Title: State v. Moore/Coen
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: S057820
State: Oregon
Issuer: Oregon Supreme Court
Date: December 16, 2010

FILED: December 16, 2010
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON
STATE OF OREGON,
Petitioner on Review,
v.
DOUGLAS CARL MOORE,
aka Dc Moore,
aka Douglas Earl Moore,
Respondent on Review.
(CC CF050356; CA A134343; SC S057820)
STATE OF OREGON,
Petitioner on Review/
Respondent on Review,
v.
EDWIN SHANE COEN,
Respondent on Review/
Petitioner on Review.
(CC 020774FE; CA A135115; SC S058145; S058152)
(Consolidated for argument and opinion)
En
Banc
On
review from the Court of Appeals.*
Argued
and submitted May 7, 2010, at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon.
Matthew
J. Lysne, Assistant Attorney General, Salem, argued the cause for petitioner on
review in both cases.  With him on the briefs were John R. Kroger, Attorney
General, Jerome Lidz, Solicitor General, David B. Thompson, and Linda M. Wicks,
Assistant Attorneys General.
Susan
F. Drake, Deputy Public Defender, Office of Public Defense Services, Salem,
argued the cause for respondent on review Douglas Carl Moore.  With her on the
brief was Peter Gartlan, Chief Defender.
Jesse
Wm. Barton, Salem, argued the cause and filed the brief for respondent on
review Edwin Shane Coen.
DE
MUNIZ, C. J.
In State
v. Douglas Carl Moore, S057820, the decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed. 
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the
circuit court for further proceedings.*
In State
v. Edwin Shane Coen, S058145/S058152, the decision of the Court of Appeals
is affirmed.  The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part and reversed
in part, and the case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.**
*Appeal
from Umatilla County Circuit Court, Jan Wyers, Judge. 229 Or App 255, 211 P3d
344 (2009).
**Appeal
from Jackson County Circuit Court, Patricia Crain, Judge. 231 Or App 280, 220
P3d 423 (2009).
DE
MUNIZ, C. J.
In
these two criminal cases, consolidated for purposes of opinion, each defendant testified at his trial after the trial court had
erroneously admitted incriminating statements that police officers had obtained
from each defendant in violation of Article I, section 12, of the Oregon
Constitution.(1) 
In State v. Moore, 229 Or App 255, 211 P3d 344 (2009), the
Court of Appeals concluded that it could not consider defendant's trial
testimony in determining whether the admission of defendant's unlawfully
obtained statement was "harmless error."  In State v. Coen, 231 Or App 280, 220 P3d 423 (2009) (Coen II),
the Court of Appeals, citing Moore, concluded that the state could not
introduce defendant's prior trial testimony during his retrial.  We allowed the state's petitions for review.  For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the decisions of the Court of Appeals in both Moore
and Coen II.  Both cases are remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings.
I.  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A.        State v. Moore
In Moore, a state trooper had observed that defendant was not wearing a seatbelt
while driving this truck and stopped him.  During the stop, the trooper
noticed ammunition on the dashboard and asked defendant if there were any
firearms in the truck.  When defendant responded affirmatively, the trooper
asked, "What do you have?"  Defendant replied, "Just my friend's
gun in the back there."  The trooper then asked if it was a pistol or a
rifle, and defendant replied that it was a .22 rifle.  When the trooper later
asked defendant for the rifle, defendant retrieved the weapon from behind the
front seat, and also showed the trooper a piece of a disassembled rifle.  Upon
checking defendant's driving record and criminal history, the trooper
discovered that defendant had a felony conviction.  The trooper then handcuffed
defendant and locked him in the back of the patrol car.  The trooper informed defendant
that he was being detained but was not under arrest.  Shortly afterward, while
standing in the open doorway of the patrol car, the trooper questioned
defendant about the rifle.  Defendant stated that the rifle belonged to a
friend with whom he had been hunting, and that the friend had left the rifle in
the truck for safekeeping.  Defendant also stated that he knew he was not
supposed to have a gun and was going to take the rifle out of the truck, but had
forgotten to do so.  Defendant subsequently was charged with one count of felon
in possession of a firearm, ORS 166.270.   
Before
trial, defendant moved to suppress the statements that he had made while in the
patrol car, arguing that he had either been under arrest or in compelling
circumstances when he made them, and therefore the trooper should have advised him
of his Miranda rights before questioning him.  The trial court denied
defendant's motion.  At trial, defendant explained that his initial response to
the trooper was a reference to the disassembled rifle piece, and that he did
not know that his friend had left the functional rifle in the truck until he
had turned to retrieve the piece of the disassembled rifle.  In closing
arguments, the prosecutor asserted that defendant's explanation at trial was
undermined by the statements that he had made while sitting in the patrol car. 
Ultimately, a jury convicted defendant on one count of felon in possession of a
firearm.
Defendant
appealed, assigning error to the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress
and argued that he should have been advised of his Miranda rights before
being questioned.  The state responded that Miranda warnings were not
required under those circumstances and, alternatively, that any error was
harmless.  The Court of Appeals concluded that the trial court should have
suppressed the statements that defendant had made in the patrol car because
defendant had been under "compelling circumstances," when the officer
questioned him, requiring the officer to give defendant  Miranda-like warnings
before questioning.  Moore, 229 Or App at 262.  In reversing and
remanding for a new trial, the Court of Appeals concluded (1) that under State
v. McGinnis, 335 Or 243, 64 P3d 1123 (2003), it could not consider defendant's
trial testimony to determine whether the admission of defendant's statements
was harmless error, and (2) that the erroneous admission of defendant's pretrial
statements had not been harmless error.  Id. at 264-65.
We
allowed the state's petition for review.  On review, the state does not dispute
that defendant's pretrial statements were obtained in violation of Article I,
section 12.  Rather, the state argues that, under McGinnis,  (1) excluding
a defendant's trial testimony from harmless error review is appropriate only
when a defendant's erroneously admitted pretrial statement were "actually
coerced," and (2) an appellate court must consider a defendant's
trial testimony when the state proves that erroneously admitted statements did
not compel defendant's trial testimony.  Here, the state asserts that defendant
voluntarily made the erroneously admitted statements; that is, they were not
"actually coerced."  In addition, the state argues that the erroneous
admission of defendant's pretrial statements did not compel defendant to
testify at trial because, notwithstanding those statements, defendant
nevertheless needed to testify at trial to explain other statements that he had
made to the trooper and that the trial court had properly admitted.  The state
also requests that this court reexamine McGinnis and  hold that, when a
defendant testifies voluntarily and admits the truthfulness of statements that
the trial court erroneously admitted at trial, the defendant's trial testimony
may always be used for harmless error review or for rebuttal on retrial. 
B.        State v. Coen (Coen II)
In
Coen, defendant was charged with second-degree manslaughter and driving
under the influence of intoxicants (DUII) after a head-on automobile collision in
which the driver of one vehicle was killed and defendant, the driver of the
other vehicle, was hospitalized.  At the accident scene, the responding
officer, Trooper Allison, noticed a "half rack" of beer on the passenger
side of defendant's vehicle and another box of beer in the back seat.  Allison
went to the hospital to question defendant.  When he arrived, he spoke with a
doctor who stated that, in his opinion, defendant was intoxicated.  Allison
entered defendant's hospital room and noticed that defendant's eyes were
bloodshot, watery, and droopy, and that his speech was slow.  Without first giving
defendant Miranda warnings, Allison began to question him.  Defendant
stated that he had had two or three beers a few hours before the accident, but
maintained that he was in his lane when the accident occurred.  Allison asked
defendant if he would give blood and urine samples.  Defendant responded,
"If I had a couple beers and this is turning into a big deal, I think that
I should probably have an attorney, shouldn't I?"  Allison told defendant
that he could call an attorney, but that if defendant did so, he would be
arrested.  Allison explained, "[T]here's actually two ways this is going
to work, is, you can give it by consent, or I can place you under arrest and
then I get it anyway."  Defendant then asked, "If I had a lawyer
here, I'd be under arrest now?"  Allison responded affirmatively.  Defendant
did not call a lawyer and agreed to provide the samples. 
As
the samples were being drawn, Allison continued to question defendant.  During
that conversation, defendant appeared to retreat from his earlier statement
that he had remained in his own lane, admitting that, "[The other driver] was
on that corner, I tapered the corner, and then 'bam!'"  A chemical
analysis of defendant's blood and urine  revealed a blood alcohol content of
.25 percent.  
Before
trial, defendant moved to suppress (1) the statements that he had made to
Allison at the hospital and (2) the results of his blood and urine tests.  The
trial court denied the motion.  Defendant then testified at trial, admitting that
he was an alcoholic and that he had been drinking before the accident.  Specifically,
defendant testified that he had consumed 15 or 16 beers in the eight hours
before the collision, but that that was a "normal day."  He testified
that he had a high tolerance for alcohol and  was not under the influence of
intoxicants at the time of the collision.  Defendant further testified that he
had been in his lane and had not caused the collision, stating that when he had
told Allison that he had "tapered the corner," he meant that he
"[took] it low into the corner," to reduce the outward pull on the
truck, but remained inside his lane.  A jury convicted defendant on both counts,
and he appealed.
On
appeal, the Court of Appeals concluded that, when Allison told defendant that he
would arrest him if he insisted on contacting a lawyer, the circumstances
became compelling, and that Allison should have given defendant  Miranda
warnings.  The Court of Appeals also determined that defendant's consent to
give the blood and urine samples was the product of an illegal threat by
Allison and  therefore involuntary because, when he made the threat, Allison did
not have subjective probable cause to arrest defendant.(2)  Consequently, the Court
of Appeals concluded that the trial court should have suppressed defendant's
pretrial statements and the results of the chemical analysis.  The Court of
Appeals also concluded that those errors were not harmless; as a result, it
reversed defendant's convictions and remanded for a new trial.  State v. Coen, 203 Or App 92, 125 P3d 761 (2005), rev den, 341 Or 141, 139
P3d 259 (2006) (Coen I). 
On
remand, both the state and defendant moved for pretrial rulings on the
admissibility of certain evidence.  To prove that defendant had acted with a
reckless mental state, the state offered evidence that defendant had participated
in a DUII diversion program based on a 1992 incident, and that defendant had been
convicted of DUII in 1997.(3) 
Specifically, the state sought to show that, at the time of the collision,
defendant knew the risks involved in driving under the influence of intoxicants. 
The trial court ruled that evidence of defendant's participation in the diversion
program was admissible, but ordered that defendant's 1997 DUII conviction be
excluded.  Defendant, on the other hand, sought to suppress his testimony from
the first trial, arguing that he had testified only to rebut the illegally
obtained statements that he had made to Trooper Allison at the hospital, and which
the trial court had erroneously admitted into evidence in his first trial.  The
trial court agreed and ordered that defendant's trial testimony be excluded
from the retrial, reasoning that "[i]t is clear that the defendant only
testified in order to counter the use of the illegally obtained blood draw and
his statements."
The
state appealed.  ORS 138.060(1)(c).(4) 
The Court of Appeals reversed in part and affirmed in part, concluding that the
trial court had erred in excluding defendant's DUII conviction.  However, the Court
of Appeals affirmed the trial court's order excluding defendant's trial
testimony.  The court determined that evidence of defendant's past DUII
conviction was relevant to prove defendant's state of mind, rejecting
defendant's argument that OEC 404(4) -- discussed post, at ___, (slip op
at 17-23) -- is unconstitutional because it prevents a court from excluding
evidence that is unfairly prejudicial.  Finally, the Court of Appeals
determined that the state's claim that the trial court had erred in suppressing
defendant's prior trial testimony was foreclosed by the Court of Appeals'
recent decision in Moore.
Defendant
and the state both sought review of that decision, and we allowed both
petitions.  On review, the state asserts that the Court of Appeals incorrectly
relied on this court's decision in State v. McGinnis to affirm the trial
court's pretrial order suppressing defendant's trial testimony.  As in Moore,
the state agrees that defendant's pretrial statements to the trooper were
obtained in violation of Article I, section 12, but asserts that those
statements were not "actually coerced."  According to the state,
because defendant's prior trial testimony was not "induced" by the erroneous
admission of "actually coerced" incriminating statements, that
testimony should be admissible on retrial.  Defendant, in turn, asserts that
the trial court properly excluded evidence of his prior DUII conviction, and
that the Court of Appeals erroneously decided that issue.
II.  DISCUSSION
On review, the state
acknowledges that, in both of these cases, the statements that defendants made
to the police officers were not preceded by Miranda warnings and were
obtained under compelling circumstances, in violation of Article I, section 12,
of the Oregon Constitution.  However, as explained above, the state argues that,
unless erroneously admitted pretrial statements were "actually coerced,"
Article I, section 12, permits
their use to establish "harmless error" or as evidence of a
defendant's guilt on retrial when made as part of a defendant's trial testimony.(5)  Because the parties
devote the bulk of their briefing to this court's decision in McGinnis,
we begin there.
In McGinnis,
the defendant was charged with selling marijuana to an undercover informant,
Diemer.  335 Or at 245.  During the transaction, Diemer had worn a hidden radio
transmitter, known as a body wire, and a police officer recorded the
conversation at a remote location.  The trial court admitted the recording into
evidence over the defendant's objection.  After its admission, the defendant testified
in his own defense.  Although he conceded that he had engaged in a drug
transaction with Diemer, the defendant attempted to portray Diemer as the
seller.  The defendant testified at trial that Diemer had wanted to buy back
some marijuana that he previously had sold to the defendant and that the
defendant had complied with Diemer's request.  Id. at 246.  A jury
convicted defendant of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance for
consideration, former ORS 475.992 (2003), renumbered as ORS 472.840
(2005).  Although the Court of Appeals concluded that the body wire evidence
should have been suppressed, it nevertheless affirmed the defendant's
conviction, holding that, because the defendant had testified that he had
engaged in an illegal drug transaction, the body wire evidence was cumulative,
rendering the error, if any, harmless.
On review in this
court, the defendant, relying on Harrison v. United States, 392 US 219,
88 S Ct 2008, 20 L Ed 2d 1047 (1968), contended that the Court of Appeals had erred
in considering the defendant's trial testimony in holding that the defendant had
not been harmed by the erroneously admitted body wire recording.  The defendant
argued that this court should adopt a rule precluding consideration of a
defendant's trial testimony in a review for harmless error when the defendant's
testimony had been compelled to rebut illegally admitted evidence.
In considering that
argument, this court observed that the improper use of a defendant's illegally
obtained statements implicates a defendant's testimonial rights and concluded
that
"[t]he rule of Harrison is limited to those
circumstances in which a defendant is compelled to testify at trial as a result
of the Fifth Amendment violation that occurs when an illegally obtained
confession is used against that defendant at trial.  Stated otherwise, a
defendant cannot invoke the protection of the Harrison rule unless the
evidence that the defendant sought to rebut by taking the stand was an
inadmissible confession, not evidence of some other kind, even if that
evidence was obtained illegally."  
McGinnis, 335
Or at 253 (emphasis in original).  The court then stated, "That said, the
United States Supreme Court's rule in Harrison does not preclude this
court from fashioning a different rule under Oregon constitutional or statutory
law.  However, we are persuaded by the logic of that Court's rule."  Id.
at 253.  
This court went on
to hold that the police had violated former ORS 133.724 because
they had not obtained an ex parte court order before using a body wire. 
The court determined that the violation of that statute required suppression of
the recording but nevertheless affirmed the defendant's conviction after
conducting a harmless error analysis.  The court held that the recorded
statements "were not the product of compulsion by law enforcement."  Id.
at 253.  Because the recorded statements were "not compelled in any
way," and thus did not implicate the constitution, the court concluded
that there was "no reason to exclude defendant's [trial] testimony from a
review of the record for harmless error."  Id. at 254.
Here, although the
Court of Appeals based both of its decisions on McGinnis and, on review,
the parties focus much of their argument on that decision, McGinnis dealt
with a statutory violation, not a constitutional one.(6)  Moreover, although McGinnis
involved erroneously admitted incriminating statements, there was no question
in that case that the defendant's wire-recorded statements were voluntarily
made.  Thus, although McGinnis concluded that the rule fashioned by the
United States Supreme Court in Harrison was appropriate for "Oregon
constitutional [and] statutory law," that conclusion was broader than the
issue actually before the court.  In fact, McGinnis's holding does
not directly address the constitutional question presented in these cases.  To answer
that question, we must again examine the nature of the Article I, section 12, right
against compelled self-incrimination and our case law interpreting that provision.
Article
I, section 12, provides, in part, that "[n]o person shall * * * be
compelled in any criminal prosecution to testify against himself."  In
Oregon, Article I, section 12, is an independent source for warnings similar to
those required under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution by Miranda
v. Arizona, 384 US 436, 86 S Ct 1602, 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).  See State
v. Magee, 304 Or 261, 266, 744 P2d 250 (1987) (so stating).  Under Article
I, section 12, the police must give a defendant who is in custody Miranda-like
warnings prior to questioning.  Id.  In addition, Miranda-like
warnings also are required in circumstances that, although they do not rise to
the level of full custody, nevertheless create a "setting which judges
would and officers should recognize to be 'compelling.'"  State v.
Smith, 310 Or 1, 7, 791 P2d 836 (1990) (quoting Magee, 304 Or at 265). 

When police officers obtain pretrial statements from a defendant in
violation of Article I, section 12, this court has held that such statements
must be excluded at trial in order to restore the defendant to the position that
he or she would have been in if police had not violated that constitutional
right.  See State v. Simonson, 319 Or 510, 518-19, 878 P2d 409 (1994)
(adopting rationale from State v. Davis, 313 Or 246, 834 P2d 1008
(1992)).  
Recently, in State
v. Vondehn, 348 Or 462, 474, 236 P3d 691 (2010),  this court observed that:
"Article I, section 12, affords a
constitutional right to remain silent.  That right is, however, subject to
waiver.  Because a custodial interrogation is inherently compelling, and to ensure
the validity of a waiver of the right against self-incrimination, Article I,
section 12, requires that the police inform a person subjected to custodial
interrogation that he or she has a right to remain silent and to consult with
counsel and that any statements that the person makes may be used against the
person in a criminal prosecution.  Article I, section 12, requires those Miranda
warnings to ensure that a person's waiver is knowing as well as voluntary.  If
the police conduct a custodial interrogation without first obtaining a knowing
and voluntary waiver of the suspect's rights, then they violate the suspect's
Article I, section 12, rights.  To give effect to those constitutional rights,
the state is precluded from using, in a criminal prosecution, statements made
in response to the interrogation."  
The state agrees that it is appropriate to
exclude a defendant's trial testimony on retrial or harmless error review when
that testimony was compelled by the erroneous admission of what the
state refers to as "actually coerced" pretrial statements.(7)  However, as noted
above, the state argues that, because in these two cases defendants' pretrial
statements here were not "actually coerced," their trial testimony is
admissible on retrial or available for harmless error review by an appellate
court. 
Because the pretrial
statements at issue in McGinnis were not obtained in violation of the
Oregon Constitution, the court had no occasion to determine whether the Harrison
rule should be applied only when pretrial statements are "actually
coerced" as the state claims, or whether the rule is applicable to the
erroneous admission of any statements obtained in violation of Article I,
section 12.  In Vondehn, however, the state similarly argued that,
although it was proper to exclude physical evidence derived from statements
obtained by "actual coercion," the "mere failure to provide Miranda
warnings" should not result in the exclusion of physical evidence derived
from such statements.  This court rejected the state's argument, holding that:
"It is the Oregon Constitution that requires Miranda
warnings and it is the Oregon Constitution that is violated when those warnings
are not given.  When the police violate Article I, section 12, whether that
violation consists of 'actual coercion' or the failure to give the warnings
necessary to a knowing and voluntary waiver, the state is precluded from using
evidence derived from that violation to obtain a criminal conviction."
348 Or at 475-76. 
It follows that, in determining whether exclusion of a defendant's trial
testimony on retrial or from harmless error review is warranted, no distinction
should be made under Article I, section 12, between statements unconstitutionally
obtained by "actual coercion" and statements unconstitutionally obtained
through police interrogation not preceded by the constitutionally required
warnings.
We observe, as did
the court in Harrison, that, it is "difficult to unravel the many
considerations" that may lead a defendant to testify at trial.  392 US at 224. 
Under our system of criminal justice, there are a variety of ways for a
defendant to respond to erroneously admitted pretrial statements without
testifying in court about those  statements.  In the usual case, a defendant
decides whether to testify at trial with the advice of counsel and is likely to
consider a variety of factors and circumstances, not just the state's intended
use of his or her pretrial statements.  It is that reality that causes us to
reject the use of the terms compelled, induced, or impelled
in describing the connection between erroneously admitted pretrial statements
and a defendant's trial testimony that justifies the suppression of a
defendant's trial testimony.
Given the difficulty
of "unravelling" all the factors that may have contributed to a defendant's
decision to testify at trial -- and because the state has gained an advantage
over a defendant at trial when it unconstitutionally obtains the defendant's
statements and then introduces them into evidence  -- we conclude that it is more
appropriate to assume that a defendant's trial testimony is tainted by
the erroneously admitted pretrial statements.  Therefore, a defendant's trial
testimony must be excluded on retrial or from harmless error review by an
appellate court unless the court can determine from the record before it that a
defendant's trial testimony did not refute, explain, or qualify the erroneously
admitted pretrial statements.(8) 
The standard we have identified using the terms, refute, explain,
or qualify is intended to be applied objectively, taking into account
the substantive content of such testimony under the totality of the
circumstances of the case.  With that understanding, we turn to the state's
arguments regarding defendants' testimony here.
A.        State v. Moore
In Moore, the
state now concedes that the trial court should have suppressed the
incriminating statements that defendant made to the trooper while he was
handcuffed in the patrol car.  The state asserts, however, that admission of those
incriminating statements did not "compel" defendant to testify.  The
state argues that a review of the record, including defendant's testimony and defense
counsel's opening and closing statements, confirms that defendant would have
testified regardless of whether his incriminating statements were admitted at
trial.  The state argues that, given defendant's position that his initial response to the trooper was a
reference to the disassembled rifle piece, and that he did not know that the
functioning rifle had been left in the truck until he turned to retrieve the
disassembled rifle piece, defendant may have decided to
testify about the statements to suggest that they were the product of confusion
or coercion.  The state asserts that defendant "absolutely needed to
testify to 'explain away'" his admissible statement that his
"friend's gun" was in the truck.  Defendant responds that the state
is engaging in speculation regarding what defendant would have done if the
trial court had not admitted the incriminating statements.  Defendant asserts
that it is just as likely that, instead of testifying, he would have called his
passenger to testify about defendant's initial response to the trooper, because
the passenger was present during that exchange and could testify concerning
defendant's answers.  
In his trial
testimony, defendant essentially denied that he knew that the functioning
rifle was in the vehicle.  In so testifying, defendant did not in any way admit
 that his pretrial statements were true.  In this case, because defendant's
trial testimony in and of itself could not support a finding of guilt, we need
not determine whether defendant's testimony refuted, explained, or qualified
the erroneously admitted pretrial statements.  That is so because, even
considering defendant's trial testimony as part of our review for harmless
error, it is obvious that the erroneously admitted statements likely affected
the verdict.  See State v. Davis, 336 Or 19, 32, 77 P3d 1111 (2003)
(Oregon's constitutional test for affirmance despite error consists of a single
inquiry:  Is there little likelihood that the particular error affected the
verdict?).  We therefore conclude, albeit for different reasons, that the Court
of Appeals correctly reversed the trial court judgment and remanded for a new
trial.
B.        State v. Coen (Coen II)
In Coen II,
the state does not argue that defendant's decision to testify at trial was untainted
by the erroneous admission of  his unconstitutionally obtained statements.(9)  We therefore conclude
that the Court of Appeals properly affirmed the trial court's suppression of
defendant's previous trial testimony for purposes of retrial.
C.        OEC 404(4)
We
now address an issue raised only in Coen II and which is an issue of
first impression for this court.  As noted above, the state offered evidence
that defendant had participated in a DUII diversion program for an incident that
occurred in 1992 and had later been convicted of DUII in 1997.  According to
the state, that evidence was admissible to prove that defendant had acted with
a reckless mental state at the time of the collision, i.e., defendant knew
of the risks involved in driving under the influence of intoxicants.  The trial
court admitted evidence of the diversion program, but excluded evidence of the
1997 DUII conviction.  The court concluded that, "[a]lthough the
conviction may be relevant, it is clearly being offered to show defendant's bad
character or propensity[,] since the defendant's prior diversion is already
coming in for state of mind."  
On appeal, the state
asserted that OEC 404(4), set out below, precluded the trial court from
engaging in the balancing analysis provided by OEC 403.(10)  Defendant
countered that OEC 404(4) is facially unconstitutional because it limits application
of OEC 403 balancing in any way that benefits only the prosecution.  Defendant
argued that OEC 404(4) is a "one-sided" rule, and thus
"violate[s] the federal constitutional due process principle that rules of
procedure generally be equally available to the prosecution and to criminal
defendants."  According to defendant, in order to comply with due process,
OEC 404(4) must be construed to allow OEC 403 balancing.  The Court of Appeals
rejected defendant's arguments.  Relying on its prior case law, the Court of
Appeals determined that evidence of a prior DUII conviction is relevant to
demonstrate a defendant's state of mind in a prosecution for vehicular manslaughter,
and that OEC 404(4) does not violate due process.  Coen II, 231 Or App
at 284-85.
On
review, defendant again challenges the constitutionality of OEC 404(4), raising
both facial and "as applied" challenges.  Defendant argues that OEC
403 codifies a due process principle that ensures that prosecutions are
conducted in a fundamentally fair manner.  Defendant argues that OEC 403
balancing serves as a "primary and necessary component" in determining
whether evidence may be admitted without endangering a defendant's right to a
fair trial.  According to defendant, because OEC 404(4) omits the use of OEC
403 balancing in criminal prosecutions, OEC 404(4) violates the Due Process
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  
We
begin our analysis with the text of the rule at issue.  OEC 404(4) provides, in part:
"In criminal actions, evidence of other
crimes, wrongs or acts by the defendant is admissible if relevant except as
otherwise provided by:
"(a) [OEC 406 to 412] and, to the extent
required by the United States Constitution or the Oregon Constitution, [OEC
403];
"* * * * *
"(c) The Oregon Constitution; and
"(d) The United States Constitution."
In
determining whether a state rule violates due process, the United States
Supreme Court has stated that the question is whether the rule "offends
some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our
people as to be ranked as fundamental."  Patterson v. New York, 432
US 197, 201-202, 97 S Ct 2319, 53 L Ed 2d 281 (1977).  According to the Supreme
Court, it is normally "within the power of the State to regulate
procedures under which its laws are carried out, including the burden of
producing evidence and the burden of persuasion, and [the state's] decision in
this regard is not subject to proscription under the Due Process Clause." 
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).  The Supreme Court also has observed that,
"[b]eyond the specific guarantees enumerated in the Bill of Rights, the
Due Process Clause has limited operation.  We, therefore, have defined the
category of infractions that violate 'fundamental fairness' very narrowly." 
Dowling v. U.S., 493 US 342, 352, 110 S Ct 668, 107 L Ed 2d 708 (1990).
This
court previously has stated that OEC 404(4) "clearly qualifies as an
evidentiary change in the law that favors only the prosecution by making the
conviction of a defendant more likely."  See State v. Shaw, 338 Or
586, 613, 113 P3d 898 (2005) (declining to apply OEC 404(4) on defendant's
appeal because to do so would violate ex post facto clause of Oregon
Constitution.).  That said, however, the text of the rule undermines
defendant's facial challenge.  As noted, OEC 404(4) provides that "[i]n
criminal actions, evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts by the defendant is
admissible if relevant except as otherwise provided by" the state or
federal constitution or by some other statute.  Thus, under OEC 404(4),
traditional standards of relevancy are preserved, and in all events, no
evidence may be admitted that would violate state and federal constitutional
standards.  
Despite
the constitutional protection expressed in the text of the rule, defendant,
relying primarily on Wardius v. Oregon, 412 US 470, 472, 93 S Ct 2208,
37 L Ed 2d 82 (1973), argues that, to the extent that OEC 404(4) deprives a
defendant "of the same, full use of OEC 403 that the prosecution enjoys,
it violates the due process principle requiring that criminal defendants enjoy
equal access to court procedures that the prosecution enjoys."  
In
Wardius, the Supreme Court scrutinized an Oregon statute that required a
defendant to notify the prosecution of any alibi defenses and witnesses.  If
the defendant failed to do so, the defendant could not rely on that defense or
those alibi witnesses at trial.  The statute did not contain any requirement
that the state provide reciprocal discovery to the defendant of witnesses it
planned to use to refute the alibi defense.  Id.  The Court explained that it was "particularly suspicious of state
trial rules which provide nonreciprocal benefits to the State when the lack of
reciprocity interferes with the defendant's ability to secure a fair trial." 
Id. at 475 n 6.  The
Court concluded that the statute impaired the defendant's rights to a fair
trial in violation of the Due Process Clause, stating that "[i]t is fundamentally
unfair to require a defendant to divulge the details of his own case while at
the same time subjecting him to the hazard of surprise concerning refutation of
the very pieces of evidence which he disclosed to the State."  Id.
at 476.  
In State v. Upton, 339 Or 673, 125 P3d 713 (2005), this court
rejected a Wardius­-based argument that was similar to the one
defendant makes here:  
"Wardius, however, does not require
that every procedure relating to both a defendant and the state ensure
identical rights in order to satisfy due process.  Rather, Wardius
addressed only a narrow procedural requirement that is not at issue here.  In Wardius,
the Court held that a statute may not require a defendant -- who has no burden
of proof at trial -- to disclose certain alibi witnesses, when the state had no
comparable obligation to disclose its witnesses.  The holding in Wardius,
however, did not establish a constitutional rule that a defendant and the state
must be treated identically in all respects."
Id. at 686-87
(internal citation omitted).
Here, although OEC
404(4) does not expressly provide a reciprocal benefit to a criminal defendant,
a defendant may nevertheless introduce evidence of other crimes or wrongful
acts -- for example, by a victim, codefendant, or other suspect -- under OEC
404(3), which provides:
"Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts
is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that the
person acted in conformity therewith.  It may, however, be admissible for other
purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident."
See State v. Cox, 337 Or 477, 98 P3d 1103 (2004) (OEC 404(3) did not preclude
defendant from introducing evidence of other crimes committed by victim to
prove that defendant reasonably believed that he needed to protect himself from
victim).  Thus, the fact that the state may introduce evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts by a defendant under OEC 404(4) does not prevent a defendant
from presenting a complete defense, as did the statute under consideration in Wardius. 

Finally, as we
understand defendant's "as applied" challenge,(11) he argues that OEC
404(4) is fundamentally unfair because juries may use the evidence admitted
under OEC 404(4) as evidence of the defendant's bad character and "return
a vengeful verdict."  However, in Spencer v. Texas, 385 US 554, 87
S Ct 648, 17 L Ed 2d 606 (1967), the Supreme Court rejected a similar due
process challenge to a Texas habitual criminal statute after the trial court
permitted the introduction of evidence concerning defendant's convictions for
the same or a similar offense and provided a limiting instruction to the jury
that it was to consider the other bad acts for noncharacter purpose only.  In
so holding, the Court observed that, even though such evidence is generally
recognized at common law to create a potential for prejudice, that possibility
is outweighed for purposes of due process where the evidence is particularly
probative of another fact in issue, such as an element of a crime.  Id.
at 561-63.  
Here, the state
offered the DUII evidence to prove that defendant had acted with a reckless
mental state, an element of second-degree manslaughter, for which the state had
the burden of proof.  Without question, that evidence is relevant for the
purpose for which the state intends to offer it.  And it is well settled in
this state that trial courts have the authority to give limiting instructions
to juries that require them to consider evidence only for a particular purpose
or in regard to a particular element, and we have long presumed that juries follow
those instructions.  See State v. Thompson, 328 Or 248, 271, 971 P2d
879, cert den, 527 US 1042, 119 S Ct 2407, 144 L Ed 2d 805 (1999)
(jurors are presumed to follow a trial court's instructions).  To the extent
the trial court concluded that admission of the evidence would violate the
state or federal constitution, it erred.(12) 
Based on the foregoing, we reject defendant's final constitutional claim.  The
Court of Appeals correctly reversed the trial court's ruling excluding evidence
of defendant's prior DUII conviction.  
In
State v. Douglas Carl Moore, S057820, the decision of the Court of
Appeals is affirmed.  The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the
case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
In
State v. Edwin Shane Coen, S058145/S058152, the decision of the Court of
Appeals is affirmed.  The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part and
reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the circuit court for further
proceedings.
1. The
relevant text of Article I, section 12, is set out below.
2. After
Coen I was decided, this court issued its opinion in State v. Machuca,
347 Or 644, 657, 227 P3d 729 (2010).  In that case, this court held that, in
certain circumstances, "for purposes of the Oregon Constitution, the
evanescent nature of a suspect's blood alcohol content is an exigent
circumstance that will ordinarily permit a warrantless blood draw[.]" 
Neither party has raised the applicability of that decision here, and we thus
do not address it.
3. ORS
163.125(1) provides, in part:
"Criminal homicide constitutes manslaughter
in the second degree when:
"(a) It is committed recklessly[.]"
In turn, ORS 161.085(9) provides:
"'Recklessly,' when used with respect to a
result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense, means
that a person is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and
unjustifiable risk that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists. 
The risk must be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a
gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would
observe in the situation."  
4. ORS
138.060(1)(c) provides:
"The state may take an appeal from the
circuit court to the Court of Appeals from:
"* * * * *
"(c) An order made prior to trial
suppressing evidence[.]"
5. "Harmless
error" requires consideration of a single question:  whether there was
little likelihood that the particular error affected the verdict.  State v.
Davis, 336 Or 19, 32, 77 P3d 1111 (2003).  
6. ORS
136.432, which did not apply when the defendant in McGinnis was
convicted, now provides that a court may not exclude otherwise
admissible evidence solely on the ground that the evidence was obtained in
violation of a statute.
7. In
its brief, the state describes the Harrison rule as requiring a court to
conclude that a defendant's trial testimony was "compelled" by the
erroneous admission of the unconstitutionally obtained statement.  However, in Harrison,
the Court used the words "induced" or "impelled" to
describe the connection necessary between the erroneously admitted statements
and a defendant's trial testimony:  "Having 'released the spring' by using
the petitioner's unlawfully obtained confession against him, the government
must show that its illegal action did not induce his testimony." 
392 US at 225 (emphasis added).  As we shall explain, we do not find it
necessary to use the words "induced," "impelled," or
"compelled" in describing the rationale for excluding a defendant's
trial testimony on retrial or from consideration by an appellate court when
reviewing for harmless error.
8. Consistently
with that observation, the rule we announce and apply in these cases is
confined solely to issues involving the erroneous admission of
unconstitutionally obtained pretrial statements.  In McGinnis, this
court observed that "the rule of Harrison concerns the consequences
of using a defendant's compelled statements at trial, not the consequences of
using any other illegally obtained evidence."  335 Or at 252.
9. We
note that, on remand, the state did not offer the blood draw evidence at issue
on the first appeal and instead offered evidence of a separate
"medical" blood draw that the trial court concluded was admissible. 
The state makes no argument in this court that the admission of either form of
blood draw evidence is pertinent to the resolution of the question now before
us.
10. OEC
403 provides:
"Although relevant, evidence may be
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay or needless presentation of cumulative
evidence."
11. We
describe this aspect of defendant's constitutional challenge as an "as
applied" challenge because, in ordering defendant's DUII conviction
excluded, the trial court concluded that, "[a]lthough the conviction may
be relevant, it is clearly being offered to show defendant's bad character or
propensity since defendant's prior diversion is already coming in for state of
mind."  In doing so, the trial court necessarily considered the nature of
the evidence offered by the state and engaged in an analysis specific to the
case in concluding that the admission of the evidence would violate the
constitution.
12. We do not hold that the trial court erred in considering defendant's
argument that admission of the DUII conviction was unfairly prejudicial to the
degree that its admission would violate the state and federal constitutions. 
Rather, we hold that the trial court erred in concluding that the evidence
would be unfairly prejudicial and therefore violate the due process clause of
the federal constitution.