Title: New Jersey v. Cruz-Pena
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 
State: new-jersey
Issuer: new-jersey Supreme Court
Date: August 4, 2020

New Jersey v. Cruz-Pena Annotate this Case Justia Opinion Summary Juan Cruz-Pena was convicted by jury of first-degree kidnapping for confining C.M. for a “substantial period” for the purpose of committing various crimes against her. The Appellate Division reversed the kidnapping conviction, concluding that C.M.’s captivity did not fall within the meaning of the kidnapping statute because her “confinement was merely incidental to the underlying sex crime.” The State appealed, and the New Jersey Supreme Court reversed the Appellate Division: "the case law construing that language, must be read in a sensible manner and not taken to an illogical conclusion. Holding a victim in captivity for a period of four to five hours, while assaulting and sexually abusing her, satisfies the 'substantial period' requirement of the kidnapping statute -- even if the length of the confinement is co-extensive with the continuous sexual and physical abuse of the victim." Read more Want to stay in the know about new opinions from the Supreme Court of New Jersey? Sign up for free summaries delivered directly to your inbox. Learn More › You already receive new opinion summaries from Supreme Court of New Jersey. Did you know we offer summary newsletters for even more practice areas and jurisdictions? Explore them here .This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Court. In the interest of brevity, portions of an opinion may not have been summarized. State v. Juan E. Cruz-Pena (A-3-19) (083177)Argued April 27, 2020 -- Decided August 4, 2020ALBIN, J., writing for the Court. The Court considers defendant Juan E. Cruz-Pena’s jury conviction of first-degree kidnapping for confining C.M. for a “substantial period” for the purpose of committing various crimes against her. The Appellate Division reversed the kidnapping conviction, concluding that C.M.’s captivity did not fall within the meaning of the kidnapping statute because her “confinement was merely incidental to the underlying sex crime.” 459 N.J. Super. 513, 516 (App. Div. 2019) (emphasis added). Defendant was convicted of first-degree kidnapping, third-degree aggravated criminal sexual contact, and third-degree aggravated assault, and was sentenced, in the aggregate, to twenty-three years in state prison, subject to the No Early Release Act, for his crimes against C.M. during the early morning hours of May 22, 2014. At around 2:00 a.m. that day, C.M., a sex worker, was walking in Paterson when she noticed on the covered porch of an abandoned house a sex-worker friend with two men C.M. did not know, defendant and Daniel Ortiz. C.M. joined the group on the porch. Defendant gave C.M.’s friend money to buy the men cocaine. When the friend did not return, C.M. attempted to leave. Defendant punched her in the face, sending her ninety-pound body “flying into the wall.” Defendant then held a knife to C.M.’s neck and forced her to perform oral sex. For the next several hours, despite her pleas, defendant compelled her at knifepoint to perform various sexual acts and repeatedly penetrated her vaginally and anally. Angered that C.M. was bleeding all over him, defendant punched her in the face again, leading her to believe her nose was broken. Defendant further terrified C.M. by cutting off her dress and telling her that he was going to be her “pimp” and “come back every night.” While C.M. was on her knees and forced to perform oral sex on defendant, Ortiz, at defendant’s invitation, anally penetrated C.M. for about five minutes. Held against her will at knifepoint, and by brute and violent force, C.M. endured the cycle of horrors for hours until a woman from the neighborhood passed by and yelled out, at which point C.M. fled as defendant chased the women. C.M. reached a gas station, where an attendant called the police. 1 C.M. gave a description of her attackers and later identified defendant and Ortiz. After his motion for a judgment of acquittal was denied and he was convicted, defendant appealed, challenging his kidnapping conviction and sentence. The Appellate Division reversed the kidnapping conviction and therefore did not address defendant’s sentence. 459 N.J. Super. at 528. The Court granted the State’s petition for certification, 239 N.J. 398 (2019), and its motion to stay the judgment of the Appellate Division.HELD: The language of the kidnapping statute, along with the case law construing that language, must be read in a sensible manner and not taken to an illogical conclusion. Holding a victim in captivity for a period of four to five hours, while assaulting and sexually abusing her, satisfies the “substantial period” requirement of the kidnapping statute -- even if the length of the confinement is co-extensive with the continuous sexual and physical abuse of the victim. In addition, the Court cannot find that, as a matter of law, the terrifying four-to-five-hour period of C.M.’s confinement was “merely incidental” to the sexual violence committed against her. There is no basis to disturb the jury’s verdict.1. N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b) provides that “[a] person is guilty of kidnapping if he unlawfully removes another . . . a substantial distance from the vicinity where he is found, or . . . unlawfully confines another for a substantial period” with the purpose “(1) [t]o facilitate commission of any crime or flight thereafter [or] (2) [t]o inflict bodily injury on or to terrorize the victim or another.” (emphasis added). The kidnapping statute also provides that “[a] removal or confinement is unlawful . . . if it is accomplished by force, threat, or deception.” N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(d) (emphasis added). Additionally, unless the defendant “releases the victim unharmed and in a safe place prior to apprehension,” kidnapping is a crime of the first degree. N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(c)(1). First-degree kidnapping is one of the most serious crimes listed in the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice. (pp. 14-15)2. The effort to define and limit the scope of the kidnapping statute is evident in the statutory language chosen by the Legislature, requiring that a conviction be premised on removing a victim a “substantial distance” or confining a victim “for a substantial period.” That statutory terminology is not self-defining, and the Court has provided guiding principles. A kidnapping is criminal conduct that is “not ordinarily inherent in the underlying criminal conduct itself” or “merely incidental to the underlying crimes.” State v. La France, 117 N.J. 583, 589-90 (1990). The substantial-distance-removal and substantial-period-of-confinement requirements address a scenario where a defendant “isolates the victim and exposes him or her to an increased risk of harm.” See State v. Masino, 94 N.J. 436, 445 (1983). Indeed, “the legislature realized that the risk of harm attendant upon isolation is the principal danger of the crime.” Id. at 446. The “enhanced risk of harm,” however, “must not be trivial.” Id. at 447; accord La France, 117 N.J. at 594. Removing a victim a substantial distance or confining a victim for a substantial period are qualitative terms, for sure, but they are also quantitative terms. (pp. 15-19) 2 3. A series of cases illustrates the application of the principles discussed. In Masino, the defendant pulled his victim from her car, beat her, dragged her across a street, through trees, and down to a pond where he plunged her head in the water, sexually assaulted her, then took her clothes and left. Id. at 437-38. Although the linear distance that the defendant removed the victim from the car to the pond may not have been far in absolute terms, it was “more than merely incidental to the underlying crime” because the distance travelled isolated the victim and enhanced the risk of harm to her. See id. at 446-47. The Court upheld the kidnapping conviction but warned prosecutors that the decision should not be read “as encouragement for use of a kidnapping charge as some sort of 'bonus’ count in an indictment.” Id. at 447-48. In La France, the Court upheld a jury verdict of first-degree kidnapping by confinement when a burglar had a husband tied up while the burglar sexually assaulted his pregnant wife until the husband freed himself and subdued the burglar, about thirty minutes later. 117 N.J. at 585, 591-93. The Court determined that the thirty-minute confinement was “more than merely incidental to the underlying crime,” given the psychological injury caused by the sordid acts committed against the couple “and the inability of the isolated husband to avert the terror to his wife and injury to her and their unborn child.” Id. at 593-94. And, in State v. Jackson, the Court found that the State had presented sufficient evidence to support either a substantial-distance- removal kidnapping or a substantial-period-confinement kidnapping when a defendant entered a taxi, robbed the driver at gunpoint, ordered him to drive to a specific location about fifteen blocks away, and then fled. 211 N.J. 394, 400-02, 418 (2012). The Court concluded that the victim was “exposed to a substantially extended confinement and a substantially increased risk” that “was not coextensive with the armed robbery.” Id. at 419. (pp. 19-21)4. Applying those principles, the Court finds that this case represents a classic example of kidnapping by confinement. This case meets all of the statutory criteria for first- degree kidnapping: defendant confined C.M. for a substantial period with the purpose to facilitate the commission of sexual crimes and aggravated assault and to terrorize C.M., see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b); he accomplished the confinement by force and threat, see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(d); and he did not release C.M. unharmed and in a safe place before his apprehension, see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(c)(1). The concern expressed in Masino about the potential for prosecutorial overreach in transposing a kidnapping charge over a substantive crime is not present here. See Masino, 94 N.J. at 448. The evidence in this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, clearly established an ample basis for a reasonable jury to return a verdict of first-degree kidnapping. (pp. 21-24) REVERSED. Defendant’s kidnapping conviction is REINSTATED and the matter is REMANDED to the Appellate Division.CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and TIMPONE join in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion. 3 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY A- 3 September Term 2019 083177 State of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Juan E. Cruz-Pena, Defendant-Respondent. On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 459 N.J. Super. 513 (App. Div. 2019). Argued Decided April 27, 2020 August 4, 2020Valeria Dominguez, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for appellant (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney; Valeria Dominguez, of counsel and on the briefs).Marcia Blum, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for respondent (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Marcia Blum and Tamar Y. Lerer, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the briefs).JUSTICE ALBIN delivered the opinion of the Court. 1 A jury convicted defendant Juan E. Cruz-Pena of first-degree kidnappingfor confining C.M. for a “substantial period” for the purpose of committingvarious crimes against her. See N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b). To support thekidnapping charge, the State presented evidence that defendant held C.M.captive on the porch of an abandoned building and, over a four-to-five-hourperiod, physically assaulted, threatened, and repeatedly sexually abused her-- and induced a companion to commit a sexual offense against her. The Appellate Division held that the trial court erred by not entering ajudgment of acquittal on the kidnapping charge and remanded to vacate thekidnapping conviction. State v. Cruz-Pena, 459 N.J. Super. 513, 516, 528(App. Div. 2019). The Appellate Division concluded that C.M.’s captivity didnot fall within the meaning of the kidnapping statute because her “confinementwas merely incidental to the underlying sex crime.” Id. at 516, 521-26(emphasis added). It reasoned that the confinement was “merely incidental”because the sexual abuse of C.M. constituted “a single course of uninterruptedcriminal conduct” that occurred during her confinement. Id. at 525. In theAppellate Division’s view, “the victim’s confinement was inherent in thesexual abuse defendant inflicted upon her.” Id. at 516. We now reverse. The language of the kidnapping statute, along with thecase law construing that language, must be read in a sensible manner and not 2 taken to an illogical conclusion. Holding a victim in captivity for a period offour to five hours, while sexually abusing and assaulting her, satisfies the“substantial period” requirement of the kidnapping statute -- even if the lengthof the confinement is co-extensive with the continuous sexual and physicalabuse of the victim. In addition, we cannot find that, as a matter of law, theterrifying four-to-five-hour period of C.M.’s confinement was “merelyincidental” to the sexual violence committed against her. Based on theevidence presented at trial, the jury was entitled to make highly fact-sensitivedeterminations in deciding whether C.M. was confined for a “substantialperiod” during the repeated sexual attacks and physical assaults against her. A court should not enter a judgment of acquittal based on insufficiencyof evidence unless, viewing the record in the light most favorable to the State,no reasonable juror could have returned a finding of guilt. Ample evidencesupported submitting the kidnapping charge to the jury. We find that there is no basis to disturb the jury’s verdict and,accordingly, reinstate defendant’s kidnapping conviction. We remand to theAppellate Division to address the unresolved sentencing issue. 3 I. A. Defendant was charged in a multi-count indictment with first-degreekidnapping, N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b)(1); first-degree aggravated sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(a)(6); second-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(1); third-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(2); third-degreepossession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(d); fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d); and first-degreerobbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1(a)(1) and (2). 1 Defendant was tried before a jury in July and August 2016. At the closeof the State’s case, the court denied defendant’s motion for a judgment ofacquittal on all charges in the indictment. The jury returned a verdict of guiltyto the charges of first-degree kidnapping; third-degree aggravated criminalsexual contact, a lesser offense of aggravated sexual assault; and third -degreeaggravated assault. Defendant was acquitted on all other counts in theindictment. The trial court sentenced defendant on the kidnapping conviction totwenty-three years in state prison, subject to the No Early Release Act,1 Co-defendant Daniel Ortiz was charged on all counts in the indictment, except for the second-degree aggravated-assault charge. His case was severed from defendant’s. 4 N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, and on the aggravated criminal sexual contact andaggravated assault convictions to five-year prison terms, to run concurrent toeach other and concurrent to the kidnapping sentence. B. The only issue before us is whether the trial court erred by not granting ajudgment of acquittal on the kidnapping charge at the end of the State’s casebased on an alleged lack of evidence that the victim was confined for “asubstantial period.” See R. 3:18-1 (stating that at the end of the State’s case,“the court shall, on defendant’s motion or its own initiative, order the entry ofa judgment of acquittal . . . if the evidence is insufficient to warrant aconviction”). In determining whether, under Rule 3:18-1, the State presented sufficientevidence for the case to go to the jury, “we apply a de novo standard ofreview.” State v. Williams, 218 N.J. 576, 593-94 (2014). Applying thatstandard, “[w]e must determine whether, based on the entirety of the evidenceand after giving the State the benefit of all its favorable testimony and all thefavorable inferences drawn from that testimony, a reasonable jury could findguilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 594. 5 In that light, we now review the evidence presented at trial. Althoughvarious witnesses testified, the State’s key witness was C.M., who recountedher ordeal during the early morning hours of May 22, 2014. C. At around 2:00 a.m. that day, C.M., a sex worker, was walking on VanHouten Street in Paterson when she noticed on the covered porch of anabandoned house a sex-worker friend, Lillian,2 with two men C.M. did notknow, defendant and Daniel Ortiz. C.M. joined the group on the porch andgave Lillian sixteen dollars to buy crack cocaine and heroin in the area. C.M.sold sexual favors to sustain her drug addiction -- an addiction she fed byconsuming thirty to forty bags of heroin a day. While Lillian was away,defendant gave C.M. twenty dollars to perform oral sex but told her to waituntil her friend came back so that both men could be gratified. Lillian appeared approximately ten minutes later with cocaine andheroin, which the two women consumed, while the men drank alcohol andsniffed cocaine. Defendant then gave Lillian money to purchase cocaine forthe two men. After the passage of approximately thirty minutes, sensing thatLillian would not be returning, C.M. said she was leaving. Defendant thentold her she could not go until she paid him the money he had given to her2 This is the pseudonym used by the Appellate Division. 6 friend. When she attempted to leave, defendant punched her in the face,sending her ninety-pound body “flying into the wall.” As blood poured overher face from a head wound, and with her mouth injured, defendant kneeled onC.M.’s arms and took forty dollars from her pockets. Defendant then held a knife to C.M.’s neck and forced her to performoral sex. For the next several hours, despite her pleas, “no, no, no, I [do not]want to do this,” defendant compelled her at knifepoint to perform varioussexual acts and repeatedly penetrated her vaginally and anally. Angered thatC.M. was bleeding all over him, defendant punched her in the face again,leading her to believe her nose was broken. Defendant further terrified C.M.by cutting off her dress and telling her that he was going to be her “pimp” and“come back every night.” Except for a time when he went to the next-door bodega, Ortiz spentmost of the time on the porch “just watching.” However, while C.M. was onher knees and forced to perform oral sex on defendant, Ortiz, at defendant’sinvitation, anally penetrated C.M. for about five minutes. Held against herwill at knifepoint, and by brute and violent force, C.M. endured the cycle ofhorrors for hours. As the sun began to rise, C.M. saw Angela, a person she knew from theneighborhood, walking by the abandoned house. Angela testified that she 7 observed C.M. -- crying, bleeding, and naked -- on top of defendant, who wasseated, as the two had sex. As Angela and C.M. locked eyes, C.M. mouthedthe words, “help me.” Angela yelled at C.M. to get up, and C.M. leapt off theporch. Angela covered C.M. in her own clothes. As defendant came off theporch with a knife, the two women ran in different directions, with C.M.eventually reaching a gas station. An attendant there called 9-1-1, and policeofficers arrived minutes later, at approximately 6:30 a.m. On their arrival, Paterson police officers found C.M. barefoot, bleeding,and crying. She said she had been raped and gave a description of herassailants. Nearby, an officer detained two men matching that description.The police took C.M. to the scene where she positively identified defendantand Ortiz as her attackers. C.M., suffering from head and facial wounds, was taken to the hospital.She declined to submit to a several-hour sexual assault forensic exam,explaining that she was becoming “dope sick” and did not want to be touchedor probed after having “been raped for a long time.” 8 C.M.’s blood was discovered on both defendant’s boxer shorts and oneof his fingernails.3 D. At the close of the State’s case, defendant made a generic motion for ajudgment of acquittal, claiming that the State failed to present “a prima faciecase as to all of the elements and all of the counts listed in the indictment.”The trial court denied the motion, finding that based on the direct andcircumstantial evidence in the record a reasonable jury could convict defendantof all the charges. Defendant appealed, challenging only his kidnapping conviction andsentence. E. The Appellate Division reversed defendant’s kidnapping conviction andremanded for the entry of a judgment of acquittal. Cruz-Pena, 459 N.J. Super.at 528.4 To come to that conclusion, it made several findings: (1) C.M.’s“confinement was inherent in the sexual abuse defendant inflicted upon her”;3 The State introduced a statement made by defendant to the police after his arrest in which he denied sexually assaulting C.M. or confining her against her will. Defendant did not testify at the trial. 4 In light of its decision to vacate the kidnapping conviction, the Appellate Division did not address defendant’s claim that his sentence was excessive. Cruz-Pena, 459 N.J. Super. at 528. 9 (2) “[t]he force and threat of force defendant used to restrain [C.M.] were thesame force and threats he used to accomplish the sex crime with which he wasseparately charged”; and (3) “the risk of harm the victim faced throughout herhours-long ordeal, while substantial, was not independent of the danger posedby defendant’s continuous sexual attack.” Id. at 516. The Appellate Division relied primarily on State v. Masino, 94 N.J. 436(1983), and State v. La France, 117 N.J. 583 (1990), for direction, noting that akidnapping conviction “requires proof of movement or restraint 'that is notmerely incidental to the underlying substantive crime.’” See id. at 521-22(quoting La France, 117 N.J. at 591). The court ultimately concluded thatC.M.’s confinement was merely incidental to “a protracted sequence ofviolent, nonconsensual sexual acts spanning the course of four to five hours. . . [that] were integral parts of a single course of uninterrupted criminalconduct.” Id. at 525. In making that determination, the Appellate Divisionemphasized the fact that there was no “interruption in the ongoing sexualabuse during the period of confinement” and that defendant neither “movedC.M. off the porch” for the purpose of isolating her from public view norbound or gagged her. See id. at 525-27. It also found that defendant’s cuttingoff C.M.’s clothes was “part of and incident to the sexual abuse.” Id. at 527. 10 The Appellate Division summed up its justification for dismissing thekidnapping conviction by stating that, “[w]hile C.M. remained vulnerable torepeated, indeed incessant criminal attack throughout her hours-long ordeal,her isolation and vulnerability was coextensive and coterminous with thesexual abuse.” Id. at 528. We granted the State’s petition for certification, 239 N.J. 398 (2019),and its motion to stay the judgment of the Appellate Division. II. A. The State submits that defendant’s restraint of C.M. for nearly five hours-- during which he verbally, physically, and repeatedly sexually assaulted her;took money from her; stripped her of her clothing; and threatened futureassaults -- constitutes a substantial period of confinement for purposes of thekidnapping statute. The State maintains that C.M.’s extended confinement wasnot merely incidental to the underlying sexual offense but rather exposed C.M.to further harm -- the continued physical and sexual attacks and threats ofviolence. The State claims that the Appellate Division “utterly failed to take intoaccount” the length of the confinement, which permitted the commission ofother crimes. It dismisses the notion advanced by the Appellate Division that 11 “uninterrupted sexual abuse” or a “continuous sexual attack” that overlapswith the period of confinement renders the kidnapping statute inapplicable . Itadds, moreover, that “it would have been impossible for defendant to commitall those heinous acts without any interruptions or breaks.” Finally, the State contends that the Appellate Division wronglysuggested that C.M. was not sufficiently isolated on the porch and that theoutcome of this kidnapping-by-confinement case might “have been differenthad defendant moved C.M. off the porch and into the interior of the abandonedhome because it would have made her more vulnerable.” The State asks thisCourt to reinstate defendant’s kidnapping conviction. B. Defendant urges the Court to affirm largely for the reasons expressed inthe Appellate Division opinion. Defendant argues that the kidnapping statutedoes not apply here “because the confinement was inherent in and limited tothe commission of the sexual offense.” In short, defendant states that a sexualoffense is not a kidnapping when “the confinement begins and ends with thecommission of the sexual offense.” Following that theme, defendant contendsthat kidnapping-by-confinement requires proof -- not present here -- that theconfinement exceeded the time necessary to commit the underlying crimes and 12 that the confinement “significantly enhanced the risk of harm beyond thatposed by the [underlying] crimes.” Defendant emphasizes that he did not force or lure C.M. onto the porch,tie her up or lock her away, or move her to an isolated location. He alsostresses that he was acquitted of threatening her with a knife to keep her on theporch. Finally, defendant asserts that the Appellate Division merely applied“settled principles in concluding that the confinement was an integral part ofthe [underlying] offense and that it did not significantly add to the victim’sisolation or risk of harm.” III. A. In deciding this appeal, we must resolve two issues. First, we mustdetermine the scope of kidnapping-by-confinement under N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b).That is a matter of statutory interpretation, and therefore our standard ofreview is de novo. See State v. Scriven, 226 N.J. 20, 33 (2016). We owe nodeference to the Appellate Division unless persuaded by the soundness of thereasoning in its opinion. Ibid. Second, viewing the evidence in the light mostfavorable to the State, we must decide whether the State presented sufficientevidence for a reasonable jury to convict defendant on the kidnapping charge.See R. 3:18-1; Williams, 218 N.J. at 594. 13 We begin our analysis with the relevant language of the kidnappingstatute that applies to this case. B. N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b) provides that “[a] person is guilty of kidnapping ifhe unlawfully removes another . . . a substantial distance from the vicinitywhere he is found, or . . . unlawfully confines another for a substantial period”with the purpose “(1) [t]o facilitate commission of any crime or flightthereafter [or] (2) [t]o inflict bodily injury on or to terrorize the victim oranother.” (emphasis added). The kidnapping statute also provides that “[a]removal or confinement is unlawful . . . if it is accomplished by force, threat,or deception.” N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(d) (emphasis added). Additionally, unlessthe defendant “releases the victim unharmed and in a safe place prior toapprehension,” kidnapping is a crime of the first degree. N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(c)(1). Our kidnapping statute is patterned on the Model Penal Code. SeeMasino, 94 N.J. at 444-45. First-degree kidnapping is one of the most serious crimes listed in theNew Jersey Code of Criminal Justice and is punishable by “an ordinary term ofimprisonment between 15 and 30 years.” See N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(c)(1). One ofthe distinguishing characteristics of kidnapping, as explained in thecommentaries to our Code, is that “if the offense is properly defined so as to 14 be limited to substantial isolation of the victim from his normal environment, itreaches a form of terrifying and dangerous aggression not otherwiseadequately punished.” 2 The New Jersey Penal Code: Final Report § 2C:13-1cmt. 3 at 182 (Criminal Law Revision Comm’n 1971) (quoting Model PenalCode § 212.1, cmt. 1 at 15 (Am. Law Inst., Tentative Draft No. 11, 1960)). The effort to define and limit the scope of the kidnapping statute isevident in the statutory language chosen by the Legislature, requiring that aconviction be premised on removing a victim a “substantial distance” orconfining a victim “for a substantial period.” See N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b). TheLegislature apparently chose the term “substantial” to prevent an overly broadreading of the new kidnapping statute -- and therefore addressed a criticism ofthe predecessor statute. Final Report § 2C:13-1 cmts. 3 & 4 at 181-84. The Model Penal Code commentaries give insight into the rationale ofthe substantiality requirement adopted by our Legislature. Model Penal Code§ 212.1 cmts. 2 & 3 at 222-23 (Am. Law Inst. 1980). That requirement“confine[s] [kidnapping] to instances where the degree of removal or theduration of confinement coupled with the purpose of the kidnapper render theconduct especially terrifying and dangerous.” See Model Penal Code § 212.1cmt. 3 at 223. In that scenario, “the removal or confinement of the victim 15 exposes him to risk of serious bodily injury or amounts to a form ofterrorizing.” Model Penal Code § 212.1 cmt. 2 at 222. The statutory terminology -- removing a victim a “substantial distance”or confining a victim “for a substantial period” -- is not self-defining. See N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b). In a series of cases -- State v. Masino, 94 N.J. 436, Statev. La France, 117 N.J. 583, and State v. Jackson, 211 N.J. 394 (2012) -- thisCourt has provided guiding principles for determining when a defendant hascommitted a kidnapping by removing a victim a “substantial distance” orconfining a victim “for a substantial period.” A kidnapping is criminalconduct that is “not ordinarily inherent in the underlying criminal conductitself” or “merely incidental to the underlying crimes.” La France, 117 N.J. at 589-90. “[N]ot every movement or confinement of a victim is a kidnapping.”Id. at 586. The commission of a robbery or a sexual assault necessarilyrequires a confinement of the victim, but, unless the period of confinement issubstantial, a robbery or sexual assault is not transformed into a kidnapping. A kidnapping does not occur, for example, when “the burglar puts thehouseholder in the closet while he fills his sack with the silver,” id. at 587(quoting State v. Estes, 418 A.2d 1108 , 1113 (Me. 1980)), or when “the victimof a robbery is forced to open a safe in the home or go to the back of the 16 store,” ibid. (citing State v. Dix, 193 S.E.2d 897 , 902 (N.C. 1973)); see alsoFinal Report § 2C:13-1 cmt. 4 at 184. The substantial-distance-removal and substantial-period-of-confinementrequirements address a scenario where a defendant “isolates the victim andexposes him or her to an increased risk of harm.” See Masino, 94 N.J. at 445;see also La France, 117 N.J. at 592-93. Indeed, “the legislature realized thatthe risk of harm attendant upon isolation is the principal danger of the crime.”Masino, 94 N.J. at 446. The “enhanced risk of harm,” however, “must not betrivial.” Id. at 447; accord La France, 117 N.J. at 594. Removing a victim a substantial distance or confining a victim for asubstantial period are qualitative terms, for sure, but they are also quantitativeterms, even though the distance and durational requirements are notsusceptible to a neat mathematical formulation. See La France, 117 N.J. at 590-91. We have upheld kidnapping convictions where the linear removalfrom one location to another has not been relatively far, but where the victim’sisolation, sense of helplessness, and enhanced risk of harm have been great inlight of the underlying crimes. See, e.g., Jackson, 211 N.J. at 418-19; Masino, 94 N.J. at 447. We also have upheld a conviction where the period ofconfinement was not relatively long, but where the terror and depraved acts 17 committed against the victims combined with their isolation and helplessnesshave been severe. See La France, 117 N.J. at 592-94. But the substantiality requirement has a durational component as well.For kidnapping purposes, a confinement may be incidental to another crimewhen the confinement is of minimal duration; however, a prolongedconfinement “may not be considered incidental to another crime.” See FrankJ. Wozniak, Annotation, Seizure or Detention for Purpose of CommittingRape, Robbery, or Other Offense as Constituting Separate Crime ofKidnapping, 39 A.L.R. 5th 283, § 2(a) (1996) (collecting cases); see also Statev. Warner, 626 A.2d 205 , 207-09 (R.I. 1993) (affirming kidnapping convictionbecause “the [four-to-five-hour] duration of time . . . made it far more thanincidental to any [sexual assault] attempts by defendant”); State v. Lykken, 484 N.W.2d 869 , 878 (S.D. 1992) (affirming convictions of kidnappingbecause a reasonable jury could have concluded that the three-and-a-half-hourconfinement “increased the risk of harm to [the victim], especially since shewas repeatedly raped”). The following example elucidates the point. Pointing a firearm at aperson, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(4), and uttering terroristic threatsagainst that person, contrary to N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3(a), are discrete crimes underthe Code. But continuously pointing a weapon and uttering terroristic threats 18 at a person while she is confined for a period of ten hours is substantivelydifferent -- it is a kidnapping even if the weapon-pointing and terroristicthreats are entirely coextensive with the confinement because of the isolation,helplessness, and enhanced harm (not just enhanced risk of harm). Cf. LaFrance, 117 N.J. at 593. C. Masino, La France, and Jackson illustrate the application of theprinciples discussed. In Masino, the defendant was offended that the victimwould not dance with him at a disco or have coffee with him later that evening .See 94 N.J. at 437-38. After the victim dropped off a friend, the defendantpulled her from her car, beat her, dragged her across a street, through trees,and down to a pond where he plunged her head in the water, sexually assaultedher, then took her clothes and left. Ibid. Although the linear distance that thedefendant removed the victim from the car to the pond may not have been farin absolute terms, it was “more than merely incidental to the underlying crime”because the distance travelled isolated the victim and enhanced the risk ofharm to her. See id. at 446-47. We upheld the kidnapping conviction in Masino but struck a note ofcaution, warning prosecutors that our decision should not be read “as 19 encouragement for use of a kidnapping charge as some sort of 'bonus’ count inan indictment.” Id. at 447-48. In La France, we upheld a jury verdict of first-degree kidnapping byconfinement. 117 N.J. at 585. In that case, while committing a burglary in theearly morning hours, the defendant encountered the homeowners, a husbandand his seven-month pregnant wife. Id. at 585, 591-92. Pretending to have agun, the defendant “forced the wife to tie up her husband in the bedroom” andthen dragged her into the hallway and sexually assaulted her. Id. at 592. Thehusband unbound himself more than thirty minutes later and subdued thedefendant. Id. at 592-93. We held that the jury could have rationally concluded that the thirty-minute confinement of the husband constituted a “substantial period” becausethe husband was left isolated while the defendant sexually assaulted andterrorized his wife. Ibid. We determined that the confinement was “more thanmerely incidental to the underlying crime,” id. at 594 (quoting Masino, 94 N.J.at 447), given the psychological injury caused by the sordid acts committedagainst the couple “and the inability of the isolated husband to avert the terrorto his wife and injury to her and their unborn child,” id. at 593. In Jackson, we found that the State had presented sufficient evidence tosupport either a substantial-distance-removal kidnapping or a substantial- 20 period-confinement kidnapping. 211 N.J. at 400, 418. In that case, thedefendant entered the victim’s taxi at a stoplight, pointed a gun at the taxidriver’s chest, and took from him sixty-five dollars in collected fares andmoney from his wallet. Id. at 400-01. The defendant ordered the victim todrive him to Broadway in Paterson. Id. at 401-02. At gunpoint, the taxi driverdrove 0.8 miles, approximately fifteen city blocks, to a location where thedefendant directed him to pull over and fled. Id. at 402, 418. In upholding the kidnapping conviction on the removal and confinementtheories, we emphasized that the gun-wielding defendant “kept the victim in anisolated and vulnerable position,” compelling him to drive “for severalminutes, through city streets, exposing him to the risk of a serious accident,injury or death.” Id. at 419. We concluded that the victim was “exposed to asubstantially extended confinement and a substantially increased risk” that“was not coextensive with the armed robbery.” Ibid. IV. We now distill the principles from Masino, La France, and Jackson, aswell as from the commentaries to the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice andthe commentaries to the Model Penal Code, and apply them to the evidence inthis case. 21 Defendant confined C.M. on the covered porch of an abandoned house atknifepoint for approximately four to five hours in the early morning darkleading to sunrise. During those terrifying hours, he punched her so hard thather body crashed against a wall, causing a head wound and blood to courseover her face. He punched her again later for bleeding on him. He sexuallyassaulted her repeatedly over those hours, forcing her to perform oral sex andpenetrating her vaginally and anally, and invited his friend to penetrate heranally. He ignored her pleas to stop, took money from her, cut off her clothes,leaving her exposed, and threatened to return every night to “pimp” her. The sheer duration of the confinement and the number of depraved andviolent acts committed against her far exceeded the scenarios in Masino, LaFrance, and Jackson, in which we upheld kidnapping convictions. C.M. wasisolated on a porch in the early morning dark -- confined by brute force andterrifying violence. See Masino, 94 N.J. at 446 (“[T]he risk of harm attendantupon isolation is the principal danger of [kidnapping].”). She was not onlysubject to an “enhanced risk of harm,” one of the defining characteristics ofkidnapping by confinement, but she was harmed by the multitude of criminalacts committed against her. See id. at 447. Indeed, this case represents a classic example of kidnapping byconfinement. Here, the nature of the confinement not only subjected C.M . “to 22 substantial isolation,” but also “reache[d] a form of terrifying and dangerousaggression not otherwise adequately punished.” See Final Report § 2C:13-1cmt. 3 at 182 (quoting Model Penal Code § 212.1, cmt. 1 at 15 (1960)). In our view, the sheer duration of the confinement combined with thecrimes committed against her alone meet the “substantial period” requirement-- even if the repetitive acts of sexual abuse and the physical assaults were co-extensive with the prolonged confinement. See N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b). Wetherefore reject the Appellate Division’s conclusion that a kidnapping did notoccur because the “incessant criminal attack throughout [C.M.’s] hours-longordeal, [and] her isolation and vulnerability [were] coextensive andcoterminous with the sexual abuse.” See Cruz-Pena, 459 N.J. Super. at 528.This case meets all of the statutory criteria for first-degree kidnapping:defendant confined C.M. for a substantial period with the purpose to facilitatethe commission of sexual crimes and aggravated assault and to terrorize C.M.,see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(b); he accomplished the confinement by force and threat,see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(d); and he did not release C.M. unharmed and in a safeplace before his apprehension, see N.J.S.A. 2C:13-1(c)(1). The concern expressed in Masino about the potential for prosecutorialoverreach in transposing a kidnapping charge over a substantive crime -- a“'bonus’ count in an indictment” -- is not present here. See Masino, 94 N.J. at 23 448. The evidence in this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the State,clearly established an ample basis for a reasonable jury to return a verdict offirst-degree kidnapping beyond a reasonable doubt. See Williams, 218 N.J. 594; R. 3:18-1. The trial court properly denied defendant’s motion for ajudgment of acquittal. V. For the reasons expressed, we reverse the judgment of the AppellateDivision and reinstate defendant’s first-degree kidnapping conviction. Weremand to the Appellate Division to address defendant’s previously raisedchallenge to his sentence. CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and TIMPONE join in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion. 24