Title: DAMATO v. STATE
Citation: 2003 WY 13, 64 P.3d 700
Docket Number: 
State: Wyoming
Issuer: Wyoming Supreme Court
Date: January 29, 2003

DAMATO v. STATE Annotate this Case DAMATO v. STATE 2003 WY 13 64 P.3d 700 Case Number: 01-88 Decided: 01/29/2003 October Term, A.D. 2002 NICHOLAS DAMATO, Appellant(Defendant), v. THE STATE OF WYOMING, Appellee(Plaintiff). Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County Representing Appellant: Daniel G. Blythe, Cheyenne, Wyoming Representing Appellee: Hoke MacMillan, Wyoming Attorney General; Paul S. Rehurek, Deputy Attorney General; D. Michael Pauling, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Theodore E. Lauer, Director, and Michael J. Crosson, Student Intern, of the Prosecution Assistance Program. Argument by Mr. Crosson. Before HILL, C.J., and GOLDEN, LEHMAN*, KITE, and VOIGT, JJ. GOLDEN, J., delivers the opinion of the Court; HILL, C.J., files a dissenting opinion. *Chief Justice at time of oral argument GOLDEN, Justice.[¶1] Appellant Nicholas Damato's stop for a traffic violation led to the discovery of more than 300 pounds of marijuana in the trunk of his car. After charges were filed, the district court granted his motion to suppress this evidence; however, upon the State's motion for reconsideration, the trial court reversed its ruling. In its second ruling, the district court denied the motion to suppress the evidence upon finding that the marijuana would inevitably have been discovered by a canine drug sniff. Damato entered a conditional plea of guilty, preserving his right to appeal the evidentiary ruling, and now appeals this denial.[¶2] We reverse and remand. ISSUES [¶3] Damato states the issues as: 1. Whether the continued detention of Mr. Damato was justified by a reasonable and articulable suspicion of illegal activity. 2. Whether the district court erred in ruling that the drugs found in the trunk of Mr. Damato's vehicle would have been inevitably discovered by a canine drug unit. The State believes the issues are: I. Did the district court err in holding that Trooper Bauer had reasonable articulable suspicion to detain appellant for a reasonable period of time awaiting the arrival of the drug detection dog? II. Did the district court err in holding that the marijuana in the trunk of appellant's vehicle would have been inevitably discovered by the drug detection dog? III. Did Trooper Bauer have independent lawful cause to search the trunk of appellant's vehicle, either as an inventory search following appellant's arrest for possession of marijuana, or based upon appellant's admission that there was marijuana in the trunk? FACTS [¶4] The parties do not dispute the following findings of fact made by the district court: On April 16, 2000, at approximately 3:30 p.m., Patrolman David Rettinger stopped Defendant Nicholas Damato for speeding on [east]bound Interstate 80 in Albany County, Wyoming. Defendant was traveling 82 in a 75 mile per hour zone. During the stop Patrolman Rettinger became suspicious of Defendant because he appeared unusually nervous, his luggage was in the back seat instead of the trunk, and there was an unusual quantity of fast food wrappers on the passenger floorboard of the vehicle. Patrolman Rettinger also noticed discrepancies in Damato's answers to where he had rented the car and where he was headed to. Damato told Patrolman Rettinger that he had rented the car in San Francisco and that he was returning to his home in Illinois, when the rental agreement showed that the car was rented in San Diego and was to be dropped off in Omaha. All of these observations led Patrolman Rettinger to be suspicious of Mr. Damato. Patrolman Rettinger then requested to search the vehicle and Damato refused. Patrolman Rettinger, believing he could not detain Damato any longer, allowed him to leave without issuing a citation for speeding. Patrolman Rettinger then radioed the highway patrol dispatch to inform other officers of his observations and to ask other officers to look for the vehicle. He told Patrolman Bauer that the driver did not consent to a search, which inferred the officer was looking for drugs. Patrolman John Bauer was one of the officers who received the call. He proceeded to head eastbound on I-80, trying to "get probable cause to stop him," when he identified a vehicle he believed to be Defendant's. . . . Patrolman Bauer, in an effort to look like he was ignoring Damato, went on past the car before he turned around. Patrolman Bauer then followed the vehicle, looking for probable cause, until he was able to lock Damato's vehicle in on radar traveling 77 in a 75 mile per hour zone. Patrolman Bauer then closed in on Damato, who moved right to get out of the patrol car's way, and Patrolman Bauer turned on his lights. Patrolman Bauer noted that at this point, Damato had also not used his turn signal for 100 feet prior to changing lanes. Patrolman Bauer then stopped the vehicle. Patrolman Bauer called for the canine unit and then proceeded to the vehicle. Patrolman Bauer then asked to see Defendant's license, registration, and proof of insurance. Defendant questioned why he had been stopped saying he did not believe he was speeding and that he had been careful since he had just been pulled over by Patrolman Rettinger. As Defendant reached for the glove box to retrieve the documents, he said something about them being in the "trunk" and then corrected himself. At this point, Patrolman Bauer noticed the wrappers on the floor and luggage in the backseat, while also observing the Defendant was unusually nervous. Additionally Patrolman Bauer noticed Visine on the console and that Defendant appeared to have pink "dope" eyes. Patrolman Bauer then directed Damato to get out of the car to come look at the radar.[1] The officer testified that Mr. Damato was not free to leave at this time as the patrolman still had possession of his license and other documents. As Damato reached the back of the vehicle, Patrolman Bauer did a pat-down search. Patrolman Bauer justified this action by saying it was for his own safety since Damato was going to be getting into the front seat of the patrol car. The pat-down revealed two small, ordinary pocket knives, and Patrolman Bauer felt what he believed to be marijuana in a cellophane bag in Defendant's right, back pocket. Patrolman Bauer then asked Damato what was in his pocket, and after fumbling around, and being asked again, Defendant pulled a cellophane bag with approximately 3 grams of marijuana in it out of his pocket. Defendant was then arrested and the canine units were called again, along with DCI. Patrolman Bauer then read Defendant his Miranda warnings. Defendant did not appear to orally or otherwise agree to answer questions, but he acknowledged that he understood his rights and later answered questions from Patrolman Bauer. Patrolman Bauer told Defendant repeatedly that Defendant could help himself now by telling Patrolman Bauer what was in the car, and that he would find out anyway when he did an inventory of the car. After repeated questions and repeated denials, Defendant told Patrolman Bauer first that there was a marijuana cigarette in the console of the vehicle, and later that the trunk was full of marijuana. Defendant was subsequently arrested for possession of marijuana with intent to deliver. No citations were issued for the traffic violations or the misdemeanor possession of marijuana. After making these findings of fact, the district court determined that Standing alone, the Visine, the litter on the floor, the suitcase in the rear seat do not give rise to the level of conduct which would justify a finding of articulable suspicion. However, when the false information about the point of origin and destination is added to the mix, the facts support a suspicion that the defendant is transporting something that may be evidence of criminal activity. When the trooper ordered the drug sniffing dogs he would have been justified in detaining the defendant until the dogs arrived. However, he did not wait for the dogs, instead he directed Damato to exit the vehicle, and to proceed to the patrol car to view the radar . . . . [¶5] The district court determined that the trooper improperly ordered Damato from the car and the subsequent pat-down required that the motion to suppress be granted. The State filed for reconsideration, contending that the inevitable discovery doctrine applied because the marijuana in the trunk would have been discovered by the canine sniff that had been ordered. Following a hearing that established the reliability of the particular dog, the district court denied the motion to suppress. [¶6] Damato entered a conditional plea of guilty and was sentenced to four and one-half to nine years and fined $10,000.00. This appeal followed. DISCUSSION [¶7] Our standard of review was stated in McChesney v. State, 988 P.2d 1071 , 1074 (Wyo. 1999):Findings on factual issues made by the district court considering a motion to suppress are not disturbed on appeal unless they are clearly erroneous. Wilson v. State, 874 P.2d 215 , 218 (Wyo. 1994). Since the district court conducts the hearing on the motion to suppress and has the opportunity to assess the credibility of the witnesses, weigh the evidence, and make the necessary inferences, deductions, and conclusions, evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the district court's determination. Id. The issue of law, whether an unreasonable search or seizure has occurred in violation of constitutional rights, is reviewed de novo. Id.; Brown v. State, 944 P.2d 1168 , 1170-71 (Wyo. 1997). [¶8] A state constitutional analysis is required unless a party desires to have an issue decided solely under the Federal Constitution. Vasquez v. State, 990 P.2d 476 , 485 (Wyo. 1999). Damato limits his analysis to the Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. That amendment protects the "right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." U.S. Const. amend. IV. The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen's personal security. Reasonableness, of course, depends on a balance between the public interest and the individual's right to personal security free from arbitrary interference by law officers. Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106 , 108-09, 98 S. Ct. 330, 332, 54 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1977) (per curiam) (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also, Illinois v. McArthur, 531 U.S. 326 , 331-32, 121 S. Ct. 946, 950, 148 L. Ed. 2d 838 (2001).[¶9] A traffic stop is a "seizure" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, "even though the purpose of the stop is limited and the resulting detention quite brief." Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648 , 653, 99 S. Ct. 1391, 1396, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660 (1979). However, a routine traffic stop is more analogous to an investigative detention than a custodial arrest and such stops are analyzed under the principles developed for investigative detentions set forth in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 , 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). "The investigatory stop represents a seizure which invokes Fourth Amendment safeguards, but, by its less intrusive character, requires only the presence of specific and articulable facts and rational inferences which give rise to a reasonable suspicion that a person has committed or may be committing a crime." Wilson, 874 P.2d at 220 (citing Lopez v. State, 643 P.2d 682 , 683 [(Wyo. 1982)]); see also Putnam [v. State], 995 P.2d [632] at 637 [(Wyo. 2000)]; and McChesney v. State, 988 P.2d 1071 , 1074 (Wyo. 1999). We have a dual inquiry for evaluating the reasonableness of an investigatory stop: (1) whether the officer's actions were justified at the inception; and (2) whether it was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances that justified the interference in the first instance. Wilson, 874 P.2d at 223 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 20, 88 S. Ct. at 1879); see also United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221 , 228, 105 S. Ct. 675, 680, 83 L. Ed. 2d 604 (1985). An officer's conduct is judged by an objective standard which takes into account the totality of the circumstances. Putnam, 995 P.2d at 637; Terry, 392 U.S. at 21-22, 88 S. Ct. at 1879-81; United States v. Lang, 81 F.3d 955, 965 (10th Cir. 1996). Martindale v. State, 2001 WY 52, ¶11, 24 P.3d 1138 , ¶11 (Wyo. 2001). In applying this test, the Court has "consistently eschewed bright-line rules, instead emphasizing the fact-specific nature of the reasonableness inquiry." Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33 , 39, 117 S. Ct. 417, 421, 136 L. Ed. 2d 347 (1996). "The government has the burden of demonstrating that the seizure it seeks to justify on the basis of a reasonable suspicion was sufficiently limited in scope and duration to satisfy the conditions of an investigative seizure." United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455, 1462 (10th Cir. 1993) (quotation marks omitted).[¶10] The mandated two-part inquiry requires that we first determine whether the stop was justified at its inception. Our inquiry is limited to Officer Bauer's stop. Officer Bauer testified that the information he received from Officer Rettinger motivated him to search for Damato's car and, after finding it, follow it with the intent to find probable cause to stop it and detain it for a canine drug sniff. The Court has been unwilling to entertain Fourth Amendment challenges based on the actual motivations of individual officers and has held unanimously that "[s]ubjective intentions play no role in ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis." Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 , 813, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774, 135 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1996). Whren held that "a traffic-violation arrest . . . [will] not be rendered invalid by the fact that it was a mere pretext for a narcotics search.'" Id. (citing United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 , 221 n.1, 94 S. Ct. 467, 470 n.1, 38 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1973)). The Court later confirmed the validity of Whren in Arkansas v. Sullivan, 532 U.S. 769, 771-72, 121 S. Ct. 1876, 1878, 149 L. Ed. 2d 994 (2001) (per curiam), reversing the Arkansas Supreme Court's decision that a legitimate traffic stop was invalid when motivated for the purpose of conducting a search for drugs. A concurring opinion written by Justice Ginsburg in Sullivan noted that the Arkansas court feared the Whren decision would accord police officers disturbing discretion to intrude on individuals' liberty and privacy. Id. at 772-73, 121 S. Ct. at 1879 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). The Arkansas Court had expressed unwillingness "to sanction conduct where a police officer can trail a targeted vehicle with a driver merely suspected of criminal activity, wait for the driver to exceed the speed limit by one mile per hour, arrest the driver for speeding, and conduct a full-blown inventory search of the vehicle with impunity." Id. The concurring opinion also noted that the Court has held that such exercises of official discretion are unlimited by the Fourth Amendment and cited Whren and Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 , 121 S. Ct. 1536, 149 L. Ed. 2d 549 (2001). [¶11] The Court clarified that had the Arkansas Supreme Court decided that it could not apply Whren under its own state constitution, the Court would not interfere. Sullivan, 532 U.S. at 772, 121 S. Ct. at 1878. The concerns of the Arkansas Supreme Court are also ours where, as here, the officer intended to use any traffic violation as a pretext to conduct a narcotics investigation; however, because Damato does not contend that the Wyoming Constitution provides greater protection in this area, we must follow the federal constitutional decisions in Whren and Sullivan.[¶12] In addition to pretextual reasons, we are concerned also that Damato had previously been stopped and released, and, in a "tag-team" fashion, was passed on to the next jurisdiction to be stopped in hopes the subsequent officer would be more successful in obtaining a canine sniff within a reasonable time. Limited to a federal constitutional analysis, we are constrained to say Whren is controlling in this particular case because Officer Bauer stopped Damato for an observed traffic violation. The officer activated his patrol car lights to stop Damato after observing on radar that Damato exceeded the maximum allowable speed limit by two miles per hour in violation of Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-301. Under Wyoming statute, exceeding the maximum allowable speed limit is a misdemeanor punishable by fines and/or imprisonment. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 31-5-1201 (LexisNexis 2001). Officer Bauer, therefore, had probable cause to stop Damato because he had observed a traffic violation. Whren, 517 U.S. at 810, 116 S. Ct. at 1772. [¶13] Having found that the initial stop was valid, we must examine the second prong of Terry, "whether it was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place." 392 U.S. at 20, 88 S. Ct. at 1879. "In the course of making a routine traffic stop, a law enforcement officer may: request a driver's license and vehicle registration; run a computer check; and issue a citation." Burgos-Seberos v. State, 969 P.2d 1131 , 1133 (Wyo. 1998) (citing United States v. Elliott, 107 F.3d 810, 813 (10th Cir. 1997)); see also, Wilson, 874 P.2d at 224. Generally, the driver must be allowed to proceed without further delay once the officer determines that the driver has a valid license and is entitled to operate the vehicle. Burgos-Seberos, 969 P.2d at 1133. "In the absence of the particular individual's valid consent, an officer may expand an investigative detention only if there exists an objectively reasonable and articulable suspicion' that criminal activity has occurred or is occurring." United States v. Williams, 271 F.3d 1262, 1267 (10th Cir. 2001), cert. denied, 122 S. Ct. 1610 (2002) (citing United States v. Hunnicutt, 135 F.3d 1345, 1349 (10th Cir. 1998)). "[I]n justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion." Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880. [¶14] Even though the initial stop was justified, we must still assess the reasonableness of the subsequent pat-down search. In order to comport with the Fourth Amendment, that search must have been "reasonably related in scope" to the basis for the stop, which in this case was a traffic violation. Id. at 20, 88 S. Ct. at 1879. In that regard, the Court states that an officer may remove occupants from the vehicle and may conduct a pat-down search if he or she harbors an articulable and reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous. Knowles v. Iowa, 525 U.S. 113 , 117-18, 119 S. Ct. 484, 488, 142 L. Ed. 2d 492 (1998) (citing Mimms, 434 U.S. at 111, 98 S. Ct. at 334-35, and Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, 88 S. Ct. at 1883). In this case, the district court stated: The Fourth Amendment balances the nature and quality of the intrusion against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion. U. S. v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221 , 226 (1985). "The touchstone of our analysis under the Fourth Amendment is always the reasonableness in all the circumstances of the particular governmental invasion of a citizen's personal security.'" Mimms, 434 U.S. at 108-9, citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. at 19. The governmental interest in directing Damato to view the monitor and hence frisk him must outweigh a citizen's right to be free from unreasonable intrusion. Officer Bauer does not adequately explain the necessity of having Damato view the monitor, nor does he explain why such viewing necessitated Damato to sit in the patrol car for viewing, when the monitor was plainly visible from outside the car. I have no choice but to conclude that the State has failed to justify the intrusion. The district court granted the motion to suppress. We agree with the district court's decision that Damato was unlawfully seized when he was commanded to exit his car and "frisked." As the district court determined, although the officer could have removed Damato from the vehicle for the sake of safety, the officer had no objectively based suspicion that Damato was armed and dangerous, and the subsequent pat-down search he performed violated Damato's Fourth Amendment rights. Thus, the product of the pat-down and everything thereafter must be suppressed as fruit of the poisonous tree. McChesney, 988 P.2d at 1078. [¶15] The State again argues that, upon stopping Damato by activating his lights, Officer Bauer immediately called for the canine drug unit, and the drug discovery was inevitable. The record shows that the canine drug unit was called for at 10:27 a.m. and arrived at 11:11 a.m., some forty-four minutes after Damato was first stopped. This detention period is beyond that necessary to complete a routine traffic stop and, thus, must be justified by articulable, reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Williams, 271 F.3d at 1267-68. The district court determined that, based on the information provided to Officer Bauer by Officer Rettinger, reasonable suspicion existed that would have justified detaining Damato until the canine unit arrived. Ultimately, the district court determined that the inevitable discovery doctrine applied and denied the motion to suppress. We disagree with the district court's determination that Officer Bauer had reasonable suspicion that justified Damato's prolonged detention and find that the inevitable discovery doctrine is inapplicable to these facts. [¶16] We find that the analysis of the factors supporting reasonable suspicion should be governed by United States v. Wood, 106 F.3d 942 (10th Cir. 1997). As the Tenth Circuit stated in Wood, we must determine if the totality of the circumstances demonstrates the existence of objectively reasonable suspicion of illegal activity. Id. at 946. The "whole picture" must be taken into account. Common sense and ordinary human experience are to be employed, and deference is to be accorded a law enforcement officer's ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions. Inchoate suspicions and unparticularized hunches, however, do not provide reasonable suspicion. Even though reasonable suspicion may be founded upon factors consistent with innocent travel, some facts must be outrightly dismissed as so innocent or susceptible to varying interpretations as to be innocuous. We therefore examine, both individually and in the aggregate, the factors found by the trooper and the district court to give rise to reasonable suspicion to detain . . . . Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted). [¶17] The Court has said: Articulating precisely what "reasonable suspicion" and "probable cause" mean is not possible. They are commonsense, nontechnical conceptions that deal with "the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act.'" Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 231, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2328, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527 (1983) (quoting Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160 , 175, 69 S. Ct. 1302, 1311, 93 L. Ed. 1879 (1949)); see United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1 , 7-8, 109 S. Ct. 1581, 1585-1586, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1989). As such, the standards are "not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules." Gates, supra, at 232, 103 S. Ct. at 2329. We have described reasonable suspicion simply as "a particularized and objective basis" for suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity, United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 , 417-418, 101 S. Ct. 690, 694-695, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981), and probable cause to search as existing where the known facts and circumstances are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable prudence in the belief that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found, see Brinegar, supra, at 175-176, 69 S. Ct. at 1310-1311; Gates, supra, at 238, 103 S. Ct. at 2332. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690 , 695-96, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 1661, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911 (1996). [¶18] The Tenth Circuit has recently distinguished between reasonable suspicion and probable cause: Reasonable suspicion is a less demanding standard than probable cause not only in the sense that reasonable suspicion can be established with information that is different in quantity or content than that required to establish probable cause, but also in the sense that reasonable suspicion can arise from information that is less reliable than that required to show probable cause. United States v. Tuter, 240 F.3d 1292, 1296 n.2 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 122 S. Ct. 195 (2001) (citing Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325 , 330, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 110 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1990)).[¶19] Assuming without deciding that the collective knowledge of Officer Bauer and Rettinger could be aggregated to permit Officer Bauer to call for the canine unit immediately upon stopping Damato, the district court found that the evidence indicated that the following factors during Officer Rettinger's stop created Officer's Bauer's suspicion of criminal activity: 1) Damato seemed unusually nervous for a routine traffic stop; 2) Damato told the patrolman that the car was rented from San Francisco instead of San Diego, which is a known drug hub; 3) Damato said that he was taking the car home to Illinois when it was to be dropped off in Omaha; 4) Damato's luggage was in the back seat instead of the trunk; 5) many fast food wrappers on the passenger floorboard suggested Damato was on a "hard run"; and 6) Damato did not consent to the search which caused Patrolman Rettinger to suspect drugs. "The failure to consent to a search cannot form any part of the basis for reasonable suspicion." Wood, 106 F.3d at 946. Thus, the last factor has no place in our determination. [¶20] The "extreme nervousness" factor is generally considered of limited significance. In Wood, the court noted that is not uncommon for most citizens whether innocent or guilty to exhibit signs of nervousness when confronted by a law enforcement officer who is making a subjective assessment of a person with whom he had no prior acquaintance and cannot compare with his usual demeanor. Id. at 948. The court stated that it had "repeatedly held that nervousness is of limited significance in determining reasonable suspicion and that the government's repetitive reliance on nervousness as a basis for reasonable suspicion must be treated with caution." Id. Officer Rettinger provided the following descriptive account of Damato's nervousness: Q. In the course of contacting him did you ask him for his driver's license and registration? A. Yes, sir. And as I asked for that information, I asked a number of other questions. He started to seem somewhat not normal than from someone on a normal traffic stop. Q. Could you explain to the Court what you mean by that? What do you mean by "not normal?" A. Most people are very comfortableor I shouldn't say very comfortable, but they're somewhat comfortable with what law enforcement's role is and what we do. They don't seem to be very surprised when they're pulled over or of that nature. I have experienced some people that live in different parts of the world or the nation where they do have fear of police, and they will act somewhat like that. But he didn't seem to have any reason to be acting somewhat kind of jerky, unsure about his questions, really methodically thinking out what he was telling me or saying. Q. When you asked him for his driver's license and his registration, was that early on in the stop you did that? A. Yes, yes, right away, just like I normally would ask anyone who I stop. [¶21] It is generally accepted that nervousness upon the initial confrontation is normal and the telling information is whether the citizen calmed after the initial few minutes of the encounter. "Extreme and continued nervousness, however, is entitled to somewhat more weight.'" Williams, 271 F.3d at 1268 (quoting United States v. West, 219 F.3d 1171, 1179 (10th Cir. 2000)). Williams distinguished its facts from Wood in this manner: [In] Wood, [the] panel concluded that the officer's testimony as to the defendant's rapid breathing, trembling hands, and throat-clearing constituted a mere "generic claim of nervousness," and therefore discounted the nervousness as a factor in its reasonable suspicion analysis. 106 F.3d at 948. In Wood, however, the officer and the defendant engaged in casual conversation, including a discussion of the good rate the defendant had received on the rental car. Id. at 944. Thus, Wood appears to have involved the more common situation where a citizen exhibits initially "signs of nervousness when confronted by a law officer," id. at 948, but then tends to "settle down" as the traffic stop continues. See West, 219 F.3d at 1179. In this case, the district court found credible the officer's testimony that Mr. Williams' extreme nervousness did not dissipate throughout the entire stop. Given our standard of review, the record supports the district court's finding that Mr. Williams' nervousness exceeded that of the average citizen during a routine traffic stop. While we do recognize that "nervousness alone cannot support reasonable suspicion of criminal activity," United States v. Salzano, 158 F.3d 1107, 1113 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874, 880 (10th Cir. 1994)), we see no reason in this case to ignore Mr. Williams' nervousness in reviewing the totality of the circumstances. See West, 219 F.3d at 1179. [¶22] Officer Rettinger testified that he returned to his patrol car, ran a criminal history and found that Damato's record and driver's license status was clear. The officer then returned to Damato and completed a warning for speeding. He returned Damato's paperwork and then leaned in and asked if Damato would be willing to answer a few questions. A. I asked him if he was sure about where the vehicle was coming to and going from, since the documents said differently. He became very nervous as I was asking. [¶23] By this, Officer Rettinger explained that he observed Damato sweating heavily although it was a chilly day, his carotid artery pulsating hard and fast, and an inability to keep eye contact. Although this descriptive account supplies more than a generic claim of nervousness, it in and of itself remains of limited significance given that Officer Rettinger at the time that he observed these matters was asking Damato whether he had any large amounts of money or drugs in the vehicle and whether Damato would permit him to search. Upon Damato's refusal, the officer asked Damato whether there was some reason he did not want the officer looking in the vehicle. Realistically, few citizens would not have become uncomfortable to some degree with these questions. The evidence does not indicate that the officer treated the stop as a routine traffic stop and, despite this, Damato's nervousness continued throughout the stop without ceasing. We believe Damato's reaction to the officer's behavior was as consistent with innocence as with criminal activity, and we, therefore, find this factor of no significance. [¶24] Damato stated that he had rented the car in San Francisco, although the rental agreement indicated that he had rented it in San Diego, and was "going home" to Illinois, although the rental documents showed that he would be leaving the car in Omaha, Nebraska. Officer Rettinger testified that he knew that both San Diego and Omaha were "known drug hubs." Few large cities in the western states are not "known drug hubs."2 The rental document information likely would have been equally significant to the officers because it showed that Damato had rented the car in San Diego and was ending his trip in Omaha although his driver's license showed that his home was in Illinois. Although proper documentation of ownership or legal possession of a vehicle can be crucial in ascertaining whether criminal activity is in progress, Officer Rettinger did not believe that Damato possessed a stolen car, and the failure to ask Damato for an explanation about the discrepancies requires that we find that the officer based suspicion upon mere inconsistency, which is prohibited. [¶25] Finally, the luggage in the back seat and fast food wrappers on the car floor can be said to describe "a very large category of presumably innocent travelers and any suspicion associated with these items is virtually nonexistent." Wood, 106 F.3d at 947 (citation omitted). [¶26] Although we have decided that each of these factors are innocent, under the totality of the circumstances test, individually innocuous factors can combine to arouse a reasonable suspicion for the experienced officer. Id. at 948. In this case, however, none of these factors were sufficient to arouse a reasonable suspicion on the part of Officer Rettinger. Because Officer Bauer relied on these factors when he called for the canine unit immediately upon stopping Damato, intending to detain him for that purpose, and without conducting his own investigation first, we must conclude that Damato was detained without reasonable suspicion.[¶27] That Damato was illegally transporting a large amount of marijuana is undisputed; however, few decisions on Fourth Amendment issues vindicate innocent people. It has been said that the "safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in controversies involving not very nice people." United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56 , 69, 70 S. Ct. 430, 436, 94 L. Ed. 653 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). In performing our duty of properly applying Fourth Amendment law to this case, we are obligated to ignore Damato's guilt and focus our analysis on the state action that led to his arrest.[¶28] The illegal detention and subsequent impermissible seizure and pat-down search require suppression of the evidence. The State does not argue that the inevitable discovery doctrine applies when no reasonable suspicion existed for calling a canine unit, and we do not address that doctrine. See United States v. Buchanan, 72 F.3d 1217 (6th Cir. 1995). The order denying the suppression motion is reversed, and this case is remanded to the district court, where Damato "shall be allowed to withdraw" his plea of guilty. W.R.Cr.P. 11(a)(2). FOOT