Title: ROSSER-MOON FURNITURE CO. v. HARRIS
Citation: 131 P.2d 1004, 191 Okla. 607, 1942 OK 336
Docket Number: 
State: Oklahoma
Issuer: Oklahoma Supreme Court
Date: October 6, 1942

ROSSER-MOON FURNITURE CO. v. HARRIS Annotate this Case ROSSER-MOON FURNITURE CO. v. HARRIS 1942 OK 336 131 P.2d 1004 191 Okla. 607 Case Number: 30645 Decided: 10/06/1942 Supreme Court of Oklahoma ROSSER-MOON FURNITURE CO. v. HARRIS Syllabus ¶0 1. APPEAL AND ERROR--Waiver of error in admission of evidence not within issues by failure to object when question asked. Ordinarily, where a party fails to object to evidence, inadmissible because not within the issues made by the pleadings, at the time the question is asked, he will be deemed to have acquiesced in the introduction of the evidence and to have waived all objections to its admissibility, and he will not be heard to complain of its introduction on appeal. 2. TRIAL --Incompetent evidence not objected to given same force and effect as legal evidence. Evidence, inadmissible because not within the issues presented by the pleadings, which is admitted without objection, is to be considered and given the same force and effect as if it were legally admissible. 3. APPEAL AND ERROR--Pleadings considered amended to conform to proof where evidence was not within issues but was not objected to. Where evidence is introduced, without objection, which is inadmissible because not within the issues, on appeal the Supreme Court may consider the pleadings as amended to conform to the proof where the amendment would have been proper at the trial. 4. APPEAL AND ERROR--Harmless error--Allowing amendments or considering pleadings amended to conform to proof introduced without objection. The courts have a wide discretion in allowing amendments to pleadings which are in furtherance of justice, and error in allowing amendments, or in considering pleadings amended to conform to proof introduced without objection, will not justify a reversal by the Supreme Court where the substantial rights of the adverse party are not prejudicially affected, in view of the provisions of the harmless error statutes (12 O. S. 1941 §§ 78, 636; 22 O. S. 1941 § 1068) when considered with the provisions of 12 O. S. 1941 § 317, authorizing amendment of pleadings. 5. SAME--In action on account on appeal answer considered as amended to conform to proof showing payment introduced without objection though payment not pleaded in answer. Where, in an action on account, in which the answer is by general denial, the defendant introduced evidence of payment, without timely objection being made to such evidence, and the trial court enters judgment for the defendant, and where the plaintiff does not claim it was taken by surprise or that it had further evidence to offer on the issue of payment and asked no continuance to meet such issue, on appeal this court will consider the answer as amended to conform to the proof showing payment, and, where the evidence reasonably tends to support the judgment the same will not be disturbed. Appeal from District Court, Pontotoc County; Tal Crawford, Judge. Action by the Rosser-Moon Furniture Company against Sam Harris, doing business as the Harris Hotel. Judgment for defendant, and plaintiff appeals. Affirmed. C. F. Green, of Ada, and A. C. Saunders, of Tulsa, for plaintiff in error. Pryor & Wallace, of Wewoka, for defendant in error. HURST, J. ¶1 Plaintiff, Rosser-Moon Company, sued the defendant Sam Harris to recover the balance due on an account for labor and material furnished in upholstering and repairing furniture. A jury was waived, and from a judgment for defendant, the plaintiff appeals. ¶2 The plaintiff argues that error was committed in two respects, (1) in admitting evidence of payment when the defendant had not specifically pleaded payment as a defense, and (2) in overruling plaintiff's demurrer to defendant's evidence and entering judgment for defendant. 1. Defendant's answer consisted of a general denial, and it is clear that it did not present the issue of payment. Sullins v. Domer, 176 Okla. 45 , 54 P.2d 391 . However, the record discloses that the defendant was permitted, without objection on the part of plaintiff, to testify that the account had been paid to plaintiff's agent who had handled the transaction. The plaintiff thereafter objected to a question propounded to defendant as to whether the agent still owed defendant, on the ground that payment was not pleaded, and the objection was sustained. Defendant's wife was permitted to testify, without objection, that the account had been paid, but immediately thereafter, and after defendant's attorney had finished questioning her, the plaintiff objected to the answer and moved that it be stricken. ¶3 This was overruled. Thereafter, plaintiff introduced evidence tending to negative payment. Under this record we cannot say that error was committed in admitting evidence of payment. By failing to timely (64 C. J. 173; 26 R. C. L. 1046) object to such evidence, the plaintiff acquiesced in its introduction and cannot now be heard to contend that it was not admissible. McKee v. Thornton, 79 Okla. 138 , 192 P. 212; 64 C. J. 168; 26 R. C. L. 1052. 2. The question, then, is whether the trial court had a right to consider the answer as amended to conform to the proof so as to present the issue of payment. ¶4 It is well settled, on both reason and authority, that evidence, inadmissible because not within the issues presented by the pleadings, which is admitted without objection, is to be considered and given weight for all purposes the same as if it were legally admissible. Sanley v. Wilkinson, 107 Okla. 54 , 229 P. 574; 64 C. J. 225. ¶5 In view of our harmless error statutes (12 O. S. 1941 §§ 78, 639; 22 O. S. 1941 § 1068), it is the duty of the courts to disregard technical errors in pleadings and procedure which do not adversely affect the substantial rights of the parties. Under the statute providing for amendments after the issues are made up (12 O. S. 1941 § 317), the courts have a wide discretion in allowing amendments which are "in furtherance of justice." Ellis v. Boggs, 187 Okla. 544 , 104 P.2d 244 ; West's Okla. Digest, Pleading, § 236; 49 C. J. 472, § 597; 21 R. C. L. 572, § 127). The section also restricts amendments to those which do "not change substantially the claim or defense," but if the trial court does commit error in allowing an amendment which does "change substantially the claim or defense," contrary to said provision, such error is to be disregarded where it "does not affect the substantial rights of the adverse party" as provided in section 78, above. This is the view expressed by the Kansas court before sections 78 and 317 were adopted in Oklahoma. Stevens v. Matthewson (1891) 45 Kan. 594, 26 P. 38. See, also, Pomeroy's Code Remedies (4th Ed.) pp. 439-441. Under this construction of said sections of our statutes, this and other courts have been quite liberal in allowing amendment of petitions (see Snider v. Windsor, 77 Kan. 67, 93 P. 600; Z. J. Fort Produce Co. v. Southwestern Grain & Produce Co., 26 Okla. 13 , 108 P. 386; Trower v. Roberts, 30 Okla. 215 , 120 P. 617; E. Van Winkle Gin & Machine Works v. Brooks, 53 Okla. 411 , 156 P. 1152; Purdy v. Foster, 109 Okla. 57 ; 234 P. 760; Bliss on Code Pleading (3rd Ed.) ch. 20, §429; Pomeroy's Code Remedies (4th Ed.) pp. 632-639; 49 C. J. pp. 498-500, 509-513), and there is even more liberality in allowing amendment of answers. See 49 C. J. 529; Bliss on Code Pleading (3rd Ed.) ch. 20, § 430; Bancroft's Code Pleading, vol. 1, ch. 27, § 548. Thus it is held that an answer may be amended by setting up a distinct defense which must be affirmatively pleaded. Bancroft's Code Pleading, vol. 1, ch. 27, §§ 549-553; Bliss on Code Pleading (3rd Ed.) ch. 20, § 430; 49 C. J. pp. 537-539. ¶6 It follows that where, as here, evidence of payment was introduced without objection, and the answer is amendable so as to present the issue of payment, it was for the trial court to give to such evidence the weight to which it was entitled, and to consider the answer as amended to conform to the proof. Mulhall v. Mulhall, 3 Okla. 252 , 41 P. 577; Barnsdall Nat. Bank v. Dykes, 136 Okla. 226 , 277 P. 219; West's Okla. Digest, Appeal and Error, § 889. ¶7 The plaintiff did not ask for a continuance to meet the issue of payment, and did not in the trial court, and does not here, claim that it was taken by surprise or that it has any further evidence to offer on the issue of payment. ¶8 This being an action of legal cognizance, and there being evidence introduced without objection reasonably tending to support the judgment, it is our duty to consider the answer as amended to conform to the proof so as to present the defense of payment and to affirm the judgment. Board of County Com'rs of Pottawatomie County v. A. C. Davis & Sons, 184 Okla. 258 , 86 P.2d 782 ; West's Okla. Digest, Appeal and Error, §§ 889, 1008 (2). ¶9 Affirmed. ¶10 RILEY, OSBORN, DAVISON, and ARNOLD, JJ., concur. GIBSON, J., concurs in conclusion. BAYLESS, J., dissents. WELCH, C. J., and CORN, V. C. J., absent.