Title: State v. Sneed
Citation: 403 P.2d 816, 98 Ariz. 264
Docket Number: 1451
State: Arizona
Issuer: Arizona Supreme Court
Date: June 30, 1965

98 Ariz. 264 (1965) 403 P.2d 816 STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. John Boswell SNEED, Jr., Appellant. No. 1451. Supreme Court of Arizona. In Division. June 30, 1965. Darrell F. Smith, Atty. Gen., Robert W. Pickrell, Former Atty. Gen., Phoenix, Norman E. Green, County Atty. of Pima County, Carl Waag, Deputy County Atty., Tucson, for appellee. *265 Johnson, Walton &amp; Mills, by Bernard I. Rabinovitz, Tucson, for appellant. LOCKWOOD, Chief Justice. Appellant, who shall hereafter be called defendant, was charged with having robbed the Public Finance Company at 31 East Broadway, Tucson, Arizona, on November 12, 1962. He was tried on said charge three times. The first two trials resulted in hung juries. The third resulted in a conviction. Subsequent to the conviction and sentencing of defendant a letter dated September 23, 1963, was received by the Pima County Attorney's office, from one Persons, an inmate in the Arizona State Prison. In this letter Persons asked to have a representative of the County Attorney's office talk with him, and stated he had been "mixed up" in a robbery in Tucson. Persons later testified to facts indicating he had committed the robbery for which defendant was convicted. Pursuant to Rule 310(3) of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, 17 A.R.S. the defendant moved for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. This appeal is from the denial of that motion after a hearing. The defendant contends that this denial, in the face of the testimony of Persons to the effect that he, and not the defendant committed the crime charged, amounted to an abuse of discretion. During the course of the third trial below which resulted in a conviction, the evidence identifying the defendant as the person who committed the alleged robbery was weak. The prosecution witness, Barbara Ann Clark, cashier at the Public Finance Corporation was the alleged victim of the robbery. She testified that at approximately 10:00 A.M. in the morning of November 12, 1962, a man walked into the office and walked out again. The only description she could give was that he was wearing a cowboy style hat. At about 10:30 A.M. "a gentleman walked back into the office." He put his right hand with a brown paper bag over it and handed the witness another brown paper bag and demanded money, which the witness gave him. When asked what the man looked like she answered: She also testified that a man was brought into the office by a police officer shortly after the robbery. When asked to identify him, she told the police officer "I just couldn't identify him." At the trial she described the man who was brought to the office by the police, as follows: Later the witness was taken to the police station where she was shown a lineup which included the defendant and two other men. She made an identification of the defendant without the glasses and the hat and then with the glasses and the hat. At the trial she identified the defendant as the man who had robbed her. The prosecution showed the witness a hat and a shirt which she identified as "similar" to those the robber was wearing. She also said the shirt was "the shirt that he had on at the time I identified him." She was then shown a pair of sunglasses and two paper bags marked "Five Jumbo Deluxe Hamburgers, $1.00". She was asked if these objects appeared to be the same or similar to those "worn or used" by Mr. Sneed "on" the day in question. She replied that they were similar or appeared to be the same. She was also shown a key chain and asked if it was the same key chain she testified to on direct examination. She answered: The defendant was then required to stand, and face the witness, put on the hat and the sunglasses. As was stated by the prosecutor: Then the witness identified the defendant as the man who robbed her. Ronald Byerly, a member, of the City Police Department, on November 12, 1962, received a call about the alleged robbery at *267 10:57 in the morning. The description he was given of the alleged robber was: When the officer first saw the defendant he was wearing a "striped shirt, and had a pair of dark green pants" but was not wearing a hat or sunglasses. Contrary to Miss Clark, he testified that when he brought the defendant to the Public Finance Office for identification Miss Clark positively identified the defendant. The court allowed the exhibits into evidence: The shirt was also allowed in evidence pursuant to the same limitation. The defendant denied the robbery. He testified to being picked up by the police officers and to being in the lineup with two other men, one of whom was Spanish, and the other much taller than he. "* * * neither one of them was not my description by any means." He testified that one of the detectives asked him "Would you take a lie detector test?" and he answered "Certainly." At this point the prosecutor objected saying "It couldn't be admitted with regard to the results," and the court sustained the objection. The defendant denied having a hat exactly like the exhibit hat. He acknowledged that the exhibit shirt was the shirt he was wearing when he was picked up. He denied owning sunglasses similar to the exhibit sunglasses. He stated that the first time he was in Public Finance Corporation's Office on the morning of November 12, 1962, was when the police officer brought him there for identification. Lewis Spalla, a detective for the City of Tucson Police Department testified that he was on duty on November 12, 1962, between eight o'clock and five o'clock. The robbery here in question was the only robbery reported on East Broadway between the hours of nine o'clock and twelve noon. During the hearing on the motion for new trial Deputy Sheriff James Rodriguez, testified that he received Persons' letter from the County Attorney's office, after which he interrogated Persons at the State *268 Prison. Persons acknowledged writing the letter. Rodriguez said Persons stated that he was involved in a robbery on Broadway opposite the Tucson Post Office. He also said Persons agreed to sign a written statement or plead to this crime if the prosecutor could arrange to have the sentence run concurrently with the one he was then serving. Persons testified at the hearing that he went through Tucson between 10:00 and 11:00 A.M. on November 12, 1962, and stopped at the Post Office to mail a letter after which he walked past the Finance Company, looked in, walked back to his car and returned to the Finance Company. When he went into the Finance Company he was wearing a western hat, a pair of glasses. He "asked the lady to put her money in that sack." He had two sacks with him. She put the money in the sack. On cross examination Persons said he was in Florence for a "no fund check, bogus check" to which he pleaded guilty. He also testified that he had been convicted of felonies in Nebraska and in the State of Washington. He testified that on or about April 16, 1963, he was in the "fish tank" with the defendant and about eighty others until July. After July he did not see the defendant for three months, then they saw each other once in a while. He testified that he did not talk to the defendant about this crime until after he talked to Rodriguez. He testified that he never talked to a police officer about signing a written confession but that he believed that he told Officer Rodriguez that he would sign a written confession and plead guilty to this crime if the sentence was to run concurrently with the sentence he was serving. He testified that the robbery took place on November 12, 1962, when he was going from Phoenix to Nogales. With regard to his clothing the following testimony was elicited: Persons was asked by the prosecutor whether he took a lie detector test, and he answered that he did not. The defendant's attorney objected on the ground that this was irrelevant and immaterial. The court overruled the defense counsel's objection stating: Persons testified that he was asked to take a lie detector test but that he wouldn't take one, he was then asked: Persons also testified as follows: Over objection by the defense counsel Officer Spalla testified that he asked Persons would he be willing to submit to a polygraph test. The state concedes that the defendant would be entitled to a new trial for newly discovered evidence if such evidence would render a different verdict reasonably probable upon retrial. The state maintains that it is discretionary with the trial judge to determine the believability of such evidence. The trial judge exercised his discretion in finding the testimony of Persons unbelievable or incredible. We have held that Rule 310 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure requires a new trial for newly discovered evidence (1) if its introduction at the trial would probably have changed the verdict, and (2) if the defendant could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced it upon the first trial. State v. Hill, 88 Ariz. 33, 352 P.2d 699. Here we have a situation in which the identification of the defendant as the man who committed the crime charged is wanting in specificity. The alleged victim was unable to say more than that the items admitted in evidence were similar to the clothes and accoutrements that the alleged robber wore on that day when she first saw him. There was nothing particularly unusual or distinguishing about these. When she saw the defendant he was wearing neither sunglasses nor the cowboy hat. She testified that she was unable to identify the defendant as the alleged robber when he was brought to her a few minutes after the alleged robbery. The defendant denied having committed the crime and he denied that the sunglasses or the hat were his. Apparently through two trials the jury was unable to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime charged. The credibility of the testimony is a question for the jury to determine. If the letter and the testimony of Persons were placed before a jury we believe that it is reasonably probable that the jury would arrive at a different verdict, if they believed such testimony. Certainly it was not cumulative testimony. In a very real sense it was newly discovered evidence. The testimony with regard to whether Persons' would or would not take a lie detector test had no more place in the hearing on the motion for a new trial than in the trial itself. The court properly sustained *271 such an objection during the trial. We have held that the "technique [of polygraph tests] is not an accepted one among the scientists whose approval is a prerequisite to judicial recognition." Without a stipulation lie detector test evidence should not be received in an Arizona court for the present. State v. Valdez, 91 Ariz. 274, 371 P.2d 894. Thus this line of questions posed to Persons during the hearing with regard to whether he would or would not take a lie detector test was irrelevant, inadmissible and had no bearing on Persons' credibility. As we said in Hunter v. State, 43 Ariz. 269, 30 P.2d 499: As was said in People v. Williams, 57 Cal. 2d 263, 18 Cal. Rptr. 729, 368 P.2d 353: The judgment of the superior court is reversed and the case is remanded for new trial. UDALL and McFARLAND, JJ., concurring.