Title: Braitsch v. City of Tulsa
Citation: 2018 OK 100
Docket Number: 
State: Oklahoma
Issuer: Oklahoma Supreme Court
Date: December 18, 2018

Braitsch v. City of Tulsa Annotate this Case Justia Opinion Summary Petitioner Kelli Braitsch injured her right arm while employed by the City of Tulsa and after the effective date of the Administrative Workers' Compensation Act (AWCA). Through her collective bargaining agreement, Braitsch was paid her full salary in lieu of temporary total disability (TTD) payments. She was later awarded permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits which were reduced by the amount her full salary payments were in excess of TTD benefits pursuant to 85A O.S. 89. Braitsch argued 85A O.S. 89 denied her due process of the law and was an unconstitutional special law. The Administrative Law Judge denied the constitutional challenges and the Workers' Compensation Commission en banc affirmed the ALJ's decision. This appeal concerns only the asserted constitutional challenges. "Every presumption is to be indulged in favor of the constitutionality of a statute," and the Oklahoma Supreme Court found Braitsch failed to "bear the heavy burden of establishing 85A O.S. 89 is unconstitutional." The Court found the provisions of 85A O.S. 89 neither violated Braitsch's right to due process of law nor was the statute a special law. The Order Affirming Decision of Administrative Law Judge was affirmed. Read more Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Oklahoma Supreme Court? Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More › You already receive new opinion summaries from Oklahoma Supreme Court. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here . BRAITSCH v. CITY OF TULSA 2018 OK 100 Case Number: 116510 Decided: 12/18/2018 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA NOTICE: THIS OPINION HAS NOT BEEN RELEASED FOR PUBLICATION. UNTIL RELEASED, IT IS SUBJECT TO REVISION OR WITHDRAWAL. KELLI BRAITSCH, Petitioner, v. CITY OF TULSA, OWN RISK #10435 and THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION, Respondents. ON APPEAL FROM THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION ¶0 The Petitioner filed a workers' compensation claim after being injured while performing her duties as a police officer for the City of Tulsa. The Petitioner received her full salary in lieu of temporary total disability payments pursuant to her collective bargaining agreement. The City sought to receive a deduction to Petitioner's award of permanent partial disability based upon amounts paid during her temporary total disability period in excess of the temporary disability maximum pursuant to 85A O.S. § 89. Petitioner challenged the constitutionality of § 89 claiming it violated her right to due process of law and the section was a special law. The Administrative Law Judge determined the law was constitutional and granted the deduction. The Workers' Compensation Commission en banc affirmed. ORDER OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION SITTING EN BANC IS AFFIRMED Bob Burke, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and Michael R. Green, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for Petitioner. Brandy L. Inman, Latham, Wagner, Steele & Lehman, P.C., Tulsa, Oklahoma for Respondents. COMBS, C.J.: ¶1 The Petitioner, Kelli Braitsch, injured her1 right arm while employed by the City of Tulsa and after the effective date of the Administrative Workers' Compensation Act (AWCA), 85A O.S. §§ 1-125. Through her collective bargaining agreement, Braitsch was paid her full salary in lieu of temporary total disability (TTD) payments. She was later awarded permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits which were reduced by the amount her full salary payments were in excess of TTD benefits pursuant to 85A O.S. § 89. This section provides: If the employer has made advance payments for compensation, the employer shall be entitled to be reimbursed out of any unpaid installment or installments of compensation due. If the injured employee receives full wages during disability, he or she shall not be entitled to compensation during the period. Any wages paid by the employer, over the statutory temporary disability maximum, shall be deducted from the permanent partial disability award. Such deduction shall be made after any such applicable attorney fee and any such assessment made pursuant to Sections 45 and 46 of this act have been paid. 85A O.S. § 89 Braitsch argued 85A O.S. § 89 denied her due process of the law and is an unconstitutional special law. The Administrative Law Judge denied the constitutional challenges and the Workers' Compensation Commission en banc affirmed the ALJ's decision. This appeal concerns only the asserted constitutional challenges. STANDARD OF REVIEW ¶2 An injured worker's right to workers' compensation benefits is determined by the law in effect on the date of the injury. Corbeil v. Emricks Van & Storage, 2017 OK 71, ¶9, 404 P.3d 856; Williams Companies, Inc. v. Dunkelgod, 2012 OK 96, ¶¶14-18, 295 P.3d 1107. Braitsch's injury occurred after the effective date of the AWCA and therefore the AWCA controls her right to receive workers' compensation benefits. The issues raised on appeal concern the constitutional validity of 85A O.S. § 89. Issues of a statute's constitutional validity, construction, and application are questions of law subject to this Court's de novo review. Lee v. Bueno, 2016 OK 97, ¶16, 381 P.3d 736. A heavy burden is cast on those challenging a legislative enactment to show its unconstitutionality and every presumption is to be indulged in favor of the constitutionality of a statute. Fent v. Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, 1999 OK 64, ¶3, 984 P.2d 200 . If two possible interpretations of a statute are possible, only one of which would render it unconstitutional, a court is bound to give the statute an interpretation that will render it constitutional, unless constitutional infirmity is shown beyond a reasonable doubt. Fent, 1999 OK 64 at ¶3; Gilbert Central Corp. v. State, 1986 OK 6, 716 P.2d 654 . A court is bound to accept an interpretation that avoids constitutional doubt as to the legality of a legislative enactment. Id. ANAYLSIS A. Braitsch Fails To Show 85A O.S. § 89 And Its Application Violated Her Constitutional Right To Due Process. ¶3 Braitsch claims the provisions of 85A O.S. § 89 deny due process of law because it shifts the economic burden to the injured worker without a legitimate state interest and is an unconstitutional taking of property. The arguments found in Braitsch's brief in chief appear to claim she was denied both procedural due process and substantive due process rights. 1. Procedural Due Process: ¶4 The guaranty of due process of law can be found in both the State and Federal Constitutions. Article 2, Section 7 of the Oklahoma Constitution provides: No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Okla. Const. art. 2, § 7. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides: No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. This Court utilizes a two prong test to determine whether an individual was denied procedural due process: 1) whether the individual possessed a protected interest to which due process protection applies; and 2) whether the individual was afforded an appropriate level of process. Hill v. American Medical Response, 2018 OK 57, ¶43, ___P.3d_____, 2018 WL 3121718; In re Adoption of K.P.M.A., 2014 OK 85, ¶17, 341 P.3d 38; Thompson v. State ex rel. Bd. of Trustees of Okla. Pub. Employees Ret. Sys., 2011 OK 89, ¶16, 264 P.3d 1251. ¶5 Braitsch claims she has a protected interest in her collective bargaining agreement to receive full wages during the TTD period and she has a protected interest in her PPD award. She asserts the deduction to her PPD award for amounts paid above the TTD maximum, as required by 85A O.S. § 89, was an unconstitutional taking of property and violated her right to due process. This Court has previously ruled a PPD award is a property right worthy of due process protection. Maxwell v. Sprint PCS, 2016 OK 41, ¶18, 369 P.3d 1079. The record reflects Braitsch was paid her full wages during the TTD period therefore we find there was no taking of property promised under her collective bargaining agreement. Tr. July 19, 2017, p. 16, l. 24-25 through p. 17, l. 1. ¶6 The PPD award vested Braitsch with a property interest worthy of the protections of due process. The first prong of the test is satisfied. The ALJ's Order granting PPD was entered on August 15, 2017. This Order provided a PPD award that was reduced by $5,228.61, the amount paid to Braitsch above the TTD maximum. This PPD award was calculated by the statutes in place at the time of Braitsch's injury which included the above mentioned deduction pursuant to 85A O.S. § 89. This is not a case where PPD was awarded and then later reduced or taken away without a hearing. The core elements of procedural due process are notice and an opportunity to be heard. Baby F. v. Okla. County Dist. Court, 2015 OK 24, ¶15, 348 P.3d 1080. The Order reflects a hearing before the Administrative Law Judge was held on July 19, 2017, and Braitsch was represented by her attorney Michael R. Green. An administrative deprivation of a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest must be accomplished by an impartial and disinterested tribunal in an adjudicative process where the procedures employed are appropriate for the constitutional interest at stake. State ex rel. Bd. of Regents of University of Oklahoma v. Lucas, 2013 OK 14, ¶43, 297 P.3d 378 . Braitsch has not argued she received an unfair hearing or that the ALJ was partial. The record is clear that several hearings took place and Braitsch was represented by counsel. We hold Braitsch was afforded an appropriate level of process and find no evidence to support Braitsch's claim she incurred an unconstitutional taking of property without procedural due process. 2. Substantive Due Process: ¶7 Braitsch also appears to make a substantive due process argument in challenging the constitutionality of 85A O.S. § 89. Braitsch claims she was denied due process because this section of law shifts the economic burden upon an injured worker without a legitimate state interest. The substantive component of the due process clause bars certain governmental action despite the adequacy of procedural protections provided. Baby F. v. Okla. County Dist. Court, 2015 OK 24, ¶16, 348 P.3d 1080. In determining whether an action violates substantive rights, a balance must be struck between the right protected and the demands of society. In the Matter of the Adoption of J.R.M., 1995 OK 79, ¶13, 899 P.2d 1155 . Substantive due process of law is the general requirement that all governmental actions have a fair and reasonable impact on the life, liberty, or property of the person affected. Arbitrary action is thus proscribed. City of Edmond v. Wakefield, 1975 OK 96, ¶5, 537 P.2d 1211 , citing Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 , 511-12, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 1696-97, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510, 513-32 n.4 (1965). In Torres v. Seaboard Foods, LLC, this Court noted that the analysis requires an adjudication of whether the legislation is rationally related to a legitimate government interest and if the challenged legislation reasonably advances that interest. 2016 OK 20, ¶27, 373 P.3d 1057. We explained: There is little doubt that a state legislature may alter private contractual rights of employers and employees when it properly exercises its police power in creating a particular workers' compensation law, or that workers' compensation laws, by themselves, have been considered by courts as a legitimate State interest since the compensation laws were first created. In our case today, we do not repeat Lochner's error of improperly rejecting an articulated economic interest of the State. We accept for the purpose of the arguments made herein, respondent's articulated State interest as legitimate in this case, i.e., the prevention of workers' compensation fraud and the decrease in an employer's costs as a result of legislative effort to prevent fraud. Torres, 2016 OK 20 at ¶30. ¶8 Respondent's brief explains the purpose of 85A O.S. § 89. The deduction from PPD of excess TTD benefits ensures fairness and predictability in the award of PPD benefits. By receiving her full wages during her temporary total disability period, Braitsch received more than what other employees would receive who are only awarded TTD benefits. The deduction brings parity to workers' compensation awards by providing, in the end, relatively the same amount of benefits to all injured workers. Respondent notes previous versions of the workers' compensation code provided a specific prohibition on deducting overpayments or receiving credits.2 However, under the AWCA no such prohibition exists. As mentioned, the AWCA was effective upon the date of Braitsch's injury and therefore it is the applicable law for determining her workers' compensation benefits. We hold the state interest articulated in support of 85A O.S. § 89 is legitimate: ensuring fairness, efficiency, objectivity, predictability, and uniformity in the awarding of PPD benefits. Braitsch has not established her right to substantive due process was violated by the provisions of 85A O.S. § 89. B. Title 85A O.S. § 89 Is Not A Special Law In Violation Of The Oklahoma Constitution. ¶9 Braitsch next claims 85A O.S. § 89 is an unconstitutional special law in violation of Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46. A special law is one that relates to a part of an entire class of similarly affected persons and separates that part for different treatment. See Grant v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 2000 OK 41, ¶5, 5 P.3d 594 . Article 5, Section 46 of the Oklahoma Constitution prohibits the passage of certain local and special laws if they affect one or more of twenty-eight enumerated subjects.3 Section 46 does not prohibit all local and special laws it merely prohibits the passing of such laws which concern these enumerated subjects. Braitsch does not identify any of these subjects in her brief. She merely claims 85A O.S. § 89 is a special law pursuant to Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46. Without such identification it is impossible for this Court to determine whether a prohibited special law was passed in violation of this section. However, determining what enumerated subject was violated is immaterial because Braitsch cannot establish 85A O.S. § 89 is a special law. ¶10 In order to have a special law you need to first establish a class of similarly situated subjects and then prove less than all the subjects are being affected differently by the law. Statutes facing a special law challenge are considered pursuant to a three-part test. First, is the law special or general? Second, if the law is special in nature, does a general apply? And, third, if a general law is not applicable, is the statute a permissible special law. See Vasquez v. Dillard's, Inc., 2016 OK 89, ¶11, 381 P.3d 768; Reynolds v. Porter, 1988 OK 88, ¶¶14-16, 760 P.2d 816 . ¶11 Under the first prong of the test our duty is to identify the class of people or things affected by the statute. A statute relating to all persons or things of a class is a general law. Reynolds v. Porter, 1988 OK 88 at ¶14. The number of persons or things upon which the law has a direct effect may be very few, but it must operate uniformly upon all brought within the class by common circumstances. Id. at ¶14. ¶12 The classes affected by 85A O.S. § 89 are similar to those identified in Grant v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 2000 OK 41, 5 P.3d 594 . In Grant, 85 O.S. § 41.1 (repealed by 2011 Okla.Sess.Laws c. 318, § 87) was challenged as being an impermissible special law. Subsection A of § 41.1 provided that if salary or any other remuneration was paid in lieu of temporary total compensation during the period of temporary total disability no respondent or insurance carrier could deduct from the amount of a permanent or partial permanent disability award any amounts paid for temporary total disability nor could any credit be given for such additional payments against any benefits provided under the workers' compensation laws. This Court determined that the classes involved under this subsection were: 1) employers who chose to pay salary or other remuneration in lieu of temporary total disability compensation, and 2) the employees who were paid such amounts. Grant, 2000 OK 41 at ¶6. We held, "[f]or the purposes of the constitution, the employers and their employees comprise two classes of similarly affected persons, because § 41.1 affects both." Id. at ¶6. In addition, this Court held "[s]ubsection A of § 41.1 sets out a general law that prohibits credit against subsequent awards." Id. at ¶8. Subsection B of § 41.1, however, provided a limited exception to the general law found in subsection A. It carved out a subclass of qualified individual self-insured employers who could receive credits for amounts paid in excess of temporary total disability benefits against any permanent partial disability owed. We held the provisions of subsection B created an impermissible special law that violated Okla. Const. art. 5, § 59.4 Id. at ¶12. ¶13 Title 85A O.S. § 89 provides "[a]ny wages paid by the employer, over the statutory temporary disability maximum, shall be deducted from the permanent partial disability award." Similar to the classes identified in Grant, the classes affected under § 89 are: 1) employers who choose to pay wages over the statutory temporary disability maximum, and 2) the employees who receive such wages. Both of these classes are affected by the provisions of § 89. Unlike Grant, however, there is no similar provision to § 41.1 (B). No subclass has been carved out for special treatment. Section 89 allows all similarly situated employers to deduct the amounts paid in excess of the temporary disability maximum from any permanent partial disability award. Employees who received amounts in excess of the TTD maximum will also be treated alike and receive a reduction in their permanent partial disability awards. The law in Grant, 85 O.S. § 41.1 (A), prohibited deductions and the law in the present case, 85A O.S. § 89, allows deductions. The difference is immaterial to our analysis and only reflects a legislative policy change. What matters for our determination in this matter, is how the classes are treated under the individual statutes. The manifest intent of our Constitution's framers was for all persons under the same conditions and in the same circumstances to be treated alike. Reynolds, 1988 OK 88 at ¶19. The vice of special acts is that they create preferences and establish inequality. Id. at ¶19. Here no subclass is created and members of the affected classes are treated the same. We hold, 85A O.S. § 89 is a general law and not an impermissible special law and therefore it is unnecessary to determine whether it affects a prohibited subject found in Okla. Const. art. 5, § 46. CONCLUSION ¶14 Every presumption is to be indulged in favor of the constitutionality of a statute and here Braitsch has failed to bear the heavy burden of establishing 85A O.S. § 89 is unconstitutional. The provisions of 85A O.S. § 89 neither violate Braitsch's right to due process of law nor is the statute a special law. The October 23, 2017, Order Affirming Decision of Administrative Law Judge is affirmed.5 ORDER OF THE WORKERS' COMPENSATION COMMISSION SITTING EN BANC IS AFFIRMED ¶15 Combs, C.J., Kauger, Winchester, Wyrick, Darby, JJ., concur. ¶16 Gurich, V.C.J., dissents (writing separately), Edmondson, Colbert, Reif, JJ., dissent. FOOT