Title: Fertile v. St. Michael's Medical Center
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: a-49-00
State: new-jersey
Issuer: new-jersey Supreme Court
Date: July 25, 2001

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized). LONG, J., writing for a unanimous Court. The issues presented in this appeal concern the propriety of the remittitur ordered by the trial court and whether a retrial on all issues was mandated. On June 24, 1994, plaintiff, Marlene Fertile, was admitted to St. Michael's Medical Center in the early morning hours experiencing labor pains. At 9 p.m., Dr. Holgado observed that Mrs. Fertile's cervix had stopped dilating, probably because her pelvis could not accommodate the size of the baby. Dr. Holgado recommended to Dr. Rosenzweig, the attending physician, that Mrs. Fertile deliver by caesarian section (c-section). When Dr. Holgado was required to perfrom a c-section on another patient, however, he advised Dr. Buontempo to follow Mrs. Fertile and of his plans to perform a c-section on Mrs. Fertile. Dr. Buontempo reviewed Mrs. Fertile's charts and determined that the fetal monitor revealed prolonged reduced heart rate and variability evidencing an impaired oxygen supply. At 9:40 p.m., however, Dr. Buontempo concluded that a c-section was no longer an appropriate option because Mrs. Fertile was fully dilated and the baby's head was at the vaginal opening. She sent a nurse to the operating room to inform Dr. Rosenzweig who was engaged in another delivery with Dr. Holgado. Mrs. Fertile's baby, plaintiff Danialie Fertile, was large, and her shoulder was wedged behind Mrs. Fertile's pubic bone. Dr. Buontempo freed the baby by changing Mrs. Fertile's position, pressing on her pubic bone, and enlarging the surgical incision to expand her vagina. In the course of birth, Danialie was injured, resulting in an atrophied and partially paralyzed arm. Plaintiffs filed a complaint alleging malpractice. Their experts testified that by delivering Danialie vaginally, Dr. Buontempo deviated from acceptable standards. Defendants' expert testified that once Mrs. Fertile's cervix had fully dilated and Danialie had begun to move through the birth canal, the necessity for a c-section was eliminated. He interpreted the fetal monitor to reveal an environmental insult and fetal compromise, at which point the physician's obligation is to attempt to relieve the distress or deliver the baby as quickly and expeditiously as possible. Danialie suffered a brachial plexus injury, paralyzing some of her arm muscles and weakening others. She is unable to move her right hand, thumb or fingers but can place a light object in her right hand and hold it there. Her condition will not improve. Mrs. Fertile testified that Danialie is disappointed and frustrated by her disability, and needs assistance in engaging in the tasks of daily living. A career counselor testified for plaintiffs that Danialie would have serious limitation as an adult because most of the fastest-growing job fields require two hands. The counselor added that a disabled person like Danialie is more likely to encounter discrimination in hiring. Defendants did not contest that Danialie suffered a brachial plexus injury, but disagree concerning its effects. Their expert in rehabilitation testified that although Danialie has limitations imposed by her arm, nothing suggests she could not pursue a higher education or qualify for a professional position, and predicted no income loss as a result of the disability. The jury awarded Danialie damages in the amount of $15 million and Mrs. Fertile damages in the amount of $3 million on her emotional distress claim. Defendants filed a motion for a new trial or, in the alternative, a remittitur. The trial court denied a new trial, concluding that no trial error had occurred. However, the trial court stated that the verdict took my breath away, concluded it was excessive, and remitted $10 million of the award to Danialie and all but $250,000 of the award to Mrs. Fertile, on condition that plaintiffs accept that amount - otherwise, defendants would be entitled to a new damages trial. Plaintiffs agreed to the remittitur order. Defendants appealed, arguing entitlement to a new trial on all issues. They based their claim on three alleged trial errors: the exclusion of certain testimony of Dr. Rosenzweig; an allegedly prejudicial comment by plaintiff's expert; and allegedly improper comments of plaintiffs' counsel in summation that skewed the jury verdict. Defendants also argued that Mrs. Fertile's claim should not have been submitted to the jury; that the quantum of damages awarded warranted a new trial on all issues; or in the alternative, that the remittitur amount was excessive. Plaintiffs cross-appealed, arguing that the remittitur should not have been granted at all. The Appellate Division ruled that Mrs. Fertile's emotional distress claim was insufficient as a matter of law and should have been dismissed. In addition, it found that certain comments in plaintiffs' counsel's summation constituted plain error, clearly capable of producing an unjust result. The panel concluded that the grossly excessive verdict was indicative of the prejudicial effects of the misstatements and remanded for a new trial on all issues. Plaintiffs filed a petition for certification challenging the Appellate Division's remand for a new trial on all issues. They did not challenge the vacation of the verdict in favor of Mrs. Fertile or the determination that the verdict in favor of Danialie was excessive. Defendants did not file a protective cross-petition. Thus, the only question properly before the Court is whether defendants are entitled to a new trial on all issues. HELD: The statements of plaintiffs' counsel did not constitute plain error warranting a new trial. The excessive damage award alone does not entitle defendants to a new trial on all issues. The remittitur order was reasonable and did not constitute a manifest denial of justice. 1. Remittitur describes the power of a court to require the plaintiff to consent to a decrease in an award of damages to a specified amount as a condition for denying a defendant's motion for a new trial due to excessive damages. Because the use of remittitur avoids the unnecessary expense and delay of a new trial, when confronted with excessive verdicts New Jersey courts should, if possible, resort to an order of remittitur. (Pp. 11-14) 2. The comments in the summation of plaintiffs' counsel that were challenged by defendants concerned whether Dr. Rosenzweig, Dr. Buontempo's superior, disagreed with Dr. Buontempo's determination to deliver Danialie vaginally. Defense counsel had volunteered on opening that Dr. Rosenzweig agreed with Dr. Buontempo's handling of the delivery. It was fair comment for plaintiffs' counsel to underscore that no evidence had been presented to support that statement of defense counsel. Defense counsel did not object to the comments of plaintiffs' counsel, and they do not satisfy the plain error standard. (Pp. 14-19) 3. Defendants contend that the decision of the Appellate Division can be sustained on another basis: that under Taweel v. Starn's Shoprite Supermarket, 58 N.J. 227, 231 (1997) the gross excessiveness of the verdict, standing alone, compels a new trial on all issues. Defendants' reliance on Taweel is misplaced. There is no logical reason why the size of a damages award, standing alone, should invalidate an otherwise sound liability verdict. To the extent that Taweel suggests otherwise, it is disapproved. In the absence of trial error, attorney misconduct or some other indicia of bias, passion or prejudice impacting on the liability verdict, a trial court faced with an excessive damages award can only order a new damages trial, whether or not conditioned on remittitur. (Pp. 19-24) 4. Defendants contend that the remitted verdict is still excessive. Because the process of remittitur is essentially to lop off excess verdict amounts, and not to substitute the court's weighing and balancing for that of the jury, remitting the award to the highest figure that could be supported by the evidence is the most analytically solid approach. That approach also tampers least with the intentions of the jurors. The trial court fully and carefully explained how it determined that the jury verdict was excessive and how it reached the remitted number. In so doing, it properly relied on the evidence as well as its common knowledge and experience with other injury verdicts. Having reviewed the trial record, the Court cannot say that this finding was wide of the mark or that the remittitur order constituted a manifest denial of justice. (Pp. 24-28) Judgement of the Appellate Division is REVERSED insofar as it ordered a new trial on all issues relating to Danialie, the remittitur order of the trial court is REINSTATED with respect to Danialie, and the remainder of the judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, and ZAZZALI join in JUSTICE LONG's opinion. JUSTICES VERNIERO and LaVECCHIA. DANIALIE FERTILE, an infant, by her Guardian Ad Litem, MARLENE FERTILE, MARLENE FERTILE, individually, and ERNST FERTILE, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ST. MICHAEL'S MEDICAL CENTER and DR. ANGELA BUONTEMPO, Defendants-Respondents, and DR. MICHAEL DOBRANSKY, CHARLES OZOARU, M.D., JOHN DOE, M.D. A-Z (said names being fictitious and unknown) and JANE ROE, R.N. A-Z (said names being fictitious and unknown), Defendants. Argued April 30, 2001 -- Decided July 25, 2001 On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 334 N.J. Super. 43 (2000). Cynthia A. Matheke argued the cause for appellants (Lum, Danzis, Drasco, Positan &amp; Kleinberg, attorneys; Ms. Matheke and Dennis J. Drasco, of counsel; Kevin J. O'Connor, on the brief). George J. Kenny argued the cause for respondents (Connell Foley, attorneys). The opinion of the court was delivered by LONG, J. The core issues presented on this appeal are rather straightforward: in the face of a concededly excessive damages award, when is the remedy of a new damages trial conditioned on plaintiffs' acceptance of a remittitur order appropriate; when is a new trial on all issues mandated; and by what standard is the amount of a remittitur order to be assessed? I On April 4, 1996, plaintiffs, Danialie Fertile, an infant by her guardian ad litem, Marlene Fertile, and Marlene Fertile, individually, (collectively, plaintiffs) filed a complaint against Dr. Angela Buontempo and St. Michael's Medical Center (collectively, defendants).See footnote 11 The complaint alleged that Danialie was severely injured as a result of Dr. Buontempo's malpractice and that Mrs. Fertile suffered severe emotional distress as a result. The gravamen of the complaint, as elucidated in discovery, was that Dr. Buontempo delivered Danialie vaginally when a caesarean (c-section) section was indicated. * * * And then count those seconds up and ask if you, knowing what you now know _ as I indicated from the beginning what you're going to know about birthing and so on, that that is such an ominous sign, or is it the only exit way out of this case for the defendants because it's clear from Dr. Rosenzweig's testimony that she came out of there preparing to section this woman and found a baby whose arm was hanging like this and said nothing more except document it for the record, an hour later. No objection was advanced by defendants when the comments were made. Thus the standard by which they are to be tested is that of plain error. Rule 1:7-2. Under that standard, the issue is whether the comments had the clear capacity for producing an unjust result. State v. Melvin, 65 N.J. 1, 18 (1974); Rule 2:10- 2. The Appellate Division held that the comments met the plain error standard: The relevant testimony does not justify the comment that following Dr. Rosenzweig's completion of the other caesarian section Dr. Rosenzweig admonished Dr. Buontempo saying, "Didn't you know we wanted to do a section, please write it up." Nothing in the record supports a statement that Dr. Rosenzweig made any observation regarding the planned caesarean delivery. To the contrary, Dr. Rosenzweig maintained that she had no recollection of Marlene's labor or delivery other than instructing Dr. Buontempo to "write a chronology of the course of the delivery" in light of the complications associated with Danialie's birth. Dr. Buontempo did not testify to the contrary. Nor was there any testimony that Dr. Rosenzweig saw Danialie contemporaneously with her post-delivery conference with Dr. Buontempo or that, if she had seen Danialie, Dr. Rosenzweig would have observed her "arm hanging like this." In the context of this close case on liability these misstatements as to Dr. Rosenzweig's testimony had great potential to mislead and inflame the jury because they suggested that Dr. Rosenzweig, Dr. Buontempo's superior, disagreed with the decision to carry out a vaginal delivery. Moreover, the representation that Dr. Rosenzweig admonished Dr. Buontempo supported plaintiffs' theory that Dr. Buontempo committed malpractice in not carrying out the previously planned caesarian section. [Fertile v. St. Michael's Hospital, 334 N.J. Super. 43, 61 (App. Div. 2000).] We disagree with that analysis. In his opening statement, defense counsel told the jury that Dr. Buontempo sent a nurse to Dr. Rosenzweig, who was doing the other c-section, and told her what had occurred and what Dr. Buontempo's plan was and what she was going to do. And, in fact, she talked with Dr. Rosenzweig after this occurred, and Dr. Rosenzweig did not disagree with her at all. By that statement, counsel left the jury with the impression that Dr. Rosenzweig concurred in Dr. Buontempo's handling of the case. When he tried to elicit that conclusion from Dr. Rosenzweig, however, the trial court properly precluded her from offering an opinion regarding Dr. Buontempo's conduct. Dr. Rosenzweig was not entitled to give either a fact opinion regarding matters that took place out of her presence or an expert opinion for which she was not proffered as a witness. Thus, on that point, it was fair comment in summation for plaintiffs' counsel to underscore that defense counsel's statement, volunteered on opening, that Dr. Rosenzweig agreed with Dr. Buontempo's handling of Mrs. Fertile's delivery was not supported by the evidence. Other than instructing Dr. Buontempo to write a chronology of the course of the delivery in light of the complications, Dr. Rosenzweig did not recall Mrs. Fertile's labor or delivery. During cross-examination, Dr. Buontempo testified: Q. Now doctor, you got no answer from Dr. Rosenzweig when you sent in word that there was going to be a delivery. A. No. Q. You got _ that's correct, you got no answer. A. I didn't get any answer. Q. And did Dr. Rosenzweig indicate to you after _ ask you after the delivery whether you were aware that they were planning to do a caesarian section? A. Yes. Although Dr. Rosenzweig did not say to Dr. Buontempo please write it up because you performed a vaginal delivery in contravention of the c-section that had been anticipated (the inference plaintiffs obviously wanted drawn), it is uncontroverted that Dr. Rosenzweig asked Dr. Buontempo to please write it up and additionally inquired of Dr. Buontempo whether she was aware that they had planned to do a c-section. In light of that evidence, the inference that there was a connection between the statements was a legitimate one and plaintiffs' summation was not erroneous on that point. Moreover, it cannot be disputed that Dr. Rosenzweig asked Dr. Buontempo to document her conduct for the record because of the complications in the delivery. Dr. Rosenzweig testified to that directly. Although Dr. Rosenzweig did not say specifically that she contemporaneously saw Danialie post-delivery, she did testify that she instructed Dr. Buontempo to document the delivery after she walked into the labor room and it became clear that there were complications. It is true that there is no testimony out of Dr. Rosenzweig's mouth that she directly observed Danialie's injury. However, her presence in the labor room, her acknowledgement of complications, and the testimony from Mr. Fertile that Danialie's injury was visible and that her arm was limp from the moment of birth, are persuasive circumstantial evidence for the inference that Dr. Rosenzweig saw her when she walked into the labor room. In short, given the latitude counsel are afforded in summation, State v. Bogen, 13 N.J. 137, 140-141, cert. denied, 346 U.S. 825, 74 S. Ct. 44, 98 L. Ed. 350 (1953), the statements at issue were not unjustified. In that connection, we view the failure of defendants' experienced counsel to place on the record any objection to the summation as speaking volumes about the accuracy of what was said. State v. Wilson, 57 N.J. 39, 51 (1970). We presume that when a lawyer observes an adversary's summation, and concludes that the gist of the evidence has been unfairly characterized, an objection will be advanced. We turn finally to the three issues raised by defendants in the Appellate Division briefs but not directly confronted in that court's opinion. Although defendants raised those issues at oral argument here, in the absence of a protective cross-petition they are not properly before us. However, in the interest of completeness we choose to address them. Regarding the weight of the evidence, this was a hotly contested case involving a proverbial battle of experts. Although the verdict could have gone either way, there was evidence in the record that, if believed by the jury, amply supported the liability determination against defendants. Further, as we have indicated, the trial court's refusal to allow Dr. Rosenzweig to render an opinion regarding Dr. Buontempo's conduct was entirely proper given that she was not present during the delivery of Mrs. Fertile and had not been proffered as an expert witness. Finally, regarding Dr. Leviss's statement that Dr. Buontempo mismanaged the dystocia, the trial court quickly and forcefully gave a fully remedial curative instruction. In sum, no error, let alone plain error, occurred during the trial of this case. We thus reverse the Appellate Division's determination that a new trial on all issues is required because the excessive verdict resulted from the prejudicial effect of trial error. V We turn next to defendants' contention that the decision of the Appellate Division can be sustained on another basis: that under Taweel v. Starn's Shoprite Supermarket, 58 N.J. 227, 231 (1971) the gross excessiveness of the verdict, standing alone, compels a new trial on all issues. In Taweel, this Court stated: When there is adequate support for the jury's finding on liability and it appears only that the damages awarded were excessive, the remittitur device may be used and its use is encouraged to avoid a new trial. Fritsche v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 55 N.J. 322, 330, 331, 261 A.2d 657 (1970). The term is used to describe an order denying defendant's application for a new trial on condition that the plaintiff consent to a specified reduction in the jury's award. Fisch v. Manger, 24 N.J. 66, 72, 130 A.2d 815 (1957). It may be employed only in cases where, if the plaintiff declines the reduction, the separate issue of liability having been clearly and properly decided, he must submit to a new trial as to damages. If, however, the award of damages is so grossly excessive as to demonstrate prejudice, partiality or passion and thus to generate the feeling that the entire verdict was tainted, a remittitur is improper. The correct procedure in such a case is an order for a new trial on all issues. Defendants' reliance on Taweel is misplaced. First, the cited language is dictum insofar as the Court in Taweel ultimately held that that verdict was not excessive and reinstated it. Id. at 236- 37. Likewise, although the underscored language in Taweel has been cited in our reported civil case law a number of times, not one single post-Taweel case has ever ordered a new trial on all issues based solely on a grossly excessive damages award. Several cases ordered a new liability trial, but only did so because of trial error or attorney misconduct in addition to the excessiveness of the damages verdict.See footnote 33 A number of the cases approved remittitur or additurSee footnote 44, still others ordered a new damages trialSee footnote 55, and many simply left the original damages verdict undisturbedSee footnote 66. The refusal of any trial or appellate court to invalidate an otherwise justifiable liability verdict based solely on the award of grossly excessive damages in the thirty years since Taweel is not a coincidence. In our view, it is an implicit repudiation of the essentially standardless exercise of distinguishing between excessive and grossly excessive damages awards to determine whether a liability verdict has been impaired by passion, prejudice, or bias. Given that excessive damages in themselves must shock the judicial conscience, Baxter, supra, 74 N.J. at 595, 603, 604, there is simply no principled distinction between those damages and grossly excessive ones. Moreover, there is no logical reason why the size of a damages award, standing alone, should invalidate an otherwise sound liability verdict. A feeling that something is amiss is an inadequate basis to upend an otherwise untainted verdict. To the extent that Taweel suggests the contrary, it is disapproved. Our guiding principle is that passion, prejudice , or bias warranting a new trial on liability generally cannot be established merely by the excessiveness of a damages award, regardless of its size. See Brodbeck v. N.R.A., No. CIV. A. 98-5361, 1 999 WL 722815, at *4 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 14, 1999) (citing Dunn v. Hovic, 1 F.3d 1371, 1383 (3d Cir. 1993)), for proposition that no amount of damages is per se proof of passion, prejudice or bias warranting new liability trial); Callahan v. Cardinal Glennon Hosp., 863 S.W.2d 852, 872 (Mo. 1993) (size of verdict alone will not establish passion and prejudice by jury, and some other error must be shown to require new trial on all issues). To justify a new trial on all issues, what is required is trial error, attorney misconduct or some other indicia of bias, passion or prejudice, impacting on the liability verdict. In the absence of such indicia, a trial court faced with an excessive damages award can only order a new damages trial, whether or not conditioned on remittitur.See footnote 77 Defendants therefore are not entitled to a new trial on all issues based on the size of the damages award. VI We turn finally to defendants' contention that the remitted verdict is still excessive. Although technically that issue was not properly preserved by a cross-petition, we choose to address it because it resonates throughout the case. The standard applicable to such a claim is similar to that governing a new trial. Baxter, supra, 74 N.J. at 596 (1977); Rule 4:49-1. Obviously, assessing the amount of a remittitur is a slightly more complicated function than merely determining entitlement to a new damages trial. It not only involves the conclusion that the damages award cannot stand because it constitutes a manifest denial of justice but also a determination that the remitted amount is what a reasonable jury, properly instructed, would have awarded. Different approaches have developed for determining the proper amount of a remittitur order: one is to award the lowest amount supported by the record, Meissner v. Pappas, 35 F. Supp. 676, 677 (E.D. Wis. 1940), modified on other grounds, 124 F.2d 720 (7th Cir. 1941); a second is to award the highest amount supported by the record, Osburn v. Anchor Laboratories, 825 F.2d 908, 919 (5th Cir. 1987) cert. denied 485 U.S. 1009, 108 S. Ct. 1476, 99 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1988); and a third is to award damages in between the highest and lowest amounts supported by the record, Lanfranconi v. Tidewater Oil Co., 376 F.2d 91, 97 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 951, 88 S. Ct. 334, 19 L. Ed. 2d 361 (1967). Because the process of remittitur is essentially to lop-off excess verdict amounts, Dimick v. Scheidt, supra, 293 U.S. at 486, 55 S. Ct. at 301, 79 L. Ed. at 611, and not to substitute the court's weighing and balancing for that of the jury, remitting the award to the highest figure that could be supported by the evidence is the most analytically solid approach. Indeed, commentators have concluded that such an approach tampers least with the intentions of the jurors, who by implication wanted to fully compensate the plaintiffs . . . . Irene Deaville Sann, Remittiturs (and Additurs) in the Federal Courts: An Evaluation With Suggested Alternatives, 38 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 157, 191 (1987/88); Moore's Federal Practice, 59.26 [4][b](3d ed.1997); see also Slade v. Whitco Corp., 811 F.Supp 71, 77 (N.D. N.Y.) (noting that, of the three alternative methods for computing remittitur, method that reduces verdict only to maximum that would be upheld by trial court if not excessive is least intrusive standard), aff'd by, 999 F.2d 537 (2d Cir. 1993). We have carefully reviewed this record in light of the aforementioned standards, and find no reason to interfere with the remittitur order. The trial court fully and carefully explained how it determined that the jury verdict was excessive and how it reached the remitted number. In so doing, it properly relied on the evidence it saw and heard. Tronolone v. Palmer, 224 N.J. Super. 92, 104 (App. Div. 1988). In addition, it based the decision on its own common knowledge, as well as its experience with other injury verdicts, and particularly on Danialie's extended life expectancy. The court stated: When it comes to the dollar amount of the verdict and this becomes hard too and I direct the question am I constrained with what my responsibility is, is just to use my common knowledge experience and knowledge vis-a-vis one injury or do I do it in comparison to others, and I think what I have to do is do in the totality of the circumstances as what this means to a particular individual in a particular case. What's devastating to one is so so to another. So, it has to be an individual situation. Certainly we know that we have, it's certainly no solace to the parents of this child that we have much more severely injured children with brain damage babies etc. It doesn't give any solace that, oh, well, it's only, you know a brachioplexis injury as opposed to a brain damage. That doesn't do the plaintiff in this case any good. But I have to look at it all around, the quality of life, and what's available there because as I say everybody is a little bit different. * * * And I looked at that and I say that in good conscience I can't let the dollar amount stand and it's a hard place to put and I look at it all, yes, there is a young woman who certainly is precocious, is bright, intellectually has the world open to her, but yet there are still some everyday things that are going to cause some problems that you think very simply is how easy it is to do certain things that we take for granted for everyday with two arms that you can't do with only one. It is something that goes on and on and on, and I do have to consider the life expectancy overall. Remember we do have as of this time she was just short of five and the life expectancy of a little over 70, so you're talking 75 years and hopefully and god willing she'll have longevity longer than that because we know as we get older that it extends, but the jury looked at it from that point of view. In evaluating I've even watched her again today, a charming young lady but with a very noticeable injury that is not something that's going to take a discerning eye to see. It's something that is going to, you know, jump up and hit anybody who sees it. It is something that is going to if you don't need a psychiatrist or anybody on that basis to say that it's always to be some sort of a problem to someone to adapt with it and all, but in this court's opinion the 15 million dollars just is a bit of an overreach and somewhat interlaced with the motion. The court ultimately concluded that $5,000,000 was an appropriate and just award, underscoring that Danialie's injury is devastating and visible and with [her] for a lifetime. Having reviewed the trial record and the videotape, we cannot say that the court was wide of the mark or that the remittitur order constituted a manifest denial of justice. VII The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed insofar as it ordered a new trial on all issues relating to Danialie; the remittitur order of the trial court is reinstated with respect to Danialie; the remainder of the judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, and ZAZZALI join in JUSTICE LONG's opinion. JUSTICES VERNIERO and LaVECCHIA did not participate. NO. A-49 DANIALIE FERTILE, an infant, by her Guardian Ad Litem, MARLENE FERTILE, MARLENE FERTILE, individually, and ERNST FERTILE, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. ST. MICHAEL'S MEDICAL CENTER and DR. ANGELA BUONTEMPO, Defendants-Respondents. DECIDED July 25, 2001 Chief Justice Poritz