Title: Commonwealth v. Fulton (Opinion Announcing The Judgment Of The Court)
Citation: N/A
Docket Number: 8 EAP 2001
State: Pennsylvania
Issuer: Pennsylvania Supreme Court
Date: August 20, 2003

[J-144-2001] IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA EASTERN DISTRICT COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, Appellee, v. CURTIS FULTON, Appellant. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : No. 8 EAP 2001 Appeal from the order of the Superior Court entered July 10, 2000, at Docket No. 790 EDA 1999, affirming the order of the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas entered February 11, 1999, at Docket No. 9112-2781-2804. SUBMITTED: August 31, 2001 OPINION ANNOUNCING THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT MR. JUSTICE CASTILLE DECIDED: August 19, 2003 This Court granted discretionary review of this matter arising under the Post Conviction Relief Act ("PCRA"), 42 Pa.C.S. § 9541 et seq., to resolve two questions: (1) whether trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present evidence of appellant's good character for truthfulness; and (2) whether the Superior Court erred in failing to remand this matter for the PCRA court to file an opinion reflecting its independent consideration of the counsel ineffectiveness claim. This Court resolved the second question in an opinion filed on May 30, 2002, in which we remanded the matter to the PCRA court to file an opinion. Commonwealth v. Fulton, __ A.2d __, 2002 WL 1160755 (Pa. May 30, 2002). We now address the ineffectiveness issue. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that no relief is due because the Commonwealth did not impeach appellant's reputation for [J-144-2001] - 2 truthfulness, but rather merely challenged the veracity of his testimony in this case; accordingly, appellant's underlying claim that evidence of his good reputation for telling the truth was admissible to rebut the Commonwealth's attack on his truthful character lacks arguable merit. We therefore affirm the order of the Superior Court. On September 30, 1993, a jury convicted appellant of rape, three counts of robbery, three counts of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse, conspiracy and possessing an instrument of crime, and appellant was subsequently sentenced to an aggregate term of twenty to forty years' imprisonment.1 The Commonwealth's evidence against appellant consisted primarily of the testimony of victims O.H., M.H. and L.S. These female victims testified that on the night of October 4, 1991, at approximately 10:30 p.m., they were walking together through a deserted schoolyard on the way to M.H's mother's house with M.H's one-year old child, who was in a stroller, when they became aware that two men were following them. One of these men confronted the women, brandished a gun and announced "this is a stickup." The second man then approached the victims from behind and ordered them to go to a darkened stairway on the side of the school. The victims complied, and once they were in the stairway, they were ordered to hand over their money and jewelry to the two men. The man who had initially brandished a gun then fled the scene, but the second man remained. He ordered the women to lie down on their stomachs and then forced each woman to perform oral sex on him. He then raped and sodomized L.S. O.H. and M.H. identified appellant as the man who robbed and sexually assaulted them. Appellant presented an alibi defense. Appellant testified that at some time prior to nightfall on October 4, 1991, he attempted to enter his house but was unable to do so 1 Appellant was tried twice previously on these offenses but both of these trials resulted in deadlocked juries. [J-144-2001] - 3 because the house was locked, he did not have a key and no one else was at home. He then went across the street to the home of Titus Lawhorn. Appellant testified that he spent the entire night at Lawhorn's house drinking beer and socializing and did not leave the house until some time between 1:00 and 2:00 a.m. on October 5. Lawhorn, Lawhorn's fiancée, Rene Washington, and Tywanda Butler also testified on appellant's behalf that appellant spent the entire night of the crimes at Lawhorn's home. On direct appeal, the Superior Court affirmed the trial court's judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Fulton, 671 A.2d 768 (Pa. Super. 1995) (unpublished opinion). This Court denied allowance of appeal. 677 A.2d 838 (Pa. 1996). Appellant then filed a pro se petition for relief under the PCRA. New counsel was appointed and amended petitions were filed. The PCRA court dismissed appellant's PCRA petition without a hearing. After appellant appealed to the Superior Court, the PCRA court filed a brief opinion in which it failed to articulate its independent view of why summary dismissal was appropriate, but instead adopted the "discussion" of the issues set forth by the Commonwealth in its Motion to Dismiss "as controlling." A divided panel of the Superior Court affirmed the dismissal of the PCRA petition in a memorandum opinion, with now President Judge Del Sole dissenting. Regarding the PCRA court's wholesale adoption of the Commonwealth's Motion to Dismiss, the Superior Court acknowledged the rule announced in the capital case of Commonwealth v. (Roy) Williams, 732 A.2d 1167 (Pa. 1999), requiring a PCRA court to provide an independent expression of its reasons for summarily dismissing a PCRA petition, but concluded that this rule was inapplicable to non-capital cases. On the question of whether trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence of appellant's alleged good reputation for truthfulness, the panel majority noted that character evidence of the defendant's truthfulness is admissible only if: (1) the character trait of truthfulness is implicated by the elements of the charged offenses; or (2) the defendant's character for truthfulness was [J-144-2001] - 4 attacked by evidence of bad reputation. Finding neither circumstance to be implicated here, the panel majority concluded that character evidence of truthfulness would not have been admissible and, therefore, counsel was not ineffective for failing to pursue and present such evidence. Judge Del Sole dissented on both the procedural question and the reputation evidence question. The dissent concluded that the case should have been remanded for "an independent judicial analysis and opinion." In addition, Judge Del Sole noted that he would have deemed evidence of appellant's character for truthfulness admissible because credibility was of paramount importance at appellant's trial. In our prior opinion in this case, we resolved the procedural issue by holding that the (Roy) Williams rule applies to non-capital criminal cases. Consequently, this Court remanded the matter to the PCRA court for preparation of an independent opinion on the ineffectiveness question. This opinion has since been filed, and thus we turn to the merits of the ineffectiveness claim. Appellant asserts that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present evidence of his good character for truthfulness.2 Specifically, appellant faults trial counsel for failing to introduce the testimony of his brother, Ronald Fulton, his mother, Floran Fulton, his sister, Suzette Williams, and his brother-in-law, Anthony Williams, who, appellant alleges, would 2 Appellant additionally claims that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present evidence of his character for peacefulness. See Brief for Appellant at 12, 13. This claim, however, was not raised in appellant's PCRA petition. In the PCRA court, appellant alleged only that "[t]rial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses for the purpose of establishing petitioner's character for truthfulness and for failing to move in limine prior to trial with respect to petitioner's prior record where petitioner testified that he did not commit these offenses and where that testimony and petitioner's credibility were directly challenged by the prosecution." Petitioner's Second Amended Petition for Post-Conviction Review at 2. Because this issue was not raised in the PCRA court below, it is waived on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”); Commonwealth v. Bond, 819 A.2d 33, 39 (Pa. 2002); Commonwealth v. Basemore, 744 A.2d 717, 725 (Pa. 2000); Commonwealth v. Albrecht, 720 A.2d 693, 704, 706 (Pa. 1998). [J-144-2001] - 5 have testified that they know appellant to have a good reputation in the community for truthfulness. Appellant contends that this evidence of his reputation for truthfulness was admissible to rebut the Commonwealth's impeachment of his character for telling the truth. Appellant notes that the eyewitness testimony of the complainants directly contradicted his testimony that he did not attack the victims and that he was somewhere other than the scene of the crimes at the time they occurred. Appellant further notes that the prosecutor aggressively cross-examined him and challenged his veracity in her closing argument. Appellant contends that the complainants' testimony and the prosecutor's attacks on the truthfulness of his testimony placed his character for truthfulness at issue. In this situation, appellant argues, "well-settled controlling authorit[ies]" -- in particular, two decisions of this Court, Commonwealth v. Neely, 561 A.2d 1 (Pa. 1989), and Commonwealth v. Weiss, 606 A.2d 439 (Pa. 1992) -- provide that "evidence that the defendant has a good reputation for truthfulness is relevant and admissible." Brief for Appellant at 13. In addition, appellant contends that since his trial counsel swore in an affidavit filed with the PCRA court that he did not even consider calling witnesses to testify as to appellant's good reputation for truthfulness, trial counsel could not have had a reasonable basis for failing to present such evidence. Finally, appellant asserts that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's alleged ineffectiveness because "[t]here is no question that counsel's failure to present character evidence under these circumstances 'undermined [his] chances of instilling reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury.'" Brief for Appellant at 20 (quoting Weiss, 606 A.2d at 443). The Commonwealth responds that appellant's ineffectiveness claim is waived and, in any event, is meritless. The Commonwealth argues that this claim could have been raised on direct appeal but was not, and the allegation is thus waived for purposes of the PCRA. On the merits, the Commonwealth contends that the law in Pennsylvania has long been that a defendant in a criminal case may not offer evidence of his good character for truthfulness to bolster his credibility unless his character for truthfulness has first been [J-144-2001] - 6 attacked by the prosecution. The Commonwealth asserts that, although the prosecution contested the truthfulness of appellant's testimony regarding his actions on the night of the crimes, at no point did the prosecution assail appellant's character or reputation for truthfulness generally. Thus, the Commonwealth argues that the prosecution did not open the door to the introduction of evidence of appellant's alleged good reputation for truthfulness and such evidence was therefore inadmissible. Because this evidence would have been inadmissible, the Commonwealth asserts that trial counsel was not ineffective.3 In reviewing the trial court's denial of PCRA relief, our standard of review is limited to whether the trial court's determination is supported by evidence of record and whether it is free of legal error. Commonwealth v. Allen, 732 A.2d 582, 586 (Pa. 1999). To be eligible for relief under the PCRA, an appellant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the conviction or sentence he is collaterally attacking resulted from one of seven specifically enumerated circumstances. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2) (as amended effective January 17, 1996).4 In addition, an appellant must prove that the issues he raises have not 3 Moreover, the Commonwealth contends that appellant has failed to prove prejudice. The Commonwealth asserts that defense witness Anthony Williams testified on cross- examination that he met with appellant on the night of the crimes in appellant's home, which "substantially undermined" the testimony of appellant and his alibi witnesses that he spent the night of the crimes at the home of Titus Lawhorn. Brief for Appellee at 22. In light of the fact that one of appellant's own witnesses contradicted his professed alibi, the Commonwealth argues that it is not reasonably probable that if evidence of appellant's reputation for truthfulness had been presented, the jury would have believed the alibi and found him not guilty. Because we conclude that appellant's underlying claim lacks arguable merit, we do not reach this argument. 4 Those circumstances are as follows: (i) A violation of the Constitution of Pennsylvania or laws of this Commonwealth or the Constitution of the United States which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place. (continued…) [J-144-2001] - 7 been previously litigated or waived. Id. § 9543(a)(3). An issue is waived for purposes of the PCRA if "the petitioner could have raised it but failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal or in a prior state postconviction proceeding." 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b). At the outset, we note that we disagree with the Commonwealth's assertion that appellant's ineffectiveness claim is waived. Appellant was represented at trial and on direct appeal by members of the Defender Association of Philadelphia. "As a general rule, a public defender may not argue the ineffectiveness of another member of the same public (…continued) (ii) Ineffective assistance of counsel which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truth- determining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place. (iii) A plea of guilty unlawfully induced where the circumstances make it likely that the inducement caused an individual to plead guilty and the petitioner is innocent. (iv) The improper obstruction by government officials of the petitioner's right of appeal where a meritorious appealable issue existed and was properly preserved in the trial court. (v) Deleted. (vi) The unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory evidence that has subsequently become available and would have changed the outcome of the trial if it had been introduced. (vii) The imposition of a sentence greater than the lawful maximum. (viii) A proceeding in a tribunal without jurisdiction. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(i) - (viii). [J-144-2001] - 8 defender's office since appellate counsel, in essence, is deemed to have asserted a claim of his or her own ineffectiveness." Commonwealth v. Green, 709 A.2d 382, 384 (Pa. 1998) (citations omitted). Appellant's PCRA petition thus represented the first proper opportunity to challenge trial counsel's ineffectiveness. The claim is therefore not waived. Accordingly, we proceed to consideration of the merits of appellant's ineffectiveness allegation. To prevail on a claim that counsel was constitutionally ineffective, the appellant must overcome the presumption of competence by showing that: (1) his underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) the particular course of conduct pursued by counsel did not have some reasonable basis designed to effectuate his interests; and, (3) but for counsel's ineffectiveness, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the challenged proceeding would have been different. Commonwealth v. (Michael) Pierce, 786 A.2d 203, 213 (Pa. 2001); Commonwealth v. Kimball, 724 A.2d 326, 333 (Pa. 1999). A failure to satisfy any prong of the test for ineffectiveness will require rejection of the claim. (Michael) Pierce, 786 A.2d at 221-22; see also Commonwealth v. Albrecht, 720 A.2d 693, 701 (Pa. 1998) ("If it is clear that Appellant has not demonstrated that counsel's act or omission adversely affected the outcome of the proceedings, the claim may be dismissed on that basis alone and the court need not first determine whether the first and second prongs have been met."). In addition, to succeed on a claim of trial counsel's ineffectiveness for failure to call a witness, the appellant must show: (1) that the witness existed; (2) that the witness was available; (3) that counsel was informed of the existence of the witness or should have known of the witness's existence; (4) that the witness was prepared to cooperate and would have testified on appellant's behalf; and (5) that the absence of the testimony prejudiced appellant. Commonwealth v. Fletcher, 750 A.2d 261, 292 (Pa. 2000) (citation omitted). It has long been the law in Pennsylvania that a defendant in a criminal case may introduce evidence of his reputation for truthfulness in but two circumstances. First, the [J-144-2001] - 9 accused may introduce evidence of his truthful character if the trait of truthfulness is relevant to the crime with which he has been charged. E.g., Commonwealth v. Thomas, 127 A. 427, 428 (Pa. 1925) ("Evidence of a good moral character offered by the defendant in a criminal prosecution must be limited to the particular trait of character involved in the commission of the crime charged") (citation omitted); Commonwealth v. Colandro, 80 A. 571, 575 (Pa. 1911) (same); Commonwealth v. Stefanowicz, 179 A. 770, 771 (Pa. Super. 1935) (same). See also Commonwealth v. Pressel, 168 A.2d 779, 780 (Pa. Super. 1961) (traits of truth and veracity pertinent to charges of burglary and larceny); but see Commonwealth v. Schwenk, 777 A.2d 1149, 1156 (Pa. Super. 2001) ("We agree that the traits of truthfulness and honesty are not relevant to the offenses of aggravated assault and resisting arrest, and therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err in disallowing [the defendant from presenting character testimony as to these traits]"); Commonwealth v. Lemanski, 529 A.2d 1085, 1096 (Pa. Super. 1987) ("We agree with the trial court that 'honesty is not inherent or relevant on the charge of manufacturing . . . or possessing drugs'"). Second, the accused may introduce evidence of his truthful character if his reputation for truthfulness has first been attacked by the prosecution. See Commonwealth v. Gwynn, 723 A.2d 143, 151 (Pa. 1998) ("Evidence of truthfulness or honesty may not be introduced to bolster credibility unless defendant's truthfulness or honesty has first been attacked"); see also Wertz v. May, 21 Pa. 274, 279 (Pa. 1853) ("Evidence in support of the general character of witnesses, is not competent until their general character has been assailed. Every witness puts his character in issue; but until evidence tending directly to impeach it is produced, the law presumes it to be good, and therefore testimony to prove it good is superfluous"); Bradee v. Brownfield, 9 Watts 124, 125 (Pa. 1839) ("A party cannot bring evidence to confirm the character of a witness before the credit of that witness has been impeached, either upon a cross-examination, or by the testimony of other witnesses; [J-144-2001] - 10 but if the character of a witness has been impeached, although upon cross-examination only, evidence on the other side may be given to support the character of the witness by general evidence of good conduct") (citation omitted). One's character for truthfulness refers not to suggestions of particular instances of honesty or dishonesty, but rather to one's general reputation in the community for telling the truth. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 124 A. 486, 486 (Pa. 1924); Commonwealth v. Fisher, 764 A.2d 82, 87 (Pa. Super. 2000); Commonwealth v. Stilley, 689 A.2d 242, 251 (Pa. Super. 1997). Thus, where the prosecution has merely introduced evidence denying or contradicting the facts to which the defendant testified, but has not assailed the defendant's community reputation for truthfulness generally, evidence of the defendant's alleged reputation for truthfulness is not admissible. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Schwenk, 777 A.2d 1149, 1156 (Pa. Super. 2001); Fisher, 764 A.2d at 87; Commonwealth v. Boyd, 672 A.2d 810, 812 (Pa. Super. 1996); Commonwealth v. Fowler, 642 A.2d 517, 519 (Pa. Super. 1994). Similarly, cross- examination of the defendant that challenges the veracity of his testimony in the particular case, but does not touch upon his general reputation in the community for being truthful, does not open the door to the introduction of good character evidence concerning reputation for truthfulness. See Schwenk, 777 A.2d at 1156; Fowler, 642 A.2d at 519.5 Here, appellant's underlying claim is that the prosecution opened the door to the introduction of reputation evidence of his truthful character. As the Commonwealth notes, 5 These limits on the admissibility of evidence of character for truthfulness are now embodied in the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence. See Pa.R.E. 404(a)(1) ("In a criminal case, evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the accused is admissible when offered by the accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the same") (emphasis added); Pa.R.E. 608(a) ("The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of reputation as to character, but subject to the following limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness; and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by reputation evidence or otherwise") (emphasis added). [J-144-2001] - 11 however, appellant does not allege, nor does the record reveal, any instance at trial where the Commonwealth attacked, impugned or otherwise besmirched his general reputation in the community for telling the truth. At no point did the Commonwealth allege or elicit evidence to the effect that appellant was known to others in the community to be a person given to lies or dishonesty. It is true that the Commonwealth attempted to establish through live testimony that the victims' version of events was more believable than appellant's by having the victims testify, by cross-examining appellant, and by disputing the veracity of appellant's testimony during closing argument. But these actions by the prosecutor did not amount to an attack on appellant's reputation for truthfulness generally such as would permit the introduction of bolstering evidence of appellant's good reputation for telling the truth. See Schwenk, 777 A.2d at 1156-57 (cross-examination of defendant and testimony of Commonwealth witnesses presenting conflicting facts as to what occurred during incident in question did not open door to presentation of character testimony to bolster defendant's credibility); Fisher, 764 A.2d 87 (although Commonwealth attempted to establish that victim's version of events was more credible than defendant's by vigorously cross-examining defendant and having victim testify in rebuttal to defendant's testimony, these factors in and of themselves did not allow defendant to enhance or bolster his testimony in eyes of jury by introducing collateral evidence to establish his reputation for telling truth); Fowler, 642 A.2d at 519 (where defendant was not impeached by evidence of bad reputation for truth and veracity or by evidence of prior convictions but was merely contradicted by evidence of facts introduced and relied upon by Commonwealth, evidence of defendant's good reputation for truth and veracity was inadmissible to bolster credibility of his testimony). In the absence of any effort by the prosecution to impeach appellant's general reputation in the community for truthfulness, evidence of appellant's alleged good reputation for veracity was inadmissible at his trial. [J-144-2001] - 12 The substantially broader rule urged by appellant that evidence of a criminal defendant's character for truthfulness may be introduced whenever the Commonwealth has cast doubt on the testifying defendant's veracity, whether by introducing conflicting testimony, cross-examining the defendant, or other means, finds no support in the two decisions of this Court upon which he principally relies, Commonwealth v. Neely, 561 A.2d 1 (Pa. 1989), and Commonwealth v. Weiss, 606 A.2d 439 (Pa. 1992). In Neely, the appellant was convicted by a jury of recklessly endangering another person and possessing an instrument of crime. At his trial, Neely presented two witnesses who attested to his "excellent" reputation for being a peaceful and law abiding citizen. At the conclusion of the trial, Neely requested a jury instruction in accordance with the Pennsylvania Standard Jury Instructions that "evidence of good character may, by itself, raise a reasonable doubt of guilt and justify a verdict of not guilty." The trial court refused to issue the charge. This Court, however, noted that it had long recognized the importance of character evidence and that such evidence may, in itself, raise a reasonable doubt of a defendant's guilt. Accordingly, the Court held that Neely was entitled to the requested instruction. 561 A.2d at 3. In Weiss, the appellant was convicted of rape and related offenses stemming from the sexual assault of his daughter. Among other evidence, the prosecution presented the testimony of the victim, while "[t]he defense's case consisted principally of the testimony of appellant, who vehemently denied the accusations, appellant's two roommates who corroborated appellant's testimony, and two children of one of appellant's roommates who testified that they had occasionally seen appellant and the victim in bed together." Id. at 441. On appeal, Weiss alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present [J-144-2001] - 13 character witnesses on his behalf.6 This Court noted that, "[i]n a case such as this, where there are only two direct witnesses involved, credibility of the witnesses is of paramount importance, and character evidence is critical to the jury's determination of credibility." Id. at 442. The Court noted also that, "[e]vidence of good character is substantive, not mere makeweight evidence, and may, in and of itself, create a reasonable doubt of guilt and, thus, require a verdict of not guilty." Id. at 442 (citing Neely, supra). Accordingly, the Court concluded that Weiss's claim "was not without merit." Id. The Court further concluded that Weiss's trial counsel had no reasonable basis for failing to present character evidence and that he was prejudiced by counsel's omission. Consequently, the Court held that Weiss's trial counsel was ineffective in failing to present evidence of his good character. Thus, both Neely and Weiss emphasized that evidence of a defendant's good character may, in and of itself, be sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt and produce an acquittal. Weiss also observed that such evidence may be particularly critical to the defense in a prosecution that pits the credibility of the Commonwealth's witnesses against that of the defendant. It is one thing, however, to note the potential importance of admissible good character evidence and quite another to alter longstanding and principled standards governing the introduction of reputation evidence for truthfulness. There is nothing in either Neely or Weiss to suggest, as appellant would have it, that an accused may introduce evidence of his good reputation for truthfulness whenever the credibility of his testimony has been challenged or contradicted by the prosecution, even if the trait of truthfulness is irrelevant to the offenses with which he has been charged and his general reputation for telling the truth has not been attacked. 6 Weiss does not specify what particular character trait(s) these witnesses would have testified to, as the admissibility of this evidence was apparently uncontested by the parties. [J-144-2001] - 14 Because the Commonwealth did not attack appellant's reputation for truthfulness generally, appellant's underlying claim that evidence of his truthful character was admissible to rebut the prosecution's impeachment of his character trait for veracity lacks arguable merit. Accordingly, there can be no finding of ineffectiveness. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Howard, 645 A.2d 1300, 1304 (Pa. 1994) ("Trial counsel cannot be held to be ineffective for failing to take futile actions or to raise a meritless claim").7 The order of the Superior Court is therefore affirmed. Mr. Justice Lamb files a concurring opinion. Mr. Justice Saylor files a dissenting opinion in which Mr. Chief Justice Cappy and Mr. Justice Nigro join. 7 Moreover, it must be emphasized that this case sounds in counsel ineffectiveness. Counsel's performance must be measured by contemporaneous standards. Thus, even if the admissibility of character evidence were to expand as appellant would have it someday, that day had not yet come when this matter was tried. Counsel cannot be faulted for failing to anticipate an as-yet non-existent expansion of the admissibility of reputation evidence. See Commonwealth v. Todaro, 701 A.2d 1343, 1346 (Pa. 1997) ("[C]ounsel's stewardship must be judged under the existing law at the time of trial and counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to predict future developments or changes in the law").