Title: Byrne v. City of Alexandria
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 190449
State: Virginia
Issuer: Virginia Supreme Court
Date: May 28, 2020

Present:  Goodwyn, Mims, Powell, Kelsey, McCullough, and Chafin, JJ., and Russell, S.J. 
 
THOMAS BYRNE 
                                                                                           OPINION BY 
v.  Record No. 190449                                SENIOR JUSTICE CHARLES S. RUSSELL 
                                                                                            May 28, 2020 
CITY OF ALEXANDRIA 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA 
Lisa B. Kemler, Judge 
 
This appeal arises from a judgment of the circuit court sustaining a demurrer and 
dismissing a landowner’s appeal from the decision of the City Council in a land-use case.  It 
presents questions whether the court erred in granting a motion craving oyer of the legislative 
record upon which the City Council’s decision was based and in thereafter sustaining a demurrer.  
We conclude that the circuit court’s ruling was correct and will affirm the judgment. 
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 
 
Thomas Byrne was the owner of a home at 420 South Lee Street that is located within the 
“Old and Historic Alexandria District” of the City of Alexandria.  The central part of the house 
was built in the 1780s but the front section, added in the 1870s in the then-prevailing Victorian 
architectural style, faces South Lee Street. 
 
Pursuant to Code § 15.2-2306(A)(1), the City adopted an ordinance delineating the 
historic district.  As authorized by the statute, the ordinance provided that “no building or 
structure … shall be erected [within the historic district] unless approved by the review board or, 
on appeal, by the governing body of the locality as being architecturally compatible.” 
 
The house was in need of renovation and repairs at the time of Byrne’s purchase.  In 
compliance with the ordinance, he submitted his plans for this work to the Board of Architectural 
Review (“BAR”).  He obtained the necessary approvals from the BAR, obtained the necessary 
permits and proceeded with the work.  His proposals, however, did not include removal or 
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alteration of the existing fence along the front of the property, beside the sidewalk on South Lee 
Street.  It had been erected about 1960 and consisted of a low brick “knee wall” surmounted by 
cast iron fencing.  It was pierced by a single pedestrian gate.  During the reconstruction of the 
house, Byrne demolished the existing wall and fence to permit access for the renovation work.  
The BAR issued a violation notice to Byrne because of his failure to obtain the approval 
prerequisite to the demolition and replacement of the fence. 
 
Byrne submitted a plan to install a Victorian metal “wicket and spear” fence pierced by 
two gates:  one a single pedestrian gate opening onto a walk leading to the front door, and the 
other a double gate eight feet wide opening onto an existing curb cut into South Lee Street.  
Byrne stated that both gates would be for pedestrian use but that an eight-foot gate would be 
useful for bringing large items in and out of the property.∗ 
 
The BAR referred Byrne’s application to the city staff, which concluded that a “wicket 
and spear” design was architecturally and historically appropriate but that an eight-foot wide 
double gate would be “completely out of scale” for pedestrian gates in the district.  The BAR 
unanimously approved a “Certificate of Appropriateness” as to the materials and design of the 
fence, but with the condition that the width of the double gate not exceed six feet.  A further 
condition was that the proposed double gate must “align with the street-facing front door or that 
a second gate be added that would align with the front door.” 
 
Byrne appealed the BAR’s decision to the City Council.  On February 24, 2018, the City 
Council held a public hearing on Byrne’s appeal.  The city staff recommended that the Council 
approve the BAR’s Certificate of Appropriateness with conditions regarding the double gate.  
                                                          
 
∗ The City ordinance provided that in the historic district, access by motor vehicles into 
residential properties from the street was prohibited and could be had only from alleys or interior 
courtyards. 
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The Council heard testimony from the BAR, the city’s planning and zoning officers, Byrne, 
representatives of three civic groups and members of the public.  The City Council unanimously 
affirmed the decision of the BAR. 
Byrne appealed the City Council’s decision to the Circuit Court of the City of 
Alexandria.  Byrne’s petition contended that the decisions of the BAR and the City Council were 
“arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law and constituted an abuse of discretion.”  In response, the 
City filed a demurrer and a motion craving oyer of the legislative record that had been before the 
City Council when it made its decision.   The court held a hearing during which it granted the 
motion craving oyer.  After the legislative record had been filed, the court issued a letter opinion 
sustaining the demurrer.  On January 9, 2019, the court entered a final order sustaining the 
demurrer without leave to amend and dismissing Byrne’s petition with prejudice. 
We awarded Byrne an appeal. He assigns two errors:  (1) that the circuit court erred in 
granting the City’s motion craving oyer and (2) that the circuit court erred in sustaining the 
City’s demurrer. 
ANALYSIS 
Both assignments of error present pure questions of law, subject to de novo review on 
appeal.  See, e.g., Webb v. Virginian-Pilot Media Cos., 287 Va. 84, 88 (2014). 
(1)  MOTION CRAVING OYER 
The word “oyer” is of Norman French origin and means “to hear.”  It is generally agreed 
that the motion craving oyer originated in the early years of the English common law when many 
litigants were illiterate. It served as a remedy for a defendant, sued on a claim based on a written 
document, to have the document produced in court and read aloud to him.  See 4 Blackstone’s 
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Commentaries 299 (Tucker ed. 1803); 4 John B. Minor, Institutes of Common and Statute Law 
732-33 (3d ed. 1893) (hereinafter “Minor’s Institutes”). 
      Over the succeeding centuries, in England, in colonial Virginia and up to the present day, 
the limitations and consequences of the remedy have evolved.  A document produced in response 
to the motion became a part of the record.  4 Blackstone, Commentaries, at 299.  It became a part 
of the pleadings of the party whose claim was based upon it. Id.  If there was a “material 
variance” between the original claim and the produced document, or if the claim thus amplified 
was not cognizable in law, the opposing party’s remedy was to demur and the case would be 
dismissed on demurrer at the pleading stage.  4 Minor’s Institutes, at 733.  This would serve the 
salutary purpose of avoiding the delay, expense and consumption of judicial resources attendant 
on trial preparation, trial and appeal in a case that was ill-founded in law. 
      This development of the oyer-demurrer remedy did not advance through the years in an 
orderly progression.  The authorities agree that, at early common law, it was available only to 
compel the production of deeds, writs, bonds, letters of probate and administration and other 
“specialties” (referring to documents under seal).  4 Blackstone, Commentaries, at 299; Black’s 
Law Dictionary 1571 (rev. 4th ed. 1968).  However, this Court and its predecessors have 
expanded the remedy to include production of a much wider range of documents.  See, e.g., 
Wood v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. (4 Rand.) 329 (1826) (recognizance); Commonwealth v. 
Cawood, 4 Va. (2 Va. Cas.) 527, 551 (General Court 1826) (an indictment); Greenhow v. Buck, 
19 Va. (5 Munf.) 263, 268 (1816) (an Act of Assembly); Price v. Via, 49 Va. (8 Gratt.) 79, 81 
(1851) (an arbitration award); Friend v. Woods, 50 Va. (9 Gratt.) 37 (1852) (an appellate record); 
Burress v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. (27 Gratt.) 934 (1876) (pleas filed in another criminal case).  
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In Welch v. McDonald, 85 Va. 500, 504 (1888), we commented that if oyer had been craved of a 
construction contract, a demurrer should have been, “and doubtless would have been, sustained.” 
In the present case, Byrne relies on language in Langhorne v. Richmond Ry. Co., 91 Va. 
369, 372 (1895), to support his argument that the circuit court erred in granting the City’s motion 
craving oyer.  Langhorne was an action against two railroad companies to recover damages for 
personal injuries.  The plaintiff’s pleadings recounted a previous merger between the companies 
and referred to, but did not incorporate, a series of documents pertaining to the merger.  The 
defendant company that survived the merger filed a demurrer accompanied by a motion craving 
oyer of all the documents mentioned in the plaintiff’s pleadings.  Id. at 370-72.  On appeal, we 
held that the motion craving oyer was, on its face, without merit. 
None of these writings could have been, or could properly be, considered upon 
the demurrer.  The plaintiff did not claim under them.  They were mentioned in the 
declaration by way of inducement or introduction to other matters that it was 
necessary to allege and not for the purpose of showing right or title in the plaintiff. 
Id. at 372 (emphasis added). 
As noted above, the motion craving oyer has been, since the early days of the common 
law, a remedy afforded to a litigant who has been sued on a claim based upon a written 
document mentioned in a claimant’s pleading but not made a part of the record.  The motion 
should be granted only where the missing document is essential to the claim.  Thus, the Court in 
Langhorne ruled that oyer was not available to the defendant for the valid reason that the railroad 
merger papers were not essential to the plaintiff’s claim for personal injuries.  “The plaintiff did 
not claim under them.”  Having disposed of the oyer motion on this traditional ground, however, 
the Court in Langhorne went on to opine: 
The right to crave oyer of papers mentioned in a pleading applies, as a general 
rule, only to deeds and letters of probate and administration, not to other 
writings. . . .  
Id. 
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That sentence was dictum.  Also, it failed to take account of the cases cited above (and 
many others) that had, for over a century, expanded the availability of oyer to obtain production 
of a much wider variety of documents than deeds and letters of probate and administration.  It 
also gave rise to a period of uncertainty that clouded this subject from 1895 until 1937.  We 
dispelled that cloud in Culpeper National Bank v. Morris, 168 Va. 379 (1937).  There, the Bank 
filed suit to enforce a judgment lien, on land that had been owned by a decedent, against the 
executors and beneficiaries claiming under the decedent’s will.  Id at 382.  The Bank’s complaint 
alleged that the defendants had forfeited their interest in the land by a compromise agreement 
entered into in a different, earlier, lawsuit.  Id.  The executors and beneficiaries filed a demurrer 
and craved oyer of the entire record in the earlier suit.  Id.  The trial court granted oyer of the 
entire record in the other case and sustained the demurrer.  Id.  The Bank appealed, contending 
that the court had erred in granting oyer of the records of the earlier suit.  Id.  On appeal, we 
affirmed the trial court, writing: 
No intelligent construction of any writing or record can be made unless all essential parts 
of such paper or record are produced. A litigant has no right to put blinkers on the court and 
attempt to restrict its vision to only such parts of the record as the litigant thinks tend to 
support his view. When a court is asked to make a ruling on any paper or record, it is its duty 
to require the pleader to produce all material parts. 
Id. at 382-83 (emphasis added). 
We adhere to the view expressed in Culpeper and hold that the circuit court did not err, in 
the present case, in granting the City of Alexandria’s motion craving oyer of the legislative 
record in Byrne’s appeal. 
(2)  DEMURRER 
The legislative record filed as a result of the motion craving oyer contained a number of 
documents, including the minutes of the initial meeting of the BAR, the recommendations of the 
City’s staff, the minutes of the second meeting of the BAR, the transcript of the public hearing 
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held by the BAR, Byrne’s appeal to the City Council, the City staff’s report to the City Council, 
the transcript of the public hearing held by the City Council, and the minutes of the City 
Council’s final meeting. 
Code § 15.2-2306(A)(3) provides that upon appeal from a decision of a locality’s 
governing body to the circuit court, the court may reverse the governing body’s decision if the 
court finds on review that the decision of the governing body is “contrary to law or that its 
decision is arbitrary and constitutes an abuse of discretion, or it may affirm the decision of the 
governing body.”  As noted above, Byrne’s appeal to the circuit court was based entirely on his 
contention that the Council’s decision was “arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law and constituted 
an abuse of discretion.” 
A city council acting on a certificate of appropriateness performs a legislative function.  
Norton v. City of Danville, 268 Va. 402, 408 (2004).  Such actions are presumed correct.  Id.  
Legislative action is reasonable if the matter in issue is “fairly debatable.”  Id. at 409.  An issue is 
fairly debatable “when the evidence offered in support of the opposing views would lead 
objective and reasonable persons to reach different conclusions.”  Id.  Reasonable and objective 
persons might readily have reached different conclusions with regard to the architectural and 
historical appropriateness of the width and placement of Byrne’s proposed gate.  That issue was 
fairly debatable. 
The legislative record added to the pleadings as a result of the motion craving oyer makes 
clear that the City Council, when deciding Byrne’s appeal, had all the essential facts before it, 
considered all opinions and arguments presented by interested parties, and made its decision 
within its lawful authority.  Thus, the circuit court correctly concluded, at the pleading stage, that 
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the council’s decision was not arbitrary, capricious, contrary to law, nor an abuse of discretion. 
The court did not err in sustaining the demurer. 
CONCLUSION 
For the reasons stated, we will affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 
Affirmed.