Title: Batchelor v. State
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 18S-CR-436
State: Indiana
Issuer: Indiana Supreme Court
Date: March 18, 2019

I N  T H E  
Indiana Supreme Court 
Supreme Court Case No. 18S-CR-436 
Christapher Batchelor 
Appellant (Defendant) 
–v– 
State of Indiana 
Appellee (Plaintiff) 
Argued: October 4, 2018 | Decided: March 18, 2019 
Appeal from the Clay Circuit Court 
No. 11C01-1512-F6-890 
The Honorable Joseph D. Trout, Judge 
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals 
No. 11A01-1707-CR-1574 
Opinion by Justice Massa 
Chief Justice Rush, Justice David, Justice Slaughter, and Justice Goff concur. 
 
 
 
FILED
C L E R K
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
Mar 18 2019, 2:54 pm
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Massa, Justice. 
The purpose of a jury instruction “is to inform the jury of the law 
applicable to the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to 
comprehend the case clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict.” 
Campbell v. State, 19 N.E.3d 271, 277 (Ind. 2014). Because the challenged 
instruction here fell short of this objective, we disapprove of its use going 
forward. But because we find that the jury charge, as a whole, cured the 
instructional defect, and because the evidence clearly sustained the 
defendant’s conviction, we affirm the trial court. 
Facts and Procedural History 
On a rainy, mid-December evening, Clay County Deputy Sheriff James 
Switzer noticed Christapher Batchelor driving without a seatbelt. As the 
deputy approached him from behind at a four-way stop, Batchelor 
reached over to fasten his seatbelt before signaling and turning left. The 
deputy, driving in a marked police cruiser, then activated his emergency 
lights. But Batchelor failed to immediately stop. For the next minute and 
thirty-eight seconds, Batchelor passed a gas station and wound his way 
through a well-lit residential area at about thirty-five miles per hour, 
making complete stops at two intersections and passing several 
illuminated side streets along the way. Even as other vehicles came to a 
stop during this low-speed pursuit, and despite the piercing ring of the 
deputy’s siren, Batchelor simply kept driving. When the deputy directed 
his LED spotlight onto the truck’s side and rearview mirrors, Batchelor 
finally pulled over into a gravel parking spot on the side of the road. 
As Batchelor exited his truck, the deputy ordered him to the ground. 
Batchelor initially complied. But as the deputy approached to arrest him, 
he resisted, and a struggle ensued. It took two more backup officers to 
finally subdue Batchelor. In the end, the deputy injured his ankle, one of 
the back-up officers jammed his finger, and another received a black eye. 
The State charged Batchelor with three crimes: Level-6 felony resisting 
law enforcement by fleeing, Level-6 felony battery on a police officer, and 
Class-A misdemeanor resisting arrest. See Indiana Code §§ 35-44.1-3-
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1(a)(3), (b)(1)(A) (2014) (felony resisting); I.C. §§ 35-42-2-1(b)(1), (d)(2) 
(2014) (felony battery); I.C. § 35-44.1-3-1(a)(1) (2014) (misdemeanor 
resisting).  
At the conclusion of evidence at trial, the State proposed several jury 
instructions, including one which defined the act of fleeing, as that term 
applied to the felony-resisting charge. Under that instruction—Instruction 
22—a person “flees” when he or she “attempts to escape from law 
enforcement or attempts to unnecessarily prolong the time before the 
person must stop.” App. Vol. III, p.71. Instruction 22 also required the 
State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the “defendant acted with 
the intent to escape” or, in the alternative, that a “reasonable driver in the 
Defendant’s position” would have stopped sooner. Id.  
After summarizing all proposed final jury instructions, the trial court 
asked the parties, “We good?” Tr. Vol. III, p.98. Defense counsel 
responded “Yeah” while the prosecution replied with “No objection.” Id. 
In his closing arguments, Batchelor claimed that he had not attempted 
to flee, as there was no high-speed chase, it was dark, it was raining, and 
the gravel parking spot where he stopped was “a good and safe place to 
pull over.” Tr. Vol. III, pp. 108–09. He also argued self-defense, claiming 
the deputy had used unlawful force in subduing him. But the State argued 
that Batchelor was fleeing, citing the numerous places he could have 
stopped, the well-lit streets, and the lack of evidence supporting a 
reasonable safety concern.  
Following deliberations, the jury found Batchelor guilty on all counts 
and the trial court entered judgment of conviction. Batchelor appealed, 
arguing that Instruction 22 expanded the definition of fleeing, which 
invaded the province of the jury and diminished the State’s burden of 
proof. 
In a unanimous opinion, our Court of Appeals reversed the felony-
resisting conviction while affirming all other convictions. Batchelor v. State, 
97 N.E.3d 297, 305 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), vacated. The panel concluded that 
the jury instruction, by allowing a conviction based on what a “reasonable 
driver” would have done, permitted the State to convict Batchelor on a 
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civil negligence standard, resulting in fundamental error. Id. at 303. Both 
parties unsuccessfully sought rehearing. 
We granted the State’s petition to transfer and now address Batchelor’s 
claim of instructional error as it relates to his felony-resisting conviction. 
Because he fails to explain how this error affected his felony-battery and 
misdemeanor-resisting convictions, we summarily affirm those 
convictions. 
Standard of Review 
We generally review a trial court’s jury instruction for an abuse of 
discretion. Kane v. State, 976 N.E.2d 1228, 1231 (Ind. 2012). Under this 
standard, we look to whether evidence presented at trial supports the 
instruction and to whether its substance is covered by other instructions. 
Id. at 1230–31. When the appellant challenges the instruction as an 
incorrect statement of law, we apply a de novo standard of review. Id. at 
1231. We reverse the trial court only if the instruction resulted in prejudice 
to the defendant’s “substantial rights.” Hernandez v. State, 45 N.E.3d 373, 
376 (Ind. 2015). 
Discussion and Decision 
A person commits the crime of resisting law enforcement, a Level 6 
felony, when that person, using a vehicle, “knowingly or intentionally . . . 
flees from a law enforcement officer” after that officer has, “by visible or 
audible means, including operation of [a] siren or emergency lights, 
identified himself or herself and ordered the person to stop.” I.C. § 35-
44.1-3-1.  
Although the felony-resisting statute offers no definition of the term 
“flees,” our Court of Appeals offered some guidance in Cowans v. State, 53 
N.E.3d 540 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. not sought. There, the court affirmed 
the defendant’s resisting-by-fleeing conviction, rejecting as a mistake of 
law his belief that he could delay stopping for police due to safety 
concerns. Id. at 543. See Yoder v. State, 208 Ind. 50, 58, 194 N.E. 645, 648 
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(1935) (reciting the longstanding principle that “ignorance of the law 
excuses no man”) (internal quotation marks omitted). In speculating that 
the defendant was “far from alone” in his mistaken belief, the Cowans 
panel decided to “address some of the underlying issues” of that case, 
issues “likely to reoccur for other citizens of Indiana.” 53 N.E.3d at 543. 
While finding “no express sanction” in the resisting statute for delaying a 
stop due to safety concerns, the panel concluded that a driver with an 
“adequate justification” may still “have some discretion to choose the 
location of a stop.” Id. at 544 (citing Woodward v. State, 770 N.E.2d 897, 902 
(Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (acknowledging that a driver may have an “adequate 
justification” for “choos[ing] the location of the stop” but affirming the 
defendant’s resisting-by-fleeing conviction based on sufficient evidence), 
trans. denied).  
Based on this conclusion, the Cowans panel determined that a 
defendant charged with resisting would be entitled to a jury instruction 
defining the word “flee.” Id. at 545–46. This definition, the panel opined, 
should explain “that if a reasonable driver in the defendant’s position 
would have felt unsafe to come to an immediate halt, and if the defendant 
took reasonable steps to increase the safety of the stop without 
unnecessarily prolonging the process, then the defendant was not 
fleeing.” Id. at 546. 
Instruction 22 tracks this language from Cowans: 
A person who fails to stop his vehicle promptly “flees” 
law enforcement when the person attempts to escape 
from law enforcement or attempts to unnecessarily 
prolong the time before the person must stop. It is an 
issue in this case whether the Defendant attempted to 
escape or unnecessarily prolonged the time before 
stopping. The burden is on the State to prove beyond a 
reasonable doubt that: 
(1) The defendant acted with the intent to 
escape, or 
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(2) A reasonable driver in the Defendant’s 
position would not have felt unsafe under 
the facts of this case to come to an 
immediate halt, or 
(3) [I]f a reasonable driver in the Defendant’s 
position would have felt unsafe to come 
to an immediate halt, the driver would 
have come to a halt sooner. 
App. Vol. III, p.71. (bold emphases added.) 
Batchelor argues that, by using a civil negligence standard to establish 
criminal culpability, Instruction 22 relieves the State of its burden to 
prove, under the felony-resisting statute, that he knowingly or 
intentionally fled. Permitting the jury to convict on a lesser mens rea, he 
insists, violates due process and conflicts with “well-established 
precedent” holding that similar instructional defects amount to 
fundamental error. Resp. to Pet. to Trans. at 6. Batchelor also contends 
that, by expanding the statutory definition of fleeing, Instruction 22 
invades the province of the jury in violation of article 1, section 19 of the 
Indiana Constitution. He specifically faults the instruction for inviting the 
jury to focus on whether “reasonable” safety concerns justified his actions, 
thus minimizing other relevant factors, like the speed at which he drove 
or the complete stops he made at intersections. 
The State counters that Batchelor invited the alleged instructional error, 
thus precluding appellate review. On the merits, the State argues that the 
trial court committed no fundamental error because the instruction 
embodies an accurate statement of law approved by Court of Appeals 
precedent. What’s more, the State insists, the trial court’s general 
instructions properly informed the jury on all elements of the offense, thus 
curing any defect in the challenged instruction. 
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I. With no evidence of strategic maneuvering at trial, 
Batchelor did not invite the alleged instructional 
error. 
We first address the State’s argument that Batchelor invited the trial 
court’s alleged instructional error. Initially, we observe that the State 
potentially waived this argument, having raised it for the first time in its 
petition for rehearing in the Court of Appeals.1 See Young v. State, 30 
N.E.3d 719, 728 (Ind. 2015) (“Generally, new claims or issues . . . cannot be 
presented for the first time in a petition for rehearing.”) (internal 
quotation marks omitted). Still, we address this issue—briefed and argued 
extensively by both parties on transfer—to clarify important distinctions 
between our doctrines on waiver and invited error.2 
A party’s failure to object to, and thus preserve, an alleged trial error 
results in waiver of that claim on appeal. Durden v. State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 
651 (Ind. 2018). But “[w]hen the failure to object accompanies the party’s 
affirmative requests of the court, it becomes a question of invited error.” 
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The distinction in these two 
doctrines is an important one: whereas waiver generally leaves open an 
appellant’s claim to fundamental-error review, invited error typically 
forecloses appellate review altogether. Brewington v. State, 7 N.E.3d 946, 
974–75 (Ind. 2014).  
                                                 
1 Compare State’s Br. of Appellee at 10 (“Batchelor failed to object to the jury instruction he 
now challenges, and he has waived his claim as a result. Therefore, any alleged error can only 
be reviewed for fundamental error.”) (internal citation omitted) with State’s Pet. for R’hrg at 5 
(arguing that, when, as here, “a defendant does not object at trial, it cannot be fundamental 
error if there is a legitimate strategic reason for not objecting”) (citing Brewington v. State, 7 
N.E.3d 946, 972 (Ind. 2014)). 
2 We classify alleged errors as structural, fundamental, or harmless. For a discussion of these 
error doctrines and the scope of appellate review they embrace, see Durden v. State, 99 N.E.3d 
645, 651–53 (Ind. 2018). 
 
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Here, both parties recognize that Batchelor never objected to the 
instruction he now challenges.3 But the State seeks to characterize this 
procedural default as an affirmative action fatal to Batchelor’s claim of 
fundamental error. By insisting that Batchelor “explicitly had no objection 
to the instruction when proposed” and that he “affirmatively accepted the 
jury instructions as a whole,” State’s Reply Br. on Trans. at 4, the State 
seeks to blur—if not collapse—the distinction between waiver and invited 
error, precluding review under either doctrine.  
We recognize that our appellate courts have struggled in defining the 
doctrinal parameters of waiver and invited error, leading occasionally to 
inconsistent application. Compare, e.g., Gamble v. State, 831 N.E.2d 178, 184 
(Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (foreclosing appellate review because defendant’s 
failure to request a jury admonishment on prosecutor’s improper closing 
arguments “essentially invited the error”), trans. denied, with Etienne v. 
State, 716 N.E.2d 457, 461 (Ind. 1999) (reviewing prosecutor’s improper 
closing arguments for fundamental error after concluding that defendant’s 
“failure to request an admonishment or move for a mistrial” resulted in 
mere “waiver of the issue”). We can attribute this apparent inconsistency 
to a long line of precedent defining invited error in somewhat 
contradictory terms—as both a form of estoppel and as a form of waiver.4 
As this Court stated in Jolly v. Modisett, a “party will not be permitted to 
take advantage of errors which he himself committed or invited or 
induced the trial court to commit, or which were the natural 
consequences of his own neglect or misconduct.” 257 Ind. 426, 429, 275 
                                                 
3 Initially, the State argued that Batchelor’s counsel responded with “No objection.” State’s 
Pet. to Trans. at 6. But the State later conceded that it “misattributed the ‘no objection’ 
statement to Batchelor’s counsel,” while still arguing that Batchelor never raised an objection 
to the jury instructions as a whole. State’s Reply Br. on Trans. at 4. 
4 Waiver is a form of procedural default or a forfeiture of rights. Bunch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 
1285, 1287 (Ind. 2002). Estoppel, on the other hand, stands for the general principle that “one 
who by deed or conduct has induced another to act in a particular manner will not be 
permitted to adopt an inconsistent position, attitude, or course of conduct that causes injury 
to such other.” Town of New Chicago v. City of Lake Station ex rel. Lake Station Sanitary Dist., 939 
N.E.2d 638, 653 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. 
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N.E.2d 780, 782 (1971) (emphases added). See also Brewington, 7 N.E.3d at 
975 (virtually the same). 
This language first appeared over seventy years ago in Armstrong v. 
Presslor, 225 Ind. 291, 295, 73 N.E.2d 751, 753 (1947) (“An appellant will 
not be permitted to take advantage of errors which he himself committed, 
or invited or induced the trial court to commit, or which were the natural 
consequences of his own neglect or misconduct.”) (internal quotations and 
alterations omitted). Notably, in articulating this now-familiar rule, the 
Presslor Court immediately followed with the general principle that, “[i]f 
no substantial right of the pleader has been affected, error . . . does not 
constitute grounds for reversal.” Id. In other words, the language we 
associate today with invited error materialized as a form of waiver, 
leaving open (rather than foreclosing) the possibility of appellate review if 
the error affected the appellant’s “substantial” rights.5 
Over time, our invited-error doctrine expanded to foreclose even 
constitutional claims.6 See, e.g., Brewington, 7 N.E.3d at 977 (noting that 
“even constitutional errors may be invited”); Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 655 
(finding “no reason to exempt structural errors from the invited-error 
doctrine” despite prejudicial impact of juror removal) (internal quotation 
marks omitted).  
But throughout the doctrine’s history, we have consistently required 
something more than mere “neglect” before applying the automatic rule 
                                                 
5 We can trace the invited-error doctrine back to the mid-nineteenth century, but even then, 
the Court considered the degree of potential harm before declining review. See Billingsley v. 
Groves, 5 Ind. 553, 555 (1854) (concluding that the trial court’s failure to transfer funds to 
defendant before entering judgment was “the fault of the defendant,” whether by “design or 
carelessness,” and with “the sum being trivial, this Court will not reverse the judgment, to 
protract litigation”) (emphasis added). 
6 Our courts have applied some limits to the invited-error doctrine. See, e.g., Miles v. State, 889 
N.E.2d 295 (Ind. 2008) (holding that a defendant is not precluded under the invited-error 
doctrine from seeking appellate review of his sentence for murder despite his acquiescence to 
the sentence imposed); Vendeventer v. State, 459 N.E.2d 1221 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984) (reversing 
conviction for a non-existent offense despite defendant’s inclusion of that offense in tendered 
jury instructions). 
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of preclusion: evidence of counsel’s strategic maneuvering at trial. Indeed, 
this Court has long held that the “policy behind” the doctrine is to 
prohibit a party, privy to an “erroneous action of the court,” from alleging 
“prejudicial error” following an adverse decision. Barton v. State, 240 Ind. 
257, 259, 163 N.E.2d 600, 601 (1960); Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 649 (affirming 
defendant’s conviction on grounds that he “invited the error as part of a 
deliberate trial strategy”). 
In reaffirming this precedent, we emphasize today that, to establish 
invited error, there must be some evidence that the error resulted from the 
appellant’s affirmative actions as part of a deliberate, “well-informed” 
trial strategy. See Brewington, 7 N.E.3d at 954. A “passive lack of 
objection,” standing alone, is simply not enough. Id. at 974. And when 
there is no evidence of counsel’s strategic maneuvering, we are reluctant 
to find invited error based on the appellant’s neglect or mere acquiescence 
to an error introduced by the court or opposing counsel. See Young v. State, 
249 Ind. 286, 289, 231 N.E.2d 797, 799 (1967) (declaring that an appellate 
court “cannot ignore a fundamental error apparent on the face of the 
record,” as “one is not to be deprived of his liberty because of carelessness 
on the part of the trial judge and of defense counsel in failing to call to the 
attention of this Court a gross error which offends our concepts of 
criminal justice”) (citing Wilson v. State, 222 Ind. 63, 66, 51 N.E.2d 848, 850 
(1943)). This approach, we believe, embodies the first principles this Court 
pronounced in Presslor. 
To be sure, cases often arise when either the source of the error or 
counsel’s motives at trial are less than clear. And appellate courts should 
exercise their judgment in deciding the issue. But when a careful reading 
of the record fails to disclose enough information, courts should resolve 
any doubts against a finding of invited error rather than engage in 
speculation. Although this may seem contrary to principles of finality and 
judicial economy, we believe the opposite is often true. Defendants still 
carry a heavy burden in meeting the high standard of fundamental error, 
so there is little to no threat of multiple reversals. And when “the 
procedural posture of the claim is caused by counsel’s failure to object at 
trial,” we can often preempt the defendant’s ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel challenge on post-conviction review by considering a claim of 
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fundamental error on direct appeal. Brewington, 7 N.E.3d at 974 (because 
“fundamental error requires a showing of at least as much prejudice to the 
defendant as a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,” a finding against 
the former claim establishes a finding against the latter claim) (citing 
Culver v. State, 727 N.E.2d 1062, 1070 & n. 7 (Ind. 2000)); see also United 
States v. Hamilton, 499 F.3d 734, 736 (7th Cir. 2007) (applying similar 
reasoning). Finally, as this case illustrates, by resolving a claim on the 
merits, rather than disposing of it on grounds of procedural default, 
appellate courts can address important issues that would otherwise 
perpetuate litigation. See Pierce v. State, 29 N.E.3d 1258, 1267 (Ind. 2015) 
(“[W]e prefer to resolve cases on the merits instead of on procedural 
grounds like waiver.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). 
For these reasons, we agree that, “[u]nder the State’s broad 
interpretation of the invited error doctrine, a defendant will almost always 
invite error rather than waive it.” Resp. to Pet. to Trans. at 10. Indeed, the 
State, not Batchelor, tendered and relied on the challenged instruction at 
trial.7 And we find nothing in the record—and the State cites no 
evidence—showing that Batchelor made an “active” or “affirmative” 
request for this instruction, let alone that he intended to exploit it as a 
deliberate trial strategy. Cf. Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 656 (concluding that 
defense counsel “did far more than simply fail to object” to the procedural 
error at trial when he “expressly declined ‘any caveats’ or special 
instructions for the jury and repeatedly assured the court of his approval 
of the procedure employed, despite its defects”). 
We now proceed to the merits of this case. 
                                                 
7 It’s unclear from the record whether the State even mentioned the instruction’s provenance. 
The transcript is devoid of reference to Cowans or Woodward. And while several of the State’s 
proposed instructions cite either the applicable statute or supporting precedent, there is no 
citation to a source for the challenged instruction. The final instructions given to the jury 
likewise contain no authority, apart from a single reference to a state constitutional provision. 
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II. The challenged instruction resulted in no 
fundamental error. 
Having concluded that Batchelor did not invite the alleged instructional 
error, we now review his claim for fundamental error, as he failed to 
object to the tendered instruction at trial. An error is fundamental if it 
“made a fair trial impossible” or if it clearly and blatantly violated basic 
principles of due process resulting in “undeniable and substantial 
potential for harm.” Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 652 (internal quotation marks 
omitted). In reviewing a particular instruction for fundamental error, we 
need not reverse unless the instructions as a whole—the jury charge—
misled the jury on the applicable law. Clay City Consol. Sch. Corp. v. 
Timberman, 918 N.E.2d 292, 300 (Ind. 2009). 
A. Instruction 22 misstated the mens rea and potentially 
misled the jury as an incorrect statement of law. 
To convict under the felony-resisting statute, as noted above, the State 
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant “knowingly or 
intentionally” fled from a law-enforcement officer after that officer has 
identified himself and ordered the defendant to stop. I.C. § 35-44.1-3-1. 
Instruction 22 falls short of this requirement in two ways. 
First, by suggesting that the State need only prove the intent to flee 
based on what a “reasonable driver” would have done, the challenged 
instruction impermissibly uses a civil negligence standard to establish 
criminal culpability. To give “concrete substance for the presumption of 
innocence,” due process requires the State to persuade the factfinder 
“beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime 
charged.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363, 364 (1970). This standard “is a 
prime instrument for reducing the risk of convictions resting on factual 
error.” Id. at 363. A “reasonable person” standard, on the other hand, 
although a central facet of civil liability in tort law, conflicts with “the 
conventional requirement for criminal conduct—awareness of some 
wrongdoing.” Elonis v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2011 (2015) (internal 
quotation marks omitted).  
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By predicating liability on what a “reasonable driver” considers safe or 
unsafe, Instruction 22 effectively “reduces culpability on the all-important 
element of the crime to negligence.” Id. (internal quotation marks 
omitted). Although the prosecutor may argue that a defendant’s actions 
were unreasonable, the “test of [a defendant’s] knowledge is not whether 
a reasonable person would have known” of the offense, “but whether, 
from the circumstances surrounding” the act, the defendant knew he 
committed the offense. See Gibson v. State, 643 N.E.2d 885, 888 (Ind. 1994). 
Because it permitted the State to convict Batchelor on a lesser mens rea, 
Instruction 22 misapplied the felony-resisting statute and threatened to 
relieve the State of its burden to prove the requisite-intent element in 
violation of due process. See Metcalfe v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1236, 1237 (Ind. 
1999) (“Any jury instruction suggesting a lesser mens rea [than the statute 
requires] is inadequate.”); Winegeart v. State, 665 N.E.2d 893, 903 (Ind. 
1996) (a jury instruction that relieves the State of its burden of proving 
specific intent compromises the defendant’s rights under the Due Process 
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment). 
Second, Instruction 22 threatened to mislead the jury as an incorrect 
statement of law. By emphasizing a factual scenario beyond the statutory 
definition of fleeing—whether “reasonable” safety concerns justified 
Batchelor’s delay in stopping—Instruction 22 minimized other potentially 
relevant evidence for the jury to consider (e.g., driving speed or complete 
stops at intersections).  
The Indiana Constitution protects the jury’s discretion in weighing all 
the evidence presented at trial. Ind. Const. art. 1, sec. 19 (protecting the 
jury’s right in all criminal trials “to determine the law and the facts”). 
Instructions that emphasize certain facts while ignoring others can be 
misleading and invade the jury’s province. See Ludy v. State, 784 N.E.2d 
459, 461 (Ind. 2003). 
Because nothing in the resisting statute defines fleeing as unnecessarily 
delaying a stop without a reasonable safety concern, Instruction 22 
threatened to invade the jury’s province to decide the law and the facts. 
See Ind. Const. art. 1, sec. 19; Keller v. State, 47 N.E.3d 1205, 1205 (Ind. 2016) 
(“An instruction that invades [the jury’s] province by inappropriately 
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emphasizing certain facts is erroneous and misleads the jury.”). Whether 
there are sound policy reasons for including these factors in a “fleeing” 
definition is a question best suited for the legislature. N.D.F. v. State, 775 
N.E.2d 1085, 1088 (Ind. 2002) (“[W]e will not read into the statute that 
which is not the expressed intent of the legislature.”). Until then, it’s for 
the jury to decide whether there’s evidence of intentional fleeing. 
B. The jury charge provided adequate instructions on the 
correct statutory elements and standard of proof. 
Instruction 22, standing alone, threatened to relieve the State of its 
burden to prove that Batchelor “knowingly or intentionally” fled. But the 
jury, of course, heard not one but multiple instructions. And the trial court 
expressly directed the jury “to consider all instructions together,” not to 
“single out any certain sentence or any individual point or instruction and 
ignore the others.” App. Vol. II, p.118; Tr. Vol. II, p.225. So, we now look 
to those instructions to determine whether the jury received adequate 
information on the correct statutory elements and standard of proof. See 
Ramsey v. State, 723 N.E.2d 869, 872–73 (Ind. 2000); Yerden v. State, 682 
N.E.2d 1283, 1286 (Ind. 1997). 
We first observe that the trial court, in both its preliminary and final 
instructions, read to the jury the charging information which contained 
the correct mens rea—that “Batchelor did knowingly or intentionally flee 
from . . . a law enforcement officer.” App. Vol. II, p.119; Tr. Vol. II, p.225; 
Tr. Vol. III, p.122. 
The court, in both its preliminary and final jury charges, also gave a 
comprehensive instruction on the felony-resisting offense. This 
instruction, virtually identical to Pattern Criminal Jury Instruction 5.3040, 
enumerates each element of the crime on which the State carried the 
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requisite burden of proof.8 See 1 Ind. Pattern Jury Instructions: Criminal § 
5.3040 (4th ed. 2018). These “elements” instructions “provide a jury with a 
roadmap to guide decision-making” and are “particularly vital to a jury’s 
ability to understand and apply the law to the facts.” LaPorte Cmty. Sch. 
Corp. v. Rosales, 963 N.E.2d 520, 524 (Ind. 2012). Instruction 22, by contrast, 
is merely a “supplemental, definitional instruction” which attempts—
albeit inaccurately—to explain the term “fleeing” as it applies to this case. 
See id. To the extent that language in Instruction 22 contradicts language in 
the “elements” instruction, the latter (read twice to the jury) outweighs the 
former (read only once to the jury). 
                                                 
8 Indiana Pattern Criminal Jury Instruction 5.3040 delineates the category of offense—from 
Class A misdemeanor to Level 2 felony—to parallel the resisting-by-fleeing statute. Here, the 
Court of Appeals tailored the Pattern Instruction to reflect the Level-6 felony charge: 
The crime of Resisting Law Enforcement is defined by law as follows: 
A person who knowingly or intentionally flees from a law enforcement 
officer after the officer has, by visible or audible means, including the 
operation of the law enforcement officer’s siren or emergency lights, 
identified himself and ordered the person to stop, commits Resisting Law 
Enforcement, a Class A Misdemeanor. The offense is a Level 6 Felony if the 
person uses a vehicle to commit it. 
Before you may convict the Defendant, the State must have proved each of 
the following beyond a reasonable doubt: 
1. 
The Defendant; 
2. 
Knowingly or intentionally; 
3. 
Fled from Deputy James A. Switzer, a law enforcement 
officer; 
4. 
After Deputy James A. Switzer had, by visible or audible 
means, including the operation of the law enforcement 
officer’s siren and/or emergency lights, identified himself 
and ordered the Defendant to stop; and 
5. 
The Defendant used a vehicle to commit the offense. 
If the State failed to prove each of these elements beyond a reasonable 
doubt, you must find the Defendant not guilty of Resisting Law 
Enforcement, a Level 6 felony, as charged in Count 1. 
App. Vol. III, p.55. 
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Preliminary Instructions 9 and 10 emphasized the State’s burden, 
noting that “the State must prove the defendant guilty of each element of 
the crime charged, beyond a reasonable doubt” and that it “is not enough 
for the State to show that the Defendant is probably guilty.” Tr. Vol. II, pp. 
228–29. The trial court repeated this directive to the jury in its final 
instructions, preceded by a definition of the terms “knowingly” and 
“intentionally.” Tr. Vol. III, p.126. Notably, the jury received no similar 
instruction defining the term “negligently.” And the lack of elaboration on 
this concept “made it even less likely that the jury was focused on it.” 
Benefield v. State, 904 N.E.2d 239, 247 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied.  
To the extent that Instruction 22 invaded the province of the jury by 
minimizing potentially relevant evidence of Batchelor’s intent to flee, we 
point to Preliminary Instruction 2 and Final Instruction 1: “Under the 
Constitution of Indiana, [the jury has] a right to determine both the law 
and the facts.” Tr. Vol. II, p.224; Tr. Vol. III, p.121. Following this directive, 
the court informed the jurors that they were “the exclusive judges of the 
evidence.” Tr. Vol. II, p.229; Tr. Vol. III, p.129. The court further directed 
the jury to weigh and consider “all the evidence” in deciding Batchelor’s 
guilt, and that the “quantity of evidence . . . need not control [their] 
determination of the truth.” Tr. Vol. II, pp. 229, 230; Tr. Vol. III, pp. 127, 
130.  
Finally, we note that, while the State highlighted Instruction 22 in its 
closing arguments, the court expressly told the jury that these 
“statements” or “arguments are not evidence.” Tr. Vol. II, p.231; Tr. Vol. 
III, p.130. And to the extent that the jury ignored this instruction, we point 
out that Batchelor himself argued in closing that the spot where he finally 
stopped was “a good and safe place to pull over.” Tr. Vol. III, p.109. 
Given this context, we find the jury charge as a whole sufficiently 
informed the jury of the proper mens rea which the State was required to 
prove beyond a reasonable doubt. See Ramsey, 723 N.E.2d at 872–73 & n.4 
(finding instructional error on mens rea cured by jury charge even when 
defendant’s intent was “squarely at issue”). The jury charge also cured 
Instruction 22’s impermissible emphasis on certain evidentiary facts. See 
id. 
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C. The instructional defect was harmless. 
Even if Batchelor had objected to Instruction 22 at trial, we conclude 
that his conviction was “clearly sustained by the evidence and the jury 
could not properly have found otherwise.” Dill v. State, 741 N.E.2d 1230, 
1233 (Ind. 2001). That is, the instructional error was harmless. See id.; App. 
R. 66(A). 
Here, the State presented uncontroverted evidence showing that 
Batchelor knowingly fled. After ignoring the officer’s emergency lights 
and siren, Batchelor continued driving for a minute and thirty-eight 
seconds through a quiet residential area. Even as other vehicles came to a 
stop during this low-speed pursuit, Batchelor passed several well-lit spots 
and side streets where he could have parked his truck. He then 
demonstrated his intention not to comply with law enforcement by 
fighting and injuring several officers. Rather than reveal Batchelor had 
acted with simple negligence, the evidence—presented to the jury from 
the deputy’s dashcam video—overwhelmingly shows that he knowingly 
fled from law enforcement officers.  
This evidence, albeit circumstantial, was sufficient for the jury to have 
found the knowledge element of the crime proven beyond a reasonable 
doubt and sufficient enough to overcome the presumption of prejudice 
that applies to our analysis of jury instructions for harmless error. Cf. 
Kane, 976 N.E.2d at 1232–33 (holding evidence insufficient to overcome the 
presumption of prejudice that applied to erroneous instruction on 
accomplice liability for receiving stolen property when defendant had 
previously stolen and pawned property, relied on her partner for 
transportation, shared in his financial struggles, and spent time with him 
in the home from which the property was taken). 
III. Because of its potential to mislead the jury, we 
expressly disapprove of the Cowans instruction. 
The purpose of a jury instruction “is to inform the jury of the law 
applicable to the facts without misleading the jury and to enable it to 
comprehend the case clearly and arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict.” 
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Campbell, 19 N.E.3d at 277 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 
added). While the jury charge as a whole here met this objective, we 
expressly disapprove of the specific Cowans instruction because of its 
potential to confuse and mislead the jury.9 
As dicta, the Cowans opinion had no binding effect on the trial court 
here. See Koske v. Townsend Eng’g Co., 551 N.E.2d 437, 443 (Ind. 1990) 
(holding that statements unnecessary in resolving the issues presented 
“are not binding and do not become the law”). And even if it were central 
to the court’s holding in Cowans, we have long held “that certain language 
or expression” used by an appellate court “to reach its final conclusion” is 
“not [necessarily] proper language for instructions to a jury.” Ludy, 784 
N.E.2d at 462 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also State v. Fisk, 170 
Ind. 166, 168, 83 N.E. 995, 996 (1908) (“Statements found in cases or text-
books, however correct in the connection where found, may not always be 
given to jurors as propositions of law.”); Garfield v. State, 74 Ind. 60, 63–64 
(1881) (same). This is especially true when, as here, the instruction is 
rooted in reasoning found in a sufficiency-of-the-evidence case, see 
Cowans, 53 N.E.3d at 544 (citing Woodward, 770 N.E.2d at 902), not an 
appellate opinion approving a jury instruction, see McDowell v. State, 885 
N.E.2d 1260 (Ind. 2008) (finding no appellate approval of jury instructions 
in cases involving evidentiary claims); Dunlop v. State, 724 N.E.2d 592, 595 
(Ind. 2000) (finding no intent “to create a trial standard for application by 
juries” in cases articulating a rationale for evidentiary issues).  
We understand the State’s concern that this “places trial courts in an 
untenable situation.” Pet. to Trans. at 9. Indeed, trial court judges speak to 
not one but two audiences in giving instructions—the jury itself and the 
appellate courts—with the latter often receiving priority to avoid reversal. 
Fred H. Cate & Newton N. Minow, Communicating with Juries, 68 Ind. L.J. 
1101, 1111 (1993); Nancy S. Marder, Bringing Jury Instructions into the 
                                                 
9 Even the State, at oral argument, conceded that the challenged “instruction is more complex 
than it needs to be.” Oral Arg. Video Tr. at 26:59–27:01. Indeed, its use in this case led one 
panel of the Court of Appeals to find fundamental error when the trial court applied another 
panel’s advisory dicta and used the Cowans instruction. 
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Twenty-First Century, 81 Notre Dame L. Rev. 449, 460 (2006). See also 
Winegeart, 665 N.E.2d at 898 (acknowledging that most instructions used 
by courts “have not been crafted” with jurors in mind but rather “to avoid 
appellate reversal”). But this arrangement is no barrier to change. And 
despite the imprimatur of appellate approval, it’s not beyond our orbit, as 
the Court of last resort in Indiana, to disapprove of a jury instruction now, 
especially when we never had a chance to review it to begin with.10 See 
App. R. 57(H) (specifying this Court’s “judicial discretion” in granting 
transfer). To conclude otherwise would avoid our constitutional 
supervisory responsibility “to assure that juries in criminal cases are 
equipped with instructions that will allow them to understand and apply 
correctly” the legal concepts before them. Winegeart, 665 N.E.2d at 902 
(citing Ind. Const. art. 7, sec. 4). 
Going forward, trial courts should use Indiana Pattern Criminal Jury 
Instruction 5.3040 for the resisting-by-fleeing offense.11 And while counsel 
may argue that a defendant’s actions are reasonable or unreasonable, it’s 
ultimately for the jury to decide whether there’s evidence of knowing or 
intentional fleeing under the statute.12  
Conclusion 
For the reasons specified above, we affirm the trial court’s conviction of 
Batchelor for felony resisting. And because he fails to explain how the 
                                                 
10 The parties in Cowans did not seek transfer. 
11 See, e.g., infra, n.8. 
12 Because Batchelor fails to articulate his mandatory-presumption argument on transfer 
(focusing instead on the impermissible civil negligence standard in establishing the mens rea), 
we decline to address that argument. Even if we were to analyze that claim, Instruction 22 is 
not “cast in the language of command” as prohibited by the Due Process Clause of the 
Fourteenth Amendment. Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 316 (1985). And the language used 
throughout the court’s charge to the jury could not “reasonably have been understood as 
creating a presumption that relieves the State of its burden of persuasion on an element of an 
offense.” Id. at 315. 
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instructional error affected his felony-battery and misdemeanor-resisting 
convictions, we summarily affirm those convictions. 
Rush, C.J., and David, Slaughter, and Goff, JJ., concur. 
 
 
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A TT O R N E Y F O R  A PP E LLA N T 
Stacy R. Uliana 
Bargersville, Indiana 
A TT O R N E YS F O R  AP P EL LE E 
Curtis T. Hill, Jr. 
Attorney General of Indiana 
Larry D. Allen 
Stephen R. Creason 
Andrew A. Kobe 
Deputy Attorneys General 
Indianapolis, Indiana