Case Title: State v. Limary

Citation: 

Docket Number: 2020 ME 83

State: maine

Court: Maine Supreme Court

Date: 2020-06-04T00:00:00Z

Document:
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT 
Reporter of Decisions 
Decision: 
2020 ME 83 
Docket: 
Aro-19-329 
Submitted 
On Briefs: April 14, 2020 
Decided: 
June 4, 2020 
Revised: 
June 23, 2020 
 
Panel: 
MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HUMPHREY, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ. 
 
 
STATE OF MAINE 
 
v. 
 
JONATHAN LIMARY 
 
 
HORTON, J. 
[¶1]  Jonathan Limary appeals from a judgment of conviction of 
manslaughter (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. § 203(1)(A) (2020), and aggravated assault 
(Class B), 17-A M.R.S. § 208(1)(A) (2020), entered by the court (Aroostook 
County, Stewart, J.) after a jury trial.  Limary argues that the court deprived him 
of a fair trial by denying his request during jury voir dire to pose certain 
questions in the jury questionnaire, and that the evidence was insufficient to 
support a finding that Limary’s actions—rather than subsequent medical 
treatment—caused the victim’s death.  We affirm the judgment. 
 
2 
I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶2]  Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, the 
jury could rationally have found the following facts beyond a reasonable doubt.  
See State v. Asaad, 2020 ME 11, ¶ 8, 224 A.3d 596.  Late on the night of 
October 29, 2017, Limary and some friends had a dispute, via text-based and 
voice-based social media, with the victim—a man whom none of them had met.  
As a result, Limary and a friend of his—with three others in the vehicle—drove 
from Presque Isle to Caribou to meet up with the victim and his friend in a 
parking lot to fight.  While Limary and the victim’s friend fought, Limary’s friend 
fought with the victim.  Limary’s friend and the victim ended up on the ground, 
and Limary’s friend eventually got up and backed away from the victim.  By 
then, another friend of the victim had arrived with his teenage son and had gone 
over to help the victim up off the ground.  Before the victim could rise from his 
knees, Limary approached and forcefully kicked the victim in the face, resulting 
in numerous fractures to the victim’s nose, eye orbits, upper jaw, and cheek 
bones. 
[¶3]  The victim received medical care in the early morning hours of 
October 30 and was released, but he returned to the hospital later that day and 
was admitted.  He was released on November 2.  He then had two surgeries on 
 
3 
November 9 and was released on November 17.  For purposes of the surgeries, 
a tracheostomy tube was inserted; that tube was removed two days before the 
victim’s release from the hospital, leaving the victim with a healing hole in his 
throat at the incision site where the tracheostomy tube had been. 
[¶4]  On the day that the victim was released, his friend and the friend’s 
son brought him to their house.  That evening, the victim began bleeding from 
the opening in his neck, and his friend called 9-1-1.  Under the guidance of the 
dispatcher, the victim’s friend performed CPR until the ambulance arrived.  The 
victim bled profusely, and, despite the paramedics’ resuscitation efforts, he 
died.  An autopsy revealed that, although at least some blood exited the victim 
through the tracheostomy site,1 more extensive hemorrhaging occurred in the 
victim’s sinuses.2 
[¶5]  In January 2018, Limary was charged by indictment with 
manslaughter (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. § 203(1)(A), and aggravated assault 
                                         
1  There was also evidence of bleeding from the nose and of blood having entered the stomach and 
lungs. 
2  From these facts, the jury could rationally have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Limary 
committed the aggravated assault by “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caus[ing] . . . [b]odily 
injury to another that create[d] a substantial risk of death or extended convalescence necessary for 
recovery of physical health.”  17-A M.R.S. § 208(1)(A) (2020); see 17-A M.R.S. § 35(1)-(3) (2020).  The 
sufficiency of the evidence of manslaughter is discussed below. 
 
4 
(Class B), id. § 208(1)(A).  He pleaded not guilty, and the matter proceeded to a 
jury trial. 
[¶6]  Jury selection was held on May 13, 2019.  The court refused to 
include on the jury questionnaire three of the questions that Limary proposed 
relating to self-defense and defense of another: 
• “[I]f during the trial Mr. Limary generates evidence that he acted in 
self-defense or in the defense of another in using physical force against 
[the victim], the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 
Mr. Limary did not act in self-defense or defense of another.  Would you 
have any difficulty applying this burden on the State to disprove 
self-defense or defense of another beyond a reasonable doubt?” 
 
• “[W]ould you be willing to find Mr. Limary not guilty if he acted in 
self-defense or in defense of another in using physical force against [the 
victim]?” 
 
• “[D]o you have any personal, religious, philosophical or other beliefs that 
a person is never justified in using physical force against another human 
being even if it is done in self-defense or defense of another?” 
 
The court reasoned that it was not evident that a self-defense or 
defense-of-another instruction would be generated by the evidence.  The court 
indicated that it would ask “whether or not jurors would have . . . any difficulty 
in being a fair and impartial juror when fighting has occurred.”  The 
questionnaire presented to the potential jurors included such a question and 
also asked the jurors if they would be able to “base their verdict upon the 
evidence and according to the law” without allowing “any feelings of bias, 
 
5 
prejudice, pity, anger, sympathy or other emotion [to] influence their verdict in 
any way” and if they would be able to follow the law as instructed by the court 
“even if [they] d[id] not agree with the law.” 
[¶7]  After the potential jurors completed the questionnaire, the court 
conducted individual voir dire.  Both the State and Limary agreed that the jury 
that was ultimately selected was satisfactory. 
[¶8]  The jury trial was held over the course of the next four days.  The 
State offered testimony from eyewitnesses, a paramedic who treated the victim 
on the day of his death, a police officer, and the State’s Chief Medical Examiner.  
The State offered no evidence that would suggest that Limary had acted in 
self-defense or defense of another.  The medical examiner testified that, before 
performing an autopsy of the victim, he reviewed hospital records summarizing 
the multiple, serious fractures to the victim’s face.  He also considered a 
post-surgery x-ray showing the surgeons’ use of braces and other materials to 
reconstruct the victim’s face.  The autopsy revealed no hemorrhaging in the 
area of the tracheostomy but extensive hemorrhaging in the sinuses, where the 
victim had sustained the injuries and undergone surgery.  The medical 
examiner concluded that the victim died of blood loss—specifically, 
 
6 
“hemorrhagic complications following multiple fractures of facial bones due to 
the blunt force trauma of his head.” 
[¶9]  Limary moved for a judgment of acquittal on the manslaughter 
charge, arguing that the victim’s surgery, which he claims was elective, broke 
the chain of causation between his actions and the victim’s death such that the 
jury could not find him guilty of manslaughter.  See M.R.U. Crim. P. 29.  The court 
denied the motion. 
[¶10]  Limary then offered an expert witness—the Chief Medical 
Examiner for the State of Maryland—whose testimony differed from the State’s 
Chief Medical Examiner’s mainly in identifying the source of the victim’s 
bleeding as one or more veins at the site of the tracheostomy, not the site of 
Limary’s injuries and surgery.3  Limary also offered his own testimony that he 
had kicked the victim in the mouth to protect his friend because he thought the 
victim was getting up to continue fighting and he wanted to get away from the 
victim and his friends. 
[¶11]  In its instructions to the jury, the court provided instructions on 
self-defense and defense of another.  The jury found Limary guilty of both the 
                                         
3  Through cross-examination, it became clear that, when the expert prepared his report, he had 
mistakenly believed that the tracheostomy tube had still been in the victim’s throat when he died. 
 
7 
manslaughter and aggravated assault charges.  After a sentencing hearing, the 
court sentenced Limary to sixteen years in prison for manslaughter, with all but 
forty-five months suspended and four years of probation.  For the conviction of 
aggravated assault, the court sentenced Limary to forty-five months in prison, 
to be served concurrently with the manslaughter sentence.  The court also 
ordered Limary to pay $70 plus restitution of $2,519 to the Victims’ 
Compensation Fund.  Execution of the sentence was stayed pending appeal.  See 
M.R.U. Crim. P. 38(a).  Limary timely appealed.  15 M.R.S. § 2115 (2020); 
M.R. App. P. 2B(b)(1). 
II.  DISCUSSION 
[¶12]  Limary challenges (A) the court’s denial of his request to pose 
questions regarding self-defense and defense of another in the juror 
questionnaire and (B) the sufficiency of the evidence that he caused the victim’s 
death.  We address each issue in turn. 
A. 
Juror Questionnaire 
[¶13]  Limary argues that he was deprived of a fair and impartial jury 
because the questionnaire did not specifically inquire of the jurors whether 
they were able to be fair and impartial regarding issues of self-defense and 
defense of another.  He contends that, unlike in State v. Burton, 2018 ME 162, 
 
8 
¶ 17 & n.2, 198 A.3d 195, the court did not include other questions regarding 
self-defense or defense of another that would satisfy the concerns he raised. 
[¶14]  We review challenges to the conduct of voir dire for abuse of 
discretion.  State v. Roby, 2017 ME 207, ¶ 11, 171 A.3d 1157.  “[T]he purpose of 
the voir dire process is to detect bias and prejudice in prospective jurors, thus 
ensuring that a defendant will be tried by as fair and impartial a jury as 
possible.”  Burton, 2018 ME 162, ¶ 15, 198 A.3d 195 (quotation marks omitted).  
Thus, a trial court has considerable discretion over the scope of voir dire 
provided that it is adequate to disclose facts that would reveal juror bias.  Id. 
[¶15]  A court need not voir dire potential jurors in the exact manner 
requested by a party as long as the process is sufficient to reveal bias.  Roby, 
2017 ME 207, ¶ 13, 171 A.3d 1157.  Nor does a court abuse its discretion in 
excluding questions “that have no relationship to a prospective juror’s 
knowledge, bias, or predisposition, or that are intended to advocate a party’s 
position regarding the facts or issues in dispute.”  Roby, 2017 ME 207, ¶ 11, 171 
A.3d 1157 (quotation marks omitted). 
[¶16]  For purposes of the United States Constitution, “[t]o be 
constitutionally compelled, . . . it is not enough that [voir dire] questions might 
be helpful.  Rather, the trial court’s failure to ask these questions must render 
 
9 
the defendant's trial fundamentally unfair.”  Mu’Min v. Virginia, 500 U.S. 415, 
425-26 (1991).  For instance, the United States Supreme Court has determined 
that voir dire questions about racial bias may be constitutionally required, 
particularly in death penalty cases.  See Turner v. Murray, 476 U.S. 28, 35-36 
(1986); Rosales-Lopez v. United States, 451 U.S. 182, 190 (1981) (holding that, 
although there is no presumption of racial bias, a court may be required to ask 
voir dire questions about race if there are “substantial indications of the 
likelihood of racial or ethnic prejudice affecting the jurors in a particular case”); 
Aldridge v. United States, 283 U.S. 308, 314-15 (1931) (vacating a judgment of 
conviction of murder, for which the defendant had been sentenced to death, 
because the court failed to inquire of the jurors regarding racial bias). 
[¶17]  Consistent with this jurisprudence, the Maine Jury Instruction 
Manual, widely used in civil and criminal jury trials in Maine, recommends that 
the trial court consider specific voir dire in cases that “may involve particularly 
sensitive issues such as race, religion, sexual preferences, interpersonal or 
sexual violence, or child abuse.”  Alexander, Maine Jury Instruction Manual § 2-4 
at 2-6 (2019-2020 ed. 2019).  The same resource recommends that during jury 
voir dire the trial court “describe the basic law applicable to the case—in 
criminal cases, the presumption of innocence, the State’s beyond a reasonable 
 
10 
doubt standard of proof, the defendant’s right to remain silent and not present 
any evidence—and then ask the jurors if they were willing and able to accept 
and apply the law to the case if they were selected as jurors, regardless of any 
personal view they may have as to what the law should be.”  Id. § 2-4E at 2-20. 
In this case, all of these principles were addressed in the written jury 
questionnaire. 
[¶18]  On the other hand, the Manual recommends against “[q]uestions 
that ask about jurors’ knowledge or beliefs about the law and whether the 
jurors agree with the law as stated by counsel.”  Id. § 2-4F at 2-24 (“Voir dire is 
not a mini bar exam for citizen jurors untrained in the law.”). 
[¶19]  The principles set forth in the Manual are consistent with, and 
derive from, our own jurisprudence.  “A voir dire of jurors becomes essential 
when the potential for bias and prejudice is manifest.”  State v. Barczak, 
562 A.2d 140, 142 (Me. 1989).  “Whether prejudice is manifest is a question of 
fact for the trial court's determination and the scope of an examination is a 
matter of discretion for the court.”  Id.  Based on the evidence anticipated in a 
case, therefore, special inquiry of jurors during voir dire may be required with 
respect to potential bias regarding matters such as race and sexual orientation, 
pretrial publicity, and law enforcement connections.  See State v. Bethea, 2019 
 
11 
ME 169, ¶¶ 15-19, 221 A.3d 563; State v. Turner, 495 A.2d 1211, 1212-13 
(Me. 1985); State v. Lovely, 451 A.2d 900, 901-02 (Me. 1982); see also 
Alexander, Maine Jury Instruction Manual § 2-4I at 2-31 to 2-32 (including 
sample jury questions about pretrial publicity); cf. State v. Saucier, 2001 ME 
107, ¶ 21, 776 A.2d 621 (affirming the denial of a motion to change venue in 
part because voir dire questions about pretrial publicity had been posed to the 
jury).  Applying these principles, we held that jury voir dire was inadequate 
when trial courts precluded inquiry into the nature of jurors’ associations with 
prospective law enforcement witnesses, State v. O'Hara, 627 A.2d 1001, 1003 
(Me. 1993), and jurors’ past experiences with violent crime, State v. Lowry, 
2003 ME 38, ¶¶ 10-11, 819 A.2d 331. 
[¶20]  In many circumstances, it will be necessary for a defendant to 
provide evidence of potential bias for voir dire to be required.  See, e.g., State v. 
Lowe, 2015 ME 124, ¶ 17, 124 A.3d 156 (holding that there was insufficient 
evidence that pretrial publicity generated a potential for bias); see also United 
States v. Robinson, 475 F.2d 376, 381 (D.C. Cir. 1973) (holding that, when no 
recognized class of societal bias is involved, “it is incumbent upon the 
proponent to lay a foundation for his question by showing that it is reasonably 
 
12 
calculated to discover an actual and likely source of prejudice, rather than 
pursue a speculative will-o-the-wisp”). 
[¶21]  In a case in which the defendant was a patron of a gay bar, 
however, we in effect took judicial notice of societal prejudice that compelled 
inquiry on the subject of anti-gay bias.  See Lovely, 451 A.2d at 901-02 
(acknowledging the undeniable “stigmatization of homosexuals in our society” 
and concluding that the trial court was required to inquire about anti-gay bias 
during jury voir dire when the evidence suggested that the defendant had been 
a patron of a gay bar).  The common theme in our jury voir dire jurisprudence 
has been to require inquiry into jurors’ attitudes and experiences involving the 
parties and witnesses or involving specific areas of evidence when there is a 
more than speculative potential for juror bias. 
[¶22]  As to legal defenses and justifications—as opposed to questions 
regarding potential evidence-based and status-based biases against parties or 
expected witnesses—some courts in other states have decided that several 
possible defenses and justifications, including self-defense, are sufficiently 
“controversial” that they must be specifically explored during voir dire if 
requested by a party.  See Griffin v. State, 389 S.W.2d 900, 902 (Ark. 1965) 
(self-defense); People v. Gregg, 732 N.E.2d 1152, 1163 (Ill. App. Ct. 2000) 
 
13 
(“Although the insanity defense upon which the defendant relied is a 
well-recognized legal defense, it remains a subject of intense controversy and 
has been described as ‘a defense which is known to be subject to bias or 
prejudice.’” (quoting People v. Bowel, 488 N.E.2d 995, 999 (Ill. 1986))); People 
v. Taylor, 489 N.W.2d 99, 101 (Mich. Ct. App. 1992) (per curiam) (self-defense 
and the use of deadly force); cf. People v. Keenan, 758 P.2d 1081, 1123 
(Cal. 1988) (holding that sequestered voir dire may be required in a death 
penalty case as to “potentially controversial defenses” such as self-defense). 
[¶23]  The majority of the other courts that have considered whether a 
requested self-defense question must be posed to potential jurors during 
voir dire, however, hold that the determination is in the discretion of the trial 
court based on the circumstances before it.  See State v. Ebron, 975 A.2d 17, 
26 & n.14 (Conn. 2009), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Kitchens, 
10 A.3d 942, 959 (Conn. 2011); see, e.g., Robinson, 475 F.2d at 380-81 (holding 
that, although it may have been preferable for the trial court to inquire about 
juror attitudes toward self-defense, the refusal to do so did not prejudice the 
defendant’s substantial rights); Simpson v. State, 276 So. 3d 955, 958 (Fla. Dist. 
Ct. App. 2019) (“This Court has recognized that no bright line rule can be 
fashioned to determine the limits a trial court may impose on voir dire because 
 
14 
the complexities in each case are different.”); State v. Bedford, 529 N.E.2d 913, 
920 (Ohio 1988) (“The scope of voir dire is within the trial court’s discretion 
and varies depending on the circumstances of each case.”); see also Savo v. State, 
382 P.3d 1179, 1182 (Alaska Ct. App. 2016) (vacating a conviction when the 
court refused to allow requested voir dire when “the evidence already known 
to the State provided support for th[e] claim of self-defense”). 
[¶24]  We have not identified any particular defense or justification as 
being sufficiently “controversial” to warrant special inquiry during jury 
voir dire whenever raised and cannot now conclude that the law regarding 
defense of self or others is sufficiently controversial to justify elevating its 
significance above the many other potential forms of bias that could, in theory, 
be the subject of specific inquiry during jury voir dire.  We are not persuaded 
that there exists societal bias against the law of defense of self or others to the 
extent that the constitutional right to a fair trial compels specific voir dire 
inquiry during jury selection.  See Commonwealth v. Fisher, 290 A.2d 262, 264 
(Pa. 1972) (holding that there was no evidence of widespread bias against the 
self-defense justification); Commonwealth v. Morales, 800 N.E.2d 683, 694 
(Mass. 2003) (“There is no reason to suspect juror prejudice against claims of 
 
15 
self-defense and the defendant has not shown a substantial risk of juror bias 
against such a defense.”). 
[¶25]  To the extent that we have addressed voir dire about self-defense, 
we affirmed a trial court’s decision not to ask the following question regarding 
self-defense in a murder case: 
The law allows a person to use deadly force against another person 
in self-defense.  Do you have any beliefs or opinions that would 
prevent you from applying the law of self-defense if the Court 
provided such an instruction in this case? 
 
Burton, 2018 ME 162, ¶ 7, 198 A.3d 195 (quotation marks omitted).  We held 
that the proposed question was not required to ensure impartiality and that the 
question about self-defense that the court did ask—which stated that the law 
allowed the use of deadly force in self-defense “in certain circumstances”—was 
sufficient to reveal juror bias.  Id. ¶17 & n.2 (emphasis omitted) (quotation 
marks omitted).  We affirmed the judgment based on the adequacy of the 
questions asked to determine bias and the availability of individual voir dire of 
the potential jurors.  Id. ¶¶ 17 & n.2, 19. 
[¶26]  Unlike the jury question propounded by the court in Burton, the 
three questions that Limary proposed regarding self-defense and defense of 
another did not indicate that a person’s rights of self-defense and defense of 
 
16 
others are limited, see 17-A M.R.S. § 108(1)-(2) (2020),4 and, in that respect, 
they failed to provide accurate statements of the law.  See Burton, 2018 ME 162, 
¶ 17 n.2, 198 A.3d 195.  The court was justified in declining to adopt them as 
phrased.  See Roby, 2017 ME 207, ¶ 14, 171 A.3d 1157. 
[¶27]  Although the court could well have included an appropriate 
question regarding self-defense and defense of another based on Limary’s 
contention that those issues would likely be generated at trial, the court did not 
abuse its discretion in declining to include such a question.  Limary did not 
supply an evidentiary basis to establish societal bias against the law of 
self-defense or defense of another, cf. Lowe, 2015 ME 124, ¶ 17, 124 A.3d 156; 
it was not clear whether the evidence would generate either justification, which 
increased the risk that the question would amount to improper pretrial 
advocacy, see Roby, 2017 ME 207, ¶ 11, 171 A.3d 1157; and Limary’s concerns 
regarding bias against the law of self-defense and defense of another were 
addressed by the court’s questions about whether the jurors could follow all of 
the court’s instructions, even if they disagreed with the law, including when 
                                         
4  At the time of the crime at issue here, subsection 3 of 17-A M.R.S. § 108 (2020) had not yet taken 
effect.  See P.L. 2019, ch. 462, § 2 (effective Sept. 19, 2019). 
 
17 
there had been fighting.5  Ultimately, Limary agreed that the jury that was 
selected was acceptable, and there is no evidence of bias in any particular juror 
or in the jury as a whole as a result of the court’s exclusion of the requested 
questions.  Because the questions asked in the questionnaire were adequate to 
reveal facts that would identify any bias against applying the existing law and 
there is no evidence that Limary was deprived of an impartial jury, we will not 
vacate the judgment on this basis.  See Burton, 2018 ME 162, ¶ 15, 198 A.3d 195. 
B. 
Sufficiency of the Evidence of Causation 
[¶28]  Limary argues that, because the victim did not die until eighteen 
days and two surgeries after the fight, the evidence cannot support a finding 
that, but for Limary’s conduct, the death would not have occurred or that his 
conduct was the legal cause of the victim’s death.  He contends that the kick was 
a “non-dispositive event” that did not, beyond a reasonable doubt, cause the 
victim’s death because the victim had elective surgery and was released in 
stable condition.  He contends that there was no evidence that the kick caused 
the bleeding that occurred on November 17, 2017. 
                                         
5  The written jury questionnaire asked jurors whether they could follow the law in five different 
questions. 
 
18 
[¶29]  When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 
support a conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the 
State to determine whether a trier of fact rationally could find beyond a 
reasonable doubt each element of the offense charged.  Asaad, 2020 ME 11, ¶ 8, 
224 A.3d 596.  “The fact-finder may draw all reasonable inferences from the 
evidence, and decide the weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility 
to be afforded to the witnesses.”  Id. (quotation marks omitted). 
[¶30]  “A person is guilty of manslaughter if that person . . . [r]ecklessly, 
or with criminal negligence, causes the death of another human being.”  
17-A M.R.S. § 203(1)(A).  Limary does not contest the sufficiency of the 
evidence 
that 
he 
acted 
recklessly 
or 
with 
criminal 
negligence.  
See 17-A M.R.S. § 35(3)(A), (C), (4)(A), (C) (2020) (defining “recklessly” and 
“criminal negligence”).  He argues only that the evidence did not permit the jury 
to find beyond a reasonable doubt that his conduct caused the victim’s death. 
[¶31]  At the time of the fight, the statute governing causation stated, 
“Unless otherwise provided, when causing a result is an element of a crime, 
causation may be found where the result would not have occurred but for the 
conduct of the defendant operating either alone or concurrently with another 
cause, unless the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result 
 
19 
and the conduct of the defendant was clearly insufficient.”  17-A M.R.S. § 33 
(2017).6 
[¶32]  “Section 33 expressly imposes limitations on causative 
responsibility and imposes standards similar to the common law standards of 
proximate cause.”  State v. Snow, 464 A.2d 958, 962 (Me. 1983).  Thus, the 
foreseeability of events or conditions contributing to the victim’s death 
becomes relevant.  See State v. Shanahan, 404 A.2d 975, 983 (Me. 1979); see also 
United States v. Kilmartin, 944 F.3d 315, 331 (1st Cir. 2019) (“Proximate cause 
is commonly understood as a function of the foreseeability of the harm.”).  In 
applying section 33, “the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt not only 
that the result would not have occurred but for the conduct of the defendant, 
                                         
6  The language regarding concurrent causation was amended, effective after the events at issue 
here, to state the concurrent causation standard in the affirmative and in a separate paragraph, using 
simplified language: 
§ 33. Result as an element; causation 
1.  Unless otherwise provided, when causing a result is an element of a crime, 
causation may be found when the result would not have occurred but for the conduct 
of the defendant, operating either alone or concurrently with another cause. 
2.  In cases in which concurrent causation is generated as an issue, the defendant’s 
conduct must also have been sufficient by itself to produce the result. 
17-A M.R.S. § 33 (2020) (codifying P.L. 2017, ch. 432, § C-1 (emergency, effective July 4, 2018)); see 
L.D. 1091, Summary (128th Legis. 2017) (“Subsection 2 contains a simplified test to be applied in the 
event concurrent causation is generated as an issue.  It provides that, when a defendant’s conduct 
may have operated concurrently with another cause, in addition to satisfying the ‘but for’ test the 
defendant’s conduct must have been sufficient by itself to produce the result . . . .”). 
 
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but also that the concurrent cause was not alone clearly sufficient to produce 
the result and that the conduct of the defendant was not clearly insufficient to 
produce the result.”  Snow, 464 A.2d at 962; see also State v. Crocker, 431 A.2d 
1323, 1325 (Me. 1981). 
[¶33]  The evidence plainly supported a jury finding that the victim 
underwent surgeries to repair injuries caused by Limary’s kick and that those 
surgeries would not have occurred but for Limary’s actions.  The question is 
whether the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find, beyond a reasonable 
doubt, that the surgeries were not the sole cause of death and that Limary’s 
actions were not “clearly insufficient” to cause the death.  17-A M.R.S. § 33.  In 
other words, we must decide whether the medical treatment undertaken 
before the victim’s death was, as a matter of law, an intervening—rather than 
merely a concurrent—cause of the victim’s death, negating criminal liability. 
[¶34]  We have not explicitly announced a rule regarding concurrent 
versus intervening causes of death in the context of medical treatment of an 
injured victim.  In State v. Hachey, 278 A.2d 397, 400-01 (Me. 1971), however, 
we affirmed a murder conviction when, although the victim received medical 
care, including a tracheostomy, after the defendant shot him, the victim 
 
21 
ultimately died of infection: “Certainly [the jury] could find that the cause of the 
septicemia was the entry of the bullet into the body of the decedent.”  Id.7 
[¶35]  In other concurrent causation contexts, we similarly held that a 
jury could find causation, despite other events or circumstances that may have 
contributed to the victim’s death.  For instance, we concluded that the evidence 
was sufficient to support a manslaughter conviction when the medical 
examiner testified that a wound inflicted by the defendant, which was 
accompanied by other injuries not inflicted by the defendant, would eventually 
have caused death if untreated.  State v. Morelli, 493 A.2d 336, 338-40 
(Me. 1985); see also State v. Cumming, 634 A.2d 953, 954, 956-57 (Me. 1993) 
(affirming a murder conviction when, although the pathologist could not 
distinguish which injuries resulted from the victim leaping or being pushed 
from the defendant’s car and which injuries resulted from him then driving 
over her, the evidence could support a jury finding that the victim was alive 
                                         
7  We reached this holding at common law because no statute equivalent to section 33 was in force 
until the adoption of the Maine Criminal Code in the mid-1970s.  See P.L. 1975, ch. 499, § 1 (effective 
Mar. 1, 1976) (codified at 17-A M.R.S.A. § 56 (1979)).  As the bill’s comment reveals, the new statutory 
language was taken from a proposed Massachusetts Code and based on the proposed Federal 
Criminal Code.  L.D. 314, § 1, cmt. to 17-A M.R.S.A. § 56 (107th Legis. 1975).  The federal drafters 
specifically noted that “[t]he major problem in enunciating such rules is presented by situations in 
which two or more factors ‘cause’ the result.”  Nat’l Comm’n on Reform of Fed. Criminal Laws, Final 
Report 32 (1971).  The section was proposed as “a modified ‘but for’ test with a proviso that excludes 
those situations in which the concurrent cause was clearly sufficient to produce the result and the 
accused’s conduct clearly insufficient. . . . ‘But for’ is a minimal requirement for guilt; and resolving 
that question permits focusing on the more important issue of culpability as to the result caused.”  Id. 
 
22 
when she was run over); State v. Peaslee, 571 A.2d 825, 826-27 (Me. 1990) 
(affirming a vehicular manslaughter conviction when the defendant’s 
passenger was thrown from the vehicle and then run over by another car 
because the victim would not have been in the road if not for the defendant’s 
conduct); State v. Reardon, 486 A.2d 112, 116-18 (Me. 1984) (affirming a trial 
court’s finding of causation in a felony murder case because it was reasonably 
foreseeable that a sixty-seven-year-old robbery victim would have a heart 
attack due to the stress of the robbery, his foreseeable attempt to chase the 
perpetrator, and his agitated explanation of the robbery to police); Shanahan, 
404 A.2d at 983 (holding that the victim’s foreseeable conduct in attempting to 
wrest the gun away from the defendant was not, “as a matter of law, an 
intervening cause relieving defendant of criminal responsibility for her death”). 
[¶36]  Other jurisdictions have more specifically held that when medical 
treatment is provided to an injured victim, negligent treatment cannot be an 
intervening cause “unless the doctor’s treatment is so bad as to constitute gross 
negligence or intentional malpractice.”  1 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive 
Criminal Law § 6.4(f)(5) at 658-59 (3d ed. 2018).  These courts have held that 
gross negligence, which is not reasonably foreseeable, can be an intervening 
cause if the fact-finder determines that the victim would have survived without 
 
23 
that gross negligence.  See People v. Calvaresi, 534 P.2d 316, 319 (Colo. 1975) 
(“[M]ere medical negligence can reasonably be foreseen.  We hold, however, 
that gross negligence is abnormal human behavior, would not be reasonably 
foreseeable, and would constitute a defense, if, but for that gross negligence, 
death would not have resulted.”); State v. Soucy, 653 A.2d 561, 565 (N.H. 1995) 
(“The majority of jurisdictions . . . have adopted what has been termed a ‘sole’ 
cause test, under which malpractice constitutes a supervening cause only if it 
was the ‘sole’ cause of the death.”); cf. State v. Jackson, 223 N.W.2d 229, 233-34 
(Iowa 1974) (holding, with respect to ordinary negligence, that “[a]n injury is 
the proximate cause of resulting death although the deceased would have 
recovered had he been treated by the most approved surgical methods or by 
more skillful methods, or with more prudent care”). 
[¶37]  Applying these generally accepted standards, courts have 
concluded that a jury could find causation despite interceding medical 
treatment when there was no evidence that the medical care was grossly 
negligent, see People v. Saavedra-Rodriguez, 971 P.2d 223, 228-29 (Colo. 1998); 
when the wound was so dangerous on its own that the medical treatment could 
not have been the sole cause of death, see State v. Shabazz, 719 A.2d 440, 444-45 
(Conn. 1998); Wright v. State, 374 A.2d 824, 827, 828-29 (Del. 1977); State v. 
 
24 
Surbaugh, 786 S.E.2d 601, 607-08, 616 (W. Va. 2016); and when nonnegligent 
emergency treatment caused some bleeding but not enough to cause the 
victim’s death, Neal v. State, 722 S.E.2d 765, 768 (Ga. 2012).8 
[¶38]  Here, there is no evidence of medical negligence—much less gross 
medical negligence—nor any evidence that the surgery was for any purpose 
other than to treat the injuries inflicted on the victim by Limary.  Cf. id.  Although 
there was evidence that the victim could have deferred the surgery, the surgery 
was entirely foreseeable and was not cosmetic; the medical examiner opined 
that the stability of the victim’s face was at risk and that, without surgery, he 
would be in danger of bleeding or of the bones in his face healing badly and 
impeding his breathing.  The medical examiner also testified that a bone shard 
could have severed multiple blood vessels and caused the type of excessive 
sinus bleeding that he concluded had occurred here.  Given this evidence, and 
the medical examiner’s specific determination that the victim died of 
                                         
8  In contrast, a court found that the evidence was insufficient to establish causation beyond a 
reasonable doubt when the victim was stabbed in the stomach and during surgery, the surgeons 
discovered an incarcerated hernia, which they proceeded to correct after the initial surgery.  People 
v. Stewart, 358 N.E.2d 487, 489-90 (N.Y. 1976).  During that second surgical procedure, the victim 
went into cardiac arrest.  Id. at 490.  The medical examiner testified that the cardiac arrest could have 
been caused by the shock of the stab wound or by the physical strain of either operation; he also 
testified that the anesthesiologist’s report and surgeons’ report were contradictory about whether 
the anesthesiologist had failed to deliver oxygen to the victim, which alone could have caused the 
victim’s death.  Id. at 490-91.  The court concluded that it could not be ruled out as a possibility that 
the hernia operation had caused the victim’s death, “certainly not beyond a reasonable doubt.”  Id. 
at 492. 
 
25 
“hemorrhagic complications following multiple fractures of facial bones due to 
the blunt force trauma of his head,” the jury could rationally find that the 
surgery was not the sole cause of the bleeding and that the damage inflicted 
through the kick was not “clearly insufficient” to cause death.  See 17-A M.R.S. 
§ 33. 
[¶39]  Based on the evidence in the record, the jury could rationally find 
beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) the victim’s death “would not have occurred 
but for the conduct of the defendant, operating either alone or concurrently 
with another cause”; and (2) the medical care was not “clearly sufficient,” and 
the kick to the victim’s face was not “clearly insufficient,” to cause the victim’s 
death.  17-A M.R.S. § 33; see Calvaresi, 534 P.2d at 319; Soucy, 653 A.2d at 565.  
We therefore affirm the judgment of conviction. 
The entry is: 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hunter J. Tzovarras, Esq., Bangor, for appellant Jonathan Limary 
 
Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Katie Sibley, Asst. Atty. Gen., Office of the 
Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine 
 
 
Aroostook County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2018-12 
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY