Title: Wakulich v. Mraz
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 92128
State: Illinois
Issuer: Illinois Supreme Court
Date: February 6, 2003

Docket No. 92128-Agenda 10-May 2002.
MARY LOUISE WAKULICH, Indiv. and as Special Adm'r of the 
Estate of Elizabeth Wakulich, Deceased, Appellant, v.
DENNIS MRAZ et al., Appellees.
Opinion filed February 6, 2003.
	JUSTICE FITZGERALD delivered the opinion of the court:
	In this appeal we review the dismissal of a complaint pursuant
to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code). 735 ILCS
5/2-615 (West 2000). Generally, plaintiff alleged that defendants
were negligent in providing an alcoholic beverage to plaintiff's
minor daughter, and negligent in their performance of a voluntary
undertaking to care for the minor after she became unconscious,
such negligence proximately causing her death. In deciding
whether the first claim was properly dismissed, we must consider
whether this court should revisit and overturn its decision in
Charles v. Seigfried, 165 Ill. 2d 482 (1995), and recognize a cause
of action against adult social hosts for serving alcoholic beverages
to minors who are subsequently injured. For the reasons discussed
below, we adhere to our decision in Charles and decline to
recognize any form of social host liability. Because we find,
however, that plaintiff has adequately pled a negligence action
based on a voluntary undertaking theory, this matter must be
remanded to the trial court for further proceedings on plaintiff's
complaint.

BACKGROUND
	Following the death of her 16-year-old daughter Elizabeth
Wakulich, plaintiff Mary Louise Wakulich, individually and as
special administrator of Elizabeth's estate, brought an action in the
circuit court of Cook County, alleging claims under the Wrongful
Death Act (740 ILCS 180/0.01 et seq. (West 1996)) and the
Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 1996)). According to the
10-count "Amended Second Amended Complaint,"(1) during the
evening of June 15, 1997, and continuing into the early morning
hours of June 16, 1997, Elizabeth was at the home of defendants,
Michael Mraz, his brother Brian Mraz, and their father Dennis
Mraz. At that time, Michael was 21 years old, and Brian was 18
years old. Plaintiff alleged that Michael and Brian induced
Elizabeth, "by offering monies, by goading and by applying great
social pressure," to drink a quart bottle of Goldschlager, a "highly
alcoholic and dangerous" beverage, and that Michael and Brian
knew, or should have known, that Elizabeth, a minor, could not
appreciate the dangers associated with consumption of excessive
amounts of alcoholic beverages.
	According to the complaint, after consuming the entire bottle
of Goldschlager, Elizabeth lost consciousness. Michael and Brian
placed her in the family room of their home, where they observed
her "vomiting profusely and making gurgling sounds." They later
removed her vomit-saturated blouse and placed a pillow under her
head to prevent aspiration. Brian and Michael allegedly refused to
drive Elizabeth home, did not contact her parents, did not seek
medical attention, and "actually prevented other individuals at the
home from calling 911 or seeking other medical intervention."
Plaintiff further alleged in the complaint that, during the morning
of June 16, 1997, Dennis "ordered" Michael and Brian to remove
Elizabeth from their home, which they did.(2) Elizabeth died later
that day. The complaint indicates that Michael was subsequently
convicted of contributing to the delinquency of a minor (720 ILCS
130/2a (West 1996)).
	Plaintiff advanced two theories of recovery: (1) that Michael
and Brian were negligent in providing alcohol to Elizabeth and
inducing her to drink to excess (counts I, II, V and VI); and (2)
that Michael, Brian and Dennis were negligent in failing to act
reasonably to protect Elizabeth after voluntarily undertaking to
care for her after she lost consciousness (counts III, IV, VII, VIII,
IX and X).
	Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to
section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 1996)) for
failure to state a cause of action. Defendants principally argued
that under this court's decision in Charles, there is no common
law social host liability in Illinois. The trial court dismissed the
complaint with prejudice. Plaintiff appealed.
	The appellate court reversed the dismissal of those counts of
the complaint directed against Michael and Brian based on their
alleged negligent performance of a voluntary undertaking,
affirmed the dismissal of the balance of the complaint, and
remanded the matter to the circuit court for further proceedings.
322 Ill. App. 3d 768. We allowed plaintiff's petition for leave to
appeal (see 177 Ill. 2d R. 315), and allowed the Illinois Trial
Lawyers Association to file an amicus curiae brief in support of
plaintiff (see 155 Ill. 2d R. 345). We now affirm the judgment of
the appellate court.

ANALYSIS
I
	A motion to dismiss under section 2-615 of the Code (735
ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2000)) challenges only the legal sufficiency
of the complaint. Jarvis v. South Oak Dodge, Inc., 201 Ill. 2d 81,
85 (2002). We review an order granting a section 2-615 motion to
dismiss de novo. Jarvis, 201 Ill. 2d  at 86; Weatherman v. Gary-Wheaton Bank of Fox Valley, N.A., 186 Ill. 2d 472, 491 (1999).
The critical inquiry is whether the allegations of the complaint,
when construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, are
sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief may be
granted. In making this determination, all well-pleaded facts in the
complaint must be taken as true. Jarvis, 201 Ill. 2d  at 86;
Weatherman, 186 Ill. 2d  at 491.
	Preliminarily, we note that plaintiff has not challenged the
appellate court's affirmance of the dismissal of counts IX and X
directed against Dennis Mraz. Accordingly, we consider only the
viability of plaintiff's claims against Michael and Brian.
II
	We consider first those counts which alleged that Michael and
Brian were negligent in providing an alcoholic beverage to
Elizabeth and inducing her to consume a dangerous amount.
Defendants contend that these counts were properly dismissed
based on our decision in Charles v. Seigfried, 165 Ill. 2d 482
(1995).
	In Charles, decided just two years prior to the events giving
rise to the present litigation, we addressed whether this court
should recognize a cause of action against social hosts for serving
alcoholic beverages to minors who are subsequently injured. The
factual backdrop against which we decided this issue involved two
different social gatherings at which minors were served alcoholic
beverages, became intoxicated, and were involved in motor
vehicle accidents. In the first case, Lynn Sue Charles, who was 16
years of age at the time, became intoxicated at the defendant's
home. She left the party by driving her own automobile and was
later involved in a fatal collision. In the second case, 15-year-old
Paula Bzdek became intoxicated at the defendants' home, and left
the party with an 18-year-old friend, who was also intoxicated.
The 18-year-old friend lost control of his vehicle, crashing into
oncoming traffic. Bzdek, who was a passenger in the vehicle,
suffered permanent injuries. In each case, a complaint was filed
premised on theories of social host liability. In each case, the trial
court dismissed the complaint, the plaintiff appealed, and the
appellate court reversed the dismissal. Charles v. Seigfried, 251
Ill. App. 3d 1059 (1993); Bzdek v. Townsley, 262 Ill. App. 3d 238
(1994).
	In the Charles litigation, the appellate court recognized a
cause of action against a social host who knowingly serves
alcoholic beverages to a minor at the social host's residence,
permits the minor to become intoxicated, and allows the minor to
leave in a motor vehicle. Charles, 251 Ill. App. 3d at 1064-65,
quoting Cravens v. Inman, 223 Ill. App. 3d 1059, 1076 (1991). In
the Bzdek litigation, the appellate court recognized a similar cause
of action against social hosts who knowingly serve intoxicants to
persons under the legal drinking age of 21. Bzdek, 262 Ill. App. 3d
at 245-46. In a consolidated appeal, we reversed both decisions.
Relying on over a century of precedent, we held that "Illinois has
no common law cause of action for injuries arising out of the sale
or gift of alcoholic beverages; that the legislature has preempted
the field of alcohol-related liability; and that any change in the law
governing alcohol-related liability should be made by the General
Assembly, or not at all." Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 486. We thus
declined to adopt any form of social host liability.
	In the instant case, plaintiff requests that we reconsider and
overrule Charles and recognize a common law negligence action
against adult social hosts, i.e., persons 18 years of age and older
who knowingly serve alcohol to a minor. Based on the doctrine of
stare decisis, we deny plaintiff's request and adhere to our
decision in Charles.
	The doctrine of stare decisis is a basic tenet of our legal
system. Hoffman v. Lehnhausen, 48 Ill. 2d 323, 329 (1971).
Simply stated, stare decisis reflects the policy of the courts " 'to
stand by precedents and not to disturb settled points.' "
Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 47 (1998), quoting
Neff v. George, 364 Ill. 306, 308-09 (1936). In other words, "a
question once deliberately examined and decided should be
considered as settled and closed to further argument ***." Prall v.
Burckhartt, 299 Ill. 19, 41 (1921). The doctrine "promotes the
evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of legal
principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes
to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process." Payne
v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827, 115 L. Ed. 2d 720, 737, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 2609 (1991); see also Prall, 299 Ill.  at 41 (stare decisis
in "indispensable to the due administration of justice"). Although
the doctrine of stare decisis does not constitute an "inexorable
command" (Chicago Bar Ass'n v. Illinois State Board of
Elections, 161 Ill. 2d 502, 510 (1994)), we will depart from the
doctrine only upon a showing of "good cause" (Heimgaertner v.
Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Co., 6 Ill. 2d 152, 166-67
(1955); see also People v. Robinson, 187 Ill. 2d 461, 463-64
(1999) ("compelling reasons may require a departure from prior
precedent" (emphasis in original))). Plaintiff in the instant case has
failed to make a showing of good cause. Indeed, the grounds
advanced by plaintiff for the adoption of social host liability are
identical to the grounds we considered and rejected in Charles.
	Plaintiff argues, for example, that this court should follow the
"national trend" recognizing a cause of action against adult social
hosts who provide alcohol to minors. We expressly rejected this
argument in Charles, concluding that our decision should be
"grounded upon the law of Illinois rather than upon contradictory
trends elsewhere." Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 496. As explained in
Charles, in Illinois, the common law recognized no cause of action
for injuries arising out of the sale or gift of alcoholic beverages.
The legislature's adoption of the Dramshop Act (now codified at
section 6-21 of the Liquor Control Act of 1934 (235 ILCS 5/6-21
(West 2000)) created a limited and exclusive statutory cause of
action by imposing a form of no-fault liability upon dramshops for
selling or giving intoxicating liquors to persons who subsequently
injure third parties. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 486-89. Through its
passage and continual amendment of the Dramshop Act, the
General Assembly has preempted the entire field of alcohol-related
liability. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 491.
	Plaintiff in the instant case also argues that because Illinois
law clearly treats minors as a "protected class" when it comes to
the consumption of alcohol, tort liability should apply to adult
social hosts who serve alcoholic beverages to minors. We
considered and dismissed this very argument in Charles. Charles,
165 Ill. 2d  at 491. "Legislative preemption in the field of alcohol-related liability extends to social hosts who provide alcoholic
beverages to another person, whether that person be an adult, an
underage person, or a minor." (Emphasis added.) Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 491.
	Plaintiff here further contends that "public policy" dictates
that this court should recognize social host liability for the
provision of alcohol to minors. In Charles, however, we observed
that the "primary expression of Illinois public and social policy
should emanate from the legislature." Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 493.
We explained:
		"The General Assembly, by its very nature, has a superior
ability to gather and synthesize data pertinent to the issue.
It is free to solicit information and advice from the many
public and private organizations that may be impacted.
Moreover, it is the only entity with the power to weigh
and properly balance the many competing societal,
economic, and policy considerations involved. These
considerations include such issues as whether sufficient
remedies are already available to injured parties through
their own insurance ***, the effect on homeowners' and
renters' insurance policies and rates, whether the social
hosts' liability should be limited, and what standards of
conduct should govern social hosts.
			This court, on the other hand, is ill-equipped to fashion
a law on this subject that would best serve the people of
Illinois. We can consider only one case at a time and are
constrained by the facts before us. Moreover, if we were
to undertake to change the rules concerning alcohol-related liability, the law would be in a confused,
disorderly state for many years while the trial courts
attempted to predict how this court would eventually
resolve these questions." Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 493-94.
We held, therefore, that judicial restraint in this area was
appropriate and that any decision to expand civil liability of social
hosts should be made by the legislature. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at
493-94.
	Additionally, plaintiff argues that where, as here, the
legislature has failed to act, it is the duty of this court to intervene
and develop the common law. Once again, this is an argument that
we expressly considered and rejected in Charles. We observed
that, since 1986, the General Assembly had considered imposing
some form of social host liability upon adults who furnish alcohol
to underage persons at least six times, but that such attempts were
rejected. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 499. We appropriately inferred that
the General Assembly had deliberately chosen not to impose such
social host liability. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 501.
	Since our decision in Charles, the General Assembly has
again considered imposing liability upon persons who supply
alcoholic beverages to minors. See 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Bill 4723, 2000 Sess. (creating the Underage Alcohol Use
Liability Act); 91st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Bill 1963, 2000 Sess.
(creating the Alcohol Impaired Minor Responsibility Act); 92d Ill.
Gen. Assem., Senate Bill 4, 2001 Sess. (creating the Alcohol
Impaired Minor Responsibility Act); 92d Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Bill 1990, 2001 Sess. (creating the Underage Alcoholic Liquor
Use Liability Act). These attempts to create a new cause of action
did not succeed. We do not view such failed attempts as inaction
on the part of the legislature. Rather, we view it as evidence that
the legislature continues to debate and consider the merits and
contours of any form of social host liability.
	Moreover, "[i]t is a fundamental principle that '[w]here the
legislature chooses not to amend a statute after a judicial
construction, it will be presumed that it has acquiesced in the
court's statement of the legislative intent.' " Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d  at 49-50, quoting Miller v. Lockett, 98 Ill. 2d 478, 483 (1983).
Although the legislature continues to amend the Dramshop Act in
other respects (see Pub. Act 90-111, eff. July 14, 1997), the
legislature has made no change to the statute indicating that the
civil liability provided therefor is not intended to preempt the
entire field of alcohol-related liability. To change course now
would amount to an amendment of the statute itself. See Charles,
165 Ill. 2d  at 492, citing Froud v. Celotex Corp., 98 Ill. 2d 324,
336 (1983).
	Plaintiff maintains that she is not asking this court to "open
the flood gates" regarding social-host liability. We note, however,
that the cause of action plaintiff would have us recognize is
broader than the proposed cause of action we declined to
recognize in Charles. Under the facts of Charles, liability could
have been limited to situations involving underage drunk driving.
See Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 505-07 (McMorrow, J., dissenting). In
the present case, however, plaintiff seeks to impose liability for
any injuries proximately caused by the adult provision of alcoholic
beverages to a minor. In addition, there was no indication in
Charles that the social-host defendants were not themselves of
legal drinking age. Plaintiff in the instant case, however, seeks to
impose liability upon any adult social host, irrespective of whether
the social host is of legal drinking age. Brian, the younger of the
two remaining defendants, was only 18 years of age at the time of
the underlying events, three years younger than the legal drinking
age of 21 years. Thus, plaintiff actually proposes a broad and
sweeping change to this area of the law by proposing that all
adults-even those adults whom the General Assembly has
determined are unable to appreciate sufficiently the risks attendant
to alcohol consumption-may be liable in tort for any and all
injuries flowing from the provision of alcohol to minors.
	Even if the cause of action plaintiff would have us recognize
in the present case was more narrowly tailored, we do not agree
with plaintiff that the "flood gates" would not be opened. We
recognized in Charles that the adoption of social host liability in
that case would open up a " 'Pandora's Box' of unlimited
liability," as any person who might conceivably qualify as a social
host was made the target of a lawsuit. Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 503.
We recognized also that, if this court were to adopt social host
liability, we would be faced with determining under which of the
many possible permutations liability would lie.
			"Should only injured third parties have a cause of
action against a social host, or should the intoxicated
person have one too? Should an exception be created
only for minors? If so, should we treat persons under
the legal drinking age of 21 as minors, or only those
under the age of 18? Should minor or underage social
hosts be liable for serving liquor to their similarly
situated friends? Should a social host be held liable
only when he or she knows that the intoxicated person
will drink and drive, or should the host be liable for all
types of alcohol-induced injuries? What actions must a
social host take to avoid liability where an intoxicated
guest insists on driving home? Is calling a cab
sufficient, or must the police be notified? The flood of
injured litigants that would inevitably crowd the Illinois
courts would demand answers to these questions and
many others." (Emphasis added.) Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at
494.
	The adoption of social host liability in this case would
likewise raise numerous questions to which the flood of litigants
would demand answers. Should social hosts be liable only for
"knowingly" providing alcohol to minors, or should the social
host's conduct be judged by what he or she "should have known"?
For example, should parents be liable for the consumption of
alcoholic beverages in their home if they "should have known"
that their 17-year-old child would have a party in their absence?
What measures should parents take to ensure that access to liquor
in the home is sufficiently restricted in order to avoid liability for
illegal activities that occur in their absence? Should liability attach
outside the home to social gatherings such as picnics, weddings
and other events? Should the social host be liable even where the
intoxicated minor's parents are present at the social gathering?
Should liability attach where the minor consumes a negligible
amount of alcohol, is clearly not intoxicated, but has an adverse
reaction due to a medical condition unknown to the social host?
Should the liability of social hosts be unlimited, or subject to the
same limitation applicable to liquor vendors?
	The members of our General Assembly, elected by the
citizens of this state, are best able to resolve such issues
comprehensively, taking into account the significant social and
economic consequences of any course of action. They are best
equipped to determine whether a change in the law is both
desirable and workable, and if so, under what circumstances.
Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 493-94. Thus far, the General Assembly has
determined that civil liability for alcohol-related injuries is limited
to two groups of defendants: (1) dramshop owners, and (2) persons
21 years of age or older who pay for a hotel or motel room
knowing that the room will be used by underage persons for the
unlawful consumption of alcohol. The liability of these defendants
is limited and extends only to third parties, and not to the
intoxicated person. 235 ILCS 5/6-21(a) (West 2000). The General
Assembly has otherwise elected to treat the possession and
consumption of alcohol by persons under the legal drinking age as
a criminal matter. See 235 ILCS 5/6-16(a)(i) through (a)(iii) (West
2000) (making it a Class A misdemeanor for licensees and other
persons to sell, give or deliver alcoholic liquor to any person under
the age of 21); 235 ILCS 5/6-16(a) (West 2000) (making it a Class
A misdemeanor for any person under the age of 21 to use false
identification to procure alcoholic liquor or to have any alcoholic
liquor in his or her possession on any street, highway or public
place); 235 ILCS 5/6-16(a-1) (West 2000) (making it a Class A
misdemeanor for any parent or guardian to permit his or her
residence to be used by an invitee of the parent's child or the
guardian's ward, if the invitee is under the age of 21, in a manner
that would violate the statutory prohibitions on the sale and
possession of alcohol); 235 ILCS 5/6-16(c) (West 2000) (making
it a Class A misdemeanor for any person knowingly to permit a
gathering at his or her home where that person knows that an
individual under the age of 21 is in possession of or is consuming
any alcoholic beverage and further knows that the underage
individual leaves in an intoxicated condition);(3) 235 ILCS
5/6-16(d) (West 2000) (making it a Class A misdemeanor for any
person to rent a hotel or motel room for the purpose of or with the
knowledge that such room will be used for the consumption of
alcohol by persons under the age of 21 years); 235 ILCS 5/6-20
(West 2000) (making it a Class A misdemeanor for persons under
21 years of age to purchase, accept as a gift, possess or consume
alcoholic liquor); 235 ILCS 5/10-1 (West 2000) (making it a Class
A misdemeanor for any person under the age of 21 years to
represent that he is 21 years of age or over for the purpose of
buying, accepting or receiving alcoholic liquor from a licensee).
	In sum, plaintiff has not provided any principled basis for this
court to revisit its decision in Charles and depart from the doctrine
of stare decisis. Plaintiff cannot identify any compelling change in
circumstance since our decision was entered and has simply
reargued points already considered and rejected. Accordingly, we
adhere to our decision in Charles: apart from the limited civil
liability provided in the Dramshop Act, there exists no social host
liability in Illinois.
III
	Plaintiff argues, in the alternative, that the allegations of the
complaint fall within an exception to the general rule against
social host liability, recognized by our appellate court in Quinn v.
Sigma Rho Chapter of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, 155 Ill. App. 3d
231 (1987), and Haben v. Anderson, 232 Ill. App. 3d 260 (1992).
	In Quinn, an 18-year-old university fraternity pledge suffered
neurological damage and partial disability as the result of
consuming excessive amounts of alcohol during an initiation
ceremony. The pledge sued the fraternity under common law
negligence principles. The trial court dismissed the complaint; the
appellate court reversed. The appellate court recognized that "[t]he
law in Illinois appears well settled that the legislative action in
adopting the Dramshop Act [citation] has preempted the field of
liability relating to alcohol" and that "this preemption extends to
social hosts who might provide intoxicating beverages: adult to
adult, adult to minor, and minor to minor." Quinn, 155 Ill. App. 3d
at 235. Nonetheless, the appellate court concluded that the
complaint stated a cause of action based on two factors: (1) the
plaintiff was required to drink to intoxication in order to become
a member of the fraternity; and (2) the fraternity's conduct
violated the hazing statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 144, par. 221),
which the legislature adopted to prevent the embarrassment or
endangerment of youth through thoughtless and meaningless
activity. Quinn, 155 Ill. App. 3d at 238.
	In Haben, an 18-year-old university freshman died from acute
alcohol intoxication following an initiation ceremony for new
recruits in the Lacrosse Club. The ensuing complaint alleged, inter
alia, that the members of the club had been involved in hazing the
decedent, pressuring him to drink, and causing his intoxication.
The trial court dismissed the complaint, finding that the allegations
did not fit within the narrow exception announced in Quinn in that
the plaintiff had failed to allege that the decedent was "required"
to drink to intoxication to be initiated into the club. Haben, 232 Ill.
App. 3d at 263. The appellate court reversed, finding the plaintiff's
allegation of a de facto requirement for drinking was sufficient to
satisfy the Quinn standard. Haben, 232 Ill. App. 3d at 266.
	Plaintiff in the instant case argues that the exception to social
host liability recognized by Quinn and Haben survived this court's
decision in Charles and that the allegations of the complaint bring
this case within the Quinn-Haben framework. Plaintiff maintains
that, similar to the circumstances present in Quinn and Haben,
defendants here coerced Elizabeth, a minor, into consuming a
dangerous amount of alcohol, thereby violating a statute
specifically designed to prevent adults from endangering children.
Specifically, plaintiff cites section 2a of the Neglected Children
Offense Act, which makes it a Class A misdemeanor to contribute
to the delinquency of a child. 720 ILCS 130/2a (West 1996).
According to the allegations of the complaint, Michael, the older
of the two remaining defendants, was convicted of violating this
statute for his role in Elizabeth's intoxication. The appellate court
rejected plaintiff's argument, concluding that the exception to the
rule against social host liability carved out by Quinn and Haben
did not survive this court's decision in Charles and, in any event,
the allegations of the complaint did not fit within the Quinn-Haben exception. 322 Ill. App. 3d at 773.
	We find it unnecessary to consider whether the so-called
"exception" to the rule against social host liability recognized by
Quinn and Haben is compatible with our decision in Charles
because the present case simply does not come within the reach of
these two appellate opinions. As discussed above, Quinn and
Haben addressed the limited situation in which a college
fraternity, or similar college organization, requires those seeking
membership to engage in illegal and dangerous activities, in
violation of the hazing statute. In contrast, the present case
presents the factually distinct scenario in which a minor, at a
private residence, is allegedly pressured to drink to excess, in
violation of the delinquency statute.
	We note that our appellate court, in Goodknight v. Piraino,
197 Ill. App. 3d 319 (1990), expressly rejected the extension of the
Quinn-Haben analysis to situations other than those involving a
college hazing incident. In Goodknight, the plaintiff, who was 18
years of age, attended a Valentine's Day party promoted by the
Village of Royal and held in the village community building.
Liquor was sold at the party. The plaintiff became intoxicated and
left the party with her male companion, who drove the plaintiff's
car. The plaintiff later attempted to drive home and crashed the
vehicle, sustaining permanent injuries. The plaintiff sued various
individuals and entities, including the village, alleging negligence,
willful and wanton misconduct, and a violation of the Dramshop
Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 43, par. 135). The trial court
dismissed the cause of action as to the village and certain other
defendants. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the Quinn analysis
should apply and that her cause of action should not have been
dismissed. She maintained that, as an innocent minor, she was
pressured and "required" to drink in order to join the "fraternity"
of her peers at the dance. Goodknight, 197 Ill. App. 3d at 325. The
appellate court rejected this argument. "Quinn did not recognize
an exception to the [Dramshop] Act for every 18-year-old who
'feels pressured' to drink, but a narrow one-a duty on the part of
fraternities and sororities to refrain from requiring participation in
such acts ***." Goodknight, 197 Ill. App. 3d at 325.
	Thus, we agree with the appellate court in the present case
that it would be a "dramatic expansion" of Quinn and Haben,
assuming their continuing viability, to find that plaintiff has stated
a cause of action here for negligent provision of alcohol. 322 Ill.
App. 3d at 775. We therefore conclude that counts I, II, V and VI
of the complaint were properly dismissed.
IV
	We next consider whether, as defendants argue, those counts
of the complaint alleging a "voluntary undertaking" by Michael
and Brian are fatally defective. Generally, pursuant to the
voluntary undertaking theory of liability, "one who undertakes,
gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another is
subject to liability for bodily harm caused to the other by one's
failure to exercise due care in the performance of the undertaking."
Rhodes v. Illinois Central Gulf R.R., 172 Ill. 2d 213, 239 (1996).
	Plaintiff alleged that Michael and Brian voluntarily undertook
to care for Elizabeth after she became unconscious, by placing her
in the downstairs family room in order to observe and care for her;
that they, in fact, observed her vomiting profusely and making
gurgling sounds while in the family room; and that they checked
on her during the early morning hours of June 16, 1997, at which
time they removed her vomit-saturated blouse, and placed a pillow
under her head to prevent aspiration. Plaintiff further alleged that
Michael and Brian did not seek medical attention for Elizabeth and
prevented other persons in the home from calling 911 or seeking
other medical care. Michael and Brian also allegedly refused to
drive Elizabeth home or to the hospital and refused to call her
parents. While Elizabeth was still unconscious, Michael and Brian
removed her from their home. The appellate court found the
foregoing allegations were sufficient to withstand defendants'
section 2-615 motion (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2000)).
	As an initial matter, defendants argue that plaintiff's voluntary
undertaking theory is simply an attempt to circumvent the rule
against social host liability set forth in Charles. This argument
fails. The liability of defendants, if any, is not contingent on their
status as social hosts. Indeed, it is irrelevant for purposes of
plaintiff's voluntary undertaking counts whether defendants were
acting as social hosts on the evening of June 15, 1997, and
supplied the alcohol which Elizabeth consumed. Rather, based on
the allegations of the complaint, defendants' liability arises by
virtue of their voluntary assumption of a duty to care for Elizabeth
after she became unconscious, irrespective of the circumstances
leading up to that point. Thus, plaintiff's voluntary undertaking
theory does not circumvent the rule against social host liability.
	In a related argument, defendants maintain that there is no
special relationship between a social host and a guest which would
impose a duty upon the social host to seek medical assistance. See
Estate of Ritchie v. Farrell, 213 Ill. App. 3d 846, 849 (1991);
Zamiar v. Linderman, 132 Ill. App. 3d 886, 890 (1985). This
argument, like the one before it, necessarily fails. Plaintiff did not
allege that defendants were under a legal duty to seek medical
assistance for Elizabeth, or to otherwise care for her, by virtue of
their status as social hosts or their relationship with Elizabeth.
Plaintiff alleged that defendants voluntarily undertook to care for
Elizabeth. "By undertaking to act defendant[s] became subject to
a duty with respect to the manner of performance." Nelson v.
Union Wire Rope Corp., 31 Ill. 2d 69, 85 (1964). In other words,
having undertaken to care for Elizabeth, defendants were obligated
to exercise "due care" in the performance of that undertaking. See
Nelson, 31 Ill. 2d  at 86; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts
§323, at 135, §324, at  139 (1965) (actor must exercise
"reasonable care").
	Defendants next argue that, even if this court accepts a
voluntary undertaking theory of liability, their duty is limited to
the extent of the undertaking. See Rhodes, 172 Ill. 2d  at 239; Frye
v. Medicare-Glaser Corp., 153 Ill. 2d 26, 32 (1992). Defendants
explain that where, as here, a host merely permits an intoxicated
guest to "sleep it off" on the host's floor, the host does not thereby
assume an open-ended duty to care for the guest and assess the
guest's medical condition. Although we agree with these
statements as a general proposition, based on the allegations of the
complaint, defendants here did more than simply make their floor
available to Elizabeth to "sleep it off." Rather, defendants placed
her in the family room; checked on her periodically; took measures
to prevent aspiration; removed her soiled blouse; and prevented
other persons present in the home from intervening in Elizabeth's
behalf. As alleged by plaintiffs, defendants effectively took
complete and exclusive charge of Elizabeth's care after she
became unconscious.
	Defendants further argue that plaintiff's voluntary undertaking
counts must be dismissed because plaintiff has failed to allege any
act by defendants which "increased the risk of harm" to Elizabeth.
In support of this argument, defendants direct our attention to
section 323 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which states:
			"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration,
to render services to another which he should recognize as
necessary for the protection of the other's person or
things, is subject to liability to the other for physical harm
resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to
perform his undertaking, if
			(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of
such harm, or
			(b) the harm is suffered because of the other's reliance
upon the undertaking." (Emphasis added.) Restatement
(Second) of Torts §323, at 135 (1965).
	Defendants note that section 323 of the Restatement (Second)
of Torts was quoted favorably by this court in Frye v. Medicare-Glaser Corp., 153 Ill. 2d 26, 32 (1992). Defendants contend that
the requirement set forth in section 323(a)-that a defendant's
conduct must have increased the risk of harm to the other-applies
to plaintiff's cause of action, and that defendants' limited conduct,
as alleged in the complaint, does not satisfy section 323(a).
	We disagree. The allegations of the complaint, if proven,
satisfy any requirement that defendants' conduct must have
"increased the risk of harm" to Elizabeth for liability to attach. In
reaching this conclusion, we are guided by the more specific
provisions of section 324 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts,
which sets forth the "Duty of One Who Takes Charge of Another
Who is Helpless." Section 324 states:
			"One who, being under no duty to do so, takes charge
of another who is helpless adequately to aid or protect
himself is subject to liability to the other for any bodily
harm caused to him by
			(a) the failure of the actor to exercise reasonable care to
secure the safety of the other while within the actor's
charge, or
			(b) the actor's discontinuing his aid or protection, if by
so doing he leaves the other in a worse position than when
the actor took charge of him." Restatement (Second) of
Torts §324, at 139 (1965).
	Section 324 is an application of the rule stated in section 323,
where the plaintiff-or in this case, the plaintiff's decedent-is in a
helpless situation. Restatement (Second) of Torts §324, Comment
a, at 140 (1965). The "bodily harm" for which the actor is liable
"may be either a further injury or an increase in the existing injury,
due to the improper manner in which the actor is giving the aid or
protection, or it may be an aggravation of the original harm which
would have been avoided if the actor had exercised reasonable
care for the other's safety." Restatement (Second) of Torts §324,
Comment c, at 140 (1965). For example, where a defendant delays
in sending for aid and the other person's condition worsens,
resulting in his or her death, the defendant may be liable under a
wrongful death statute. See Restatement (Second) of Torts §324,
Illustration 2, at 140 (1965).
	Here, plaintiff has alleged that defendants failed to summon
aid by contacting Elizabeth's parents, failed to otherwise obtain
medical assistance that evening or the following morning when
she was still unconscious, and prevented other persons from
obtaining aid, proximately causing her death. These allegations,
liberally construed, sufficiently allege that defendants' conduct
"increased the risk of harm" to Elizabeth.
	Finally, defendants argue that their alleged failure to summon
medical or other assistance constitutes mere "nonfeasance" and
that a breach of the duty imposed by reason of a voluntary
undertaking can only be found where there is "misfeasance,"
unless the plaintiff can demonstrate reliance by the injured party.
See Demos v. Ferris-Shell Oil Co., 317 Ill. App. 3d 41, 51 (2000);
Blankenship v. Peoria Park District, 269 Ill. App. 3d 416, 423
(1994). We agree that the case law frequently distinguishes
between nonfeasance and misfeasance where a voluntary
undertaking is alleged. See, e.g., Vesey v. Chicago Housing
Authority, 145 Ill. 2d 404, 418 (1991); Nelson, 31 Ill. 2d  at 75, 85-86; Jakubowski v. Alden-Bennett Construction Co., 327 Ill. App.
3d 627, 640 (2002); Mattice v. Goodman, 173 Ill. App. 3d 236,
240 (1988); Chisolm v. Stephens, 47 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1006 (1977).
Such distinction, however, does not insulate defendants from
liability in this case.
	The reason for the distinction between nonfeasance and
misfeasance has been explained as follows:
			"The early development of the law, and particularly of
the forms of action of case and assumpsit, led to a
distinction, as to tort liability, between 'misfeasance' and
'non-feasance.' A defendant who actually entered upon
the performance of his undertaking became liable, in an
action on the case, for harm to the plaintiff which resulted
from his negligent performance, whereas one who never
commenced performance at all was not liable in such an
action for his failure to do so. The mere breach of a
promise, without more, was regarded as 'non-feasance,'
for which any action must be in assumpsit, upon the
contract and upon proof of a consideration for the
promise, rather than on the case under any theory of tort
liability." (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of
Torts §323, Comment on Caveat d, at 138 (1965).
See also W. Keeton, Prosser &amp; Keeton on Torts §56, at 373-82
(5th ed. 1984).
	Importantly, plaintiff's theory in this case is not that
defendants failed to perform at all and are liable for their
nonfeasance. Plaintiff's theory is that defendants negligently
performed their voluntary undertaking and are liable for their
misfeasance. Although defendant's alleged failure to summon
medical assistance is itself inaction, it is also one of the ways in
which plaintiff claims defendants negligently performed their
voluntary undertaking to care for Elizabeth, which is affirmative
misconduct. As one legal commentator noted:
		"Failure to blow a whistle or to shut off steam, although
in itself inaction, is readily treated as negligent operation
of a train, which is affirmative misconduct; an omission
to repair a gas pipe is regarded as negligent distribution of
gas; and failure to supply heat for a building can easily
become mismanagement of a boiler." W. Keeton, Prosser
&amp; Keeton on Torts §56, at 374 (5th ed. 1984).
In any event, defendants overlook that part of the complaint which
states that defendants "actually prevented other individuals at the
home from calling 911 or seeking other medical intervention."
Thus, plaintiff has alleged an affirmative act by defendants, not
simply a failure to act.
	 We conclude, as did the appellate court, that the allegations
of plaintiff's complaint sufficiently stated a cause of action based
on a voluntary undertaking theory and that counts III, IV, VII and
VIII should not have been dismissed.
V
	As a final matter, we consider defendants' procedural
challenge to those counts of the complaint arising under the
Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 2000)).
	In their several motions to dismiss, defendants maintained that
the counts under the Survival Act can only be properly filed by an
executor or administrator of a probate estate, and that the named
plaintiff in this case is only the special administrator appointed
under the Wrongful Death Act to prosecute claims under that
statute. See 740 ILCS 180/2.1 (West 2000). At the time the trial
court dismissed plaintiff's second amended complaint (the
precursor to the complaint which is the subject of this appeal), the
trial court indicated its agreement with defendants on this issue.
This was not, however, the court's stated basis for its dismissal of
the second amended complaint. The trial court dismissed the
complaint on the substantive grounds advanced by defendants. At
the same time the trial court dismissed plaintiff's second amended
complaint, it granted plaintiff leave to file, within 14 days, an
amended second amended complaint. That complaint, which is the
subject of this appeal, made only minor revisions to the prior
version by adding a few additional allegations. These revisions
were not intended to correct the procedural defect identified by
defendants and the trial court. It was understood by the parties,
prior to the filing of the amended second amended complaint, that
the nature of the new allegations would not serve to defeat
defendants' section 2-615 motion. Thus, three days after the
amended second amended complaint was filed, the trial court
dismissed the same with prejudice. Plaintiff thereafter proceeded
with her appeal.
	In the appellate court, plaintiff did not challenge the
correctness of the trial court's ruling on the procedural issue.
Instead, plaintiff asked that, in the event the cause was remanded
to the trial court, she be allowed to request leave to amend her
complaint in order to have an independent administrator bring the
counts pled pursuant to the Survival Act. The appellate court could
"see no bar to plaintiff seeking leave, on remand, to amend her
complaint to correct this technical defect in compliance with the
trial court's ruling." 322 Ill. App. 3d at 779.
	Defendants now argue that plaintiff waived any request to
amend her complaint by failing to request amendment in the trial
court. We disagree. As discussed above, at the same time the trial
court indicated its agreement with defendants' procedural
argument, the court dismissed plaintiff's second amended
complaint on the merits and indicated it would allow plaintiff
leave to file an amended second amended complaint simply to
include a few additional allegations. The trial court made clear,
however, that the additional allegations would not provide a basis
to avoid dismissal, and that such revised complaint would be
dismissed promptly after filing. Two weeks later, that is precisely
what occurred. Thus, it would have been futile for plaintiff, during
that two-week period, to seek leave to amend her complaint in
order to cure a procedural defect, where plaintiff knew that the
complaint would nonetheless be dismissed on substantive grounds.
Under these circumstances, we find no waiver by plaintiff.

CONCLUSION
	For the reasons discussed above, we affirm the judgment of
the appellate court, which affirmed in part and reversed in part the
trial court's dismissal of plaintiff's amended second amended
complaint and remanded this matter to the trial court for further
proceedings.
Affirmed.
	JUSTICE RARICK took no part in the consideration or
decision of this case.
	CHIEF JUSTICE McMORROW, specially concurring:
	Plaintiff in the case at bar seeks to impose a form of social
host liability that is much broader than the type we rejected in
Charles v. Seigfried, 165 Ill. 2d 482 (1995). Here, as the majority
correctly notes, "plaintiff seeks to impose liability for any injuries
proximately caused by the adult provision of alcoholic beverages
to a minor." (Emphasis in original.) Slip op. at 8. In Charles, by
contrast, we were faced with a more narrow issue: the serving by
an adult social host of alcoholic beverages to a minor who became
intoxicated, left the social gathering, and was subsequently
involved in an auto accident.
	I agree with the majority's decision today not to recognize the
broader form of social host liability sought by plaintiff in the case
at bar. I write separately to reaffirm the views expressed in my
dissent in Charles that there should be civil liability in situations
where an adult social host provides alcohol to a minor who is
permitted to become intoxicated and then drive a vehicle. In view
of "the present-day reality of the needless carnage and destruction
wrought by underage drunk driving" (Charles, 165 Ill. 2d  at 511
(McMorrow, J., dissenting, joined by Harrison, J.)), I continue to
believe it imperative that adult social host liability be imposed for
the provision of alcohol to a minor in circumstances such as those
presented in Charles.
	 
	 
1.      1For ease of discussion, we will refer to the "Amended Second
Amended Complaint" simply as the "complaint."

2.      2Somewhat confusingly, the complaint also alleges that Michael and
Brian each ordered Elizabeth removed from the home.

3.      3We recently held that section 6-16(c) of the Liquor Control Act
(235 ILCS 5/6-16(c) (West 2000)) is unconstitutionally vague. People
v. Law, No. 93389 (December 5, 2002).