Title: State v. Muse
Citation: 185 S.E.2d 214, 280 N.C. 31
Docket Number: 88
State: north-carolina
Issuer: north-carolina Supreme Court
Date: December 15, 1971

185 S.E.2d 214 (1971)
280 N.C. 31
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Robert MUSE.
No. 88.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.
December 15, 1971.
*217 Atty. Gen. Robert Morgan, Asst. Atty. Gen. William F. Briley, for the State.
Grafton G. Beaman, Worth &amp; Beaman, Elizabeth City, for defendant.
BRANCH, Justice.
Defendant's principal assignment of error is that the trial court erred in its voir dire findings and in allowing into evidence incriminating statements made by defendant.
When the State called SBI Agent O. L. Wise as a witness, he testified that he had had a conversation with defendant. Upon objection, the trial judge excused the jury and held a voir dire hearing.
Agent Wise testified on voir dire that he made several visits to defendant's jail cell during the period from 12 June 1969 to 15 July 1969. Each visit was made pursuant to a request by defendant. Defendant asked his help towards getting a smaller appearance bond. Defendant told him that he had information that would be helpful in solving other crimes. Wise told defendant that if he gave him any information he would appreciate it and that he "would let it be known." He told defendant that he could make no promises. He never cautioned defendant as to his constitutional rights since he did not go to the jail for the purpose of questioning defendant. Wise stated that all statements made by defendant were made without prompting from him and that he did not initiate any of the questions or at any time interrogate defendant. Defendant gave him information concerning other crimes and also told him that he (defendant) had bought certain tools for $90 which he later sold to Mr. Hudson. Defendant further stated that he did not break into the City Motor Parts building. Wise was the only witness to testify on voir dire and he was not cross-examined by defendant's attorney.
At the close of the voir dire hearing, the trial judge, inter alia, found:
*218 Defendant's objection was overruled and Agent Wise then testified before the jury to substantially the same facts which he related on voir dire.
There was plenary evidence to support the findings of fact made by the trial judge, and such findings will not be disturbed on appeal. State v. Childs, 269 N.C. 307, 152 S.E.2d 453; State v. Bruce, 268 N.C. 174, 150 S.E.2d 216.
We therefore need only decide whether the circumstances of this case, as a matter of law, rendered the statements inadmissible.
The statements made by defendant to SBI Agent Wise were inculpatory since they admitted an essential part of the offense charged. State v. Hamer, 240 N.C. 85, 81 S.E.2d 193. However, the fact that defendant was in custody when he made the statements does not of itself render the confession inadmissible. State v. Hines, 266 N.C. 1, 145 S.E.2d 363.
In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, we find the following:
Accord: State v. Chance, N.C., 185 S.E.2d 227, filed this day; State v. Fletcher and State v. Arnold, 279 N.C. 85, 181 S.E.2d 405; State v. Morris, 275 N.C. 50, 165 S.E.2d 245; State v. Perry, 276 N.C. 339, 172 S.E.2d 541; State v. Meadows, 272 N.C. 327, 158 S.E.2d 638; State v. Spence, 271 N.C. 23, 155 S.E.2d 802.
It should be noted that the statement made by the SBI Agent that he would "let it be known" was made in conversation concerning other crimes and was accompanied by a statement from the officer that he could make no promises.
The circumstances of this case do not show that defendant's statements were "obtained by hope or fear," State v. Roberts, 12 N.C. 259, or that they resulted from any sort of pressure, State v. Perry, supra. This record clearly shows that there was no custodial interrogation. Thus, it was not necessary for Agent Wise to warn defendant of his rights as required by Miranda v. Arizona, supra.
There was no error in the voir dire proceedings, and the trial judge properly admitted defendant's statements into evidence.
When this Court grants certiorari pursuant to 7A-31, our review is ordinarily restricted to the rulings of the Court of Appeals which are assigned as error in the petition for certiorari and brought forward in petitioner's brief. State v. Williams, 274 N.C. 328, 163 S.E.2d 353. However, this case is unusual in that it is a criminal case in which the State petitioned for certiorari. The Court of Appeals ruled on only one of defendant's assignments of error in granting a new trial. We therefore elect to depart *219 from the general rule and consider the remaining assignments of error.
Defendant contends that the trial judge committed prejudicial error by allowing certain opinion evidence as to value. During the solicitor's direct examination of State's witness Thomas L. McDaniels, the part-owner and operator of City Motor Parts, Inc., the following occurred:
A witness who has knowledge of value gained from experience, information and observation, may give his opinion of the value of personal property. Stansbury, N.C. Evidence 2d, § 128, p. 300.
In this jurisdiction when a witness is offered for the purpose of giving opinion evidence, the approved procedure requires that he first be qualified to give the evidence. After qualification, he is asked if he has an opinion and, upon giving an affirmative answer, is then asked to state his opinion.
The witness McDaniels obviously had such experience and knowledge as would qualify him to give opinion evidence concerning the value of this property. Since his answer clearly indicated that he had an opinion, his failure to first state that he had such opinion does not constitute prejudicial error.
Even had the admission of this evidence been prejudicial error, it was later rendered harmless by the admission, without objection, of similar evidence from the same witness. Carver v. Lykes, 262 N.C. 345, 137 S.E.2d 139. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant contends that the trial judge's failure to instruct the jury that they must find from the evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt that the tools allegedly received by defendant were the same tools stolen from City Motor Parts, Inc., resulted in prejudicial error.
In support of this contention he cites and relies on State v. Frazier, 9 N.C.App. 44, 175 S.E.2d 377 and State v. Jackson, 4 N.C.App. 459, 167 S.E.2d 20, which require such a charge. In these cases the defendants were charged with breaking and entering and larceny, and the State relied on the doctrine of recent possession of stolen goods.
The doctrine of recent possession of stolen goods as recognized by this Court allows the raising of an inference that the possessor is guilty of breaking and entering and larceny. It is an evidentiary circumstance to be considered by the jury along with all other circumstances. State v. Allison, 265 N.C. 512, 144 S.E.2d 578; State v. Foster, 268 N.C. 480, 151 S.E.2d 62. The trial judge in such cases must require the jury to find from the evidence and beyond a reasonable doubt that the goods found in possession of the accused are the same goods that were lost as the result of the breaking and entering or the larceny with which he stands charged. State v. Jackson, 274 N.C. 594, 164 S.E.2d 369. This requirement is understandable since the allowed inference would lose all its probative value if the goods possessed by the defendant were not the same goods lost as a result of the larceny or the breaking and entering with which he stood charged.
*220 The essential elements of the crime of receiving stolen goods are: "(a) The stealing of the goods by some other than the accused; (b) that the accused, knowing them to be stolen, received or aided in concealing the goods; and (c) continued such possession or concealment with a dishonest purpose." State v. Neill, 244 N.C. 252, 93 S.E.2d 155. Wharton's Criminal Evidence, 10th Edition, Volume 1, § 325b, p. 643.
The crime of receiving stolen goods is a "sort of secondary crime based upon a prior commission of the primary crime of larceny" and "(t)he inference or presumption arising from the recent possession of stolen property, however, without more, does not extend to the statutory charge, G.S. 14-71 of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen or taken." State v. Neill, supra.
In his final mandate to the jury, the trial judge charged:
In instant case the State does not rely on inferences or presumptions, and the charge placed upon the State the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt each individual element of the crime of receiving stolen property. This charge was adequate and this assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant contends that the trial judge committed prejudicial error by admitting into evidence State's Exhibits 8, 9, 10, 11 and 15 without sufficient identification by the State's witnesses.
State's Exhibit 15 was an inventory or list made by Chief of Police Owens of tools that he received from the witness Hudson. He testified that he made the inventory immediately after the tools were received from Hudson.
State's Exhibit 10, consisting of nineteen Husky socket wrenches; State's Exhibit 11, consisting of a ratchet wrench and extension; and State's Exhibit 9, a box of tools, were all admitted into evidence after witness Hudson stated that they appeared to be *221 the same items that he had purchased from defendant and after the Chief of Police had, without objection, identified State's Exhibits 8, 9, 10 and 11 as the items he had received from Hudson. State's Exhibit 8 was identified by Cliff Jones, a part-owner of City Motor Parts, Inc., by the number and his handwriting that appeared thereon.
Any object which has a relevant connection with the case is admissible into evidence. State v. Stroud, 254 N.C. 765, 119 S.E.2d 907. Such object must be identified by the witness. State v. Burno, 158 N.C. 632, 74 S.E. 462.
In the case of State v. Macklin, 210 N.C. 496, 187 S.E. 785, the defendant was charged with murder. It was there stated:
See also: State v. Fikes, 270 N.C. 780, 155 S.E.2d 277; State v. Jarrett, 271 N.C. 576, 157 S.E.2d 4; State v. Tilley, 272 N.C. 408, 158 S.E.2d 573.
We hold that State's Exhibits 8, 9, 10, 11 and 15 were relevant and were sufficiently identified before their introduction. The trial judge properly admitted them into evidence.
A careful examination of the entire record fails to reveal prejudicial error. The decision of the Court of Appeals is
Reversed.