Case Title: State v. Bunner

Citation: 234 Neb. 879, 453 N.W.2d 97

Docket Number: 

State: nebraska

Court: Nebraska Supreme Court

Date: 1990-03-30T00:00:00Z

Document:
453 N.W.2d 97 (1990) 234 Neb. 879 STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Steven R. BUNNER, Appellant. Nos. 89-163, 89-164. Supreme Court of Nebraska. March 30, 1990. *98 Douglas Veith, of Veith, P.C., Bertolini, Schroeder and Blount, Bellevue, for appellant. Robert M. Spire, Atty. Gen., and Leroy W. Sievers, Lincoln, for appellee. HASTINGS, C.J., WHITE, CAPORALE, SHANAHAN, GRANT, and FAHRNBRUCH, JJ., and RONIN, District Judge, Retired. SHANAHAN, Justice. Steven R. Bunner appeals from sentences imposed after his convictions on two counts of first degree sexual assault, in violation of Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-319 (Reissue 1989), which provides: "(1) Any person who subjects another person to sexual penetration and (a) overcomes the victim by force, threat of force, express or implied, coercion, or deception ... is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree." First degree sexual assault is a Class II felony, see § 28-319(2), punishable by a maximum penalty of 50 years' imprisonment, see Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-105(1) (Reissue 1985). Bunner contends that a denial of due process in sentencing resulted in excessive sentences imposed on Bunner and requests that his sentences be set aside. The factual background pertaining to this appeal was presented at the hearing when Bunner entered his guilty pleas to the sexual assault charges and at the sentence hearing for Bunner. The first sexual assault involving Bunner occurred shortly after midnight on September 7, 1987. Bunner climbed through a partially opened window in the victim's apartment and entered her bedroom. He *99 was wearing a hooded sweatshirt with the hood pulled over his head and was also wearing a ski mask, which covered his face except for his eyes and mouth. The victim, an adult female alone in the apartment, was sleeping in the bedroom and suddenly awakened to find Bunner at bedside, peering down at her. Bunner told the victim, "Don't scream; don't you say anything." At that point, Bunner forced the victim to remove her nightwear, remain on the bed, and submit to sexual penetration by Bunner, who sought to cover the victim's face with a pillow, since she had been screaming and crying throughout the assault. When the victim resisted the pillow maneuver, Bunner started to stuff a cloth into the victim's mouth, but then ordered the victim to lie face down on the bed. At the conclusion of the assault, Bunner prowled around the apartment and eventually crawled out through a bedroom window. The victim immediately reported the sexual assault to police, who took the victim to a nearby hospital, where a physician examined her and observed bruises and bleeding in the victim's vaginal area but no other medically noteworthy physical injuries to the victim. The second sexual assault occurred in the early hours of July 18, 1988. Bunner saw the victim, an adult woman, enter her apartment. Shortly thereafter, Bunner approached the apartment, cut the screen on one of the apartment's windows, entered, and found the victim alone and asleep in the bedroom. The victim was suddenly awakened by Bunner's sexual penetration of her and saw that a stocking cap covered Bunner's face. After the assault, Bunner asked the frightened victim whether she wanted to see his face, to which the victim answered "no." Bunner told the victim that he would telephone her later in the day. During a physical examination at a hospital shortly after the sexual assault, the victim displayed a nervous and distraught state but no medically significant physical injuries. Bunner telephoned the victim, and, through further investigation, police were able to locate Bunner, who was later taken into custody. The State charged Bunner with two counts of first degree sexual assault and two counts of burglary. Pursuant to a plea agreement, Bunner entered guilty pleas to the charges of first degree sexual assault, and the burglary charges were dismissed by the State. Before accepting the guilty pleas, the district court inquired into Bunner's ability to understand the proceedings and informed Bunner concerning his constitutional rights, the effect of Bunner's waiver of rights, and the consequences of a guilty plea to the charges, including the possible penalties for conviction on the charges. After the State presented a factual basis for each of the charges against Bunner, the court inquired of Bunner's lawyer: "I assume, Mr. Veith, that you have had full access to the files of the County Attorney in this case?" Bunner's lawyer responded: "Yes, Your Honor." After Bunner stated that he understood the information imparted by the judge and waived the rights accorded a defendant, the court accepted Bunner's plea of guilty to each count of first degree sexual assault. At the sentence hearing for Bunner, the presentence investigation report on Bunner was examined. In the course of discussion concerning the presentence report, the court asked Bunner's lawyer: "And, Mr. Veith, have you had a reasonable opportunity in point of view of time to review the content of the presentence report?" Bunner's lawyer answered: "Yes, Your Honor, I have." The court immediately inquired: "Are there any matters appearing therein which require correction or discussion?" The response from Bunner's lawyer was: "Not that I can think of, Your Honor, no." The presentence report consisted of approximately 200 pages, which included detailed police reports concerning each sexual assault to which Bunner had pled guilty, medical reports, communications from each victim, and several letters from individuals who expressed their views about the sentence to be imposed on Bunner. After allocution, which indicated no legal justification for withholding sentence on Bunner, the court sentenced Bunner to a term of not less than 10 nor more than 15 years in the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex *100 on each count, which sentences are to be served consecutively. Bunner contends that the district court committed reversible error by not conducting an evidentiary hearing, independent of or as a distinct part of a sentence hearing, to determine whether the victims sustained serious personal injuries as the result of sexual assault by Bunner. As a basis for his contention, Bunner refers to § 28-319(2), which, concerning first degree sexual assault as a Class II felony, states: "The sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor shall have caused serious personal injury to the victim in reaching his decision on the sentence." "Serious personal injury" is defined as "great bodily injury or disfigurement, extreme mental anguish or mental trauma, pregnancy, disease, or loss or impairment of a sexual or reproductive organ." Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-318(4) (Reissue 1989). Bunner asserts that the district court erred "in sentencing [Bunner] without a specific finding of extreme mental trauma or anguish or, finding such, did so on insufficient grounds in violation of the statutory requirements in Section 28-319(2)," brief for appellant at 5, and relies on State v. Country, 194 Neb. 570, 234 N.W.2d 593 (1975), wherein this court construed Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-408.03 (Reissue 1975), the statutory predecessor for § 28-319(2) of the Nebraska Criminal Code enacted in 1977, and expressed: (Emphasis supplied.) 194 Neb. at 573, 234 N.W.2d at 595. Bunner further asserts: Brief for appellant at 9-10. Consequently, Bunner's assignments of error and appellate argument may be synthesized and distilled as follows: Before a court can sentence a defendant who is convicted of first degree sexual assault, the sentencing court must conduct an evidentiary hearing required by § 28-319(2) and determine whether the victim has sustained serious bodily injury from the sexual assault. From the foregoing, Bunner concludes that in the absence of the prerequisite hearing pursuant to § 28-319(2), a sentence for a sexual assault conviction contravenes due process guaranteed to a defendant in the sentencing process. Bunner's argument is premised on a twofold fallacy and, therefore, is doubly defective. Recently, in State v. Martin, 232 Neb. 385, 440 N.W.2d 676 (1989), we considered an argument similar to Bunner's. In Martin, the defendant was convicted of, among other offenses, three counts of first degree sexual assault and, on appeal, also relied on State v. Country, supra, claiming that there must be a separate hearing to determine serious personal injury before imposition of sentence on a conviction for sexual assault. However, the Martin court noted: 232 Neb. at 397, 440 N.W.2d at 685. Bunner hastens to point out that Martin involved a trial which led to a conviction for assault, but Bunner's convictions resulted from guilty pleas. Hence, according to Bunner, in the absence of a trial, an evidentiary hearing is required so that a sentencing court will be supplied with information necessary to determine whether a sexual assault victim has sustained serious bodily injury. However, on reading § 28-319(2), we find no requirement that before sentence is imposed on a defendant convicted of first degree sexual assault, there must be an evidentiary hearing to determine whether a sexual assault victim has sustained serious personal injury. Section 28-319(2) simply requires a sentencing judge to "consider" whether a defendant who has been convicted of first degree sexual assault inflicted serious personal injury on the sexual assault victim. For that reason, we hold that, in accordance with § 28-319(2), a sentencing judge, before imposition of a sentence on a defendant convicted of first degree sexual assault, is not required to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the victim has sustained serious personal injury as a result of the sexual assault by the defendant; rather, concerning the question of personal injury to the victim, the judge shall consider information appropriately before the court in the sentencing process. Consequently, insofar as the expression in State v. Country, 194 Neb. 570, 573, 234 N.W.2d 593, 595 (1975), namely, "Probably, this determination can be made only by means of an evidentiary hearing unless serious personal injury is admitted," may be interpreted to require an evidentiary hearing relative to § 28-319(2), Country is disapproved. Thus, Bunner's argument is partially based on the fallacious premise that § 28-319(2) requires an evidentiary hearing before imposition of sentence on a defendant convicted of first degree sexual assault. Bunner next contends that, since there was no evidentiary hearing in his case to ascertain whether the victims sustained serious personal injury, the sentencing court had no information for consideration in determining the sentences to be imposed for convictions of first degree sexual assault, notwithstanding the directive in § 28-319(2) that "[t]he sentencing judge shall consider whether the actor shall have caused serious personal injury to the victim" of the sexual assault for which the defendant has been convicted. As Bunner sees the situation, there were insufficient grounds to be considered in reference to serious personal injury sustained by Bunner's victims. Bunner's perspective of the consequences to a victim of sexual assault apparently results from a lack of understanding of, disdain for, or indifference to the nature of first degree sexual assault, formerly and commonly known as rape by force or forcible rape. As one writer has expressed *102 regarding rape by force and what has come to be known as the rape trauma syndrome: Note, Expert Testimony on Rape Trauma Syndrome: An Argument for Limited Admissibility, 63 Wash.L.Rev. 1063, 1064 (1988). Another author notes: Massaro, Experts, Psychology, Credibility, and Rape: The Rape Trauma Syndrome Issue and Its Implications for Expert Psychological Testimony, 69 Minn.L.Rev. 395, 426-28 (1985). Addressing various phases in consequences of a sexual assault with force, another commentator relates that a victim experiences the Comment, Expert Testimony on Rape Trauma Syndrome: Admissibility and Effective Use in Criminal Rape Prosecution, 33 Am.U.L.Rev. 417, 427 (1984). Still another author has observed: "In essence, all victims of rape react to the assault as a stressful, violent, and life-threatening experience.... [A] rape victim's psychological sequelae mirror those of victims of other violent crimes." Note, Checking the Allure of Increased Conviction Rates: The Admissibility of Expert Testimony on Rape Trauma Syndrome in Criminal Proceedings, 70 Va.L.Rev. 1657, 1670 (1984). Consequently, it is all too evident that one need not be specially trained in medicine or psychology to recognize and appreciate the injury from a forceful sexual intrusion *103 into another's body and invasion of the mind and very personality of another human being. The nature of a sexual assault through force, a crime which Bunner has admitted by his guilty pleas, furnished a basis for a judicial determination that a sexual assault victim sustained "serious personal injury" in the form of "extreme mental anguish or mental trauma." See § 28-318(4). Regarding the type of information properly available to a sentencing court, at the outset we note that the Nebraska Evidence Rules, Neb.Rev.Stat. §§ 27-101 to 27-1103 (Reissue 1989), are inapplicable to a sentence hearing. See, Neb.Evid.R. 1101(4), § 27-1101(4) (Nebraska Evidence Rules do not apply to "[p]roceedings for ... sentencing"); State v. Dillon, 222 Neb. 131, 382 N.W.2d 353 (1986). In State v. Jackson, 225 Neb. 843, 859, 408 N.W.2d 720, 731 (1987), we expressed: "In a sentence hearing, a court, generally, has broad discretion concerning the source of information and the type of information to be considered." This court, in State v. Porter, 209 Neb. 722, 723-24, 310 N.W.2d 926, 927 (1981), observed: "We have gone so far as to say that the latitude allowed a sentencing judge in such instances is almost without limitation as long as it is relevant to the issue." A sentencing judge may consider relevant information contained in a presentence report on the defendant to determine an appropriate sentence within the statutorily authorized penalty, punishment, or disposition applicable to the crime for which the defendant has been convicted. See, State v. Goodpasture, 215 Neb. 341, 338 N.W.2d 446 (1983); State v. Porter, supra; State v. Rose, 183 Neb. 809, 164 N.W.2d 646 (1969). Concerning basic fairness necessary for due process in sentencing, we have stated: "[A] convicted defendant, even in a noncapital case, has a due process right to inquire into an incorrect assumption by the sentencing judge, untrue information materially affecting a prospective sentence, or other misinformation which a court may use in determining what sentence will be imposed." State v. Barker, 231 Neb. 430, 435, 436 N.W.2d 520, 523 (1989). The relevant factual information in the presentence report on Bunner and the very nature of the crime committed supplied the sentencing judge with a sufficient basis for the conclusion that Bunner's victims had sustained serious personal injury, that is, extreme mental anguish or mental trauma, as the result of sexual assault by Bunner. See § 28-318(4). Bunner did not dispute any of the information supplied to the sentencing court and has failed to indicate any incorrect or untrue information which affected the sentences imposed on Bunner. Regarding allocution as a part of Nebraska's criminal procedure, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-2201 (Reissue 1989) provides: "Before the sentence is pronounced, the defendant must be informed by the court of the verdict of the jury, and asked whether he has anything to say why judgment should not be passed against him." At the time of allocution, Bunner offered no reason why sentence should not have been imposed upon him. In State v. Barker, supra, we said: "As one commentator has observed: `Today the most practical rationale underlying allocution is that it provides an opportunity for the offender and defense counsel to contest any disputed factual basis for the sentence....' A. Campbell, Law of Sentencing § 72 at 232 (1978)." 231 Neb. at 436, 436 N.W.2d at 524. Thus, the balance of Bunner's argument about his sentence is based on the fallacy that the sentencing court lacked sufficient information concerning personal injury to Bunner's sexual assault victims. "A sentence imposed within the statutory limits will not be disturbed on appeal unless the sentencing court has abused its discretion in the sentence imposed." State v. Kitt, 232 Neb. 237, 240, 440 N.W.2d 234, 236 (1989). See, also, State v. Dillon, 222 Neb. 131, 382 N.W.2d 353 (1986). *104 Bunner's assignments of error are without merit. Bunner's convictions and sentences are affirmed. AFFIRMED.