Title: Delgado v. Board of Election Commissioners
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 104112
State: Illinois
Issuer: Illinois Supreme Court
Date: February 23, 2007

No. 104112
IN THE 
SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS
______________________________________________________________________________
NICHOLAS J. DELGADO, et al.,
)
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court
)
of Cook County, Illinois
Appellants,
)
)
vs.
)
No. 07 COEL 02
)
THE BOARD OF ELECTION 
)
COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF 
)
CHICAGO, et al.,
)
Hon. Nathaniel R. Howse, Jr.
)
Judge Presiding
Appellees.
)
O R D E R
Appellants, Nicholas J. Delgado, Maria R. Godinez, and Diane G. Garcia, have appealed
directly to our court pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 302(a)(1) (134 Ill.2d R. 304(a)(1)) from a
judgment of the Circuit Court of Cook County which affirmed, on administrative review, an order
of the Board of Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago (the Election Board) rejecting their
challenge to nomination papers filed by Ambrosio Medrano for election to the office of alderman for
the 25th Ward of the City of Chicago in the February 27, 2007, municipal election.  The Attorney
General of the State of Illinois has been granted leave to intervene as an additional appellant.  Because
the election to which this challenge pertains is imminent, we  allowed a motion by appellants for
expedited briefing and determined, on our own motion, that the matter would be submitted and
decided without oral argument. 
The court has now had the opportunity to read the parties’ briefs and review the record of the
proceedings below. Based on the record, the applicable statutes and rules of court and the arguments
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of the parties, the court has determined that this litigation is properly disposed of through supervisory
order rather than a direct appeal to our court. For the reasons that follow, we shall therefore dismiss
the appeal. In the exercise of our supervisory authority, the judgment of the circuit court shall be
vacated and the cause shall be remanded to the circuit court with instructions to enter judgment
vacating the Election Board’s decision and directing it to: (1) declare that Mr. Medrano is ineligible
to run for the office of alderman pursuant to section 3.1-10-5(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65
ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b)(West 2004)), (2) reject his nomination papers, and (3) remove his name from the
ballot for the upcoming election. The court’s judgment shall further provide that if removal of Mr.
Medrano’s name from the ballot cannot be accomplished prior to election day, the Election Board
shall  disregard any votes cast for him in determining the winner of the election. 
Background and Analysis
Ambrosio Medrano is a former Chicago alderman. In July of 1996, he was convicted in federal
court of felony extortion arising out of misconduct in office. For that offense he was sentenced to 30
months in prison followed by 3 years of supervised release.   Section 3.1-10-5(b) of the Municipal
Code expressly provides that a person who "has been convicted in any court located in the United
States of any infamous crime, bribery, perjury or other felony" is "not eligible for an elective
municipal office." 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5 (West 2004). This bar is not necessarily permanent. Under the
Election Code (10 ILCS 5/1-1,  et seq. (West 2004)), convicted felons may recover their right to run
for office through "the terms of a pardon for the offense or otherwise according to law.” 10 ILCS
5/29-15 (West 2004). Although Medrano has completed his sentence, there is no dispute that he has
received no pardon nor otherwise had his right to hold office restored.  Medrano is therefore ineligible
to hold elective municipal office in this State.
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Despite his lack of eligibility, Medrano filed nomination papers to run for the office of
alderman for the 25th Ward of the City of Chicago, an "elective municipal office" within the meaning
of the prohibition contained in section 3.1-10-5(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5 (b)
(West 2004)).  The record shows that Medrano had done that previously.  In connection with that
earlier effort, Medrano succeeded in obtaining a temporary restraining order from the circuit court
of Cook County which permitted Medrano’s name to appear on the ballot for the 2003 aldermanic
election.  A temporary restraining order is an emergency remedy issued to maintain the status quo
while the court is hearing evidence to determine whether a preliminary injunction should issue.
Stocker Hinge Mfg. Co. v. Darnel Industries, Inc., 94 Ill.2d 535, 545 (1983).  As a TRO, the order
in Medrano’s previous case was therefore necessarily limited in duration and interlocutory in nature.
See Bradford v. Wynford Prop.Owners’ Assoc., 355 Ill.App.3d 736, 740 (2005) (TRO is inherently
brief).   Medrano lost the election for which the TRO was sought, and pursued the matter no further.
The TRO  was never superceded by a preliminary or permanent injunction, nor was it reviewed on
appeal.  Having served its purpose, it became functus officio.  Stocker Hinge Mfg. Co. v. Darnel
Industries, Inc., 94 Ill.2d at 545.
 
As noted at the outset of this order, Medrano’s nomination papers for the upcoming election
were  duly challenged by the appellants in this case.  Appellants’ challenge, which was timely and
procedurally proper, was assigned by the Election Board to a hearing examiner who issued findings
of fact and conclusions of law. Based on the evidence presented, arguments of counsel and the
applicable law, the hearing examiner concluded that because Medrano was a convicted felon whose
right to hold municipal office had not been restored, he was ineligible to hold elective municipal
office, including the office of alderman in the City of Chicago. The hearing examiner therefore
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recommended to the Election Board that the objections to Medrano’s nomination papers be sustained
and that Medrano’s  name not appear on the ballot for election to the office of alderman at the
February 27, 2007, municipal election.
The Election Board rejected the hearing examiner’s recommendation. Based on its analysis
of various court cases, including the proceedings related to the TRO issued in connection with
Medrano’s failed 2003 election bid,  the Election Board concluded that section 3.1-10-5(b) of the
Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b)(West 2004)) is "unconstitutional and unenforceable as a
violation of equal protection." It therefore overruled appellants’ objection to Medrano’s nomination
papers, concluded that those papers were valid, and ordered that Medrano’s  name be printed on the
ballot as a candidate for alderman for Chicago’s 25th Ward. 
In issuing its decision to permit Medrano’s candidacy, the Election Board made no claim that
the TRO issued in connection with the 2003 election remained in effect and precluded it from
rejecting Medrano’s nomination papers in this case.   The TRO from the earlier cases was simply one
of the legal authorities the Election Board weighed in assessing the constitutionality of section 3.1-10-
5(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b)(West 2004)).
As a creature of statute, the Election Board possesses only those powers conferred upon it
by law. Any power or authority it exercises must find its source within the law pursuant to which it
was created. Under section 10-10 of the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/10-10 (West 2004)), an election
board’s scope of inquiry with respect to objections to nomination papers is limited to ascertaining
whether those papers comply with the provisions of the Election Code governing such papers. See
Nader v. Illinois State Board of Elections, 354 Ill.App.3d 335, 340 (2004). Administrative agencies
such as the Election Board have no authority to declare a statute unconstitutional or even to question
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its validity. Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline Co. v. McGaw, 182 Ill.2d 263, 278 (1998); see Wiseman
v. Elward, 5 Ill.App.3d 249, 257 (1972). In ruling as it did, the Election Board therefore clearly
exceeded its authority.  
Any action or decision taken by an administrative agency in excess of or contrary to its
authority is void.  Alvarado v. Industrial Commission, 216 Ill.2d 547, 553-54 (2005); see Citizens
to Elect Collins v. Illinois State Board of Elections, 366 Ill.App.3 993, 998 (2006).  Because the
constitutionality of section 3.1-10-5(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b)(West 2004))
was the sole basis for the Election Board’s determination that Medrano was eligible to hold office as
a Chicago alderman notwithstanding that he had never been pardoned for his felony convictions, and
because the Board’s ruling on the constitutionality of the law is void and therefore a nullity,   the
Election Board’s rejection of appellants’ challenge to Medrano’s nomination papers has no lawful
basis.
Appellants  promptly filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Cook County  pursuant to the
Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101, et seq. (West 2004)) to obtain judicial review of the
Election Board’s decision. Because the Election Board’s decision was premised exclusively on a legal
determination it had no authority to make and directly contravened provisions of the Municipal and
Election Codes which the Election Board was required to follow, the circuit court should have
vacated the Board’s decision and remanded with instructions for it to resolve appellants’ challenge
to Medrano’s candidacy in accordance with the governing statutory requirements.  Although this
defect in the Election Board’s decision was not directly raised in appellants’ complaint, Illinois law
provides that courts have an independent duty to vacate void orders and may sua sponte declare an
order void.  See People v. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d 19, 27 (2004).  Had the circuit court done that
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here,  it would have had no need to address the  merits of the Election Board’s constitutional analysis.
Without a ruling on the constitutionality of the statute, there would, in turn,  have been no basis for
seeking direct review by our court under Rule 302(a).
The circuit court’s resolution of this case is fatally infirm for two additional reasons.  First,
where, as here, a circuit court can decide a case without reaching the constitutionality of a statute,
it is required to do so. Constitutional questions should only be reached as a last resort. In re E.H.,
No. 100202, slip op. at 4 (Dec. 21, 2006). So important is this principle that before a circuit court
takes the extraordinary step of declaring legislation unconstitutional, our rules now require that the
circuit court state in writing that the finding of unconstitutionality is necessary to the decision or
judgment rendered and that such decision or judgment cannot rest upon an alternate ground. 210
Ill.2d R. 18(c)(4). A circuit court judgment which fails to adhere to this requirement may be
summarily vacated and remanded. In re E.H., No. 100202, slip op. at 4 (Dec. 21, 2006). This is such
a case. In affirming the Electoral Board’s decision,  the circuit court purported to comply with the
formalities of Supreme Court Rule 18, but did not properly implement the substantive principles
underlying that rule.  The non-constitutional flaw in the Election Board’s decision, which would have
been dispositive of the litigation, went unmentioned..  
Second, even if the circuit court had some justification for reaching the constitutionality of
section 3.1-10-5(b) of the Municipal Code, it had no proper basis  for holding that the statute violates
the equal protection guarantees of the United States and Illinois Constitutions. To the contrary, the
circuit court was able to find the law unconstitutional only by  rejecting the appellate court's decision
in People v. Hofer, 363 Ill.App.3d 719 (2006). This it was not permitted to do. Hofer specifically
considered and specifically rejected the identical equal protection challenge to section 3.1-10-5(b) of
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the Municipal Code at issue in this case. No other decision by the  appellate court or this court
conflicts with that precedent.  
Coles v. Ryan. 91 Ill.App. 3d 382 (1980), an older decision from the Second Distict, has been
cited as justification for the  circuit court’s rejection of Hofer.   That opinion, however, did not
involve section  3.1-10-5(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b)(West 2004)), the
statute at issue in this case and upheld by Hofer.  Morever, in marked contrast to Hofer,  the State
in Coles suggested no rational basis on which the law challenged in that case could be defended
against an equal protection challenge.   Coles was therefore clearly distinguishable  as the court in
Hofer unanimously recognized.   The appellate court’s ruling in  Hofer that Coles was not dispositive
of the constitutionality of section 3.1-10-5(b) was controlling on the circuit court, just as any other
aspect of an appellate court’s ruling would be.
Although Hofer was decided by a panel of the appellate court from the Fifth District, not the
First District, where the Circuit Court of Cook County is located, that is of no consequence. Nearly
two decades ago, we recognized that it is "fundamental in Illinois that the decisions of an appellate
court are binding on all circuit courts regardless of locale.” People v. Harris, 123 Ill.2d 113, 128
(1988). The notion that circuit courts are bound only by the appellate court decisions from their own
district is a relic of the pre-1964 Illinois Constitution of 1870 and has been expressly disavowed by
our court. See People v. Layhew, 139 IIl. 2d 476, 489 (1990). Until this court says otherwise, an
appellate court's decision must therefore be followed regardless of the appellate court's district. See
People v. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d at 129. 
The record contains references to past cases  which indicate that the Circuit Court of Cook
County has, through the years, agreed with the Election Board in other cases that section 3.1-10-5(b)
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of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b) (West 2004)) is unconstitutional and cannot
serve as a bar  to the candidacy of convicted felons.  Among these is  a declaratory judgment issued
in connection with Medrano’s failed 2003 run for office.   None of those decisions, however, are
binding on other circuit judges in other cases, including this case.  Under Illinois law, the decisions
of circuit courts have no precedential value (see Kennedy Brothers v. Property Tax Appeal Board,
158 Ill. App. 3d 154, 165 (1987); Village of Northbrook v. Cannon, 61 Ill. App. 3d 315, 322 (1978))
and cannot trump decisions of the appellate court.    
In People ex rel. Birkett v. Bakalis, 196 Ill.2d 510, 513 (2001), our court observed that:
 “[b]eyond our leave to appeal docket, supervisory orders are disfavored. As a general rule,
we will not issue a supervisory order unless the normal appellate process will not afford
adequate relief and the dispute involves a matter important to the administration of justice
[citation] or intervention is necessary to keep an inferior tribunal from acting beyond the
scope of its authority [citation].”
In this case, however, we believe that such considerations are present.  Although the circuit court
acted within its jurisdiction, the manner in which this case was handled presents important issues
regarding the administration of justice,  and direct and immediate action is necessary to insure that
the Election Board adheres to the law and that any challenge to its decision in  the circuit court
comports with controlling principles of judicial review.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, this appeal is dismissed. In the exercise of our supervisory
authority, 
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED  that this cause is remanded to the circuit court with 
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instructions to enter judgment vacating  the Election Board’s decision and directing it to: (1) declare
that Mr. Medrano  is ineligible to run for the office of alderman pursuant to section 3.1-10-5(b) of
the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(b) (West 2004)), (2) reject his nomination papers,
and (3) remove his name from the ballot for the upcoming election. The court’s judgment shall further
provide that if removal of Mr. Medrano’s name from the ballot cannot be accomplished prior to
election day, the Election Board shall be required to disregard any votes cast for him in determining
the winner of the election. 
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED  that the circuit court shall enter its judgment as herein directed
within 24 hours of this supervisory order, which is to be filed by the Clerk of the Supreme Court
immediately. The circuit court’s judgment shall not be subject to stay by the circuit court or the
appellate court. 
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED  that after the Election Board complies with the circuit court’s
judgment, administrative review of its decision may be taken to the circuit court as provided by law.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the mandate of this court shall issue forthwith.
Order entered by the court. 
Chief Justice Thomas and Justices Freeman and Burke, N.P.