Title: People v. Maness
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 86463
State: Illinois
Issuer: Illinois Supreme Court
Date: June 15, 2000

Opinion filed June 15, 2000.
JUSTICE BILANDIC delivered the opinion of the court:
This case involves the constitutionality of section 5.1 of the Wrongs to 
Children Act (720 ILCS 150/5.1 (West 1992)). We hold that section 5.1 is 
unconstitutionally vague.
STATUTE
Section 5.1 of the Wrongs to Children Act (Act) (720 ILCS 150/1 et 
seq. (West 1992)) prohibits the offense of "permitting the sexual abuse of 
a child." For purposes of this case, section 5.1 provides:
Relevant to the facts of this case is the underlying provision of the 
criminal sexual abuse statute, section 12-15 of the Criminal Code of 1961, which 
provides that "[t]he accused commits criminal sexual abuse if he or she commits 
an act of sexual penetration or sexual conduct with a victim who was at least 13 
years of age but under 17 years of age and the accused was less than 5 years 
older than the victim." 720 ILCS 5/12-15(c) (West 1998). Criminal sexual abuse 
is a Class A misdemeanor. 720 ILCS 5/12-15(d) (West 1998).
In light of the different versions of section 5.1 that have been in effect, 
we must as a preliminary matter clarify our reasons for quoting the 
aforementioned version of the statute. The permitting sexual abuse of a child 
statute, section 5.1, was amended by Public Act 88-680 to include "legal 
guardian[ ] or other person having custody of a child" to the list of those 
subject to the statute, and to add a provision to include within its scope those 
designated who "knowingly permit[ ], induce[ ], promote[ ], or 
arrange[ ] for the child to engage in prostitution as defined in Section 
11-14 of the Criminal Code of 1961 [720 ILCS 5/11-14 (West 1998)]." See Pub. Act 
88-680, art. 50, §50-10, eff. January 1, 1995. Public Act 88-680 also elevated 
the offense of permitting sexual abuse of a child from a Class A misdemeanor to 
a Class 1 felony. Pub. Act 88-680, art. 50, §50-10, eff. January 1, 1995. Public 
Act 88-680, however, is void ab initio because it was enacted in 
violation of the single subject rule of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 
1970, art. IV, §8(d)). People v. Cervantes, 189 Ill. 2d 80 (1999).
Section 5.1 was also amended by Public Act 89-428 to add the offense of 
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-14.1 (West 1998)) to 
the list of underlying offenses. See Pub. Act 89-428, art. 2, §265, eff. 
December 13, 1995. Public Act 89-428, however, is void ab initio 
because it too was enacted in violation of the single subject rule of the 
Illinois Constitution. Johnson v. Edgar, 176 Ill. 2d 499 (1997). This 
amendment was later reenacted in Public Act 89-462. See Pub. Act 89-462, art. 2, 
§265, eff. May 29, 1996. This amendment is not relevant for purposes of this 
case. Section 5.1, as set forth above, reflects the version of this statute that 
is applicable to this case.
FACTS
On November 19, 1997, defendant, Kathy Maness, was charged in the circuit 
court of Randolph County with the offense of permitting the sexual abuse of a 
child. See 720 ILCS 150/5.1 (West 1992). The charging instrument alleged that 
defendant, the mother of Lynlee Jo Otten, a minor under the age of 17 years, 
knowingly allowed or permitted Leonard A. Owens, Jr. to commit an act of 
criminal sexual abuse upon Lynlee, "in that Leonard A. Owens, Jr. committed an 
act of sexual penetration with Lynlee Jo Otten, who was at least 13 years of 
age, but under 17 years of age when the act was committed, in that Leonard A. 
Owens, Jr. placed his penis in the vagina of Lynlee Jo Otten, and Leonard A. 
Owens, Jr. was less than five years older than Lynlee Jo Otten, and the 
defendant did fail to take reasonable steps to prevent its commission." 
Defendant was alleged to have committed this offense in Randolph County, 
Illinois, where she and Lynlee lived, between the months of January and August 
of 1997.
Lynlee Otten was born on October 28, 1983. Leonard Owens was born on February 
25, 1979. They started dating each other in August 1996, and began having sexual 
intercourse in December 1996. Between December 1996, and approximately April 
1997, when the pair terminated their relationship, Lynlee and Leonard had sexual 
intercourse 15 to 20 times.
At some point after the sexual relationship began, Lynlee told defendant, her 
mother, that she and Leonard were having sexual intercourse. Defendant 
confronted both Lynlee and Leonard about the sexual relationship, expressed her 
disapproval, and discussed the implications of sexual intercourse.
Defendant obtained birth control pills for Lynlee and allowed Leonard on 
numerous occasions to spend the night at the family home. Defendant was aware 
that, on some of these occasions, Leonard slept in Lynlee's bedroom and had 
sexual intercourse with Lynlee. Defendant was also aware that, during the 
relevant time period, Leonard was 17 years old, and Lynlee was 13 years old. The 
record shows that Leonard pled guilty to criminal sexual abuse in connection 
with the facts of this case. See 720 ILCS 5/12-15 (West 1998).
According to an investigative report from the Department of Children and 
Family Services (DCFS), defendant stated that she did not know what steps to 
take to prevent the sexual relationship between Lynlee and Leonard. Defendant 
further stated that Leonard "was a nice boy and was better than most of the 
younger boys Lynlee was hanging around with," and that "it was safer for Lynlee 
to be having sex with [Leonard] at home than [with] somebody else out of the 
home environment." The DCFS report discloses that defendant "feels she has some 
control of the daughter's sexual activities if it occurs in the home."
Defendant filed a motion to dismiss the charge, arguing that section 5.1 is 
unconstitutionally vague as to what constitutes "reasonable steps" to prevent 
the commission of future acts of sexual abuse. According to defendant, the 
statute exposes any parent to prosecution if a child "becomes pregnant, sires a 
child, asks for birth control devices, or seeks any counsel from the teenager's 
parents regarding sexual activity." Defendant also argued that section 5.1 of 
the Act, both on its face and as applied in this case, violates defendant's 
fundamental liberty right to raise her child free from undue state influence as 
guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution and 
article I, section 2, of the Illinois Constitution of 1970.
Following a hearing, the circuit court, in a verbal order, granted 
defendant's motion to dismiss the charge. The transcript of the order reveals 
that the circuit court found that section 5.1 "may implicate first amendment 
concerns of the defendant or of a parent or guardian to effectively address the 
problem of underage teenage sex in their particular family situation." The 
circuit court also held that section 5.1 is unconstitutionally vague as to what 
constitutes "reasonable steps" to prevent the commission of future acts of 
sexual abuse.
The State appealed directly to this court. Because the circuit court declared 
section 5.1 of the Act unconstitutional on its face, this court has jurisdiction 
over this appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 603 (134 Ill. 2d R. 603).
ANALYSIS
We review de novo a circuit court's holding with respect to the 
constitutionality of a statute. Russell v. Department of Natural 
Resources, 183 Ill. 2d 434, 441 (1998). Statutes carry a strong presumption 
of constitutionality, and the party challenging the constitutionality of a 
statute bears the burden of rebutting this presumption. Russell, 183 Ill. 2d  at 441. Here, that party is defendant, who for the reasons set forth 
below has met this burden.
A cornerstone of our jurisprudence is that no person shall be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const., amends. V, 
XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §2. Due process of law requires that the 
proscriptions of a criminal statute be clearly defined. City of Chicago v. 
Morales, 177 Ill. 2d 440, 448 (1997), aff'd, 527 U.S. 41, 144 L. Ed. 2d 67, 119 S. Ct. 1849 (1999). To satisfy the vagueness doctrine, a criminal 
statute must meet two requirements. First, the statute must provide a person of 
ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to distinguish between lawful and 
unlawful conduct so that he or she may act accordingly. Russell, 183 Ill. 2d  at 442; Morales, 177 Ill. 2d  at 449. " 'No one may be 
required at peril of life, liberty or property to speculate as to the meaning of 
penal statutes. All are entitled to be informed as to what the State commands or 
forbids.' " Morales, 177 Ill. 2d  at 450, quoting Lanzetta v. 
New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451, 453, 83 L. Ed. 888, 890, 59 S. Ct. 618, 619 
(1939). Thus, a statute is unconstitutionally vague "if its terms are so 
indefinite that 'persons of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its 
meaning and differ as to its application.' " Fagiano v. Police 
Board, 98 Ill. 2d 277, 282 (1983), quoting Polyvend, Inc. v. 
Puckorius, 77 Ill. 2d 287, 299-300 (1979).
Second, the statute must adequately define the offense in order to prevent 
arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Russell, 183 Ill. 2d  at 442; 
Morales, 177 Ill. 2d  at 449. The statute must provide explicit 
standards to regulate the discretion of governmental authorities who apply the 
law. Russell, 183 Ill. 2d  at 442; Morales, 177 Ill. 2d  at 456. 
If the legislature fails to provide minimal guidelines to govern law 
enforcement, a criminal law "may permit 'a standardless sweep [that] allows 
policemen, prosecutors, and juries to pursue their personal 
predilections.' " Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 358, 75 L. Ed. 2d 903, 909, 103 S. Ct. 1855, 1858 (1983), quoting Smith v. Goguen, 415 U.S. 566, 575, 39 L. Ed. 2d 605, 613, 94 S. Ct. 1242, 1248 (1974).
Section 5.1 does not satisfy these requirements. To be charged under section 
5.1, a parent must knowingly allow or permit an enumerated act of criminal 
sexual abuse or sexual assault to be committed upon his or her child, and fail 
to take "reasonable steps" to prevent its commission or future occurrences. 720 
ILCS 150/5.1 (West 1992). It is unclear what the "reasonable steps" are that a 
parent must take in order to comply with the statute. The facts of this case 
demonstrate this uncertainty. As the record reveals, defendant's 13-year-old 
daughter confided in defendant that she was having sexual intercourse with her 
17-year-old boyfriend. At this point, defendant, as a parent, took steps. She 
confronted her daughter and her daughter's boyfriend about the sexual 
relationship, expressed her disapproval, and discussed the implications of 
sexual intercourse. The statute does not set forth what more the statute 
commands.
We recognize that defendant obtained birth control pills for her daughter and 
allowed her daughter's boyfriend to spend the night at the family home. 
Defendant was aware that at times her daughter and her daughter's boyfriend 
slept together in her daughter's bedroom and had sexual intercourse with each 
other. Defendant, however, stated that she did not know what steps to take to 
prevent the sexual relationship between her daughter and her daughter's 
boyfriend, and that she felt she had more control over her daughter's sexual 
activities if they occurred in the home. We are in no position to determine 
whether defendant's actions constituted "reasonable steps" under the statute. We 
find that section 5.1 leaves a parent to speculate as to what the statute 
commands.
Furthermore, section 5.1 risks arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. As 
we have discussed, the statute does not set forth standards to regulate what 
constitute "reasonable steps." There are no guidelines for authorities to follow 
in evaluating what "reasonable steps" are from case to case. This is certainly 
not a decision that should be left to the "personal predilections" of the 
governmental authorities who must apply section 5.1. Section 5.1 enumerates 
several underlying offenses. Regardless of the underlying offense, it is unclear 
what a parent must do to take "reasonable steps" under the statute, and 
authorities remain without standards to guide their enforcement of section 
5.1.
We note that, in reviewing whether a statute is vague, a court may also 
consider the legislative purpose and the evil that the statute is designed to 
remedy. People v. R.G., 131 Ill. 2d 328, 361 (1989). The legislative 
history is silent as to the purposes underlying the need for section 5.1. The 
legislative debates concerning the bill that created the offense of permitting 
the sexual abuse of a child contain only general references to the name of the 
offense. We therefore have no information to help define what the statute 
commands. A person of ordinary intelligence is left to guess at its meaning and 
disagree as to its application. Due process of law requires that the 
proscriptions of a criminal statute be clearly defined. Section 5.1 fails to 
satisfy this requirement.
The dissent states that the "majority has not cited any authority for the 
proposition that a 'reasonableness' standard renders a criminal statute 
unconstitutionally vague, and I see no basis for reaching that conclusion with 
respect to section 5.1." Slip op. at 10 (Harrison, C.J., dissenting, joined by 
Miller and McMorrow, JJ.). The dissent then proceeds to discuss several areas of 
law where a reasonableness standard is used. We, of course, do not suggest that 
a reasonableness standard renders a statute unconstitutionally vague. Rather, we 
hold that the statute at issue in this case, section 5.1, is unconstitutionally 
vague because it is not clear what the "reasonable steps" are that a parent must 
take in order to avoid criminal prosecution thereunder.
The dissent further contends that there "are numerous instances in which 
application of the statute would be proper," and then purports to give an 
example. Slip op. at 10 (Harrison, C.J., dissenting, joined by Miller and 
McMorrow, JJ.). The dissent's reasoning is flawed. The legal test for whether a 
statute withstands a vagueness challenge is well settled. To satisfy the 
vagueness doctrine, a criminal statute must provide both fair warning of the 
prohibited conduct and explicit guidelines for those who must apply the law. 
See, e.g., Morales, 177 Ill. 2d  at 449. Section 5.1 fails to 
meet this test. Section 5.1 requires a parent who knowingly allows an enumerated 
act to be committed upon his or her child to take "reasonable steps" to prevent 
the commission of the enumerated act. However, it is not clear what the 
"reasonable steps" are that a parent must take in order to comply with the 
statute and avoid criminal prosecution. The dissent's answer, that "a mother who 
gave express permission to one of her adult male friends to have sex with her 
12-year-old daughter would clearly fall within the statute's prohibitions" (slip 
op. at 10 (Harrison, C.J., dissenting, joined by Miller and McMorrow, JJ.)), 
begs the question of what a parent must in fact do in the first instance to 
comply with section 5.1's requirement of taking "reasonable steps" to prevent 
the enumerated act. The statute criminally punishes all parents who knowingly 
permit an enumerated act to occur and fail to take "reasonable steps" to prevent 
the act. Do "reasonable steps" mean that the parent must call the police, ban 
the offender from the home, send the child away, speak with the offender? The 
point is that, regardless of the underlying conduct, section 5.1 leaves a parent 
to speculate as to what the statute commands.
The dissent also concludes that defendant took "no steps" to prevent the 
abuse. Slip op. at 11 (Harrison, C.J., dissenting, joined by Miller and 
McMorrow, JJ.). The record reveals otherwise. Defendant confronted her daughter 
and her daughter's boyfriend about the sexual relationship, expressed her 
disapproval, and discussed the implications of sexual intercourse. What the 
dissent really appears to be saying is that defendant did not do enough. 
However, neither section 5.1, nor the dissent for that matter, specifies what 
more defendant must have done to avoid criminal prosecution.
CONCLUSION
We hold that section 5.1 is unconstitutionally vague. We therefore affirm the 
circuit court's order dismissing the charge against defendant. Consequently, we 
need not determine whether section 5.1 unconstitutionally infringes upon 
defendant's fundamental right to raise her child. We also note that, because the 
offense of permitting the sexual abuse of a child is no longer a Class 1 felony 
(see People v. Cervantes, 189 Ill. 2d 80 (1999)), we need not address 
defendant's argument raised in this court that applying section 5.1 to her 
conduct violates the constitutional prohibition against disproportionate 
penalties.
Affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE HARRISON, dissenting:
Section 5.1 of the Wrongs to Children Act (720 ILCS 150/5.1 (West 1992)) 
imposes on parents a duty to take "reasonable steps" to prevent the commission 
or future occurrence of criminal sexual abuse of their children. Although my 
colleagues find this standard problematic, I do not believe that it renders the 
statute unconstitutionally vague. A penal statute comports with due process so 
long as the statute's prohibitions are sufficiently definite, when measured by 
common understanding and practices, to give a person of ordinary intelligence 
fair warning as to what conduct is prohibited, and the statute marks boundaries 
sufficiently distinct for judges and juries fairly to administer the law in 
accordance with the intent of the legislature. People v. Hickman, 163 Ill. 2d 250, 256-57 (1994).
Section 5.1 satisfies these requirements. While the statute does not 
specifically enumerate what constitute "reasonable steps" to prevent the 
commission or future occurrence of criminal sexual abuse, it is not alone in 
this regard. A similar standard has been employed successfully in many other 
areas of the law. For example, section 1(D)(m) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 
50/1(D)(m) (West 1998)) provides that where a child has been removed from a 
parent by the State, the parent's failure to make "reasonable efforts" to 
correct the conditions that were the basis for removal of the child is grounds 
for finding the parent unfit. As a matter of common law, hospitals and 
physicians must take "reasonable steps" to avoid a foreseeable tragedy in their 
facility. See Winger v. Franciscan Medical Center, 299 Ill. App. 3d 
364, 375 (1998). Under the Domestic Violence Act of 1986 (750 ILCS 60/101 et 
seq. (West 1998)), law enforcement officials have a duty to promptly 
undertake "all reasonable steps" to assist persons protected by the Act. 
Calloway v. Kinkelaar, 168 Ill. 2d 312, 326 (1995). Tort law dictates 
that if an accident is reasonably foreseeable, a party is charged with 
responsibility to take "reasonable steps" to avoid it. See Cannon v. 
Commonwealth Edison Co., 250 Ill. App. 3d 379, 384-85 (1993).
Whether a party has acted reasonably will necessarily depend on the facts and 
circumstances of each particular case. What action is reasonable under the 
circumstances is not always easy to assess. Experience has shown, however, that 
when dealing with diverse and unpredictable situations, a "reasonableness" 
standard is the best measure for judging human conduct. Accordingly, the 
"reasonable man" standard has become a fundamental part of our jurisprudence. We 
constantly call upon citizens and law enforcement officials to follow and apply 
this standard. Again, examples are easy to summon. "Reasonableness" plays a 
pivotal role in assessing the legality of police stops. People v. 
Gonzalez, 184 Ill. 2d 402, 422-24 (1998). It is integral to the law of 
self-defense (People v. Morgan, 187 Ill. 2d 500, 533 (1999)) and the 
law governing trade secrets (765 ILCS 1065/2(d) (West 1998); Jackson v. 
Hammer, 274 Ill. App. 3d 59, 66-67 (1995)).
The majority has not cited any authority for the proposition that a 
"reasonableness" standard renders a criminal statute unconstitutionally vague, 
and I see no basis for reaching that conclusion with respect to section 5.1. 
Even if one could hypothesize circumstances in which application of the statute 
would be uncertain, that is not the test. A statute is unconstitutionally vague 
on its face only if it is incapable of any valid application (People v. 
Wawczak, 109 Ill. 2d 244, 249 (1985)), i.e., where " 'no set 
of circumstances exists under which the [statute] would be valid.' " In 
re C.E., 161 Ill. 2d 200, 211 (1994), quoting United States v. 
Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 95 L. Ed. 2d 697, 707, 107 S. Ct. 2095, 2100 
(1987).
Section 5.1 is not infirm under this standard. There are numerous instances 
in which application of the statute would be proper. For example, a mother who 
gave express permission to one of her adult male friends to have sex with her 
12-year-old daughter would clearly fall within the statute's prohibitions.
Because there are valid applications for the statute and because the law does 
not involve first amendment rights, the determination as to whether the statute 
is constitutionally infirm must be made in the factual context of this 
particular case. Russell v. Department of Natural Resources, 183 Ill. 2d 434, 442 (1998). Maness does not have standing to argue that the statute 
might be vague as applied to someone else. See People v. Jihan, 127 Ill. 2d 379, 385 (1989). A defendant may be prosecuted under a statute without 
violating her due process rights if her conduct clearly falls within the 
statutory proscription even though the statute may be vague as to other conduct. 
People v. Anderson, 148 Ill. 2d 15, 28 (1992).
What Maness is alleged to have done in this case clearly falls within the 
prohibitions of section 5.1 of the Wrongs to Children Act. Maness knowingly 
permitted Leonard Owens, Jr., a 17-year-old boy, to repeatedly commit criminal 
sexual abuse of her 13-year-old daughter. Although Maness confronted the couple 
about their activities, counseled them and expressed her disapproval, the record 
also shows that she facilitated the criminal sexual abuse by allowing Owens to 
sleep with her daughter in her daughter's bedroom. When Owens had sex with 
Maness' daughter, it was usually in the bedroom and usually while Maness and her 
husband were at home. Maness was aware of this sexual activity and took no steps 
to stop it. Her view was that if her daughter was going to have sex with Owens, 
it was safer if she did so at home where Maness had some control.
Maness' contention that she was uncertain as to the law's application is 
unpersuasive. While persons of ordinary intelligence may sometimes be left to 
speculate as to what constitute "reasonable steps" to prevent the commission of 
criminal sexual abuse, this is not one of those situations. Maness is not being 
prosecuted because of how she counseled her daughter regarding her sexuality or 
because she obtained birth control medication and prophylactics for her daughter 
to use. Maness' problem is that the law in Illinois prohibits 17-year-olds from 
having sex with 13-year-olds, and Maness repeatedly and expressly allowed a 
17-year-old to have sex with her daughter in her house. Any person of ordinary 
intelligence would understand that such conduct constitutes a failure to take 
"reasonable steps" to prevent criminal sexual abuse within the meaning of the 
law.
There is likewise no merit to Maness' contention that the statute is invalid 
because it unduly infringes on a parent's right to raise her child. Under the 
fourteenth amendment, parents have a "fundamental liberty interest *** in the 
care, custody, and management of their child[ren,]" with which the government 
may not interfere unduly. Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753-54, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599, 606, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1394-95 (1982). Parental autonomy, however, 
is not absolute. See Lehman v. Stephens, 148 Ill. App. 3d 538, 547 
(1986). In matters concerning child abuse and neglect, a parent's rights yield 
to the state's interest in protecting its children. American Federation of 
State, County &amp; Municipal Employees v. Department of Central Management 
Services, 173 Ill. 2d 299, 319 (1996).
The right to be a parent does not encompass the right to abuse one's child or 
to allow one's child to be abused. If Maness had knowingly allowed Owens to 
inject her daughter with heroin and provided the couple with a place in her home 
where the drugs could be injected, there would be no question that Maness could 
be prosecuted for child endangerment (720 ILCS 5/12-21.6 (West 1998)) or worse, 
without offending the constitution. The result should not be different because 
the abuse involves illegal sex rather than illegal drugs.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court should be 
reversed and the cause should be remanded for further proceedings. I therefore 
dissent.
JUSTICES MILLER and McMORROW join in this dissent.