Case Title: Mattingly v. Hartford Underwriters

Citation: 415 Md. 313

Docket Number: 136/09

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2010-07-27T00:00:00Z

Document:
John L. Mattingly Construction Co., Inc. v. Hartford Underwriters Insurance Company,
No. 136, September Term, 2009.
Wilma L. Phoebus, d/b/a Phoebus Electric Company v. Hartford Underwriters Insurance
Company, No. 144, September Term, 2009.
INSURANCE – WAIVERS OF SUBROGATION – POST-CONSTRUCTION
LOSS
A waivers of subrogation clause in an AIA form construction contract was ambiguous
concerning losses sustained after completion of construction and final payment.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND
No. 136
September Term, 2009
JOHN L. MATTINGLY
CONSTRUCTION CO., INC.
v.
HARTFORD UNDERWRITERS
INSURANCE COMPANY
No. 144
September Term, 2009
WILMA L. PHOEBUS, d/b/a Phoebus
Electric Company
v. 
HARTFORD UNDERWRITERS
INSURANCE COMPANY
Bell, C.J.
Harrell
Battaglia
Greene
Murphy
Barbera,
JJ.
Opinion by Battaglia, J.
Filed:   July 27, 2010
1
Petitioner, John L. Mattingly Construction Co., Inc., presented the following
questions in its Petition for Writ of Certiorari:
I.
When the standard AIA Document A107-1997 imposes
no temporal limitation on waivers of subrogation, can a
Maryland Court disregard the clear language of the
contract and impose such a temporal limitation that
precludes application of waivers of subrogation to post-
construction losses absent any ambiguity in the contract
language?
A. Are parties to a construction contract able to
freely negotiate the allocation of risks to insurers
to the extent such risks are covered by insurance
without regard to temporal limitations?
B. Does a waiver of subrogation provision in the
standard AIA Contract between owner and
contractor unlawfully impair the rights of
subsequent insurers of the subject property?
C. Do waivers of subrogation without temporal
limitation violate public policy?
II. 
Did the Court of Special Appeals err by looking for
extrinsic evidence beyond the four corners of the
(continued...)
In this certiorari case, we are called upon to address whether ambiguity exists in a
waivers of subrogation clause in a form contract governing the construction of a restaurant.
We have compressed the various questions into one, that being:
Was the Circuit Court correct in granting summary judgment
against an insurer on the basis that a waivers of subrogation
clause in a form contract plainly and unambiguously
encompassed losses sustained after completion of construction
and final payment, rather than solely during construction?
Mattingly Constr. v. Hartford, 411 Md. 598, 984 A.2d 243 (2009),1 Phoebus v. Hartford,
1(...continued)
contract when the Contract language was clear and
unambiguous simply because no Maryland cases had
previously interpreted the phrase “other property
insurance applicable to the Work”?
A. Did the Court’s decision render the contract
AIA document phrase “other property insurance
applicable to the Work” meaningless, in
contravention of the basic principles of contract
interpretation?
2
Petitioner, Wilma L. Phoebus, d/b/a Phoebus Electric Co., presented the
following questions in its Petition for Writ of Certiorari:
1.
Where the language of the contract itself is clear and
unambiguous, may a court look to extrinsic evidence
beyond the four corners of the contract to find an
ambiguity?
2.
Whether, as a matter of first impression in this state, a
waiver of subrogation provision in a contract applies to
post-construction losses, where the clear and plain
language of the contract does not impose a temporal
limitation?
2
411 Md. 599, 984 A.2d 243 (2009).2  The Circuit Court for Calvert County determined that
ambiguity did not exist and granted the contractor’s and subcontractor’s motions for
summary judgment, but we disagree and shall hold that the waivers of subrogation clause
was ambiguous and requires further elucidation on remand.
Background and Procedural History
Our focus is whether a waivers of subrogation clause in a form contract, between the
contractor and the owner of the real property and the restaurant to be constructed,
3
The enforceability of the waivers of subrogation clause for losses occurring
during construction is not at issue in the present case.
3
encompasses losses sustained after completion of construction and final payment.3
“Subrogation,” in this regard, is defined as “[t]he substitution of one party for another whose
debt the party pays, entitling the paying party to rights, remedies, or securities that would
otherwise belong to the debtor.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1563-64 (9th ed. 2009).  In the
insurance context, “[a]n insurer asserting a subrogation right is usually viewed as ‘standing
in the shoes’ of the insured so that the insurer’s rights are equal to, but no greater than, those
of the insured.” Robert E. Keeton and Alan I. Widiss, Insurance Law: A Guide to
Fundamental Principles, Legal Doctrines, and Commercial Practices § 3.10, at 219 (student
ed. 1988); see also Hill v. Cross Country Settlements, LLC, 402 Md. 281, 312, 936 A.2d 343,
362 (2007) (“Subrogation is the substitution of one person to the position of another, an
obligee, whose claim he has satisfied. . . .”) (internal quotations omitted). 
“Waivers of Subrogation,” or waivers of the opportunity to make subrogation claims,
which are prevalent in construction contracts, have been aptly described by our intermediate
appellate court in this case as follows:
Waivers of Subrogation clauses commonly appear in
construction contracts.  “Construction contracts often contain
provisions which require the parties to waive their right to claim
damages against one another up to the amount of insurance
coverage available for their losses.”  4 PHILIP L. BRUNER &
PATRICK J. O’CONNOR, JR., BRUNER & O’CONNOR ON
CONSTRUCTION LAW § 11:100, at 306 (2002).  A subrogation
waiver “is a risk-shifting provision premised upon the
recognition that it is economically inefficient for parties to a
4
The American Institute of Architects is a professional membership association
that publishes “more than 100 forms and contracts used in the design and construction
industry.”  The American Institute of Architects, http://www.aia.org/about/index.htm (last
visited July 23, 2010).  
5
Form contract number A107-1997 is entitled:  “Abbreviated Standard Form
of Agreement Between Owner and Contractor for Construction Projects of Limited Scope
Where the basis of payment is a STIPULATED SUM.”
4
contract to insure against the same risk.” TX. C.C., Inc. v.
Wilson/Barnes Gen. Contractors, Inc., 233 S.W.3d 562, 567
(Tex. App. 2007).  As a matter of policy, 
subrogation waiver[s] encourage[] parties [to a
construction contract] to anticipate risks and to
procure insurance covering those risks and also
facilitate[] and preserve[] economic relations and
activity.  Because a property owner can generally
acquire insurance to protect the property against
fire and other perils, in the context of a
construction contract, the waiver of subrogation
clause shifts the ultimate risk of loss resulting
from such perils to the owner to the extent
damages are covered by insurance. . . . 
Id. at [567] (citations omitted).  Generally, waivers of
subrogation clauses are included in construction contracts “to
cut down the amount of litigation that might otherwise arise due
to the existence of an insured loss.”  4 BRUNER & O’CONNOR,
supra, § 11:100, at 306-07.  
Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Phoebus, 187 Md. App. 668, 677, 979 A.2d 299, 304-05
(2009).  Within this framework, we consider the factual circumstances underlying the present
controversy.
In 2002, K.B.K., Inc. and John L. Mattingly Construction Co., Inc., Petitioner, entered
into an American Institute of Architects (“AIA”)4 form contract number A107-1997,5 to
build an Arby’s Restaurant in Dunkirk, Maryland.  The contract designated K.B.K. as the
5
“Owner” and Mattingly as the “Contractor” and provided that “the Project is” the Arby’s
Restaurant in Dunkirk.  Section 16.4, governing “Property Insurance,” required K.B.K. to
“purchase and maintain” property insurance “until final payment has been made” or “until
no person . . . other than [K.B.K.] ha[d] an insurable interest in the property”:   
16.4.1. Unless otherwise provided, the Owner shall purchase
and maintain, in a company or companies lawfully authorized
to do business in the jurisdiction in which the Project is located,
property insurance on an “all-risk” policy form, including
builder’s risk, in the amount of the initial Contract Sum, plus the
value of subsequent modifications and cost of materials
supplied and installed by others, comprising total value for the
entire Project at the site on a replacement cost basis without
optional deductibles.  Such property insurance shall be
maintained, unless otherwise provided in the Contract
Documents or otherwise agreed in writing by all persons and
entities who are beneficiaries of such insurance, until final
payment has been made as provided in Paragraph 14.5 or until
no person or entity other than the Owner has an insurable
interest in the property required by this Paragraph 16.4 to be
covered, whichever is later.  This insurance shall include
interests of the Owner, the Contractor, Subcontractors, and sub-
subcontractors in the Project.
(Emphasis added).  Section 16.5, governing “Waivers of Subrogation,” stated that K.B.K.
and Mattingly “waive[d] all rights against . . . each other and any of their subcontractors” for
damages “covered by property insurance . . . applicable to the Work”:
16.5.1 The Owner and Contractor waive all rights against . . .
each other and any of their subcontractors, sub-subcontractors,
agents and employees, each of the other . . . for damages caused
by fire or other causes of loss to the extent covered by property
insurance obtained pursuant to Paragraph 16.4 or other property
insurance applicable to the Work, except such rights as they
have to proceeds of such insurance held by the Owner as
6
fiduciary. . . .  The policies shall provide such waivers of
subrogation by endorsement or otherwise.  A waiver of
subrogation shall be effective as to a person or entity even
though that person or entity would otherwise have a duty of
indemnification, contractual or otherwise, did not pay the
insurance premium directly or indirectly, and whether or not the
person or entity had an insurable interest in the property
damaged.
(Emphasis added).  “The Work” was defined in Section 6.3 of the contract as follows:
The term “Work” means the construction and services required
by the Contract Documents, whether completed or partially
completed, and includes all other labor, materials, equipment
and services provided or to be provided by the Contractor to
fulfill the Contractor’s obligations.  The Work may constitute
the whole or a part of the Project.
(Emphasis added).  Section 14.5, governing “Final Completion and Final Payment,”
provided that final payment by K.B.K. constituted a waiver of claims, with limited
exceptions:
14.5.3 The making of final payment shall constitute a waiver of
claims by the Owner except those arising from:
.1 
liens, 
claims, 
security 
interests 
or
encumbrances arising out of the Contract and
unsettled;
.2 failure of the Work to comply with the
requirements of the Contract Documents; or
.3 terms of special warranties required by the
Contract Documents.
(Emphasis added).  
Mattingly hired several subcontractors, including Wilma L. Phoebus d/b/a Wilma
Phoebus Electric Company, the other Petitioner herein, which performed electrical work.
6
Property insurance is defined as “[a]n agreement to indemnify against property
damage or destruction.” Black’s Law Dictionary 875 (9th ed. 2009); see also 1 Rowland H.
Long, The Law of Liability Insurance § 1.04[2] (2010).  
7
Although Phoebus was not a party to the K.B.K. – Mattingly contract, Section 10.3 of the
K.B.K. – Mattingly contract provided that subcontractors, such as Phoebus, were entitled to
“all rights, remedies, and redress afforded” to Mattingly:
10.3 Contracts between the Contractor and Subcontractors shall
(1) require each Subcontractor, to the extent of the Work to be
performed by the Subcontractor, to be bound to the Contractor
by the terms of the Contract Documents, and to assume toward
the Contractor all the obligations and responsibilities, including
the responsibility for safety of the Subcontractor’s Work, which
the Contractor, by the Contract Document, assumes toward the
Owner and Architect, and (2) allow the Subcontractor the
benefit of all rights, remedies and redress afforded to the
Contractor by these Contract Documents.  
(Emphasis added).  
Construction was completed and the restaurant opened for business in October, 2003,
after which K.B.K. made final payment on the contract.  Subsequently, K.B.K. purchased
from Hartford Underwriters Insurance Company, Respondent, a policy of property insurance
insuring the restaurant,6 with effective coverage dates of October 1, 2004, through October
1, 2005.
Sixteen months after final payment was made, on May 8, 2005, a fire broke out,
causing substantial damage to the Arby’s.  K.B.K. submitted a claim to Hartford for property
damage totaling $1,117,711.26, which Hartford paid, less a $1,000 deductible.  Thereafter,
7
A “subrogee” is defined as “[o]ne who is substituted for another in having a
right, duty, or claim,” especially “the person or entity that assumes the right to attempt to
collect on another’s claim against a third party by paying the other’s claim-related debts or
expenses.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1564 (9th ed. 2009). 
8
On May 4, 2007, Hartford filed an amended complaint adding Atlantic Design
& Construction, Ltd. (“Atlantic”), a carpentry subcontractor, as a defendant.  Although
Atlantic was served with the amended complaint, no answer was filed, and the Circuit Court
entered a judgment of default, which Atlantic did not move to vacate.  The judgment against
Atlantic is not in issue in the present case.
8
Hartford, as subrogee7 of K.B.K., filed a complaint against Mattingly and Phoebus in the
Circuit Court for Calvert County, alleging negligence, breach of contract, and breach of
warranty, asserting that the “failure of electrical wiring within the Arby’s Restaurant” caused
the fire.8  
Mattingly and Phoebus answered, generally denying liability and asserting various
affirmative defenses.  Thereafter, Petitioners filed motions for summary judgment, asserting
that the waivers of subrogation clause, Section 16.5 in the AIA form contract, precluded
Hartford’s claim.  Specifically, Mattingly and Phoebus argued that “the parties agreed to
look solely to the insurance” to cover perils such as fire, and therefore, Hartford could not
enforce any subrogation rights.  Hartford opposed the motions and also filed a cross-motion
for partial summary judgment, asserting that the waivers of subrogation provision was not
applicable, because K.B.K., its insured, sustained the loss after completion of construction
and final payment.  Mattingly filed a reply and opposition to Hartford’s cross-motion for
partial summary judgment, and Phoebus filed a supplemental memorandum in support of its
motion for summary judgment.  
9
After a hearing on the motions, the judge issued an opinion and order granting
summary judgment in favor of Mattingly and Phoebus and denying Hartford’s cross-motion
for partial summary judgment.  The judge determined that the waivers of subrogation clause
was clear and unambiguous because the term “the Work” in Section 6.3 of the form contract
included “the building as constructed, even after final payment.”  The judge also reasoned
that because the damage caused by the fire was covered by “other insurance applicable to
the Work,” a phrase in Section 16.5 of the contract, K.B.K., and consequently, Hartford
waived any rights against Mattingly and Phoebus.
Hartford noted a timely appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, which reversed and
remanded in a reported opinion, Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Phoebus, 187 Md. App.
668, 979 A.2d 299 (2009), in which it concluded that the waivers of subrogation provision,
read in tandem with the definition of “the Work,” was ambiguous and “reasonably [could]
be read to have more than one meaning, temporally.” Id. at 685, 979 A.2d at 309.
We agree with the Court of Special Appeals that summary judgment in favor of
Mattingly and Phoebus was improper, because the waivers of subrogation clause was
ambiguous as to whether it encompassed losses sustained after completion of construction
and final payment; we add our two cents, nevertheless, regarding the path that should be
followed by the Circuit Court on remand.
Standard of Review
The entry of summary judgment is governed by Rule 2-501, which states in relevant
10
part:
(f) Entry of judgment.  The court shall enter judgment in favor
of or against the moving party if the motion and response show
that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that
the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.  
As we recently stated in Blondell v. Littlepage, 413 Md. 96, 991 A.2d 80 (2010), the
standard of review of a grant of such a motion is as follows:
In considering a trial court’s grant of a motion for summary
judgment, this Court reviews the record in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party.  Anderson v. Council of Unit
Owners of Gables on Tuckerman Condominium, 404 Md. 560,
570-71, 948 A.2d 11, 18 (2008); Rodriguez v. Clarke, 400 Md.
39, 926 A.2d 736 (2007); Rhoads v. Sommer, 401 Md. 131, 148,
931 A.2d 508, 518 (2007) (“We review the record in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party and construe any
reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts against
the moving party.”); Harford County v. Saks, 399 Md. 73, 82,
923 A.2d 1, 6 (2007) (In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a
motion for summary judgment, “we seek to determine whether
any material facts are in dispute and, if they are, we resolve
them in favor of the non-moving party.”); Lovelace v. Anderson,
366 Md. 690, 695, 785 A.2d 726, 728 (2001) (In reviewing a
grant of the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, “we
must review the facts, and all inferences therefrom, in the light
most favorable to the plaintiffs.”).  If no material facts are in
dispute, this Court must determine whether the Circuit Court
correctly entered summary judgment as a matter of law.
Anderson, 404 Md. at 571, 948 A.2d at 18; Rodriguez, 400 Md.
at 70, 926 A.2d at 754; Saks, 399 Md. at 82, 923 A.2d at 6;
Property and Casualty Ins. Guaranty Corp. v. Yanni, 397 Md.
474, 480-81, 919 A.2d 1, 5 (2007); Standard Fire Ins. Co. v.
Berrett, 395 Md. 439, 451, 910 A.2d 1072, 1079 (2006).  On
appeal from an order entering summary judgment, we review
“only the grounds upon which the trial court relied in granting
summary judgment.” Rodriguez, 400 Md. at 70, 926 A.2d at
754, quoting Standard Fire, 395 Md. at 450, 910 A.2d at 1079;
11
Eid v. Duke, 373 Md. 2, 10, 816 A.2d 844, 849 (2003), quoting
Lovelace, 366 Md. at 695, 785 A.2d at 729.
Id. at 110, 991 A.2d at 88, quoting Gourdine v. Crews, 405 Md. 722, 735-36, 955 A.2d 769,
777-78 (2008).
Discussion
Mattingly and Phoebus assert that the waivers of subrogation clause in Section 16.5
of the contract clearly and unambiguously encompassed losses sustained after substantial
completion of the Arby’s and final payment.  Petitioners claim that the phrase “other
property insurance applicable to the Work” in Section 16.5 refers to both ongoing
construction as well as the completed restaurant, as evidenced by the definition of “the
Work” in Section 6.3.  Mattingly and Phoebus also cite decisions from other jurisdictions
which they claim support the notion that subrogation waivers clearly encompass post-
construction losses.
Hartford counters that the contract is “vague and ambiguous” regarding whether the
waivers of subrogation provision remained in force after the completion of the restaurant and
that the “most reasonable interpretation” is that the waiver “was not intended to apply to
losses that occur many months or years after substantial completion and final payment.”
Hartford further asserts that decisions from other jurisdictions cited by Mattingly and
Phoebus are inapposite, because those courts interpreted different AIA form contracts from
the instant one in that they included provisions specifically addressing what to do in the
event of damages occurring after construction was completed and final payment made.
12
In interpreting the contract in issue, we are mindful that “Maryland adheres to the
principle of the objective interpretation of contracts.” Clancy v. King, 405 Md. 541, 557, 954
A.2d 1092, 1101 (2008), quoting Cochran v. Norkunas, 398 Md. 1, 16, 919 A.2d 700, 709
(2007).  Our task in determining the meaning of a contract is necessarily “focused on the
four corners of the agreement.” Clancy, 405 Md. at 557, 954 A.2d at 1101, quoting Cochran,
398 Md. at 17, 919 A.2d at 710.  “When the clear language of a contract is unambiguous,
the court will give effect to its plain, ordinary, and usual meaning, taking into account the
context in which it is used.” Sy-Lene of Washington, Inc. v. Starwood Urban Retail II, LLC,
376 Md. 157, 167, 829 A.2d 540, 546 (2003); accord Langston v. Langston, 366 Md. 490,
506, 784 A.2d 1086, 1095 (2001).  In contrast, a contract is “ambiguous if it is subject to
more than one interpretation when read by a reasonably prudent person.” Sy-Lene, 376 Md.
at 167, 829 A.2d at 547; see also Calomiris v. Woods, 353 Md. 425, 436, 727 A.2d 358, 363
(1999) (“Under the objective view, a written contract is ambiguous if, when read by a
reasonably prudent person, it is susceptible of more than one meaning.”).  “If the contract
is ambiguous, the court must consider any extrinsic evidence which sheds light on the
intentions of the parties at the time of the execution of the contract.” Sy-Lene, 376 Md. at
167-68, 829 A.2d at 547, quoting County Comm’rs of Charles County v. St. Charles Assocs.
Ltd. P’ship, 366 Md. 426, 445, 784 A.2d 545, 556 (2001).  “It is a basic principle of contract
law that, in construing the language of a contract, ambiguities are resolved against the
draftsman of the instrument.” Burroughs Corp. v. Chesapeake Petroleum & Supply Co., Inc.,
13
282 Md. 406, 411, 384 A.2d 734, 737 (1978).
Section 16.5, governing “Waivers of Subrogation,” stated that K.B.K. and Mattingly
“waive[d] all rights against . . . each other and any of their subcontractors” for damages
caused by perils such as fire “to the extent covered by property insurance obtained pursuant
to [Section] 16.4 or other property insurance applicable to the Work . . . .” (emphasis added).
The issue is whether property insurance underwritten by Hartford, secured after completion
of the restaurant, comes within this phrase, “other property insurance applicable to the
Work,” abrogating any rights of subrogation.  Mattingly and Phoebus assert that this
language plainly refers to the construction period as well as the completed restaurant, such
that K.B.K. waived subrogation rights, without any temporal limitation to the clause
whatsoever.  Hartford counters that the use of the phrase “the Work” varies throughout the
contract, such that the waivers of subrogation clause is rendered ambiguous.  
“[T]he Work” is defined in Section 6.3 of the form contract as follows:
The term “Work” means the construction and services required
by the Contract Documents, whether completed or partially
completed, and includes all other labor, materials, equipment
and services provided or to be provided by the Contractor to
fulfill the Contractor’s obligations.  The Work may constitute
the whole or a part of the Project.
In the first sentence of the definition, the phrase “construction and services required
by the Contract” clearly refers to the construction period.  The next phrase, “whether
completed or partially completed,” however, could yield a different understanding because
it could refer reasonably to the completed restaurant.  
14
The second sentence of the definition, which states, “[t]he Work may constitute the
whole or a part of the Project,” also could be construed to modify the prior phrase to include
all actions necessary to constitute performance under the contract.  On the other hand, this
phrase could be interpreted reasonably to refer to the completed Arby’s restaurant. 
As a result, the waivers of subrogation clause, including “other property insurance
applicable to the Work,” may refer reasonably to “other property insurance applicable” to
the ongoing construction, or, “other property insurance applicable” to the completed Arby’s.
Thus, the waivers of subrogation clause, in which the words “the Work” are prominent, is
internally inconsistent, and ergo, ambiguous, as also recognized by our colleagues on the
intermediate appellate court.
Section 14.5, governing “Final Completion and Final Payment,” exacerbates this
ambiguity contextually.  The provision states that by making final payment, K.B.K. does not
waive any claim that “the Work” does not comply with the contract.  As noted by the
intermediate appellate court, the clause “references the future,” because “any such claim
necessarily would be made” after the restaurant “is built and paid for.” Hartford, 187 Md.
App.  at 686, 979 A.2d at 310.  That Section, however, does not indicate the precise meaning
of “the Work,” or whether, in the event of a claim by K.B.K., the “Waivers of Subrogation”
Section would remain in force. 
Mattingly and Phoebus, nevertheless, refer us to what they term a “majority” of
jurisdictions that recognize waivers of subrogation in AIA form contracts as encompassing
9
Mattingly and Phoebus include several unreported opinions in their litany.
15
losses sustained after completion of construction and final payment. See Town of Silverton
v. Phoenix Heat Source Sys., Inc., 948 P.2d 9 (Colo. App. 1997); Colonial Prop. Realty Ltd.
P’ship v. Lowder Constr. Co., Inc., 567 S.E.2d 389 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002); TX. C.C., Inc. v.
Wilson/Barnes Gen. Contractors, Inc., 233 S.W.2d 562 (Tex. App. 2007); Argonaut Great
Cent. Ins. Co. v. DiTocco Konstruction, Inc., No. 06-1488, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93846
(D. N.J. Dec. 20, 2007); Royal Surplus Lines Ins. Co. v. Weis Builders, Inc., No. 04-440-C,
2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16316 (W.D. Ky. Apr. 3, 2006); American Guarantee and Liab. Ins.
Co. v. ADP Marshall, Inc., 2007 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 9794 (Cal. Ct. App. Dec. 4,
2007); Midwestern Indem. Co. v. Sys. Builders, Inc., 801 N.E.2d 661 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004);
Acuity v. Interstate Constr., Inc., No. 2007-P-0074, 2008 Ohio App. LEXIS 896 (Ohio Ct.
App. Mar. 7, 2008); Universal Underwriters Ins. Co. v. A. Richard Kacin, Inc., 916 A.2d
686 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007).9  What Mattingly and Phoebus fail to recognize in referring us to
the application of these cases to the instant dispute is that the AIA contracts in issue in those
cases had additional completed project insurance clauses, specifically contemplating what
to do in the event of losses occurring after the project was completed and paid for.
According to one of the cases cited by Mattingly and Phoebus, an example of a completed
project insurance clause was:
[I]f after final payment property insurance is to be provided on
the completed Project through a policy or policies other than
those insuring the Project during the construction period, the
16
Owner shall waive all rights in accordance with the terms of
[the Waivers of Subrogation clause] for damages caused by fire
or other perils covered by this separate property insurance . . .
Silverton, 948 P.2d at 11 (emphasis added). 
In Silverton, the Town entered into an AIA form contract with a builder to install a
new roof on the town hall.  More than a year after the roof was completed and paid for, a fire
severely damaged the building.  The Town obtained compensation under a property
insurance policy, and the insurer assigned its subrogation rights to the Town.  Thereafter, the
Town filed a complaint against the builder and several subcontractors, alleging that defective
installation of a snow melting system had caused the fire.  The trial court granted summary
judgment in favor of the builder and subcontractors, reasoning that subrogation waivers in
the contract prohibited the Town’s claim. Silverton, 948 P.2d at 11.  The Colorado
intermediate appellate court affirmed, examining the waivers of subrogation and completed
project insurance clauses in harmony.  In so doing, the court emphasized that the completed
project insurance clause specifically “provide[d] for a waiver of subrogation rights after final
payment.”  Id. at 13. 
Similarly, in Colonial Properties, 567 S.E.2d 389, a real estate developer, Colonial,
hired a contractor to build an apartment complex.  A year after the complex was complete,
one of the apartment buildings was extensively damaged by a fire inadvertently started by
a resident.  Colonial’s insurer paid the loss and filed a subrogation action against the
contractor alleging negligent supervision, negligence per se, gross negligence, and breach
17
of contract.  The trial judge granted summary judgment in favor of the contractor, and the
Georgia intermediate appellate court affirmed, reasoning that a waivers of subrogation clause
and the completed project insurance provision in the AIA form contract, identical to that in
Silverton, demonstrated that “the parties intended to provide for waiver of subrogation rights
for losses occurring after the project was completed.” Id. at 392.
In TX. C.C., 233 S.W.2d 562, a restaurant owner entered into an AIA form contract
with a contractor for the construction of a restaurant.  Three years after the restaurant was
complete, a fire caused by a faulty fireplace destroyed the restaurant.  The restaurant owner
was compensated under a property insurance policy, and the insurer filed a subrogation
claim against the contractor and subcontractor, who installed the fireplace, for
reimbursement.  The Texas intermediate appellate court determined that the trial judge
properly granted summary judgment in favor of the contractor and subcontractor, because
the waivers of subrogation clause, interpreted in conjunction with the completed project
insurance clause, identical to that in Silverton, specifically contemplated losses sustained
after completion of construction and final payment.  Accord Argonaut, 2007 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 93846, at *26 (granting motions for summary judgment in favor of a contractor and
subcontractor because a completed project insurance clause in the contract “ma[de] clear that
the parties contemplated that the Owners would acquire additional insurance . . . and that the
waiver of subrogation . . . would apply to those additional policies”); Royal Surplus Lines,
2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16316, at *13 (noting a completed project insurance clause and
10
Mattingly and Phoebus refer us to other cases which are similarly inapposite,
as they do not consider whether a waivers of subrogation clause in an AIA form contract
encompassed losses sustained after completion of construction and final payment.  See
Weems v. Nanticoke Homes, Inc., 37 Md. App. 544, 378 A.2d 190 (1977) and Brodsky v.
Princemont Constr. Co., 30 Md. App. 569, 354 A.2d 440 (1976) (concerning waivers of
subrogation in connection with losses sustained before completion); General Cigar Co. v.
Lancaster Leaf Tobacco Co., 323 F. Supp. 931 (D. Md. 1971) (considering statute
(continued...)
18
waivers of subrogation clause “clearly extend the waiver [of subrogation] beyond completion
of the contract if property insurance is obtained on the completed Project”); American
Guarantee, 2007 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 9794 (reasoning owner and insurer could not
bring claim against contractor for losses sustained more than four years after construction
was complete, because of subrogation waiver and completed project insurance clause in form
contract); Midwestern Indem., 801 N.E.2d at 670 (holding an insurer’s subrogation action
was precluded by a subrogation waiver and completed project insurance clause, indicating
that if the owner “obtained property insurance after project completion it would waive its
rights against contractors and subcontractors”); Acuity, 2008 Ohio App. LEXIS 896, at *29
(interpreting a completed project insurance clause as indicating that if the owner purchased
property insurance “through a policy other than those policies insuring the project during the
construction period, the owner waives all rights in accordance with the [waivers of
subrogation clause] for [post-construction] damages”); Universal Underwriters, 916 A.2d
686 (reasoning a trial judge properly granted summary judgment in favor of a contractor and
subcontractor because the owner obtained property insurance after the completion of
construction and final payment pursuant to a completed project insurance clause).10  But see
10(...continued)
addressing insurance in context of tobacco storage); see also Great Northern Ins. Co. v.
Architectural Env’ts, Inc., 514 F. Supp. 2d 139, 143 (D. Mass. 2007) (considering only
whether subrogation waiver “should be deemed unenforceable as a matter of public policy”);
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Entrex Commc’n Servs., Inc., 749 N.W.2d 124 (Neb. 2008)
(considering whether subrogation waiver is effective against gross negligence claims and
whether waiver applies to property not under renovation); Acadia Ins. Co. v. Buck Constr.
Co., 756 A.2d 515 (Me. 2000) (considering, when a contractor was performing ongoing
repairs, whether a subrogation waiver was enforceable); Carlson Rests. Worldwide, Inc. v.
Designline Constr. Servs., Inc., 2009 N.J. Super. Unpub. LEXIS 2365 (N.J. Super. Ct. App.
Div. Sept. 4, 2009) (considering whether owner could recover a $500,000 loss stemming
from a post-construction, post-final payment restaurant fire not covered by insurance); Penn
Avenue Place Assocs. Ltd. P’ship v. Century Steel Erectors, Inc., 798 A.2d 256, 259 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 2002) (considering whether contractor and subcontractor could claim benefit of
subrogation waiver when “their acts and omissions causing the loss violated an ordinance
or regulation enacted for the protection of public safety”).
19
Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. Grinnell Corp., 477 F. Supp. 2d 327 (D. Mass. 2007)
(reasoning that although a form contract contained a completed project insurance clause,
unless the parties plainly required the owner to obtain post-completion, post-payment
property insurance, the contract language demonstrated an intention not to waive subrogation
rights after completion and final payment).
In this regard, it seems disingenuous for Mattingly and Phoebus to assert that the
Court of Special Appeals, in differentiating many of the same cases, inappropriately resorted
to “extrinsic evidence” to discuss completed project insurance clauses.  The ambiguity in the
contract in issue was not created by the Court of Special Appeals, but by the definition of
“the Work” in the waivers of subrogation clause.
Hartford, instead, urges us to embrace the reasoning of Automobile Insurance Co. of
Hartford v. United H.R.B. General Contractors, Inc., 876 S.W.2d 791 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994),
20
in which the Missouri intermediate appellate court considered the temporal scope of a
waivers of subrogation clause in an AIA form contract that was not interrelated with a
completed project insurance clause.  In that case, as here, the contract contained a waiver of
all claims “for damages caused by fire or other perils to the extent covered by . . . any other
property insurance applicable to the Work.” Id. at 792.  The contract defined “the Work,”
in turn, as “compris[ing] the completed construction required by the Contract Documents.”
Id. at 793.  The contract also contained a clause regarding final payment, similar to that in
the present case, which provided:
The making of final payment shall constitute a waiver of all
claims by the Owner except those arising from faulty or
defective Work appearing after Substantial Completion.
Id. at 794.  The court determined that the waivers of subrogation clause, when read in
tandem with the definition of “the Work” and provision regarding final payment, was
ambiguous.  To resolve the ambiguity, the court gave preference “to the specific provisions
over the general” and reasoned that the final payment provision was more specific than the
waivers of subrogation clause, such that the subrogation waiver terminated upon completion
of construction and final payment. Id. at 794-95.
We embrace the reasoning that the instant waivers of subrogation clause, with the
definition of “the Work” included as one of its terms, is ambiguous, but we cannot reconcile
the ambiguity without consideration of the parties’ intent.  Our precepts of contract
interpretation dictate that when faced with an ambiguous contract, “the court must consider
21
extrinsic evidence which sheds light on the intentions of the parties at the time of the
execution of the contract.” Sy-Lene, 376 Md. at 167-68, 829 A.2d at 547, quoting County
Comm’rs v. St. Charles, 366 Md. at 445, 784 A.2d at 556; see also Brendsel v. Windchester
Constr. Co., 392 Md. 601, 624-25, 898 A.2d 472, 486 (2006) (“Only when the language of
the contract is ambiguous will we look to extraneous sources for the contract’s meaning.  In
that event, the intention of the parties must be established through relevant parol evidence
or by strictly construing the clause against its author.”).  
Proceedings on Remand
“It is a basic principle of contract law that, in construing the language of a contract,
ambiguities are resolved against the draftsman of the instrument,” Burroughs Corp. v.
Chesapeake Petroleum & Supply Co., Inc., 282 Md. 406, 411, 384 A.2d 734, 737 (1978),
or, in the case of a form contract, the proponent of the contract. See, e.g., Fayetteville
Investors v. Commercial Builders, Inc., 936 F.2d 1462 (4th Cir. 1991).  This principle is
often referred to under the Latin term of contra proferentem,  which literally means, “against
the offeror, he who puts forth, or proffers or offers the language.” Richard A. Lord, 11
Williston on Contracts § 32:12, at 472-75 (4th ed. 1999) (emphasis added).  Although the
Court of Special Appeals stated that “there is no such extrinsic evidence” shedding light on
the meaning of the waivers of subrogation clause in the form contract, Hartford, 187 Md.
App. at 179 n.3, 973 A.2d at 306 n.3, there may be other facts to explore, such as, primarily,
who proposed the form contract used in the present case, among the various AIA forms that
11
A “performance bond” is defined as “[a] bond given by a surety to ensure
timely performance of a contract,” and “[a] third party’s agreement to guarantee the
completion of a construction contract upon the default of the general contractor.” Black’s
Law Dictionary 1253 (9th ed. 2009).
22
may have been available.  
In Fayetteville Investors, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals considered the language
of a performance bond,11 guaranteeing construction of a hotel owned by Fayetteville
Investors.  Although construction of the hotel was to be completed by November 1985,
serious structural problems persisted, and the contractor and subcontractors continued work
on the site until October 1987, when the contractor indicated that it would do no further
work without additional payment. Id. at 1463.  Pursuant to the terms of the performance
bond, Fayetteville notified the surety of “Contractor Default” and subsequently filed a
complaint against the surety.  The trial judge dismissed the complaint, pursuant to a motion
to dismiss filed by the surety, reasoning that the terms of the performance bond required that
any such action be brought within two years, and the complaint alleged that “the Contractor
abandoned the project in June, 1986,” three years earlier.  Id. at 1464.  
In interpreting the phrase “Contractor Default,” the court noted that “any ambiguities
in the interpretation of the performance bond must be construed against the party drafting
or adopting the document – in this case, the surety.” Id. at 1465 (emphasis added).  In so
doing, the court emphasized that the surety proposed and used an AIA form performance
bond, widely used in the industry. Id. & n.3.  As a result, the court reasoned that the terms
of the performance bond “contemplated that a contractor would be afforded a reasonable
23
time to . . . make repairs and corrections,” such that the trial judge improperly granted the
surety’s motion to dismiss, because the contractor actually continued work on the site as late
as 1987. Id. at 1466.  See also Blue Cross of Southwestern Virginia v. McDevitt & Street Co.,
360 S.E.2d 825, 827 (Va. 1987) (reasoning that when the language of a form contract
“arguably supports two antithetical interpretations,” courts will construe any ambiguity
against the architect or contractor “who supplied [the] printed forms”); cf. Associated Eng’rs,
Inc. v. Grand Elec. Coop., Inc., 370 F.2d 633, 650 n.8 (8th Cir. 1966) (noting ambiguities
in a form contract should not be construed against the contractor, because the contractor
financed the construction with a Rural Electric Administration loan and was not “free to
choose whether or not to use the REA form”) (emphasis added).
Accordingly, we remand this case to the Court of Special Appeals with directions to
remand the case to the Circuit Court to more fully develop the record as to what the parties
intended.  Because Mattingly and Phoebus asserted the viability of the waivers of
subrogation clause as a defense, they will be required to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that Hartford cannot assert a subrogation claim against them under the form
contract; in doing so, consideration must be given to who proposed the form contract at issue
in this case, as well as any other relevant evidence of the parties’ intent.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED.
CASE REMANDED TO THAT
COURT TO REMAND THE CASE TO
24
THE 
CIRCUIT 
COURT 
FOR
CALVERT COUNTY FOR FURTHER
P R O C E E D I N G S  
N O T
INCONSISTENT 
WITH 
THIS
OPINION.  COSTS IN THIS COURT
AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS 
TO 
BE 
PAID 
BY
PETITIONERS.