Title: Schwab v. DEP'T OF L. & INDUS.
Citation: 459 P.2d 1, 76 Wash. 2d 784
Docket Number: 39652
State: Washington
Issuer: Washington Supreme Court
Date: September 25, 1969

76 Wn.2d 784 (1969) 459 P.2d 1 DOROTHY E. SCHWAB, Respondent, v. THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES, Appellant.[*] No. 39652. The Supreme Court of Washington, Department One. September 25, 1969. The Attorney General, Lembhard G. Howell and Joe Gordon, Jr., Assistants, for appellant. James E. McIver, for respondent. HAMILTON, J. This case involves a claim for a widow's pension under the workmen's compensation act and has been previously before this court. Schwab v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 69 Wn.2d 111, 417 P.2d 613 (1966). As the facts of the dispute are extensively dealt with in our former opinion, we shall only skeletonize them now. On May 24, 1956, respondent's husband suffered a compensable back injury. This injury caused him constant pain. He received hospital and outpatient treatment until his claim for compensation was closed on September 8, 1958. On appeal from the closing order, the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals reopened the claim for further treatment. The additional treatment continued through June 22, 1959. Prior to his back injury, the respondent's husband had a history of back trouble, alcoholism, and mental instability. He had attempted suicide several times. He had also been confined in Western State Hospital three times twice voluntarily and once by court order where he was diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive characteristics with some schizophrenic overtones. He was formally released or discharged from Western State Hospital in January, 1957, although he had not been actually confined there since August, 1955. After his injury, he attempted suicide two more times, once in August, 1957, and again in July, 1958. On June 27, 1959, respondent and her husband visited *786 some friends where he produced a bottle of liquor and became intoxicated. Although respondent's husband did not become unruly, his host, not wanting his family exposed to drinking, asked him to leave. After arriving home, he telephoned his host and apologized. Shortly thereafter he swallowed at least 12 carbrital sleeping capsules. These capsules had been prescribed for him a few days earlier to relieve a painful shoulder condition which was not related to his back injury. Efforts to revive respondent's husband were unsuccessful and he died on August 21, 1959, never having regained consciousness. The workmen's compensation act provides for a pension payable to the widow of a compensably injured workman in either of two circumstances: The injury causes the death; or the workman dies, from whatever cause, while permanently and totally disabled by the injury. RCW 51.32.010, 51.32.050 (2), (6). Here we are concerned only with the first circumstance. In this connection RCW 51.32.020, in pertinent part, provides that the widow of an injured workman is not entitled to a pension under the act "If ... death results to a workman from the deliberate intention of the workman himself to produce such ... death." (Italics ours.) Respondent filed her claim for a widow's pension under the act, but it was denied by the Department of Labor and Industries. She appealed to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals. Thereafter several hearings were held at which lay and medical testimony was adduced. The board thereupon found: *787 After so finding the board sustained the rejection of respondent's claim for a pension. Respondent appealed to the superior court, contending that the back injury caused her husband to become insane, which in turn occasioned him to commit suicide. The trial court at that time ruled as a matter of law that his death had not been proximately caused by his back injury and dismissed the appeal. Respondent then brought her cause to this court and we reversed, holding there was sufficient evidence to take the matter to the jury on the question of compensability. We then remanded the cause for new trial, with directions to submit the pertinent issues to the jury under instructions consistent with our prior holdings in suicide cases under the workmen's compensation act. The subsequent trial resulted in a verdict and judgment allowing respondent's claim. The Department of Labor and Industries now brings this appeal. Numerous assignments of error are made, primarily directed to instructions given and refused. We affirm the judgment. The principal issue raised by the assignments of error concerns the nature and content of the verdict form which the trial court submitted to the jury. A proper understanding of our determination of this issue suggests a prefatory review of our former decisions involving suicide and the workmen's compensation act. Ever since our legislature first enacted the workmen's compensation act, that act has contained a provision barring a widow's pension if her injured husband's death "results ... from the deliberate intention of the workman himself to produce such ... death." Laws of 1911, ch. 74, § 6 P. 361. See also RCW 51.32.020, supra. The first case to reach this court related to possible suicide and the deliberate intent proviso was Hepner v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 141 Wash. 55, 250 P. 461 (1926). There the widow claimed that her workman husband suffered a knee injury which caused fluid to accumulate and a toxin to be released into the blood, which in turn caused her husband to become insane and that as a result *788 of his insanity he wandered onto a railroad track where he was struck and killed. The Department of Labor and Industries resisted the claim, contending, in part, that the claimed cause of death was conjectural, in that it was just as reasonable to conclude, under the evidence, that the deceased workman met his death as a result of voluntary suicide or negligence. The case was submitted to a jury, which returned a verdict for the widow. On appeal this court, without referring to the jury instructions or to the statutory bar, affirmed the jury's verdict and stated with regard to the department's contention concerning possible suicide, at 59: The next case to reach this court involving the question was Gatterdam v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 185 Wash. 628, 56 P.2d 693 (1936). In that case the workman had suffered great pain from his industrial injury and had been receiving morphine as a part of his treatment. He killed himself with a gun some 4 years after the date of his injury. On appeal from a general jury verdict favorable to Mrs. Gatterdam's claim for a widow's pension, the department urged that the workman's act of self-destruction was an intervening and proximate cause of the death. In affirming the jury's determination, this court cited Hepner, and Delinousha v. National Biscuit Co., 248 N.Y. 93, 161 N.E. 431 (1928), and said, at 632: Judge Geraghty, writing for the court, then went on to approve jury instructions given in the case which, in essence, precluded Mrs. Gatterdam's recovery of a pension unless the jury found (1) the death of the workman was not accidental; (2) the death was occasioned by suicide while the workman was insane defining insanity as a delirium caused by pain from the injury or by the use of medication employed in the treatment of his injury, or as an uncontrollable impulse with no direction of the mind; and (3) the insanity was proximately caused by the injury. Judge Geraghty then led into the conclusion of the opinion by stating, at 635: Next came McFarland v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 188 Wash. 357, 62 P.2d 714 (1936). The workman in this case suffered a fractured femur in the course of his employment, which occasioned phlebitis, severe pain, and some mental derangement. He hanged himself. A claim for widow's pension was made and denied. On appeal, the superior court sitting without a jury granted pension rights. Judge Steinert, writing for the court, in affirming, stated, at 361: In Karlen v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 41 Wn.2d 301, 249 P.2d 364 (1952), the workman involved suffered an industrial injury to his thumb and a blow on his head. He developed manic-depressive psychosis, was hospitalized, and thrust his head against a power saw inflicting fatal injuries. The Department of Labor and Industries awarded his widow a pension. The employer appealed. A jury trial ensued. The jury, by special verdict, sustained the award with appropriate answers to two interrogatories, inquiring, in essence, (1) whether the mental condition and the death involved were proximately caused by the industrial injury, and (2) whether the death resulted from a deliberate intention on the part of the injured workman. These interrogatories were prefaced, among others, by instructions defining proximate cause, proximate contributing cause, deliberate intention, irresistible impulse and uncontrollable impulse. In affirming the jury verdict, this court stated, at 304: Finally, in Mercer v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., 74 Wn.2d 96, 442 P.2d 1000 (1968), a case wherein significant portions of the widow's proffered medical testimony concerning the causal relationship between her husband's industrial injury (a hand injury), his subsequent mental condition, and his suicide were stricken, this court upheld the trial court's dismissal of her claim. In so doing it was stated, at 102: [1] This review of our prior decisions on the questions at hand indicates that while we started with and adhere to the requirement of a direct causal relationship between a workman's industrial injury, insanity, and resultant self-destruction,[1]*792 we have tended to lean away from characterizing, in the traditional tort sense, volitional or conscious suicidal acts as an independent intervening cause precluding compensation. Rather, it appears that we have inclined more toward looking upon RCW 51.32.020 as erecting a statutory bar between cause and a proximately related result. Likewise, it would appear that we have broadened, somewhat, the concept, found in In re Sponatski, 220 Mass. 526, 108 N.E. 466 (1915), that an injury occasioned suicidal death to be compensable must occur from "an uncontrollable impulse or in a delirium of frenzy without conscious volition to produce death," by extending it to include irresistible impulse, delirium caused by injury related drugs, pain, and suffering and/or other forms of acute dementia, any of which render the injured workman incapable, at the pertinent time, of forming a volitional and deliberate intent to commit suicide. [2] Against the backdrop of these approaches, and by virtue of RCW 51.32.020, we have not, however, varied in our cases from the view that to render an injured workman's suicidal act compensable from the standpoint of his surviving widow or other eligible dependents, a minimum[2] of two essential factual determinations must be made from competent evidence. They are (1) whether the industrial injury proximately caused the injured workman to suffer a mental derangement which in turn led to his suicidal conduct, and (2) whether the suicidal act was the result of a deliberate and conscious intent on the part of the injured workman to take his own life. From these factual determinations must flow the legal conclusion of whether or not the injury proximately caused the death within the contemplation of the workmen's compensation act. The immediate and primary issue at hand is whether the *793 jury, because of the manner in which the cause was instructionally submitted to it, properly considered and passed upon the vital factual determinations necessary to the legal conclusion of compensability within the act. In instruction No. 3, the trial court advised the jury that: The trial court then instructed the jury concerning the nature and import of the presumption of correctness attaching to the findings of the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals, burden of proof, preponderance of the evidence, proximate cause, proximate contributing cause, RCW 51.32.020, deliberate intention, insanity, and accident. Following these instructions the trial court advised the jury by instruction No. 11: The trial court thus called upon the jury to make, within the framework of the instructions as a whole, the ultimate determination of compensability or noncompensability under the workmen's compensation act. The appellant, Department of Labor and Industries, contends that the trial court's instructions called for a special verdict, pursuant to CR 49 (a), RCW vol. 0,[3] which in turn *794 required that the jury make special findings as to each of the essential factual issues. Furthermore, appellant argues the instructions given by the trial court did not clearly delineate the basic factual determinations required to support the ultimate conclusion. We do not agree with appellant. It is customary, and perhaps preferable, in workmen's compensation cases that the jury be called upon to return a special verdict containing answers to appropriate and specific interrogatories concerning the ultimate factual issues. Nevertheless, it does not follow that it is prejudicial and reversible error in every such case to call upon the jury to answer only an interrogatory which is tantamount to a general verdict, provided the jury is otherwise adequately instructed upon the factual determinations it must make to support its ultimate and conclusory finding, e.g., Gatterdam v. Department of Labor &amp; Indus., supra. This, we are satisfied, was the procedure which the trial court undertook to follow. Although we are not prepared or willing to recommend the instructional format adopted by the trial court, particularly as related to this type of case, nor can we endorse and approve as models of clarity and accuracy the various instructions given, we are convinced that when the instructions are read as a whole they adequately informed the jury of the basic factual determinations it was required to make. In this latter respect, the instructions were sufficient to permit appellant's counsel to fully argue to the jury appellant's theories regarding causal relationship, intent, degree of insanity, intoxication, mistake and accident. *795 The remaining assignments of error concern themselves with the language of the instructions as given and with the failure to give instructions as proposed. Concededly, these assignments have some merit. However, from a reading of the record as a whole, we are convinced that the content of the instructions as given, and the failure to give some instructions that could properly have been given, does not give rise to prejudicial error of such magnitude as to compel or require a new trial in this prolonged litigation. The judgment is affirmed. HUNTER, C.J., FINLEY, WEAVER, and McGOVERN, JJ., concur. [*] Reported in 459 P.2d 1. [1] Initiated in Daniels v. New York, N.H. &amp; H.R.R., 183 Mass. 393, 67 N.E. 424, 62 L.R.A. 751 (1903), and adopted in In re Sponatski, 220 Mass. 526, 108 N.E. 466 (1915). [2] Disregarding in this reference accident and mistake where such become an issue under the evidence. [3] "The court may require a jury to return only a special verdict in the form of a special written finding upon each issue of fact. In that event the court may submit to the jury written questions susceptible of categorical or other brief answer or may submit written forms of the several special findings which might properly be made under the pleadings and evidence; or it may use such other method of submitting the issues and requiring the written findings thereon as it deems most appropriate. The court shall give to the jury such explanation and instruction concerning the matter thus submitted as may be necessary to enable the jury to make its findings upon each issue. If in so doing the court omits any issue of fact raised by the pleadings or by the evidence, each party waives his rights to a trial by jury of the issue so omitted unless before the jury retires he demands its submission to the jury. As to an issue omitted without such demand the court may make a finding; or, if it fails to do so, it shall be deemed to have made a finding in accord with the judgment on the special verdict." CR 49(a), RCW vol. 0.