged wife’s family in their home and burning
the home thereafter.  On the morning of the fire a construction worker noticed a car
belonging to one of the victims in a ditch near his job site and observed a
homemade wrecker approach the car.  Shortly thereafter he observed a cloud of
smoke coming from the car’s direction.  Later that evening the police drove the
7.  Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972).
-40-
witness to Pittman’s home to observe Pittman’s wrecker.  The witness was unable
to recognize the wrecker as it had been disassembled.  After the police reassembled
the wrecker, the police brought the witness back to Pittman’s home and the witness
positively identified the wrecker.  Another witness, who had observed a homemade
wrecker in the early morning hours following the murders, identified Pittman’s
wrecker weeks later from a photo-pak that consisted solely of photographs of
Pittman’s wrecker. 
In rejecting Pittman’s claim we explained: “We have reviewed the record and
find that, under the facts of this case, none of the identifications described above
were unduly suggestive under the Neil[7] test.  The first and second witnesses  had
a sufficient opportunity to view the wrecker and had given fairly accurate
descriptions before the in-person identification.”  We conclude similarly here.
El-Djeije’s initial description of Wallace’s car was fairly accurate.  She
accurately described the color and make of the car.  Moreover, she observed that
the vehicle did not have a license plate in the place where one would be typically
displayed.  The discrepancies in El-Djeije’s description were the proper subject of
cross-examination, but not sufficient to amount to a bar to admissibility.  
In his fifth claim of error Dennis argues that the trial court erred in allowing
-41-
the State to impeach its own witness, Jessie Pitts.  Pitts, who lived with Dennis in
April of 1996, was called by the State and impeached with proof of a prior
conviction for drug possession.  The State also impeached Pitts with prior
inconsistent statements.  Dennis claims that the State called Pitts in bad faith for the
sole purpose of impeaching him.  The record does not support Dennis’s claim.
In Morton v. State, 689 So. 2d 259 (Fla. 1997), we discussed the ability of a
party to impeach its own witness:
Obviously, no single rule can be delineated to cover all of the
circumstances under which parties will seek to impeach their own
witnesses.  Generally, however, if a party knowingly calls a witness for
the primary purpose of introducing a prior statement which otherwise
would be inadmissible, impeachment should ordinarily be excluded. 
On the other hand, a party may always impeach its witness if the
witness gives affirmatively harmful testimony.  In a case where a
witness gives both favorable and unfavorable testimony, the party
calling the witness should usually be permitted to impeach the witness
with a prior inconsistent statement.  Of course, the statement should
be truly inconsistent, and caution should be exercised in permitting
impeachment of a witness who has given favorable testimony but
simply fails to recall every detail unless the witness appears to be
fabricating.  In addressing these issues, trial judges must have broad
discretion in determining whether the probative value of the evidence is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or
confusion.  
Id. at 264.  Pitts had relevant testimony to give regarding his awareness of Dennis’s
whereabouts on the night of the crime as well as the fact that Lumpkins had left
Dennis and moved out of the apartment only a week prior to the murders. 
-42-
Accordingly, we can discern no evidence of bad faith on behalf of the State in
calling Pitts in its case in chief and, once called, he was subject to impeachment by
the introduction of his prior inconsistent statements. 
Dennis next argues that the trial court erred in admitting collateral evidence
that he stalked, threatened, and assaulted Lumpkins.  Dennis argues that this
evidence was not relevant to demonstrate motive or intent and should have been
excluded on grounds of unfair prejudice as it only demonstrated propensity.  
The evidence Dennis complains of came from several of Lumpkins’ family
members and friends who recounted incidents in which Dennis would stalk
Lumpkins.  Particularly, Lumpkins’ uncle described one incident in which Dennis
threatened to kill him and Lumpkins as he aimed a gun at both of them.  In sum, the
evidence depicted the turbulent and sometimes violent relationship between Dennis
and Lumpkins.  
With regard to the admissibility of prior crimes or bad acts, this Court has
stated:
Evidence of “other crimes” is not limited to other crimes with similar
facts.  So-called similar fact crimes are merely a special application of
the general rule that all relevant evidence is admissible unless
specifically excluded by a rule of evidence.  The requirement that
similar fact crimes contain similar facts to the charged crime is based
on the requirement to show relevancy.  This does not bar the
introduction of evidence of other crimes which are factually dissimilar
-43-
to the charged crime if the evidence of other crimes is relevant.  
Sexton v. State, 697 So. 2d 833, 836-37 (Fla. 1997) (quoting Bryan v. State, 533
So. 2d 744, 746 (Fla. 1988)); see also Pittman, 646 So. 2d at 170 (“[E]vidence of
bad acts or crimes is admissible without regard to whether it is similar fact evidence
if it is relevant to establish a material issue.”).  Moreover, “[a] trial court has broad
discretion in determining the relevance of evidence and such a determination will
not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” Sexton, 697 So. 2d at 837.  
Although certainly prejudicial, the evidence of the nature of Dennis’s
relationship with the victim was relevant to establish Dennis’s motive.  See Burgal
v. State, 740 So. 2d 82, 83 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999) (holding prior incidents of
domestic violence by the defendant against the victim were properly admitted to
prove motive, intent, and premeditation in prosecution for attempted first-degree
murder); Brown v. State, 611 So. 2d 540, 542 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) (holding that
evidence that the defendant had a rocky relationship with the victim and had
threatened to kill her if he caught her with another man was relevant to establish
motive in a prosecution for battery and attempted second-degree murder).  
Dennis next claims error in the State’s introduction of evidence that he had a
jealous character.  Katina Lynn, Dennis’s ex-girlfriend, testified concerning her
relationship with Dennis.  The defense, anticipating the State’s line of questioning,
-44-
objected and argued that any evidence of Dennis’s jealous character was irrelevant. 
The trial court overruled the defense’s objection, after which Lynn provided the
following testimony:
[State]: 
Ms. Lynn you told us [that] at the beginning of your 
relationship with the defendant you didn’t have any 
problems?
Lynn: 
No.
[State]: 
Did there come a time when you did begin having 
problems with the defendant?
Lynn: 
Like four to five months later.
[State]: 
And what was the basis of those problems?
Lynn: 
He was jealous that I was with Marlin [McGhee].
This was the extent of Lynn’s testimony regarding Dennis’s jealousy.  The
admission of this evidence was clearly improper. 
Section 90.404, Florida Statutes (1997), as to the admissibility of character
evidence provides:
(1) CHARACTER EVIDENCE GENERALLY.--Evidence of a
person’s character or a trait of character is inadmissible to prove
action in conformity with it on a particular occasion, except:
(a) Character of accused.--Evidence of a pertinent trait of
character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the
trait.
See also Flanagan v. State, 625 So. 2d 827, 829 (Fla. 1993) (“Establishing that a
defendant has a certain character trait in order to show he acted in conformity with
that trait on a certain occasion is forbidden by the rules of evidence.”).  The
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admission of this evidence was aimed solely at establishing propensity.  
Nevertheless, the erroneous admission of this evidence was harmless.  As
demonstrated by the above-quoted portion of Lynn’s testimony, her testimony as
to Dennis’s jealous character was extremely limited.  Moreover, the jury properly
heard substantial evidence of incidents in which Dennis’s jealousy manifested itself
in his relationship with Lumpkins.  
In his eighth claim on appeal, Dennis contends that the trial court erred in
admitting several autopsy photos of the victims over his section 90.403 objection. 
We disagree.  We have repeatedly emphasized that the “test for admissibility of
photographic evidence is relevance, not necessity.”  Mansfield v. State, 758 So. 2d
636, 648 (Fla. 2000).  Moreover, we review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility
of photographic evidence under an abuse of discretion standard.  Id.  
The photographs complained of by Dennis were relevant to demonstrate the
extent of the brutal injuries suffered by the victims, which were not visible in other
unobjected-to photographs.  Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in admitting the autopsy photographs.
We now turn to Dennis’s claims relative to the penalty phase.
Dennis first claims that the trial court’s sentencing order provides an
inadequate basis for review in that it contains several factual inaccuracies. 
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Specifically, Dennis claims that the court erred in rejecting the no significant history
of prior criminal activity mitigator and relied on several facts not in evidence in
applying the HAC aggravator. 
In examining the duty of the sentencing court in evaluating mitigating
circumstances offered by a defendant, this Court has stated:
When addressing mitigating circumstances, the
sentencing court must expressly evaluate in its written
order each mitigating circumstance proposed by the
defendant to determine whether it is supported by the
evidence and whether, in the case of nonstatutory factors,
it is truly of a mitigating nature. . . . The court next must
weigh the aggravating circumstances against the mitigating
and, in order to facilitate appellate review, must expressly
consider in its written order each established mitigating
circumstance.
Foster v. State, 778 So. 2d 906, 919-20 (Fla. 2000) (quoting Campbell v. State, 571
So. 2d 415, 419-20 (Fla. 1990)).  Despite Dennis’s arguments to the contrary, the
trial court’s sentencing order reveals a thorough consideration of the aggravating
and mitigating circumstances at issue.  
In support of its rejection of the mitigating circumstance of no significant
history of prior criminal activity, the trial court made the following findings:
(A) Family members testified regarding long periods of arguments and
anger in the relationship.  That during these arguments the Defendant
would physically abuse Ms. Lumpkins.
(B) That family members observed on more than one occasion the
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physical marks of abuse on Ms. Lumpkins.
(C) That Ms. Lumpkins related these incidents of physical abuse of
her by the Defendant to different family members.
(D) That at times after these periods of physical abuse there would be
a separation but the couple would almost invariably reunite.  However,
that during these periods Ms. Lumpkins feared the Defendant. 
(E) That an uncle of Ms. Lumpkins testified that the Defendant was
obsessive and possessive in his relationship with Ms. Lumpkins that
he would react violently at times towards her. 
Although some of the aforementioned findings are not supported by the record or
are inaccurate, none of these discrepancies are substantial.
As to the trial court’s finding that family members testified that during
arguments Dennis would physically abuse Lumpkins, none of the witnesses
produced at trial or during the penalty phase provided such testimony.  While the
trial court’s finding that “family members” observed the physical marks of abuse
on Lumpkins caused by the defendant was inaccurate, there was other testimony
that Lumpkins suffered injuries at the hands of the defendant.  For example,
Lumpkins’ best friend Chaka Kahn Williams testified that she observed a black eye
on Lumpkins that was inflicted by Dennis.  Detective Thomas Romagni also
testified that during an interview Dennis responded that he slapped Lumpkins on
occasion when Romagni asked whether Dennis and Lumpkins used violence
against one another during their relationship.  Moreover, the jury heard evidence
that Dennis threatened to kill Lumpkins with a gun.  
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In addition to this evidence, during the penalty phase, the State produced the
testimony of Lumpkins’ uncle Patrick McKeithan, who testified that during one
occasion in which Dennis was arguing with Lumpkins, Dennis struck him with a
gun.  According to McKeithan, a police report was filed, but Dennis was never
arrested and charges were never filed.  Additionally, Katina Lynn testified as to
several incidents in which Dennis became jealous and physically abused her. 
According to Lynn, there were several occasions in which Dennis threatened to kill
her with a gun, grabbed her by the neck, and banged her head against a wall.  As
with the other incidents, Dennis was never arrested nor were criminal charges filed. 
The State, however, is not limited to convictions when rebutting this mitigator.  See
Lucas v. State, 568 So. 2d 18, 22 n.6 (Fla. 1990) (“Arrests and other evidence of
criminal activity, without convictions, may be ‘significant’ and may rebut this
mitigator.”); Walton v. State, 547 So. 2d 622, 625 (Fla. 1989) (“Once a defendant
claims that this mitigating circumstance is applicable, the state 
may rebut this claim with direct evidence of criminal activity.”).  In sum,
notwithstanding the factual inaccuracies in the sentencing order, there was ample
evidence supporting the lower court’s rejection of this mitigating circumstance.
Similarly, the trial court’s findings supporting its application of the HAC
aggravator contained some factual inaccuracies regarding the nature of the victims’
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injuries.  These inaccuracies, however, were not essential to the trial court’s
findings.  The evidence was uncontroverted that both victims suffered horrible
injuries.  Any inaccuracies in the finer details of the injuries endured by the victims
were inconsequential to the HAC finding.  Cf. Sims v. State, 681 So. 2d 1112,
1118 (Fla. 1996) (holding discrepancy between mitigating circumstance considered
by court in its sentencing order and that on which the jury was instructed
inconsequential where the sentencing order made clear “that the judge properly
addressed and rejected both mitigating circumstances.”).  
We next turn to Dennis’s claim of error with regard to the trial court’s
finding of the CCP aggravator.  Dennis essentially argues that all of the evidence in
the case pointed to a “rage” killing, not a planned murder.  The trial court made the
following findings in support of the CCP aggravator:
Upon learning that his longtime girlfriend, Timwanika Lumpkins,
the mother of his child, had moved out of the location where they lived
with the help of Marlin Barnes, the Defendant began a thoughtful,
purposeful, deliberate and inevitable plan to murder the victims herein.  
The Defendant obtained the murder weapon, to-wit; a non-
working shotgun which along with other malfunctions had no stock on
it and no spring inside by which it could properly be loaded.  He
obtained this weapon in spite of the fact that he owned a working
handgun during this same period.  He borrowed this weapon from one
Joseph Stewart who was not even a close friend but who had found
the weapon abandoned and had possessed it for a long period of time. 
The Defendant returned the shotgun to its owner immediately after the
deed was done.  The only inference that can be drawn from this series
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of facts regarding the murder weapon is simply to that the Defendant
took pains to obtain and use a weapon that could not be traced to him. 
The Defendant used a vehicle the night of the murder which was
identified as a vehicle owned by the Defendant’s present girlfriend. 
This vehicle while having a license tag, said tag was not located in the
place where tags are usually displayed.  This particular tag was
displayed on the upper left side of the rear window.  A location where
a tag is much harder to see. 
The vehicle occupied by the Defendant was seen the night
immediately preceding the morning of the murders on Miami Beach
near a night club where the victims had gone to that evening to attend a
party.  The Defendant was clearly following and/or stalking the
victims. 
One of the tires of the vehicle used by the victims that evening
was punctured and the tire rendered flat disabling the vehicle.  The
puncture mark left in the tire of the vehicle was consistent with having
been made by a tool later shown to have been possessed by the
Defendant.  This disabling of the car delayed the victims from arriving
at the apartment.  A tow truck had to be ordered to tow the vehicle
and transport the victims from Miami Beach to Coral Gables.  This
took additional time.  This enabled the Defendant to arrive at the
apartment ahead of the victims and wait for the victims’ arrival. 
The evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt the
Defendant knew where Marlin’s apartment was located on the
University of Miami Campus because he had inquired and obtained
that information from a former girlfriend who knew. 
The trial court’s findings are amply supported by the record.
To prove the existence of the CCP aggravator, “the State must show a
heightened level of premeditation establishing that the defendant had a careful plan
or prearranged design to kill.”  Gore v. State, 784 So. 2d 418, 432 (Fla. 2001)
(quoting Bell v. State, 699 So. 2d 674, 677 (Fla. 1997)).  Moreover, “a trial court’s
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ruling on an aggravating circumstance will be sustained on review as long as the
court applied the right rule of law and its ruling is supported by competent
substantial evidence in the record.”  Gore, 784 So. 2d at 432. 
There is substantial evidence in the record supporting the trial court’s finding
of the CCP aggravator.  In addition to the record evidence recited in the trial
court’s sentencing order, Stewart testified that Dennis told him, “Don’t worry
about it.  Nobody would think to come here.  I just had to do what I had to do and
I didn’t even go in my car.”  Accordingly, we find no merit to Dennis’s argument. 
See, e.g., Zakrzewski v. State, 717 So. 2d 488, 492 (Fla. 1998) (affirming the trial
court’s finding of CCP where the defendant purchased the murder weapon the
morning prior to the murders and lay in wait at home for the arrival of the
victims--his wife and two children); Cummings-El v. State, 684 So. 2d 729, 731
(Fla. 1996) (finding the CCP aggravator where defendant threatened to kill his ex-
girlfriend with a gun several weeks before the murder, told the victim that if “he
could not have her no one could” shortly before the murder, and armed himself
with a knife, and waited outside the victim’s home until after she arrived and went
to sleep before committing the murder); Porter v. State, 564 So. 2d 1060, 1063-64
(Fla. 1990) (affirming CCP finding where the defendant previously threatened to kill
his former lover, staked out the victim’s house two days before the crimes, and
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stole the murder weapon).  
Dennis also claims error in the trial court’s finding of the HAC aggravator. 
Dennis argues that the evidence supports a finding that the murders took only a
matter of minutes and that the victims were struck with such force that they were
likely rendered unconscious well before their deaths.  This argument is wholly
without merit.  
We have explained that the HAC aggravator applies “only in torturous
murders-those that evince extreme and outrageous depravity as exemplified either
by the desire to inflict a high degree of pain or utter indifference to or enjoyment of
the suffering of another.”  Rose v. State, 787 So. 2d 786, 801 (Fla. 2001) (quoting
Guzman v. State, 721 So. 2d 1155, 1159 (Fla. 1998)).  
Both victims in this case suffered horrid injuries.  The medical examiner, Dr.
Gulino, testified that both victims suffered skull fractures as a result of the brutal
beating they endured.  Moreover, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that
the victims were conscious for at least part of the attack as they had defensive
wounds to their hands and forearms.  Further, the State’s blood stain pattern
expert, Toby Wolson, testified that the bloodiness of the crime scene and the
patterns of the blood stains strewn about the apartment supported the conclusion
that Barnes got to his feet and struggled about the room after Dennis had already
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left.  Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s application of the HAC
aggravator.  
In his penultimate claim, Dennis contends that the trial court erred in
according little or no weight to the extreme mental or emotional disturbance
mitigator.  The trial court rejected this mitigator largely on its finding of CCP. 
Dennis argues that this was error because the record does not support the
application of the CCP aggravator.  As we have already rejected Dennis’s claim
that the CCP aggravator is unwarranted in the instant case, we find the instant claim
without merit.  
Lastly, Dennis argues that the death sentence is not proportionate as this was
a crime of heated passion.  Dennis’s proportionality argument appears premised on
the notion that this Court has created a “domestic dispute” exception to the
imposition of the death penalty.  However, we have cautioned that our
proportionality review does not embrace such an exception:
[T]his Court has never approved a “domestic dispute” exception to
the imposition of the death penalty.  In some murders that result from
domestic disputes, we have determined that CCP was erroneously
found because the heated passions involved were antithetical to “cold”
deliberation.  However, we have only reversed the death penalty if the
striking of the CCP aggravator results in the death sentence being
disproportionate.
Way v. State, 760 So. 2d 903, 921 (Fla. 2000) (citations omitted).  
8.  The trial court in Way also found the CCP aggravator but did not rely on
that finding in support of its imposition of the death sentence.  See Way, 760 So.
2d at 920.  
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Moreover, as illustrated by the trial court’s findings in support of the CCP
aggravator, the record refutes Dennis’s claim that these murders were committed in
the heat of a domestic dispute.  Accordingly, given the substantial aggravation in
the instant case and the absence of any significant mitigation, we find the death
sentence proportional.  See Way, 760 So. 2d at 921 (finding death sentence
proportional in double murder where the defendant bludgeoned his wife and
daughter with a hammer and where the trial court found the prior violent felony
(contemporaneous murder), felony murder (arson), and HAC aggravators balanced
against no substantial mental mitigation);8 Porter v. Singletary, 564 So. 2d 1060,
1064 (Fla. 1990) (finding death penalty proportionate where the circumstances
“depict[ed] a cold-blooded, premeditated double murder”).  
Lastly, although not raised by Dennis, we have independently reviewed the
evidence and find it sufficient to support the convictions.  
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the convictions and sentences of death.  
It is so ordered.
WELLS, C.J., and SHAW, HARDING, LEWIS, and QUINCE, JJ., concur.
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ANSTEAD, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which
PARIENTE, J., concurs.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
ANSTEAD, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in the majority opinion in all respects, with the exception, however,
of its harmless error analysis concerning the erroneous admission and use of
evidence that the defendant’s girlfriend had her car burned and destroyed after it
was returned to her by the police.  The facts of this case are, of course,
horrendous, and, because this appears to be an otherwise error-free trial, this case
simply represents another instance where hard cases sometimes make bad law. 
The State had a strong case, but simply reached too far in attempting to prove the
defendant’s guilt of murder by his girlfriend’s act of arson.
As noted in the majority opinion, the State contended at trial that the burning
of the car and the girlfriend’s hearsay statement that the car was used in the
murders, “is the main crux of this case.”  Simple logic should tell us that improper
evidence that the State relies upon as “the main crux of the case” could hardly be
characterized as harmless.  The majority opinion itself makes this clear when it
correctly concludes that “the potential of unfair prejudice from the jury inferring
that the car was burned to destroy evidence greatly outweighed any probative value
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the evidence possessed” as potential impeachment of the girlfriend’s collateral
testimony about the keys to the car.
Tellingly, the majority opinion wholly omits any discussion of our landmark
opinion on harmless error in State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129 (Fla. 1986),
wherein we held that the State has the burden of demonstrating beyond a
reasonable doubt that there is no reasonable possibility that the jury relied on the
improper evidence in its deliberations and verdict.  To be sure, it would be patently
unreasonable to conclude that the jury would not consider evidence “that is the
crux of the case” in its deliberations.  Indeed, it appears that the State viewed the
burning car as the proverbial “smoking gun” to clinch the case.  It would be naive
to think that the jury would not similarly rely on this devastating evidence of the
girlfriend’s belief that her boyfriend was guilty of this heinous offense and that her
car was used in the crime.  
PARIENTE, J., concurs.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court, in and for Dade County,
Manuel A. Crespo, Judge - Case No. F96-13558
Bennett H. Brummer, Public Defender, and Louis Campbell and Christina A.
Spaulding, Assistant Public Defender, Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Miami, Florida,
for Appellant
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Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, and Curtis M. French, Assistant
Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida,
for Appellee