Case Title: State ex rel. Dorsey vs. Vandergriff

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC100388, SC100486

State: missouri

Court: Missouri Supreme Court

Date: 2024-03-20T00:00:00Z

Document:
SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI 
en banc 
 
 
STATE ex rel. BRIAN DORSEY, 
) 
Opinion issued March 20, 2024 
 
) 
 
 
Petitioner, 
) 
 
) 
 
 
v. 
) 
No. SC100388 
 
) 
DAVID VANDERGRIFF, 
) 
 
) 
Respondent. 
) 
 
and 
 
IN RE: BRIAN DORSEY, 
) 
 
) 
 
 
Petitioner, 
) 
 
) 
 
 
v. 
) 
No. SC100486 
 
) 
DAVID VANDERGRIFF, 
) 
Warden, Potosi Correctional Center, 
) 
 
) 
Respondent. 
) 
 
 
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS IN HABEAS CORPUS 
 
On December 13, 2023, this Court issued a warrant of execution for Brian Dorsey 
and ordered Dorsey’s previously imposed death sentence to be carried out on April 9, 2024.  
Subsequently, Dorsey filed two separate petitions for writ of habeas corpus with this Court, 
2 
 
claiming: (1) he is actually innocent of the first-degree murder offenses he pleaded guilty 
to committing because he was incapable of deliberation at the time of the offenses due to 
drug-induced psychosis; (2) he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel due to a  
flat-fee arrangement that created a conflict of interest; and (3) his execution would violate 
the Eighth Amendment because he belongs to a unique class of persons for whom the 
penological goals supporting capital punishment are no longer met.   
After careful review of his habeas petitions, supporting documents, and briefing, 
this Court finds Dorsey fails to present any legally cognizable claims for habeas relief.  
Dorsey does not deny he committed the murders and has not established he is actually 
innocent of first-degree murder.  This Court previously found Dorsey’s claim of ineffective 
assistance of counsel due to a conflict of interest lacks merit, and Dorsey is procedurally 
barred from raising this same claim again in his writ petition.  Finally, Dorsey’s Eighth 
Amendment claim is without merit and, ultimately, a plea for clemency, which is beyond 
this Court’s review and authority.  Accordingly, this Court denies both petitions for writ of 
habeas corpus.1  
Legal and Factual Background2 
 
On December 23, 2006, Brian Dorsey called his cousin, S.B., and told her he needed 
help.  Dorsey needed to borrow money to pay two drug dealers who were in his apartment.  
                                              
1 This Court may deny issuance of a writ of habeas corpus without issuing an 
accompanying opinion.  See Rule 84.24.  An opinion is issued in this case, however, 
because an execution date is pending and to demonstrate the Court’s careful review and 
consideration of Dorsey’s claims. 
2 Many of the facts for this section are taken from State v. Dorsey, 318 S.W.3d 648 (Mo. 
banc 2010), and Dorsey v. State, 448 S.W.3d 276 (Mo. banc 2014). 
3 
 
S.B.’s husband, B.B., called a friend to help, then the couple drove to Dorsey’s apartment.  
After S.B. and B.B. arrived, the two drug dealers left.  The couple drove Dorsey back to 
the home they shared with their four-year-old daughter to spend the night.  Dorsey spent 
the evening drinking and playing pool in the couple’s “shop” with family and friends.  
Before they played pool, a friend moved B.B.’s unloaded, single-shot shotgun off the pool 
table to another location in the shop.   
Eventually, the couple and their child went to bed.  The couple slept in one room 
and the child in another.  Dorsey retrieved the single-shot shotgun from the shop and 
entered the couple’s room.  Dorsey loaded the shotgun, fatally shot S.B. at close range, 
emptied the chamber, reloaded the shotgun, and fatally shot B.B. at close range.  Dorsey 
then raped S.B.’s body and poured bleach over her torso and genital area.  Before fleeing 
the scene, Dorsey locked the couple’s bedroom door and stole various items of personal 
property and S.B.’s car.3  After Dorsey left, he drove around in S.B.’s car and attempted to 
sell the stolen items to repay his drug debt.  The next day, after the couple did not show up 
for a family gathering, S.B.’s parents went to the couple’s house.  There, S.B.’s parents 
found the couple’s four-year-old daughter, who told them her parents had been locked in 
the bedroom all day.  When S.B.’s parents were able to get into the locked bedroom, they 
found the couple dead.  
                                              
3 Dorsey’s car was at the couple’s house at the time, but the car was inoperable as B.B., 
who was a mechanic, was in the process of making repairs to the car at B.B.’s own expense.   
 
4 
 
On December 26, 2006, Dorsey turned himself in to police.  After being read his 
Miranda4 rights, Dorsey confessed, telling police they had the “right guy concerning the 
deaths of [the couple].”  Dorsey was charged with two counts of first-degree murder.  The 
State sought the death penalty pursuant to section 565.020.2.5  Dorsey qualified for 
appointed counsel, and the Missouri Public Defender’s Office retained two private 
attorneys who had experience handling capital cases to represent Dorsey.  The public 
defender’s office paid the attorneys a flat fee for their representation.  Funds independent 
of counsel’s flat fee were available if counsel needed to hire an expert or an investigator or 
if counsel needed other resources.  In preparation for trial, Dorsey’s trial counsel had a 
neuropsychologist and clinical psychologist meet Dorsey and perform testing on him.   
In March 2008, after consultation with trial counsel, Dorsey pleaded guilty to the 
two counts of first-degree murder.  At the plea hearing, Dorsey answered “yes” to the 
circuit court’s questions as to whether he killed both people, did so after deliberation, and 
knowingly caused their deaths by shooting them.  The circuit court then held a jury trial 
for the penalty phase.  Dorsey’s counsel called nine witnesses, including one expert witness 
– a clinical psychologist – who prepared a psychological summary detailing Dorsey’s 
family history, psychiatric history, and substance abuse history, all of which was admitted 
into evidence and submitted to the jury.  The psychologist and one of Dorsey’s family 
members also testified about Dorsey’s history of mental health problems, suicide attempts, 
                                              
4 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966). 
5 References to section 565.020 are to RSMo 2000.  All other statutory references are to 
RSMo 2016, unless specified otherwise.   
5 
 
and drug and alcohol addictions.  Dorsey testified in his own defense and told the jury he 
was sorry for what he had done.  The jury found seven aggravating factors and returned a 
verdict recommending Dorsey be sentenced to death for each murder.  The circuit court 
sentenced Dorsey accordingly.   
This Court affirmed Dorsey’s convictions on direct appeal, State v. Dorsey, 318 
S.W.3d 648 (Mo. banc 2010), and the United States Supreme Court denied Dorsey’s 
request to review his case, Dorsey v. Missouri, 562 U.S. 1067 (2010).  Dorsey filed a pro 
se Rule 29.15 motion for postconviction relief.  The circuit court appointed counsel to 
represent Dorsey.  His counsel filed an amended motion arguing, among many other 
arguments, that trial counsel was ineffective based on a conflict of interest arising out of 
the flat-fee arrangement and for not investigating a diminished capacity defense or 
presenting mitigating evidence relating to Dorsey’s state of mind.  After a three-day 
evidentiary hearing, the circuit court entered findings and a judgment overruling Dorsey’s 
postconviction relief motion.  This Court affirmed the circuit court’s ruling.  Dorsey v. 
State, 448 S.W.3d 276 (Mo. banc 2014).   
Dorsey then filed a petition for habeas relief in the federal district court arguing, in 
part, his trial counsel had a conflict of interest because of the flat-fee arrangement and was 
ineffective for failing to present a diminished capacity defense.  The district court denied 
Dorsey’s petition, Dorsey v. Steele, No. 4:15-08000-CV-RK, 2019 WL 4740518 (W.D. 
Mo. Sept. 27, 2019), and the Eighth Circuit affirmed.  Dorsey v. Vandergriff, 30 F.4th 752 
(8th Cir. 2022).  Dorsey requested the United States Supreme Court review the denial of 
his federal habeas petition, but the Supreme Court again denied the request.  Dorsey v. 
6 
 
Vandergriff, 143 S. Ct. 790 (2023).6  In February 2023, the State filed a motion to set an 
execution date, which this Court sustained after considering the State’s motion and 
Dorsey’s responsive pleadings.   
On December 13, 2023, this Court issued an execution warrant and set the execution 
date for April 9, 2024.  On December 22, 2023, Dorsey filed a petition for writ of habeas 
corpus in this Court, claiming (1) his execution would violate the Sixth Amendment 
because he was denied effective assistance of counsel in that his trial counsel’s flat-fee 
arrangement created a conflict of interest and (2) he is actually innocent of first-degree 
murder because he was incapable of deliberation due to drug-induced psychosis.  Dorsey 
asks this Court to issue a writ prohibiting his execution and to appoint a special master to 
conduct an evidentiary hearing.  On February 25, 2024, Dorsey filed another petition for 
writ of habeas corpus in this Court, claiming his execution would violate the Eighth 
Amendment because he belongs to a unique class of persons for whom the penological 
goals supporting capital punishment are no longer met.  In his second writ petition, Dorsey 
                                              
6 Dorsey also filed a motion in the federal district court requesting an order requiring Potosi 
Correctional Center and the Missouri Department of Corrections to transport him to a 
private facility to conduct an MRI scan to aid his request for clemency.  The district court 
overruled Dorsey’s motion.  Dorsey v. Steele, No. 4:15-CV-08000-RK, 2023 WL 159781 
(W.D. Mo. Jan. 11, 2023).  The Eighth Circuit affirmed.  Dorsey v. Vandergriff, No. 23-
1078, 2023 WL 4363640 (8th Cir. July 6, 2023).  The United States Supreme Court also 
denied Dorsey’s request to review this motion.  Dorsey v. Vandergriff, 144 S. Ct. 504 
(2023).  Dorsey additionally filed a lawsuit in the federal district court against three 
Missouri Department of Corrections officials, alleging the department’s execution protocol 
violates several of his constitutional rights.  The district court sustained the officials’ 
motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies and dismissed the lawsuit 
without prejudice.  Dorsey v. Foley, No. 4:24-CV-00198-HEA, 2024 WL 940345 (E.D. 
Mo. Mar. 4, 2024). 
7 
 
asks this Court to convert his death sentence to a sentence of life without the possibility of 
parole.   
Standard of Review 
“[A] writ of habeas corpus may be issued when a person is restrained of his or her 
liberty in violation of the constitution or laws of the state or federal government.”  State ex 
rel. Amrine v. Roper, 102 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Mo. banc 2003).  A writ of habeas corpus will 
be denied if it “raises procedurally barred claims that could have been raised at an earlier 
stage . . . .”  Id. at 546.  Petitioners can overcome this procedural bar by showing a 
jurisdictional issue, cause and prejudice, or that manifest injustice would occur without 
habeas relief.  Id.  Claims of actual innocence may give rise to habeas relief under the 
manifest injustice standard either as a gateway to review the merits of the petitioner’s 
otherwise defaulted constitutional claims or, in some cases, as a freestanding claim of 
actual innocence.7  Id. at 546-48.  Both gateway and freestanding claims of actual 
innocence require “new evidence to support the claim that was not available at trial . . . .”  
State ex rel. Barton v. Stange, 597 S.W.3d 661, 664 n.4 (Mo. banc 2020) (per curiam).  A 
habeas petitioner bears the burden of proof to show he or she is “entitled to habeas corpus 
relief.”  State ex rel. Lyons v. Lombardi, 303 S.W.3d 523, 525 (Mo. banc 2010).   
                                              
7 “[A] gateway claim of actual innocence argues that a petitioner did not receive a 
constitutionally adequate trial, and that it would be manifestly unjust not to review 
procedurally barred claims to that effect, where newly discovered evidence demonstrates 
actual innocence by a preponderance of the evidence.”  In re Lincoln v. Cassady, 517 
S.W.3d 11, 17 (Mo. App. 2016).  In contrast to a gateway claim of innocence, “[a] 
freestanding claim of actual innocence is evaluated on the assumption that the trial was 
constitutionally adequate[,]” but a conviction should be set aside nonetheless because the 
defendant did not commit the crime.  Amrine, 102 S.W.3d at 547.   
8 
 
Analysis 
I. 
Actual Innocence 
 
Dorsey alleges he is actually innocent of first-degree murder, and, therefore, his 
death sentences are a manifest injustice.  Specifically, Dorsey alleges he is innocent of  
first-degree murder because he lacked the mental state to commit the offense.  To commit 
the offense of first-degree murder, the State must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that 
the defendant knowingly caused the death of another person after “deliberation upon the 
matter.”  Section 565.020.  “Deliberation” means “cool reflection for any length of time no 
matter how brief[.]”  Section 565.002(3).8  Dorsey contends he was incapable of 
deliberating upon the matter due to drug-induced psychosis brought on by crashing from 
crack-cocaine intoxication.  Dorsey generally alleges that, at the time of the murders, he 
had not slept for more than 72 hours, was intoxicated from beer and vodka, was suicidal, 
had major depression and a substance abuse disorder, and was withdrawing from crack 
cocaine, which routinely caused him to experience hallucinations and paranoid delusions.   
Relying on this claim that he was incapable of deliberation, Dorsey first raises a 
freestanding claim of innocence.  To make a freestanding claim of actual innocence, the 
petitioner must make a clear and convincing showing of his innocence.  Amrine, 102 
S.W.3d at 548.  “Evidence is clear and convincing when it instantly tilts the scales in the 
affirmative when weighed against the evidence in opposition, and the fact finder’s mind is 
left with an abiding conviction that the evidence is true.”  Id. (internal quotation omitted).  
                                              
8 References to section 565.002 are to RSMo 2000. 
9 
 
Dorsey’s claim of actual innocence does not consist of evidence that he did not kill S.B. or 
B.B.  See, e.g., Amrine, 102 S.W.3d at 548-49 (the only decision from this Court applying 
a freestanding claim of actual innocence to set aside a conviction after the Court relied on 
new evidence clearly and convincingly establishing the habeas petitioner was actually 
innocent because he did not kill the victim).  In fact, Dorsey does not deny he murdered 
the couple.  Rather, his evidence of actual innocence consists of affidavits from two expert 
witnesses, Dr. John Matthew Fabian and Dr. Edward D. French, suggesting Dorsey was 
incapable of deliberation because he was in a state of drug-induced psychosis at the time 
of the murders.  As a result, Dorsey argues, he legally could not have committed first-
degree murder because he did not deliberate or coolly reflect on the homicides.9  This 
evidence, however, does not establish a “clear and convincing” showing of innocence in 
light of the significant evidence of his deliberation at the time of the murders. 
Neither expert indicates he spoke with Dorsey; instead both relied on transcripts, 
mental health records, declarations, and correctional records.  From Dr. French’s review of 
these materials, he opines Dorsey’s prior paranoia and hallucinations during heavy cocaine 
usage “suggests” he was experiencing a cocaine-induced psychosis on the night of the 
murders.  This possible psychosis, combined with “symptoms that occur during cocaine 
withdrawal, coupled with lack of sleep, and binge use of cocaine and alcohol would have 
                                              
9 Even if this Court were to accept Dorsey’s argument that he did not deliberate on the 
homicides, Dorsey would still be guilty of second-degree murder pursuant to section 
565.021, RSMo 2000.  See State v. Bateman, 318 S.W.3d 681, 687 (Mo. banc 2010) 
(“Without evidence of deliberation, an intentional killing is second-degree murder . . . .”); 
State v. McLaughlin, 265 S.W.3d 257, 270 (Mo. banc 2008) (“Conventional second-degree 
murder is also a lesser-included offense of first-degree murder . . . .”). 
10 
 
diminished Mr. Dorsey’s cognitive abilities, in particular his judgment.”  Dr. Fabian 
concluded he had “concerns” Dorsey’s combination of psychosocial stressors, psychiatric 
symptoms, and effects of substances on his brain functioning impaired Dorsey’s cognitive, 
emotional, and behavioral capacity and overall mental state at the time of the offenses.   
Dr. Fabian also stated these factors “potentially” compromised Dorsey’s capacity to be 
aware of his actions and their consequences.  Neither Dorsey nor his experts are able to 
claim with any certainty that he was actually experiencing psychosis at the time of the 
murders.  
This evidence does not clearly and convincingly persuade the Court that Dorsey 
lacked the ability to deliberate when weighed against the evidence showing the murders 
were premediated.  The State presented significant evidence of Dorsey’s deliberation, 
including that Dorsey retrieved the unloaded single-shot shotgun from the shop, loaded the 
shotgun to shoot S.B., emptied the chamber, reloaded the shotgun to shoot B.B., poured 
bleach on S.B.’s body to cover up evidence of the rape, locked the bedroom door, stole 
their property to sell, turned himself in to the police, and identified himself as the one the 
police needed to talk to about the murders.  Dorsey, therefore, cannot establish a 
freestanding claim of actual innocence.   
Dorsey also alleges he can meet the more lenient gateway innocence test to 
overcome any procedural defaults and allow this Court to consider the claims raised in his 
first habeas petition.  To bring a gateway claim of actual innocence, “the petitioner must 
show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in 
the light of new evidence of innocence.”  Clay v. Dormire, 37 S.W.3d 214, 217 (Mo. banc 
11 
 
2000) (alteration omitted).  Dorsey relies on State ex rel. Verweire v. Moore, 211 S.W.3d 
89 (Mo. banc 2006), to claim a defendant does not have to be innocent of all crimes, just 
guilty of a lesser offense than the one for which he was convicted to have a claim of actual 
innocence.   
In Verweire, the defendant pleaded guilty to a crime he did not commit. Id. at 90.  
There was no direct appeal or postconviction relief proceeding; instead, the defendant filed 
a petition for writ of habeas corpus.  See id. at 91 (“Habeas corpus relief is available even 
in the absence of a direct appeal or a Rule 24.035 post-conviction relief motion where 
petitioner can demonstrate ‘manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice’ by showing that ‘a 
constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually 
innocent.’”).  The issue on appeal before this Court in Verweire was whether the 
petitioner’s conduct as admitted during his guilty plea constituted an offense of first-degree 
assault.  Id. at 92.  The Court determined the admitted conduct was not factually sufficient 
to establish the petitioner acted in a manner constituting the offense of first-degree assault.  
Id. at 92-93.  The Court held the petitioner was actually innocent of the offense, there was 
no factual basis for his guilty plea, and his guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily 
entered.  Id. at 93.  This Court concluded the petitioner demonstrated manifest injustice 
and established a gateway claim of innocence.   
Dorsey’s case is clearly distinguishable from Verweire.  Not only did Dorsey file a 
direct appeal and seek postconviction relief where his claim could have been previously 
raised, but, more importantly, there is no manifest injustice because Dorsey undoubtedly 
established a factual basis for his plea of guilt.  During his guilty plea hearing, Dorsey 
12 
 
admitted he knowingly killed both victims by shooting them and did so after deliberating 
on the matter.  Dorsey does not claim, as in Verweire, that there was no factual basis for 
his guilty plea.  Dorsey does not deny he knowingly shot and killed two people; rather, he 
argues only that evidence is now available to support his argument that he was incapable 
of deliberation.  Verweire held it is manifest injustice to plead guilty to something that is 
not factually a crime; it did not authorize relitigating and contesting facts and conduct 
previously admitted to during a guilty plea.  For these reasons, Verweire is distinguishable 
from Dorsey’s case and does not support his request for writ relief.   
Even if Verweire were applicable, Dorsey would still have to establish he was 
incapable of deliberating at the time of the offense despite his admissions during his guilty 
plea hearing, and he cannot “show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror 
would have convicted him in the light of new evidence of innocence.”  Clay, 37 S.W.3d at 
217. (alteration omitted).  As noted above, the inconclusive affidavits from Dr. Fabian and 
Dr. French suggesting Dorsey may not have been capable of deliberation are unpersuasive, 
especially in light of the overwhelming evidence that the murders were premediated.  
Before committing the murders, Dorsey retrieved the unloaded single-shot shotgun from 
the shop, loaded the gun, shot S.B., emptied the chamber, reloaded the gun, shot B.B., 
poured bleach on S.B.’s body to cover up evidence of the rape, locked the bedroom door, 
stole their property to sell, turned himself in to the police, and identified himself as the one 
the police needed to talk to about the murders.  Weighing this evidence, Dorsey cannot 
show it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him.  
Therefore, Dorsey cannot establish a gateway innocence claim. 
13 
 
 
II. 
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 
 
“Rule 29.15 provides the exclusive procedure by which [a] person may seek relief 
in the sentencing court for [claims of ineffective assistance of counsel].”  Rule 29.15(a).  
“[H]abeas review does not provide duplicative and unending challenges to the finality of a 
judgment, so it is not appropriate to review claims already raised on direct appeal or during 
post-conviction proceedings.”  State ex rel. Strong v. Griffith, 462 S.W.3d 732, 733-34 
(Mo. banc 2015) (internal quotation omitted). 
Dorsey argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel 
had a conflict of interest arising out of the flat-fee arrangement.  Dorsey alleges his trial 
counsel had a financial incentive to resolve his case expeditiously without a trial, creating 
a conflict of interest.  Dorsey claims this conflict caused trial counsel to pressure him to 
plead guilty to a crime he could not have committed and to fail to mount any defense in the 
sentencing phase proceeding.  Dorsey admits, however, he advanced this same argument 
before this Court in his Rule 29.15 appeal.  See Dorsey, 448 S.W.3d at 300.  This Court 
rejected the claim then, holding Dorsey did not demonstrate an actual conflict that 
adversely affected trial counsel’s performance.  Id.  The Court found that funds 
independent of counsel’s flat fee were available as needed and counsel’s actions were based 
on reasonable trial strategy and not finances.  Id.  This Court rejected a similar flat-fee 
claim in the capital case Tisius v. State, 519 S.W.3d 413, 430 (Mo. banc 2017).  Dorsey’s 
claim for relief must be denied as duplicative.  Strong, 462 S.W.3d at 733-34.   
14 
 
Dorsey argues he can overcome this procedural bar because he is actually innocent 
of capital murder.  As discussed above, Dorsey does not have a valid gateway claim of 
actual innocence and, accordingly, cannot overcome this procedural bar by showing 
manifest injustice.  Moreover, a valid gateway claim of actual innocence only permits the 
court to consider procedurally defaulted claims or claims a defendant failed to raise on 
direct appeal or in a timely postconviction relief motion.  Thornton v. Denney, 467 S.W.3d 
292, 295 (Mo. App. 2015).  It does not authorize review of claims previously raised and 
rejected by the court.  As noted above, Dorsey concedes he raised this same claim in his 
Rule 29.15 appeal and this Court rejected the claim.  Therefore, this Court is not permitted 
to review this previously litigated issue anew even if Dorsey could establish a valid 
gateway claim of innocence. 
Dorsey additionally argues he can raise this claim anew in his habeas petition 
because his state postconviction counsel was ineffective in advancing this argument in the 
Rule 29.15 appeal by failing to present evidence that Dorsey was experiencing drug-
induced psychosis the night of the murders, rendering Dorsey incapable of deliberation.  
Dorsey contends it is an “open and unresolved question” as to whether this Court 
recognizes claims of ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel, which this Court 
should resolve by adopting Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012).  This question is not, 
however, open and unresolved because this Court has already held ineffective assistance 
claims against postconviction relief counsel are not recognized.  Barton v. State, 486 
S.W.3d 332, 336 (Mo. banc 2016).  Dorsey is procedurally barred from raising these 
ineffective assistance of counsel claims now. 
15 
 
Next, Dorsey argues this Court’s previous finding that no conflict of interest existed 
due to the flat-fee arrangement failed to follow United States Supreme Court guidance for 
determining whether counsel was conflicted and acted adversely to Dorsey’s interests, 
citing Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335 (1980), and United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648 
(1984).  Relying on Cuyler and Cronic, Dorsey contends this Court must presume a conflict 
of interest exists when there is a flat-fee arrangement and this Court’s opinion addressing 
his postconviction relief motion failed to abide by the holdings in Cuyler and Cronic.  Even 
if this contention had merit, it would not create an exception to overcoming the procedural 
bar.  Moreover, the argument fails on its merits.   
In Cronic, the United States Supreme Court determined a lower court erred by 
presuming ineffective assistance of counsel based on the circumstances surrounding the 
defendant’s representation.  Id. at 666.  The Supreme Court held the defendant can “make 
out a claim of ineffective assistance only by pointing to specific errors made by trial 
counsel” based on the specific claims of ineffective assistance of counsel made by the 
defendant in the case.  Id.  Dorsey assumes Cronic applies here and argues this Court erred 
in finding counsel was not ineffective and improperly presumed his counsel was not 
ineffective.  But Dorsey misreads both Cronic and this Court’s prior opinion.  Cronic 
merely held the specific circumstances of that case as presented to the Supreme Court did 
not warrant a presumption of ineffective assistance of counsel.  Id. at 666-67.  Cronic does 
not preclude this Court from determining, given the circumstances of Dorsey’s criminal 
case, that Dorsey failed to demonstrate a conflict of interest.  Moreover, this Court did not 
presume Dorsey failed to demonstrate a conflict of interest simply because, as Dorsey 
16 
 
suggests, no Missouri court has found a flat-fee arrangement necessarily creates a conflict 
of interest.  Rather, this Court reached its holding after careful evaluation, which the federal 
district court detailed in its opinion.  See Dorsey, 2019 WL 4740518, at *3-4.  Dorsey also 
faults this Court for not reviewing whether the flat-fee arrangement prejudiced his defense.  
But this Court specifically found trial counsel’s actions were based on reasonable trial 
strategy and not financial limitations due to the flat-fee arrangement, and so Dorsey was 
not prejudiced.  Dorsey, 448 S.W.3d at 300.  The Supreme Court’s holding in Cronic, 
therefore, does not support Dorsey’s claim. 
 
Dorsey argues this Court’s prior opinion also failed to abide by Cuyler in analyzing 
Dorsey’s conflict of interest claim when this Court held a flat-fee arrangement is not an 
“actual conflict.”  In Cuyler, Sullivan and two others were charged with the same murders.  
446 U.S. at 337.  Two attorneys represented all three defendants throughout the trial 
proceedings.  Id.  Sullivan, who was tried first, was found guilty and sentenced to life in 
prison, while his two co-defendants were acquitted following separate trials.  Id. at 338.  
Sullivan filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, claiming he had received ineffective 
assistance of counsel because his trial counsel’s dual representation of the co-defendants 
constituted a conflict of interest.  Id. at 338-39.  The Supreme Court held: “to establish a 
violation of the Sixth Amendment, a defendant who raised no objection at trial must 
demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s 
performance.”  Id. at 348.  Once a defendant demonstrates this, he “need not demonstrate 
prejudice in order to obtain relief.  But until a defendant shows that his counsel actively 
17 
 
represented conflicting interests, he has not established the constitutional predicate for his 
claim of ineffective assistance.”  Id. at 349-50 (internal citation omitted).  
The holding in Cuyler, however, “has not been extended by the Supreme Court 
beyond cases in which an attorney has represented more than one defendant” in a criminal 
matter, which was not the source of the alleged conflict of interest in Dorsey’s case.  
Winfield v. Roper, 460 F.3d 1026, 1039 (8th Cir. 2006); see also Mickens v. Taylor, 535 
U.S. 162, 174-75 (2002).  Cuyler, therefore, does not support Dorsey’s claim for relief.  
Dorsey also tries to argue this Court violated Cuyler because the Kansas Supreme Court 
has held flat-fee arrangements constitute an actual conflict of interest.  This Court is not 
bound by another state court’s precedent and has conformed with United States Supreme 
Court precedent regarding conflicts of interest.10 
III. 
Eighth Amendment Claim 
In a separate writ petition, Dorsey claims he belongs to a unique class of persons for 
whom the penological goals supporting capital punishment are no longer met.  
Accordingly, Dorsey argues the Eighth Amendment bars his execution and this Court 
should convert his death sentence to a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.  
Dorsey does not define the parameters of the unique class to which he contends to belong 
                                              
10 Dorsey additionally argues Missouri does not follow the American Bar Association 
(“ABA”) guidelines for the appointment of counsel in capital cases or the Missouri State 
Public Defender’s determination that flat-fee representation in capital cases violates the 
Missouri Rules of Professional Conduct.  Even assuming Dorsey’s argument is correct, 
this Court is not bound by ABA guidelines nor the determinations of the Missouri State 
Public Defender.  
 
18 
 
but supports his request for relief on his claims that he has undergone a remarkable 
redemption, has had an unblemished prison record for more than 17 years on death row, 
and has received unprecedented support from more than 70 correctional officers.11  
Dorsey’s claim is meritless.  He relies on Justice White’s concurring opinion in 
Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 312 (1972), to argue an execution can be barred when 
it “ceases realistically to further the[] purposes” of capital punishment, which include 
deterrence, retribution, and rehabilitation.  Dorsey compares his case to Ford v. 
Wainwright, 477 U.S. 399 (1986), and Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930 (2007), cases 
in which the United States Supreme Court held and reaffirmed the Eighth Amendment 
prohibits the execution of a prisoner who is “insane” or incompetent because of a mental 
condition at the time of execution.  In both cases, the Supreme Court questioned the 
retributive value of executing a person who has no comprehension of why he is being 
executed due to incompetency.  Ford, 477 U.S. at 409; Panetti, 551 U.S. at 958-59.  The 
Supreme Court specifically noted the reasons at common law for not executing an 
                                              
11 Dorsey alleges a group of more than 70 corrections staff members at Potosi Correction 
Center have signed a letter to the governor, and five correctional officers have authored 
individual letters urging the governor to commute Dorsey’s sentence to life in prison.  
According to the State, however, neither the governor’s office nor the Missouri Department 
of Corrections have received any of these letters.  Dorsey included excerpts from the five 
individual letters in the body of his writ petition and explained he has kept the correctional 
officers anonymous to protect them from fear of retaliation.  Dorsey alleges he has 
established a timetable with the governor’s office for the submission of clemency materials 
and is proceeding on that timeline.  The State also alleges Dorsey has withheld the 
unblemished prison records allegedly supporting his claim of rehabilitation.  Indeed, 
Dorsey has merely provided to this Court a report from Potosi’s retired warden, who states 
he reviewed Dorsey’s prison file, and a report from a clinical psychologist who states he 
reviewed copies of the letters to the governor, but Dorsey has not included the relevant 
prison records or letters to the governor in support of his writ petition.  
19 
 
incompetent person included a lack of retributive and deterrence value.  Ford, 477 U.S. at 
406-07.  Dorsey argues that, if the Supreme Court has held mental deterioration can make 
an execution an Eighth Amendment violation because it does not further penological goals, 
it “must also be true” that “growth, transformation, and redemption” can make an execution 
an Eighth Amendment violation.  Not only is there no common law to support Dorsey’s 
argument, but mental incompetence and personal growth are also clearly distinguishable 
characteristics.  Moreover, Dorsey does not explain how his execution would not further 
the penological goals of deterrence or retribution.  Dorsey’s case, therefore, is clearly 
distinguishable from Ford and Panetti. 
Dorsey next attempts to rely on cases in which the Supreme Court found the severity 
of the offense was disproportionate to the imposition of the death penalty or there was some 
characteristic of the offender at the time of the offense that made the death penalty a 
disproportionately harsh punishment.  See Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407, 446 (2008) 
(holding the Eighth Amendment prohibits the execution of a defendant guilty of child 
rape); Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002) (holding the Eighth Amendment 
prohibits the execution of a mentally disabled prisoner); Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 
801 (1982) (holding the Eighth Amendment prohibits the death penalty for a defendant 
who did not kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 570 
(2005) (holding the Eighth Amendment prohibits the execution of defendants who were 
minors at the time of their crimes).  But Dorsey’s offenses – two counts of first-degree 
murder – are not disproportionate to capital punishment.  He also did not possess a 
characteristic at the time of the offense that made the death penalty a disproportionately 
20 
 
harsh punishment.  In fact, the jury found seven aggravating factors warranting imposition 
of the death penalty in Dorsey’s case. 
Dorsey’s claim revolves around his behavior post-sentencing.  Accordingly, Dorsey 
seeks to extend Skipper v. South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1 (1986), to his post-sentencing 
rehabilitation.  In Skipper, the defendant was convicted of capital murder and rape after a 
jury trial in South Carolina state court.  Id. at 2.  At the sentencing hearing, the defendant 
sought to introduce testimony that he had adjusted well to pretrial incarceration in the 
months between his arrest and trial.  Id. at 2-3.  The trial court excluded this evidence, and 
the defendant was sentenced to death.  Id. at 3.  The United States Supreme Court reversed 
the South Carolina Supreme Court’s decision affirming the death sentence, finding the 
defendant’s pretrial jail behavior was relevant mitigating evidence the jury should have 
been able to consider at the sentencing hearing.  Id. at 8-9.  The holding in Skipper, 
therefore, concerned only whether evidence of good pretrial behavior is admissible in the 
capital sentencing proceedings.  Skipper does not support Dorsey’s claim that behavior in 
prison post-trial should be a basis for setting aside a death sentence after an execution 
warrant has been issued. 
Ultimately, Dorsey’s claim that his death sentence should be converted to a sentence 
of life without parole due to his model behavior as an inmate in prison is a plea for 
clemency.  The Missouri Constitution grants the governor complete discretion to grant 
pardons, commutations, and other forms of clemency.  Mo. Const. art. IV, sec. 7.  The 
Missouri legislature also acknowledges the governor’s power and discretion to grant 
clemency.  See secs. 217.800; 552.070.  Accordingly, Dorsey’s claim seeking relief from 
21 
 
his death sentence based on post-trial prison behavior should be directed to the governor 
rather than this Court.12  Because Dorsey’s claim is a plea for clemency, it is beyond this 
Court’s authority and review.  See Cooper v. Holden, 189 S.W.3d 614, 620 (Mo. App. 
2006) (holding the court does not have jurisdiction over a prisoner’s claim for a reprieve, 
commutation, or pardon).  Therefore, Dorsey fails to present any legally cognizable claim 
for habeas relief.  
Conclusion 
Dorsey has not demonstrated he is actually innocent or that his execution would 
violate the Eighth Amendment.  Additionally, this Court previously found Dorsey’s claim 
of ineffective assistance of counsel due to a financial conflict of interest lacks merit, and 
                                              
12 Missouri is not unique in granting the executive branch absolute discretion over 
clemency relief.  “While traditionally available to capital defendants as a final and 
alternative avenue of relief, clemency has not traditionally been the business of courts.”  
Ohio Adult Parole Auth. v. Woodard, 523 U.S. 272, 284 (1998) (internal quotation 
omitted).  For offenses under federal law, only the president has the power to grant 
clemency.  U.S. Const. art. II, sec. 2, cl. 1.  And of the states that still have the death penalty, 
clemency power is either vested in the executive branch or an advisory board that 
determines clemency or recommends to the governor whether to grant clemency.  See, e.g., 
Trueblood v. State, 790 N.E.2d 97, 97-98 (Ind. 2003) (“The exclusive power to grant 
clemency rests with the Governor. . . . There is no provision in the state constitution or 
statutes for judicial review of the Governor’s decision concerning a clemency petition.”); 
Carroll v. State, 114 So. 3d 883, 888 (Fla. 2013) (“[I]t is not this Court’s prerogative to 
second-guess the executive branch on matters of clemency in capital cases.”); Bacon v. 
Lee, 549 S.E.2d 840, 854 (N.C. 2001) (“[S]imilar to the due deference the federal judiciary 
naturally exhibits toward the President’s exercise of clemency authority by virtue of the 
separation of powers doctrine, we likewise believe that this Court should exhibit a similar, 
or perhaps even greater, deference toward a Governor’s exercise of clemency authority . . 
. .”). 
 
22 
 
Dorsey is procedurally barred from raising this same claim again.  Accordingly, Dorsey’s 
petitions for writ of habeas corpus are denied.13 
 
 
___________________ 
W. Brent Powell, Judge 
 
 
All concur. 
                                              
13 No Rule 84.17 motions shall be filed in these matters.