Case Title: RMBS Recovery Holdings I, LLC v. HSBC Bank USA, N.A.

Citation: 

Docket Number: 180473

State: virginia

Court: Virginia Supreme Court

Date: 2019-05-30T00:00:00Z

Document:
PRESENT:  All the Justices 
 
RMBS RECOVERY HOLDINGS, I, LLC, 
ET AL. 
 
v.  Record No. 180473 
 
 
 
 
 
HSBC BANK USA, N.A.  
 
 
 
     
 
 OPINION BY 
 
 
 
                      
 
         JUSTICE S. BERNARD GOODWYN 
  May 30, 2019 
HSBC BANK USA, N.A.  
 
v.  Record No. 180557 
 
RMBS RECOVERY HOLDINGS, I, LLC, 
ET AL. 
 
 
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 
Stephen C. Shannon, Judge 
 
 
In these appeals, we consider whether the circuit court erred when it sustained a motion 
to dismiss based upon forum selection clauses, and when it denied a motion to dismiss based 
upon the doctrine of forum non conveniens. 
BACKGROUND 
On May 30, 2017, RMBS Recovery Holdings I, LLC; RMBS Recovery Holdings II, 
LLC; RMBS Recovery Holdings IV, LLC; RMBS Recovery Holdings V, LLC; Fir Tree Ref III 
Master Fund, LLC; Fir Tree Capital Opportunity Master Fund, LP; and Fir Tree Capital 
Opportunity Master Fund III, LP (collectively, Funds) filed suit against HSBC Bank USA, 
National Association (HSBC) in the Circuit Court of the County of Fairfax.  The four limited 
liability companies were organized in Delaware, and the two limited partnerships in the Cayman 
Islands.  HSBC’s main office is in McLean, Virginia, which is in Fairfax County (Fairfax), and 
HSBC does business throughout the United States, including Virginia. 
2 
 
 
The Funds assert that HSBC serves as an indenture trustee1 of three trusts in which the 
Funds have invested.  The trusts, established in 2005 and 2006, are residential mortgage-backed 
securities trusts; they are made up of thousands of residential mortgage loans.  The trusts were 
formed pursuant to pooling and service agreements (PSAs).  According to their contractual 
terms, the PSAs are to be construed according to the laws of the State of New York. 
The trusts are governed by numerous contractual provisions which require that only 
qualifying loans be deposited into the trusts.  The sponsors of the trusts, DB Structured Products, 
Inc. and Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc. (collectively Sponsors), were responsible for depositing 
only qualifying loans, and agreed to either replace or repurchase defective loans placed in the 
trusts. 
The Funds claim that without their knowledge, the trusts were “filled with defective 
mortgage loans” and HSBC, as trustee, had a duty to protect the Funds by having the Sponsors 
repurchase the deficient loans or by filing suit against the Sponsors.  Beginning in 2011, the 
Funds reportedly notified HSBC that the Sponsors had breached their representations and 
warranties, and asked HSBC to enforce the Sponsors’ repurchase obligations.  HSBC responded 
that it would not act until the Funds agreed to a Confidentiality and Indemnification Agreement 
(CIA). 
In light of the impending statutes of limitations bar, the Funds filed derivative actions 
against the Sponsors (Repurchase Actions) prior to expiration of the limitations periods.  The 
Funds and HSBC executed CIAs on July 12, 2012 and September 6, 2012.  Both dates are after 
                                                 
1 Unlike an ordinary trustee, an indenture trustee “has his [or her] rights and duties 
defined, not by the fiduciary relationship, but exclusively by the terms of the agreement.”  AG 
Capital Funding Partners, L.P. v. State St. Bank and Trust Co., 896 N.E.2d 61, 66 (N.Y. 2008) 
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 
3 
 
the statutes of limitations had expired on the claims against the Sponsors.  After the CIAs were 
executed, HSBC was substituted into the Repurchase Actions as plaintiff.  However, the 
Repurchase Actions, which were filed in New York, were dismissed as untimely because HSBC 
failed to intervene before the statutes of limitations ran. 
In the Fairfax complaint, the Funds claimed that HSBC “knowingly let the statutes of 
limitations expire, depriving certificateholders of any recourse from the [S]ponsors, and 
needlessly costing the trusts hundreds of millions of dollars.”  Based upon HSBC’s failure to act, 
the Funds claimed breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, breach of the implied 
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and violations of the Federal Trust Indenture Act. 
Motion to Dismiss for Forum Non Conveniens 
On June 29, 2017, HSBC filed a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens, pursuant to 
Code § 8.01-265.  HSBC argued that New York City was a “more convenient and practical 
forum” because (1) the Funds’ investment manager, Fir Tree Partners, Inc. (Fir Tree) is located 
in New York, (2) the PSAs were formed under New York law, (3) the related documentary 
evidence and witnesses are primarily located in New York, (4) the Repurchase Actions were 
filed in New York, and (5) New York courts are familiar with the legal issues presented in this 
case because “virtually identical” actions are pending in New York courts against indenture 
trustees of similar trusts. 
In support, HSBC attached a declaration from Thomas MacKay, HSBC’s Senior Vice 
President.  MacKay attested that (1) HSBC’s “principal executive office” and the department that 
oversees indenture trustee functions are located in New York City, (2) the Sponsors’ principal 
place of business is New York, (3) HSBC employees directly involved with the underlying 
4 
 
allegations work in New York City, and (4) one of the Repurchase Actions has been pending on 
appeal in New York since 2016. 
In response, the Funds argued that the motion should be denied because HSBC cannot 
show that Fairfax is a “substantially inconvenient” jurisdiction.  They asserted that (1) HSBC is a 
citizen of Virginia because its main office is in McLean, Virginia, (2) four of the Funds are 
Virginia citizens because they have investors who reside in and are citizens of Virginia, (3) the 
plaintiff’s choice of forum has a presumption of correctness, (4) HSBC’s employees have not 
been identified as witnesses, (5) nine of the fourteen identified witnesses live outside of New 
York, “and for most Fairfax is closer and faster to reach than New York,” (6) four of the five 
witnesses in New York are employees of litigants, and it is presumed the employer can ensure 
their testimony at trial, (7) witnesses can be deposed where they live, (8) the relevant documents 
are electronic, (9) Virginia courts are capable of applying New York law, and (10) 
“[c]onsiderations of ease, speed, and economy strongly favor Fairfax over New York,” 
especially considering New York courts permit interlocutory appeals “of right of virtually all 
trial court rulings,” thereby prolonging cases almost indefinitely. 
The Funds attached declarations of Jay S. Handlin, an attorney representing the Funds, 
and David Proman, the managing director of Fir Tree.  Handlin stated that in twenty other cases 
similar to the one at issue, including three against HSBC, all documents have been produced 
electronically and depositions have been taken of witnesses where they live or work to reduce 
inconvenience.  He also stated that Fairfax, Virginia was closer to most of the signatories to the 
PSAs at issue.  Proman listed the fourteen known witnesses, and noted that only five of them live 
or work in New York. 
5 
 
The circuit court held a hearing on HSBC’s motion to dismiss on July 21, 2017.  During 
the hearing, HSBC contended that “[t]he question is whether [Virginia] is an appropriate forum, 
and under the good cause analysis, [Virginia] is not an appropriate forum [], because everything 
that matters to this case—the witnesses, the functions, the trust, the law, the prior litigation that 
preceded this—it all took place in New York.”  By contrast, the Funds argued that the loans that 
form the basis for the misconduct allegations arise out of Virginia, New York, and multiple 
states, and many of the defective loans were made to Virginia borrowers. 
At the end of the hearing, the circuit court commented that it was counterintuitive to think 
that a “multibillion-dollar international banking institution” that “elected to have its office here 
in Fairfax” could then be inconvenienced by litigation in Fairfax.  The court reasoned, “I don’t 
think you can set up business here in Fairfax, which I suspect is probably business-friendly, and 
then when you’re sued say, oh, you can’t sue us here; come up to New York where it takes years 
to try the case.”  The court concluded that the Fairfax County Circuit Court was a proper and 
convenient forum, and denied the motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens on July 21, 2017.2 
Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Forum Selection Clauses 
From June 2017 through February 2018, the litigation of the case continued.  In addition 
to the motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens, HSBC filed and argued demurrers, a plea in 
bar, a motion craving oyer, motions for the admission of counsel, several discovery motions, and 
a motion for leave to file a third-party complaint.  It also asked for a judge to be assigned to the 
case, requested a jury trial, and agreed to a trial date.  Over the eight months, HSBC filed an 
                                                 
2 The motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens was heard and ruled upon by Judge 
Robert J. Smith of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County. 
6 
 
answer and a third-party complaint, and the circuit court held multiple hearings and either 
granted or denied HSBC’s various requests for relief. 
On November 3, 2017, the circuit court sustained HSBC’s demurrer to the good faith and 
fair dealing claim and granted the Funds leave solely to amend the good faith and fair dealing 
claim in the complaint.  On November 27, 2017, the Funds filed an amended complaint. 
In response, on December 18, 2017, HSBC filed another demurrer and an answer.  It also 
filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that forum selection clauses in the CIAs designated New York 
City as the required forum for litigation. 
HSBC attached the CIAs to the motion to dismiss.  The CIAs provide as follows: 
Section 4.8  Governing law; Jurisdiction; Waiver of Jury Trial. 
This agreement shall be construed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of 
the State of New York . . . . 
 
Each of HSBC, the Instructing Parties and the Master Funds3 irrevocably 
and unconditionally agrees and consents to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts 
of the State of New York and of the United States of America located in the City 
of New York, New York for any actions, suits or proceedings arising out of or 
relating to this agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby, and further 
agrees not to commence any action, suit or proceedings relating thereto except in 
such courts. 
 
HSBC and the Funds signed both CIAs.  HSBC contended that the language of the forum 
selection clauses in the CIAs is broad enough to include the claims alleged by the Funds in the 
amended complaint. 
 
On February 2, 2018, the circuit court held a hearing on HSBC’s motion to dismiss based 
upon the forum selection clauses.  The Funds argued that the motion to dismiss was another 
venue motion by HSBC, which HSBC should have raised when it moved to dismiss for forum 
                                                 
3 The “Instructing Parties” include the four RMBS Recovery plaintiffs and the “Master 
Funds” include the three Fir Tree plaintiffs, of the Funds. 
7 
 
non conveniens.  The Funds contended that the motion was untimely because, under Code 
§ 8.01-264(A), challenges to venue are to be filed within 21 days of the initial service of process.  
The Funds also asserted that HSBC waived any objection to venue by continuing to participate in 
litigation from June through December of 2017, and that the forum selection clauses do not apply 
to the case at bar. 
HSBC responded that its assertion of the forum selection clauses was not a venue 
challenge and Code § 8.01-264 did not apply because it was not arguing that venue was 
improper.  HSBC further noted that no Virginia state court has found a forum selection clause to 
be waivable. 
The circuit court subsequently granted the motion to dismiss based upon the forum 
selection clauses.  The court found that the motion to dismiss was based on improper venue, and 
that it was timely filed under Code § 8.01-264.  The court reasoned that HSBC’s assertion of the 
forum selection clauses was timely because it was a venue objection brought within 21 days of 
the amended complaint being filed. 
The circuit court also found that HSBC had not waived its right to enforce the forum 
selection clauses.  The circuit court reasoned that the Funds’ assertion that HSBC had waived its 
venue argument by continuing to litigate in the court was unavailing because “[u]ntil the 
amended complaint was filed by plaintiffs, defendant could not attempt to transfer venue again, 
so it was resigned to file [its pleadings] in this court, until it was statutorily permitted to argue for 
a change in venue a second time,” upon the filing of the amended complaint.  The court found 
that the Funds would not be prejudiced by having the case litigated in New York.  The circuit 
court also concluded that under the PSAs, HSBC was not required to sue until the CIAs were 
8 
 
finalized, and in the CIAs the parties agreed to litigate in New York, which is, therefore, where 
the case belongs.  The circuit court dismissed the amended complaint without prejudice. 
The Funds and HSBC filed separate appeals.  The Funds appeal the dismissal of the 
amended complaint based upon the forum selection clauses.  HSBC appeals the denial of its 
motion to dismiss based upon the doctrine of forum non conveniens. 
ANALYSIS 
A. Dismissal of the Funds’ Amended Complaint Based Upon the Forum Selection Clauses 
On appeal, the Funds argue that HSBC’s motion to dismiss based on the CIA forum 
selection clauses should have been denied as untimely under Code § 8.01-264(A), because the 
motion was not raised in HSBC’s responsive pleadings following the commencement of the 
action.  They further argue that the circuit court erred in finding that HSBC did not waive its 
objection to venue on the basis of the forum selection clauses because HSBC did not raise its 
objection until six months into litigation, after filing a forum non conveniens motion, a demurrer, 
pleas in bar, a motion craving oyer, an answer, a third-party complaint, requesting a trial by jury, 
and agreeing on a jury trial date.  They also argue that if they are forced to re-litigate in New 
York, it will take three to five years, which is inconsistent with Virginia’s policy on the 
administration of justice without delay or prejudice. 
In response, HSBC argues that Code § 8.01-264 does not apply because the motion to 
dismiss was not an objection to venue within the statute’s meaning of that term.  It contends that 
Code § 8.01-264 is limited to venue challenges that allege the present forum is an improper 
venue, and HSBC’s motion to dismiss did not allege that the circuit court was an improper 
forum. 
9 
 
HSBC also argues that it did not waive enforcement of the forum selection clauses 
because it opposed the forum at each available opportunity, and the law in Virginia favors 
enforcement of forum selection clauses and disfavors finding waiver. 
“[M]atters of substantive law are governed by the law of the place of the transaction, and 
matters of remedy and procedure are governed by the law of the place where the action is 
brought.”  Willard v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 213 Va. 481, 483 (1973).  “Questions of venue and 
the enforcement of forum selection clauses are essentially procedural, rather than substantive, in 
nature.”  Jones v. Weibrecht, 901 F.2d 17, 19 (2d Cir. 1990); see also Albemarle Corp. v. 
AstraZeneca UK Ltd., 628 F.3d 643, 650 (4th Cir. 2010) (“As an agreement purporting to modify 
or waive the venue of a federal court, a forum selection clause implicates what is recognized as a 
procedural matter.”).  Thus, we must look to Virginia law to determine whether the circuit court 
erred in ruling that the timeliness of the motion to dismiss was governed by Code § 8.01-264, 
and that HSBC did not waive its right to assert the forum selection clauses as a basis for a change 
in venue. 
A question of statutory interpretation presents a question of law, subject to de novo 
review by this Court.  Boynton v. Kilgore, 271 Va. 220, 227 (2006).  In our analysis, we seek to 
give effect to the legislature’s intent in enacting the statute by applying the plain meaning of the 
language used.  Id. 
Code § 8.01-260 states that “the venue for any action shall be deemed proper only if laid 
in accordance with the provisions of §§ 8.01-261 and 8.01-262.”  (Emphases added.)  Code 
§ 8.01-261 lists forums designated as “Category A” or preferred venues, and, in turn, Code 
§ 8.01-262 lists forums designated as “Category B” or permissible venues.  The parties’ choice 
10 
 
of forum under a forum selection clause is not mentioned as either a preferred or permissible 
venue. 
Code § 8.01-264(A) provides that venue “shall be subject to objection” if laid in “forums 
other than those designated by this chapter [§§ 8.01-257 to -267].” 
In actions where venue is subject to objection, the action may nevertheless be 
tried where it is commenced, and the venue irregularity shall be deemed to have 
been waived unless the defendant objects to venue by motion filed . . . within 
twenty-one days after service of process commencing the action, or within the 
period of any extension of time for filing responsive pleadings fixed by order of 
the court. . . . If such motion is sustained, the court shall order the venue 
transferred to a proper forum under the appropriate provisions of [Code] 
§§ 8.01-195.4, 8.01-260, 8.01-261 and 8.01-262 and shall so notify each party. 
 
Id. (emphases added). 
Relevant to this case, Code § 8.01-262(1) provides that venue is permissible in the county 
“[w]herein [the defendant’s] principal office or principal place of business is located.”  It is not 
disputed that Fairfax is a permissible venue for this action. 
HSBC did not allege a venue irregularity that would be subject to objection in the manner 
described in Code § 8.01-264(A).  Code § 8.01-264(A) does not address an instance, as here, in 
which venue is properly laid but another forum has been otherwise agreed to by the parties in a 
forum selection clause.  See Atlantic Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for the W. Dist. of 
Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 59 (2013) (“[A] forum selection clause does not render venue in a court 
‘wrong’ or ‘improper.’”).  Thus, the circuit court erred when it found that HSBC sought timely 
enforcement of the forum selection clauses because its motion purportedly complied with the 
requirements of Code § 8.01-264(A).  Code § 8.01-264 does not address or apply to motions to 
dismiss based upon forum selection clauses, and the circuit court erred when it placed significant 
weight on and erroneously determined this improper factor. 
11 
 
“[N]otwithstanding the provisions of [Code] §§ 8.01-195.4, 8.01-260, 8.01-261 and 8.01-
262,” for good cause shown, a court may dismiss an action in favor of “a more convenient 
forum.”  Code § 8.01-265.  “Good cause shall be deemed to include, but not be limited to, the 
agreement of the parties.”  Code § 8.01-265 (emphasis added). 
Thus, venue can be challenged even if there are no statutory irregularities concerning the 
chosen venue, and a contractual forum selection clause may constitute good cause to dismiss an 
action in favor of an agreed forum.  While not a statutory venue challenge, a motion to dismiss 
on the basis of a contractually-agreed forum selection clause is a type of challenge to the venue 
of the court.  See Atlantic Marine Constr., 571 U.S. at 63-64 (describing the agreement to bring 
suit in a specified forum as a choice of venue). 
“An objection to venue is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court” and the 
court’s decision “will not be reversed on appeal unless the record affirmatively reflects an abuse 
of discretion.”  Meyer v. Brown, 256 Va. 53, 56-57 (1998).  A circuit court abuses its discretion 
when a relevant factor that should have been given significant weight is not 
considered; when an irrelevant or improper factor is considered and given 
significant weight; and when all proper factors, and no improper ones, are 
considered, but the court, in weighing those factors, commits a clear error of 
judgment. 
 
Lambert v. Sea Oats Condo. Ass’n, Inc., 293 Va. 245, 253 (2017) (citation and internal quotation 
marks omitted).  A circuit court also abuses its discretion when it is guided by erroneous legal 
conclusions.  Id. 
“[C]ontractual provisions limiting the place or court where potential actions between the 
parties may be brought are prima facie valid and should be enforced, unless the party challenging 
enforcement establishes that such provisions are unfair or unreasonable, or are affected by fraud 
or unequal bargaining power.”  Paul Bus. Sys., Inc. v. Canon U.S.A., Inc., 240 Va. 337, 342 
12 
 
(1990).  However, a party to a contract may waive a right conferred upon it by the contract.  
Roenke v. Virginia Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 209 Va. 128, 135 (1968).  The right being for 
that party’s benefit, that party may choose whether to exercise or waive the right.  Id.  “[T]he 
owner of such right may waive it expressly, either in writing or by parol, and impliedly by 
inconsistent conduct.”  Id. (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).  
“[A] waiver must be express, or, if it is to be implied, it must be established by clear and 
convincing evidence.”  Pysell v. Keck, 263 Va. 457, 460 (2002) (citation and internal quotation 
marks omitted). 
As with other contractual provisions, to determine whether a party has waived 
enforcement of a forum selection clause, the court must consider the extent to which the party 
has taken actions inconsistent with its enforcement.  See Hanover Fire Ins. Co. v. Drake, 170 Va. 
257, 263-64 (1938) (holding that an insurance company waived its right to enforce an appraisal 
provision in the insurance policy as a condition precedent to suit by entering into negotiations 
and pursuing settlement, which was inconsistent with enforcing that provision); Kettler Int’l, Inc. 
v. Starbucks Corp., 55 F. Supp. 3d 839, 849-50 (E.D. Va. 2014) (holding that a defendant waived 
its right to enforce a forum selection clause by filing a third-party complaint against the plaintiff 
on the same contract in a forum other than that designated by the forum selection clause).  
Factors relevant to this determination include the timeliness of the party’s assertion of the clause 
and the degree to which the party has continued to utilize the “litigation machinery” in the 
unauthorized forum.  See Kettler, 55 F. Supp. 3d at 850 (finding waiver of a forum selection 
clause when a party has taken action inconsistent with its enforcement or delayed its enforcement 
to the prejudice of the opposing party); see also MicroStrategy, Inc. v. Lauricia, 268 F.3d 244, 
249 (4th Cir. 2001) (finding waiver of a right to arbitration “if the party so substantially utiliz[es] 
13 
 
the litigation machinery that to subsequently permit arbitration would prejudice” the opposing 
party, and that “delay and the extent of the moving party’s trial-oriented activity are material 
factors”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 
When it is established that the party has relinquished its right, having knowledge of the 
right and the intention to waive it, the waiver will be enforced.  Woodmen of World Life Ins. 
Soc’y v. Grant, 185 Va. 288, 299 (1946).  “It is, of course, elementary that silence, when there is 
a duty to speak, may result in the waiver of one’s rights or the estoppel to assert them.”  Virginia 
Auto Mut. Ins. Co. v. Brillhart, 187 Va. 336, 349 (1948). 
Accordingly, the prescriptions of timeliness contained in Code § 8.01-264, while not 
statutorily applicable, may be informative in determining whether the defendant has acted 
inconsistently with its right to assert the forum selection clause.  In Faison v. Hudson, 243 Va. 
413, 418 (1992), this Court held that the defendant waived her objection to venue under Code 
§ 8.01-264 because she delayed seeking dismissal or transfer of the case for six months after she 
filed her objection.  While her objection was timely filed as required by Code § 8.01-264, we 
held that the objection to venue also had to be asserted promptly.  Id.  Thus, we ruled that the 
circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it found that the defendant waived her objection to 
venue when she failed to notice her objection for hearing until six months later.  Id. 
 
Similarly, in this case, HSBC agreed to the forum selection clauses in 2012, and thus, 
knew of its right under these provisions prior to the Funds’ commencing this action, but did not 
mention the CIAs or their forum selection clauses in any of its responses to the complaint.  
Before filing the motion to dismiss based upon the forum selection clauses, HSBC extensively 
utilized the “litigation machinery” of the circuit court by arguing and receiving rulings on a 
demurrer, a plea in bar, a motion craving oyer, several discovery motions, a motion to have a 
14 
 
judge assigned to the case, leave to file a third-party complaint, and a motion to dismiss on the 
grounds of forum non conveniens.  Had HSBC intended to enforce the clauses, it could have 
mentioned them in its motion to dismiss.  See Code § 8.01-265 (“Good cause [to dismiss an 
action in favor of a more convenient forum] shall be deemed to include, but not to be limited to, 
the agreement of the parties.”).  It did not do so.  Instead, HSBC chose to pursue litigation in the 
circuit court for more than six months in a manner that was inconsistent with its supposed 
contractual right to litigate in New York. 
The circuit court erred in concluding that the filing of an amended complaint provided 
HSBC the statutory right to assert its motion to dismiss based upon the forum selection clause.  
As noted above, Code § 8.01-264 does not address forum selection clauses and provided no 
statutory excuse for HSBC’s delay in asserting its alleged contractual right to a different venue. 
The circuit court failed to consider and to give significant weight to the appropriate 
factors of timeliness in asserting the contractual right and the extent to which HSBC acted 
inconsistently with the intention to enforce the forum selection clauses.  Thus, it abused its 
discretion when it dismissed the action on the basis of the CIA forum selection clauses because 
the record demonstrates that HSBC waived its right to enforce the clauses.  We conclude that 
HSBC’s delay in asserting the forum selection clauses, while actively continuing litigation, 
resulted in a waiver of the right to rely upon that contractual provision.  For this reason, we 
reverse the circuit court as to its dismissal of the amended complaint under the forum selection 
clauses. 
B.  Denial of Motion to Dismiss Based Upon the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens 
 
HSBC argues that the circuit court erred when it denied HSBC’s motion to dismiss on the 
basis of forum non conveniens.  It contends that it demonstrated “good cause” to dismiss the 
15 
 
action under Code § 8.01-265, because trial in New York would avoid “substantial 
inconvenience” in that none of the witnesses are located in Virginia but all of HSBC’s relevant 
employee-witnesses, and several of the Funds’ witnesses, are located in New York; the relevant 
documents are located in New York; and HSBC’s principal place of business, including its 
indenture trustee business, is New York.  HSBC argues that New York courts would have 
compulsory process over any New York witnesses and their documents, while Virginia courts 
have no compulsory process where all witnesses are out of state.  HSBC acknowledges that cases 
are tried more quickly in Virginia, but asserts that the circuit court neglected to account for ease 
and expense in considering the efficiency of the litigation.  It further contends that this case 
concerns “a complex and evolving body of New York law” regarding the duties of indenture 
trustees, and could be consolidated with similar cases currently being litigated in New York 
courts. 
By contrast, the Funds argue that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it 
denied the motion to dismiss premised on the doctrine of forum non conveniens because there is 
a meaningful connection with Virginia and the Funds’ choice of forum is presumed correct.  The 
Funds contend there is a meaningful connection to Virginia because HSBC’s main office is 
registered here, four investors in the Funds are Virginia residents who were impacted by HSBC’s 
wrongs, and more than $15 million in damages sought in this case relate to delinquent loans 
issued to Virginia borrowers.  The Funds also note that Virginia is closer to most of the witnesses 
and trials are resolved more expeditiously in Virginia.  Further, the Funds contend that HSBC 
failed to rebut the presumption that their choice of forum is correct. 
Virginia’s forum non conveniens statute provides, 
the court wherein an action is commenced may, upon motion by any party and for 
good cause shown, (i) dismiss an action brought by a person who is not a resident 
16 
 
of the Commonwealth without prejudice under such conditions as the court deems 
appropriate if the cause of action arose outside of the Commonwealth and if the 
court determines that a more convenient forum which has jurisdiction over all 
parties is available in a jurisdiction other than the Commonwealth . . . . 
 
Code § 8.01-265 (emphases added).  “Good cause shall be deemed to include, but not to be 
limited to, the agreement of the parties or the avoidance of substantial inconvenience to the 
parties or the witnesses, or complying with the law of any other state or the United States.”  Id. 
(emphasis added). 
There is no formula for application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens but 
circumstances ordinarily considered include “relative ease of access to sources of proof; 
availability of compulsory process for attendance of unwilling [witnesses], and the cost of 
obtaining attendance of willing witnesses; . . . and all other practical problems that make trial of 
a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive.”  Norfolk and Western Ry. Co. v. Williams, 239 Va. 
390, 393 (1990) (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 
A “presumption of correctness attaches to a plaintiff’s choice of forum” but this 
presumption is not absolute.  Id. at 394.  “[T]he weight afforded that choice is diminished 
when . . . the action has at best only a technical, formal connection with the original court 
chosen.”  Id. at 395-96.  “Careful consideration of the facts, a balancing of the competing 
interests, and an analysis of the appropriate principles must be undertaken in each case.”  Id. at 
393. 
Here, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in finding that good cause did not exist 
to dismiss the Virginia litigation based upon the principles of forum non conveniens.  The circuit 
court appropriately considered the practicalities that make a trial “easy, expeditious, and 
inexpensive” when it considered that HSBC’s registered office is in McLean, Virginia; that nine 
of the Funds’ witnesses could more easily reach Virginia than New York; that litigation is 
17 
 
several years faster in Virginia; and that there is a presumption of correctness ascribed to the 
Funds’ choice of forum.  HSBC did not identify any witnesses expected to testify, and while 
HSBC conducts its indenture trustee operations in New York, there was no evidence it could not 
recover related documents electronically just as easily in Virginia.  Accordingly, we cannot 
conclude that the circuit court abused its discretion in finding that HSBC did not present good 
cause for dismissing the action under the doctrine of forum non conveniens.  For this reason, we 
affirm the circuit court’s judgment denying the motion to dismiss based on the doctrine of forum 
non conveniens. 
CONCLUSION 
 
The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part and reversed in part.  We affirm that 
portion of the circuit court’s disposition denying HSBC’s motion to dismiss based on the 
doctrine of forum non conveniens.  We reverse the circuit court’s judgment dismissing the case 
by enforcing the forum selection clauses, and we remand the case for further proceedings 
consistent with this opinion. 
Affirmed in part,  
reversed in part,  
                                                                                                                              and remanded.