Title: State v. Santos-Vega
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 104485
State: Kansas
Issuer: Kansas Supreme Court
Date: March 21, 2014

1 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 104,485 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee, 
 
v. 
 
JOSE SANTOS-VEGA, 
Appellant. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
The phrase referring to arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of "either the child 
or the offender, or both" in K.S.A. 21-3504 defining aggravated indecent liberties with a 
child does not create an alternative means crime.  
 
2. 
When jury unanimity is at issue, there are three sequential questions presented. 
The first is whether the appellate court is presented with a multiple acts case. This 
determination is a question of law over which an appellate court exercises unlimited 
review. 
 
3. 
When there is a multiple acts case, the second question presented when jury 
unanimity is at issue is whether error was committed. In multiple acts cases, either the 
State must have informed the jury which act to rely upon in its deliberations or the court 
must have instructed the jury to agree on the specific criminal act. The failure to elect or 
instruct is error. 
 
2 
 
 
 
 
4. 
When the State has not informed the jury which act to rely upon in its 
deliberations and the trial court has failed to instruct the jury to agree on a specific 
criminal act in a multiple acts case, the third question is whether the error warrants 
reversal or was harmless. The test for harmlessness when a unanimity instruction was not 
requested or its absence not objected to is the clearly erroneous standard, as provided in 
K.S.A. 22-3414(3). 
 
5. 
K.S.A. 22-3423(1)(c) permits a trial court to declare a mistrial because of 
prejudicial conduct, in or outside the courtroom, that makes it impossible to proceed with 
the trial without injustice to the defendant or the prosecution. Applying the statute, a trial 
court must engage in a two-step analysis. First, the trial court must decide if there is some 
fundamental failure of the proceeding. If so, in the second step, the trial court must assess 
whether it is possible to continue the trial without an injustice. This means the trial court 
must determine whether the damaging effect can be removed or mitigated by admonition 
or instruction to the jury. If not, the trial court must determine whether the degree of 
prejudice results in an injustice and, if so, declare a mistrial.  
 
6. 
As a general rule, a district court's ruling on a motion for mistrial is reviewed for 
abuse of discretion. On appeal, the rubric to decide whether the trial court abused its 
discretion in deciding if there was a fundamental failure in the proceeding varies with the 
nature of the alleged misconduct, such as whether the allegation is based on the actions of 
a witness, the actions of a bystander, prosecutorial misconduct, or evidentiary error.  
 
 
3 
 
 
 
7. 
To determine if a nonconstitutional error makes it impossible to proceed with the 
trial without injustice and requires a mistrial, a court must assess whether the 
fundamental failure affected a party's substantial rights under K.S.A. 60-261 and K.S.A. 
60-1205. But if the error implicates a constitutional right under the United States 
Constitution, the effect of that error must be assessed under the constitutional harmless 
standard in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, reh. 
denied 386 U.S. 987 (1967).  
 
8. 
If the fundamental failure determined to exist in the consideration of a motion for 
mistrial infringes upon a right guaranteed by the United States Constitution, the trial court 
should apply the constitutional harmless error standard defined in Chapman v. California, 
386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, reh. denied 386 U.S. 987 (1967), in which 
the error may be declared harmless when the party benefitting from the error proves 
beyond a reasonable doubt that the error will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial 
in light of the entire record, i.e., when there is no reasonable possibility the error 
contributed to the verdict. An appellate court will use the same analysis to review the trial 
court's determination regarding constitutional harmless error.    
 
9. 
Under Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619, 96 S. Ct. 2240, 49 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1976), 
the use of a defendant's silence at the time of arrest and after receiving the warnings 
required pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 
reh. denied 385 U.S. 890 (1966), for impeachment purposes violates the Due Process 
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.   
 
 
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10. 
Cumulative trial errors, when considered collectively, may be so great as to 
require a defendant's convictions to be reversed. The test is whether the totality of 
circumstances substantially prejudiced the defendant and denied the defendant a fair trial. 
 
11. 
In a cumulative error analysis, if any of the errors being aggregated are 
constitutional in nature, the cumulative error must be harmless beyond a reasonable 
doubt. 
 
12. 
In conducting a cumulative error analysis, an appellate court examines the error in 
the context of the record as a whole, considering how the district court dealt with the 
errors as they arose, including:  (a) the efficacy, or lack of efficacy, of any remedial 
efforts; (b) the nature and number of errors committed; and (c) the strength of the 
evidence. No prejudicial error may be found if the evidence is overwhelming against the 
defendant. 
 
Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; ROBERT P. BURNS, judge. Opinion filed March 21, 2014. 
Reversed and remanded. 
 
Michael J. Bartee, of Michael J. Bartee, P.A., of Olathe, argued the cause and was on the brief for 
appellant.  
 
Mollie R. Hill, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Jerome A. Gorman, district 
attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with her on the brief for appellee. 
 
5 
 
 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
BILES, J.:  Jose Santos-Vega appeals his convictions for aggravated indecent 
liberties with a child and the corresponding hard 25 life sentences imposed under 
Jessica's Law, K.S.A. 21-4643. He raises six issues:  (1) whether alternative means 
existed for his aggravated indecent liberties charges; (2) whether the district court erred 
in failing to give a unanimity jury instruction; (3) whether the district court erred in 
denying a mistrial after a law enforcement officer violated an order in limine by 
volunteering that Santos-Vega invoked his postarrest right to remain silent and describing 
the circumstances of that invocation; (4) whether cumulative error denied Santos-Vega a 
fair trial; (5) whether his hard 25 life sentences are disproportionate in violation of § 9 of 
the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights; and (6) whether the lifetime postrelease 
supervision and electronic monitoring portions of his sentences are illegal. 
 
We reverse Santos-Vega's convictions and remand his case to the district court for 
a new trial. We hold the cumulative impact of the failure to give a unanimity instruction 
in this multiple acts case and the detective's violation of an order in limine, which 
implicated Santos-Vega's constitutional right to remain silent and violated his right to due 
process, substantially prejudiced his right to a fair trial. As the party benefitting from both 
trial errors, the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that these errors did not 
contribute to the guilty verdicts. We do not reach the sentencing issues.  
 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
 
The State charged Santos-Vega with four sex offenses involving two children who 
occasionally stayed at the home where Santos-Vega was living during the summer of 
2008. A jury acquitted him of two counts of rape of 15-year-old S.S., but convicted him 
of two counts of aggravated indecent liberties with a child under K.S.A. 21-
 
6 
 
 
 
3504(a)(3)(A) as to 11-year-old S.T. We focus on the allegations involving S.T. because 
of those convictions. 
 
Santos-Vega lived with his girlfriend, LaT'isha Stone, in the Kansas City, Kansas, 
home of her mother and her mother's boyfriend, who was S.T.'s father. S.T. came to stay 
with her father for about a month around the Fourth of July in 2008. 
 
On March 16, 2009, S.S. reported to police that Santos-Vega had raped her 
repeatedly during June 2008 while S.S. was staying at the home. During the course of 
investigating those claims, S.S. said S.T. had told her and the other occupants of the 
house that Santos-Vega was touching S.T. in an inappropriate manner. S.T. was referred 
to Sunflower House, a children's advocacy center in the Kansas City metropolitan area, 
where she was interviewed. 
 
A video recording of S.T.'s Sunflower House interview was played for the jury. In 
it, S.T. said she stayed with her dad for about a month around July 4, 2008. She 
acknowledged she was at Sunflower House to talk about Santos-Vega touching her in the 
"wrong spot." She said this touching happened three times. 
 
The first time, she said, occurred while she was asleep facing the back of a living 
room couch when Santos-Vega woke her up, put his hand under her pants and panties, 
and touched her with the palm of his hand on her "hoo hoo," which she later identified on 
a diagram as her vagina. She said she knew it was Santos-Vega because she recognized 
his voice telling her to wake up. She guessed the touch lasted 5 minutes. She said she told 
Santos-Vega to stop, but he continued until she slapped him on the face and he went into 
Stone's bedroom. S.T. said she thought this happened about 6 a.m., but was not sure. 
When Santos-Vega left, she said she thought she got up to go to the bathroom and then 
went outside to jump on the trampoline. 
 
7 
 
 
 
 
The second incident, S.T. said, happened the next day and occurred the same way 
as the first. She said the third incident happened the day after the second and was also the 
same. She said she believed all incidents took place around 6 a.m. and that another child, 
7-year-old U.H., was also sleeping in the living room when the incidents occurred. 
 
S.T. said she told Stone what happened 4 or 5 days after the last incident and that 
Stone made her tell her dad, Stone's mother, and S.S. as a group. When asked what her 
dad did in response, she guessed that he had called and told someone to arrange the 
Sunflower House interview.  
 
At trial, S.T. testified Santos-Vega touched her on her "hoo hoo" with his hand, 
under her clothes. She could not recall what, if anything, he was doing with his hand. She 
said Santos-Vega was standing in front of her when she woke, did not say anything, and 
touched her for about 3 seconds. She said she then slapped him twice. The second 
incident happened the next day, when S.T. said the same thing happened. The third 
happened the day after that, and was the same, except it ended when S.T. got up to use 
the restroom. S.T. said the third incident was the last.  
 
 
On cross-examination, S.T. said she told her family the first and third incidents 
might have happened at 6 a.m. and the second might have happened at 11 p.m. She said 
she did not see Santos-Vega but recognized his voice. She then admitted Santos-Vega 
probably did not say anything. 
 
 
The other witnesses' testimony about what S.T. had told them varied. Stone 
testified S.T. told her Santos-Vega touched her on the upper leg but could not remember 
where Santos-Vega touched her when her father asked. S.T.'s father testified that S.T. had 
said Santos-Vega touched her above the thigh, below the belly button, but above the 
 
8 
 
 
 
genitals. Stone also testified that she had a dog that would scratch and cry if anyone got 
up in the night, implying that Santos-Vega could not have left their room without her 
knowing about it. 
 
 
Santos-Vega testified and denied sexually molesting or touching either child or 
doing anything inappropriate to them. He said he worked as a painter during the summer 
of 2008, got up around 6:15 a.m., started work around 6:30 or 7 a.m., returning home 
around 5 p.m. or later. He said Stone's mother usually got up around 6 a.m. to feed her 
cats. He said Stone was always with him when he was at home, except when he was in 
the backyard with S.T.'s dad. He said he always woke Stone up when he got up out of 
their bed and would tell Stone if he got up at night. He emphasized there was never a 
time when he got up at night without letting Stone know where he was going or what he 
was doing. 
 
 
U.H., the 7-year-old who also stayed at the home that summer, testified as a 
defense witness. She said she slept on the living room floor next to where S.T. slept on 
the couch. U.H. said she never saw anything odd going on with S.T. and never saw or 
heard anyone come into the room while she was sleeping there. On cross-examination by 
the State, U.H. admitted she was a somewhat heavy sleeper. 
 
 
Additional facts specific to the unanimity instruction and the mistrial motion are 
discussed in the analysis. 
 
 
The jury returned guilty verdicts on the two aggravated indecent liberties charges 
involving S.T. The district court sentenced Santos-Vega to concurrent hard 25 life 
sentences. Santos-Vega timely appealed. Jurisdiction is appropriate under K.S.A. 22-
3601(b)(1) (life imprisonment, off-grid crime; appeal docketed prior to July 1, 2011). 
 
 
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ALTERNATIVE MEANS 
 
 
Santos-Vega argues first that K.S.A. 21-3504(a)(3)(A) sets out alternative means 
of committing aggravated indecent liberties with a child based on its requirement that the 
offender specifically intend "to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or 
the offender, or both." This argument is without merit. 
 
 
Since Santos-Vega filed his appeal, this court has consistently held that the phrase 
referring to arousing or satisfying the sexual desires of "either the child or the offender, 
or both" does not create alternative means of committing aggravated indecent liberties 
with a child. State v. Newcomb, 296 Kan. 1012, 1015-16, 298 P.3d 285 (2013); State v. 
Britt, 295 Kan. 1018, 1025-26, 287 P.3d 905 (2012); State v. Brown, 295 Kan. 181, 201-
02, 284 P.3d 977 (2012). At oral argument, Santos-Vega's counsel conceded this issue 
has been resolved against his client. 
 
UNANIMOUS JURY VERDICT 
 
 
Santos-Vega next argues his right to a unanimous jury verdict was violated 
because the district court failed to give a unanimity instruction; i.e., the jury was not told 
to unanimously agree upon the specific act underlying each of his two convictions. He 
notes the State charged him with two identically worded counts of aggravated indecent 
liberties with a child, but S.T. testified about three incidents, each occurring on a different 
day. 
 
In a multiple acts case, several acts are alleged and any one of them could 
constitute the crime charged. State v. Foster, 290 Kan. 696, 712, 233 P.3d 265 (2010); 
State v. Davis, 275 Kan. 107, 115, 61 P.3d 701 (2003). This creates the potential for 
 
10 
 
 
 
uncertainty as to whether the jury unanimously agreed upon any particular act to convict 
on each specific charge. See State v. Voyles, 284 Kan. 239, 248, 160 P.3d 794 (2007).  
 
The State agrees it presented a multiple acts case and did not inform the jury 
which act to rely on for each charge. Because of that, the State concedes the district court 
erred by not instructing the jury to unanimously agree on the specific act underlying each 
conviction. But the State attempts to salvage these convictions by arguing the omission 
was not clear error requiring reversal. Santos-Vega acknowledges he did not request a 
unanimity instruction. 
 
Standard of Review 
 
A defendant has a right to a unanimous jury verdict. See K.S.A. 22-3421; K.S.A. 
22-3423(1)(d); Foster, 290 Kan. at 712. When a violation of this right is asserted, an 
appellate court must determine first whether it is presented with a multiple acts case. This 
is a question of law over which the appellate court exercises unlimited review. Voyles, 
284 Kan. at 244. If the case is a multiple acts case, the appellate court must then 
determine whether error was committed because either the State must have informed the 
jury which act to rely upon for each charge during its deliberations or the district court 
must have instructed the jury to agree on the specific criminal act for each charge in order 
to convict. The failure to elect or instruct is error. See 284 Kan. at 244-45. When there is 
error, the final question is whether the error warrants reversal or was harmless. The test 
for harmlessness when a unanimity instruction was not requested or its absence not 
objected to is the clearly erroneous standard articulated in K.S.A. 22-3414(3). 284 Kan. at 
252-53. In other words, an appellate court must be firmly convinced that under the facts 
the jury would have returned a different verdict if the unanimity instruction had been 
given. See State v. King, 297 Kan. 955, 979-80, 305 P.3d 641 (2013); see also State v. 
Trujillo, 296 Kan. 625, 631, 294 P.3d 281 (2013) (noting court's decision to omit the 
 
11 
 
 
 
"real possibility" language from Voyles test to avoid confusion with the constitutional 
harmless error test).  
 
Discussion 
 
The parties correctly recognize error occurred because the State did not inform the 
jury which act to rely upon in its deliberations to convict Santos-Vega on each count of 
aggravated indecent liberties and the district court failed to give a unanimity instruction. 
These failures are particularly noteworthy in this case because during its deliberations the 
jury actually questioned why Santos-Vega was charged with two offenses when the 
testimony showed S.T. was fondled three distinct times. Inexplicably, the district court 
simply referred the jury back to the original written instructions without addressing the 
jury's actual inquiry. The jury's question should have triggered recognition that a multiple 
acts problem presented itself and that a unanimity instruction was an appropriate 
response, which would have had no adverse consequences on review. These 
circumstances leave us with the only remaining question whether there was clear error as 
defined in our caselaw.  
 
In Voyles, the failure to give a unanimity instruction was not harmless and 
amounted to clear error under the facts of that case. 284 Kan. at 255. The defendant was 
convicted of four counts of aggravated criminal sodomy and four counts of aggravated 
indecent solicitation—two of each offense for each of the two victims. The problem was 
that the evidence yielded "a number of factually separate incidents . . . from which the 
jury could have found [defendant] guilty of aggravated criminal sodomy and/or 
aggravated indecent solicitation of a child." 284 Kan. at 253. The court noted at least 20 
separate acts could be inferred from the victims' differing accounts to support the 
convictions on the 8 charged offenses. This was because the victims' and other witnesses' 
 
12 
 
 
 
trial testimonies were inconsistent as to when, where, and how many times incidents 
occurred over a several month period. 284 Kan. at 253-54. 
 
The failure to give a unanimity instruction in Voyles was clear error because the 
jury had several incidents from which to choose—in part because of inconsistent victim 
testimony—in convicting defendant on each count. Accordingly, the court could not 
ascertain whether the jury believed the aggravated solicitation counts related to each 
victim were based on the same fact episodes as the aggravated sodomy counts. 284 Kan. 
at 253-54. 
 
But the court reached a different result in Foster, holding that the failure to give a 
unanimity instruction was harmless, i.e., it did not amount to clear error. 290 Kan. at 716. 
In Foster, the victim testified the defendant raped her twice, but the defendant was 
charged with only one count of rape. Foster's defense was a general denial. On appeal, 
Foster argued Voyles mandated reversal because the victim gave different accounts of the 
crime, not providing all the details until her final statement to police. 
 
The Foster court rejected this argument because the victim's trial testimony was 
consistent with her police statement and there were never any significant contradictions 
from any other version of the events given by the victim. The court distinguished Voyles, 
noting that the inconsistent statements at issue in that case specifically dealt with the 
dates, times, locations, and other relevant details to the "separate-but-distinct issue in the 
multiple acts analysis." 290 Kan. at 716. In contrast, the court explained:  "The [Foster] 
jury did not have to pick among contradicting accounts from differing victim[s'] 
statements to piece together the elements of the offense charged in order to find [the 
defendant] committed rape." 290 Kan. at 716. In addition, there was other evidence in 
Foster such as truck stop receipts and DNA that supported the victim's testimony and 
refuted Foster's alibi.  
 
13 
 
 
 
 
Reasonable people might differ in assessing whether the unanimity error in this 
case requires reversal. The facts supporting the aggravated indecent liberties charges 
against Santos-Vega lie somewhere between the circumstances described in Foster and 
Voyles. For example, S.T.'s Sunflower House interview was consistent with her trial 
testimony as to where and how many times the incidents occurred and the general manner 
in which they were perpetrated. But the testimony of other occupants of the house, 
including S.T.'s father, about what S.T. had told them had happened added important 
variations to her version of events. And unlike Foster, there was no physical evidence to 
corroborate S.T.'s testimony or refute Santos-Vega's general denial. Finally, we have the 
jury itself expressing some bewilderment with the lack of alignment between the three 
incidents described and the two counts charged against the defendant, which should have 
prompted the trial court to take some remedial step. See State v. Wade, 295 Kan. 916, 
922, 287 P.3d 237 (2012) (commenting about the "common prophylaxis" of repeating 
already given PIK instructions as answers to jury questions and observing that "[o]ne 
might ponder how obvious it would be to a lay juror that the judge would answer the 
jury's legal question with definitions that had absolutely nothing to do with the 
question").   
 
In the end, it is unnecessary to reach a conclusion whether this unanimity error 
standing alone is enough to firmly convince this court the jury would have returned a 
different verdict if the proper election had been made by the State or a unanimity 
instruction had been given. As we discuss next, a second error of substantial magnitude 
combines with the unanimity error to compel reversal for a new trial.   
 
 
14 
 
 
 
DENIAL OF THE MOTION FOR MISTRIAL 
 
Santos-Vega argues next that the district court erred when it denied his motion for 
a mistrial after a detective, who was called as a State's witness, violated an order in 
limine and Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 619, 96 S. Ct. 2240, 49 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1976), by 
testifying that Santos-Vega invoked his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 
86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, reh. denied 385 U.S. 890 (1966). Santos-Vega contends 
this violated his constitutional rights. Additional facts are necessary to put this claim into 
context. 
 
Additional facts 
 
Prior to trial, the district court granted Santos-Vega's request for an order in limine 
prohibiting the State, its witnesses, and others acting on its behalf from "presenting any 
evidence, statement, or insinuation" concerning "any comment, reference, or insinuation 
that [Santos-Vega] did not cooperate with the investigation of the charges while 
exercising his constitutional rights to remain silent and seek the assistance of counsel."  
 
As part of its case-in-chief, the State called detective John Hudson, who had 
investigated the charges against Santos-Vega. During cross-examination by defense 
counsel, Hudson described a probable cause affidavit he had prepared, when the 
following exchange occurred: 
 
"Q. Okay. And this affidavit, Detective Hudson, was prepared with what information that 
you had in your possession at the time? 
 
"A. I had the information based on the statements, based on the allegations made by 
the—by [S.T.] and [S.S.], and which time it was forwarded. Your client refused to give 
me a statement, so I didn’t have his version of the events. He was given an opportunity to, 
 
15 
 
 
 
he asked for an attorney and so he invoked his rights, so I did not get his version of the 
events. He was explained his charges, what was going on. He got this look in his eye and 
he sunk his head down like—and he said I want an attorney." (Emphasis added.) 
 
Santos-Vega's attorney promptly asked to approach the bench and moved for a 
mistrial, arguing the detective not only violated the pretrial order in limine, but also made 
"a negative inference with regard to my client exercising his constitutional right to remain 
silent in this matter." Counsel characterized this testimony as unsolicited, volunteered, 
and highly prejudicial. 
 
The State responded that the detective's testimony was responsive to defense 
counsel's open-ended question and contended further that defense counsel should have 
controlled the witness better and "cut him off" if the answer drifted away from what had 
been asked. The district judge ruled: 
 
 
"Well, I understand. The response probably expanded upon what you were 
looking for, but, when you're getting into the affidavit, you know, you're asking him what 
information he had at the time it was prepared, and so—I mean I'm— 
 
. . . . 
 
" . . . You can get into that he had a constitutional right to remain silent and so 
forth, but you've also represented to the jury that [Santos-Vega]'s going to take the stand, 
and so he will give his explanation at that time, so at this point I'm denying the motion for 
a mistrial. Let's move on."  
 
After this ruling, Santos-Vega's attorney resumed cross-examination, during which 
he initiated two more exchanges with the detective at different points in the questioning 
about Santos-Vega's Miranda invocation. The detective testified the invocation was noted 
in the affidavit; that the detective believed all citizens enjoy the right to consult attorneys 
before divulging information to the police; and admitted the detective did not hold the 
invocation against Santos-Vega. 
 
16 
 
 
 
 
The State did not reference the Miranda invocation during the remainder of the 
trial, and neither counsel requested a special instruction or admonition. The district court 
did not give a special instruction or admonition or take any remedial action on its own to 
minimize the detective's statements. 
 
After his convictions, Santos-Vega moved for a new trial due in part to the 
detective's revelation of and characterizations about the Miranda invocation. He argued 
the statements violated the order in limine and prejudiced Santos-Vega before the jury. 
The district judge denied the motion based on its earlier ruling during trial, adding, "[I] 
don't see anything at this point which would cause me to review that and come to a 
different conclusion." 
 
Standard of Review 
 
A district court may declare a mistrial if prejudicial conduct, in or outside the 
courtroom, makes it impossible to proceed without injustice to the defendant or the 
prosecution. See K.S.A. 22-3423(c)(1). When a district court evaluates a mistrial motion 
it employs a two-step process. First, it determines if there was a fundamental failure in 
the proceeding. If so, it next determines if it is possible to continue without injustice by 
examining whether the damaging affect can be removed by admonition, jury instruction, 
or other action. If not, the court must determine whether the degree of prejudice results in 
an injustice; and if so, it should then declare a mistrial. State v. McCullough, 293 Kan. 
970, 980, 270 P.3d 1142 (2012) (citing State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, 550, 256 P.3d 801 
[2011], cert. denied 132 S. Ct. 1594 [2012]). 
 
On appeal, the district court's disposition of the motion is reviewed for abuse of 
discretion. McCullough, 293 Kan. at 980-81. Abuse of discretion occurs when judicial 
 
17 
 
 
 
action is (1) arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, i.e., if no reasonable person would have 
taken the view adopted by the trial court; (2) based on an error of law, i.e., if the 
discretion is guided by an erroneous legal conclusion; or (3) based on an error of fact, i.e., 
if substantial competent evidence does not support a factual finding on which a 
prerequisite conclusion of law or the exercise of discretion is based. The reviewing court 
also follows a two-step process to determine whether the district court abused its 
discretion in determining if there was a fundamental failure in the proceeding and 
whether it abused its discretion in deciding whether the conduct resulted in prejudice that 
could not be cured or mitigated through jury admonition or instruction, resulting in 
injustice. 293 Kan. at 980-81 (citing Ward, 292 Kan. at 550-51).  
 
To determine whether an error makes it impossible to proceed with the trial 
without injustice and requires a mistrial, a court must assess whether the fundamental 
failure affected a party's substantial rights under the harmless error statutes, K.S.A. 60-
261 and K.S.A. 60-2105, if a right guaranteed by the United States Constitution is not 
implicated; but if a constitutional right is implicated, the error must be assessed under the 
constitutional harmless error standard in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 
824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, reh. denied 386 U.S. 987 (1967). See Ward, 292 Kan. at 569. 
 
Under either scenario, the test is whether the error affected substantial rights, 
meaning whether the error affected the trial's outcome. If the fundamental failure 
infringes upon a right guaranteed by the United States Constitution, the trial court should 
apply the constitutional harmless error standard defined in Chapman, in which case the 
error may be declared harmless when the party benefitting from the error proves beyond a 
reasonable doubt the error will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the 
entire record, i.e., when there is no reasonable possibility the error contributed to the 
verdict. Ward, 292 Kan. at 569. An appellate court uses the same analysis to review the 
trial court's determination regarding harmless error. Ward, 292 Kan. at 570. 
 
18 
 
 
 
 
Discussion 
 
We have no hesitancy in concluding the district court abused its discretion in its 
handling of the motion for mistrial. The district court's ruling was based on erroneous 
conclusions of both fact and law. 
 
At least implicitly, the district court's inactions suggest it found the detective's 
answer was responsive to defense counsel's question, but that was obviously wrong. The 
detective was asked only what information he had to prepare the affidavit. He answered 
instead by explaining what information he did not have and then embellishing on that 
nonresponsive reply by explaining why he did not have more information, i.e., Santos-
Vega "invoked his rights" by refusing to give a statement and asking for an attorney. 
Even more egregiously, the detective colorfully described how Santos-Vega "got this 
look in his eye and he sunk his head down . . . and . . .  said I want an attorney." None of 
this was called for by the simple question from counsel about what information the 
detective had in his possession in preparing the affidavit. 
 
A similar scenario was faced in State v. Gadelkarim, 256 Kan. 671, 887 P.2d 88 
(1994), disapproved on other grounds by State v. Gunby, 282 Kan. 39, 144 P.3d 647 
(2006). In Gadelkarim, defense counsel was questioning a police officer about his report 
and asked if the officer "had determined the defendant could not be interviewed after his 
arrest," and the witness said the defendant "invoked Miranda." 256 Kan. at 684. On 
appeal, the defendant argued this testimony violated his due process rights. The court 
noted the invited error rule, but performed a harmless error analysis after observing that 
"the invited error rule cannot be used as a pretext for the violation of a defendant's 
constitutional rights where there is no justification for so doing." 256 Kan. at 685. 
 
 
19 
 
 
 
Intrinsically, violations of orders in limine have a prejudicial effect because the 
requisite for obtaining such orders is showing that the mere offer or reference to the 
excluded evidence would tend to be prejudicial. The primary purpose of an order in 
limine, after all, is to prevent prejudice during trial. See State v. Crume, 271 Kan. 87, 
100-01, 22 P.3d 1057 (2001) (describing nature and purpose of motions/orders in limine): 
State v. Galloway, 268 Kan. 682, 690, 1 P.3d 844 (2000) ("The purpose of an order in 
limine is to exclude inadmissible evidence from trial, recognizing that the mere offer of 
inadmissible evidence at trial can prejudice the jury."); see also State v. Sanders, 263 
Kan. 317, 323, 949 P.2d 1084 (1997) (noting police testimony that defendant terminated 
interrogation arguably barred by order in limine—was "possibly improper," but 
concluding defendant failed to demonstrate degree of prejudice necessary for reversal); 
State v. Massey, 242 Kan. 252, 265, 747 P.2d 802 (1987) (holding nonresponsive police 
testimony in violation of order in limine prejudicial and determining whether, despite 
violation, it was possible to proceed without injustice to defendant). 
 
The importance of compliance with orders in limine has been underscored by our 
caselaw imposing a duty on prosecutors to instruct their witnesses about the existence 
and contents of such orders as a guard against improper testimony. See State v. Kidd, 293 
Kan. 591, 598, 265 P.3d 1165 (2011) (considering prosecutorial misconduct when 
prosecutor conceded he failed to instruct witness about order in limine); State v. Wittsell, 
275 Kan. 442, 454, 66 P.3d 831 (2003) (when court issues order in limine, prosecutor has 
duty to inform State's witnesses of order and any subjects improper for testimony); 
Crume, 271 Kan. at 101 (even absent a limiting order, prosecutor has duty to guard 
against statements made by State's witnesses containing inadmissible evidence).  
 
Beyond this, the detective's testimony implicated Santos-Vega's rights under the 
United States Constitution. The use of a defendant's postarrest, post-Miranda silence for 
impeachment purposes violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to 
 
20 
 
 
 
the United States Constitution. Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619; see Gadelkarim, 256 Kan. at 685 
("It is well established that it is constitutionally impermissible for the State to elicit 
evidence at trial of an accused's silence at the time of arrest and after the accused has 
received the Miranda warnings."); cf. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444-45. The detective's 
testimony clearly imbued the defendant with guilt as he described how Santos-Vega "got 
this look in his eye, and he sunk his head down like—and he said I want an attorney." 
 
The detective's comments are a textbook example of evidence the State may not 
use against a defendant under Doyle. The detective established in just a few sentences 
that Santos-Vega invoked his Miranda rights to remain silent and have an attorney 
present immediately after the charges were explained to him. See Doyle, 426 U.S. at 619; 
State v. Tully, 293 Kan. 176, 186-87, 262 P.3d 314 (2011). Both the United States 
Supreme Court and this court have emphasized the importance of respecting the 
protections of Doyle because "every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous." Doyle, 
426 U.S. at 617; see Tully, 293 Kan. at 192-93.  
 
We hold that the district court abused its discretion in failing to treat the detective's 
volunteered and nonresponsive testimony as a fundamental failure in the trial 
proceedings. Santos-Vega's rights as protected by Miranda and Doyle were violated. 
 
 
We must consider next whether this error was harmless to the degree of certainty 
applicable to constitutional errors, as defined in Chapman. To do so, we examine the 
error in the context of the record as a whole, considering how the district court dealt with 
the error as it arose, including any remedial efforts. Ward, 292 Kan. at 569-70. In this 
respect, the district court's response to the motion for mistrial was to suggest that defense 
counsel dive deeper with the detective into the subject of Santos-Vega's Miranda 
invocation, which arguably would have compounded the problem rather than minimized 
it. The district court gave no admonition or curative instruction to the jury. 
 
21 
 
 
 
 
In Tully, this court considered the defendant's claim that the State violated his 
rights under Miranda and Doyle when it attempted, while cross-examining him, to 
impeach his credibility by referencing his postarrest silence. The verdict against the 
defendant hinged upon whether the jury believed the defendant's or the victim's testimony 
about whether intercourse between the two was consensual. After holding the cross-
examination violated Miranda and Doyle, we noted such violations necessarily impact 
defendants' credibility. See 293 Kan. at 193-94. And because credibility was outcome-
determinative, "any error that impacted Tully's credibility had a reasonable possibility of 
contributing to the verdict and [could not] be declared harmless." 293 Kan. at 194. 
 
In Santos-Vega's case, we are faced with a very similar circumstance in that the 
guilty verdicts had to depend on who the jury believed—S.T. or Santos-Vega. There is no 
physical evidence to add weight to the State's case. And it is not beyond reason that the 
jury rejected Santos-Vega's denial that any wrongdoing occurred based on nothing more 
than the detective's improper embellishments as to how Santos-Vega "got this look in his 
eye and he sunk his head down . . . and . . . said I want an attorney" when he was told of 
the charges against him and invoked his constitutional rights. But because the detective's 
testimony was not the only defect in Santos-Vega's trial, we need not rest our decision on 
this error alone. 
 
CUMULATIVE ERROR 
 
Cumulative trial errors, when considered collectively, may have so great an impact 
on the trial as to require a defendant's convictions to be reversed. The test is whether the 
errors substantially prejudiced the defendant and denied the defendant a fair trial under 
the totality of the circumstances. See Tully, 293 Kan. at 205-06, 207. And if any of the 
errors being aggregated are constitutional in nature, their cumulative effect must be 
 
22 
 
 
 
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In conducting this analysis, an appellate court 
examines the errors in the context of the record as a whole, considering:  (1) how the 
district court dealt with the errors as they arose, including the efficacy, or lack of 
efficacy, of any remedial efforts; (2) the nature and number of errors committed and their 
interrelationship, if any; and (3) the strength of the evidence. See 293 Kan. at 205-06 
(citing Ward, 292 Kan. at 569-70, 577). No prejudicial error may be found if the evidence 
is overwhelming against the defendant. Tully, 293 Kan. at 206 (citing State v. Colston, 
290 Kan. 952, Syl. ¶ 15, 235 P.3d 1234 [2010]). 
 
We hold Santos-Vega was denied a fair trial in this credibility contest by the 
aggregate impact of the Doyle violation, complete with the detective's histrionic 
emphasis, and the lack of unanimity between the evidence and the charges being 
deliberated, which remained unexplained despite the jury's obvious confusion. The State 
has not established beyond a reasonable doubt that the combined effect of these errors did 
not affect the jury's verdicts. Given this outcome, we need not consider the remaining 
issues relating to sentencing. 
 
Judgment of the district court is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the district 
court for a new trial.