Title: Gilliam v. Immel
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 151944
State: Virginia
Issuer: Virginia Supreme Court
Date: January 19, 2017

PRESENT:  All the Justices 
 
NANCY MAE GILLIAM 
 
 
 
 
  OPINION BY 
v.  Record No. 151944 
JUSTICE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 
 
 
 
     
   January 19, 2017 
JACOB THOMAS IMMEL 
 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF COLONIAL HEIGHTS 
Edward A. Robbins, Jr., Judge 
 
 
In this personal injury action filed by Nancy Mae Gilliam against Jacob Thomas Immel, 
the jury awarded a verdict in favor of Gilliam but awarded her no damages.  On appeal, Gilliam 
contends that the trial court erred in denying her motions to set aside the verdict and for a new 
trial.  She also argues that the trial court erred in excluding a racially charged statement made by 
Immel at the scene of the vehicle accident.  We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 
I. 
 
Gilliam seeks damages arising from personal injuries she claims to have sustained when a 
vehicle being operated by Immel struck the rear bumper of the vehicle Gilliam was operating.  
Immel admitted liability, and therefore, the trial was limited to the issue of damages.  Because 
Immel prevailed on the issue of damages, we review the evidence on that issue in the light most 
favorable to him.  Vilseck v. Campbell, 242 Va. 10, 11, 405 S.E.2d 614, 614 (1991) (noting that 
where the jury returned a zero dollar verdict, “[the defendant] is entitled to have the evidence 
viewed in the light most favorable to him”); Mastin v. Theirjung, 238 Va. 434, 436, 384 S.E.2d 
86, 87 (1989) (noting that where the jury returned a zero dollar verdict, “we summarize the facts 
on [the damages] issue in the light most favorable to [the defendant]”). 
 
Gilliam was stopped at a traffic light with both hands on the steering wheel of her vehicle 
when she “heard something boom.”  She “saw [herself] headed towards traffic” and 
 
 
2 
“immediately put [her] foot back on the brake to stop.”  Gilliam “realized that [Immel] had hit 
[her]” when she looked in her rearview mirror and saw his vehicle “backing up.”  During the 
accident, Gilliam was restrained by her seatbelt and no part of her body came into contact with 
any part of her vehicle.  Gilliam testified that at the time of the impact, her “body just tensed up” 
but she did not suffer any cuts, scrapes, bruises, swelling, or other visible signs of injury.  
Gilliam did not testify as to any damage to her vehicle and presented no other evidence of such 
damage.  Immel introduced two photographs taken of the rear bumper of Gilliam’s vehicle after 
the accident.  The photographs did not depict discernible damage to Gilliam’s vehicle, though 
there were “circle marks” on the photographs that were made by Gilliam in an effort to “pick out 
the damage on the vehicle.” 
 
At Gilliam’s request, she was transported by emergency medical personnel to Southside 
Regional Medical Center.  Gilliam testified that she complained of pain in her lower back and 
right side of her neck at the accident scene and to personnel at the Southside Regional Medical 
Center.  According to Gilliam, “they did [an] x-ray on [her] neck and back and they gave [her] . . . 
medicine.”  Gilliam went to work as usual the day after the accident.  Gilliam testified she visited 
her primary physician twice after the accident with complaints of severe lower back and neck 
pain.  Gilliam stated that “he gave [her] some medicine” and recommended that she see an 
orthopedic doctor.  Gilliam testified she then sought treatment from physicians at Advanced 
Orthopaedic Centers and received physical therapy.  Gilliam presented no medical evidence to 
support her claim of back and neck injury.  She admitted that she had previously undergone back 
surgery several years prior to the accident. 
 
According to Gilliam, she complained to her doctors at Advanced Orthopaedic Centers of 
pain “going down” to her shoulder, and they referred her to a neurologist who ordered an MRI of 
 
 
3 
her shoulder and directed her to see Dr. Marion Herring at Advanced Orthopaedic Centers.  Dr. 
Herring, the only medical witness offered by Gilliam, first saw Gilliam approximately ten 
months after the accident for complaints of right shoulder pain.  Dr. Herring testified that the 
MRI scan of her shoulder depicted “a partial tear around her bicep tendon and a labral tear.”  
After giving Gilliam a steroid injection in the bursa area of her shoulder, Gilliam reported 90% 
immediate improvement.  Subsequently, he performed surgery on Gilliam’s shoulder and 
prescribed physical therapy.  Gilliam missed one day of work on the day of her surgery and then 
resumed her normal work schedule.  Although Dr. Herring related Gilliam’s shoulder injury to 
the accident based on Gilliam’s report that her shoulder pain started at the time of the accident, 
he also testified that the MRI scan revealed other conditions in her shoulder including bursal 
surface fraying, degenerated labrum and AC joint osteoarthritis, all of which could have pre-
dated the accident. 
 
Gilliam introduced a summary of medical bills that totaled approximately $73,000 and 
covered the time period from the date of the accident through her last visit with Dr. Herring.  
Immel agreed that the medical bills were actually incurred by Gilliam but expressly stated he 
was “not conceding [the bills] were related to the motor vehicle accident.”  Dr. Herring testified 
that his care and treatment of Gilliam’s shoulder was “reasonably medically necessary” and 
“reasonably medically related to the automobile accident.”  No other medical provider testified 
as to the reasonableness or necessity of any other treatment Gilliam received. 
 
Immel offered the testimony of Dr. Terry Whipple as an expert in orthopedic surgery.  
Dr. Whipple did not treat or examine Gilliam.  He concluded that there was “no relation between 
[Gilliam’s] shoulder, even her shoulder symptoms, much less any pathology or surgery and the 
motor vehicle accident.”  He testified that “[t]he injuries that [Gilliam] sustained in the accident 
 
 
4 
according to all of the evidence” led to his “impressions” that “she had a muscular strain injury 
to her neck and a muscular strain injury to her low back.”  Dr. Whipple offered no opinion as to 
how long a muscle injury would be symptomatic, stating that “symptoms are expressed as a 
subjective impression of the person who is injured.”  According to Dr. Whipple, muscle strain 
injury “would resolve within a short period of time, [meaning] weeks, and have no ongoing or 
residual significance at all.”  Dr. Whipple further testified that while “there may be some 
advantage to medical treatment” within the initial six weeks after a strain, “we can influence that 
process for better or worse with medical intervention.” 
 
After the jury retired to deliberate, the jury submitted the following question to the trial 
court:  “Have the first four expenses listed in the summary of medical bills been or will be 
covered by the defendant or the defendant’s insurance?”1  Noting it did not know if the question 
originated from one or more jurors and that regardless, it had no need to know the answer, the 
trial court gave the following response upon agreement of counsel:  “Insurance of any kind or the 
lack of insurance of any kind has no role in this lawsuit.  You cannot consider that issue as part 
of your deliberations.  And that is because you have received no evidence on that and the law 
does not permit you to speculate as to the presence or absence of insurance.  You must reach a 
verdict, if you can, on the evidence that’s been presented by the lawyers and the law as the Court 
has instructed you.” 2 
                     
 
 
1 The first four expenses listed in the summary consist of bills for services rendered on 
the date of the accident by Colonial Heights Fire & EMS, Southside Regional Medical Center, 
and Emergency Medical Group, and services rendered by Gilliam’s primary physician for a 
period of over five months following the accident. 
 
2 Although Gilliam contends that the jury’s question submitted during its deliberation 
shows it was “influenced by passion or prejudice” or “misconceived or misinterpreted the facts 
or the law,” any such inference would be pure conjecture.  We will not assume that the jury 
 
 
 
5 
 
Following deliberation, the jury returned a verdict for Gilliam and assessed her damages 
at zero dollars.  Gilliam moved the trial court to set aside the jury verdict and award a new trial.  
The trial court denied Gilliam’s motions and entered judgment on the jury’s verdict. 
II. 
 
Gilliam asserts that the trial court erred in denying her motions to set aside the jury 
verdict and award a new trial, and argues that she presented uncontroverted evidence that she 
was injured. 
 
When a jury has returned a zero dollar verdict, the issue is whether plaintiff “produced 
sufficient evidence to require the jury to award her damages.”  Mastin, 238 Va. at 437, 384 
S.E.2d at 88 (emphasis in original). 
If there is conflict of testimony on a material point, or if reasonably 
fairminded men may differ as to the conclusions of fact to be drawn from 
the evidence, or if the conclusion is dependent upon the weight to be given 
the testimony, in all such cases the verdict of the jury is final and conclusive 
and cannot be disturbed either by the trial court or by this [C]ourt. 
 
Hall v. Hall, 240 Va. 360, 363, 397 S.E.2d 829, 831 (1990) (quoting Forbes & Co. v. Southern 
Cotton Oil Co., 130 Va. 245, 259, 108 S.E. 15, 19 (1921)). 
 
The evidence as to the nature and extent of Gilliam’s injuries was not only in conflict, but 
dependent upon the credibility and weight of the witness testimony.  With regard to Gilliam’s 
claimed shoulder injury, there was conflicting testimony from the medical experts as to whether 
the shoulder condition and accompanying treatment, including surgery, were related to the 
accident.  Gilliam does not argue otherwise.  Gilliam contends, though, that the jury was required 
to find, “at a minimum, that [she] suffered low-back and neck muscle injuries that were 
                                                                  
 
deliberately ignored the instruction of the trial court.  See Raisovich v. Giddings, 214 Va. 485, 
487-88, 201 S.E.2d 606, 608 (1974). 
 
 
6 
symptomatic for at least six weeks” and to award her damages for such injuries “and the 
treatment she sought for those injuries for at least six weeks.”  However, the issue of whether 
Gilliam sustained injuries to her lower back and neck in the accident was entirely dependent on 
the credibility of Gilliam, which in turn, affected the weight of Dr. Whipple’s opinion that she 
suffered lower back and neck strain.  “[T]he jury are the sole judges of the weight and 
credibility of the evidence and have the right to discard or accept the testimony, or any part 
thereof, of any witness when considered in connection with the whole evidence before them.”  
Smith v. Wright, 207 Va. 482, 486, 151 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1966).3 
 
The evidence demonstrated that the impact between the vehicles was minimal.  Gilliam 
testified that no part of her body hit any part of the vehicle and that she sustained no visible 
injury.  Gilliam presented no evidence of damage to either vehicle and the photographs of the 
rear bumper of Gilliam’s vehicle introduced by Immel did not show any discernible damage.  
Gilliam admitted that she was taken to the hospital at her own request based on her subjective 
complaints of pain.  Although Gilliam testified that she experienced lower back and neck pain 
upon impact and received treatment for such complaints, she presented no medical evidence to 
support her claims of lower back and neck injury.  She went to work the day following the 
accident and continued to work her normal schedule until she underwent surgery on her shoulder 
nearly a year later.  The jury, as the sole judge of Gilliam’s credibility, was entitled to reject her 
                     
 
 
3 The jurors were instructed that they “are the judges of the facts, the credibility of the 
witnesses, and the weight of the evidence.”  The jury was also instructed that it “may not 
arbitrarily disregard believable testimony of a witness.  However, after you have considered all 
of the evidence in the case, then you may accept or discard all or part of the testimony of a 
witness as you think proper.”  The jury was further instructed that “[i]n considering the weight to 
be given to the testimony of an expert witness, you should consider the basis for his opinion and 
the manner by which he arrived at it and the underlying facts and data upon which he relied.” 
 
 
7 
testimony and conclude that she was feigning or exaggerating her injuries.4  See Mastin, 238 Va. 
at 437-38, 384 S.E.2d at 88; Smith, 207 Va. at 486, 151 S.E.2d at 363.  As the sole judge of the 
weight to be given to Dr. Whipple’s opinion, the jury was also free to discount his opinion, 
which was based on Gilliam’s subjective complaints.  See Mastin, 238 Va. at 437-38, 384 S.E.2d 
at 88 (noting that treating physicians relied upon plaintiff’s account of the accident in making 
their diagnoses).5 
 
                     
 
 
4 Gilliam called two witnesses, other than Dr. Herring, who testified regarding her 
complaints of pain, though most of that testimony was directed to her complaints of shoulder 
pain.  One witness, Mary Stancil, was a co-employee who began working with Gilliam several 
months after the accident and was unable to address Gilliam’s condition as it related to her initial 
complaints of low back and neck pain.  The other witness, Lucy Whitehead, Gilliam’s younger 
sister, testified that she assisted Gilliam with household chores and care of Gilliam’s son after the 
accident but gave conflicting testimony on whether it was before or after the shoulder surgery.  
She also gave inconsistent testimony regarding whether Gilliam had fully recovered from the 
back injury that pre-existed the accident.  Neither Stancil nor Whitehead testified that Gilliam 
complained of back pain after the accident. 
 
5 Relying on Bradner v. Mitchell, 234 Va. 483, 362 S.E.2d 718 (1987), Gilliam argues 
that “Dr. Whipple’s testimony is uncontroverted and must be a fixed part of the verdict.”  
Gilliam’s reliance on Bradner is misplaced.  The principles enunciated in Bradner apply when 
the jury has found that the plaintiff was injured and awards damages that consist of an amount 
that is “considered as a fixed constituent part of the verdict.”  Id. at 487, 362 S.E.2d at 720.  
Under Bradner, a verdict will be set aside as inadequate when the “remainder of the award” is 
insufficient to compensate plaintiff for proven non-monetary elements of damages.  Id.  These 
principles have no application here where the jury found that the plaintiff was entitled to no 
damages.  See Vilseck, 242 Va. at 15, 405 S.E.2d at 616 (noting, in a zero dollar verdict case, that 
Bradner is “inapposite” because in Bradner “the jury found some damages were sustained but 
failed to take into consideration all the proper elements of damage”); Mastin, 238 Va. at 437, 384 
S.E.2d at 88 (noting, in a zero dollar verdict case, that Bradner is “inapposite” because in 
Bradner “the jury found that the plaintiff was entitled to recover damages but awarded an 
amount inadequate as a matter of law”).  Likewise, in this case, the jury found that Gilliam was 
not entitled to recover any damages.  The issue is not whether the verdict was inadequate.  
Instead, the issue is whether the jury was required to award Gilliam damages.  Id. 
 
 
8 
Furthermore, the burden was on Gilliam to prove her damages by a preponderance of the 
evidence.6  Immel’s admission of liability did not relieve Gilliam of that burden.7  The 
instructions given by the trial court to the jury, without objection from Gilliam, told the jury that 
it was not required to award her damages.8  It is well established that we presume that the jury 
follows the instructions that are given, and nothing in the record presented here plainly shows 
otherwise.  See, e.g., Medici v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 223, 229, 532 S.E.2d 28, 32 (2000) 
(“We presume that jurors followed a court’s instruction, unless the record plainly shows 
otherwise.”) (citing Spencer v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. 78, 95, 393 S.E.2d 609, 619 (1990)), 
                     
 
6 Damages are not presumed in a negligence action.  “Since the action for negligence 
developed chiefly out of the old form of action on the case, it retained the rule of that action, that 
proof of damage was an essential part of the plaintiff’s case.  Nominal damages, to vindicate a 
technical right, cannot be recovered in a negligence action, where no actual loss has occurred.”  
William L. Prosser, The Law of Torts 143 (4th ed. 1971). 
 
7 An admission of liability is only an admission of negligence and causation.  Therefore, 
in the context of an automobile accident case, an admission of liability relieves the plaintiff of 
the burden of proving that the defendant was negligent and that defendant’s negligence was a 
proximate cause of the accident.  An admission of liability, however, does not admit 
compensable damage.  Even a finding of liability does not require a finding of some 
compensable damage.  See, e.g., Vilseck, 242 Va. at 11, 405 S.E.2d at 615 (upholding zero dollar 
verdict where “the jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff on the question of liability”); 
Mastin, 238 Va. at 435, 384 S.E.2d at 86 (upholding zero dollar verdict where jury found that the 
“automobile collision [was] caused by the defendant’s negligence”). 
 
8 The jury was instructed that “defendant has admitted that he is liable for any injury the 
plaintiff received from the accident” and, therefore, “the only issue that you have to decide is the 
amount of damages, if any, the plaintiff is entitled to recover.” (emphasis added).  The jury was 
also instructed that “[t]he burden is on the plaintiff to prove by the greater weight of the evidence 
each item of damage she claims and to prove each item was caused by the defendant.  She is not 
required to prove the exact amount of her damages but she must show sufficient facts and 
circumstances to permit you to make a reasonable estimate of each item.  If the plaintiff fails to 
do so, then she cannot recover for that item.” 
 
Explaining the verdict form to the jury, the trial court stated that the foreperson should 
“write in the dollar amount that you decide to award in your deliberations.”  The trial court told 
the jury “[t]hat number can be zero” or “[t]hat number can be some number other than zero.”  
Following the instructions to the jury, including its explanation of the verdict form, the trial court 
asked the parties if there was “any objection to the instructions as given” and each party replied 
that there were no objections. 
 
 
9 
overruled on other grounds by Townsend v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 325, 333, 619 S.E.2d 71, 
76 (2005)).  Specifically, Gilliam offered no medical testimony to prove that treatment she 
received for her complaints of lower back and neck pain was medically necessary or related to 
the accident.  In addition, Dr. Whipple did not testify that any treatment she received for lower 
back and neck pain was medically necessary, testifying instead that medical intervention “can 
influence that process for better or worse.”  Therefore, the jury was entitled to find that Gilliam 
failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, the damages she sought for her claims of 
lower back and neck injury.  See Smith, 207 Va. at 485-86, 151 S.E.2d at 362-63. 
 
In sum, we reject Gilliam’s claim that the jury was required to award her damages and 
conclude the trial court did not err in denying Gilliam’s motions to set aside the verdict and for a 
new trial. 
III. 
 
Prior to trial, the parties sought a ruling from the trial court on the admissibility of a 
statement Immel made at the accident scene.  Gilliam’s counsel proffered that Gilliam would 
testify that after the accident, Immel said to her, “You black bitch.  I don’t have insurance.  
You’re not going to get anything out of me.”  Gilliam argued the statement should be admitted as 
“part of her experience with this accident” because “it relates to the mental anguish of what she 
had suffered in this accident.”  Noting that it was “having trouble” with Gilliam’s position that 
Immel’s statements had “any probative value at all” or “provide[d] any basis for a measure of 
damages in the context of this case,” the trial court stated that the “profane racial remark” would 
likely “immediately inflame” a reasonable juror in a way the law would not permit.  The trial 
court ruled the comments made by Immel at the scene of the accident would not be elicited 
during testimony without permission of the court. 
 
 
10 
 
On appeal, Gilliam argues the trial court erred in excluding Immel’s statement from the 
evidence at trial.  We review the trial court’s decision under an abuse of discretion standard and 
will not disturb the trial court’s decision to exclude Immel’s statement absent a finding that the 
trial court abused its discretion.  See John Crane, Inc. v. Jones, 274 Va. 581, 590, 650 S.E.2d 
851, 855 (2007).  Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact in 
issue more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”  Va. R. Evid. 2:401; 
see also John Crane, Inc., 274 Va. at 590, 650 S.E.2d at 855 (“Evidence is relevant if it has any 
logical tendency to prove an issue in a case.”) (quoting Goins v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 442, 
461, 470 S.E.2d 114, 127 (1996)).  “Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.”  Va. R. 
Evid. 2:402(a). 
 
In a negligence action, damages are generally recoverable for the reasonable and 
proximate consequences of the breach of duty.  Naccash v. Burger, 223 Va. 406, 414, 290 S.E.2d 
825, 830 (1982); Tullock v. Hoops, 206 Va. 665, 668-69, 145 S.E.2d 152, 154 (1965).  “[M]ental 
anguish may be inferred from bodily injury” and “when fairly inferred from injuries sustained, is 
an element of damages.”  Kondaurov v. Kerdasha, 271 Va. 646, 656, 629 S.E.2d 181, 186 
(2006).  Gilliam brought a personal injury action seeking damages proximately caused by 
Immel’s negligence in the operation of his vehicle.  The mental anguish Gilliam contends was 
caused by Immel’s remarks at the scene does not flow from the bodily injuries she claimed, the 
physical impact of the vehicles, or from Immel’s negligence in the operation of his vehicle.  
Therefore, any such mental anguish was not a proper consideration of Gilliam’s damages.  
 
 
11 
Accordingly, Immel’s statement at the scene was not relevant to the issue of damages and the 
trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding it.9 
IV. 
 
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the trial court. 
Affirmed.   
                     
 
 
9 Although we have recognized the independent torts of intentional infliction of 
emotional distress, see Womack v. Eldridge, 215 Va. 338, 342, 210 S.E.2d 145, 148 (1974), and 
negligent infliction of emotional distress, see Hughes v. Moore, 214 Va. 27, 34, 197 S.E.2d 214, 
219 (1973), Gilliam does not allege either cause of action in this case.