Title: City of Charlottesville v. Regulus Books, LLC
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 210414
State: Virginia
Issuer: Virginia Supreme Court
Date: June 9, 2022

PRESENT:  Goodwyn, C.J., Powell, Kelsey, McCullough, and Chafin, JJ., and Russell and 
Millette, S.JJ. 
 
CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE 
 
 
 
OPINION BY 
v.  Record No. 210414 
SENIOR JUSTICE LEROY F. MILLETTE, JR. 
 
 
 
June 9, 2022 
REGULUS BOOKS, LLC 
 
 
 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE 
Claude V. Worrell, Jr., Judge 
 
 
 
This case involves four issues.  First, whether a freelance writer’s business provides a 
service as defined by a business license tax ordinance.  Second, whether the freelance writer’s 
business falls under the ordinance’s catchall provision.  Third, if the ordinance’s catchall 
provision does cover the freelance writer’s business, whether the ordinance is unconstitutional as 
applied to the freelance writer because it is vague.  Finally, whether the costs of litigation were 
properly awarded. 
 
For the reasons stated below, we conclude the freelance writer’s business does not 
provide a service.  We further conclude the freelance writer’s business is not covered by the 
ordinance’s catchall provision, and therefore do not reach the question of whether the ordinance 
is unconstitutionally vague as applied to the freelance writer.  Because we find the freelance 
writer’s business is not covered by the ordinance, we uphold the circuit court’s decision to order 
the city to refund the freelance writer his tax payments.  As to the issue of litigation costs, we 
find the circuit court erred by awarding costs not essential for the prosecution of the suit and 
therefore reverse and remand the case to the circuit court to deduct such costs from its award. 
 
 
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I. BACKGROUND 
 
Regulus Books, LLC (“Regulus”) is a limited liability company solely owned by Corban 
Addison Klug (“Klug”); Regulus is the holding company for all the rights, transactions, and 
income related to Klug’s literary works.  Klug, who is a graduate of the University of Virginia 
School of Law, has published several internationally-received legal fiction novels focusing on 
international human rights.  Klug is also working on other as-yet unpublished fiction and non-
fiction projects.  Regulus has entered into several contracts that grant various publishers the 
license to produce, publish, distribute, and sell specific works by Klug, and Regulus has received 
advance payments on Klug’s behalf for at least some of his uncompleted projects. 
 
In 2018, Klug filed a Virginia income tax return, attaching thereto a Schedule C to 
indicate that he derived business income in the City of Charlottesville (“City”).  This prompted 
the City to check its records to confirm whether Klug obtained a business license for his 
business; the City could not locate a business license issued to Klug or to Regulus.  As such, the 
City wrote Klug to inform him that the Code of the City of Charlottesville (“City Code”) 
“require[s] those engaging in a business, trade, profession, occupation or calling” within the City 
to obtain a business license.  Persons and entities possessing a business license are subject to 
City Code Section 14 (“Ordinance”), which outlines the City’s business, professional, and 
occupation license (“BPOL”) tax ordinance and provides: 
Except as otherwise provided herein, there shall be assessed and collected by the 
commissioner a license tax, at the rates and/or in the amounts specified herein following, 
with respect to each business for which a license is required by this chapter, except that 
no license tax shall be assessed and collected from any person whose gross receipts from 
a business subject to licensure are one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) or less. 
 
(City Code § 14-15(a)).  As such, the City requested information about Klug’s business as well 
as his income therefrom for the tax years 2015 up to 2018. 
 
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Klug responded with a letter, asserting that the Ordinance does not apply to him because 
he “offer[s] no goods or services to the public[,]” has “no physical storefront or shingle[,]” 
“do[es] not advertise[,]” has no employees, has no inventory, and offers a “product” that is 
intangible intellectual property.  Alternatively, Klug asserted that if the City insisted that the 
Ordinance applies to him, then it should explain how it proposed to classify him for purpose of 
the business license tax.  He stated that the Ordinance did not identify freelance authors in its 
coverage, and he explained that he cannot be classified as a professional because he does not 
offer knowledge-based services.  Klug indicated that the classification “book publisher” 
appeared to be the closest classification for his type of work—but he reiterated he is an author, 
not a publisher offering goods and services to the public. 
 
The City replied that “[i]n general, any sort of self-employed endeavor, which produces 
income, requires obtaining a business license.  Further, the Tax Commissioner for the 
Commonwealth of Virginia opined in Public Document 04-137 that an author is subject to 
licensure and payment of the BPOL tax.”  The City explained that a business is defined as 
a course of dealing which requires the time, attention and labor of the person so engaged 
for the purpose of earning a livelihood or profit.  It implies a continuous and regular 
course of dealing, rather than an irregular or isolated transaction. . . . The following 
activities shall create a rebuttable presumption that a person is engaged in a business: (i) 
advertising or otherwise holding oneself out to the public as engaged in a particular 
business or (ii) filing tax returns, schedules and documents that are required only of 
persons engaged in a trade or business. 
 
(emphasis supplied in the City’s letter reply); City Code § 14.2).  The City concluded that Klug’s 
writing activity is subject to the business license requirement and that “[e]ntities such as [Klug’s] 
would typically be classified as a ‘miscellaneous business/personal service’ in [the City’s] tax 
system[.]” 
 
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The City assessed a business license tax on Regulus’ income from Klug’s writing activity 
for the tax years 2015 to 2018; the total assessment was $2,177.22.  Regulus did not immediately 
comply with payment, but after being assessed a penalty and interest for its delinquency, Regulus 
paid the amount of $2,461.23 under protest.  When the Commissioner sent an assessment for 
2019, however, Regulus refused to pay. 
 
Instead, Regulus filed a complaint and application for relief from the assessment in the 
circuit court.  Regulus argued that the Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague because it contains 
a catchall provision covering repair services, business services, and personal services, but it does 
not define those terms and its definition for the separate terms of “business” and “service” do not 
assist reasonable persons in determining whether they will be taxed.  Regulus averred that the 
Ordinance gave the City “unconstrained discretion to decide who must pay.”  As such, Regulus 
sought a refund of its payment for tax, penalties, and interest, as well as a declaration that the 
Ordinance is unconstitutional. 
 
In response, the City filed a demurrer, which the circuit court overruled.  The City 
thereafter filed an answer and a motion for summary judgment.  The City contended that the 
Ordinance’s broad definition of the terms “business” and “service” make it clear and 
unambiguous that Regulus is required to apply for a business license.  The City added that the 
regulations of the Virginia Department of Taxation (“Department”), which are contained in the 
Virginia Administrative Code, omit the definitions of the terms “repair service,” “personal 
service,” and “business service” because those terms apply to all services not classified as 
financial, real estate, or professional—thereby creating a catchall subclassification that is 
required to be broadly construed.  The City pointed out that the Ordinance also contains a 
catchall subclassification.  Specifically, City Code § 14-19(i)(12) taxes “[a]ny other repair, 
 
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personal or business service not specifically included in any other subclassification” at a rate of 
$0.36 per $100.  The City argued that Regulus’ services “clearly fall into the catchall category.” 
 
Regulus also filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that the Ordinance is not clear 
and unambiguous either as to the subject of the tax or the amount of the tax, and as such it is 
unconstitutionally vague per this Court’s precedent. 
 
At the hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, the City argued that the 
Ordinance is not void for vagueness simply because a person is “not able to figure out what [he] 
ha[s] to pay” and asserted that Regulus’ assertions did not overcome the Ordinance’s 
presumption of constitutionality.  The circuit court took under advisement Regulus’ claim as to 
vagueness of the Ordinance. 
 
The circuit court issued a letter opinion granting Regulus’ vagueness challenge.  The 
circuit court observed that a statute’s vagueness is evaluated by asking whether it (1) gives 
persons of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited, so that they 
may act accordingly, and (2) provides explicit standards to those in charge of its application.  
The circuit court disagreed that Regulus provided a service to Klug’s publishers.  It also 
disagreed that Regulus’ business is covered by the Ordinance because (1) the Ordinance does not 
include authors and holders of their works from its listing of eight classes of businesses and 
specific identification of over 130 professions, and (2) placing Regulus’ activity under the 
Ordinance’s catchall provision was “forced, strained, or contrary to reason.”  The circuit court 
reasoned that per this Court’s precedent, the Ordinance is vague because it is “[t]he imposition of 
a license tax on any unnamed business [that] rests solely in the hands of the commissioner of [] 
revenue.”  The circuit court concluded that Regulus’ business cannot be taxed under an 
ordinance that is unconstitutionally vague as to Regulus. 
 
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The circuit court incorporated its letter opinion in its final order, granting Regulus’ 
motion for summary judgment and denying the City’s motion for summary judgment as to 
Regulus’ vagueness claim.  The circuit court ordered the City to refund Regulus in the amount of 
$2,461.23 and further ordered payment of costs in the amount of $767.20.  The amount of costs 
awarded was supported by an itemized list, which included the cost of filing, process service 
fees, transcript fees, transcript shipping fees, pro hac vice admission fees, and fees for case file 
copy requests. 
 
The City subsequently appealed the circuit court’s decision to this Court, and we granted 
the appeal.  In its first assignment of error, the City asserts that the circuit court erred in finding 
the Ordinance was unconstitutionally vague.  In its second assignment of error, it contends the 
circuit court erred in determining that Regulus produces books and therefore did not provide a 
service.  The City further claims the circuit court erred in finding Regulus does not fall under the 
Ordinance’s catchall provision in its third assignment of error.  Lastly, the City asserts in its 
fourth assignment of error that the circuit court erred in awarding Regulus transcript fees, 
transcript shipping fees, pro hac vice admission fees, and fees for case file copy requests. 
II. ANALYSIS 
A. The Ordinance’s Application to Regulus 
 
Regulus neither provides a service under the Ordinance, nor falls under the Ordinance’s 
catchall provision for “repair, personal or business service[.]”  Questions of statutory 
interpretation are pure questions of law that this Court reviews de novo.  City of Charlottesville 
v. Payne, 299 Va. 515, 527 (2021).  Statutes imposing taxes are generally construed against the 
Commonwealth and in favor of the taxpayer.  Kohl’s Department Stores, Inc. v. Virginia 
Department of Taxation, 295 Va. 177, 187 (2018). 
 
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The City concluded that the catchall provision for “repair, personal or business service” 
applied to Regulus and thus obligated it to obtain a business license because it performed 
“miscellaneous business/personal service[s.]”  City Code § 14-19(i)(12).  The Ordinance defines 
services as “services purchased by a customer which do not have physical characteristics, or 
which are not goods, wares, or merchandise.”  City Code § 14-2.  Black’s Law Dictionary 
defines service as “[l]abor performed in the interest or under the direction of others;” it is “the 
performance of some useful act or series of acts for the benefit of another, usu[ally] for a fee,” 
and “denotes an intangible commodity in the form of human effort, such as labor, skill, or 
advice.”  Black’s Law Dictionary 1643 (11th ed. 2019).  Service is also commonly defined as 
“useful labor that does not produce a tangible commodity.”  Webster’s Third New International 
Dictionary 2075 (1993). 
 
Neither party contests that Regulus was conducting business under the Ordinance.  
However, while the Ordinance does not define “business service,” Regulus’s commercial activity 
cannot constitute a “business service” because it does not fall under the more general term of 
“service,” as defined by the Ordinance or in accordance with the word’s ordinary meaning.  Klug 
writes literary manuscripts and Regulus operates as the holding company for all the rights, 
transactions, and income related to his literary works.  Klug, through Regulus, has entered into 
contracts with publishers, granting them the license to produce, publish, distribute, and sell his 
works.  Regulus has even received advance payments on behalf of Klug for some incomplete 
projects.  Writing a literary work then licensing that work to a publisher as Klug does through 
Regulus is not performing a service.  Regulus’ publishers do not pay it any kind of fee for 
service but rather pay Regulus an advance against royalties that will accrue from book sales.  As 
Regulus asserts, the publishers more accurately fit the Ordinance’s definition of a service than 
 
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Regulus.  Accordingly, Regulus does not fit within the Ordinance’s definition of service because 
it does not provide a “service[] purchased by a customer.”  City Code § 14-2. 
 
Additionally, Regulus produces written manuscripts that are later sold as books that are 
goods with physical characteristics.  Therefore, it fails to fit the Ordinance, Black’s Law 
Dictionary, and Webster’s Third New International Dictionary’s definitions of a “service” as not 
having a physical characteristic or not producing a tangible commodity.  Even if one were to 
view Regulus as providing the publishers with the right to publish Klug’s works, thereby 
providing the publishers an intangible commodity, the right to publish does not fit the ordinary 
meaning of service as it does not take “the form of human effort, such as labor, skill, or advice.”  
Black’s Law Dictionary 1643 (11th ed. 2019). 
 
Here, the circuit court ruled in favor of Regulus, finding that the Ordinance was 
unconstitutionally vague as applied to Regulus.  This Court does “not hesitate, in a proper case, 
where the correct conclusion has been reached but the wrong [or a different] reason given, to 
sustain the result and assign the right ground.”  Taylor v. Northam, 300 Va. 230, 251 (2021) 
(quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 612, 617 (2010)).  This Court is entitled to affirm on 
alternate grounds if the record supports such grounds.  City of Charlottesville v. Sclafani, 300 
Va. 212, 222 (2021).  Therefore, this Court may affirm the circuit court’s decision to award 
judgment in favor of Regulus and to order the City to refund Regulus the amount it paid under 
the City’s tax assessment upon the grounds that the Ordinance does not apply to Regulus. 
 
Regulus does not provide a service under the Ordinance and does not fall under the 
Ordinance’s catchall provision.  Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment. 
 
 
 
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B. The Circuit Court’s Award of Costs 
 
The circuit court erred in awarding Regulus certain litigation costs.  A circuit court’s 
award of costs is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.  Manchester Oaks 
Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Batt, 284 Va. 409, 429 (2012). 
 
Code § 17.1-601 provides that generally “the party for whom final judgment is given in 
an action or motion shall recover his costs against the opposite party.”  However, the costs 
contemplated by Code § 17.1-601 only include those “essential for prosecution of the suit, such 
as filing fees or charges for service of process.”  Chacey v. Garvey, 291 Va. 1, 10 (2015).  This 
Court elaborated in Advanced Marine Enterprises, Inc. v. PRC Inc., 256 Va. 106 (1998), that 
“expert witness fees, and expenses for express mail service, messengers, meals, law clerk 
‘temporaries,’ computer-based legal research, ‘library research,’ photocopies, parking, taxicabs, 
telephone calls, and transcripts” were not essential for the prosecution of a suit and thus not 
recoverable under Code § 17.1-601.  Id. at 126.  Like the fees in Advanced Marine Enterprises, 
Regulus’s transcript fees, transcript shipping fees, pro hac vice admission fees, and fees for case 
file copy requests were not essential for the prosecution of the suit.  Therefore, Regulus may not 
recover these fees under Code § 17.1-601. 
III.  CONCLUSION 
 
For the foregoing reasons we find no error in the circuit court’s judgment ordering the 
City to refund Regulus its tax payments.  As to the circuit court’s award of litigation costs, we 
find the circuit court erred and therefore reverse and remand the case to the circuit court solely to 
modify its award of costs. 
Affirmed in part,  
reversed in part, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
      and remanded.