Title: State v. Duranleau
Citation: 260 A.2d 383
Docket Number: 14-69
State: Vermont
Issuer: Vermont Supreme Court
Date: December 2, 1969

260 A.2d 383 (1969) STATE of Vermont v. Carroll DURANLEAU. No. 14-69. Supreme Court of Vermont. Orange. December 2, 1969. *384 Philip A. Angell, Jr., State's Atty., for the State. Monte &amp; Monte, Barre, for respondent. Before HOLDEN, C. J., and SHANGRAW, BARNEY, SMITH and KEYSER, JJ. BARNEY, Justice. 10 V.S.A. § 4705(b) makes it a criminal offense to carry a loaded rifle or shotgun in a vehicle on a public highway without a special permit. The respondent is charged with that offense, and trial is pending. Certain preliminary questions have been made by motion and have been certified here before trial. The questions are six: The provisions of the statute involved, 10 V.S.A. § 4705 read: Since these questions come here in advance of trial, we have no established facts, only the allegations of the complaint. It charges the respondent with possession of a rifle containing a loaded cartridge in the mechanism while in a motor vehicle within the right of way limits of a public highway, without a permit provided for in 10 V.S.A. § 4705(e). The respondent has briefed four issues. Those certified questions to which the briefed issues relate will be answered, and those not briefed treated as waived. Vermont Securities, Inc. v. Vermont Unemployment Com., 118 Vt. 196, 199, 104 A.2d 915. The fourth issue briefed, relating to confiscation of the rifle involved, applies to no certified question passed up in this case, and is therefore not for consideration on this appeal. Dresden School Dist. v. Norwich Town School Dist., 124 Vt. 227, 230, 203 A.2d 598. As is noted in certified questions one and six, the respondent claims that the statute involved represents an unconstitutional violation of the right of Vermont citizens "to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the State." Ch. I, Art. 16 Vermont Constitution. The statute does not literally prohibit the "bearing" of any arms, but only requires that, when rifles and shotguns are carried in mechanically propelled vehicles on public highways, that they be unloaded. This restriction, even though it relates only to rifles and shotguns, admittedly somewhat conditions the unrestrained carrying and operation of firearms. But the language of the constitutional provision does not suggest that the right to bear arms is unlimited and undefinable. To require that two particular kinds of weapons, at certain specific places and under limited circumstances, be carried unloaded rather than loaded, is not such an infringement on the constitutional right to bear arms as to make the statute invalid. This conclusion is conditioned upon the presumption that the statutory purpose is reasonable, as it must be assumed to be, Carpenter's Admr. v. Brown, 118 Vt. 148, 153, 102 A.2d 331, and on the necessary circumstance that in this case no facts that demonstrate an unconstitutional operation of the statute are before us. State v. Douglas, 117 Vt. 484, 489, 94 A.2d 403. The law is part of the fish and game laws of this state. Because this is so, the respondent says it must apply only to hunters and those who are in the process of hunting. In the context of this case, before trial, this position includes an argument that it is required that the complaint allege that the respondent was hunting at the time. There is no doubt that this statute has its source in the regulations of activities entirely concerned with the fish and game law. The principal mischief toward which it is directed, according to its own provisions, relate primarily to the activities of those who are, or purport to be, hunting. This primary concern does not impose a limitation on its broader application, if the intention of the legislature was to the contrary. It seems quite clear that the intention was for the law to be of such general application. Merely because it was passed as part of the fish and game law does not require a limitation on its operation. Fish and game laws, like safety statutes, derive their authority from the police power. Elliott v. State Fish and Game Commission, 117 Vt. 61, 66-68, 84 A.2d 588. This is the constitutional source of the legislative power to deal with matters of public morals, health, safety and welfare. The legislature could, therefore, quite properly generally exercise this power even through a fish and game enactment. *387 Further evidence that this statute was intended by the legislature to have general application is shown by two circumstances. One is the failure to place any language in the section with which this prosecution is concerned that even suggests that its operation is limited to hunters or hunting. The second circumstance underscores this, because in other sections of the same enactment where the legislature did intend the operation to be limited, it said so, specifically. See State v. Fox, 122 Vt. 251, 255, 169 A.2d 356. Therefore, we determine that there was no legislative intent to restrict the application of this statute to those allegedly hunting. The last point properly before us relates to the adequacy of the complaint. Although the complaint itself indicates that it is brought under 10 V.S.A. § 4705, and sets forth all of the essential allegations to support a charge under subsection (b) of that statute, the respondent says that the failure to include the designation of the subsection means that it alleges no crime. Certainly a crime is sufficiently alleged, since the offense is set forth with particularity. State v. Chapman, 126 Vt. 167, 169, 224 A.2d 925. Furthermore, at this state of the proceedings the prosecutor can amend, if he sees fit, 13 V.S.A. § 6552, even though the information is sufficient as it stands at the present stage of the proceedings. Thus, we feel there is no fatal flaw in the accusation. Moreover, we wish to point out that this kind of claim does not lend itself to certification satisfactorily, being a cumbersome correction in an area where the issue can be more simply handled by conventional motions. Insofar as the certified questions are briefed, they are answered thusly: Questions one and six are answered in the negative; questions two and four are answered by saying that the complaint is not defective and 10 V.S.A. § 4705(b) is of general application.