Title: Facio v. N.D. Dept. of Transportation
Citation: 2019 ND 199
Docket Number: 20180405
State: north-dakota
Issuer: north-dakota Supreme Court
Date: July 30, 2019

)LOHG E\&OHUNRI6XSUHPH&RXUW ,17+(6835(0(&2857 67$7(2)1257+'$.27$  1' -XDQ)DFLR 3HWLWLRQHUDQG$SSHOOHH Y 1RUWK'DNRWD'HSDUWPHQW RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 5HVSRQGHQWDQG$SSHOODQW 1R $SSHDOIURPWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWRI5DPVH\&RXQW\1RUWKHDVW-XGLFLDO'LVWULFW WKH+RQRUDEOH'RQRYDQ-)RXJKW\-XGJH $)),50(' 2SLQLRQRIWKH&RXUWE\&URWKHUV-XVWLFH -RVHSK59HWVFK'HYLOV/DNH1'IRUSHWLWLRQHUDQGDSSHOOHH 'RXJODV % $QGHUVRQ 2IILFH RI $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO %LVPDUFN 1' IRU UHVSRQGHQWDQGDSSHOODQW )DFLRY1''HS¶WRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 1R &URWKHUV-XVWLFH >@ 7KH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDSSHDOVIURPDGLVWULFWFRXUWMXGJPHQW UHYHUVLQJD'HSDUWPHQWGHFLVLRQVXVSHQGLQJ-XDQ)DFLR¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVIRU GD\V:HDIILUPFRQFOXGLQJWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWHUULQILQGLQJUHDVRQDEOHDQG DUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQGLGQRWVXSSRUWWKHVWRSRI)DFLR¶VYHKLFOH , >@ ,Q$SULOD5DPVH\&RXQW\GHSXW\VKHULIIVWRSSHGDYHKLFOHGULYHQE\ )DFLRDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\DUUHVWHGKLPIRUGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRILQWR[LFDWLQJ OLTXRU  ,Q 0D\  D KHDULQJ RIILFHU KHOG DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH KHDULQJ RQ WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶VSURSRVHGVXVSHQVLRQRIKLVGULYLQJSULYLOHJHV7KHKHDULQJRIILFHU VXEVHTXHQWO\VXVSHQGHG)DFLR¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVIRUGD\V >@ ,QLWVGHFLVLRQWKHKHDULQJRIILFHUPDGHIDFWXDOILQGLQJVDERXWWKHGHSXW\¶V VWRSRI)DFLR¶VYHKLFOH ³5DPVH\&RXQW\6KHULII¶V'HSXW\&KULVWRQ'DOODVZDVGLVSDWFKHGIURP 'HYLOV/DNHWR6WDUNZHDWKHUDWDURXQG SPRQ$SULO LQUHVSRQVHWRDQDQRQ\PRXVFDOOHUUHSRUWLQJLQGLYLGXDOVRQWRSRIWKH VFKRRO UXQQLQJ DURXQG  7KHUH ZDV D ZKLWH &KHY\ SLFNXS E\ WKH VFKRRO7KHSLFNXS¶VJULOOZDVGHVFULEHGDQGDOLFHQVHSODWHJLYHQ :KLOH'DOODVZDVRQKLVZD\GLVSDWFKUDQWKHSODWHDQGLWFDPHEDFN WR 0U )DFLR  'DOODV WUDYHOHG WKH DSSUR[LPDWH  PLOHV QRUWK RQ +LJKZD\WRUHDFK6WDUNZHDWKHUDUULYLQJDWDURXQGPLGQLJKW$IWHU KHWXUQHGHDVWLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHVFKRROKHPHWDSLFNXSILWWLQJWKH JLYHQGHVFULSWLRQFRPLQJIURPWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHVFKRRO,WKDGD 0LQQHVRWDOLFHQVHSODWHDVUHSRUWHG7KHUHZDVQRRWKHUWUDIILFLQ 6WDUNZHDWKHUDWWKHWLPH$VWKHSLFNXSSXOOHGXSWRWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQ ZLWK+LJKZD\'DOODVWXUQHGDURXQGRQWKHSLFNXSLQWHQGLQJWRVWRS LWWRIROORZXSRQWKHUHSRUW$IWHUWKHSLFNXSPDGHDSURSHUWXUQWRJR VRXWKERXQGRQ+LJKZD\DWDERXW DPRQ$SULOWK'DOODV LQLWLDWHG D WUDIILF VWRS DQG WKH SLFNXS SXOOHG RYHU DQG VWRSSHG DSSURSULDWHO\´  >@ 7KH KHDULQJ RIILFHU IRXQG WKH GHSXW\ KDG D UHDVRQDEOH DQG DUWLFXODEOH VXVSLFLRQWRVWRS)DFLR¶VYHKLFOHDIWHUUHFHLYLQJWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLS7KHKHDULQJ RIILFHUFRQFOXGHGWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSZDVVXIILFLHQWO\FRUURERUDWHGE\WKHGHSXW\¶V REVHUYDWLRQVQDPHO\WKHYHKLFOH¶VGHVFULSWLRQDQGOLFHQVHSODWHWKHSLFNXS¶VORFDWLRQ DQGWKHSLFNXS¶VGLUHFWLRQDVFRPLQJIURPWKHDUHDRIWKHVFKRRO)DFLRUHTXHVWHG UHYLHZRIWKHKHDULQJRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQLQWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW >@ 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW UHYHUVHG WKH KHDULQJ RIILFHU¶V GHFLVLRQ FRQFOXGLQJ UHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQGLGQRWH[LVWIRUWKHGHSXW\WRVWRSWKHYHKLFOH VROHO\EDVHGRQWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLS7KH'HSDUWPHQWWLPHO\DSSHDOV ,, >@ 7KLV&RXUW¶VUHYLHZRIWKH'HSDUWPHQW¶VGHFLVLRQWRVXVSHQGDSHUVRQ¶VGULYLQJ SULYLOHJHVLVJRYHUQHGE\WKH$GPLQLVWUDWLYH$JHQFLHV3UDFWLFH$FW1'&&FK Jangula v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'1:G 7KLV &RXUWUHYLHZVWKHGHFLVLRQXQGHU1'&& LQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVWKH GLVWULFW FRXUW XQGHU 1'&&    Jangula DW   8QGHU 1'&&     WKLV &RXUW ZLOO UHYHUVH WKH GHFLVLRQ LI LW ³LV LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVRIWKHDSSHOODQW´ >@ ³,Q GHFLGLQJ ZKHWKHU DQ DJHQF\¶V ILQGLQJV RI IDFW DUH VXSSRUWHG E\ D SUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFH>WKLV&RXUW¶V@UHYLHZLVFRQILQHGWRWKHUHFRUGEHIRUH WKHDJHQF\DQGWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDUHDVRQLQJPLQGUHDVRQDEO\FRXOGKDYH GHWHUPLQHGWKHIDFWXDOFRQFOXVLRQVZHUHSURYHQE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFH´ Jangula  1'     1:G   TXRWLQJ Painte v. Dir., Dep’t of Transp.1' 1:G 7KLV&RXUWGRHVQRWPDNHLQGHSHQGHQW ILQGLQJVRIIDFWRUVXEVWLWXWHLWVRZQMXGJPHQWIRUWKDWRIWKHDJHQF\Id.4XHVWLRQV RIODZDUHIXOO\UHYLHZDEOHRQDSSHDOId. ,,,  >@ 7KH'HSDUWPHQWDUJXHVWKHGHSXW\¶VLQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSRI)DFLRWR³IUHH]H´WKH VLWXDWLRQZDVODZIXOEDVHGRQWKHGHSXW\¶VSDUWLFXODUL]HGDQGREMHFWLYHEDVLVIRU VXVSHFWLQJ)DFLRRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\ > @ ³$QRIILFHUFRQGXFWLQJDQLQYHVWLJDWRU\WUDIILFVWRSPXVWKDYHDUHDVRQDEOHDQG DUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQWKHPRWRULVWKDVYLRODWHGRULVYLRODWLQJWKHODZ´State v. Knox 1'1:G³$QRIILFHUKDVUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQLIXQGHUWKH WRWDOLW\RIWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDUHDVRQDEOHSHUVRQLQWKHRIILFHU¶VSRVLWLRQZRXOGEH MXVWLILHGE\VRPHREMHFWLYHPDQLIHVWDWLRQWREHOLHYHWKDWWKHSHUVRQVWRSSHGHQJDJHG LQRUZDVDERXWWRHQJDJHLQFULPLQDODFWLYLW\´Id.:KHWKHUWKHIDFWVVXSSRUWD UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ LV D TXHVWLRQ RI ODZ IXOO\ UHYLHZDEOH RQ DSSHDO  City of Dickinson v. Hewson1'1:G >@ ,QFDVHVLQYROYLQJD³OLPLWHG´LQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSQHDUDUHFHQWFULPHVFHQHWKLV &RXUWKDVKHOGSROLFHPD\WHPSRUDULO\³IUHH]H´DVLWXDWLRQZKHQFRUURERUDWLRQRID WLSE\REVHUYLQJWKHLOOHJDOLW\PD\QRWEHSUDFWLFDOSee State v. Parizek1'    1:G   City of Devils Lake v. Lawrence  1'     1:G City of Fargo v. Ovind 1' 1:G  but see State v. Smith1' 1:G KROGLQJRIILFHUZDVQRW MXVWLILHGWR³IUHH]H´WKHVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVVWRSSHGVHYHUDOPLOHVDZD\ IURP WKH UHSRUWHG DFWLYLW\   :KLOH QRW FRQGRQLQJ D ³GUDJQHW´ DSSURDFK VL[ QRQH[FOXVLYH IDFWRUV ³/D)DYH IDFWRUV´  DUH SURYLGHG IRU D FRXUW WR FRQVLGHU LQ GHFLGLQJZKHWKHUIDFWVDQGFLUFXPVWDQFHVHVWDEOLVKD³UHDVRQDEOHSRVVLELOLW\´WKDWD SHUVRQPD\EHLQYROYHGLQXQODZIXODFWLYLW\WRMXVWLI\DVWRS ³  WKHSDUWLFXODULW\RIWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHRIIHQGHURUWKHYHKLFOHLQ ZKLFKKHIOHG   WKHVL]HRIWKHDUHDLQZKLFKWKHRIIHQGHUPLJKWEH IRXQGDVLQGLFDWHGE\VXFKIDFWVDVWKHHODSVHGWLPHVLQFHWKHFULPH RFFXUUHG   WKHQXPEHURISHUVRQVDERXWLQWKDWDUHD   WKHNQRZQ RUSUREDEOHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHRIIHQGHU¶VIOLJKW   REVHUYHGDFWLYLW\E\ WKHSDUWLFXODUSHUVRQVWRSSHG DQG  NQRZOHGJHRUVXVSLFLRQWKDWWKH SHUVRQRUYHKLFOHVWRSSHGKDVEHHQLQYROYHGLQRWKHUFULPLQDOLW\RIWKH W\SHSUHVHQWO\XQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ´  OvindDW TXRWLQJ:/D)DYHSearch and Seizure  J  GHG   >@ 7KH 'HSDUWPHQW UHOLHV RQ RXU GHFLVLRQ LQ Lawrence  1'   1:GDUJXLQJWKDWXQGHUWKH³/D)DYHIDFWRUV´LWZDVUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKH GHSXW\WRPDNHDOLPLWHGLQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSRI)DFLRWR³IUHH]H´WKHVLWXDWLRQDQG PDLQWDLQWKHVWDWXVTXRZLWKRXWYLRODWLQJWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW,QLawrenceDW ZHVWDWHG ³,Q:/D)DYHSearch and Seizure  J Q   WKH DXWKRUDGGUHVVHVWKHVLWXDWLRQZKHQSROLFHRIILFHUVUHVSRQGWRDFDOOIRU KHOSDQGWKHQVHHRQHRUPRUHSHUVRQVOHDYLQJWKHDUHD >7@KRXJKLWPD\QRWEHPRUHSUREDEOHWKDQQRWWKDWD FULPH KDV RFFXUUHG LQ VXFK D VLWXDWLRQ JLYHQ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW WKH FDOO LV D SUDQN RU LV XQUHODWHG WR FULPLQDODFWLYLW\LWVKRXOGEHSHUPLVVLEOHWRVWRSWKRVH IOHHLQJ WKH DUHD ZKLOH PRUH VSHFLILF LQIRUPDWLRQ LV REWDLQHG  Bell v. United States  )G  '&&LU  7KLVLVVRµHYHQWKRXJKLWDJDLQZDV SHUIHFWO\ SRVVLEOH WKDW QR RQH SUHVHQW ZDV JXLOW\ RI ZURQJGRLQJDQGFHUWDLQWKDWQRWDOORIWKHSHUVRQVZHUH JXLOW\RIWKHFRPPLVVLRQRIDFULPH¶United States v. Bonanno)6XSS 6'1<   *LYHQWKHSUREDELOLW\RIDGLVRUGHUO\FRQGXFWYLRODWLRQRFFXUULQJDWWKH EDU DQG WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH DOOHJHG SHUSHWUDWRUV E\ D SRVVLEOH YLFWLPWKHRIILFHUVLQWKLVFDVHKDGDVPXFKLIQRWPRUHMXVWLILFDWLRQ IRUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSWKDQZDVSUHVHQWLQOvind> 1'  1:G  FRQFOXGLQJDQRIILFHU ZDVMXVWLILHGWRFRQGXFWD OLPLWHGLQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSRIGHIHQGDQWWRµIUHH]H¶WKHVLWXDWLRQDWWKH VFHQHRIDUHSRUWHGILJKW @´ >@ 7KH'HSDUWPHQWDVVHUWVDFDOOHUUHSRUWHGLQGLYLGXDOVUXQQLQJDURXQGRQWRSRI WKH6WDUNZHDWKHU6FKRRODQGSURYLGHGODZHQIRUFHPHQWDGHWDLOHGYHKLFOHGHVFULSWLRQ WKRXJKWWREHORQJWRWKHLQGLYLGXDOVREVHUYHGRQWKHVFKRRO7KHFDOOHUUHIXVHGWR LGHQWLI\KLPVHOI7KHUHSRUWLQFOXGHGWKHYHKLFOH¶VPDNHFRORUIURQWJULOOGHVFULSWLRQ DQGOLFHQVHSODWHQXPEHU7KH'HSDUWPHQWDVVHUWVWKHGHSXW\DUULYHGLQ6WDUNZHDWKHU DERXWPLQXWHVDIWHUUHFHLYLQJWKHUHSRUWDQGREVHUYHGDYHKLFOHPDWFKLQJWKH GHVFULSWLRQZLWKLQWREORFNVRIWKHVFKRROOHDYLQJ6WDUNZHDWKHU7KHGHSXW\  REVHUYHGQROHJDOYLRODWLRQVEHIRUHVWRSSLQJ)DFLR¶VYHKLFOH7KHGHSXW\REVHUYHG QRRWKHUPRYLQJYHKLFOHVLQWKHDUHDRWKHUWKDQRQHYHKLFOHVHHQZKLOHKHZDV DGPLQLVWHULQJ ILHOG VREULHW\ WHVWV 7KH 'HSDUWPHQW FRQWHQGV WKH GHSXW\ KDG D SDUWLFXODUL]HGDQGREMHFWLYHEDVLVIRUVXVSHFWLQJ)DFLRRIFULPLQDODFWLYLW\ >@ )DFLRUHVSRQGVWKDWWKHKHDULQJRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQYLRODWHGKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWVEHFDXVHWKHDUUHVWLQJRIILFHUODFNHGDUHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQKH ZDVYLRODWLQJWKHODZEHIRUHVWRSSLQJKLVYHKLFOH+HUHOLHVRQRXUGHFLVLRQVLQState v. Miller1:G  1'   KROGLQJDQRQ\PRXVWLSRID SRVVLEOHGUXQNGULYHULQDSLFNXSWUXFNZKR³FRXOGEDUHO\KROGKLVKHDGXS´LQD IDVWIRRGUHVWDXUDQW¶VGULYHXSODQHGLGQRWSURYLGHSROLFHRIILFHUZLWKUHDVRQDEOHDQG DUWLFXODEOH VXVSLFLRQ  DQG State v. Torkelsen  1'     1:G KROGLQJYHKLFOHVWRSZDVLQYDOLGDIWHULGHQWLILHGFLWL]HQUHSRUWWKDW GHIHQGDQWZDV³VZHUYLQJDOORYHUWKHURDG´EHFDXVHRIILFHUVGLGQRWREVHUYHHUUDWLF GULYLQJDQGODFNHGUHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQGHIHQGDQWHQJDJHGLQFULPLQDO DFWLYLW\  >@ )DFLRDUJXHVWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSLQWKLVFDVHZDVLQVXIILFLHQWDQG³IUHH]LQJ´WKH VFHQHZDVQRWMXVWLILHG+HDVVHUWVWKHDQRQ\PRXVWLSLVODFNLQJUHOLDELOLW\TXDQWLW\ TXDOLW\DQGEDVLVRINQRZOHGJHDQGQRLQIRUPDWLRQVXJJHVWVWKHFDOOHUZDVKRQHVWRU UHOLDEOH+HFRQWHQGVWKHFDOOHU¶VUHIXVDOWRSURYLGHDQDPHLQGLFDWHVWKHRSSRVLWHRI UHOLDELOLW\ DQG WKH YHKLFOH¶V PDNH PRGHO DQG OLFHQVH SODWH QXPEHU DUH PHUHO\ LQQRFHQWIDFWV+HDUJXHVWKHDQRQ\PRXVFDOOHU¶VDVVHUWLRQWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQWKH YLFLQLW\RIDSRWHQWLDOFULPHZLWKRXWSURYLGLQJWKHEDVLVRIWKHFDOOHU¶VNQRZOHGJH LVQRWRIVXIILFLHQWTXDOLW\RUTXDQWLW\WRSURYLGHUHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQ WRMXVWLI\WKHVWRS >@ ³>3@ROLFHRIILFHUVPD\µIUHH]H¶DVLWXDWLRQDQGFRQGXFWDOLPLWHGLQYHVWLJDWLYH VWRSRISHUVRQVSUHVHQWDWWKHVFHQHRIDUHFHQWO\FRPPLWWHGFULPHZLWKRXWYLRODWLQJ WKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW´State v. Parizek1'1:G FLWLQJ Lawrence  1'      1:G   City of Fargo v. Ovind   1'      1:G    ,Q Ovind DW   ZH XSKHOG DQ  LQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSRIDYHKLFOHEDFNLQJRXWRIDSDUNLQJVSRWLQDUHVWDXUDQWSDUNLQJ ORWE\DQRIILFHUUHVSRQGLQJWRDQHDUO\PRUQLQJGLVSDWFKUHSRUWLQJDILJKWDWWKH UHVWDXUDQW,QLawrenceDWZHXSKHOGDQLQYHVWLJDWLYHVWRSRIDYHKLFOHOHDYLQJ WKHSDUNLQJORWRIDEDUE\DQRIILFHUUHVSRQGLQJWRDGLVSDWFKWKDWDILJKWZDVJRLQJ WREHJLQDWWKHEDU%RWKOvindDQGLawrenceLQYROYHGWHPSRUDU\VWRSVFORVHLQWLPH RIWKHUHSRUWDQGFORVHLQSUR[LPLW\WRWKHUHSRUWHGFULPHVFHQH >@ $VH[SODLQHGLQSmith1' 1:G³>D@SROLFHRIILFHU PD\QRWIUHH]HDQLOOLPLWDEOHDUHDWRFRQGXFWKLVVHDUFK´,QSmithWKLV&RXUWUHMHFWHG D³IUHH]H´ZKHUHWKHVWRSRFFXUUHGVHYHUDOPLOHVDZD\IURPWKHUHSRUWHGDFWLYLW\ 6LPLODUO\KHUHWKHVWRSRFFXUUHGPLQXWHVDIWHUWKHDQRQ\PRXVUHSRUWRIDSRWHQWLDO WUHVSDVVWKHVWRSRFFXUUHGWREORFNVDZD\IURPWKHVFHQHDQGWKHGHSXW\ZDV XQDEOHWRFRUURERUDWHDQ\WKLQJRWKHUWKDQWKHUHDGLO\REVHUYDEOHYHKLFOHGHVFULSWLRQ DQGOLFHQVHSODWH:HWKHUHIRUHUHMHFWWKH'HSDUWPHQW¶VDUJXPHQWWKHGHSXW\ODZIXOO\ IUR]HWKHFULPHVFHQHSHQGLQJIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ >@ :HFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUWKHGHSXW\KDGDUHDVRQDEOHDQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQWR VWRS )DFLR¶V YHKLFOH LQ OLJKW RI WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ LQ Navarette v. California6&W  :HGLVFXVVHGNavaretteLQKnox1' 1:G ³,Q Navarette>  6 &W DW   @ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KHOG LQIRUPDWLRQIURPD FDOOHUZDVVXIILFLHQWO\UHOLDEOHWRSURYLGHWKH SROLFHZLWKUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWRMXVWLI\DQLQYHVWLJDWRU\VWRSRID YHKLFOHPDWFKLQJWKHFDOOHU¶VGHVFULSWLRQ7KHRIILFHUGLGQRWREVHUYH DQ\DGGLWLRQDOVXVSLFLRXVFRQGXFWEHIRUHVWRSSLQJWKHYHKLFOHEXWWKH &RXUWKHOGWKHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPWKH FDOOERUHDGHTXDWHLQGLFLDRI UHOLDELOLW\EHFDXVHWKHFDOOHUFODLPHGDQH\HZLWQHVVEDVLVRINQRZOHGJH Id.DW 7KHWLPHOLQHRIHYHQWVLQGLFDWHGWKHFDOOHUUHSRUWHGWKH LQFLGHQWVRRQDIWHULWRFFXUUHGDQGWKHFDOOHUXVHGWKH V\VWHP ZKLFKSURYLGHGVDIHJXDUGVDJDLQVWFDOOHUVPDNLQJIDOVHUHSRUWVId.DW   ´ >@ :KDWHYHUGLUHFWLRQWKHNavaretteGHFLVLRQPLJKWWDNHUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQ DQDO\VLVLQWKHGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHFDVHVWKHGHFLVLRQZDVH[SUHVVO\OLPLWHG WRRQJRLQJFULPHVVXFKDVGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFH7KHNavarettePDMRULW\  LGHQWLILHGWKHLVVXHVDV³ZKHWKHUWKH FDOOHU¶VUHSRUWRIEHLQJUXQRIIWKHURDGZD\ FUHDWHGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIDQRQJRLQJFULPHVXFKDVGUXQNGULYLQJDVRSSRVHG WRDQLVRODWHGHSLVRGHRISDVWUHFNOHVVQHVV´6&WDW 7KHPDMRULW\DOVR QRWHG³%HFDXVHZHFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH FDOOFUHDWHGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIDQ RQJRLQJFULPHZHQHHGQRWDGGUHVVXQGHUZKDWFLUFXPVWDQFHVDVWRSLVMXVWLILHGE\ WKHQHHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHFRPSOHWHGFULPLQDODFWLYLW\´Navarette6&WDW Q 7KH Navarette GLVVHQW DJUHHG WKH FDVH RQO\ GHFLGHG UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ LQ WKH FRQWH[WRIDQRQJRLQJFULPHId.DW  ³%HDULQPLQGWKDWWKDWLVWKHRQO\EDVLVIRU WKHVWRSWKDWKDVEHHQDVVHUWHGLQWKLVOLWLJDWLRQ7KHVWRSUHTXLUHGVXVSLFLRQRIDQ RQJRLQJFULPHQRWPHUHO\VXVSLFLRQRIKDYLQJUXQVRPHRQHRIIWKHURDGHDUOLHU$QG GULYLQJZKLOHEHLQJDFDUHOHVVRUUHFNOHVVSHUVRQXQOLNHGULYLQJZKLOHEHLQJDGUXQN SHUVRQLVQRWDQRQJRLQJFULPH´  > @ +HUH )DFLR ZDV QRW VRXJKW IRU FRPPLVVLRQ RI DQ RQJRLQJ FULPH  7KH DQRQ\PRXVWLSZDVWKDWVRPHRQHZDVRQWKHURRIRIWKHVFKRROZKLFKZRXOGEHD WUHVSDVVSee1'&&:KHQ)DFLRZDVVHL]HGLWZDVPLQXWHVDIWHU WKHGLVSDWFKDQGKHZDVEORFNVDZD\IURPWKHVFKRROVRWKHDOOHJHGWUHVSDVVZDVQRW RQJRLQJ UDWKHULWZDVDVLQJOHLQFLGHQWRIDFULPHZKLFKPD\EHSXQLVKDEOHDVD PLVGHPHDQRUSee1'&&  $VVXFKWKHRIILFHUZDVQRWDXWKRUL]HG WRPDNHDZDUUDQWOHVVDUUHVWHYHQSUHVXPLQJDODZIXOVWRS1'&&  0RUHWRWKHSRLQWLQWKLVFDVHEHFDXVHWKHVWRSZDVQRWIRUDQRQJRLQJFULPHWKH OHVVHUUHDVRQDEOHDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQVWDQGDUGIURPNavaretteGRHVQRWDSSO\DQG ZH LQVWHDG PXVW ORRN WR RXU WUDGLWLRQDO DQDO\VLV IRU WLS UHOLDELOLW\  See State v. Rodriquez1HE1:G   ³(YHQWKRXJKWKH>Navarette@ PDMRULW\DQGWKHGLVVHQWGLVDJUHHGRQZKHWKHUWKHUHSRUWRIGULYLQJDQRWKHUYHKLFOH RIIWKHURDGLQGLFDWHGRQJRLQJGUXQNGULYLQJWKHPDMRULW\DQGWKHGLVVHQWDJUHHGWKDW WKHRIILFHUQHHGHGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIDQRQJRLQJFULPHWRMXVWLI\DQLQYHVWLJDWRU\ VWRS´ State v. Z.U.E.:DVKG3G    ³1RWDEO\WKH Navarette&RXUWZDVFDUHIXOWROLPLWLWVKROGLQJRQWKH FDOOWRRQJRLQJFULPHV´  >@ 7KHODZRIUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQLVZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG  ³8QGHU WKH µDUWLFXODEOH DQG UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ¶ VWDQGDUG WKH µDUWLFXODEOHDVSHFWUHTXLUHVWKDWWKHVWRSEHMXVWLILHGZLWKPRUHWKDQMXVW DYDJXH³KXQFK´RURWKHUQRQREMHFWLYHIDFWV DQGWKHUHDVRQDEOHDVSHFW PHDQVWKDWWKHDUWLFXODEOHIDFWVPXVWSURGXFHE\UHDVRQDEOHLQIHUHQFH DreasonableVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFW¶State v. VandeHoven 1:GQ 1'  >(PSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO@7KH VWDQGDUGLVDQREMHFWLYHRQHDQGZHWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWLQIHUHQFHVDQG GHGXFWLRQVWKDWDQLQYHVWLJDWLQJRIILFHUZRXOGPDNHWKDWPD\HOXGHD OD\SHUVRQState v. Thordarson1:G 1'  State v. VandeHoven,supra7KHTXHVWLRQLVZKHWKHUDUHDVRQDEOHSHUVRQLQ WKH RIILFHU¶V SRVLWLRQ ZRXOG EH MXVWLILHG E\ VRPH REMHFWLYH PDQLIHVWDWLRQWRVXVSHFWWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVRUZDVDERXWWREHHQJDJHG LQXQODZIXODFWLYLW\State v. Indvik,1:G 1'  ´ State v. Smith1:G 1'   >@ +HUH WKH GHSXW\ REVHUYHG QR LPSURSHU RU LOOHJDO GULYLQJ RU FRQGXFW 7KHUHIRUH)DFLR¶VVWRSPXVWULVHRUIDOORQWKHWLSSURYLGHGE\WKHXQLGHQWLILHGFDOOHU 7KDWLQIRUPDWLRQLQFOXGHGRQO\WKHYHKLFOH¶VPDNHFRORUIURQWJULOOGHVFULSWLRQDQG OLFHQVHSODWHQXPEHU7KLVZDVVXIILFLHQWLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHRIILFHUWRHQVXUHKHZDV VWRSSLQJWKHFRUUHFWYHKLFOH%XWWKHWLSSURYLGHGQRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWZKHWKHU)DFLR ³ZDVRUZDVDERXWWREHHQJDJHGLQXQODZIXODFWLYLW\´Smith,1:GDW ,QWKDWUHJDUGWKHWLSRQO\VWDWHG³VRPHRQH´ZDVRQWKHVFKRRODQG)DFLR¶VYHKLFOH ZDV ORFDWHG QHDU WKH VFKRRO  7KDW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV LQVXIILFLHQW WR VWRS )DFLR¶V YHKLFOH ,9 >@ 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWMXGJPHQWLVDIILUPHG >@ 'DQLHO-&URWKHUV -HURG(7XIWH -RQ--HQVHQ /LVD)DLU0F(YHUV *HUDOG:9DQGH:DOOH&- 