Case Title: In Re: Standard Jury Instructions In Criminal Cases – Report 2011.01

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC11-462

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 2011-09-08T00:00:00Z

Document:
Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC11-462 
____________ 
 
 
IN RE:  STANDARD JURY INSTRUCTIONS IN CRIMINAL CASES - 
REPORT 2011-01. 
 
[September 8, 2011] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
The Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal 
Cases (Committee) has submitted a report proposing amendments to a number of 
standard criminal jury instructions pertaining to fleeing a law enforcement officer 
and aggravation of a felony.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 2(a), Fla. Const. 
 
The Committee’s proposals amend the standard criminal jury instructions 
pertaining to fleeing a law enforcement officer (instructions 28.6-28.85) and 
aggravation of a felony (instructions 3.3(a)-(c), 3.3(e)-(f)).1   
                                          
 
 
1.  The Committee proposes amendments to the following instructions: 
28.6 – Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, 28.7 – Fleeing to Elude a Law 
Enforcement Officer, Sirens and Lights Activated, 28.8 – Fleeing to Elude a Law 
Enforcement Officer, Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless 
Driving, 28.81 – Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, Siren and Lights 
Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing Serious Bodily Injury or 
Death, 28.82 – Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, Leaving a Crash Involving Injury 
 
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The Committee’s proposals pertaining to fleeing a law enforcement officer 
were published in the January 15, 2011, edition of The Florida Bar News.  The 
proposed amendments pertaining to the aggravation of a felony were published in 
the January 1, 2011, edition of The Florida Bar News.  No comments were 
received with respect to either publication.  Upon consideration of the proposals, 
we hereby authorize for publication and use the amended instructions, with a minor 
modification to instruction 3.3(e), Aggravation of a Felony by Wearing a Hood, 
Mask, or Other Device to Conceal Identity, as discussed below.  
The Committee proposes amending standard jury instruction 3.3(e) to 
include the requisite burden of persuasion, as well as a note that contains a brief 
commentary and a citation to Wright v. State, 810 So. 2d 873 (Fla. 2002).  We 
modify the Committee’s proposal by adding the word “personally” to the text of 
the instruction.  Consistent with the Committee’s proposed amendments to 
                                                                                                                                        
or Death Then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death, 28.83 – Aggravated 
Fleeing or Eluding, Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property 
Then Causing Serious Bodily Injury or Death, 28.84 – Aggravated Fleeing or 
Eluding, Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death Then Causing Injury or 
Property Damage to Another, 28.85 – Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, Leaving a 
Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property Then Causing Injury or Property 
Damage to Another, 3.3(a) – Aggravation of a Felony by Carrying a Firearm, 
3.3(b) – Aggravation of a Felony by Carrying a Weapon Other Than a Firearm, 
3.3(c) – Aggravation of a Felony by Committing an Aggravated Battery, 3.3(e) – 
Aggravation of a Felony by Wearing a Hood, Mask, or Other Device to Conceal 
Identity, and 3.3(f) – Aggravation of a Crime by Selecting a Victim Based on 
Prejudice.   
 
- 3 - 
instructions 3.3(a) and 3.3(b), the addition of the word clarifies that the aggravating 
offense must be personally committed by a defendant.    
Having considered the Committee’s report, we hereby authorize for 
publication and use the instructions as they appear in the attached appendix.2  In 
authorizing the publication and use of these instructions, we express no opinion on 
their correctness and remind all interested parties that this authorization forecloses 
neither requesting additional or alternative instructions nor contesting the legal 
correctness of the instructions.  We further caution all interested parties that any 
comments associated with the instructions reflect only the opinion of the 
Committee and are not necessarily indicative of the views of this Court as to their 
correctness or applicability.  New language is indicated by underlining and deleted 
language is indicated by struck-through type.  The instructions as set forth in the 
appendix shall be effective when this opinion becomes final.  
It is so ordered. 
 CANADY, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, LABARGA, 
and PERRY, JJ., concur. 
 
                                          
 
 
2.  The amendments as reflected in the appendix are to the Criminal Jury 
Instructions as they appear on the Court’s website at www.floridasupremecourt. 
org/jury_instructions/instructions.shtml.  We recognize that there may be minor 
discrepancies between the instructions as they appear on the website and the 
published versions of the instructions.  Any discrepancies as to instructions 
authorized for publication and use after October 25, 2007, should be resolved by 
reference to the published opinion of this Court authorizing the instruction.  
 
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THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE 
EFFECTIVE DATE OF THESE AMENDMENTS. 
 
 
Original Proceeding – Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in 
Criminal Cases 
 
Judge Samantha L. Ward, Chair, Supreme Court Committee on Standard Jury 
Instructions in Criminal Cases, Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, Tampa, Florida, 
 
 
for Petitioner 
 
 
- 5 - 
APPENDIX 
28.6  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
§ 316.1935(1), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
2. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered the defendant 
to stop or remain stopped. 
 
Give 3a or 3b as applicable. 
3. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directedordered to stop 
by a duly authorized law enforcement officer,  
 
a. 
willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance 
with the order 
 
b. 
having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude the officer. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
 
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Lesser Included Offenses 
 
 
No lesser included offenses have been identified for this offense. 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(1) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
 
 
None 
 
 
 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense, see Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 
464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081] and 2011. 
 
 
- 7 - 
28.7  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
(Siren and Lights Activated) 
§ 316.1935(2), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
 
Give 2a or 2b as applicable. 
2. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a 
duly authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle 
in an attempt to elude a law enforcement officer. 
 
a. 
willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance 
with the order 
 
b. 
having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude the officer. 
 
3. 
The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law 
enforcement patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other 
jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle and 
with siren and lights activated. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
- 8 - 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(1) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
 
None Disobedience to 
Police or Fire 
Department Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense, see Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 
464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081] and 2011. 
 
- 9 - 
28.8  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
(Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving) 
§ 316.1935(3)(a), Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following four elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. (Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
 
Give 2a or 2b as applicable 
2. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a 
duly authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle 
in an attempt to elude a law enforcement officer. 
 
a. 
willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance 
with the order. 
 
 
 
b. 
having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude the officer. 
 
3. 
The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law 
enforcement patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other 
jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle and 
with siren and lights activated. 
 
4. 
During the course of the fleeing or the attempt to elude, 
(defendant) drove at high speed or in any manner demonstrating a 
wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. 
 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over or steering 
a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is open to the 
public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
- 10 - 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, excepting 
devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935 (3)(a) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
 
Reckless driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2000 [765 So. 2d 692] and amended in 2008 
[976 So. 2d 1081] and 2011. 
 
 
- 11 - 
28.81  FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER 
(Siren and Lights Activated with High Speed or Reckless Driving Causing  
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) 
§ 316.1935(3)(b), Fla. Stat. 
 
  
To prove the crime of Fleeing to Elude a Law Enforcement Officer, the 
State must prove the following five elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was operating a vehicle upon a street or highway in 
Florida. 
 
 
Give 2a or 2b as applicable. 
2. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been directed to stop by a 
duly authorized law enforcement officer, willfully fled in a vehicle 
in an attempt to elude a law enforcement officer. 
 
a. 
willfully refused or failed to stop the vehicle in compliance 
with the order. 
 
b. 
having stopped the vehicle, willfully fled in a vehicle in an 
attempt to elude the officer. 
 
3. 
The law enforcement officer was in an authorized law 
enforcement patrol vehicle with agency insignia and other 
jurisdictional markings prominently displayed on the vehicle and 
with siren and lights activated. 
 
4. 
During the course of the fleeing or the attempt to elude, 
(defendant) drove at high speed or in any manner demonstrating a 
wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. 
 
5. 
As a result of (defendant’s) fleeing or eluding at high speed or 
wanton disregard for safety, [he] [she] caused [the death of] 
[serious bodily injury to] [another person] [a law enforcement 
officer involved in pursuing or otherwise attempting to stop [his] 
[her] vehicle]. 
 
 
- 12 - 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Operator” means any person who is in actual physical control of a 
motor vehicle upon the highway [or who is exercising control over 
or steering a vehicle being towed by a motor vehicle]. 
 
 
“Street or highway” means the entire width between boundary lines of 
every way or place of whatever nature when any part thereof is 
open to the public for purposes of vehicular traffic. 
 
 
“Vehicle” means every device, in, upon, or by which any person or 
property is or may be transported or drawn upon a highway, 
excepting devices used exclusively upon stationary rails or tracks. 
 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
FLEEING TO ELUDE A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER — 
316.1935(3)(b) 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA. STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
Fleeing to elude 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
 
Reckless driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011. 
 
 
- 13 - 
28.82  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Serious  
Bodily Injury or Death)  
§ 316.1935(4)(b) and § 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash 
resulting in [injury to] [the death of] any person. 
 
2. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was 
involved in a crash. 
 
Give 3a if death is charged or 3b if injury is charged. 
 
3. 
a. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the injury to or 
death of the person. 
 
b. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the injury to the 
person. 
 
Give 4a or 4b or both as applicable. 
4. 
(Defendant) 
 
a. 
willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as close to 
the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had 
given “identifying information” to the [injured person] 
[driver] [occupant][person attending the vehicle or other 
damaged property] and to any police officer investigating 
the crash. 
 
b. 
willfully failed to render “reasonable assistance” to the 
injured person if such treatment appeared to be necessary 
or was requested by the injured person. 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop 
 
- 14 - 
[his][her]vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after 
having stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, 
willfully fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law 
enforcement officer.] 
 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused 
[serious bodily injury to] [the death of] (name of victim). 
 
I further instruct you that 
§ 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information” or willfully 
failed to give reasonable assistance, the State satisfies this element of the 
offense.  
 
Definitions. 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
 
“Reasonable assistance” includes carrying or making arrangement to 
carry the injured person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death and then Causing Serious Injury 
Bodily Injury or Death) — 
316.1935(4)(b) and 316.027 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Aggravated Fleeing  
 
316.1935(4)(a) 
28.84 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
 
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Leaving Scene of 
Accident Involving 
Death  
 
316.027(1)(b) 
28.4 
Leaving Scene of 
Accident Involving 
Injury 
 
316.027(1)(a) 
28.4 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
 
Reckless Driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [SC07-1851, January 10, 2008976 So. 
2d 1081] and amended in 2011. 
 
 
- 16 - 
28.83  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) 
§ 316.1935(4)(b) and § 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash 
resulting only in damage [to a vehicle] [to property other than a 
vehicle] which was driven or attended by a person. 
 
2. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was 
involved in a crash. 
 
3. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the damage to [the 
vehicle] [the attended property]. 
 
4. 
(Defendant) willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as 
close to the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had 
given “identifying information” to the [driver] [person attending 
the damaged property] and to any police officer investigating the 
crash. 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop [his] [her] 
vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after having 
stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, willfully 
fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law enforcement 
officer]. 
 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] she] caused 
[serious bodily injury to] [the death of] (name of victim). 
 
I further instruct you that 
§ 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
- 17 - 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information,” the State 
satisfies this element of the offense. 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Serious Bodily Injury or Death) — 
316.1935(4)(b) and 316.061 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Aggravated Fleeing  
 
316.1935(4)(a) 
28.85 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving the Scene of a 
Crash Involving 
Damage to Vehicle or 
Property 
 
316.061 
N/A 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
 
Reckless Driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 18 - 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011. 
 
 
 
 
 
- 19 - 
28.84  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death then Causing Injury or  
Property Damage to Another) 
§ 316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.027 Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1.   
(Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash 
resulting in [injury to] [the death of] any person. 
 
2.  
(Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was 
involved in a crash. 
 
Give 3a if death is charged or 3b if injury is charged. 
 
3. 
a. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the injury to or 
death of the person. 
 
b. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the injury to the 
person. 
 
 
Give 4a or 4b or both as applicable. 
4. 
(Defendant) 
 
a.  
willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as close to 
the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had 
given “identifying information” to the [injured person] 
[driver] [occupant] [person attending the vehicle or other 
damaged property] and to any police officer investigating 
the crash. 
 
b. 
willfully failed to render “reasonable assistance” to the 
injured person if such treatment appeared to be necessary 
or was requested by the injured person. 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he][she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop 
 
- 20 - 
[his][her]vehicle in compliance with the order to stop][and after 
having stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, 
willfully fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law 
enforcement officer.] 
 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused [an 
injury to] [damage to the property of] (name of victim). 
 
I further instruct you that 
§ 316.027, Fla. Stat. 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information” or willfully 
failed to give reasonable assistance, the State satisfies this element of the 
offense.  
 
Definitions. 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely.  
 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
 
“Reasonable assistance” includes carrying or making arrangement to 
carry the injured person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving a Crash Involving Injury or Death and then Causing Injury or 
Property Damage to Another) — 
316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.027 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving Scene of 
Accident Involving 
Death 
 
316.027(1)(b) 
28.4 
 
- 21 - 
Leaving Scene of 
Accident Involving 
Injury 
 
316.027(1)(a) 
28.4 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
 
Reckless Driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [SC07-1851, January 10, 2008976 So. 
2d 1081] and amended in 2011 . 
 
- 22 - 
28.85  AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING 
(Leaving a Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property  
then Causing Injury or Property Damage to Another) 
§ 316.1935(4)(a) and § 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
 
To prove the crime of Aggravated Fleeing or Eluding, the State must 
prove the following seven elements beyond a reasonable doubt: 
 
1. 
(Defendant) was the driver of a vehicle involved in a crash 
resulting only in damage [to a vehicle] [to property other than a 
vehicle] which was driven or attended by a person. 
 
2. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known that [he] [she] was 
involved in a crash. 
 
3. 
(Defendant) knew or should have known of the damage to [the 
vehicle] [the attended property]. 
 
4. 
(Defendant) willfully failed to stop at the scene of the crash or as 
close to the crash as possible and remain there until [he] [she] had 
given “identifying information” to the [driver][person attending 
the damaged property] and to any police officer investigating the 
crash. 
 
5. 
A duly authorized law enforcement officer ordered (defendant) to 
stop. 
 
6. 
(Defendant), knowing [he] [she] had been ordered to stop by a law 
enforcement officer, [willfully refused or failed to stop [his] [her] 
vehicle in compliance with the order to stop] [and after having 
stopped in knowing compliance with the order to stop, willfully 
fled in a vehicle in an attempt to elude the law enforcement 
officer]. 
 
7. 
As a result of (defendant) fleeing or eluding, [he] [she] caused 
[injury to] [damage to the property of] (name of victim). 
 
I further instruct you that 
§ 316.061, Fla. Stat. 
 
- 23 - 
A driver has the legal duty to immediately stop [his] [her] vehicle at the 
scene of the crash or as close to the scene of the crash as possible and provide 
“identifying information.” 
 
 
If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 
willfully failed to give any part of the “identifying information,” the State 
satisfies this element of the offense. 
 
Definitions. 
 
“Willfully” means intentionally, knowingly, and purposely. 
 
 
“Identifying information” means the name, address, vehicle registration 
number, and, if available and requested, the exhibition of the defendant’s 
license or permit to drive. 
 
Lesser Included Offenses 
 
AGGRAVATED FLEEING OR ELUDING  
(Leaving A Crash Involving Damage to a Vehicle or Property then Causing 
Injury or Property Damage to Another) — 
316.1935(4)(a) and 316.061 
CATEGORY ONE 
CATEGORY TWO 
FLA.STAT. 
INS. NO. 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
 
316.1935(1) 
28.6 
Leaving the Scene of a 
Crash Involving  
Damage to Vehicle or 
Property 
 
316.061 
N/A 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(b) 
28.81 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(3)(a) 
28.8 
 
Fleeing to Elude LEO 
316.1935(2) 
28.7 
 
Reckless Driving 
316.192 
28.5 
 
Disobedience to Police 
or Fire Department 
Officials 
 
 
316.072(3) 
 
 
 
- 24 - 
Comments 
 
 
For the category two lesser included offense of Disobedience to Police, see 
Koch v. State, 39 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010).   
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 2008 [976 So. 2d 1081] and amended in 
2011. 
 
 
- 25 - 
3.3(a)  AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY BY CARRYING A FIREARM 
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat. 
 
 
If you find that (defendant) committed (felony as identified by 
§ 775.087(1), Fla. Stat.) and you also find beyond a reasonable doubt that 
during the commission of the crime, [he] [she] personally [carried] [displayed] 
[used] [threatened to use] [attempted to use] a firearm, you should find [him] 
[her] guilty of (felony) with a firearm. 
 
 
 
Definition. §790.001(6), Fla. Stat. 
 
A "firearm" is legally defined as (adapt from § 790.001(6), Fla._Stat., as 
required by allegations) any weapon (including a starter gun) which will, is 
designed to, or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of 
an explosive; the frame or receiver of any such weapon; any firearm muffler 
or firearm silencer; any destructive device; or any machine gun. The term 
“firearm” does not include an antique firearm unless the antique firearm is 
used in the commission of a crime. 
 
 
If you find only that (defendant) committed (felony, as identified in 
§ 775.087(1), Fla. Stat.), but did not but you are not convinced beyond a 
reasonable doubt that [he] [she] personally [carryied] [displayed] [used] 
[threatened to use] [attempted to use] a firearm, then you should find [him] 
[her] guilty only of (felony). 
 
Comments 
 
 
This instruction should not be given in conjunction with the instructions 
pertaining to any felony in which the use of a weapon or firearm is an essential 
element. 
 
 
The requirement that the defendant personally carried, etc., the firearm 
comports with the holding in State v. Rodriguez, 602 So. 2d 1270 (Fla. 1992), that 
a defendant’s offense may not be reclassified for a codefendant’s possession of a 
firearm during a felony.   
 
 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 2011. 
 
 
- 26 - 
3.3(b)  AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY 
BY CARRYING A WEAPON OTHER THAN A FIREARM 
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat. 
 
 
If you find that (defendant) committed (felony, as identified by                  
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat.) and you also find beyond a reasonable doubt that 
during the commission of the crime [he] [she] personally [carried] [displayed] 
[used] [threatened to use] [attempted to use] a weapon, you should find [him] 
[her] guilty of (felony) with a weapon. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
A "weapon" is legally defined to mean any object that could be used to 
cause death or inflict serious bodily harm. 
 
 
If you find only that (defendant) committed (felony, as identified in 
§ 775.087(1), Fla. Stat.), but did not but you are not convinced beyond a 
reasonable doubt that [he] [she] personally [carryied] [displayed] [used] 
[threatened to use] [attempted to use] a weapon, then you should find [him] 
[her] guilty only of (felony). 
 
Comments 
 
 
This instruction should not be given in conjunction with the instructions 
pertaining to any felony in which the use of a weapon or firearm is an essential 
element. 
 
 
The requirement that the defendant personally carried, etc., the weapon 
comports with the holding in  State v. Rodriguez, 602 So. 2d 1270 (Fla. 1992), that 
a defendant’s offense may not be reclassified for a codefendant’s possession of a 
firearm during a felony.    
 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1981 and amended in 2011. 
 
- 27 - 
3.3(c)  AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY 
BY COMMITTING AN AGGRAVATED BATTERY 
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat. 
 
 
If you find that (defendant) committed (felony as identified by                   
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat.) and you also find beyond a reasonable doubt that 
during the commission of the crime the defendant committed an aggravated 
battery, you should find the defendant guilty of (felony) with an aggravated 
battery. 
 
 
Definition. 
 
"Aggravated battery" is legally defined as (read applicable instructions 
adapt, as required by the allegations and evidence, from Instructions 8.4 or 8.4(a)).  
 
 
 
If you find only that (defendant) committed (felony, as identified in           
§ 775.087(1), Fla._Stat.) but did not commit  but you are not convinced beyond 
a reasonable doubt that [he] [she] committed an aggravated battery, then you 
should find the defendant guilty only of (felony). 
 
Comments 
 
 
This instruction should not be given in conjunction with the instructions 
pertaining to any felony in which the use of a weapon or firearm is an essential 
element. 
 
 
This instruction was adopted July 1992 and amended in 2011. 
 
- 28 - 
3.3(e)  AGGRAVATION OF A FELONY BY WEARING A HOOD, 
MASK, OR OTHER DEVICE TO CONCEAL IDENTITY 
§ 775.0845, Fla._Stat. 
 
 
If you find that (defendant) committed (crime charged) and you also find 
beyond a reasonable doubt that (defendant) was personally wearing a hood, 
mask, or other device that concealed [his] [her] identity, you should find 
(defendant) guilty of (crime charged) while wearing a device that concealed [his] 
[her] identity. 
 
 
If you find only that (defendant) committed (crime charged) but did not 
wear you are not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that [he] [she] 
personally wore a hood, mask, or other device that concealed [his] [her] 
identity, then you should find the defendant guilty only of (crime charged). 
 
Comments 
 
 
A defendant’s offense may not be reclassified under this provision unless he 
or she personally wore a device concealing his or her identity during the felony.  
See Wright v. State, 810 So. 2d 873 (Fla. 2002). 
 
 
This instruction was adopted in July 1997 and amended in 2011. 
 
 
- 29 - 
3.3(f)  AGGRAVATION OF A CRIME BY SELECTING 
A VICTIM BASED ON PREJUDICE 
§ 775.085, Fla. Stat. 
 
If you find that (defendant) committed (crime charged or a lesser included 
crime) and you also find beyond a reasonable doubt that (defendant) 
1. 
perceived, knew, or had reasonable ground to perceive or know 
(victim’s) [race] [color] [ancestry] [ethnicity] [religion] [sexual 
orientation] [national origin] [homeless status] [mental or physical 
disability] [physical disability] [advanced age], and 
2. 
intentionally selected (victim) because of that perception or 
knowledge, 
then you should find the defendant guilty of (crime charged or lesser included 
crime) aggravated by the intentional selection of the victim based on 
prejudice. 
 
If you find that the defendant committed (crime charged or a lesser 
included crime) beyond a reasonable doubt, but you are not convinced beyond 
a reasonable doubt that [he] [she] did so by intentionally selecting the victim 
based on prejudice, then you should find the defendant guilty of only (crime 
charged or a lesser included crime). 
 
Definitions.  Give if applicable.                                                     
 
“Mental or physical disability” means that the victim suffers from a 
condition of physical or mental incapacitation due to a developmental 
disability, organic brain damage, or mental illness, and has one or more 
physical or mental limitations that restrict the victim’s ability to perform the 
normal activities of daily living. 
 
“Advanced age” means that the victim is older than 65 years of age. 
          “Homeless status” means the victim lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate 
nighttime residence; or has a primary nighttime residence that is either (1) a 
supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide 
temporary living accommodations or (2) a public or private place not 
designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for 
human beings.                                                        
 
- 30 - 
Comments 
This instruction is based on section 775.085, Florida Statutes (Supp. 1998).    
Proof that the defendant intentionally selected the victim is required by the 
case law.  See State v. Stalder, 630 So. 2d 1072 (Fla. 1994). 
 
This instruction was adopted in 1997 [697 So.2d 84] and amended in 2000 
[765 So. 2d 692] and 2007 [SC07-325, Corrected Opinion, August 30, 2007965 
So. 2d 811] and 2011.