Title: People v. Webb
Citation: 458 Mich. 265, 580 N.W.2d 884
Docket Number: 104587
State: Michigan
Issuer: Michigan Supreme Court
Date: July 21, 1998

Decided July 21, 1998.
Rehearing Denied September 10, 1998.
*885 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, John McBain, Prosecuting Attorney, Richard D. Hitt, Special Prosecutor, and Jerrold Schrotenboer, Chief Appellate Attorney, Jackson, for People.
State Appellate Defender by P.E. Bennett, Detroit, for Defendant-Appellant.
MALLETT, Chief Justice.
This is a murder case in which the defendant offered the defense of insanity. Following his conviction on one murder count, the defendant argued in the Court of Appeals that the circuit court abused its discretion in restricting the testimony of his psychiatric expert. The Court of Appeals affirmed, finding no error. We believe that the circuit court did err, but we likewise affirm. On this record, the error was harmless.
We also modify the judgment of the Court of Appeals with regard to the nature of the sentencing procedure that should be followed when a defendant is acquitted of one offense by reason of insanity, but is convicted of another offense. In such a situation, a defendant is properly sentenced to the custody of the Department of Corrections and shall receive evaluation and treatment of any mental illness pursuant to M.C.L. § 768.36; M.S.A. § 28.1059.
In November 1990, the defendant shot and killed his father and his father's friend. The shootings took place at the father's home, where the defendant also lived. A short time before, the father ordered the defendant, then nineteen years old, to move out of the house.
During the defendant's youth, the relationship between him and his father had been tumultuous. According to the defendant, his father was physically abusive and had a substantial drinking problem. Over the years, the defendant had engaged in a variety of aggressive and antisocial behaviors, some directed against his father and some directed against others. At one point, the defendant attempted to burn down his father's house.
After the shootings, the defendant made some efforts to conceal the crime; however, he was soon apprehended. He was charged with two counts of open murder and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. M.C.L. §§ 750.316, 750.227b; M.S.A. §§ 28.548, 28.424(2).
The defendant offered an insanity defense. His expert witness was Andrew S. Watson, M.D., a retired professor of law and of psychiatry.[1] The prosecution expert was William A. Decker, M.D., a former administrator of the Department of Mental Health's hospital in Kalamazoo.
*886 Pursuant to M.C.L. § 768.20a(6); M.S.A. § 28.1043(1)(6),[2] each expert prepared and submitted a report. Dr. Watson's eight-page report and Dr. Decker's seven-page report, both typed single-spaced, began with a list of prior sources that each doctor examined. By title, and without summary of content, Dr. Watson listed thirty-seven various letters, reports, and other materials that he had reviewed before meeting the defendant. Dr. Decker listed thirty-nine such items, including Dr. Watson's report. Each doctor then described at length the information and the impressions garnered during an interview with the defendant. Dr. Watson's report concluded with these observations:
Dr. Decker reached a different conclusion:
The defendant was tried in May 1992. After defense counsel offered his opening statement, the assistant prosecutor rose to object:
*887 Judge, I guess, other than that the statute requires that he lists that he's mentally ill; he doesn't do that. He doesn't say that he's insane in the report. It says that he's got to list sanity or insanity. What I presume what [defense counsel] is going to do is have Mr. Watson testify that Ronnie Webb was mentally ill and was insane at the time of the shooting. He doesn't say it in his report, Your Honor. I either want him stricken or limited to what he puts forth in his report in compliance with the statute.
The objection was discussed by the attorneys and by the judge, and the subject was treated again, at length, the following day. Defense counsel protested that "the prosecutor is trying to suggest to this court that the expert has to repeat in his report the words used by the legislature in the law, and that is not my understanding of the intent of the legislature." Defense counsel argued that Dr. Watson's report provided "exactly" what the statute required and responded, "How the prosecutor can suggest to the Court that that does not say that the man was mentally ill at the time is beyond me."
The circuit court refused to bar the defense of insanity or the testimony of Dr. Watson. The court noted that, early in his report, Dr. Watson wrote that "[t]he purpose of this evaluation is to ascertain whether Ronnie Webb's capacity to understand and to conform his behavior to the requirements of the law...." Given Dr. Watson's final conclusion that the defendant had exhibited "the manifestations of mental illness required by law in an insanity pleading," the circuit court evidently found that the report contained, with sufficient clarity, a finding of mental illness and insanity.[3]
The court then ruled:
When asked to clarify the ruling, the court added that Dr. Watson would not be permitted to testify on the basis of facts adduced by other witnesses during the trial.
Dr. Watson testified at length on behalf of the defendant. During the course of his testimony, he pushed the limits of the court's evidentiary ruling, prompting numerous objections from the assistant prosecutor. In response, the circuit court several times reaffirmed its earlier ruling that Dr. Watson's testimony would be restricted to what was contained in his report. In these exchanges, the court indicated that Dr. Watson could not testify regarding the factual background supplied by the thirty-seven documents that he had reviewed and that were listed at the beginning of his report.
Despite the objections of the assistant prosecutor, and the trial court sustaining those objections, Dr. Watson was able to testify fully regarding this matter. A review of his wide-ranging testimony, spread across two days of trial and almost two hundred pages of transcript, reveals that he was able to present a full exposition of his views and of the facts and theories that were the bases for his conclusions. In short, Dr. Watson was a forceful witness who, notwithstanding the trial court's rulings, found ways to provide the jury with the information that he wished to share.
The jury returned its verdict on the tenth day of trial. With regard to the murder of his father, it found the defendant not guilty by reason of insanity. However, he was found guilty, but mentally ill, of second-degree murder in the shooting death of his *888 father's friend. The jury also found the defendant guilty of two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.
For the murder of his father's friend, the defendant was sentenced to serve twenty-five to fifty years in prison and an additional two years, to be served consecutively, for each of the felony-firearm convictions.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the defendant's convictions.[4] Among the claims rejected by the Court of Appeals was the defendant's assertion that the circuit court improperly limited the testimony of Dr. Watson.
The Court of Appeals granted partial relief with regard to the defendant's claim that the circuit court erred by sending him directly to prison (to serve his sentences for murder and felony-firearm) rather than first to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry (for a psychiatric evaluation following an acquittal by reason of insanity). In this respect, the Court of Appeals ordered a remand to circuit court for further proceedings. The defendant applied to this Court for leave to appeal on several issues. Because the prosecuting attorney did not file a timely answer, we issued an order directing him to show cause why relief should not be granted on two of the defendant's claims.[5]
After review of the parties' submissions, we granted leave to appeal, limited to whether "(1) the defendant's conviction should be reversed because the trial court limited the defense expert's testimony only to the information in his written report, and (2) whether the trial court erred by not referring the defendant to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry pursuant to M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050)."[6]
As a preliminary matter, we note that the primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature. People v. Stanaway, 446 Mich. 643, 658, 521 N.W.2d 557 (1994). The rules governing statutory construction require that every word or phrase of a statute be given its commonly accepted meaning. Western Michigan Univ. Bd. of Control v. Michigan, 455 Mich. 531, 539, 565 N.W.2d 828 (1997); M.C.L. § 8.3a; M.S.A. § 2.212(1). In addition, when this Court construes two statutes that arguably relate to the same subject or share a common purpose, the statutes are in pari materia and must be read together as one law, even if they contain no reference to one another and were enacted on different dates. Feld v. Robert &amp; Charles Beauty Salon, 435 Mich. 352, 359-360, 459 N.W.2d 279 (1990); Crawford Co. v. Sec'y of State, 160 Mich.App. 88, 408 N.W.2d 112 (1987). The object of the in pari materia rule is to give effect to the legislative purpose as found in harmonious statutes. Jennings v. Southwood, 446 Mich. 125, 136-137, 521 N.W.2d 230 (1994). If statutes lend themselves to a construction that avoids conflict, then that construction should control. House Speaker v. State Administrative Bd., 441 Mich. 547, 568-569, 495 N.W.2d 539 (1993).
We must read both statutes "`according to the plain language of each, giving effect to the meaning of the words as they ought to have been understood by those who adopted them.'" McAuley v. General Motors Corp., 457 Mich. 513, 518, 578 N.W.2d 282 (1998), quoting Buscaino v. Rhodes, 385 Mich. 474, 481, 189 N.W.2d 202 (1971). Finally, it is well established that the interpretation and application of statutes is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Cardinal Mooney High School v. Michigan High School Athletic Ass'n, 437 Mich. 75, 80, 467 N.W.2d 21 (1991).
M.C.L. § 768.20a(6); M.S.A. § 28.1043(1)(6) outlines the contents that must be found in the report of a testifying *889 expert.[7] These requirements were satisfied by Dr. Watson's report, and the circuit court appropriately permitted him to testify.
With regard to the scope of the expert's testimony, the statute is silent. The Court of Appeals drew guidance from People v. Hayes, 421 Mich. 271, 364 N.W.2d 635 (1984), and People v. Dobben, 440 Mich. 679, 488 N.W.2d 726 (1992). In Hayes, this Court interpreted the statutory requirement that a defendant cooperate with a psychiatric examination or be barred from presenting any testimony regarding his mental state at trial.[8] We held that the statute did not violate the defendant's due process right to present a defense and noted the legislative purpose to "protect the integrity of the evidence regarding an insanity defense." 421 Mich. at 280, 364 N.W.2d 635.
In Dobben, the issue was whether each testifying expert would be allowed to rely on information generated during an earlier competency evaluation, or whether the statute[9] allowed only an "examining qualified clinician" to testify in reliance on such information. Dealing with that issue, which is not presented in this case, we held that such a testifying expert may "rely on historical data, including information and opinions contained in prior competency evaluations, when forming an opinion regarding a defendant's criminal responsibility." 440 Mich. at 698, 488 N.W.2d 726. We found that M.C.L. § 768.20a; M.S.A. § 28.1043(1) "do[es] not limit the information an independent expert may use as the basis of an opinion regarding criminal responsibility." Id.
In the present case, the Court of Appeals explained:
In a footnote, the Court of Appeals added:
As the Court of Appeals noted, the statute does not provide clear direction with regard to the nature of the expert's testimony. However, the Michigan Rules of Evidence do offer guidance:
Rule 705 Disclosure of Facts or Data Underlying Expert Opinion
In light of those provisions, and in light of the clear legislative purpose, as explained in Hayes, to protect the integrity of the decisional process, it is clear that appropriate limits can be placed on the testimony of a psychiatric expert. However, the circuit court in this case misplaced those limits.
We explained in Dobben that "there is simply nothing in the language of [M.C.L. § 330.2028(3); M.S.A. § 14.800(1028)(3) ], or its historical context, indicating a legislative purpose to preclude an independent examiner from relying on historical data as a basis for his opinion." 440 Mich. at 693, 488 N.W.2d 726. Since MRE 703 allows an expert to offer an opinion on the basis of facts made known to the expert before the hearing, or perceived by the expert at the hearing, we conclude that the trial court's rulings, had they been strictly complied with, would have improperly limited Dr. Watson's testimony.
As is clear from Hayes and Dobben, the purpose of these statutory provisions is to assure that the prosecution and the defense have fair notice of, and full access to, a common body of background information. In the present case, both the prosecution and defense experts listed, with specificity, exactly what materials they had reviewed before interviewing the defendant. There is no indication that these documents were not sufficiently identified, or that they were unavailable. In fact, the defendant provided the prosecution with the documents referenced by Dr. Watson well before trial. Because the rationale behind M.C.L. § 768.20a(6); M.S.A. § 28.1043(1)(6) had been satisfied, i.e., notice to the opposing party was provided, Dr. Watson should have been given the opportunity to refer to the background materials listed in his report.
Similarly, the events that occurred at trial, including the information adduced from the witnesses, is plainly information that is readily available to both sides. In no sense is the search for truth impeded by allowing the prosecution or defense experts to take cognizance of developments at trial. Indeed, MRE 703 specifically allows this testimony.
However, though the circuit court's rulings would have, if complied with, limited Dr. Watson's testimony, we find that the error was harmless. Despite the objections of the prosecutor and the trial court sustaining those objections, Dr. Watson provided full and detailed testimony in which he explained his views at length. Notably, the defendant has made no offer of proof regarding testimony that should have been admitted, and we have located no point in Dr. Watson's testimony where he was effectively precluded from making his point. Indeed, the jury's decision to find the defendant not guilty by reason of insanity, with regard to the killing of his father, bespeaks the jury's full understanding of Dr. Watson's views.
As indicated, the defendant was found not guilty of the murder of his father, by reason of insanity. However, he was convicted (though found mentally ill) of the second-degree murder of his father's friend, and of felony-firearm. For the murder, he was sentenced to prison for twenty-five to fifty years, to run consecutively to his two-year sentences for the felony-firearm conviction. The *891 circuit court's order was labeled a "Judgment of Sentence" and "Commitment to Corrections Department." The defendant was sent to prison, where he now resides.
The defendant believes that he should have been sent first to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry, rather than being sent directly to prison. He relies on M.C.L. § 330.2050(1); M.S.A. § 14.800(1050), which begins:
The remainder of the statute provides that the commitment is for the purpose of examining and evaluating the person's present mental condition. Depending on the results, the person may be released or, following additional judicial proceedings, retained for treatment. Defendant interprets this language as providing no discretion in the trial court. This interpretation of the word "shall" in M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050), while correct in a situation where this is the only sentencing provision applicable, is misguided under the facts of this case, where more than one statute applies to the defendant's sentence.
The Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant that, as a person acquitted by reason of insanity, his sentence was governed by this statutory provision:
Unsatisfied with that relief, the defendant asks this Court to review the matter. We hold that the Court of Appeals erred by remanding this case to the circuit court. The defendant's commitment to the Department of Corrections, rather than to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry, was proper.
A reading of the full text of M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050) leaves no doubt that it is a measure to promote public safety. Persons acquitted by reason of insanity, particularly where the facts are grave, cannot be allowed simply to walk out the front door of the courthouse. The statute is clearly designed to establish a procedure by which it can be determined whether the person can safely reenter society.
However, that is an idle inquiry, and surely beyond the intent of the Legislature, *892 where a person is simultaneously convicted of other offenses and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Indeed, M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050) was the only statute relevant to the defendant's situation in McQuillan, unlike the present case, where several statutes relate to defendant's sentence.[12]
As noted above, defendant urges this Court to send him to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry, which he alleges is the only place he can be confined pursuant to the language of M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050). This argument must fail, however, because M.C.L. § 768.36(3); M.S.A. § 28.1059(3) properly addresses this situation:
The language of subsection 3, like the language of M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050), is mandatory: The trial judge must sentence defendant to a prison term in the Department of Corrections. Furthermore, the language of subsection 3 also provides that the defendant may receive evaluation and treatment for a mental illness through the Department of Corrections. On the basis of the plain language of M.C.L. § 768.36(3); M.S.A. § 28.1059(3), and in our effort to read statutes in pari materia together as one law, we conclude that the Legislature intended it to govern over M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050) in a factual scenario such as the present case.
Here, the defendant is properly committed to the Department of Corrections for a term of twenty-five to fifty years in prison, plus two more years for felony-firearm. In this situation, for the reasons noted above, we are confident that the Legislature did not intend that the defendant be sent on a pointless detour through the Center for Forensic Psychiatry.
We do note, however, that M.C.L. § 768.36(3); M.S.A. § 28.1059(3) entitles the defendant to be evaluated and treated for his mental illness while in the corrections system. The Court of Appeals ordered that the trial court evaluate whether the Department of Corrections had complied with this statute. We affirm the trial court's sentence, and vacate that portion of the Court of Appeals decision pertaining to M.C.L. § 768.36; M.S.A. § 28.1059 without prejudice to the defendant's right to seek appropriate relief against the Department of Corrections to enforce the statute.
For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court and vacate the Court of Appeals decision in part without prejudice to defendant's right to seek relief against the Department of Corrections.
BRICKLEY, BOYLE, WEAVER, and TAYLOR, JJ., concurred with MALLETT, C.J.
MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, Justice (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I agree with the majority's conclusion that the trial court erroneously restricted the scope of Dr. Watson's testimony. However, I do not share its sentiment that this error was harmless. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from that portion of the opinion.
This Court recently adopted the "highly probable" standard for analyzing the harmlessness of nonconstitutional error. People v. Gearns, 457 Mich. 170, 203, 577 N.W.2d 422 (1998). Thus, an error is harmless only *893 when it can be said that it is "highly probable that the [evidentiary error] did not contribute to the verdict...." Id. at 205, 577 N.W.2d 422. While it does not reference the highly probable standard, the majority apparently believes that the evidentiary error did not contribute to the verdicts in this case. It devotes the following paragraph to the harmless error analysis:
I do not share the majority's certainty on this issue. Indeed, I believe a review of the record in this case does not support its conclusion.
The strongest evidence of the effect of the restrictions placed on Dr. Watson lies in the two different verdicts with respect to the two different victims in this case. I cannot agree with the majority that the jury's verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity with regard to the killing of defendant's father truly "bespeaks the jury's full understanding of Dr. Watson's views." Op. at 890. Defendant was found both guilty and not guilty of two murders that took place simultaneously. Nothing in Dr. Watson's testimony supports finding defendant insane at one instant, when he was shooting at his father, but sane the next, when he was shooting at Ms. Bateman.[1] Rather, Dr. Watson's diagnosis was that defendant was insane at the time of both murders. The logical inconsistency of the jury's verdicts tends to indicate that Dr. Watson was not able to bring out all the facts necessary for the jury to understand that he believed the defendant was insane at the time he shot both victims.
In particular, Dr. Watson was prevented from testifying about the contents of the items he reviewed in making his diagnosis, from testifying about any diagnosis contained in any of the items attached to his report, from discussing certain aspects of the defendant's familial relations, and from connecting his opinions to the other testimony produced at trial. Such testimony is crucial to the factfinder's ability to evaluate an expert's opinions and diagnosis. As Justice Boyle explained in People v. Dobben, 440 Mich. 679, 697, 488 N.W.2d 726 (1992):
Dr. Watson expressed similar sentiment during a colloquy following one of the prosecutor's objections to his testimony:
For all these reasons, I am unable to conclude that it is "highly probable" that the restrictions placed on Dr. Watson's testimony did not contribute to the jury's seemingly inconsistent verdicts. Rather, I believe that it is highly probable that the error in this case did contribute to the verdicts. Thus, I would reverse the defendant's conviction and remand the case for a new trial.
MARILYN J. KELLY, J., concurred with MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, J.
[1]  Dr. Watson passed away during the pendency of this appeal.
[2]  Upon conclusion of the examination, the center for forensic psychiatry or other qualified personnel, and any independent examiner, shall prepare a written report and shall submit the report to the prosecuting attorney and defense counsel. The report shall contain:

(a) The clinical findings of the center, the qualified personnel, or any independent examiner.
(b) The facts, in reasonable detail, upon which the findings were based.
(c) The opinion of the center or qualified personnel, and the independent examiner on the issue of the defendant's insanity at the time the alleged offense was committed and whether the defendant was mentally ill or mentally retarded at the time the alleged offense was committed. [M.C.L. § 768.20a(6); M.S.A. § 28.1043(1)(6), as amended by 1983 P.A. 42.]
[3]  When these events arose, M.C.L. § 768.21a(1); M.S.A. § 28.1044(1)(1) provided that a person "is legally insane if, as a result of mental illness as defined in [M.C.L. § 330.1400a; M.S.A. § 14.800(400a)], that person lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law." M.C.L. § 330.1400a; M.S.A. § 14.800(400a), as added by 1975 P.A. 179, defined mental illness as "a substantial disorder of thought or mood which significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life." For current language, see M.C.L. § 330.1400(g); M.S.A. § 14.800(400)(g).
[4]  Unpublished opinion per curiam, issued October 3, 1995 (Docket No. 154722).
[5]  Unpublished order of the Supreme Court, entered September 17, 1996 (Docket No. 104587).
[6]  456 Mich. 864, 568 N.W.2d 684 (1997).
[7]  See n 1.
[8]  M.C.L. § 768.20a(4); M.S.A. § 28.1043(1)(4).
[9]  M.C.L. § 330.2028(3); M.S.A. § 14.800(1028)(3).
[10]  This is the current language, reflecting amendments that recast the rules in gender-neutral phrasing. 448 Mich. cxxvi, cxxxi-cxxxii (1995). Otherwise, the language is the same as it was when these events occurred.
[11]  Obviously, a diagnostic commitment at the scheduled point of release would be essential if a person were convicted of a minor offense and given a short term of incarceration, and also acquitted of a major offense by reason of insanity.
[12]  M.C.L. § 330.2050; M.S.A. § 14.800(1050); M.C.L. § 768.36; M.S.A. § 28.1059; M.C.L. § 750.227b; M.S.A. § 28.424(2).
[1]  In fact, defendant's testimony at trial indicates that he never actually aimed the gun to specifically hit either one of the victims:

Q. Did you aim the gun before you fired it?
A. I held the gun up and started shooting.
A. Did you shoot your dad and Susan and then wait and shoot them again?
Q. It was all one right after another. I fired the shots one right after another.
Unfortunately, Dr. Watson was not able to testify about this or any other testimony occurring at trial because such testimony was not contained within his written report. The only time he attempted to refer to defendant's testimony during trial, his answer was subject to an immediate objection by the prosecutor.