Case Title: PGE v. Ebasco Services, Inc.

Citation: 

Docket Number: S060584

State: oregon

Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Date: 2013-07-25T00:00:00Z

Document:
1 
Filed:  July 25, 2013 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON 
 
PORTLAND GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY,  
an Oregon corporation, 
Plaintiff-Respondent, 
Petitioner on Review, 
 
v. 
 
 
EBASCO SERVICES, INC.,  
fka Esicorp, Inc.; et al., 
Defendants, 
 
 
and 
 
 
LEXINGTON INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
Defendant-Appellant, 
Respondent on Review. 
_________________________________________________________________ 
EECI, INC., a Nevada corporation, 
 
Third-Party Plaintiff, 
 
v. 
 
 
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY,  
a New York Corporation; et al., 
 
Third-Party Defendants. 
 
(CC CV05120776; CA A143752; SC S060584) 
 
 
En Banc 
 
 
On review from the Court of Appeals.* 
 
 
Argued and submitted April 29, 2013. 
 
 
 
2 
 
Brian R. Talcott, Dunn Carney Allen Higgins and Tongue, LLP, Portland, argued 
the cause for petitioner on review.  With him on the brief were Thomas H. Tongue and 
Bridget D. Lynn. 
 
 
David M. Axelrad, Horitz & Levy LLP, Encino, California, argued the cause for 
respondent on review.  On the brief were Stephen F. Deatherage and Daniel F. McNeil, 
Bullivant Houser Bailey, PC, Portland. 
 
 
BREWER, J. 
 
 
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded to the 
Court of Appeals for further proceedings. 
 
 
 
*Appeal from Clackamas County Circuit Court, Robert D. Herndon, Judge. 248 
Or App 91, 273 P3d 165 (2012) 
 
 
 
 
1 
 
 
BREWER, J. 
1 
 
 
Plaintiff Portland General Electric Company (PGE) seeks review of a Court 
2 
of Appeals decision that reversed and remanded a trial court order denying defendant 
3 
Lexington Insurance Company's motion under ORCP 71 to set aside a default judgment 
4 
entered against it in PGE's favor, on the ground that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to 
5 
enter the default judgment.  On review, the issues are (1) whether a default judgment 
6 
awarding monetary relief violates ORCP 67 C if the underlying complaint did not state 
7 
the specific amount of money or damages being sought; and (2) if so, whether such a 
8 
defect renders the judgment merely voidable and therefore not subject to collateral attack 
9 
or, instead, renders the judgment void and therefore subject to challenge at any time.  We 
10 
conclude that the default judgment did violate ORCP 67 C in the asserted respect.  
11 
However, we also conclude that, in the circumstances of this case, the rule violation did 
12 
not render the judgment void.  Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the Court of 
13 
Appeals and remand to that court for further proceedings. 
14 
 
 
The pertinent facts are procedural and not in dispute.  A former employee 
15 
of PGE brought a personal-injury action against PGE based on asbestos exposure.  In 
16 
December 2005, after settling that action, PGE sued certain insurers that had issued 
17 
insurance policies to PGE for the period during which the exposure had occurred.  In its 
18 
complaint, PGE alleged that it had entered into a confidential settlement agreement in the 
19 
underlying asbestos personal injury case; that it had tendered its claims to its insurers; 
20 
that it had fulfilled its obligations under the policies or was excused from any such 
21 
obligations; that the policies provided coverage for the claims resulting in the settlement; 
22 
 
2 
and that PGE's insurers had breached the insurance contracts by failing to indemnify PGE 
1 
for the settlement.  In the prayer of the complaint, PGE sought a judgment providing that 
2 
the insurers were "liable to reimburse [PGE] regarding the settlement of the underlying 
3 
lawsuit."  Lexington was one of the insurers, and it was a party to a policy providing 
4 
coverage not to exceed $5 million.  Because it had only a 16-percent share in that policy, 
5 
Lexington had a maximum exposure of $800,000.  However, PGE did not allege any 
6 
specific amount of monetary loss or damages that resulted from Lexington's breach of its 
7 
indemnity obligation.  Although a copy of the pertinent insurance policy was attached to 
8 
the complaint as an exhibit, PGE did not allege that it was seeking damages equivalent to 
9 
the liability limit under that policy.  Moreover, PGE's complaint did not specify the 
10 
amount of money for which PGE had settled the underlying asbestos-exposure litigation, 
11 
stating instead that the settlement amount had been "reasonable."  
12 
 
 
In 2006, PGE served the complaint on a New York law firm specified in 
13 
the policy as an authorized agent for service of process on the subscribing insurers.  That 
14 
firm forwarded the complaint to another law firm, which filed an answer on behalf of 
15 
other insurers but not on behalf of Lexington, because it did not represent Lexington.  All 
16 
the other solvent insurer defendants appeared and defended, but Lexington did not. 
17 
 
 
About three years after PGE filed its original complaint, it moved for an 
18 
order of default and for a limited judgment of default against Lexington for $800,000, 
19 
plus costs and attorney fees.  That motion was served on the firm that represented the 
20 
 
3 
other subscribing insurers, but it was not served on Lexington.1  The motion included a 
1 
declaration that PGE's loss in the underlying personal-injury action exceeded "the 
2 
$800,000 policy limit provided by Lexington."  In January 2009, the trial court granted 
3 
PGE's motion and entered an order of default and limited judgment on default against 
4 
Lexington for $800,000, plus $26,865 in costs and attorney fees.  Lexington learned of 
5 
the default judgment almost immediately, and it retained counsel to review the matter.   
6 
 
 
Lexington did not appeal the judgment.  Rather, it brought a collateral 
7 
challenge to it.  In July 2009, Lexington filed a motion to set aside the default judgment 
8 
under ORCP 71.  In that motion, Lexington sought relief solely on the grounds of its 
9 
asserted excusable neglect in failing to appear and the trial court's "inherent discretion."  
10 
The trial court concluded that Lexington had failed to provide a reasonable explanation 
11 
for its failure to appear and, accordingly, denied the motion.  The court later entered a 
12 
supplemental judgment awarding PGE additional costs and attorney fees. 
13 
 
 
Lexington appealed both the supplemental judgment and the order denying 
14 
its motion to set aside the limited judgment of default.  On appeal, Lexington asserted for 
15 
the first time that the trial court had lacked jurisdiction to enter the default judgment 
16 
awarding monetary relief on the ground that PGE had failed to comply with ORCP 67 C.2   
17 
                                              
 
1  
PGE was not required to serve Lexington with its motion for default under 
ORCP 69, nor was it required to provide notice to Lexington under ORCP 69 B(2), 
because Lexington had filed neither an appearance nor written notice of intent to file an 
appearance. 
 
2  
ORCP 67 C provides: 
 
 
4 
Lexington argued that, because PGE had not demanded a specific amount of monetary 
1 
relief in its complaint, the default judgment awarded an amount "exceeding the amount 
2 
prayed for in the pleadings."  In Lexington's view, that defect rendered the entire 
3 
judgment void.3  PGE responded that the complaint had provided Lexington with "all of 
4 
the information necessary to allow it to understand the claim being asserted and to assess 
5 
its risk of not appearing."  In particular, PGE relied on the complaint's allegation that the 
6 
subscribing insurers had breached a specific $5 million insurance policy -- attached as an 
7 
exhibit to the complaint -- that outlined Lexington's 16-percent share and $800,000 
8 
exposure limit.   
9 
 
 
  The Court of Appeals concluded that the default judgment was void 
10 
because PGE had failed to state a specific amount of damages in its complaint.  PGE v. 
11 
Ebasco Services, Inc., 248 Or App 91, 100-01, 273 P3d 165 (2012).  Relying on its prior 
12 
decision in Montoya v. Housing Authority of Portland, 192 Or App 408, 416, 86 P3d 80 
13 
                                              
 
"Every judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose 
favor it is rendered is entitled.  A judgment for relief different in kind from 
or exceeding the amount prayed for in the pleadings may not be rendered 
unless reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard are given to any party 
against whom the judgment is to be entered." 
 
3  
Lexington also argued on appeal that (1) the trial court had lacked 
jurisdiction to enter the default judgment because PGE had filed an amended complaint 
seeking additional relief in the form of attorney fees, and it never served Lexington with 
the amended complaint; and (2) the trial court had erred in denying Lexington's motion to 
set aside the default judgment on the ground of excusable neglect.  Because it deemed 
Lexington's unpreserved jurisdictional challenge to be dispositive, the Court of Appeals 
did not address Lexington's alternative arguments. 
 
5 
(2004), the court concluded that ORCP 67 C imposes a jurisdictional requirement, such 
1 
that a trial court lacks jurisdiction to enter a default judgment in any amount where the 
2 
underlying complaint failed to specify the amount of monetary relief sought.  Ebasco 
3 
Services, 248 Or App at 100.  In Montoya, the Court of Appeals had considered whether 
4 
a default judgment was void for lack of jurisdiction because, in violation of ORCP 67 C, 
5 
the amount of damages awarded exceeded the amount pleaded.  In concluding that the 
6 
rule had been violated and that the defect was jurisdictional, the court explained: 
7 
"'In reaching a conclusion as to what statutory provisions are jurisdictional, 
8 
a distinction may be made between procedures which are required both by 
9 
statute and also by the due process clause of the constitution on the one 
10 
hand, and procedures required by statute alone, over and beyond anything 
11 
rendered necessary by the constitution, on the other. * * * Those 
12 
requirements of statute which are essential to due process are, of course, 
13 
jurisdictional, and we think that statutory requirements over and beyond the 
14 
bare necessities of due process may also be jurisdictional, but only if it is 
15 
the legislative intent to make them so.'" 
16 
192 Or App at 415-16 (quoting Frederick v. Douglas Co. et al., 176 Or 54, 63-64 
17 
10, 155 P2d 925 (1945)).  The court reasoned that ORCP 67 C is jurisdictional because 
18 
awarding more than the amount prayed for by default without notice and the opportunity 
19 
to be heard is the functional equivalent of taking a default judgment on a complaint 
20 
without service of process.  Id. at 416.  Thus, the court held that the default judgment was 
21 
void to the extent that it awarded monetary relief exceeding the amount prayed for in the 
22 
complaint.  Id. 
23 
 
 
In this case, the Court of Appeals extended its reasoning in Montoya to the 
24 
circumstance where PGE's complaint had not provided Lexington with notice "that [PGE] 
25 
sought to recover any particular amount in damages from [Lexington]."  Ebasco Services, 
26 
 
6 
248 Or App at 100.  The court concluded that the insurance policy attached to the 
1 
complaint did not cure the posited defect because the complaint did not otherwise state 
2 
that PGE sought the maximum amount allowed under the policy or indicate that the 
3 
underlying asbestos-exposure case had been settled for more than that amount.  Id.  The 
4 
court ultimately concluded that the default judgment was void, and it directed the trial 
5 
court on remand to vacate the default order; the court also vacated the supplemental 
6 
judgment awarding attorney fees, costs, and disbursements.  Id. at 100-01.  PGE 
7 
petitioned for reconsideration, arguing that the default judgment should be left intact 
8 
insofar as it adjudged Lexington liable for breach of contract.  The Court of Appeals 
9 
denied reconsideration. 
10 
 
 
On review, PGE asserts that ORCP 67 C imposes procedural requirements 
11 
that do not implicate a trial court's jurisdiction and, accordingly, that the Court of 
12 
Appeals erred in concluding that the default judgment was void.  PGE urges that entry of 
13 
the default judgment in this case was consistent with due process because the underlying 
14 
complaint had adequately informed Lexington of the nature of the claim and the amounts 
15 
potentially at issue.  Finally, PGE asserts that, in any event, the default judgment should 
16 
not be deemed void as to its adjudication of Lexington's liability for breach of contract 
17 
because, in that respect, the judgment did not differ from the relief sought in the 
18 
complaint.  
19 
 
 
Lexington responds that the Court of Appeals decision in Montoya was 
20 
correct and that the result reached in this case flows logically from that analysis.  
21 
Lexington observes that this court has stated that a trial court lacks jurisdiction to 
22 
 
7 
adjudicate a matter where notice to the defendant "is so defective that it does not satisfy 
1 
the requirement of due process."  Hood River County v. Dabney, 246 Or 14, 21, 423 P2d 
2 
954 (1967).  According to Lexington, fundamental principles of due process required 
3 
PGE to give notice in its complaint of the amount of monetary relief that it sought, so that 
4 
Lexington could make an informed decision whether to incur the expense of defending 
5 
against the action.  Because the complaint failed to give such notice, Lexington asserts 
6 
that entry of the default judgment violated its due process rights and deprived the trial 
7 
court of jurisdiction to enter a default judgment.  Moreover, Lexington argues that the 
8 
posited defect necessarily infected the entire default judgment, rendering it void. 
9 
  
 
 We begin our analysis by noting what is not in dispute on review:  the trial 
10 
court had subject matter jurisdiction in this action and, because Lexington was properly 
11 
served with summons and the original complaint,4 the court also had personal jurisdiction 
12 
over Lexington.  See School Dist. No. 1, Mult. Co. v. Nilsen, 262 Or 559, 566, 499 P2d 
13 
1309 (1972) (holding that an Oregon court has subject matter jurisdiction over an action 
14 
if constitution, statute, or common law tells court to do something about specific kind of 
15 
dispute presented); Woods v. Carl Karcher Enterprises, Inc., 341 Or 549, 556-57, 146 
16 
P3d 319 (2006) (service of summons and complaint gives "the court personal jurisdiction 
17 
over the defendant, imposing on the defendant a number of immediate obligations (such 
18 
as filing an appearance and responding to the complaint) and a host of potentially adverse 
19 
                                              
 
4  
As noted, PGE properly served the agent whom Lexington had identified in 
the insurance policy.  
 
8 
consequences").  Generally speaking, when a trial court has both subject matter 
1 
jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction, its judgment, even if erroneous, is not void.  State 
2 
ex rel English v. Multnomah County, 348 Or 417, 440, 238 P3d 980 (2010); State v. 
3 
McDonnell, 343 Or 557, 563, 176 P3d 1236 (2007).   
4 
 
 
In McDonnell, we explained that a void judgment is one that "has no legal 
5 
force or effect" and can be attacked "at any time and any place, whether directly or 
6 
collaterally"; a voidable judgment, in contrast, is one that "is irregular or erroneous" 
7 
although it is "rendered by a court having jurisdiction."  343 Or at 562 (quoting Black's 
8 
Law Dictionary 861 (8th ed 2004)).  A voidable judgment may be attacked through only 
9 
a direct appeal or a cognizable collateral challenge, for example, under ORCP 71 B.5  See 
10 
Ketcham v. Selles, 304 Or 529, 534-35, 748 P2d 67 (1987) (purported default judgment 
11 
that did not qualify as judgment because it did not resolve all issues among all parties was 
12 
voidable, not void, and could not be collaterally attacked in a proceeding to execute 
13 
judgment); see also Johnson v. Johnson, 302 Or 382, 394, 730 P2d 1221 (1986) 
14 
(entertaining, albeit denying on merits, collateral challenge to dissolution judgment on 
15 
ground of extrinsic fraud under ORCP 71 C).  Congruently with that distinction, 
16 
principles relating to preservation of error do not apply to void judgments; those 
17 
principles do, however, apply to the assertion of error with respect to judgments that are 
18 
                                              
 
5  
ORCP 71 (B)(1) provides, in part, that "the court may relieve a party or 
such party's legal representative from a judgment for * * * (a) mistake, inadvertence, 
surprise, or excusable neglect[.]"   
 
9 
merely voidable.  Ailes v. Portland Meadows, Inc., 312 Or 376, 383, 823 P2d 956 (1991).  
1 
 
 
With that background in mind, we turn to the question whether the default 
2 
judgment in this case violated ORCP 67 C.  We begin with the text of ORCP 67 C itself, 
3 
which provides: 
4 
 
"Every judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose 
5 
favor it is rendered is entitled.  A judgment for relief different in kind from 
6 
or exceeding the amount prayed for in the pleadings may not be rendered 
7 
unless reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard are given to any party 
8 
against whom the judgment is to be entered." 
9 
ORCP 18 B, which sets out the pleading rule that ORCP 67 C reinforces, requires that a 
10 
complaint contain "[a] demand of the relief which the party claims" and, "if recovery of 
11 
money or damages is demanded, the amount thereof shall be stated."6  PGE concedes that 
12 
its claim for breach of contract sought recovery of money or damages for purposes of 
13 
both the ORCP 18 B requirement that an amount be pleaded and the ORCP 67 C 
14 
prohibition against a judgment exceeding the amount prayed for in the complaint.  PGE 
15 
does not, however, concede that the default judgment violated ORCP 67 C.7  
16 
                                              
 
6  
The original staff comment to ORCP 67 C demonstrates the connection 
between the two rules: 
"In a case where money damages are claimed, the damages recoverable are 
limited to the prayer.  Note that ORCP 18 B requires a statement in the 
prayer of the amount of damages claimed." 
Fredric R. Merrill, Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure: 1984 Handbook 154 (staff 
comment). 
 
7  
In a footnote in its brief on review, PGE suggests that it is "questionable" 
whether the default judgment implicated ORCP 67 C because the complaint did not seek 
any specific amount of money or damages.  Because PGE has not developed any 
 
 
10 
Accordingly, we briefly turn to that issue.   
1 
 
 
As discussed, the claim in question was for breach of an insurance contract, 
2 
seeking monetary relief from Lexington in the unspecified amount of the settlement that 
3 
PGE had paid in the underlying asbestos-exposure personal injury case, together with 
4 
associated costs and attorney fees.  PGE notes that the complaint incorporated the 
5 
pertinent insurance policy as an exhibit, and the policy reflected that Lexington's pro rata 
6 
share of the policy limits was 16 percent of $5 million, or $800,000.  Based on those 
7 
references, PGE asserts that the complaint sufficiently stated the amount of monetary 
8 
relief that PGE sought.  We disagree. 
9 
 
 
The fact that -- albeit inartfully -- the complaint implicitly might have 
10 
capped PGE's primary damages at Lexington's pro rata share of the policy limits, is not 
11 
the same as stating the amount of money or damages demanded.  In fact, the complaint 
12 
did not demand money or damages in the amount of $800,000 or, as required by ORCP 
13 
18 B, in any stated amount.  Accordingly, we conclude that the default judgment violated 
14 
ORCP 67 C because the complaint did not seek any amount of damages.       
15 
 
 
The greater challenge is to determine the effect of that violation in the 
16 
circumstances of this collateral attack on the default judgment.  Both before and after the 
17 
adoption of the Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure, this court generally has treated 
18 
erroneously entered judgments as voidable, rather than void.  For example, in Travelers 
19 
                                              
argument pertaining to that suggestion, we do not consider it further.   
 
11 
Insurance Co. v. Staiger, 157 Or 143, 69 P2d 1069 (1937) -- an action to recover on a 
1 
promissory note -- the plaintiff obtained a judgment against the defendants that included 
2 
certain amounts for costs and disbursements, and the defendants did not timely appeal.  
3 
Id. at 146.  Subsequent enforcement of the judgment resulted in the sale of the 
4 
defendants' property.  Id.  The defendants objected to the sale, arguing that the judgment 
5 
was void because it had awarded costs and disbursements when no cost bill had ever been 
6 
filed, in violation of the cost bill provisions of the 1930 Oregon Code.  Id. at 146-47.  The 
7 
trial court overruled the defendants' objections, and the defendants appealed.  Id. at 147.  
8 
This court acknowledged that the trial court might have erred in awarding costs and 
9 
disbursements without the required cost bill, but nonetheless affirmed, stating: 
10 
"If the relief awarded or recovery authorized by a judgment is excessive, 
11 
either as being greater than the amount demanded, greater than the facts or 
12 
the evidence would justify, or as improperly including interest, costs, or 
13 
counsel fees[,] * * * it is erroneous and voidable, but may not be impeached 
14 
in a collateral proceeding." 
15 
Id. at 148 (quoting 34 CJ, Judgments, 564 § 864). 
16 
 
 
Similarly, in Rajneesh Foundation Intl. v. McGeer, 303 Or 139, 144 n 3, 
17 
734 P2d 871, adhered to on recons, 303 Or 371, 737 P2d 593 (1987), this court 
18 
concluded that a default judgment was not subject to collateral attack on the ground that 
19 
the pleadings were insufficient to support it.  See also Rogue Val. Mem. Hosp. v. Salem 
20 
Ins., 265 Or 603, 615, 510 P2d 845 (1973) (judgment based on hospital lien not filed 
21 
within specified statutory period not subject to collateral attack); Walling v. Lebb, 140 Or 
22 
691, 692, 15 P2d 370 (1932) (failure of complaint to state claim does not subject 
23 
subsequent judgment to collateral attack); cf. Booth v. Heberlie, 137 Or 354, 356, 2 P2d 
24 
 
12 
1108 (1931) (judgment entered prematurely "could be attacked only by motion in the 
1 
original case").  
2 
 
 
As noted, those decisions confirm that, generally speaking, when a trial 
3 
court has both subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction, its judgment, even if 
4 
erroneous, is not void.  State ex rel English, 348 Or at 440; McDonnell, 343 Or at 563.  
5 
To be sure, that conclusion is a qualified one.  First, in certain circumstances, it is 
6 
necessary to construe a statute to determine whether the legislature intended to impose a 
7 
limitation on the trial court's authority to exercise its jurisdiction.  In that instance, a 
8 
violation of the statute may render the judgment void.  For example, in Dabney, the issue 
9 
was whether a tax lien foreclosure statute requiring 60-days' notice before foreclosure 
10 
imposed such a limitation on the trial court's power.  246 Or at 21-22.  After examining 
11 
the statute's text and context, this court concluded that the legislature did not intend the 
12 
notice requirement to limit the court's authority to exercise its jurisdiction, thereby 
13 
resulting in a void judgment.  Id.   
14 
 
 
ORCP 67 C is a rule of civil procedure promulgated by the statutorily 
15 
created Council on Court Procedures.  ORCP 1.735(1).  Applying the precepts that 
16 
ordinarily apply to the interpretation of statutes, the interpretation of such a rule requires 
17 
a determination of the Council's intent.  A.G. v. Guitron, 351 Or 465, 479, 268 P3d 589 
18 
(2011).8  There is no indication in ORCP 67 or any other provision of the Oregon Rules 
19 
                                              
 
8 
An exception exists for situations where the legislature "amended the rule 
at issue in a particular case in a manner that affects the issues in that case."  Waddill v. 
 
 
13 
of Civil Procedure that the Council intended that a violation of the rule would render an 
1 
ensuing default judgment "void" or otherwise deprive the court of authority to exercise its 
2 
jurisdiction in the absence of a constitutional violation.  See Dabney, 246 Or at 22 
3 
(concluding that, absent due process violation, there was no indication that legislature 
4 
intended violation of statutory notice requirement to result in void judgment); see also 
5 
Rogue Val. Mem. Hosp., 265 Or at 616 (1973) (concluding that, in the absence of a "clear 
6 
indication" that the legislature intended for statutory time provisions for filing a lien to 
7 
impose "jurisdictional" requirements, court would infer that a judgment based upon such 
8 
a lien is voidable, not void). 
9 
 
 
Second, a statutory violation that also deprives a party of due process may 
10 
render a judgment void.  As explained below, however, the default judgment in this case 
11 
does not implicate concerns of constitutional dimension.   
12 
 
 
As dictated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the 
13 
United States Constitution, it is well established that the state may not deprive a person of 
14 
life, liberty, or property without "notice and opportunity for hearing appropriate to the 
15 
nature of the case."  Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Tr. Co., 339 US 306, 313, 70 S 
16 
                                              
Anchor Hocking, Inc., 330 Or 376, 382 n 2, 8 P3d 200 (2000), adhered to on recons, 331 
Or 595, 18 P3d 1096 (2001).  Here, ORCP 67 C was promulgated by the Council on 
Court Procedures in 1980.  See Merrill, Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure:  1984 
Handbook 156.  Although it has been amended by the Council on Court Procedures, it 
has not been the subject of legislative amendment, nor have any amendments materially 
changed the text at issue in this case. 
 
 
14 
Ct 652, 94 L Ed 865 (1950); Koskela v. Willamette Industries, Inc., 331 Or 362, 378, 15 
1 
P3d 548 (2000).  An appropriate hearing is one that is provided "at a meaningful time and 
2 
in a meaningful manner."  Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 US 545, 552, 85 S Ct 1187, 14 L Ed 
3 
2d 62 (1965); State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Geist, 310 Or 176, 189-90, 796 P2d 1193 (1990).   
4 
 
 
This court has previously recognized that, even where a trial court has 
5 
personal and subject matter jurisdiction, a violation of due process notice requirements 
6 
may deprive the court of "jurisdiction" to enter an order or judgment.  State ex rel Hall v. 
7 
Hall, 153 Or 127, 55 P2d 1102 (1936) (stating that, in the absence of notice, the trial 
8 
court lacked jurisdiction to modify an order addressing support provisions of a divorce 
9 
decree).  Used in that way, the word "jurisdiction" is a term of art intended to convey that 
10 
the violation was so significant as to render the resulting judgment void.  But not every 
11 
defect in notice renders a judgment void.  Instead, it is only when the notice "is so 
12 
defective that it does not satisfy the requirements of due process" that the court does not 
13 
have authority to enter a judgment.  Dabney, 246 Or at 21.  That is, due process requires 
14 
reasonable notice to a defendant before a default judgment or order may be entered 
15 
against it, but not necessarily strict compliance with the applicable procedural statutes 
16 
and rules.  See Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 2 cmt e (1982) ("A notice-giving 
17 
effort may comply with Constitutional requirements under the Due Process Clause and 
18 
yet fail to comply with the requirements of an applicable statute or rule of court.").   
19 
 
 
Dabney, which was an action to quiet title to land, illustrates the point.  
20 
There, the county acquired title to land from the defendant's predecessor in interest 
21 
through a tax foreclosure proceeding in 1928.  The published summons in the foreclosure 
22 
 
15 
proceeding had been defective because it afforded the landowner only six weeks in which 
1 
to appear, rather than the 60 days required by statute.  In 1963, the defendant learned of 
2 
that defect and challenged the plaintiff's title.  246 Or at 17.  The issue on appeal was 
3 
whether that challenge was barred by ORS 312.220, which provided that a decree of 
4 
foreclosure for delinquent taxes "is conclusive evidence of its regularity and validity in 
5 
all collateral proceedings," and ORS 312.230, which barred any action challenging a tax 
6 
foreclosure decree, unless it was commenced within specified time limits.  Applying 
7 
those statutes, the court stated that "the decree must be regarded as valid unless on 
8 
constitutional grounds we must hold that the legislature lacks the power to declare valid a 
9 
tax foreclosure decree defective for lack of jurisdiction."  246 Or at 20.   
10 
 
 
The court in Dabney revisited prior decisions in which it had held that the 
11 
legislature could enact statutes barring challenges to tax foreclosure decrees that were 
12 
merely irregular due to "nonjurisdictional" defects, but could not so insulate decrees that 
13 
were void for lack of "jurisdiction."  Id. at 20-21.  The court reexamined those cases and, 
14 
after discerning a legislative purpose to strictly limit challenges to tax foreclosures, held 
15 
that all defects in the underlying tax foreclosure proceedings were "nonjurisdictional" 
16 
unless they deprived the taxpayer of due process.  Id. at 22.  The court also held that the 
17 
notice that the owner had received, although insufficient to comply with the tax 
18 
foreclosure statutes, was sufficient to satisfy the demands of due process.  Id. at 25-26.  
19 
Because there was no due process violation, the court concluded that the statutes of 
20 
 
16 
limitation barred the defendant's challenge.  Id.9 
1 
 
 
This court's decision in Scarth v. Scarth, 211 Or 121, 315 P2d 141 (1957), 
2 
illustrates a circumstance in which the failure to comply with a statutory notice 
3 
requirement did result in a due process violation and a void judgment.  In that case, the 
4 
trial court modified without notice the defendant's child support obligation.  The 
5 
defendant appealed, "contending that the court had no jurisdiction of him in that he had 
6 
no proper notice or opportunity to be heard, amounting to a denial of due process of law."  
7 
Id. at 125.  This court noted that, based on the applicable statute, the trial court had 
8 
continuing personal and subject matter jurisdiction relating to the defendant's support 
9 
obligations and that the court retained the power to modify that portion of the original 
10 
judgment.  Id.  However, this court held that the retention of such jurisdiction did not 
11 
                                              
9  
The court, however, chose to broaden the basis of its decision: 
"Although we could rest our decision solely upon the ground that the defect 
in the summons was nonjurisdictional and that, therefore the foreclosure 
decree is free from collateral attack, in the interest of carrying out the 
clearly indicated legislative purpose to give the 'utmost stability' to tax titles 
we prefer to rest our decision upon the broader ground that even if the 
defect in the proceedings is jurisdictional for failure to meet either 
legislative or constitutional requirement deemed essential to jurisdiction, it 
was within the purpose and power of the legislature in enacting ORS 
312.220 and ORS 312.230 to bar the delinquent owner from attacking the 
foreclosure decree." 
246 Or at 26.  The breadth of the court's ultimate holding in that case does not detract 
from our reliance here on its initial conclusion, which was a foundational holding of the 
case. 
 
 
17 
mean that the court could act without further notice to the defendant.  Id. at 126.  Because 
1 
the modification order affected the defendant's personal rights, due process entitled him 
2 
to reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard.  Id.  In so concluding, this court 
3 
relied in part on Hall, in which the court had held that an order modifying the support 
4 
provisions of a divorce decree entered without notice to the defendant was an insufficient 
5 
foundation for a subsequent judgment of contempt.  Similarly, the court relied on Griffin 
6 
v. Griffin, 327 US 220, 66 S Ct 556, 90 L Ed 635 (1946), in which the United States 
7 
Supreme Court had held that "an order docketing arrears of alimony as a judgment, 
8 
without notice to the defendant, was held wanting in due process."  Scarth, 211 Or at 126.  
9 
In relying on those decisions, this court in Scarth clarified the relationship between due 
10 
process requirements and a court's retention of ongoing jurisdiction over the defendant: 
11 
"In both the Hall case and the Griffin case, * * * it was said that in the 
12 
absence of notice the court had no jurisdiction to make the order.  But since 
13 
the required notice may be something less than would be needed to give 
14 
personal jurisdiction at the commencement of the suit, the question is not 
15 
strictly one of jurisdiction but merely the adequacy of notice to warrant the 
16 
court in exercising the jurisdiction which it has." 
17 
211 Or at 127 (emphasis in original; internal citations and footnote omitted).  
18 
 
 
With reference to the general notice problem presented in this case, cases 
19 
decided under the parallel federal rule, FRCP 54(c)10 -- and comparable state rules of 
20 
civil procedure -- have held that, when a complaint demands a specific amount of 
21 
                                              
 
10 
FRCP 54(c) provides, in pertinent part, that "[a] default judgment must not 
differ in kind from, or exceed in amount, what is demanded in the pleadings."    
 
18 
damages, due process prohibits a default judgment from awarding additional damages.  
1 
See, e.g., Compton v. Alton Steamship Co., 608 F2d 96, 104 (4th Cir 1979); Producers 
2 
Equip. Sales, Inc. v. Thomason, 15 Kan App 2d 393, 399, 808 P2d 881 (1991).  The same 
3 
is true when a default judgment awards a different type of relief than that sought in the 
4 
claimant's operative pleading.  The rationale for those decisions is that, insofar as due 
5 
process is concerned, a default judgment cannot (1) award monetary relief that is greater 
6 
than the specific amount pleaded; or (2) provide other relief that is different in kind from 
7 
the relief sought in the pleadings, because the defendant could not reasonably have 
8 
expected that its exposure to liability would exceed that amount or be different in kind.  
9 
The leading commentators on the federal rule have explained the "theory of this 
10 
provision" as follows: 
11 
"[T]he defending party should be able to decide on the basis of the relief 
12 
requested in the original pleading whether to expend the time, effort, and 
13 
money necessary to defend the action.  It would be fundamentally unfair to 
14 
have the complaint lead defendant to believe that only a certain type and 
15 
dimension of relief was being sought and then, should defendant attempt to 
16 
limit the scope and size of the potential judgment by not appearing or 
17 
otherwise defaulting, allow the court to give a different type of relief or a 
18 
larger damage award." 
19 
Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, and Mary Kay Marie Kane, 10 Federal Practice 
20 
and Procedure: Civil § 2663 (3d ed 2008) (footnote omitted). 
21 
 
 
In this case, by contrast, those concerns are not implicated.  First, 
22 
Lexington does not assert that the default judgment awarded a different kind of relief than 
23 
was sought in the complaint in this case.  In its complaint, PGE sought indemnity for the 
24 
amount that it paid to settle the underlying asbestos claim and for its costs and attorney 
25 
 
19 
fees in defending that claim.  The default judgment awarded precisely that relief.  Instead, 
1 
the sole focus of Lexington's due process argument is on the amount of monetary relief 
2 
that the default judgment awarded.  However, the defect in notice concerning the amount 
3 
of PGE's claimed damages was apparent on the face of the complaint when Lexington 
4 
was served with a copy of it and the required summons.  Multiple prejudgment options to 
5 
remedy that defect were at Lexington's disposal.  For example, Lexington could have 
6 
moved to make the complaint more definite and certain pursuant to ORCP 21 D.  
7 
Alternatively, if it thought that the defect was so egregious as to constitute a failure to 
8 
state facts sufficient to constitute a claim for relief, Lexington could have moved to 
9 
dismiss on that ground pursuant to ORCP 21 A(8).11  Yet it took neither action.   
10 
 
 
In these circumstances, Lexington's challenge comes too late.  Unlike a 
11 
case in which a variance exists between the amount of damages sought in a complaint 
12 
and the amount of a subsequent default judgment, or in which a post-judgment 
13 
modification of an existing obligation is obtained without notice to the obligor, Lexington 
14 
had multiple prejudgment opportunities over a period of years to challenge the very 
15 
defect that it failed to raise before filing the present appeal.  That is, the defect that 
16 
ultimately triggered a violation of ORCP 67 C in this case was the predicate violation of 
17 
                                              
 
11 
Although not pertinent to the adequacy of prejudgment notice, we note that 
Lexington also did not move to set aside the judgment under ORCP 71 on the ground of 
surprise.  See ORCP 71 B(1) (providing in part that "the court may relieve a party or such 
party's legal representative from a judgment for * * * (a) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, 
or excusable neglect" (emphasis added)). 
 
20 
ORCP 18 B based on PGE's failure to state the amount of monetary relief that it sought in 
1 
its complaint.  Service of the complaint itself provided Lexington with notice of that 
2 
defect, and the Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure provided it with ample opportunities for 
3 
a predefault hearing at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.   
4 
 
 
Stated differently, the complaint in this case could not have led Lexington 
5 
to believe that "only a certain type and dimension of relief was being sought," so that it 
6 
could "attempt to limit the scope and size of the potential judgment by not appearing or 
7 
otherwise defaulting."  Wright, Miller, & Kane, 10 Federal Practice and Procedure § 
8 
2663.  In such circumstances, due process does not demand the nullification of the default 
9 
judgment by means of a collateral challenge.  It follows that the Court of Appeals erred in 
10 
concluding otherwise.  Accordingly, it is necessary to remand the case to that court to 
11 
address Lexington's remaining arguments that the default judgment is void because PGE 
12 
filed an amended complaint seeking additional relief in the form of attorney fees but 
13 
never served Lexington with that pleading or, alternatively, that the trial court erred in 
14 
denying Lexington's motion to set aside the default judgment on the ground of excusable 
15 
neglect.  
16 
 
 
The decision of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded 
17 
to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings.  
18