Title: People v. Pelt
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 92966
State: Illinois
Issuer: Illinois Supreme Court
Date: October 17, 2003

Docket No. 92966-Agenda 2-January 2003.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v.
							RAYSHUN PELT, Appellee.
Opinion filed October 17, 2003.
	JUSTICE FITZGERALD delivered the opinion of the court:
	Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Will County,
defendant, Rayshun Pelt, Sr., was found guilty of aggravated battery
of a child, his infant son, Rayshun Pelt, Jr., and first degree felony
murder predicated on aggravated battery of a child. Defendant was
found not guilty of first degree knowing murder and involuntary
manslaughter. After merging defendant's conviction for aggravated
battery of a child with his felony-murder conviction, the court
sentenced defendant to 46 years' imprisonment. A divided appellate
court reversed defendant's convictions. For the reasons discussed
below, we reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand this cause for
further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
	On February 13, 1997, at approximately 4:30 p.m., police officer
Donald Draksler responded to a radio announcement concerning an
infant who was not breathing at a residence in the Village of
Bolingbrook. Once inside the residence, Draksler went to an upstairs
bedroom and observed defendant sitting on the edge of a bed, holding
his 95-day-old son, Rayshun Pelt, Jr., in his lap. Defendant was
rocking the infant back and forth and saying, "Wake up, baby, wake
up." Draksler noticed that the infant had a yellowish cast and was not
moving or breathing. He also could not detect a pulse. Draksler began
cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the infant, and the infant
regurgitated what appeared to be formula. He flipped the infant over
and noticed stiffening in the back and the legs, clenching of the fists,
and that the infant's temperature was below normal. In the ambulance,
he noticed a bruise on the right side of the head and a purplish
discoloration along the rib cage. A paramedic in the ambulance
concluded that the infant was deceased. This paramedic and another
police officer also noted a bruise on the infant's cheek. The infant was
later pronounced dead at the hospital.
	A forensic pathologist, Dr. Shaku Teas, conducted an autopsy of
the infant on February 14, 1997. She observed that the infant had
external injuries on his face and head, including a "large boggy area"
on the back of the head, bruising on the left temple, two bruises "right
behind the eye and in the temple area," two bruises on the left cheek,
a large bruise on the right cheek, as well as a scrape mark on the
lower lip. In addition, she noted fractures to the infant's skull
sustained at the time of death. The autopsy further revealed healing
fractures on the ribs, and "obvious hemorrhage underneath the scalp."
The rib injuries were anywhere from 10 days to one month old. Dr.
Teas stated that these injuries would make the infant "crabby and
crying, but doesn't have to necessarily warrant a visit to the physician
or emergency room." She also noted wrist and ankle fractures that
likely occurred days before the death of the infant. In Dr. Teas'
opinion, the cause of death of the infant was "cerebral injuries due to
multiple blunt force trauma." She classified all of the injuries as "non-accidental."
	Detective Raymond Browne interviewed the defendant on Friday,
February 14, 1997. Defendant initially stated that he was unaware of
any problems with the infant the previous day until Kimberly Papa, the
infant's mother, came home from work and later went in the bedroom
to check on the infant. Defendant heard Papa yelling his name, and she
told him that the baby was not breathing. Defendant's story evolved,
however, as Detective Browne confronted him with the existence of
injuries to the infant which were not consistent with his story.
Defendant eventually stated that the baby had not stopped crying since
it arrived home from the hospital in February. Defendant made a
written statement in which he stated, "I was holding him and he
wouldn't stop crying. I got upset and tried to throw him onto his bed,
but I missed and he hit the dresser." In a tape recorded statement,
defendant said that the infant "kept on crying," and that he tried to
throw the infant on the bed, but "I guess I threw him too far, cause
[sic] he hit the dresser." Defendant picked him up, put him on his
stomach, placed a blanket on him, and left the room. Defendant
reiterated the veracity of an earlier statement that when he came back,
he hurt his leg and grabbed it, causing him to fall on the infant. He
denied that the infant hit a knob on the dresser.
	Kimberly Papa, the infant's mother, stated that she could have
caused the injuries to the infant's ankle, wrist, and rib in incidents
occurring "weeks" before the death, including one incident where she
tried to force a sleeper on the baby.
	Defendant was indicted on three counts of first degree murder
and one count of aggravated battery of a child. Prior to trial, the State
nol-prossed count I, that defendant committed murder with the intent
to do great bodily harm. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 1996). The jury
found defendant not guilty of first degree murder based upon the
charge that he, without lawful justification, caused the death of his
son, knowing that his acts created a strong probability of death or
great bodily harm (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(2) (West 1996)). The jury also
found defendant not guilty of involuntary manslaughter (720 ILCS
5/9-3(a) (West 1996)). The jury found defendant guilty of aggravated
battery of a child, in that defendant knowingly caused great bodily
harm to his son, a child under the age of 13 years (720 ILCS 5/12-4.3
(West 1996)) and first degree felony murder, in that defendant caused
the death of his son while committing the forcible felony of aggravated
battery of a child (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 1996)). At sentencing,
the trial court merged the aggravated battery of a child conviction
with the first degree felony murder conviction. The trial judge
sentenced him to 46 years in prison.
 	On appeal, the appellate court held that the finding of not guilty
for knowing murder was legally inconsistent with the finding that
defendant was guilty of aggravated battery of a child. No. 3-00-0255
(unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). The appellate
court reversed defendant's conviction for aggravated battery of a child
pursuant to People v. Klingenberg, 172 Ill. 2d 270 (1996). The court
further held that "[w]ithout a valid conviction on the aggravated
battery charge, the conviction for felony-murder which that crime
supports must also be reversed." The appellate court alternatively held
that even if there was no inconsistency, our decision in People v.
Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 404 (2001), required that aggravated battery
could not be a predicate offense for felony murder.
	In a special concurrence and dissent, Justice Homer agreed with
the appellate court majority that, in light of Morgan, defendant's
conviction for felony murder could not stand. Justice Homer,
however, did not find the acquittal for knowing murder to be
inconsistent with the finding of guilt of aggravated battery. We
granted the State's petition for leave to appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315.
Because the appellate court judgment presents only issues of law, our
review is de novo. People v. Johnson, 206 Ill. 2d 348, 359 (2002).
ANALYSIS
	The State initially argues that we should reverse the appellate
court because the jury's finding of guilt on aggravated battery of a
child was not inconsistent with a finding of not guilty of knowing
murder. If the findings are inconsistent, the State asserts, this court
should decline to follow our decisions in People v. Frias, 99 Ill. 2d 193 (1983), and People v. Klingenberg, 172 Ill. 2d 270 (1996), or
that the court should find any error to be harmless. Defendant
responds that the verdicts are legally inconsistent, and the court
should continue to follow Klingenberg.
	Subsequent to briefing and argument in this matter, we
reconsidered and overruled Klingenberg. People v. Jones, No. 93511
(May 22, 2003). In overruling Klingenberg, we held that criminal
"defendants in Illinois can no longer challenge convictions on the sole
basis that they are legally inconsistent with acquittals on other
charges." Jones, slip op. at 8. For this reason, we need not examine
whether the jury's findings were inconsistent because even if they
were, the jury's findings of guilt stand. Therefore, we reverse the
appellate court on this issue.
	We turn to the alternate holding of the appellate court. According
to both the majority and the dissent, defendant's conviction for felony
murder was improperly predicated upon aggravated battery, in
contravention of People v. Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 404 (2001). Defendant
accurately asserts that the State failed to raise this argument in its
petition for leave to appeal to this court (see 177 Ill. 2d R. 315(b)(3)
(the petition shall state "the points relied upon for reversal of the
judgment of the Appellate Court")). A party's failure to raise an
argument in the petition for leave to appeal may be deemed a waiver
of that argument. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 169 (2003).
However, the rule of waiver is a limitation on the parties and not on
the court. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d  at 169. We choose to address the issue.
	The State contends that the facts of this case are squarely on
point with People v. Viser, 62 Ill. 2d 568 (1975), rather than People
v. Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 404 (2001), and therefore defendant's felony-murder conviction based on the predicate of aggravated battery of a
child should be upheld. Defendant responds that defendant's conduct
was similar to that in Morgan, in that the acts charged arose from and
were inherent in the act of murder itself; thus, those acts cannot serve
as predicate felonies for the charge of felony murder. We find that
Morgan controls the present matter.
	In Morgan, we discussed the circumstances in which forcible
felonies may serve as predicates for the charge of felony murder. The
Morgan defendant, who was 14 years old at the time, shot his
grandmother in the back as she was fleeing her home. He attempted
to shoot her again as she was lying on the ground in the front yard,
but the gun jammed. The Morgan defendant was convicted, inter alia,
of felony murder predicated on both aggravated battery and
aggravated discharge of a firearm. The appellate court noted that to
allow such a conviction for felony murder to stand could "effectively
eliminate the second degree murder statute" and also "eliminate the
need for the State to prove an intentional or knowing killing in most
murder cases." People v. Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d 707, 712 (1999).
The appellate court held that "the predicate felony underlying a charge
of felony murder must involve conduct with a felonious purpose other
than the killing itself." Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 714. The appellate
court therefore reversed the defendant's conviction.
	On appeal, we found that a "cause and effect relationship"
between the shooting and the killing was "not so clear." Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d  at 447. We agreed with appellate court that where "the acts
constituting forcible felonies arise from and are inherent in the act of
murder itself, those acts cannot serve as predicate felonies for a charge
of felony murder." Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d  at 447. In concluding, we also
approved of the appellate court's holding regarding felonious purpose.
Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d  at 458. Applying these principles, we held that the
forcible felonies underlying the murder charge "were acts that were
inherent in, and arose out of, the fatal shootings." Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 
at 447.
	Our task here is to discern from defendant's conduct whether
defendant's aggravated battery was an act that was inherent in, and
arose out of, the killing of the infant. Like Morgan, the cause and
effect relationship between the aggravated battery and the killing is
muddled. Defendant's statement indicated that he was upset when the
infant would not stop crying, and that he tried to throw him to the
bed. He stated that he apparently threw him too far "[be]cause he hit
the dresser." The act of throwing the infant forms the basis of
defendant's aggravated battery conviction, but it is also the same act
underlying the killing. Therefore, as in Morgan, it is difficult to
conclude that the predicate felony underlying the charge of felony
murder involved conduct with a felonious purpose other than the
conduct which killed the infant.
	We also note that the present matter illustrates our apprehension
that to permit such a felony-murder charge of this nature would
" 'eliminate the need for the State to prove an intentional or knowing
killing in most murder cases.' " Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d  at 447, quoting
Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 712. The prosecution attempted to
establish a knowing killing by defendant. The jury rejected this charge
and instead found defendant guilty of aggravated battery of the infant.
Our holding ensures that defendant will not be punished as a murderer
where the State failed in proving to the jury that a knowing murder
occurred. Accordingly, we hold that the acts charged here cannot
serve as the predicate felony to the charge of felony murder.
CONCLUSION
	For the foregoing reasons, we reverse that part of the appellate
court's judgment that reversed defendant's conviction for aggravated
battery of a child and we affirm the circuit court's judgment of guilt of
this offense. However, we agree with the appellate court's holding
that aggravated battery improperly served as the predicate for felony
murder and thus we affirm that part of the appellate court's judgment
reversing defendant's conviction for the offense of felony murder. This
cause is remanded to the circuit court for sentencing on defendant's
conviction of aggravated battery of a child.
Appellate court judgment affirmed
in part and reversed in part;
circuit court judgment affirmed
 in part and reversed in part;
cause remanded.
	In People v. Jones, No. 93511 (May 22, 2003), this court
reconsidered and overruled Klingenberg. I dissented from the majority
in Jones, in large part, because of the majority's unwarranted
abandonment of the principle of stare decisis and because I believe
that the case should have been analyzed on an entirely different basis
that would have avoided a reconsideration of Klingenberg. Today's
decision follows Jones. While I believe that in Jones this court
unnecessarily and unwisely overruled Klingenberg, Jones is now the
law and, accordingly, the result in this case is mandated by principles
of stare decisis.
	CHIEF JUSTICE McMORROW joins in this special
concurrence.
	JUSTICE GARMAN, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
	I agree with the majority that the issue of seemingly inconsistent
verdicts in this case is resolved by our recent decision in People v.
Jones, No. 93511 (May 22, 2003). I write separately, however, to
express my concern with the majority's application of People v.
Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d 404 (2001), as it pertains to the question of
whether defendant's conviction of aggravated battery of a child, under
the facts of this case, may serve as the predicate felony for a
conviction of felony murder.
	In Morgan, the 14-year-old defendant did not deny that he
intentionally shot and killed his grandparents. Rather, his defense was
that he shot his grandfather in self-defense, or, in the alternative, that
the killing of his grandfather was mitigated by "sudden and intense
passion resulting from serious provocation" (720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(1)
(West 1994)), based on his grandfather's beating him with a leather
strap shortly before the shooting and his grandfather's previous threats
to kill him. He claimed to have shot his grandmother while acting
under the same serious provocation. People v. Morgan, 307 Ill. App.
3d 707, 709-10 (1999). He was convicted of second degree murder
for the killing of his grandfather and of first degree murder for the
killing of his grandmother. Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 710. The
verdict forms did not reveal whether the jury's verdict of first degree
murder was based on a finding of intentional murder, knowing
murder, or felony murder. Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 712.
	A person who kills another without lawful justification commits
first degree felony murder if "in performing the acts which cause the
death *** he is attempting or committing a forcible felony other than
second degree murder." 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 1996). Morgan
argued on appeal that when he shot his grandmother he was not
attempting or committing the forcible felony of aggravated battery and
discharge of a firearm. He admitted that he shot her with the intent to
kill. Thus, he argued, he could be convicted of intentional or knowing
murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 1994)), or of second
degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 1994)), but not of felony
murder. Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 712.
	The appellate court recognized that if the felony-murder rule
could be applied in such a case, any deliberate killing and any fatal
shooting could be charged as felony murder, effectively eliminating
both a defendant's ability to argue that his offense constituted second
degree murder and the State's burden of proving intentional or
knowing murder. Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at 712. After reviewing
our case law and the scholarly commentary regarding felony murder,
the appellate court held that "the predicate felony underlying a charge
of felony murder must involve conduct with a felonious purpose other
than the killing itself." (Emphasis added.) Morgan, 307 Ill. App. 3d at
714.
	This court affirmed that portion of the appellate court judgment
dealing with the scope of the felony-murder statute. In formulating its
holding, however, this court, perhaps unintentionally, altered the focus
of the inquiry. Instead of asking whether the defendant had an
independent felonious purpose when he committed the act that
resulted in the killing, this court asked whether the act constituting the
forcible felony arose from and was inherent in the act of murder itself.
Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d  at 447.
	The rule formulated by the appellate court distinguished felony
murder from other forms of first degree murder on the basis of the
killer's mental state. If the killer intends to kill, or acts with
knowledge that his conduct is likely to kill, he is guilty of first degree
intentional or knowing murder. If, however, he does so "under a
sudden and intense passion resulting from serious provocation" (720
ILCS 5/9-2(a)(1) (West 1996)), or in the sincere but unreasonable
belief in the need for self-defense (720 ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2) (West
1996)), his offense is mitigated to second degree murder. In such a
case, he may not be convicted of felony murder because he lacks the
intent to commit an independent forcible felony. See Morgan, 307 Ill.
App. 3d at 713 (citing People v. Pugh, 261 Ill. App. 3d 75 (1994),
and People v. Jenkins, 190 Ill. App. 3d 115 (1989) (felony-murder
conviction is proper where defendant intended to commit aggravated
battery or aggravated discharge of a firearm and a death resulted from
the use of violence)).
	In contrast, the rule formulated by this court, instead of requiring
that a charge of felony murder be based on "conduct with a felonious
purpose other than the killing itself"(emphasis added) (Morgan, 307
Ill. App. 3d at 714), requires that the charge be based on conduct
other than the killing itself (Morgan, 197 Ill. 2d at 447). This rule,
which focuses on the defendant's conduct rather than his mental state,
if literally applied, would preclude a charge of felony murder unless
the defendant engaged in forcible felonious conduct in addition to the
act that caused the killing. Thus, a charge of felony murder could not
be predicated on aggravated battery or aggravated discharge of a
firearm unless the defendant's felonious conduct included acts other
than the shooting or the beating that killed the victim. This rule
misapprehends the very nature of the felony murder rule-to impute the
intent to kill to one who intends to commit a forcible felony, including
aggravated battery and aggravated discharge of a firearm, if he kills
while doing so.
	Applying the conduct-based rule of Morgan to the present case,
the majority states that its task is "to discern from defendant's
conduct whether defendant's aggravated battery was an act that was
inherent in, and arose out of, the killing of the infant." (Emphasis
added.) Slip op. at 5. Further, the majority finds, "[l]ike Morgan, the
cause and effect relationship between the aggravated battery and the
killing is muddled." Slip op. at 5.
	The relationship between the defendant's actions and the
resulting killing in Morgan, however, was not "muddled." Indeed, the
relationship was crystal clear-Morgan admitted that he aimed a gun
at his grandmother and pulled the trigger with the intent to kill her.
Thus, a charge of felony murder could not lie because he lacked intent
to commit any felony other than the murder itself. The only proper
question for the jury in Morgan was whether the defendant had
proven facts that would mitigate his offense to second degree murder.
	In the present case, an infant died as a result of multiple blunt
force trauma. Defendant admitted that he threw the crying infant
against a dresser and also that he fell on the baby. Whether he
intended to kill the child, or knew that his acts created a strong
probability of death, or intended to commit the felony of aggravated
battery is a question for the jury to decide based its finding of fact as
to his mental state at the time.
	The present case offers this court the opportunity to remedy its
imprecise formulation of the holding in Morgan and to put the focus
of the inquiry where it properly belongs-on the mental state of the
defendant when he committed the acts that resulted in the killing. If,
as in the present case, there is no conceivable set of facts under which
the defendant's actions might constitute second degree murder and the
defendant's mental state is unknown, the question of whether he
committed intentional, knowing, or felony murder is a question of fact
properly decided by the jury.
	The need for such clarification is supported by the fact that this
court, in adopting Morgan, did not overrule its earlier decision in
People v. Viser, 62 Ill. 2d 568 (1975), which predates the amendments
to our murder statute creating the offense of second degree murder.
In Viser, two armed but off-duty police officers encountered the seven
defendants, who were on their way from a tavern to a party. Words
were exchanged. After the officer's drew their guns and identified
themselves, the confrontation escalated. The defendants disarmed the
officers and threw them to the ground, kicking and beating them. One
defendant jumped with both feet on the chest of one of the officers.
He died two weeks later as a result of his injuries. The defendants
were charged with felony murder in the death of one victim and
attempted murder as to the other victim. Viser, 62 Ill. 2d  at 575-76.
	The defendants argued that they could not be charged with felony
murder based on the underlying felony of aggravated battery
committed against the same victim, because aggravated battery is an
"included offense" of murder. Viser, 62 Ill. 2d  at 577. This court
acknowledged that "[m]ost felony murders, if not all of them, involve
an aggravated battery" (Viser, 62 Ill. 2d at 579), but rejected the
defendants' "theory of merger," based on the existing statute's
"forthright characterization of aggravated battery as one of the
forcible felonies that will trigger a charge of felony murder." Viser, 62 Ill. 2d  at 579-80, citing Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 38, par. 2-8. Further,
in rejecting the additional charge of attempted murder, this court
noted that "the distinctive characteristic of felony murder is that it
does not involve an intention to kill." Viser, 62 Ill. 2d  at 581. The
Viser court clearly understood that it is the mental state of the actor
that determines whether a charge of felony murder may lie.
	Although the statute has since been amended, the definition of
"forcible felony" continues to include aggravated battery as well as
robbery, burglary, arson, kidnaping, sexual assault, and "any other
felony which involves the use or threat of physical force or violence
against any individual." 720 ILCS 5/2-8 (West 2000). Thus, any of
the enumerated forcible felonies, with the exception of second degree
murder, may be the predicate felony for a charge of felony murder
(720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 1996)), unless, as in Morgan, the
defendant commits the act with the specific intent to kill.
	This court's opinion in Viser, combined with a more precise
formulation of the rule adopted in Morgan, would resolve the present
case and would provide our circuit courts and prosecutors with the
guidance they need regarding the proper application of the felony-murder rule. I, therefore, dissent from the portion of the majority
opinion reversing defendant's conviction for felony murder.