Case Title: P. v. Maciel

Citation: 

Docket Number: S070536M

State: california

Court: California Supreme Court

Date: 2013-10-02T00:00:00Z

Document:
1 
 
Filed 10/2/13 (unmodified opn. attached) 
 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 
THE PEOPLE, 
) 
 
 
) 
 
Plaintiff and Respondent, 
) 
 
 
) 
S070536 
 
v. 
) 
 
 
)  
LUIS MACIEL, 
) 
 
) 
Los Angeles County 
 
Defendant and Appellant. 
) 
Super. Ct. No. BA108995 
 
____________________________________) 
 
 
ORDER MODIFYING OPINION AND 
DENYING PETITION FOR REHEARING 
 
THE COURT: 
The opinion herein, filed August 8, 2013, and appearing at 57 Cal.4th 482, 
is modified as follows: 
1.  On page 513 of 57 Cal. 4th, delete the sentencing reading: ―A trial court 
may properly consider the delay inherent in changing counsel in evaluating 
timeliness.‖  Substitute this new sentence reading:  ―In evaluating timeliness, the 
trial court properly considered the long delay that would have resulted from 
changing counsel in this case.‖ 
2.  Also on page 513 of 57 Cal.4th, delete the sentence reading ―The court 
reasonably found that relieving counsel under these circumstances would result in 
‗ ―disruption of the orderly processes of justice‖ ‘ and thus denied defendant‘s 
 
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motion.  (Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 983.)‖  Substitute this new sentence reading:  
―We conclude the trial court reasonably denied defendant‘s motion because 
relieving counsel under these circumstances would have resulted in 
 the ‗ ―disruption of the orderly processes of justice. ‖ ‘  (Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at 
p. 983.)‖ 
This modification does not affect the judgment.  
The petition for rehearing is denied.   
 
 
 
1 
 
Filed 8/8/13 (unmodified version) 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 
THE PEOPLE, 
) 
 
 
) 
 
Plaintiff and Respondent, 
) 
 
 
) 
S070536 
 
v. 
) 
 
 
)  
LUIS MACIEL, 
) 
 
) 
Los Angeles County 
 
Defendant and Appellant. 
) 
Super. Ct. No. BA108995 
 
____________________________________) 
 
 
Defendant Luis Maciel was convicted of the first degree murders of Anthony 
Moreno, Maria Moreno, Gustavo Aguirre, Laura Moreno, and Ambrose Padilla.  
(Pen. Code, §§ 187, subd. (a), 189; all further undesignated statutory references 
are to this code.)  The jury also found true multiple-murder special-circumstance 
and weapon use sentence enhancement allegations.  (§§ 190.2, subd. (a)(3), former 
12022, subd. (a)(1).)  The jury returned a death verdict, and the trial court entered 
a judgment of death.  This appeal is automatic.  (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 11, 
subd. (a); § 1239, subd. (b).)  For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment. 
 
2 
 
I.  FACTS 
A. Guilt Phase 
1. Prosecution Case 
a. Circumstances surrounding the murders 
1) Overview 
On Saturday, April 22, 1995, between 10:00 and 10:30 p.m., three adults — 
Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno, his sister, Maria Moreno, and Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre 
— and two of Maria‘s children — five-year-old Laura Moreno and six-month-old 
Ambrose Padilla — were shot to death in a house located at 3843 Maxson Road in 
El Monte, California.  Richard ―Primo‖ Valdez, a Sangra street gang member, shot 
and killed Anthony Moreno and Gustavo Aguirre, while his fellow Sangra gang 
member Jimmy ―Character‖ Palma shot and killed Maria Moreno and the children.  
Sangra gang members Danny ―Tricky‖ Logan and Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres also 
participated in the shootings.  The prosecution‘s theory was that the killings were 
ordered by Mexican Mafia member Raymond Shyrock, who had recently 
sponsored defendant (who was also known as ―Pelon‖) to become a member of the 
Mexican Mafia.  The prosecutor theorized that defendant had conspired to commit 
or aided and abetted the commission of the murders, but was not present when the 
shootings occurred.  The prosecutor also theorized that Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno 
was killed because he had dropped out of the Mexican Mafia; that Gustavo ―Tito‖ 
Aguirre was killed either because he had robbed drug dealers protected by the 
Mexican Mafia or because he happened to be in the house at the time of the 
killings and the gang members had been instructed to leave no witnesses; and that 
Maria and the children were killed because they were witnesses even though there 
is a general ―rule‖ in the Mexican Mafia not to kill women or children.  Defendant 
 
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asserted an alibi defense, maintaining that he had been at his son‘s baptism and 
baptismal party during the murders and the events preceding them.  
2) Events before April 22, 1995 
Witness No. 15, who like many other witnesses was not identified in the 
public written record for his protection, testified he was victim Anthony ―Dido‖ 
Moreno‘s brother.  (See post, pt. II.A.2.)  Anthony and Raymond Shyrock had 
served time in San Quentin State Prison, and in 1972 both men became members 
of the Mexican Mafia.  Anthony dropped out of the Mexican Mafia in 1983.  In 
January 1995, Anthony lived two apartments down from Raymond Shyrock, and 
in February or March he moved down the street to the house where the murders 
occurred.   
Witness No. 15 had expressed concern to his brother Anthony that 
―something might happen to him or the family‖ because Anthony had dropped out 
of the Mexican Mafia.  Anthony ignored these warnings because he was ―so 
involved‖ with drugs, and told Witness No. 15 that Shyrock ―was not a threat to 
him because he knew him for so many years.‖  An autopsy photograph showed a 
tattoo on Anthony‘s right ring finger that read ―EME,‖ which refers to the 
Mexican Mafia. 
In an 18-month investigation culminating in April 1995, Los Angeles 
County Sheriff‘s Sergeant Richard Briones Valdemar and other law enforcement 
officers secretly videotaped 18 Mexican Mafia meetings.  On January 4, 1995, 
Raymond Shyrock, who Sergeant Valdemar believed was a member of the 
Mexican Mafia and had primary control over the San Gabriel Valley area in which 
El Monte is located, stated at a Mexican Mafia meeting, ―I don‘t know if [you] 
ever heard of this brother named like . . . Dido.‖  Shyrock explained, ―He dropped 
out a long time ago,‖ and when Shyrock was living in a monthly apartment, the 
 
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―motherfucker was living right downstairs‖ in an apartment and ―never came up.‖  
After Shyrock moved, Dido ―started showing his face, so somebody seen him and 
told me about it . . . but, there‘s all kinds of people in the pad.  There‘s a whole 
bunch of youngsters . . . and kids.  And all kinds of shit.  So, I‘m trying . . . to 
figure out how to . . . — well, I need a silencer is what I need.‖  Shyrock also said, 
―I just want to kill him, not the little kids.‖  Defendant was not present at this 
meeting.   
On April 2, 1995, defendant walked into a Mexican Mafia meeting that 
Sergeant Valdemar was monitoring electronically.  At the meeting, Raymond 
Shyrock put defendant up for membership and raised his hand as a sponsor, 
saying:  ―[T]his dude has gone way above and beyond the call of duty.  Man, this 
motherfucker is sharp, he‘s taken care of a lot of business.‖  He also said, ―I know 
the Vatos [guys] don‘t know him, but take my word for it, the motherfucker‘s 
down.  I‘m not talking about just violence either.  Okay, you know, he takes care 
of business real good and he‘s downed a whole lot of motherfuckers in the last 
year.  And he went against his whole neighborhood for us.  He‘s been fighting 
with them and downed them.  And when . . . one of his homies killed that one-
year-old baby a few months ago, he‘s the one that took care of them.‖  Defendant 
was voted into the Mexican Mafia.   
Witness No. 15 knew defendant, who had been a family friend.  At times in 
early 1995, the year Shyrock sponsored defendant as a member of the Mexican 
Mafia, Witness No. 15 would see defendant and Shyrock together.  Defendant 
seemed proud of becoming a member and said he was going to ―put in a lot of 
work.‖   
Witness No. 15 testified that victim Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre was a family 
friend.  About a month to six weeks before the murders, Witness No. 15 saw 
 
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Aguirre rob a local drug ―connection,‖ or dealer, of drugs worth about $50 and 
about $35 in cash.  He had also heard that Aguirre committed other robberies in 
the area involving small amounts of drugs worth $50 or $100.  Witness No. 15 
said that the drug dealers Aguirre robbed were paying ―taxes‖ to the Mexican 
Mafia.  A ―couple of weeks‖ before the murders, Raymond Shyrock told Witness 
No. 15 that he was tired of Tito ―disrespecting him and robbing dope connections 
and that sooner or later [he was] going to have to pay for that.‖   
Witness No. 14, an El Monte Flores gang member, testified that a couple of 
days before the murders, defendant spoke to him about victim Aguirre.  Defendant 
said to ―stay away from Tito because he was no good.‖  Defendant also told him at 
some point that Tito was ―burning connections‖ and Shyrock wanted him ―taken 
out.‖ 
3) Events on the afternoon of April 22, 1995 
Witness No. 14 testified that about 12:30 p.m. on the day before he learned 
of the murders, he was in El Monte and saw defendant.  They spoke for a few 
minutes, and defendant invited Witness No. 14 to a baptismal party in Montebello.   
Victor ―Mugsy‖ Jimenez, a Sangra street gang member, testified that in April 
1995, he owned a blue Jeep.  On April 22, 1995, at about 3:00 p.m., Jimenez drove 
to Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres‘s house.  Torres borrowed Jimenez‘s Jeep to go 
purchase beer and was gone for about 10 to 15 minutes; Jimenez had previously 
told Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Detective Stephen Davis, shortly after the 
murders, that Torres was gone with the Jeep for about 30 to 45 minutes.  Jimenez 
estimated that driving from Torres‘s house to El Monte would take about 25 
minutes each way.   
Witness No. 15 testified that after he was paroled on January 12, 1995, he 
and his brother, victim Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno, spent every day together 
 
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procuring and injecting heroin.  On April 22, 1995, Witness No. 15 and Anthony 
obtained money for heroin on three occasions by visiting a ―fence‖ named Hector 
in a barber shop located at Live Oak and Peck in Arcadia.  After the first trip, 
Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre joined Witness No. 15 and Anthony in injecting heroin at 
Anthony‘s home.  Witness No. 15 explained that Aguirre ―stayed with my sister 
most of the time,‖ helping her with child care and household chores.   
Witness No. 15 and Anthony returned to Anthony‘s home from their third 
and final outing sometime between 2:15 and 3:00 p.m.  Between 2:30 and 
3:00 p.m., defendant and two clean cut men between the ages of 19 to 21, all 
dressed in blue jeans, T-shirts, and tennis shoes, came to Anthony‘s house.  One of 
the men had an ―EMF‖ (El Monte Flores) gang tattoo.  Witness No. 15 and 
Anthony spoke with defendant and his companions outside for 20 to 30 minutes.  
Defendant asked how they were doing and how the family was doing.  He gave 
Witness No. 15 and Anthony each a quarter-gram of heroin; a quarter-gram was 
worth about $25 to $35.  He also gave them his pager number and said if they 
needed anything to page him.  Witness No. 15 found these gestures unusual 
because ―[o]ther people are not . . . that generous on . . . general principle.‖  
During the conversation, Witness No. 15 could see two children playing in the 
yard about 10 feet away.  The two men who had accompanied defendant did not 
speak but appeared to be ―casing out the location.‖  During the visit, victim 
Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre hid from defendant in the bathroom.   
Witness No. 9 testified that on April 22, 1995 she lived at 3847 Maxson 
Road.  That day at about noon or 1:00 p.m. she was outside her home having a 
garage sale.  A blue Jeep and a second car parked at 3843 Maxson Road.  No one 
got out of the Jeep, but four tall men with short hair and white shirts got out of the 
second car.  The men entered the driveway of 3843 Maxson Road, and Witness 
 
7 
 
No. 9 lost sight of them.  The men later returned to their car, and both the car and 
the Jeep left.   
Witness No. 8, who lived at 3849 Maxson Road, testified that on the 
afternoon of Saturday, April 22, 1995, sometime between noon and 2:00 p.m., she 
saw several people — many of whom had tattoos, and some of whom had shaved 
heads — in the backyard of 3843 Maxson Road.  She had never seen any of these 
individuals before.   
Witness No. 11 testified that in April 1995 she also lived at 3849 Maxson 
Road.  Around 12:30 p.m. on the day of the murders, for about 10 to 15 minutes 
she observed ―three guys‖ with victim Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno and ―another 
friend of his‖ in the backyard of 3843 Maxson Road.  Anthony was laughing and 
appeared to be joking around.  The ―three guys‖ were ―kind of White.‖  She did 
not observe anything that appeared to be an exchange of drugs or money.   
Sangra gang member Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres told Los Angeles County 
Sheriff‘s Sergeant John Laurie that he went to the home of Anthony ―Dido‖ 
Moreno and Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre ―earlier in the day‖ and gave the people at the 
house some heroin.  He saw that there were children at the house and told the 
people at the house they would be back later that night to sell them some ―dope.‖  
From Sergeant Laurie‘s investigation of this case, he believed that the heroin was 
given to Anthony Moreno, Aguirre, or Witness No. 15.   
Telephone records indicated that the telephone at the home of Jose ―Pepe‖ 
Ortiz was used to call defendant‘s pager number on April 22, 1995 at 10:51 a.m. 
and 12:20 p.m. 
4) Events on the evening of April 22, 1995 
Witness No. 14 testified that he arrived at the baptismal party between 8:00 
and 9:00 p.m. with a girl named Denise.  Defendant was paged and left the room.  
 
8 
 
When he returned, he asked Witness No. 14 for a ride.  Witness No. 14 drove 
defendant and an individual named ―Diablo‖ to defendant‘s apartment in El 
Monte.  They arrived at 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. and went inside for about 15 minutes.  
Defendant gave Witness No. 14 two half-gram pieces of heroin, telling him to 
keep one for himself and to give the other to ―someone when they got there.‖  
They then went outside and stood by the street for nearly 10 minutes.  A four-door 
black or dark-colored Nissan Maxima parked, and a man got out of the backseat.  
Defendant introduced the man as ―Character‖ from the Sangra gang, and in court 
Witness No. 14 identified this individual as Jimmy ―Character‖ Palma.  Character 
told defendant ―he was going to take care of business.  Not to worry about it.‖  He 
also said ―he was strapping.  They were strapped.  They were going to take care of 
business.‖  Being ―strapped‖ meant ―packing a gun.‖  Defendant told Witness No. 
14 to give Character the heroin, and Witness No. 14 did so.  Character then left in 
the Nissan.  Defendant, Diablo, and Witness No. 14 then returned to the baptismal 
party.   
Witness No. 14 later directed Detective Davis to where the baptismal party 
had been held on Montebello Avenue in Montebello and also directed him to 
defendant‘s apartment on Rose Street.  Detective Davis later determined that it 
took about 18 minutes to drive from the site of the party to defendant‘s apartment.  
Witness No. 14 also viewed Danny ―Tricky‖ Logan‘s blue Nissan Maxima at the 
Temple City sheriff‘s station and thought it looked similar to the car he had seen 
on April 22 in front of defendant‘s apartment.   
Witness No. 16, a Sangra gang member with Valdez, Torres, Logan, and 
Palma, testified he had been granted immunity from prosecution for murder in 
exchange for his testimony.  On April 22, 1995, Witness No. 16 was driving with 
Palma, who said he would be receiving a page, and that Witness No. 16 would 
 
9 
 
have to drop him off at Torres‘s house.  Palma explained he had to do a favor for 
the ―carnal,‖ which Witness No. 16 understood to be the Mexican Mafia.  Later 
when it was dark, Palma received a page, and Witness No. 16 drove him to 
Torres‘s house.  Torres, Logan, Valdez, Jose ―Pepe‖ Ortiz, and Witness No. 12 
were there.  (See post, at p. 19.)  Ortiz made a telephone call, and then pagers 
started going off.  Ortiz said that they needed an extra car to go to El Monte and 
―take care of some business,‖ and Witness No. 16 volunteered.  The men left in 
Witness No. 16‘s Thunderbird and a Nissan Maxima driven by Logan.  Ortiz and 
Witness No. 12 rode with Witness No. 16, and Palma, Torres, and Valdez rode in 
the Nissan Maxima.  Witness No. 16 was following Logan but lost sight of him at 
one point in El Monte.  Less than a minute later, Witness No. 16 saw the Nissan 
pulled over on Rose Street.  No one entered or exited the Nissan.  Witness No. 16 
pulled up behind the Nissan, and Logan then continued driving.  They arrived at 
Maxson Road, and Ortiz directed Witness No. 16 to continue driving and to park 
on a different street.   
Witness No. 16 showed Detective Davis the route he took when he drove 
from Torres‘s house to Maxson Road on the night of the murders.  Witness No. 16 
indicated that it was in the area of the intersection of Rose and Shirley that he lost 
sight of the Nissan driven by Logan.  Defendant lived at 10047 Rose, about a 
block from the intersection of Rose and Shirley.  Witness No. 16 later saw the 
Nissan at the intersection of Baldwin and Rose.   
Witness No. 13, Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres‘s sister, testified, and a recording of 
her previous testimony was also played for the jury.  On the evening of April 22, 
1995, Witness No. 13 saw Torres and other Sangra gang members at her mother‘s 
house.  When she left the house, she saw a brown Nissan Maxima parked in front.  
Later that night, Witness No. 13‘s mother came to her house and said that Torres 
 
10 
 
―was acting weird,‖ that he was kissing her, hugging her, and saying that he loved 
her.  He also said he was told to do something by the ―Mafia.‖   
Several witnesses testified regarding circumstances surrounding the murders 
on the evening of April 22, 1995.  Witness No. 3 saw Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre run 
down the street and into the back of 3843 Maxson Road where the murders 
occurred.  A four-door Nissan Maxima was driving near Aguirre as he ran, and 
stopped in front of 3843 Maxson Road.  Witness No. 2 observed a Nissan Maxima 
that appeared to be two-tone brown (described as blue or light green by Witness 
No. 1) pull up across the street; three Hispanic men got out.  The driver, who also 
appeared to be Hispanic, remained in the car.  The men went straight to the back 
of the house and Witness No. 2 lost sight of them.  He then heard 10 to 15 
gunshots.  The men returned to the car and drove away with the lights off.  
Immediately afterward, victim Maria Moreno‘s five- or six-year-old son Paul — 
his shirt soaked in blood — came to Witness No. 8‘s house and told her his family 
had been shot.  She contacted police.   
Responding officers found the bodies of Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno and 
Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre.  One was lying outside the side entrance to the house in a 
pool of blood and the other was inside the home, wedged between a bed and a 
wall, with one leg draped over the bed.  Maria Moreno‘s body was lying on the 
living room floor, with what appeared to be a child‘s small bloody handprint on 
her back.  The bodies of Maria‘s children, Laura Moreno and Ambrose Padilla, 
were on the floor near Maria.  All three adults died from gunshot wounds to the 
head, Laura died from a gunshot wound to her chest, and Ambrose suffered a fatal 
gunshot wound to his right eye.  After searching the residence for several minutes, 
officers found an unharmed little girl hiding in a corner, sobbing and trembling. 
 
11 
 
Telephone records indicated that the telephone at the home of Jose ―Pepe‖ 
Ortiz was used to call defendant‘s pager number on April 22, 1995 at 8:44 p.m.  
The telephone at the home of Elizabeth Torres, where Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres 
lived, was used to call defendant‘s pager number on April 22, 1995 at 9:21 p.m., 
9:22 p.m., 9:30 p.m., 10:59 p.m., and 11:00 p.m. 
5) Events after the murders 
Witness No. 16 testified that on the night of the murders, Jimmy ―Character‖ 
Palma said that he had ―killed the kids and the lady.‖  Valdez said he had ―shot 
two guys,‖ shooting the ―first guy in the head.‖  Palma said that ―when they went 
into the house . . . the people there thought that they were going to buy drugs and 
that [he] had shown them a rock of heroin and when the guy went to look at it, that 
is when [Valdez] shot him.‖  Torres said he stood by the door with a shotgun ―just 
watching out.‖  Witness No. 16 did not know defendant and never heard his name 
mentioned.   
After the murders, Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres told his mother that ―there weren‘t 
supposed to be any kids there.‖  Torres told his sister, Witness No. 13, that they 
were supposed to kill one guy, but if ―anybody got in the way, that they had to 
take care of them‖ and not leave witnesses.  He also said that Palma had killed the 
children and that Sangra was going to take care of Palma for ―killing the babies.‖  
Palma was convicted of the murders in this case and sentenced to death.  He was 
later murdered on death row in San Quentin State Prison by other inmates.   
On the morning after the murders, Witness No. 15 asked Shyrock if he had 
anything to do with the murder of his family.  Shyrock said he was sorry to hear 
about the murders on the news, denied having anything to do with them, and gave 
Witness No. 15 his condolences.  Shyrock said if he had committed the murders, 
he ―would have done it in another fashion.‖  As to Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre, 
 
12 
 
Shyrock said:  ―That bastard.  He was forcing me to kill him or do something to 
him so I don‘t feel bad about him dying.‖   
The telephone at the home of Elizabeth Torres, where Anthony Torres lived, 
was used to call defendant‘s pager number on April 23, 1995 at 12:52 p.m. and 
2:53 p.m.  The telephone at the residence of Valerie Palma, where Jimmy Palma 
lived, was used to call defendant‘s pager on April 23, 1995 at 2:47 p.m., 2:48 p.m., 
and 2:57 p.m.   
b. Expert testimony 
Sergeant Valdemar was assigned to the prison gang section of the sheriff‘s 
department and testified as an expert on the Mexican Mafia.  The Mexican Mafia, 
or EME, was a prison gang with about 250 members.  Membership in the Mexican 
Mafia was a ―quantum leap above membership in a street gang.‖  Nearly all 
Hispanic gang members in Southern California paid allegiance to the Mexican 
Mafia.  A member of this gang was referred to as a ―carnal‖ or ―brother.‖   
A Mexican Mafia member was expected not to cooperate with law 
enforcement or admit membership in the gang.  Members who tried to ―drop out‖ 
or disassociate from the gang would be placed on a ―green light‖ or ―hit‖ list.  
Sergeant Valdemar was of the opinion that victim Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno had 
been a member of the Mexican Mafia and dropped out sometime in 1988. 
The Mexican Mafia also had ―associates,‖ who were often referred to as 
―sur,‖ or ―surenos,‖ meaning ―southern soldiers.‖  In addition, individuals who 
were related to gang members could be considered ―sympathizers‖ to the Mexican 
Mafia in that they did ―much of the business for the Mexican Mafia in relaying 
messages, taking money, [and] delivering drugs.‖ 
If an individual had a tattoo of the letters ―EME,‖ that would be evidence of 
membership in the Mexican Mafia.  An individual who had such a tattoo or 
 
13 
 
otherwise claimed membership in the Mexican Mafia when he was not a member 
would be assaulted or perhaps even killed. 
The Mexican Mafia ―taxed‖ drug dealers in exchange for providing them 
protection.  In Sergeant Valdemar‘s view, an individual who robbed protected 
drug dealers would be killed by the Mexican Mafia. 
Killings by the Mexican Mafia were characterized by the use of individuals 
close to the victim to provide the element of surprise, drugging, or otherwise 
relaxing the victim to diminish awareness (which would include giving a victim 
heroin before the killing), and assigning the hit to a prospective or new Mexican 
Mafia member to assess his fortitude, courage, and fighting ability.  The Mexican 
Mafia did not generally sanction children getting hurt, and if a street gang member 
accidentally killed a child, the gang member would usually be placed on a hit list 
and killed.  Sergeant Valdemar opined that Raymond Shyrock did not want 
children killed in this case.   
The relationship between a member who ―raises his hand‖ to sponsor a new 
member and the new member would be akin to one of mentor and student.  A 
member would not be excused from carrying out a killing because he claimed 
close friendship with the intended victim.   
Sergeant Valdemar said that word ―vato‖ means ―guy,‖ ―taking care of 
business‖ means ―engaging in gang activity . . . [f]or furtherance of the gang‖ and 
usually involves violence, ―down‖ means an individual who has an ―exemplary 
gang lifestyle,‖ and ― ‗went against his whole neighborhood‘ ‖ means a person 
who took a position that benefited the Mexican Mafia but was possibly contrary to 
what the street gang would have wanted.   
 
14 
 
c. Defendant’s statement 
Following defendant‘s arrest in December 1995 for the murders in this case, 
he was interviewed by Sergeant Laurie and Detective Davis.  His redacted 
statement was played for the jury, and a transcript was admitted into evidence.  
Because defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the 
murder convictions, we review his statement in detail. 
Defendant said:  ―I could tell you this much, man, yes, I‘ve been active, 
whatever . . . .  I never done no murder, I never been in a murder.  I heard about a 
lot of them — a lot of people that been telling me about them, but I don‘t really 
fuck with them.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―Okay.‖  Defendant continued, ―And I 
could tell you this much, I never been in a murder.‖  Laurie again said, ―Okay.‖  
Defendant said, ―And I don‘t know what murder you‘re talking about.  I never 
been in a murder.‖ 
Defendant said he was originally from the El Monte Flores gang.  He denied 
being a ―carnal‖ but said he was affiliated with ―them‖ and did ―a lot of things for 
them.‖  Defendant did ―little errands here and there,‖ such as helping out with 
―lawyer fees.‖  He said, ―Half of things they ask me I don‘t do.‖   
Defendant knew Raymond Shyrock well and considered him a friend.  
Defendant said he was ―real close‖ to the Morenos, the victims in this case.  He 
―grew up with them and they used to live with‖ him ―years ago.‖   
Defendant said he was baptizing his son on the day of the murders.  The 
officers told defendant that ―[p]eople are saying that you set it up.‖  Defendant 
replied, ―How can I set it up if I was somewhere else?  [¶] . . . [¶]  My name could 
be all fucked up in that thing, let it be, but I didn‘t do that shit, man, and I didn‘t 
say shut up on that shit.‖  Defendant said he returned from the baptismal party at 
about 10:30 or 11:00 p.m. and received a telephone call informing him of the 
 
15 
 
murders.  The following morning, he spoke with Moreno family members and 
gave them money that had been raised for the funeral.   
Defendant denied knowing individuals named Jose ―Pepe‖ Ortiz, Danny 
―Tricky‖ Logan, or ―Character.‖  Defendant spoke of his involvement in 
―CAUSE,‖ an organization that held meetings with street gangs in an attempt to 
decrease violence.  He had heard of Primo and Scar because at some point one of 
defendant‘s ―homeboys‖ was killed, and the murder was attributed to the Sangra 
gang.  In early April 1995, defendant spoke with ―a girl‖ familiar with the gang 
and learned the neighborhood was run by Primo and Scar.  Defendant gave his 
pager number to the girl to give to Primo and Scar.  Scar called and apparently 
said Primo was in charge.  Defendant asked for Primo to call him, explaining 
defendant‘s ―homie got killed,‖ and defendant wondered if they could ―talk about 
this shit before it gets out of hand.‖   
Sergeant Laurie said defendant‘s life was in danger, but not from law 
enforcement, and he was the only person who could help himself.  Defendant said, 
―I wasn‘t involved, . . . I didn‘t set it up.  I didn‘t give that order.  I mean what do I 
get if I tell you who set it up and . . . all that?  [¶] . . . [¶]  Either way I‘ll be fucked, 
right?‖  Defendant again denied he was involved, saying:  ―I didn‘t even do this.  
To get a hold of this person to tell them that they know what and that‘s it.‖  
Sergeant Laurie asked, ―You‘re a middle man?‖  Defendant answered, ―Yeah, I‘m 
also a fuck man.  They say you shut up — none of my thing.  Just ask me to get a 
hold of these people, . . . you know they know you don‘t gotta do nothing, just tell 
them that I said that‘s it, . . . homie told me to tell you this and this and this and 
that, you know — yeah, we know — and that‘s it.‖  Sergeant Laurie asked, ―So 
what you‘re saying is somebody . . . calls you, tells you to call somebody?‖  
Defendant said, ―Yeah, but see —‖  Sergeant Laurie asked, ―You don‘t know 
 
16 
 
what‘s on either side?‖  Defendant said, ―They already talk[ed] about it 
through . . . so when they decide when, they call me and let them know, they 
already know.‖  Sergeant Laurie asked, ―So you‘re saying that somebody here has 
already talked to somebody here?  They‘ve already made the plans of what they‘re 
gonna do and the whole thing, all they‘re waiting for is somebody to say, yes, so 
they call you and tell you to call somebody and you don‘t say anything except, 
yes.‖  Defendant said, ―That‘s it.‖  Sergeant Laurie asked, ―And they act on that, 
because you‘re the in-between?‖  Defendant said, ―Yes.  I — I‘m not gonna fall 
for this shit, man.‖  Sergeant Laurie asked, ―Were you the in-between on 
Maxson?‖  Defendant said, ―No.  I — I can tell you who was.‖  Sergeant Laurie 
laughed and said, ―Tell me who was the in-between, you‘re saying you‘re not the 
in-between on Maxson?‖  Defendant said, ―Yeah, not the in-between, the one on 
Maxson, I had nothing to do with that one. . . .  I mean somebody had asked me if 
I wanted to be part of it, but I said, no.  [¶] . . . [¶]  ‘Cuz I . . . know the family real 
good.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―There are situations where brothers kill brothers.‖  
Defendant said, ―Yeah, I know there is.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―[T]he fact that 
you know the family real good doesn‘t necessarily ‗hold any water‘ with this 
because . . . often times when people are told to do things there‘s no choice in the 
matter. . . .  [I]f you wanna tell me what‘s up on this thing we‘ll take a look at it, if 
what you say is true, I‘m not gonna put a case on you, I‘ll tell you that right up 
front. . . .  [T]he last thing I wanna do is put you in jail for something you didn‘t 
wanna do.‖  Defendant said, ―I didn‘t do nothing, man.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, 
―Well you‘re saying that, but you‘re also sitting there saying, I know who was the 
middle man.‖  Defendant said:  ―I didn‘t do nothing, I mean come on everybody 
knows in the streets, everybody hears, everybody knows everything.‖  Sergeant 
 
17 
 
Laurie said, ―That‘s true.‖  Defendant subsequently said, ―Everybody knows all 
that in the streets, I mean that‘s how you talk about it, that‘s how you hear.‖   
Sergeant Laurie asked, ―Why were the people taken out on Maxson?‖  
Defendant subsequently said, ―If I tell you . . . that would blow the whole thing, 
man.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―I don‘t understand.‖  Defendant said, ―My kids, my 
wife, I mean they‘ll all be all fucked up, because of me.  You know what 
happened that day, . . . they were people that did their shit, they fucked up period.  
The way they did that on their own.  It wasn‘t even supposed to go down even the 
way with what they did that day.‖  Detective Davis asked, ―How was it suppose[d] 
to go?‖  Defendant said, ―They were suppose[d] to do something else, they had 
nothing to do with that.‖   
Defendant subsequently said, ―I tell you something, right, I‘m still gonna get 
stuck in, I‘m still gonna get stuck with everything else.‖  He also said, ―I‘m gonna 
get stuck whatever way you look at it.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―What I have told 
you is if you‘re not involved . . . in this thing.‖  Defendant said, ―I ain‘t involved 
in this thing.‖  Sergeant Laurie said, ―I am not gonna stick you on it [sic].‖  
Defendant said, ―I‘m not involved in it.‖  Sergeant Laurie subsequently said, ―But 
unless you can convince me you‘re not involved in it . . . and tell me why they‘re 
saying you are and who is, there is nothing I can do for you.  You say that that 
wasn‘t suppose[d] to happen that way.‖  Defendant said, ―I‘m not saying nothing 
else no more.‖   
Sergeant Laurie subsequently asked: ―You got any concern for your wife and 
kids? . . .  Are they in trouble?  No, not if . . . we just tough it out, huh?‖  
Defendant said, ―If you don‘t tough it out, and — man, all that matters to me are 
my kids and my wife.  You can‘t . . . if I say anything — I mean I know a lot of 
 
18 
 
things, you know what I mean.  [¶] . . . [¶]  I know damn too many things.  [¶] . . . 
[¶] . . . [M]y problem is my family.‖ 
2.  Defense Case 
Maria Maciel, defendant‘s sister, testified that on April 22, 1995, she lived 
with defendant and his wife and three children.  There was no telephone in their 
apartment.  At about 9:00 or 9:30 a.m., defendant left with his wife and infant son 
to prepare for and attend the baptism.  Maria babysat defendant‘s two older 
children and did not attend the baptism.  She saw defendant again at about 
2:00 p.m. when she arrived at the baptismal party.  He was there until she left at 
about 8:30 p.m., and was involved in activities such as barbecuing, jumping in the 
children‘s bouncy house, cutting the cake, and breaking the piñata.  She did not 
hear a pager on defendant go off or observe defendant appear to respond to a 
pager.  There was a telephone in the house, and Maria saw defendant using the 
telephone to ascertain why their mother and sisters were not at the party and, upon 
learning they were at the hospital, to check on the condition of an injured family 
member.  Maria did not see or meet any friends of defendant‘s that she did not 
know; she did not know Witness No. 14 or meet him or a girl named Denise at the 
party.  Defendant was good friends with Carlos de la Cruz, whose street name was 
Diablo. 
Monique Pena, defendant‘s wife and mother of his three children, testified 
that on April 22, 1995, at about 11:30 a.m., she and her husband baptized their son 
Joseph at St. Marianne‘s Catholic church.  The mass included 10 other children 
who were being baptized, and lasted about an hour to an hour and a half.  
Defendant, who was wearing a black long-sleeved shirt and tan slacks, Monique, 
and Joseph left the church at 1:00 to 1:15 p.m. and drove to Monique‘s aunt‘s 
house in Montebello where the baptismal party was held.  They arrived at about 
 
19 
 
1:30 p.m., and she and defendant were at the party until they left at about 
10:30 p.m.  She would have noticed if he had been absent for half an hour, and she 
recalled he was present while they barbecued, had a moon bouncy house, broke a 
piñata, played a balloon game, opened gifts, and cleaned up afterward.  She 
observed defendant on the telephone several times at her aunt‘s house when he 
spoke to his parents and sisters to check on the condition of his niece, who had 
been hit by a car.  A videotape showing defendant at the baptismal ceremony and 
scenes from the party was played for the jury.  She was not aware her husband was 
a member of the Mexican Mafia. 
Monique testified that she thought she knew Witness No. 14 and that he 
arrived at the party ―pretty late,‖ or about 9:00 p.m., right before they started 
opening presents.  Opening presents took about 45 minutes.   
Monique‘s mother, Nora Ledezma, testified that she worked for the Internal 
Revenue Service.  On April 22, 1995, at about 2:30 p.m., she arrived at the 
baptismal party which was held at her sister‘s house in Montebello.  Ledezma left 
the party at about 10:00 p.m., and defendant was present the entire time.  She 
would have noticed if defendant had been gone for 30 minutes because she wanted 
to make sure he was helping her daughter.  She was unaware that defendant was a 
member of either a street gang or the Mexican Mafia.   
Witness No. 12 testified he had been a Sangra gang member.  He had 
previously testified regarding the murders in this case and had been told by 
Deputy District Attorney John Monaghan that if he testified truthfully, nothing he 
said would be used to prosecute him for murder.  Witness No. 12 did not know 
defendant and did not see him on April 22, 1995, the day of the murders.  He did 
not speak to defendant or anyone named Pelon on the telephone that day.   
 
20 
 
On the night of the murders, Witness No. 12 was at Anthony ―Scar‖ 
Torres‘s house with Jimmy ―Character‖ Palma, Jose ―Pepe‖ Ortiz, Danny 
―Tricky‖ Logan, Richard ―Primo‖ Valdez, and Witness No. 16.  Torres said that 
they were ―going to go hit a connection,‖ which Witness No. 12 understood to 
mean rob a person who sells drugs.  No one said anything about going to kill 
either a Mexican Mafia dropout or children.  Torres received a telephone call, and 
everyone left his house about 10 to 15 minutes later.   
Witness No. 12 and Ortiz got into the red Thunderbird, which Witness 
No. 16 drove, and everyone else got into Logan‘s blue Nissan.  Ortiz said they 
were going to meet at Maxson Street.  The people in the Thunderbird lost sight of 
the other car on the 10 Freeway, and Witness No. 12 did not see it again until 
about two hours later when they returned to Torres‘s house.  After Witness No. 12 
and the others in the Thunderbird arrived on Maxson Street, they waited for the 
other car to flash its lights to signal they were going to do the hit, but the signal 
never came.  At some point, numerous police cars began converging on the area, 
and Ortiz said they should leave.  They met up with the others later that night at 
Torres‘s house.  Palma bragged that he had shot someone in the head.   
Stefanos Kaparos had owned a restaurant for 19 years on the corner of East 
Live Oak and Peck in Arcadia, where Witness No 15 testified that he and victim 
Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno had obtained money from a ―fence‖ at a barber shop on 
the day of the murders so that they could purchase heroin.  Kaparos testified that 
there had never been a barber shop there. 
B. Penalty Phase 
1. Prosecution Case 
On September 3, 1993, at about 11:45 p.m., El Monte Police Detective 
Santos Hernandez observed Nathaniel Lane standing against a wall and being 
 
21 
 
beaten by El Monte Flores gang members Carlos De la Cruz and Genaro Muro.  
Defendant then swung three times at Lane‘s stomach and legs with a wooden 
baseball bat while De la Cruz and Muro each held one of Lane‘s arms.  Hernandez 
pointed his gun at the men and detained De la Cruz and Muro; defendant fled and 
was apprehended later.  Lane‘s forehead was swollen, he was bleeding from one 
eye, and he was in too much pain to stand up.   
On August 30, 1994, Witness No. 17 was beaten by defendant and other El 
Monte Flores gang members near the San Gabriel River.  During the beating, 
defendant stabbed Witness No. 17 in his right eye, and when Witness No. 17 fell 
down on his stomach, defendant stabbed him 37 times in his back, shoulder, head, 
and hands.   
On September 20, 1997, at about 4:15 p.m., Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s 
Deputy Robert Poindexter and another deputy were escorting inmate Wishum 
(Wishum‘s first name is not in the record) to his jail cell.  As they passed 
defendant‘s cell, defendant stabbed Wishum two times in the stomach area with a 
five- to six-foot long spear.  Wishum suffered two puncture lacerations to the right 
side of his stomach area and was bleeding.   
On December 18, 1997, at about 7:50 a.m., Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s 
Deputy Thomas Looney observed another deputy search defendant in preparation 
for moving him to a different housing area.  An eight-inch piece of metal that had 
been sharpened to a point, known as a shank, was found in his left shower sandal.  
A seven-inch piece of metal, which Deputy Looney testified an inmate would 
possess in order to create a shank, was found in defendant‘s right shower sandal.   
Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Deputy Joe Mendoza testified that a ―shank‖ 
is any ―stabbing instrument that inmates make within the jail.‖  Mendoza 
considered the sharpened piece of metal found in defendant‘s left shower sandal to 
 
22 
 
be a shank and said that the piece of metal found in defendant‘s right sandal could 
be sharpened by rubbing it on the concrete floor.   
On December 6, 1997, Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Deputy Paul Cruz 
was supervising inmate Velasquez as he fed other inmates by inserting a food tray 
through a slot in each cell.  Cruz opened the slot in defendant‘s cell, and 
Velasquez reached down to a crate containing sandwiches, which was below the 
slot.  As he did so, defendant stabbed Velasquez in the right shoulder blade.  
Defendant‘s cell was searched, but no weapon was found.   
On January 29, 1998, between 7:00 and 8:00 a.m., Los Angeles County 
Sheriff‘s Deputy Craig Wiggins and another deputy shackled defendant in 
preparation for him going to court.  As Wiggins approached defendant to turn him 
around and walk him out the door, defendant lunged at Wiggins and ―head 
butt[ed]‖ him in the chest and shoulder area.   
2. Defense Case 
Rubin Egland testified that he was serving a sentence for assault with a 
deadly weapon and had been incarcerated next to defendant for about five months.  
On January 29, 1998, he heard Deputy Wiggins say to inmate Oscar Lopez:  ―You 
Mexican.  You piece of shit.‖  Lopez threw an orange juice container at Wiggins.  
Wiggins threw it back and then said, ―[f]ucking Mexican.‖  Defendant respectfully 
asked Wiggins why he was saying ―these things‖ and ―doing this stuff.‖  Wiggins 
grabbed defendant by his neck, put him in a head lock, and swung him to the floor.  
Defendant did not try to head butt Wiggins.   
Around December 1997, Egland had observed inmate Raymond Velasquez, 
who was Black and delivered food to the other inmates, throw food at defendant‘s 
cell.  The following day Velasquez swung at defendant through the tray slot and 
said: ―You fucking Mexican and wetback.‖  Defendant swung back in self-defense 
 
23 
 
but did not have an object in his hand.  During his time in custody with defendant, 
Egland had observed him try to mitigate racial tension by speaking with both 
Blacks and Hispanics.   
Esperanza Maciel, defendant‘s mother, testified that defendant was 28 years 
old, had a brother and seven sisters, and was her third oldest child.  She had never 
known him to be violent with his siblings.  He had a very good relationship with 
his sisters, gave them good advice, and tried to keep them away from individuals 
involved with gangs.  Defendant played basketball when he was young and 
attended Arroyo High School in El Monte.  Defendant had worked in a variety of 
jobs such as driving a truck, in a shipping department, and assisting his father in 
his metal polishing business.  Defendant caused no problems at home, and moved 
out shortly before he got married.  Esperanza had not been aware defendant was 
involved in gangs, and she did not know defendant as the person described by the 
guilt phase convictions and the prosecution‘s penalty phase evidence.  Defendant 
was a very good father to his three boys and was close to his 20 nieces and 
nephews.   
Monique Pena testified that she and defendant had been married nearly nine 
years.  They had three young boys.  Defendant was the ―best father,‖ and the boys 
were ―his world.‖  The family went camping and enjoyed other vacations.  
Defendant provided everything the family needed.  When Monique was attending 
school, defendant would pick up the children from school and watch them; he 
―was never not there‖ for them.  He drank moderately and did not use drugs.  
Monique was not familiar with defendant‘s gang life.   
Martha Maciel testified that she was defendant‘s younger sister.  Defendant 
was a good brother and was also her friend and advisor.  He was loving and 
caring, and put the needs of others before his own.  He was devoted to his family 
 
24 
 
and loved them dearly.  She had never seen defendant drunk or under the influence 
of drugs or involved in a physical altercation.  Martha was not aware defendant 
was heavily involved with gangs.  Maria Maciel, who was also one of defendant‘s 
younger sisters, testified that defendant had assisted her by giving her rides to and 
from college and offering monetary support.  He was a hard worker and the kind 
of person who would assist a stranded motorist.   
Felipe Ayala, defendant‘s cousin, grew up with defendant.  He described 
defendant as a devoted father who believed in God and wanted his children to be 
baptized and grow up in the Catholic tradition.  He said that defendant was not a 
―follower‖ and would not succumb to peer pressure.   
Boyd Sorensen testified that he had set up defendant‘s father in business at 
Sorensen‘s Metal Polish, and observed defendant working for his father full-time 
for about three years.  Defendant was a good worker who never caused problems 
and had a good personality.  He got along well with his father and never 
manifested any violence in the shop.  He ran errands for Sorensen on his own time 
and did not seek payment.  Sorensen trusted defendant and gave him the keys to 
the shop.   
Leonzo Moreno (who was not related to the victims) testified that he was 
an equipment operator for the Covina-Valley Unified School District and was an 
inactive gang member.  After his brother was killed in 1994, Moreno met with 
defendant, Raymond Shyrock, and others who wanted to stop gang violence.  
These individuals got members from each gang together and were successful in 
stopping driveby shootings and other violence.  Defendant was a ―peaceful guy‖ 
who spoke to others with respect and dignity.  Moreno observed defendant at 
meetings between rival gangs in which he was successful in negotiating conflict.  
Individuals generally preferred to speak to defendant because he was level-headed, 
 
25 
 
listened to both sides, and tried to figure out the best solution for the problem.  
Moreno was familiar with CAUSE, which he described as an organization that 
worked to stop gang violence. 
II.  DISCUSSION 
A. Pretrial Issues 
1. Consular rights  
Defendant contends that we should order an evidentiary hearing to determine 
whether failure to advise him he had the right to consult the Mexican consulate 
was prejudicial.  We disagree. 
In Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mex. v. U.S.) 2004 
I.C.J. 12 (Judg. of Mar. 31 (Avena), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) 
―considered a claim brought by Mexico against the United States.  The ICJ held 
that, based on violations of the Vienna Convention, 51 named Mexican nationals 
were entitled to review and reconsideration of their state-court convictions and 
sentences in the United States,‖ regardless of any forfeiture of this claim under 
state law.  (Medellin v. Texas (2008) 552 U.S. 491, 497-498.)  ―President George 
W. Bush determined, through a 2005 Memorandum for the Attorney General 
[citation], that the United States would ‗discharge its international obligations‘ 
under Avena ‗by having State courts give effect to the decision.‘ ‖  (Medellin v. 
Texas, at p. 498.)  The high court subsequently held that ―neither Avena nor the 
President‘s Memorandum constitutes directly enforceable federal law‖ binding on 
state courts.  (Ibid.; see In re Martinez (2009) 46 Cal.4th 945, 949-950.) 
Here, defendant asserts he was one of the Mexican nationals named in the 
Avena decision, he was not notified of his right to seek the assistance of the 
Mexican consulate, and Mexico was not aware he was in custody until after the 
death penalty verdict was entered in this case.  But these assertions are outside the 
 
26 
 
record on appeal.  Indeed, defendant acknowledges that the ―appellate record in 
this case does not even affirmatively establish [defendant‘s] Mexican nationality, 
much less a violation of consular rights, or prejudice stemming therefrom.‖  He 
requests, however, that he have ―an opportunity to make a particularized showing‖ 
at an evidentiary hearing and be provided discovery, the opportunity for 
investigation, and the assistance of counsel and the Mexican consulate. 
Whether defendant can establish his Mexican nationality, a violation of his 
consular rights, and prejudice from an asserted violation of consular rights based 
on evidence outside of the record on appeal is a matter for a habeas corpus 
petition.  (People v. Mendoza (2007) 42 Cal.4th 686, 711.)  Defendant contends 
that habeas corpus is not an effective remedy because even if an evidentiary 
hearing were to be granted on one or more of his claims, he would bear the burden 
of showing prejudice.  Relying on language in deportation cases decided by 
federal courts, he contends that at the hearing he is requesting he need only ―make 
a prima facie showing that (1) he did not know of his right to contact consular 
officials; (2) he would have done so had he known; and (3) such consultation 
would have led to the appointment of counsel and/or assistance in creating a more 
favorable record to present to the court.‖  Once this showing is made, he says, the 
burden would shift to the state to show ―that contact with the consular officials 
would not have resulted in assistance.‖  But the high court has said it is ―extremely 
doubtful‖ that a defendant can secure reversal of his conviction on a consular 
rights claim with no showing of prejudice.  (See Breard v. Greene (1998) 523 U.S. 
371, 377 [―Even were Breard‘s Vienna Convention claim properly raised and 
proved, it is extremely doubtful that the violation should result in the overturning 
of a final judgment of conviction without some showing that the violation had an 
effect on the trial.‖].)  Nor are we persuaded by defendant‘s speculative contention 
 
27 
 
that habeas corpus is not an effective remedy because adjudication of his claim 
will be delayed pending appointment of habeas corpus counsel or because ―[t]here 
is no guarantee that this [c]ourt will grant an evidentiary hearing on any [habeas 
corpus] claims.‖   
2. Nondisclosure orders  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred regarding the scope and duration 
of orders protecting certain witnesses‘ identifying information.  We disagree. 
a. Facts 
We recently recounted at length in People v. Valdez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 82, 
101-102 (Valdez) the procedural background of the ―protective orders the trial 
court issued delaying and limiting disclosure of the identities of certain 
prosecution witnesses.‖  (Id. at p. 101.)  As relevant here, in the fall of 1995, 
before defendant was indicted, various nondisclosure orders were entered.  (Id. at 
pp. 101-102.)  In March 1996, after defendant was indicted and before his case 
was severed from that of his codefendants, ―Judge J. Stephen Czuleger, to whom 
the case was initially assigned for trial, decided to consider the issue de novo and 
ordered the prosecution to make a new showing to justify nondisclosure. . . .  
[A]fter the prosecution presented evidence at an in camera hearing pursuant to 
section 1054.7 and the parties presented argument, Judge Czuleger issued a 
written order providing (1) the identities of 10 ‗stranger‘ witnesses [Witnesses 
Nos. 1-6 and 8-11] — those who do not know any of the defendants and who are 
not connected to a gang — and the identity of Witness No. 13 were to remain 
undisclosed and ‗will be made available at the time the witness[es] testif[y],‘ and 
their addresses and telephone numbers were to be ‗permanently‘ undisclosed; 
(2) the identities, addresses, and telephone numbers of the remaining witnesses 
[Witnesses Nos. 7, 12, 14, 15, and 16] were to remain undisclosed until further 
 
28 
 
court order; (3) upon 15 days‘ written notice, the prosecution was to make any 
witness available once for a recorded interview by defense counsel at the 
prosecution‘s office, the prosecution could be present during the interview if the 
witness so requested, and any party could memorialize the interviews by tape 
recording or stenographic reporter; (4) the prosecution must give defense counsel 
a record of any convictions suffered by the witnesses but could redact from that 
record any case number or identifying information; (5) defense counsel, upon 
learning a witness‘s identity, place of residence, or place of employment, could 
not disclose this information ‗to any person‘ but could disclose a witness‘s identity 
to the client ‗if such disclosure is necessary to adequately represent their client,‘ 
provided that such disclosure as to the ‗stranger‘ witnesses and Witness No. 13 
could not occur absent prior court order; (6) defense counsel and their 
investigators could review with their clients police reports, court transcripts, and 
grand jury proceedings but could not give any of this material to anyone absent 
court order; (7) the prosecution could redact from all police reports the witnesses‘ 
names and all information that would reveal their identities, addresses, telephone 
numbers, or places of incarceration; (8) until further court order, the previous 
court-ordered redactions of the grand jury proceedings would remain in effect and 
the grand jury transcripts, witness lists, and exhibits would remain sealed.  Judge 
Czuleger‘s order recited that it was based on ‗good cause having been shown as to 
threats and/or possible danger to the safety of witnesses.‘ ‖  (Id. at p. 102.)  
b. Analysis 
Relying on Alvarado v. Superior Court (2000) 23 Cal.4th 1121 (Alvarado), 
defendant contends that the nondisclosure order restricted counsel from discussing 
with defendant evidence that risked disclosure of witnesses‘ identities, withheld 
certain witnesses‘ identities until they testified, and permanently withheld their 
 
29 
 
addresses or telephone numbers in violation of his right to confrontation and a fair 
trial under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments.   
We recently rejected a similar claim regarding this same order in Valdez, 
supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 106-118.  After describing our opinion in Alvarado, we 
observed that ―as Alvarado establishes, the record was sufficient to justify a 
pretrial nondisclosure order.‖  (Valdez, at p. 107.)  ―Specifically, the prosecution 
presented evidence that the Mexican Mafia ordered at least one of the murders, 
posed an extreme danger to the People‘s witnesses, had an excellent intelligence 
network, and demanded documentation identifying an individual as a government 
witness before approving a contract to kill a witness.‖  (Ibid.)  We also observed 
that ―the protective order here at issue did not suffer from the same constitutional 
infirmity that afflicted the order in Alvarado; it did not authorize permanent 
nondisclosure of the identity of any witness, crucial or otherwise.‖  (Ibid.)   
We further rejected the defendant‘s claim in Valdez that the protective order 
was constitutionally invalid to the extent it allowed the prosecution to withhold the 
witnesses‘ identities until they appeared to testify at trial.  (Valdez, supra, 55 
Cal.4th at pp. 107-108.)  We observed that as a factual matter, the record revealed 
that the defense knew the witnesses‘ identities well before this time.  (Id. at 
pp. 108-109.)  As a legal matter, we noted that ― ‗[t]here is no general 
constitutional right to discovery in a criminal case‘ ‖ and that ― ‗ ―[t]he Due 
Process Clause has little to say regarding the amount of discovery which the 
parties must be afforded.‖ ‘ ‖  (Id. at pp. 109-110, quoting Weatherford v. Bursey 
(1977) 429 U.S. 545, 559-561 [no constitutional violation where the prosecution 
surprised the defendant at trial by calling to the stand a previously unidentified 
witness and where there was no objection at trial, no request for a continuance, 
and no indication of substantial prejudice].)  In particular, we found no 
 
30 
 
constitutional violation in Valdez resulting from the protective order because the 
defendant had been given several methods of investigating the witnesses, had 
interviewed the ―vast majority‖ of witnesses five days before trial began, never 
sought to modify the order even though the trial court had invited such a request if 
counsel determined that further disclosure was necessary, never requested a 
continuance before beginning cross-examination, and had effectively cross-
examined witnesses he characterized on appeal as ―crucial‖ to the case against 
him.  (Valdez, at pp. 110-116.)   
Here, defendant asserts that the nondisclosure orders ―would have made it 
difficult for counsel to obtain complete impeaching information, such as the 
witnesses‘ reputations for truthfulness,‖ motives to fabricate testimony, and 
circumstances raising a doubt regarding the accuracy of the information they gave 
law enforcement.  As to Witnesses Nos. 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, and 11, referred to by the 
parties as ―stranger‖ witnesses, defense counsel told the court that he had no 
problem with maintaining the anonymity of these witnesses.  Moreover, these 
witnesses and Witness No. 13 did not identify defendant or place him at the 
murder victims‘ home.  As in Valdez, defendant‘s professed inability on appeal ―to 
determine whether these witnesses harbored any bias or prejudice against him or 
other defendants, whether they had reason to testify falsely, or where they were 
when they made their observations, did little, if anything, negatively to impact his 
case.‖  (Valdez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 114-115.)     
Defendant claims that Witnesses Nos. 14, 15, and 16 ―provided crucial 
evidence bearing on guilt, innocence, or penalty,‖ but the March 1996 order 
provided that, upon discovering the identities of Witnesses Nos. 14, 15, and 16, 
defendant‘s counsel could disclose that information to defendant ― ‗if such 
disclosure [was] necessary to adequately represent‘ ‖ him.  (Valdez, supra, 
 
31 
 
55 Cal.4th at p. 102.)  Moreover, as in Valdez, defense counsel vigorously cross-
examined Witnesses Nos. 14 and 15 at length, demonstrating complete familiarity 
with their prior statements and testimony, criminal records, gang affiliation, and 
drug use.  Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, counsel exhaustively explored the 
topic of any benefits Witness No. 14 might have received in exchange for his 
testimony, and defendant‘s right to cross-examination was not denied merely 
because counsel was not permitted to ask the witness where he was currently 
incarcerated.  Counsel also effectively cross-examined Witness No. 16, who was 
with the perpetrators on the night of the murders, establishing that he did not know 
defendant and did not see him on the night of the murders or hear his name 
mentioned.   
In addition to these factors demonstrating the defense‘s intimate familiarity 
with the witnesses, at no time during trial did defendant express surprise at a 
witness‘s identity or seek a continuance to investigate a witness further.  This 
demonstrates that the avenues of investigation provided under the March 1996 
order were adequate.  Indeed, at the hearing on the motion to discharge counsel 
(see post, pt. II.A.3.), defendant personally used the actual names of Witnesses 
Nos. 14 and 15, and described portions of their testimony.  Further, before jury 
selection at a hearing regarding whether defendant should be shackled in the 
courtroom, defense counsel said, and defendant agreed, that defendant 
―knows . . . . most of the People‘s witnesses better than I do.‖  These statements 
demonstrate that the defense knew what witnesses to expect and had discussed 
these witnesses with defendant.  Moreover, defendant was the last codefendant to 
be tried for these murders, and the defense benefitted from information gained at 
earlier trials.   
 
32 
 
Defendant also claims that Witness No. 17, who testified only at the penalty 
phase, ―provided crucial evidence.‖  Witness No. 17, however, was not named in 
the March 1996 order, and defendant does not identify, let alone challenge, a 
nondisclosure order regarding this witness.  Nor does defendant assert how he was 
prejudiced by any limitation on discovery.   
Defendant further asserts that the nondisclosure order violated his right to 
effective counsel.  But, as we observed in Valdez, ―the order only minimally 
inhibited communication between defendant and his counsel.‖  (Valdez, supra, 55 
Cal.4th at p. 116.)  Indeed, contrary to defendant‘s assertion that counsel stopped 
discussing substantive aspects of the case with him when counsel was ordered not 
to give defendant any material that would identify witnesses, the statements of 
defendant and counsel at the hearing on the motion to discharge counsel 
demonstrate that the two had discussed numerous substantive issues bearing on the 
defense in this case. 
Defendant further contends that the nondisclosure order prevented him 
from receiving a fair hearing on his motion to discharge counsel.  (See post, 
pt. II.A.3.)  He claims that because of the order, he was ―handicapped in his ability 
to demonstrate to the court what investigation . . . [counsel] had done or not done 
regarding various witnesses.‖  But defendant identified numerous concerns with 
the investigation of his case at the hearing on his motion to discharge counsel.  
Indeed, on November 17, 1997, when the motion to discharge counsel was filed, 
defendant objected to a hearing on December 12, 1997, saying he was ―already 
prepared‖ to argue the motion.  Moreover, defendant does not identify, even now 
after the identities of the witnesses have been fully disclosed, what additional 
information he would have presented at the hearing. 
 
33 
 
In this and certain other appellate claims, defendant contends the asserted 
error infringed upon his constitutional rights.  ―In those instances where he did not 
present constitutional theories below, it appears that either (1) the appellate claim 
is one that required no objection to preserve it, or (2) the new arguments are based 
on factual or legal standards no different from those the trial court was asked to 
apply, but raise the additional legal consequence of violating the Constitution.  ‗To 
that extent, defendant‘s new constitutional arguments are not forfeited on appeal.‘  
(People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal.4th 412, 441, fn. 17.)  No separate constitutional 
discussion is required, or provided, when rejection of a claim on the merits 
necessarily leads to rejection of any constitutional theory or ‗gloss‘ raised for the 
first time here.‖  (People v. Loker (2008) 44 Cal.4th 691, 704, fn. 7.) 
3. Motion to discharge  
Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied 
his motion to discharge retained counsel.  We disagree. 
a. Facts 
Defendant was indicted on December 12, 1995, and counsel was appointed to 
represent him on December 18, 1995.  On January 30, 1996, retained counsel 
Erick Larsh was substituted in.  About a week later, Larsh declared a conflict of 
interest, and defendant informed the court he was not indigent and would retain a 
different attorney.  On February 14, 1996, defendant‘s new retained counsel, 
Edward Esqueda, informed the court he was ready to go forward on the case and 
was substituted in.  On September 3, 1996, defendant‘s case was severed from that 
of his codefendants.  On January 16, 1997, Esqueda informed the court he would 
be ready for trial on January 28, 1997, but the prosecutor was not ready.  Esqueda 
also expressed disappointment that it appeared defendant‘s trial would be held last, 
 
34 
 
after the trials of his former codefendants.  Trial was then continued several times 
in 1997.  
On November 17, 1997, Esqueda filed a motion to continue the trial because 
he was in trial on a different case.  On that same date, defendant filed an in propria 
persona ―ex parte motion to dismiss defense counsel and to appoint new counsel 
and for an in camera hearing.‖  At the November 17, 1997 hearing, the trial court 
continued the trial to December 12, 1997 and ordered seven witnesses to return at 
that time.  It denied defendant‘s motion without prejudice and scheduled an in 
camera hearing on the motion for December 12, 1997.  Defendant unsuccessfully 
objected, saying he was ―already prepared‖ to argue the motion.  The court 
observed it was denying the motion because it was ―untimely in the extreme,‖ 
defendant had previously had different counsel and had Esqueda as an attorney for 
a long time, the case had been continued several times, and witnesses, some of 
whom had already testified four or five times in other trials, had appeared that day 
and were being inconvenienced.  The court also noted that the witnesses were 
reluctant to come forward due to the nature of the charges and ―the players,‖ and 
that the ―longer the case goes [on], the more that reluctance hardens and the more 
difficult it becomes to obtain the testimony of witnesses.‖  It informed defendant 
that ―if I grant your request, what I am doing, in effect, is continuing the case for 
probably a year‖ because new counsel would need to become familiar with the 
former codefendants‘ trials as well as with this case.  The court observed that ―it 
would have been certainly much better had the matter come to the court‘s attention 
in any of the many, many, many appearances that you had before me.‖   
On December 12, 1997, Esqueda filed, and the court granted, another motion 
to continue the trial until December 29, 1997 because he was again in trial in a 
different case.  The trial court ordered counsel not to become engaged in any other 
 
35 
 
jury trials without first contacting the court and said that if any other court ordered 
counsel to trial, counsel should have that court contact the trial court in this case.   
Also on this date, at the in camera hearing on defendant‘s motion to 
discharge counsel and appoint new counsel, defendant delineated various ways in 
which he found counsel‘s representation deficient.  Defendant asked the court to 
dismiss counsel and appoint new counsel.  He also said:  ―We‘ve been trying to go 
to trial for the longest [time], because he felt that we were ready.  I felt that we 
were ready at the beginning.  We‘ve been trying to go to trial, and we‘ve been 
getting put [off] and put [off] and put [off].‖   
The trial court denied the motion.  It noted that through no fault of anyone, 
the case had been pending for a long period of time.  The court said it understood 
defendant‘s frustration at ―not going to trial sooner‖ and estimated it would take a 
new attorney at least six months to ―get up to speed on the case.‖  It observed that 
the district attorney also had a right to a speedy trial.  It also noted:  ―[T]he matter 
is brought to my attention right on the eve, literally, of a trial date, . . . [which] 
makes me think it‘s not the most timely request I‘ve ever had.  You know, at some 
point in the last year if Mr. Esqueda is not getting it all ready one might think, 
well, [defendant], do something about it, don‘t wait for a year.‖  Defendant said, 
―Yeah.‖  The court repeated its concern about witnesses being reluctant, saying:  
―You have to keep ordering these guys back every day under the threat of death, 
practically, to get them down here, some of them.  So, again, the longer the case 
goes [on] the more difficult it is to ever get the case tried.‖  The court said it was 
convinced defendant could get a fair trial with current counsel if they both would 
―give a little.‖  The court did not ―think‖ that counsel was ―incompetent‖ or had 
―abandoned‖ defendant, or that there had been ―some breakdown between you two 
 
36 
 
to the point where there is an actual conflict of interest,‖ noting, ―I‘m not even 
hearing you fellows tell me that.‖   
On December 29, 1997, the case was called for jury trial, and the court 
denied a defense motion to continue trial.  Jury selection began on January 5, 
1998.   
b. Analysis 
 ―The right to retained counsel of choice is — subject to certain 
limitations — guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution.  
(United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006) 548 U.S. 140, 144, 151-152; People v. 
Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal.4th 398, 422.)  In California, this right ‗reflects not only a 
defendant‘s choice of a particular attorney, but also his decision to discharge an 
attorney whom he hired but no longer wishes to retain.‘  (People v. Ortiz (1990) 
51 Cal.3d 975, 983 . . . ; see Code Civ. Proc., § 284.)‖  (People v. Verdugo (2010) 
50 Cal.4th 263, 310-311 (Verdugo).)  When a defendant makes a ―timely motion 
to discharge his retained attorney and obtain appointed counsel,‖ unlike when a 
defendant seeks to substitute one appointed counsel for another, he is not required 
to demonstrate ―inadequate representation by his retained attorney, or to identify 
an irreconcilable conflict between them.‖  (People v. Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d, at 
p. 984 (Ortiz); see People v. Sanchez (2011) 53 Cal.4th 80, 89.)  
―The right to discharge a retained attorney is, however, not absolute.  (Ortiz, 
[supra, 51 Cal.3d] at p. 983.)  The trial court has discretion to ‗deny such a motion 
if discharge will result in ―significant prejudice‖ to the defendant [citation], or if it 
is not timely, i.e., if it will result in ―disruption of the orderly processes of 
justice.‖ ‘ ‖  (Verdugo, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 311; see Morris v. Slappy (1983) 
461 U.S. 1, 11 [―Trial judges necessarily require a great deal of latitude in 
scheduling trials.‖].)    
 
37 
 
We conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying 
defendant‘s motion to discharge counsel.  At the time the motion was made, the 
case had been pending for two years.  Trial was imminent and, in fact, began about 
six weeks later.  Defendant had no substitute counsel in mind; rather, he requested 
that the court appoint counsel.  New counsel would have had to study the records 
in each former codefendant‘s trial as well as in this case, resulting in significant 
delays.  A trial court may properly consider the delay inherent in changing counsel 
in evaluating timeliness.  The trial court, which had been through at least one trial 
of the former codefendants, expressed concern that further delay would exacerbate 
the witnesses‘ reluctance to testify.  The trial court also noted the absence of 
abandonment or inadequate representation by counsel or an actual conflict of 
interest.  The court reasonably found that relieving counsel under these 
circumstances would result in ― ‗disruption of the orderly processes of justice‘ ‖ 
and thus denied defendant‘s motion.  (Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 983.)   
Defendant asserts that the trial court incorrectly applied the standard in 
People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 for substituting one appointed counsel for 
another rather than the Ortiz standard for discharging retained counsel and 
appointing new counsel.  Under Marsden and its progeny, a ― ‗defendant is 
entitled to relief if the record clearly shows that the appointed counsel is not 
providing adequate representation or that defendant and counsel have become 
embroiled in such an irreconcilable conflict that ineffective representation is likely 
to result.‘ ‖  (People v. Taylor (2010) 48 Cal.4th 574, 599.)  Defendant relies on 
the fact that the trial court stated at the conclusion of the hearing:  ―The court has 
denied the — we‘ll call it a Marsden motion.‖  Defendant also cites the trial 
court‘s statements that it did not ―think‖ that counsel was ―incompetent‖ or had 
 
38 
 
―abandoned‖ defendant, or that there had been ―some breakdown between you two 
to the point where there is an actual conflict of interest.‖ 
Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, the trial court did not deny the motion 
merely because defendant had failed to demonstrate that counsel was incompetent 
or had abandoned him or that there was an irreconcilable conflict between 
defendant and counsel.  In evaluating whether a motion to discharge retained 
counsel is ―timely, i.e., if it will result in ‗disruption of the orderly processes of 
justice‘ ‖ (Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 983), the trial court considers the totality of 
the circumstances.  (See United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, supra, 548 U.S. at 
p. 152; Verdugo, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 311.)  Although a defendant seeking to 
discharge his retained attorney is not required to demonstrate inadequate 
representation or an irreconcilable conflict, this does not mean that the trial court 
cannot properly consider the absence of such circumstances in deciding whether 
discharging counsel would result in disruption of the orderly processes of justice.  
Here, defendant raised numerous concerns about retained counsel in his 
declaration filed in support of the motion to discharge counsel, and the trial court 
did nothing improper in discussing those concerns with defendant at the hearing.   
Defendant further contends that the trial court ―failed to conduct an adequate 
hearing to determine whether there was any merit‖ to defendant‘s complaints 
about counsel.  But the transcript of the in camera hearing spans nearly 60 pages 
and demonstrates that defendant was given considerable leeway to identify and 
discuss with the court each of his concerns about counsel‘s representation, 
including what aspects of his investigation defendant found wanting and what 
motions defendant believed should have been filed.  Further, counsel was given an 
opportunity to respond to these concerns.  The trial court‘s findings that counsel 
was not incompetent and that no irreconcilable breakdown had occurred are 
 
39 
 
supported by the record.  Moreover, as discussed above, the nondisclosure order 
did not prevent defendant from receiving a fair hearing on his motion to discharge 
counsel.  (See ante, at p. 32.) 
Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred in excluding his investigator, 
who had filed a declaration in support of the motion to discharge counsel, from the 
in camera hearing.  Before the December 12, 1997 in camera hearing, the trial 
court asked everyone other than defendant and his counsel to leave the courtroom.  
Defendant personally asked, ―Your honor, is there any way that I could have [the 
investigator] present?‖  The court replied:  ―No.  I think that would not be 
appropriate to have others here.  To do that in my opinion would constitute 
probably a waiver.‖  Defendant said, ―I understand.‖   
According to defendant, the ―court had no legitimate reason to exclude‖ the 
investigator and ―no legal basis upon which to advise [defendant] that his 
privileged communications would be compromised by allowing [the investigator] 
to be present at the hearing.‖  But even assuming this is correct, defendant fails to 
delineate what aspects of the investigator‘s declaration filed in support of the 
motion to discharge counsel required elaboration by the investigator at the hearing, 
what information the investigator possessed that defendant did not, or how the 
investigator‘s presence was otherwise material to the question of whether 
replacement of counsel would or would not disrupt ― ‗the orderly processes of 
justice.‘ ‖  (Ortiz, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 983.) 
B. Guilt Phase Issues 
1. Murder of Anthony “Dido” Moreno  
Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury‘s 
finding defendant was guilty of the first degree murder of Anthony ―Dido‖ 
Moreno.  We conclude the evidence is sufficient.   
 
40 
 
 ―When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support 
a conviction, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the 
judgment to determine whether it contains substantial evidence — that is, evidence 
that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value — from which a reasonable trier of 
fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.‖  (People v. 
Lindberg (2008) 45 Cal.4th 1, 27.)  We determine ―whether, after viewing the 
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.‖  
(Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319.)  In so doing, a reviewing court 
―presumes in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could 
reasonably deduce from the evidence.‖  (People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 
1053.)   
As noted, the prosecutor proceeded on alternate theories of conspiracy and 
aiding and abetting to demonstrate defendant‘s culpability for murder.  Thus, the 
jury was instructed that there were four separate theories upon which criminal 
liability could be premised:  (1) defendant conspired to commit that particular 
murder; (2) the murder was a natural and probable consequence of a murder that 
defendant conspired to commit; (3) defendant aided and abetted that particular 
murder; and (4) the murder was a natural and probable consequence of a murder 
aided and abetted by defendant.  We first address the sufficiency of the evidence 
that defendant conspired to commit Anthony Moreno‘s murder. 
―One who conspires with others to commit a felony is guilty as a principal.  
(§ 31.) ‗ ―Each member of the conspiracy is liable for the acts of any of the others 
in carrying out the common purpose, i.e., all acts within the reasonable and 
probable consequences of the common unlawful design.‖ [Citations.]‘ [Citation.]‖  
(In re Hardy (2007) 41 Cal.4th 977, 1025-1026.)  ―[A]ll conspiracy to commit 
 
41 
 
murder is necessarily conspiracy to commit premeditated and deliberated first 
degree murder.‖  (People v. Cortez (1998) 18 Cal.4th 1223, 1237.)   
Here, the court instructed the jury:  ―A conspiracy is an agreement between 
two or more persons with the specific intent to agree to commit the crime of 
murder, and with the further specific intent to commit that crime, followed by an 
overt act committed in this state by one or more of the parties for the purpose of 
accomplishing the object of the agreement.‖   
―Evidence is sufficient to prove a conspiracy to commit a crime ‗if it 
supports an inference that the parties positively or tacitly came to a mutual 
understanding to commit a crime.  [Citation.]  The existence of a conspiracy may 
be inferred from the conduct, relationship, interests, and activities of the alleged 
conspirators before and during the alleged conspiracy.‘ ‖  (People v. Rodrigues 
(1994) 8 Cal.4th 1060, 1135 (Rodrigues); see People v. Homick (2012) 55 Cal.4th 
816, 870 [the element of agreeing to commit a crime ―must often be proved 
circumstantially‖].)   
Here, on January 4, 1995, Raymond Shyrock announced at a Mexican Mafia 
meeting that a former member of that gang named Dido lived in the apartment 
building in which Shyrock used to live.  The jury could reasonably infer that 
Shyrock‘s statement, ―I‘m trying . . . to figure out how to . . . — well, I need a 
silencer is what I need‖ meant that Shyrock wanted to have Dido killed.  Witness 
No. 15 testified that his brother Anthony Moreno, whose street name was Dido, 
had dropped out of the Mexican Mafia and lived in the same building in which 
Shyrock had lived in January 1995.  Moreover, Anthony had the letters ―EME,‖ 
which refer to the Mexican Mafia, tattooed on his hand. 
Although defendant was not present at the January 4, 1995 meeting at which 
Shyrock announced his desire to have Dido killed, Witness No. 15 saw defendant 
 
42 
 
and Shyrock together at times after January 12, 1995 (when Witness No. 15 was 
released from prison), and defendant admitted he knew Shyrock well and 
considered him a friend.  Under analogous precedent, the jury could reasonably 
infer that defendant entered the conspiracy to kill Moreno at one of those meetings 
or at some point in April 1995, after he was sponsored by Shyrock into the 
Mexican Mafia and before the April 22 murder.  (See People v. Jurado (2006) 38 
Cal.4th 72, 121 (Jurado) [―[a]lthough there is no direct evidence that defendant 
and [an accomplice] discussed in advance the killing of [the victim], there was 
evidence that they were alone together‖ ―shortly before the killing, during which a 
discussion and agreement could have taken place‖].) 
In addition, defendant was a family friend of Anthony Moreno‘s and was at 
Anthony‘s home on the afternoon of the murders.  Defendant gave Anthony and 
Witness No. 15 heroin, which Witness No. 15 said was unusually generous.   
That evening, shortly before the murders, defendant met with perpetrator 
Jimmy ―Character‖ Palma from the Sangra gang outside defendant‘s apartment on 
Rose Street.  Palma told defendant ―he was going to take care of business,‖ ―[n]ot 
to worry about it,‖ and that ―he was strapping‖ and ―[t]hey were strapped,‖ 
meaning they were armed.  Palma then left in a car similar to that owned by 
perpetrator Danny ―Tricky‖ Logan.  In addition, Witness No. 16 saw Logan‘s 
Nissan pulled over on Rose Street, and Logan‘s Nissan was one of the vehicles 
used to drive the Sangra gang members to the murder victims‘ house.   
Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres said that he had visited the home of victims Anthony 
and Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre ―earlier in the day,‖ had given heroin to the people at 
the house, and said he would be back later that night to sell them drugs.  In 
describing how the murders had been perpetrated, Palma said he had shown a man 
in the house a rock of heroin, and when the ―guy went to look at it, that is when‖ 
 
43 
 
Valdez shot him in the head.  The jury could reasonably infer that defendant gave 
Anthony heroin on the afternoon of the murders and also gave Palma heroin on the 
night of the murders to take to Anthony‘s house in order to make Anthony more 
easily distracted and unsuspecting when the perpetrators appeared that night.  This 
evidence was consistent with Sergeant Valdemar‘s expert testimony that the 
Mexican Mafia typically lowered the guard of their victims by giving them drugs 
or using as hit men individuals whom the victims knew.  
It was undisputed at trial that Palma, Valdez, Torres, and Logan murdered 
Anthony Moreno and four others on the night of April 22.  Torres told his mother 
before he left for Maxson Road that he was told to do something by the ―Mafia,‖ 
and after the murders he said that they were supposed to kill one guy and not leave 
witnesses if anyone got in the way.  
Defendant told police that people could contact him by paging him, and he 
was paged by individuals involved in the murders before and after their 
commission.  Although there is no telephone record evidence that defendant 
returned any of these pages, Witness No. 14 testified that on the night of the 
murders defendant left the room after being paged and that when he returned, he 
asked for a ride to his apartment. 
Defendant was also implicated in the conspiracy by his statement to police.  
Defendant told police he was a ―middle man‖ but, when asked if he had been the 
middle man in this case, said, ―somebody had asked me if I wanted to be part of it, 
but I said, no.  [¶] . . . [¶]  ‘Cuz I . . . know the family real good.‖  The jury could 
have reasonably inferred this comment indicated he knew of the plot to kill 
Anthony Moreno and had been invited to be a part of that conspiracy.  The jury 
also could have discredited his statements that he declined involvement in light of 
the independent evidence of his complicity, such as his presence at the Moreno 
 
44 
 
home on the afternoon of the murders and his meeting with Palma on the night of 
the murders. 
In addition, defendant lied to police about being a member of the Mexican 
Mafia, and it appears he lied about not knowing Jose ―Pepe‖ Ortiz and Jimmy 
―Character‖ Palma.  The latter individuals had paged him on April 22 or April 23, 
and defendant, on the night of the murders, introduced Witness No. 14 to an 
individual named ―Character‖ who was identified at trial as Jimmy Palma.  The 
jury could reasonably have concluded such misrepresentations demonstrated 
defendant‘s consciousness of complicity.   
We conclude this evidence collectively supports an inference that the parties, 
including defendant, ― ‗positively or tacitly came to a mutual understanding‘ ‖ to 
murder Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno.  (Rodrigues, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 1135.)  As the 
object of the conspiracy was to kill Anthony Moreno, his murder satisfied the 
element of an overt act committed in furtherance of the conspiracy.  (Jurado, 
supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 121 [―Commission of the target offense in furtherance of 
the conspiracy satisfies the overt act requirement.‖].)   
For much the same reasons, we also conclude substantial evidence supports a 
verdict of first degree murder on an aiding and abetting theory of liability.  ―All 
persons concerned in the commission of a crime . . . whether they directly commit 
the act constituting the offense, or aid and abet in its commission, or, not being 
present, have advised and encouraged its commission, . . . are principals in any 
crime so committed.‖  (§ 31.)  ―Thus, a person who aids and abets a crime is guilty 
of that crime even if someone else committed some or all of the criminal acts.‖  
(People v. McCoy (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1111, 1117.)  ―[O]utside of the natural and 
probable consequences doctrine, an aider and abettor‘s mental state must be at 
least that required of the direct perpetrator,‖ and when the crime is murder, the 
 
45 
 
―aider and abettor must know and share the murderous intent of the actual 
perpetrator.‖  (Id. at p. 1118.)  ―[A]n aider and abettor will ‗share‘ the 
perpetrator‘s specific intent when he or she knows the full extent of the 
perpetrator‘s criminal purpose and gives aid or encouragement with the intent or 
purpose of facilitating the perpetrator‘s commission of the crime.‖  (People v. 
Beeman (1984) 35 Cal.3d 547, 560.)   
Here, evidence of defendant‘s involvement in the conspiracy to kill Anthony 
Moreno also demonstrated that defendant aided and abetted the commission of his 
murder.  To recap, defendant was a friend of Raymond Shyrock, who had 
announced at a Mexican Mafia meeting a desire to have Dido killed, and 
defendant was inducted into the Mexican Mafia shortly before the murders 
through Shyrock‘s sponsorship.  Testimony by Witness No. 15, Anthony 
Moreno‘s brother, indicated that the Dido of whom Shyrock spoke during the 
meeting was Anthony Moreno.  Defendant‘s statement to police demonstrated that 
defendant knew of the plot to kill Anthony and had been invited to be a part of that 
plot.  The jury could reasonably have inferred that defendant had visited 
Anthony‘s home with Torres on the day of the murders, that this visit assisted the 
perpetrators in learning the layout of the murder site, and that defendant‘s gift of 
heroin lowered Anthony‘s guard and made him less suspecting when the 
perpetrators returned that night.  Defendant also gave Palma heroin on the night of 
the murders, and the jury could have inferred the heroin was to assist in distracting 
Anthony while another perpetrator shot him.  Calls to defendant‘s pager by Ortiz, 
Palma, and Torres before and after the murders also demonstrated defendant‘s 
knowledge of the plan and his assistance in its accomplishment. 
Defendant asserts that the testimony of Witnesses Nos. 14 and 15 was 
unreliable because there were inconsistencies between their trial testimony and 
 
46 
 
previous statements, their testimony was contradicted by defense alibi witnesses, 
and because of their drug use, gang membership, and felony records.  In addition, 
he notes that Witness No. 14 threatened to lie on the stand if forced to testify, and 
Witness No. 15 strenuously denied receiving any benefit in exchange for his 
testimony even though defense counsel discovered after trial that he had been 
sentenced to time served in a pending criminal matter.  (See post, pt. II.C.6.)  He 
further asserts that the testimony of Witness No. 16 was unreliable because he was 
involved in the murders and received immunity in exchange for testifying.   
― ‗Although an appellate court will not uphold a judgment or verdict based 
upon evidence inherently improbable, testimony which merely discloses unusual 
circumstances does not come within that category.  [Citation.]  To warrant the 
rejection of the statements given by a witness who has been believed by a trial 
court, there must exist either a physical impossibility that they are true, or their 
falsity must be apparent without resorting to inferences or deductions.  [Citations.]  
Conflicts and even testimony which is subject to justifiable suspicion do not 
justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive province of the trial judge 
or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the facts 
upon which a determination depends.‘ ‖  (People v. Thornton (1974) 11 Cal.3d 
738, 754.)  Here, Witnesses Nos. 14, 15, and 16 properly were impeached by the 
factors defendant cites (except for counsel‘s discovery after trial of Witness No. 
15‘s sentence (see post, pt. II.C.6.)), but nothing about their testimony was 
inherently unbelievable or implausible. 
In sum, we conclude that substantial evidence supported defendant‘s 
conviction for Anthony Moreno‘s murder on theories of conspiracy to commit 
murder and aiding and abetting the murder. 
 
47 
 
2. Murders of Gustavo “Tito” Aguirre, Maria Moreno, and the 
children  
Defendant contends that even if the evidence is sufficient to support the 
finding he conspired to murder or aided and abetted the murder of Anthony 
―Dido‖ Moreno, it is insufficient to support the implied finding that the murders of 
Aguirre, Maria Moreno, and the two children were the natural and probable 
consequences of an agreement to kill Anthony Moreno.  We disagree. 
― ‗ ―A person who knowingly aids and abets criminal conduct is guilty of 
not only the intended crime [target offense] but also of any other crime the 
perpetrator actually commits [nontarget offense] that is a natural and probable 
consequence of the intended crime.‖ ‘ ‖  (People v. Favor (2012) 54 Cal.4th 868, 
881; see People v. Prettyman (1996) 14 Cal.4th 248, 262, 269.)  ― ‗Liability under 
the natural and probable consequences doctrine ―is measured by whether a 
reasonable person in the defendant‘s position would have or should have known 
that the charged offense was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the act aided 
and abetted.‖ [Citation.]‘ ‖  (Favor, at p. 881.)  The issue ―is not whether the aider 
and abettor actually foresaw the additional crime, but whether, judged objectively, 
it was reasonably foreseeable.‖  (People v. Mendoza (1998) 18 Cal.4th 1114, 
1133.)   
Here, substantial evidence demonstrates a close connection between Anthony 
―Dido‖ Moreno‘s murder and the simultaneous murders of the four other victims.  
Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres said the perpetrators of Anthony‘s murder were told not to 
leave any witnesses, and defendant, who was a family friend of the victims and 
had visited the victims‘ home on the afternoon of the murders, was aware that 
other individuals, including children, lived there.  Because defendant met with 
Jimmy ―Character‖ Palma at about 9:30 at night, he was also aware that Anthony‘s 
murder would occur at night, when residents of a home would likely be present.  
 
48 
 
Thus, it was reasonably foreseeable that when the perpetrators killed Anthony, 
they would also kill any other individuals present.  (See People v. Vasco (2005) 
131 Cal.App.4th 137, 161 [it was foreseeable that once the hired killer murdered 
the intended target, a wife, he would also kill the target‘s husband to eliminate 
witnesses].) 
3. Multiple-murder special circumstance  
Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the multiple-
murder special-circumstance true finding.  We disagree. 
The jury was instructed that ―the only convictions which count toward the 
multiple-murder special-circumstance are those wherein the jury is satisfied 
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had the intent to kill and aided, 
abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested or assisted any actor 
in the commission of murder in that count.‖  The jury found defendant guilty of 
five first-degree murders and expressly found that all of the murders except that of 
six-month-old Ambrose Padilla ―constitute[d] the multiple-murder special-
circumstance.‖  Thus, the jury found that defendant had the intent to kill victims 
Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno, Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre, Maria Moreno, and five-year-
old Laura Moreno. 
As previously discussed, ample evidence supports the jury‘s finding that 
defendant intended to kill Anthony Moreno and was responsible for the murders of 
Aguirre, Maria, and Maria‘s children under a natural and probable consequences 
theory.  (See ante, at pp. 39-47.)  Because the evidence of defendant‘s intent to kill 
Anthony is sufficient to uphold the multiple-murder special circumstance, we need 
not decide whether there was sufficient evidence that defendant intended to kill the 
other victims.  (People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 892 [multiple-murder 
 
49 
 
special circumstance does not require a finding of intent to kill more than one 
victim].) 
Moreover, contrary to defendant‘s contention, a finding of insufficient 
evidence that defendant intended to kill Aguirre, Maria, and Laura would not 
require reversal of the death judgment.  As to those three victims, the jury would 
have heard the same evidence in support of the prosecutor‘s theory of murder 
(natural and probable consequences) as it did for the prosecutor‘s allegation of 
intent to kill under the multiple-murder special circumstance.  In other words, any 
insufficiency in the evidence supporting the jury‘s finding of defendant‘s intent to 
kill Aguirre, Maria, or Laura would not have changed the underlying facts 
available for the jury to consider when it returned a death verdict at the penalty 
phase.  (See Brown v. Sanders (2006) 546 U.S. 212, 220, 223–224; People 
v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 334 [second special circumstance ―was 
superfluous for purposes of death eligibility and did not alter the universe of facts 
and circumstances to which the jury could accord . . . weight‖].)  And the evidence 
before the jury reveals little difference between, on one hand, defendant‘s 
culpability for intending to kill Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno as well as any witness to 
that murder and, on the other hand, his culpability for intending to kill Antony and 
reasonably foreseeing the murders of Aguirre, Maria, and Laura as a natural and 
probable consequence of killing Anthony. 
For these reasons, we also reject defendant‘s claim that the trial court erred in 
failing to dismiss the special circumstance finding before sentencing for lack of 
sufficient evidence.  Under these circumstances, the trial court had no basis to 
dismiss the special circumstance finding.  (§ 1385.1 [a trial court ―shall not strike 
or dismiss any special circumstance which is . . . found by a jury‖]; People v. 
Mendoza (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1056, 1075-1078 (Mendoza).) 
 
50 
 
4. Section 1118.1 motion  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for 
acquittal under section 1118.1.  We disagree.  
― ‗The standard applied by a trial court in ruling upon a motion for judgment 
of acquittal pursuant to section 1118.1 is the same as the standard applied by an 
appellate court in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a 
conviction, that is, ―whether from the evidence, including all reasonable inferences 
to be drawn therefrom, there is any substantial evidence of the existence of each 
element of the offense charged.‖ ‘  [Citation.]   ‗The purpose of a motion under 
section 1118.1 is to weed out as soon as possible those few instances in which the 
prosecution fails to make even a prima facie case.‘  [Citations.]  The question  ‗is 
simply whether the prosecution has presented sufficient evidence to present the 
matter to the jury for its determination.‘  [Citation.]  The sufficiency of the 
evidence is tested at the point the motion is made.  [Citations.]  The question is 
one of law, subject to independent review.‖  (People v. Stevens (2007) 41 Cal.4th 
182, 200 (Stevens).) 
Here, defendant made his section 1118.1 motion at the end of the 
prosecution‘s case-in-chief when the only remaining evidence to be introduced 
was defendant‘s statement, which had already been redacted by the trial court.  We 
have exhaustively reviewed the prosecution‘s evidence above in our discussions of 
whether the evidence was sufficient to support the murder convictions and the true 
finding on the multiple-murder special-circumstance allegation.  This evidence 
also demonstrates that the trial court did not err in denying defendant‘s section 
1118.1 motion.   
 
51 
 
5. Effect of reversal  
Defendant contends that if any murder count is reversed, or the multiple-
murder special-circumstance true finding is vacated, the death judgment must be 
reversed.  We have not reversed any of the murder convictions or vacated the 
special circumstance true finding.   
6. Defendant’s statement  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to redact parts of his 
statement to law enforcement officers.  We disagree.   
a. Facts 
Defendant was interviewed following his arrest in December 1995 by 
Sergeant Laurie and Detective Davis.  At trial, defendant objected to the 
prosecutor playing a tape of the interview during his case-in-chief.  The court 
reviewed a transcript of the tape, and a hearing was held.  The court denied the 
motion to exclude the tape.  Although the record does not contain an unredacted 
transcript of the interview, it appears from statements at the hearing that the court 
excluded the officers‘ statements that defendant had ―probably been in jail‖ before 
and was ―taking a pretty active role . . . setting up a whole bunch of murders‖ in 
the San Gabriel Valley, that guns unrelated to this case had been found in 
defendant‘s apartment and car, and that defendant had a ―dope case and . . . 
different  things like that.‖  It also excluded statements by Sergeant Laurie that 
defendant had a ―green light‖ on him because he had been involved with killing 
babies, and defendant‘s statement that ―you guys already got me on a fuckin . . . 
one of these seven murder charges and shit. . . . . I go to court on arraignment.‖  
The court declined to exclude the following statements but offered to give a 
limiting instruction.  The court admitted Sergeant Laurie‘s statements that ―Your 
name is up there‖ and ―[p]eople are saying that you set it up‖ to give meaning to 
 
52 
 
defendant‘s responses.  The court also admitted Sergeant Laurie‘s statement that 
defendant was going to serve time ―[f]or all the shit . . . you‘ve been involved in‖ 
because the statement did not refer to anything the jury had not already learned 
from other evidence.  
A redacted recording of defendant‘s interview was played for the jury during 
the prosecution‘s case-in-chief.  Before the tape was played, the trial court 
instructed the jury that the lined-out portions of the transcript reflected parts of the 
interview ―not germane to the case‖ that were taken out by the court and counsel, 
and that the jury should not speculate as to what was omitted.  The court further 
instructed the jury:  ―From time to time on the tape you will see the officers 
making statements to the defendant and he gives a response, or they make an 
allegation of information that they have.  Keep in mind the following: . . . The 
police are entitled to and allowed to make statements and allegations toward a 
suspect.  They may tell them, not in this case, but the police may say in a burglary 
case . . . :  We have your fingerprints at the scene of the burglary.  And that is in 
an attempt to get somebody to say:  I was there.  You‘re right.  They may or may 
not have fingerprints.  See what I am saying?  The point is when you see an 
allegation made in the transcript, that is not received for the truth of any allegation 
but because it is part of the statement and helps you judge the response of the 
defendant.  Everybody clear on what I have said?‖  The record reflects ―[t]he 
jurors answered in the affirmative.‖  Finally, the court informed the jury that the 
parties had stipulated that any reference to an attorney or attorneys on the tape did 
not refer to defense counsel.  A substantial portion of the redacted interview tape 
was played again, without objection, during the prosecutor‘s closing argument. 
 
53 
 
b. Analysis 
Defendant contends that the trial court prejudicially erred when it failed to 
redact statements by officers that implied ―unidentified informants had reported 
that [defendant] was responsible for setting up the murders, and was in danger 
because children had been killed.‖  We disagree.  As noted, the trial court ordered 
the redaction of Sergeant Laurie‘s statement that defendant had a ―green light‖ on 
him because he had been involved with killing babies.   
Moreover, contrary to defendant‘s assertion, the officers‘ statements that 
defendant had ―set . . . up‖ the murders in this case were not ―inadmissible 
hearsay.‖  Rather, they served the nonhearsay purpose of giving context to 
defendant‘s responses.  (See People v. Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 801-802, 
fn. 21 (Riccardi) [detective‘s statements were properly admitted for the 
nonhearsay purpose of giving context to the interviewee‘s answers].)  Moreover, 
the court instructed the jury that law enforcement officers were permitted to 
misrepresent evidence in their possession in order to motivate a suspect to confess, 
and that the officers‘ ―allegation[s]‖ in this case were ―not received for the truth of 
any allegation but because it is part of the statement and helps you judge the 
response of the defendant.‖  Thus, there is no reasonable likelihood the jury 
―would consider [the] investigators‘ statements on the [tape] as substantive 
evidence of [defendant‘s] guilt.‖  (See Dubria v. Smith (9th Cir. 2000) 224 F.3d 
995, 1002 [―Any impression that the jury may have had that it could consider [the 
detective‘s] statements to be true was specifically and timely corrected‖ by the 
trial judge‘s admonitions].)  Nor do we agree with defendant‘s arguments that the 
officers‘ statements reasonably can be characterized as analogous to statements by 
a ―witness in a criminal case . . . express[ing] an opinion concerning the guilt of an 
accused‖ or statements by ―a prosecutor . . . express[ing] his personal opinion 
 
54 
 
regarding a defendant‘s guilt.‖  To the extent defendant claims the trial court erred 
in not admonishing the jury a second time either before deliberations or when the 
interview tape was played again during the prosecutor‘s closing argument, 
defendant did not request such an admonition, nor is there any reasonable 
likelihood that the jury failed to recall the limited purpose for which it could 
consider the officers‘ questions. 
Defendant further contends that the officers‘ statements violated his rights 
under the confrontation clause.  Assuming this claim is preserved, it is meritless.  
The statements were not hearsay and therefore not testimonial.  (Riccardi, supra, 
54 Cal.4th at pp. 801-802, fn. 21.)  
7. Gang expert’s testimony  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in overruling two objections to 
Sergeant Valdemar‘s gang expert testimony.  We disagree.   
First, Sergeant Valdemar testified that in addition to Hispanic gang members 
in Southern California, ―the Mexican Mafia also has people who are family, 
relatives, especially wives and mothers of Mexican Mafia members, who can be 
considered sympathizers in that they do much of the business for the Mexican 
Mafia in relaying messages, taking money, [and] delivering drugs.  And, also, they 
have various people in professional life that are sympathizers with the Mexican 
Mafia and do their bidding.‖  The prosecutor asked, ―When you say ‗do their 
bidding‘ would that include coming into court to lie for the members of the 
Mexican Mafia who are being accused and prosecuted for crimes?‖  Sergeant 
Valdemar answered, ―Yes, sir.‖  The prosecutor asked, ―In your opinion, would 
the son of a murder victim come into court to lie for a Mexican Mafia member 
being tried for murder?‖  Defendant objected on the ground that ―[c]redibility is in 
the sole discretion of the jury‖ and said the prosecutor was ―trying to elicit 
 
55 
 
testimony.‖  The court said it understood the objection, and asked Sergeant 
Valdemar, ―Is that something in your experience with the Mexican Mafia [that] 
would be a possible thing to happen?‖  Sergeant Valdemar replied, ―Yes, your 
honor.‖  The court then overruled the objection.   
Here, defendant contends that because ―no son of a victim testified at the 
trial, the objectionable question and answer had no conceivable purpose but to 
communicate‖ Sergeant Valdemar‘s opinion that the Mexican Mafia‘s influence 
was so strong that any witness ―whose testimony favored [defendant], or the 
Mexican Mafia, was lying either in self-preservation, or to protect the Mafia.‖  But 
Sergeant Valdemar merely testified that in his experience it was possible that an 
individual could be so sympathetic to the Mexican Mafia that despite his own loss, 
he would ―lie for a Mexican Mafia member being tried for murder.‖  Moreover, 
the challenge to defendant‘s alibi defense in this case did not focus on whether 
defendant‘s family members were lying out of fear of, or sympathy for, the 
Mexican Mafia, but on whether they had had any reason in April 1995 to notice 
whether defendant was absent from the baptismal party for a period of time when 
their need to consider this matter likely did not arise until defendant was arrested 
in December 1995.    
Second, Sergeant Valdemar also testified that a ―special relationship‖ that is 
―sort of mentor and student‖ would exist between a Mexican Mafia member and 
someone he recruits and sponsors for membership.  The prosecutor asked, ―What 
effect would that have on the way the new member would view, in your 
opinion, . . . the wishes of his mentor or his sponsor into [the Mexican Mafia]?‖  
Defendant unsuccessfully objected that the question ―call[ed] for speculation.‖  
Sergeant Valdemar said, ―Well, of course, somebody who is placed in a 
membership has a learning period and so he would pay great attention to his 
 
56 
 
sponsor . . . .  [¶] . . . [¶]  And would pay close attention to his instruction in 
learning how to conduct himself as a member of the Mexican Mafia.‖   
Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, Sergeant Valdemar‘s challenged testimony 
was not ―akin to testimony‖ that defendant was ―the person guilty of arranging the 
murders‖ or that ―as Shyrock‘s recruit, [he] would necessarily have arranged the 
murders.‖  Sergeant Valdemar simply described the relationship between a 
sponsor and a new admittee, and did not express any opinion about defendant‘s 
role in the charged crimes.   
8. January 1995 Shyrock statements  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence 
statements made by Raymond Shyrock at a January 4, 1995 Mexican Mafia 
meeting.  At the meeting, which was secretly videotaped, Shyrock said: ―I don‘t 
know if [you] ever heard of this brother named like . . . Dido.‖  Shyrock explained, 
―He dropped out a long time ago,‖ and when Shyrock was living in a monthly 
apartment, the ―motherfucker was living right downstairs‖ in an apartment and 
―never came up.‖  After Shyrock moved, ―he started showing his face, so 
somebody seen him and told me about it . . . but, there‘s all kinds of people in the 
pad.  There‘s a whole bunch of youngsters . . . and kids.  And all kinds of shit.  So, 
I‘m trying . . . to figure out how to . . . — well, I need a silencer is what I need.‖  
Shyrock also said, ―I just want to kill him, not the little kids.‖   
Defendant contends that Shyrock‘s statements did not qualify as statements 
against penal interest.  (Evid. Code, § 1230.)  We rejected a similar contention 
regarding the same statements in Valdez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pages 143-144.   
In Valdez, we concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 
finding that the statements were against Shyrock‘s penal interest when made.  
(Valdez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 143.)  We noted that ―the trial court could 
 
57 
 
reasonably have concluded that the statement, viewed in the context of its making 
— ‗a surreptitiously recorded meeting of Mexican Mafia members‘ — ‗marked 
the inception of a conspiracy to kill Dido‘ because he was a dropout, and that as 
such, ‗when made,‘ it ‗so far subjected [Shyrock] to the risk of . . . criminal 
liability . . . that a reasonable man in [Shyrock‘s] position would not have made it 
unless he believed it to be true.‘  (Evid. Code, § 1230.)‖  (Valdez, at pp. 143-144.)  
We further rejected the argument, also asserted by defendant here, that Evidence 
Code section 1230 does not apply to those portions of the statement that are not 
specifically disserving to the interests of the declarant, and that the only part of 
Shyrock‘s statement that was specifically disserving of his penal interest was his 
statement ―I need a silencer.‖  (Valdez, at p. 144.)  We reasoned:  ―[T]he trial court 
could have reasonably found that, in context, the statement as a whole was 
specifically disserving of Shyrock‘s interest.  In short, defendant‘s arguments 
show ‗only that a court might perhaps have been able to arrive at the conclusion 
that [Shyrock‘s] statement did not so far subject him to the risk of criminal 
liability that a reasonable person in his position would not have made it unless he 
believed it to be true.  [They] simply do[] not show that a court was unable to 
arrive at the opposite conclusion.  Therefore, [they do] not establish an abuse of 
discretion.‘ ‖  (Valdez, at p. 144, fn. omitted.) 
Defendant also asserts that Shyrock‘s statements ―lack sufficient indicia of 
reliability for admission‖ and hence violated his right to confrontation.  The cases 
on which he relies preceded the high court‘s decision in Crawford v. Washington 
(2004) 541 U.S. 36, 51.  Here the statements were not made to law enforcement 
but to fellow gang members and hence were not testimonial.  (People v. Gutierrez 
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 789, 812-813 (Gutierrez) [statement by a three-year-old to his 
aunt not testimonial].)   
 
58 
 
Nor does defendant demonstrate that the statements were unduly prejudicial 
under Evidence Code section 352.  Under Evidence Code section 352, a trial court 
may ―exclude otherwise relevant evidence when its probative value is substantially 
outweighed by concerns of undue prejudice, confusion, or consumption of time.‖  
(People v. Riggs (2008) 44 Cal.4th 248, 290.)  ― ‗Evidence is substantially more 
prejudicial than probative [citation] if, broadly stated, it poses an intolerable ―risk 
to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome.‖ ‘ ‖  (Ibid.)  We 
conclude no such intolerable risk was present here.  Contrary to defendant‘s 
assertions, Shyrock‘s statements were relevant to the issue of a conspiracy to kill 
Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno, were not ―cumulative‖ to other evidence, and did not 
serve merely to ―inflame, terrorize, and confuse the jury.‖   
Defendant further contends that even if the videotaped statements were 
properly admitted, the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that Shyrock 
was ―an accomplice to whom cautionary instructions on accomplice statements 
applied.‖  Shyrock did not testify, nor were his ―out-of-court statements made 
under questioning by police or under other suspect circumstances.‖  (People v. 
Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 190 (Carrington); see People v. Williams 
(1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 245-246 (Williams).)  Hence no instruction under section 
1111 was required. 
9. April 1995 Shyrock statements  
Defendant contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct in playing for 
the jury the unredacted videotape of Shyrock‘s statements at the April 2, 1995 
Mexican Mafia meeting at which defendant was made a member.  He further 
contends that the trial court erred in failing to properly instruct the jury.  We 
disagree.   
 
59 
 
As noted, at the April 2, 1995 meeting, Raymond Shyrock described 
defendant, saying:  ―[T]his dude has gone way above and beyond the call of duty.  
Man, this motherfucker is sharp, he‘s taken care of a lot of business.‖  He also 
said:  ―I know the [v]atos don‘t know him, but take my word for it, the 
motherfucker‘s down.  I‘m not talking about just violence either.  Okay, you 
know, he takes care of business real good and he‘s downed a whole lot of 
motherfuckers in the last year.  And he went against his whole neighborhood for 
us.  He‘s been fighting with them and downed them.  And when . . . one of his 
homies killed that one-year-old baby a few months ago, he‘s the one that took care 
of them.‖  Defendant was voted into the Mexican Mafia.   
At an in limine hearing on September 3, 1996, more than a year before trial, 
Judge Sarmiento ruled that even assuming Shyrock was unavailable, the 
statements did not qualify as statements against his penal interest.  (Evid. Code, 
§ 1230.)  Judge Sarmiento addressed only Shyrock‘s statements and did not 
consider whether defendant‘s admission into the Mexican Mafia as shown on the 
tape was admissible.  The case was subsequently transferred to Judge Horan, who 
presided at trial.   
At trial, prosecutor Anthony Manzella (who had replaced prosecutor John 
Monaghan, who had appeared at the September 3, 1996 hearing) played for the 
jury a portion of the video, including the statements set forth above.  The 
videotape was played again during the prosecutor‘s closing argument.  Defendant 
did not object on either occasion. 
On appeal, defendant contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct by 
playing the portion of the videotape that included Shyrock‘s statements about 
defendant‘s violence.  Because defendant did not object below to playing this or 
any portion of the videotape, and because no exception excuses or justifies 
 
60 
 
defendant‘s failure to object, the claim is forfeited.  (People v. Schmeck (2005) 37 
Cal.4th 240, 286 (Schmeck).)   
Defendant contends that his lack of a contemporaneous objection should not 
forfeit the claim because he had successfully objected to the evidence during the 
September 1996 hearing.  But defendant is here contesting the prosecutor‘s action 
in playing the unredacted videotape at trial.  A defendant cannot simply remain 
silent while evidence he believes is prejudicial and has been excluded is presented 
to the jury.  This principle is particularly compelling when the ruling upon which 
he relies was made by a different judge more than a year and four months earlier.  
Contrary to defendant‘s contention that there ―was nothing the trial court could 
have done to ‗unring the bell,‘ ‖ had defendant promptly raised the issue, the court 
could have redacted the tape or considered whether misconduct had occurred, and 
if so, whether any prejudice was ― ‗incurable by admonition or instruction.‘ ‖  
(People v. Collins (2010) 49 Cal.4th 175, 198.)   
Defendant further contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury 
on its own motion that Shyrock‘s statements could only be considered for the 
limited purpose of demonstrating defendant‘s relationship with Shyrock.  ―We 
have consistently held that where, as here, a defendant fails to request an 
instruction, a trial court ‗generally [has] no duty to instruct on the limited 
admissibility of evidence.  [Citation.]‘  (People v. Lang (1989) 49 Cal.3d 991, 
1020; see Evid. Code § 355 [‗When evidence is admissible . . . for one purpose 
and is inadmissible . . . for another purpose, the court upon request shall restrict 
the evidence to its proper scope and instruct the jury accordingly.‘].)‖  (Valdez, 
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 139, italics added in Valdez.)  Defendant fails to offer any 
persuasive reason why this general rule does not apply here. 
 
61 
 
Defendant also asserts that the trial court ―erred, or at least compounded the 
prejudice,‖ by failing to instruct the jury that Shyrock was an accomplice whose 
statements required corroboration.  Again, Shyrock did not testify, nor were his 
―out-of-court statements made under questioning by police or under other suspect 
circumstances.‖  (Carrington, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 190; see Williams, supra, 16 
Cal.4th at pp. 245-246; see also ante, pt. II.B.8.)  Hence no instruction under 
section 1111 was required.   
10. Aguirre’s statements  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting statements made by 
Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre on the days of the murders.  We conclude any error in 
admitting these statements was harmless.   
Witness No. 11 testified that in April 1995 she lived at 3849 Maxson Road.  
Around 12:30 p.m. on the day of the murders, for about 10 to 15 minutes she 
observed ―three guys‖ with victim Anthony Moreno and ―another friend of his‖ in 
the backyard of 3843 Maxson Road.  While these individuals were there, Gustavo 
―Tito‖ Aguirre, one of the murder victims, visited Witness No. 11 and told her he 
was going to leave because ―the Mafia had arrived and he didn‘t want to have any 
problems with them.‖  He also said that ―there is going to be a really big problem 
here.  I don‘t know what time and when, but there is going to be something.‖  He 
also said that ―The carnals are here and there‘s problems with drugs.‖  The jury 
was instructed that Aguirre‘s statements to Witness No. 11 could not be 
considered for their truth but only to the extent they explained Aguirre‘s later 
conduct.   
Witness No. 8 testified her house was near 3843 Maxson Road, the home of 
the murder victims.  Between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. on the evening of Saturday, April 
22, 1995, she spoke to Aguirre.  He told her that ―the Mafia was going to come.‖  
 
62 
 
The jury was instructed that this statement was introduced not for its truth but only 
as it might tend to explain actions by Aguirre that the jury ―may hear about later‖ 
from a different witness.   
Witness No. 3 subsequently testified that on the night of the murders, she 
saw Aguirre run down the street and into the back of 3843 Maxson Road.  A 
Nissan Maxima was driving near Aguirre as he ran, and it stopped in front of 3843 
Maxson Road.   
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in allowing this testimony 
because Aguirre‘s statements did not fall within a hearsay exception.  Any error in 
admitting the statements was harmless under any standard.  The court instructed 
the jury not to consider the statements for their truth, and we presume the jury 
followed this instruction.  Moreover, ample evidence linked the murders and 
defendant to the Mexican Mafia.   
11. Witness No. 13’s statements  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting Witness No. 13‘s 
testimony regarding Anthony ―Scar‖ Torres‘s statements to her and to their 
mother.  (See ante, at p. 11.)  We disagree.   
Witness No. 13, Torres‘s sister, testified that on the evening of April 22, 
1995, she saw Torres and other Sangra gang members at her mother‘s house.  
Witness No. 13 testified she spoke with her brother about the murders after they 
occurred.  The prosecutor asked, ―[W]hat did you say to [Torres] and what did he 
say to you?‖  Defendant unsuccessfully objected on hearsay grounds, and Witness 
No. 13 replied, ―I really don‘t remember.‖  The prosecutor then asked, without 
objection, a number of other questions about these conversations, and Witness 
No. 13 repeatedly claimed she did not recall certain details.  The prosecutor then 
asked, ―Did your brother ever tell you before that he had been involved in a 
 
63 
 
murder?‖  Defendant unsuccessfully objected on relevance grounds.  Witness No. 
13 said, ―Before what?‖  The court said, ―Before this one.‖  The prosecutor asked: 
―You know the point that I am making?  Your brother is involved in a murder.  
That is something that you‘d remember, isn‘t it?‖ 
After additional questioning to which Witness No. 13 responded that she 
could not recall, was tentative in her response, or disagreed with the prosecutor as 
to the statement made, the prosecutor proposed playing a recording of Witness No. 
13‘s prior testimony.  When the court inquired how long the tape ran, defense 
counsel responded that it was about 20 minutes.  The recorded testimony was 
played without objection and, in part, recounted that before the murders in this 
case, Torres had told Witness No. 13 he had driven the car when someone was 
killed in retribution for killing one of his ―homeboys‖ in El Monte.  On cross-
examination, defendant explored these comments, establishing that an El Monte 
gang had killed one of Torres‘s ―homeboys‖ and that in retaliation the San Gabriel 
area Sangra gang had killed someone from El Monte.  Defendant asked Witness 
No. 13 if, based on what Torres told her, she perceived there was ―gang rivalry 
between El Monte Flores and San Gabriel Sangra.‖  She said, ―I would think that 
is what it was.  Yes.‖   
Here, defendant contends that Witness No. 13‘s prior testimony contained 
multiple levels of hearsay and should not have been admitted.  Because defendant 
did not object to the admission of the testimony on any ground, this claim is 
forfeited.  (People v. Williams (1976) 16 Cal.3d 663, 667, fn. 4 [―It is the general 
rule, of course, that questions relating to the admissibility of evidence will not be 
reviewed on appeal absent a specific and timely objection at trial on the ground 
sought to be urged on appeal‖].)  Nor does defendant demonstrate that any 
objection would have been futile.   
 
64 
 
Defendant also contends that Witness No. 13‘s statements that Torres had 
admitted being involved in a prior murder were improperly admitted.  Defendant 
contends that ―this evidence of a completely unrelated crime was completely 
irrelevant to any contested fact issue in the case, and served merely to tarnish 
[defendant] with the random acts of his alleged cohorts.‖  Again, because 
defendant did not object on any ground when the recording was played, the claim 
is forfeited.  Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, there is no basis for concluding that 
any objection would have been futile.  Moreover, the prosecutor‘s theory in this 
case was that defendant, an El Monte Flores gang member, had used Sangra gang 
members to commit the murders.  Defendant undermined this theory, however, 
when on cross-examination of Witness No. 13 he established that these two gangs 
were deadly rivals.   
Defendant further contends that hearsay in Witness No. 13‘s testimony and 
prior testimony violated his rights under the confrontation clause.  But because 
Torres made the recounted statements to his mother and sister, they were not 
testimonial.  (Gutierrez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at pp. 812-813.) 
12. Statements to Witness No. 15  
Defendant contends that the court erred in admitting statements Raymond 
Shyrock made to Witness No. 15 regarding victim Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre.  We 
disagree. 
Witness No. 15 testified regarding conversations he had with Shyrock before 
and after the murders.  The first conversation occurred a ―couple of weeks‖ before 
the murders.  Shyrock told Witness No. 15 that he was tired of Tito ―disrespecting 
him and robbing dope connections and that sooner or later [he was] going to have 
to pay for that.‖ 
 
65 
 
The second conversation occurred on the morning after the murders in a park 
in El Monte and was set up by El Monte Police Officer Marty Penny.  At the park, 
Officer Penny and his partner stepped away, and Witness No. 15, his brother, and 
Shyrock spoke privately.  Witness No. 15 asked Shyrock if he had anything to do 
with the murder of his family.  Shyrock said he was sorry to hear about the 
murders on the news, denied having anything to do with them, and gave Witness 
No. 15 his condolences.  Shyrock said if he had committed the murders, he ―would 
have done it in another fashion.‖  As to Gustavo ―Tito‖ Aguirre, Shyrock said:  
―That bastard.  He was forcing me to kill him or do something to him so I don‘t 
feel bad about him dying.‖ 
Defendant objected to these statements below on grounds of hearsay and 
Evidence Code section 352.  The prosecutor said he was offering the statements 
not for their truth but to show Shyrock‘s motive and intent.  The court instructed 
the jury before this testimony was admitted that the statements of Shyrock 
recounted by Witness No. 15 were admitted for ―a limited purpose‖ and could be 
considered only as they ―may bear upon Mr. Shyrock‘s‖ intentions and feelings 
toward Aguirre.   
Defendant contends that the statements were erroneously admitted because 
the prosecution‘s theory of the case was that defendant conspired to murder or 
aided and abetted in committing the murder of Anthony ―Dido‖ Moreno, not 
Aguirre, and Shyrock‘s motive to kill Aguirre was not relevant to prove 
defendant‘s culpability for Moreno‘s murder.  In his opening statement, the 
prosecutor asserted that both Moreno and Aguirre were intended targets, and that 
Aguirre was killed because he had robbed drug dealers protected by the Mexican 
Mafia.  Evidence of Shyrock‘s feelings and intentions toward Aguirre was relevant 
not for the truth that Aguirre was robbing drug dealers, but for the nonhearsay 
 
66 
 
purpose that Shyrock believed this to be the case and thus had reason to kill 
Aguirre.  (People v. McKinnon (2011) 52 Cal.4th 610, 656 [purpose of testimony 
regarding rumors that fellow gang member had been killed by a rival gang was not 
to prove that the rumors were true, but to show the defendant believed what he 
heard, and thus had reason to kill the victim].)  Defendant notes that the 
prosecutor, in his closing argument, asserted the conspiracy was to kill Moreno 
and that Aguirre was killed because he happened to be in the house at the time of 
the killings and the gang members were instructed to leave no witnesses.  This 
does not demonstrate, however, that the trial court erred in deeming this testimony 
relevant at the time it was offered.   
Defendant further contends that the statements were unduly prejudicial under 
Evidence Code section 352.  Once again, evidence that Shyrock believed Aguirre 
was robbing drug dealers and forcing Shyrock ―to kill him, or do something to 
him‖ was relevant evidence of motive and supported the prosecution‘s theory that 
Aguirre was an intended target in the murders.  The trial court acted within its 
discretion in concluding that this probative value was not substantially outweighed 
by any undue prejudice.    
Defendant contends that Shyrock‘s statements violated his rights under the 
confrontation clause.  But the statements were not admitted for their truth and 
hence were not testimonial.  (Riccardi, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 801-802, fn. 21.) 
13. Judicial misconduct  
Defendant contends that the trial court engaged in a pattern of misconduct, 
frequently interjecting ―commentary from the bench in a way which either 
credited prosecution witnesses, and/or discredited defense counsel‖ and ―the 
defense.‖  We disagree.   
 
67 
 
To support his claim, defendant cites to eight instances of purported 
misconduct.  Defendant did not object to any of the alleged instances of 
misconduct, no exception to the general requirement of an objection applies, and 
the claim is therefore forfeited.  (People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186, 1220 
(Houston).)  Moreover, we have reviewed these portions of the record and 
conclude defendant‘s claim is meritless.  Defendant fails to demonstrate any 
judicial misconduct or bias, let alone misconduct or bias that was ―so prejudicial 
that it deprived defendant of ‗ ―a fair, as opposed to a perfect, trial.‖ ‘ ‖  (People 
v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1112 (Guerra).)   
First, as noted, the prosecutor asked Sergeant Valdemar, ―In your opinion, 
would the son of a murder victim come into court to lie for a Mexican Mafia 
member being tried for murder?‖  (See ante, pt. II.B.7.)  Defense counsel said:  
―Your honor, I will object to that question.  Credibility is in the sole discretion of 
the jury.  And I think counsel by that question is trying to elicit testimony.‖  The 
court said:  ―Don‘t make a speaking objection.  Just make an objection, gentlemen, 
when you make one, if you do.  State a legal ground rather than argue in front of 
the jury.  I think I understand your objection.  Is that something in your experience 
with the Mexican Mafia [that] would be a possible thing to happen?‖  Sergeant 
Valdemar replied, ―Yes, your honor.‖  The court said, ―Overruled.  Answer will 
stand.‖   
No misconduct is apparent.  Sergeant Valdemar was the prosecution‘s first 
witness, and the trial court merely used the opportunity to explain to both counsel 
that he did not want them to make speaking objections.  In so doing, the court did 
not disparage defense counsel‘s ―knowledge of the law and trial skills.‖   
Second, on cross-examination of Sergeant Valdemar, defense counsel asked. 
―Do you recall testifying at the grand jury in these proceedings?‖  Sergeant 
 
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Valdemar answered, ―Yes, sir.‖  Counsel said, ―Tell us what you told the grand 
jury about a silencer.‖  The court said:  ―Well, I would prefer that if . . . you want 
him to tell you something about a silencer, rather than what he told somebody else 
somewhere else, ask him what you want to know.  Okay?‖  Counsel said, ―I want 
to know what he told the grand jury —‖  The court said, ―Well, I don‘t want to 
know what he told the grand jury.‖  Counsel said, ―For impeachment.‖  The court 
said, ―Unless you have an offer of proof.‖  The court then asked Sergeant 
Valdemar, ―Did you make a different offer in front of the grand jury?‖  Sergeant 
Valdemar said, ―Yes.‖  The court asked, ―What did you say?‖  Sergeant Valdemar 
answered, ―That I thought he needed the silencer so he could kill the children 
without screaming and noise.‖  The court said, ―All right.‖  Defense counsel then 
explored Sergeant Valdemar‘s grand jury testimony.   
It is apparent from this exchange that the court did not understand from 
counsel‘s first question that Sergeant Valdemar had testified differently before the 
grand jury.  The court reasonably requested that counsel ask Sergeant Valdemar 
directly about silencers rather than asking him to repeat what he told the grand 
jury.  Thus, contrary to defendant‘s assertion, the court‘s comment, ―I don‘t want 
to know what he told the grand jury,‖ was not ―completely inappropriate.‖  Once 
this matter was clarified, the court was satisfied, and it allowed counsel to explore 
the area on cross-examination.  Nor did the court ―overly demean[] the importance 
of [the] information counsel was attempting to bring out‖ by asking Sergeant 
Valdemar if he had testified differently in front of the grand jury.  The court 
simply sought to ascertain if there was a basis for impeachment. 
Third, on direct examination Witness No. 15 exhaustively described how he 
had on three occasions on the day of the murders procured and injected heroin, 
and commented that this was how he had spent every day since his release from 
 
69 
 
prison several months earlier.  On cross-examination, defense counsel asked, 
―How long have you been a dope fiend?‖  Witness No. 15 said, ―Over 25 years.‖  
Counsel subsequently elicited testimony that Witness No. 15 thought the heroin 
defendant gave him was a ―hot shot,‖ or poisoned, but nonetheless injected it.  
Witness No. 15 explained, ―We checked it first.  We did five cc‘s first  . . . and it 
did not have . . a negative effect.‖  He also said that this amount of poisoned 
heroin would not kill a person instantly, noting, ―Anything more than five cc‘s 
would put somebody in a convulsion or make them vomit . . . . It would give you 
enough time to call the paramedics and be rescued and revived.‖  Counsel asked, 
―So having gotten down three times, you still, thinking that you might die, shot up 
five cc‘s . . . and ran the risk of going into convulsions?‖  Witness No. 15 said, 
―Well, at that time I was involved in drugs and I was just testing it.  Just being 
greedy . . . .‖  Counsel asked, ―You were a down and out [t]ype, weren‘t you?‖  
Witness No. 15 said, ―I was greedy, yes.  That particular day I was. . . . I‘m sure 
we all get greedy in our life one time or another.‖  The court said, ―Amen.  Next 
question.  Down and out [t]ype.  He is telling you that he has used heroin 27 years 
and has been to prison for 25.  He steals to get his heroin.  Now to characterize this 
gentlemen as a down and out [t]ype, is it necessary to do so?  Again, he is a 
witness here and testifying for counsel to question, not to name call.  Okay?  Next 
question.‖   
The trial court‘s comments did not disparage defense counsel‘s ―knowledge 
of the law and trial skills‖ or ―overly demean[] the importance of [the] information 
counsel was attempting to bring out.‖  The court merely pointed out that the 
witness had already been effectively impeached by his extensive drug use and 
criminal record, and that name-calling was unnecessary.   
 
70 
 
Fourth, on direct examination Witness No. 16 testified he had ―been granted 
immunity.‖  In discussing the terms of that immunity, the prosecutor asked, ―What 
happens if you don‘t testify truthfully or you don‘t answer all the questions put to 
you?‖  Defense counsel said:  ―Your honor, I will object to the . . . form of the 
question.  It is for the jury to decide whether he is testifying truthfully.‖  The court 
said:  ―But there is an agreement and order by the court.  I think he is asking about 
the terms of what happens if the agreement is breached.  I think it is important for 
the jury to know.  What happens if you lie or the judge says you lie or you don‘t 
show up?‖  Witness No. 16 replied, ―I wouldn‘t be granted immunity.‖  The court 
said:  ―And then what?  You would be prosecuted for murder?‖  Witness No. 16 
said, ―Correct.‖   
Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, by asking Witness No. 16 what would 
happen if the ―judge says you lie,‖ the court did not usurp the jury‘s factfinding 
function by making itself the ―guarantor of Witness No. 16‘s truthfulness.‖  The 
point of the court‘s inquiry was that the witness had an incentive to testify 
truthfully and faced consequences if he did not, a point relevant to the jury‘s 
assessment of his credibility. 
Fifth, during cross-examination of Witness No. 16, defense counsel asked, 
―How many prior felony convictions do you have?‖  Witness No. 16 said he had 
one for ―possession of stolen property when I was a juvenile‖ and denied he had 
ever been to state prison.  Counsel asked, ―Have you ever been convicted for 
possession[] for sale[]?‖  Witness No. 16 said, ―No.‖  Counsel began to ask, 
―When you left —‖  The court interjected:  ―Just a second.  Let‘s not move away 
from that issue.  Was there a reason that question was asked?‖  Counsel said, ―I 
was handed a rap sheet this morning, your honor.‖  The court asked, ―Do you have 
a dope case?‖  Witness No. 16 said, ―I had a DUI, driving with possession of 
 
71 
 
PCP.‖  The court and the witness discussed this charge and the stolen property 
charge that occurred when the witness was 16 years old, and Witness No. 16 said 
he did not have any felonies as an adult.  The court said, ―All right,‖ and asked 
counsel, ―Anything else?‖  Counsel said, ―Were you convicted in 1989 with 
assault with a deadly weapon?‖  The court said:  ―Well, counsel, what year are you 
talking about?  [19]89?  How old are you?‖  Witness No. 16 said he was 24 years 
old.  The court said, ―He couldn‘t have been convicted of anything in [19]89 as a 
matter of law.‖  Counsel said, ―CNV‖ means conviction.‖  The court said, ―Not if 
you are a juvenile, as you know.‖  Counsel started to ask, ―In 1990 were you 
convicted —‖  The court said:  ―Before you ask questions where the answer may 
not be what you think, confer with counsel and take a look at your rap sheet and 
make sure you are not asking questions that you should not be asking.  Juvenile 
adjudications are irrelevant, as you know.  So look at it over the noon hour.  You 
may ask something else.‖  Counsel said, ―Okay.‖   
Contrary to defendant‘s assertion, nothing in this exchange is disparaging of 
defense counsel‘s knowledge of the law.  Nor did the court make any statements 
as to whether Witness No. 16‘s juvenile conduct could be considered.  Rather, 
defense counsel‘s questions raised only the issue of his convictions.   
Sixth, during cross-examination of Deputy District Attorney Monaghan, who 
had been the prosecutor in four prior proceedings in which Witness No. 14 had 
testified, defense counsel asked, ―What was the name of the district attorney that 
handled Witness No. 14‘s kidnap/robbery case?‖  Monaghan replied that he did 
not know because the case was handled by the Pomona office.  Counsel asked, 
―You don‘t know the name of the D.A.?‖  Monaghan said, ―No, I do not.‖  
Counsel said,  ―You testified under direct examination that you reviewed the file.‖  
Monaghan said, ―I reviewed the file after Witness No. 14 was sentenced.  And 
 
72 
 
after he was sentenced and all proceedings were completed in that case, I went and 
got the file and I have the file upstairs.  You are free to take a look at it.  I kept the 
file so it would be part of this particular record if anybody ever needed it.‖  He 
added, ―And it will have that name and also a disposition memo signed by the 
Pomona office as to why that particular disposition was offered Witness No. 14.  I 
will be glad to bring it down and you can read it.‖  Counsel asked, ―Having read 
that file, you cannot tell me who the D.A. who handled that case was?‖  Monaghan 
said, ―I could not tell you who took the plea.  I know the disposition memo —‖  
Counsel interjected, ―Who was the D.A., Mr. Monaghan, who hand –‖  The 
prosecutor said:  ―I will object to this, your honor.  That is insulting.‖  The court 
said:  ―I don‘t know about insulting.  It is argumentative.  You know who it is, I 
assume.  If so, give him a name.  It‘s not a secret.  It‘s a public record.‖  Defense 
counsel said, ―I want to know if he knows.‖  The court said, ―He told you twice he 
does not.‖   
Defendant fails to demonstrate how this exchange ―disparaged counsel‘s 
knowledge of the law and trial skills.‖  Indeed, the court showed considerable 
restraint given that defense counsel repeatedly asked the same question after the 
witness said he did not know the name of the deputy district attorney.   
Seventh, during cross-examination of Detective Davis, defense counsel asked 
about Detective Davis‘s interview of Witness No. 14 on June 21, 1995 and 
established that the interview was recorded and that Detective Davis had taken 
notes.  Counsel then asked, ―If I asked you to go home and listen to the tape, or to 
the station, sorry, and to review your notes and come back at some later date and 
tell us what you heard and saw in your notes, would you be willing to do that?‖  
The prosecutor objected on relevance grounds.  The court said:  ―Whether he 
would or would not is not relevant.  If you want to make arrangements, do it.  
 
73 
 
Don‘t waste the jury‘s time.  We have access to these items, I assume, here in 
court?‖  Counsel asked if he could have a moment, the court said, ―Sure,‖ and 
counsel then moved on to a different topic.   
Defendant makes no effort to demonstrate how this exchange disparaged 
defense counsel‘s knowledge of the law or his trial skills.  The court merely asked 
counsel to engage in his logistical discussions with Detective Davis outside of the 
presence of the jury.   
Finally, during defendant‘s closing argument, counsel asserted that given that 
evidence was ―wholly lacking . . . there ought to be a reasonable doubt in 
everyone‘s mind regarding this case.‖  He asked, ―What evidence does the 
prosecution have to convict [defendant] of count 6 that he had the specific intent to 
willfully, deliberately with premeditation and malice kill Ambrose Padilla, a 6-
month-old child?‖  The court said:  ―Counsel, I will have to interrupt you.  I hate 
to interrupt either counsel during argument, but I will do that.  That is a 
misstatement of the law and that is not required in this case.  If you want me to 
explain it, I will be glad to.  I don‘t want the jury confused as to the law that 
applies to those counts.  That is one theory as to how the defendant may be 
convicted of that count of four.‖  Counsel said, ―I‘m sorry?‖  The court said:  
―That is one theory of four that may apply to that count.  You certainly don‘t 
suggest that is the only one.‖  Counsel continued with his argument, saying:  
―With respect to Count 5, I ask you the same question.  With respect to Count 3, I 
ask you the same question.  With respect to Count 2, I ask you the same question.‖   
The court‘s comments again did not ―amount[] to improper advocacy for the 
prosecution‖ or disparagement of counsel.  Rather, the court simply clarified — in 
a case involving five victims and four theories of murder — that premeditated 
murder was only one theory on which defendant could be liable for Padilla‘s 
 
74 
 
murder.  Indeed, at the end of its comments, the court appeared to recognize that 
counsel was not suggesting otherwise, and counsel continued with the same line of 
argument that preceded the court‘s comments.   
14. Instructional issues  
a.  CALJIC No. 2.11.5 
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury in the 
language of CALJIC No. 2.11.5:  ―There has been evidence in this case indicating 
that persons other than the defendant were or may have been involved in the crime 
for which the defendant is on trial.  There may be many reasons why those persons 
are not here on trial.  Therefore, do not discuss or give any consideration as to why 
the other persons are not being prosecuted in this trial or whether they have been 
or will be prosecuted.  Your duty is to decide whether the People have proved the 
guilt of the defendant on trial.‖   
Defendant contends the instruction should have been ―limited to exclude 
those accomplices who testified under a grant of immunity‖ such as Witnesses 
Nos. 12 and 16.  We rejected a similar contention in Valdez, reasoning:  ―In 
addition to the challenged instruction, the trial court gave instructions on 
considering the testimony of accomplices and other standard witness credibility 
instructions, including CALJIC No. 2.20, which informed the jurors to keep in 
mind the existence of any ‗bias, interest, or other motive‘ on the part of a witness.  
As we have explained in connection with substantially identical facts, when a trial 
court gives CALJIC No. 2.11.5 ‗with the full panoply of witness credibility and 
accomplice instructions, as it was in this case,‘ reasonable jurors will understand 
that although they may not consider ‗the separate prosecution or nonprosecution of 
coparticipants, and the reasons therefor,‘ they may consider ‗a plea bargain or 
grant of immunity . . . as evidence of interest or bias in assessing the credibility of 
 
75 
 
prosecution witnesses.‘ ‖  (Valdez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 149.)  Standard witness 
credibility and accomplice instructions were also given in this case, and defendant 
cites no persuasive reason to come to a different conclusion.   
b.  Limiting instructions 
Defendant further contends that the trial court erred in failing to give a 
limiting instruction, on its own motion, informing the jurors they could consider 
the evidence of threats to witnesses and the witnesses‘ fear of retaliation for 
testifying only in assessing credibility.  We disagree. 
At the guilt phase, Sergeant Valdemar testified regarding certain retaliatory 
practices of the Mexican Mafia.  Witness No. 13 said in prior testimony that was 
played for the jury that she did not want her identity revealed because ―they‖ 
might ―send somebody to hurt‖ her.  Witness No. 15 testified that he had been an 
associate of the Mexican Mafia and had debriefed in 1985, and that as a result he 
was on the Mexican Mafia‘s ―hit‖ list.  Witness No. 16 was asked to testify 
regarding a photograph of himself with his image scratched out and the 
number ―187‖ written across his chest; he said this meant Sangra gang members 
wanted to kill him for testifying.  At the penalty phase, Nathaniel Lane refused to 
testify, and defendant asserts the ―jury would have necessarily have assumed‖ that 
his reluctance ―was due to his fear of retaliation.‖  In addition, defendant notes that 
Witness No. 17, who claimed to have been stabbed by defendant, said, ―I don‘t 
want to talk about that no more, I said already . . . . Because that bothers me . . . I 
get stabbed and that thing bothers me.‖   
Although defendant is correct that evidence was admitted that witnesses 
were threatened and feared retaliation for their testimony, he did not request an 
instruction informing the jurors they could consider the evidence of threats to 
witnesses and the witnesses‘ fear of retaliation for testifying only in assessing 
 
76 
 
credibility.  Nor did the trial court have any duty to so instruct on its own motion.  
(Valdez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 139.) 
C. Penalty Phase Issues 
1. Judicial misconduct  
Defendant contends that the court committed misconduct on two occasions 
during defense counsel‘s closing argument.  Because defendant did not object to 
either alleged instance of misconduct, and because no exception excuses or 
justifies defendant‘s failure to object, the claim is forfeited.  (Houston, supra, 54 
Cal.4th at p. 1220.)  Moreover, we have reviewed these portions of the record and 
conclude defendant‘s claim is meritless.  Defendant fails to demonstrate any 
judicial misconduct or bias, let alone misconduct or bias that was ―so prejudicial 
that it deprived defendant of ‗ ―a fair, as opposed to a perfect, trial.‖ ‘ ‖  (Guerra, 
supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 1112.)   
First, defense counsel argued:  ―And I suggest to you when the government 
stands here and tells you:  Kill [defendant] for the killings he is responsible for, 
there is no distinction between that and what occurs on the streets.  It is a 
distinction without a difference because all killings are wrong.  They‘re evil.  And 
no one should die.  The law in the State of California does not require you ever to 
impose the death penalty.  You have heard the law.  I‘m not going to repeat it.  
[The prosecutor] told you that there is no preference.  It seems to me that if there is 
no preference, he certainly argued vigorously for the penalty of death.  The United 
States Supreme Court has held that the death penalty is not cruel and unusual 
punishment because the jury has unbridled discretion to select the appropriate 
penalty.  And as long —‖  The court said:  ―I hate to interrupt, but I will, however, 
when counsel misstates the law.  You do not have unbridled discretion to do 
whatever you feel like doing on a whim.  The U.S. Supreme Court has never held 
 
77 
 
so.  The reason we have a death penalty law that is constitutional is because you 
are guided by a list of factors that must be considered in this case, [defense 
counsel].  They are the factors that were read to the jury.  Go ahead.‖  Defense 
counsel said, ―Thank you.  You, the jury, can select the appropriate penalty and 
that is what I meant by unbridled discretion.  You have the choice of life without 
the possibility of parole or death.  I was not suggesting that you can run amuck 
and do whatever you want in this case.  The decision is yours.  And what I want 
you to do is not lower yourself and have that same mobster mentality.  You must 
consider the factors in aggravation and the factors in mitigation and make a 
decision based on the law.‖   
Defendant contends that the court ―[i]n effect . . . told the jury to impose 
death‖ and ―signaled the jury‖ that ―defense counsel was untrustworthy or stupid‖ 
and that his ―plea for a life sentence was not sanctioned by the law of the U.S. 
Supreme Court and should be rejected.‖  But the court merely clarified that the 
jury could not ― ‗act on whim or unbridled discretion,‘ ‖ a principle that benefitted 
both the defense and the prosecution since the circumstances of the capital crime 
might well evoke strong emotions.  (People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 393.) 
Second, in closing argument, the prosecutor said:  ―Consider what it means to 
serve life in prison.  The defendant would have access to every recreational facility 
and activity.  Basketball, weights, television, movies, magazines, law library, 
visiting privileges.  He would have access to all of those activities.‖  During 
defendant‘s closing argument, counsel said:  ―Why let [defendant] breathe and 
watch T.V., work out, lift weights, have visits?  It would be grossly inappropriate 
for you to consider those factors.  But that is the revenge that they are seeking.  
Because the truth of the matter is that as a Mexican Mafia member who receives 
life without the possibility of parole, you are sent to Pelican Bay and he is in his 
 
78 
 
cell 23 hours a day.‖  The court said:  ―Let me just interrupt.  Counsel, I will allow 
both of you latitude, but there is no evidence of that and it is not always the case.  
So on both counts, the Court will sustain its objection.  Ladies and gentlemen, like 
it or not, you will have to decide this case based on the evidence we received in 
the trial and not statements like that.  It is not correct.  Go ahead.‖   
Defendant contends that the court ―allowed the prosecutor to argue at great 
length about all of the alleged privileges [defendant] would enjoy in prison under a 
life sentence‖ but interrupted defense counsel as soon as he attempted to respond, 
thereby engaging in disparate treatment of the parties.  He also contends that the 
―plain meaning of the court‘s admonition‖ was that life imprisonment with the 
possibility of parole ―was insufficiently punitive.‖  We disagree.  It is apparent 
from the court‘s comments that it was admonishing both defense counsel and the 
prosecutor not to represent what prison conditions defendant might encounter but 
to limit themselves to the evidence in this case.   
2. Prosecutorial misconduct  
Defendant contends that the prosecutor committed prejudicial misconduct on 
two occasions during closing argument.  We disagree.   
―A prosecutor commits misconduct when his or her conduct either infects the 
trial with such unfairness as to render the subsequent conviction a denial of due 
process, or involves deceptive or reprehensible methods employed to persuade the 
trier of fact.‖  (People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal.4th 680, 711 (Avila).)  ―As a general 
rule a defendant may not complain on appeal of prosecutorial misconduct unless in 
a timely fashion — and on the same ground — the defendant made an assignment 
of misconduct and requested that the jury be admonished to disregard the 
impropriety.‖  (People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 841.)  Here, because 
defendant did not object to either alleged instance of misconduct, and because no 
 
79 
 
exception excuses or justifies defendant‘s failure to object, the claim is forfeited.  
(Ibid.)  It is also meritless. 
First, defendant cites the prosecutor‘s statement about activities in which 
defendant could participate while in prison.  (See ante, pt. II.C.1.)  Any 
misconduct was harmless because the trial court admonished the prosecutor to 
limit himself to the evidence and not represent what prison conditions defendant 
might encounter.  The court then instructed the jury to decide the case based only 
on the evidence received during trial, and we presume it followed that instruction.   
Second, the prosecutor argued:  ―Finally, ladies and gentlemen, the law 
allows you to consider the travail [through] which the victims went while they 
were being killed.  If you have not already done so, I suggest that some time you 
should close your eyes and based upon the evidence that you heard think about 
what it was like and try to picture what it was like in that room when those five 
people were being slaughtered.  Dido was probably under the influence because of 
the amount of heroin you know he took that day.  Tito Aguirre may have been 
under the influence as well, but we know that he was alert enough to run from his 
killers.  Then there are Maria, Laura and Ambrose, the baby.  Maria, it appears, 
tried to run. She was shot in the hip and went down and then was shot in the head 
at close range.  You are entitled to consider in determining which penalty is 
appropriate what it was like for Maria to lay there knowing that she was going to 
die.  It is appropriate for you to consider, in determining the penalty, the 
appropriate penalty, to consider what Maria may have felt when the bullet 
exploded into her brain.  We can hope that Ambrose was not awake when he was 
shot.  You recall the coroner‘s testimony that the bullet passed through his eyelid, 
the one that entered his brain, passed through his eyelid indicating that his eyes 
were closed at the time that [he] was shot.  But if that were the case, if little 
 
80 
 
Ambrose was asleep when he was shot, then he would have had to have been shot 
first because enough shots were fired in that room to have awakened him if he had 
been sleeping.  So it appears that Ambrose was probably awake, because it does 
not appear that he was shot first.  He was probably awake which means that if his 
eyes were closed, and they were, they were closed in terror and fear.  You are 
entitled to consider that.  We know that Laura Moreno was awake.  We know she 
was awake.  And we know what her last act was.  We know what her last act was 
as she lay dying on the floor after having been shot through the back.  We know 
that her last act was to reach over and to touch her mother.  We know that because 
of People‘s Exhibit 41.  You can see it clearly on People‘s 41.  You can see the 
handprint of a little girl on the back of her mother‘s slacks.  So we know that 
Laura Moreno‘s, five year old Laura Moreno‘s, last act was to reach out for her 
mother.  But we also know that Laura found no comfort there because her mother 
lay dying as well.‖   
Defendant contends that the ―prosecutor‘s vivid entreaty to experience the 
deaths of Maria and the children created an emotionally charged and irrational climate 
in which jurors would have been incapable of ‗dispassionately weigh[ing] the 
aggravating circumstances against the mitigating factors.‘ ‖  We disagree.  ―We 
repeatedly have held that it is proper at the penalty phase for a prosecutor to invite 
the jurors to put themselves in the place of the victims and imagine their 
suffering.‖  (People v. Slaughter (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1187, 1212.)   
3. Juror No. 2  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to 
discharge Juror No. 2.  We disagree.   
During his opening statement at the penalty phase, the prosecutor said that 
Deputy Poindexter would testify about an attack by defendant on another inmate 
 
81 
 
in jail and that Deputy Looney would testify about defendant‘s possession of 
shanks in jail.  Following the opening statement, Juror No. 2 asked to approach the 
bench and said that he worked in general maintenance at the central jail and knew 
of Deputy Poindexter and Deputy Looney.  Juror No. 2 said that he did not ―really 
know‖ Deputy Poindexter and Deputy Looney, ―but they work the same shift as 
me.‖  He had never seen either deputy outside of work, or socialized with either 
one of them, but said, ―I have had lunch with them in the same cafeteria.‖  He had 
never spoken to them about defendant, this case, or anything ―remotely related to 
the matter‖ and would weigh their testimony ―the same as I would weigh anybody 
else‘s testimony.‖  The court said:  ―If you realize that it is not possible for you to 
follow the court‘s instructions re[garding] credibility and anything else, let me 
know.  Will you do that?‖  Juror No. 2 said, ―Yes.‖  When the court invited 
questions, counsel said they had none.   
Defendant moved to discharge Juror No. 2 for cause because ―there is a risk 
of . . . potential bias.‖  The court denied the motion, stating that Juror No. 2 ―did 
not say anything that would remotely rise to the level of a challenge for cause‖ and 
noting that he ―appeared to me to be honest‖ based on ―his answers and 
demeanor.‖  The court stated that ―at this point I cannot say that there is any 
evidence that he has prejudged any issue or is likely to do so,‖ but the court 
invited counsel to renew the challenge for cause ―at any point‖ and to submit 
―anything that you want me to read.‖  Defendant points us to no further discussion 
of the matter.   
Section 1089 ―authorizes the trial court to discharge a juror at any time 
before or after the final submission of the case to the jury if, upon good cause, the 
juror is ‗found to be unable to perform his or her duty.‘ ‖  (People v. Bennett 
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 577, 621 (Bennett).)  ―[W]hen a trial court‘s denial of a motion 
 
82 
 
to discharge a juror is supported by substantial evidence, it will be upheld.‖  
(Schmeck, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 298.)   
Substantial evidence supports the trial court‘s ruling here.  The court, which 
was in a position to observe Juror No. 2‘s demeanor, found no evidence that he 
had prejudged any issue, nor do Juror No. 2‘s answers reveal actual bias.  (See 
People v. McPeters (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1148, 1174-1175 [trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in denying motion to remove juror after finding juror‘s nondisclosure 
inadvertent and no bias on his part].)  The trial court acted within its discretion in 
declining to discharge Juror No. 2. 
4. Juror No. 1 
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in discharging Juror No. 1 
during the penalty phase deliberations and in denying his new trial motion on this 
ground.  We disagree.   
At the beginning of the penalty phase, the trial court said:  ―[A]s we left off 
on Friday, I indicated that I would like you all to consider whether each and all of 
you are able and willing to go forward with the second portion of this proceeding 
now that we are going to have.  I‘m sure that you have thought about that a little 
bit.‖  The court then asked Juror No. 1 whether she was ―ready to go forward.‖  
Juror No. 1 responded, ―Yes.‖  The court asked, ―Any problem?‖  She replied, 
―No.‖  The court then polled the remaining jurors.   
The day after penalty deliberations began, the foreperson informed the bailiff 
that Juror No. 1 wanted to address the court.  She was subsequently questioned 
privately by the court and counsel, and said, ―I wish to be dismissed,‖ because the 
penalty deliberations were ―just too heavy on me.  It is affecting me emotionally 
and mentally.‖  The court asked what she meant by ― ‗mentally‘ ‖ and 
― ‗emotionally.‘ ‖  She said, ―I have just been thinking about it a lot.  I don‘t know 
 
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if I can make . . . the right decision.  I have been having a hard [time] sleeping 
because of this.  I just really wish to get out of this now while we are still 
beginning the penalty [deliberations] than later when I know —  I tried to see if I 
could.  I tried to see if maybe I could get over it. . . . But right now I really don‘t 
think I can.  And I think it is better for me to get out now while everybody is not 
really started on it really yet.‖   
The court asked Juror No. 1 when she started feeling this way.  She said that 
she had thought ―about it the whole weekend‖ in light of the court‘s prompting, 
and ―I thought I was going to be okay . . . . I thought maybe I could just finish . . . 
the whole trial.‖  She added, ―I don‘t think I can.‖  In response to the court‘s 
questioning, she said she was 22 years old.  She said she could not sleep the night 
before, and for the past couple of weeks she had only been getting three to five 
hours of sleep each night.   
The court recalled that during closing arguments the day before, a 
―photograph was held up and it looked to me . . . .‖  Juror No. 1 interjected, ―I 
couldn‘t look.‖  The court said, ―I know.  I was sort of watching, not you in 
particular, of course, but I . . . note[d] that you turned your head and would not 
look at it.‖  Juror No. 1 said, ―I have seen it, but I couldn‘t look at it again,‖ and 
clarified for the court that the photo was one of the deceased mother.   
The court then conferred at the bench with counsel.  The prosecutor 
suggested the court clarify whether Juror No. 1 could deliberate, adding that the 
juror clearly wanted to be excused.  Defense counsel agreed that Juror No. 1 had 
not yet articulated an inability to deliberate or a reason to suddenly be excused at 
this point in the trial, and noted he was biased given ―[i]t is rather apparent that 
she is not going to say yes to death.‖   
 
84 
 
The court then asked Juror No. 1 what she meant by ― ‗this is too heavy.‘ ‖  
She said:  ―His life is depending on me.  I don‘t really know how to go about 
that. . . .  If the jurors and I all agree on the death penalty, . . . that is too heavy on 
me.  I don‘t really want that on my conscience.  And if I decide to give him life in 
prison, I don‘t really know if I should do that either.  I really don‘t know what to 
do.  I can‘t really think too clearly right now.‖  She added, ―Since I can‘t really 
think too clearly, I feel like while deliberating, hearing the other jurors‘ opinions, 
it would kind of alter my opinion to go their way, not really thinking for myself, 
because I really don‘t know how to think right now.  I‘m young.  I don‘t know.‖  
Juror No. 1 noted she had ―been sheltered all of my life.‖ 
The trial court said, ―There is no obligation back there for any juror to go the 
way the majority goes, just to do it.‖  Juror No. 1 said, ―That is another thing, too, 
I don‘t really know how to go about it.  Just by listening to all the witnesses, it is 
just confusing.  It is confusing me right now.‖  The court observed that the 
instructions gave guidance ―as to how to approach the case,‖ and Juror No. 1 
agreed they ―helped make things clearer.‖  She added, ―But what is really getting 
to me is his life is in my hands.  And I really just don‘t know how to go about 
that.‖  The court asked, ―Are you saying that you lack confidence in your ability to 
actually decide one way or the other?‖  Juror No. 1 answered, ―What‘s right.  
Exactly.‖  The court asked if Juror No. 1 had shared her feelings with the other 
jurors.  She said ―Yes,‖ and said she had told them she ―wanted to be dismissed 
while everything is still in the beginning of the deliberations‖ instead of waiting 
until later which ―won‘t be fair to them or to [defendant] . . . or to myself.  
Especially to myself.  Because it seems to me that the longer this is taking, the 
heavier it gets on me.‖   
 
85 
 
The court said that ―what we need are 12 jurors [who] can decide this most 
difficult issue based on a weighing of aggravation and mitigation and to do so 
clear headedly.  Do you feel that you can do that . . . ?‖  Juror No. 1 said, ―I don‘t 
think I can.‖  The court asked, ―Do you have any doubt in your mind or heart 
about what you just told me?‖  Juror No. 1 said, ―The only thing that I really feel 
right now is the toll it has taken on me.  It‘s just too much.‖  She also said that she 
felt ―weak‖ and ―tired,‖ and that when she went into work after court she found 
herself ―just wandering.‖   
The court told Juror No. 1 that it did not want to let someone off a case 
merely because ―it is a little tough on them. . . .  One of your duties is, even if it is 
tough, to get through it. . . .  I need to know whether you can deliberate and look at 
this evidence, . . . and decide this case based on a rational and clear headed 
weighing of aggravation and mitigation.  I need to know whether you can do that.‖  
Juror No. 1 said, ―I don‘t think I can.‖   
The court then said it would be inappropriate to excuse a juror just because 
she felt she might be in the minority and wanted to take the ―easy way out.‖  Juror 
No. 1 said, ―I feel like I‘m a strong person.  If I believe in one thing, I will go with 
it even if I have to go against everybody.  But the thing is I am not going to be fair 
to [defendant] because I am just confused right now and I believe that my opinion 
will be swayed to go towards . . . whoever‘s opinion that might strike me like 
maybe he seems he is right.  My opinion would be to go his way because I am just 
confused.  I can‘t really think right now.‖   
The court then spoke privately with counsel.  The prosecutor asked that Juror 
No. 1 be discharged, but defendant asked that she remain.  The court said it was 
discharging Juror No. 1, stating:  ―It is more than a reality that the juror is not 
capable of doing her duties at this phase.  She indicates that she cannot think.  She 
 
86 
 
can‘t sleep.  She has become the focus of this rather than the evidence.  She cannot 
look at the evidence.  She is tempted to go with whatever juror‘s argument sounds 
good.  She says that she cannot give [defendant] a fair trial or fair decision at this 
point due to her fears.  I think she is being truthful.  You may differ with me, but I 
don‘t think either counsel is prepared to say that this lady is not credible.  She is 
quite credible to me.‖   
Defense counsel requested that the court inquire whether Juror No. 1 had felt 
the same way during the guilt phase.  The court subsequently asked Juror No. 1:  
―Did the problems that you are relating to me now primarily manifest during the 
penalty phase deliberations?  Is that when the problem started with you?‖  Juror 
No. 1 said, ―Yes.‖  At the bench, the court said:  ―Anything else?  It is a 
demonstrative reality that she is incapable of doing her duty as a juror and I don‘t 
frankly believe she could give either side a fair trial at this point of any 
meaningfulness due to her inability to follow the law and decide the case on 
aggravation and mitigation which is what it is about.  She will be for legal cause 
excused.‖   
Defense counsel subsequently requested that once an alternate was seated, 
the jury ―commence deliberations anew on the guilt phase.‖  Counsel expressed 
concern that if Juror No. 1 ―did not have the intestinal fortitude to continue her 
deliberations in the penalty phase, that she may very well have just gone along for 
the ride in the guilt phase.‖  The court denied the motion and denied defendant‘s 
subsequent mistrial motion made on the same ground.   
As noted above in part II.C.3., section 1089 ―authorizes the trial court to 
discharge a juror at any time before or after the final submission of the case to the 
jury if, upon good cause, the juror is ‗found to be unable to perform his or her 
duty.‘ ‖  (Bennett, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 621.)  ―Removal of a juror under section 
 
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1089 is committed to the discretion of the trial court, and we review such 
decisions by asking whether the grounds for such removal appear in the record as 
a demonstrable reality.‖  (People v. Thompson (2010) 49 Cal.4th 79, 137 
(Thompson).)   
Here, the trial court had good cause to discharge Juror No. 1.  She stated that 
she felt distressed, was losing sleep, could not focus, and was incapable of 
thinking or making a decision.  The trial court, which was in a position to view her 
demeanor, found her credible.  (See Thompson, supra, 49 Cal.4th at pp. 136, 138 
[the trial court had good cause to discharge a penalty phase juror who appeared 
greatly agitated and said she could not sleep, did not want to talk to any other 
jurors, and was ―ready to run out that door‖]; People v. Collins (1976) 17 Cal.3d 
687, 696 [juror properly discharged when she steadfastly maintained that she 
could not follow the court‘s instructions, that she had been upset throughout the 
trial, and that she wanted to be excused]; People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1075, 
1099-1100 [juror properly discharged because of anxiety about work].)   
Defendant contends that the trial court should have ―inquired of the other 
jurors what was said by Juror No. 1, and whether it appeared that Juror No. 1 was 
participating, and could realistically continue to participate in deliberations.  The 
court should further have made inquiry regarding whether Juror No. 1‘s state of 
mind perhaps resulted from coercion or duress by other jurors.‖  We rejected a 
similar claim in Thompson:  ―As we have cautioned, however, ‗a trial court‘s 
inquiry into possible grounds for discharge of a deliberating juror should be as 
limited in scope as possible, to avoid intruding unnecessarily upon the sanctity of 
the jury‘s deliberations.  The inquiry should focus upon the conduct of the jurors, 
rather than upon the content of the deliberations.‘ ‖  (Thompson, supra, 49 Cal.4th 
at p. 137.)  Here, the source of anxiety reported by Juror No. 1 was the penalty 
 
88 
 
decision itself, ―and the trial court therefore acted within its discretion in not 
examining the other jurors, because to do so would have threatened to intrude on 
the deliberation process.‖  (Ibid.) 
Defendant further contends that once Juror No. 1 was replaced by an 
alternate, the jury should have been required to perform guilt phase deliberations 
anew.  He relies on her youth and the circumstance that she did not want to view 
the photo of the deceased mother a second time.  Juror No. 1, however, said that 
her problem had begun during penalty deliberations.  Nor are we inclined to hold, 
as defendant suggests, that anytime a juror is replaced at the penalty phase, the 
jury should engage in guilt phase deliberations anew.  At the penalty phase, a 
defendant‘s guilt is ―conclusively presumed as a matter of law.‖  (People v. 
Streeter (2012) 54 Cal.4th 205, 265.)  Moreover, the court here properly instructed 
the jury that it must ―set aside and disregard all past penalty phase deliberations 
and begin deliberations anew‖ with the alternate juror, and that each juror ―must 
participate fully in the deliberations, including any review as may be necessary of 
the evidence presented in the guilt phase of the trial.‖  (See People v. Ledesma 
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 641, 743 [discharge of juror after penalty deliberations had 
begun did not require discharge of the entire jury because the court instructed the 
jury to disregard their past deliberations and begin deliberations anew].) 
5. Instructional issues  
a. Notifying the court  
Defendant contends that the trial court prejudicially erred in instructing that it 
was ―the duty of each juror to notify the court promptly if you conclude that you 
are unwilling or unable to follow any instruction of the court‖ or if ―any of your 
fellow jurors appear to be unwilling or unable to follow any such instruction.‖  
According to defendant, the instruction was improper because it was given before 
 
89 
 
penalty phase deliberations, and ―the record affirmatively suggests that jurors may 
actually have been improperly influenced by the instruction in their deliberations.‖  
We disagree. 
In People v. Engelman (2002) 28 Cal.4th 436, 439, we considered an 
instruction similar to that in this case which ―inform[ed] jurors at the outset of jury 
deliberations that ‗should . . . any juror refuse[] to deliberate or express[] an 
intention to disregard the law or to decide the case based on penalty or 
punishment, or any other improper basis, it is the obligation of the other jurors to 
immediately advise the Court of the situation.‘  (CALJIC No. 17.41.1 (1998 new) 
(6th ed. 1996).)‖  We held that this ―instruction does not infringe upon defendant‘s 
federal or state constitutional right to trial by jury or his state constitutional right to 
a unanimous verdict, and [upheld] the Court of Appeal‘s decision affirming the 
judgment of conviction.‖  (Engelman, at pp. 439-440.)  Out of concern that the 
instruction might ―intrude unnecessarily on the deliberative process and affect it 
adversely,‖ we directed that ―in the future the instruction should not be given in 
criminal trials in California.‖  (Id. at pp. 440, 449.)  Defendant‘s trial was held 
before our decision in Engelman.  
Here, as in Engelman, there was no error.  Defendant asserts no persuasive 
basis on which to conclude that such an instruction is erroneous at the penalty 
phase but not the guilt phase.  ―Nor does he cite anything in the record indicating 
the jurors in his case were improperly influenced by the instruction in their 
deliberations.‖  (People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 382, 393.)  Rather, he merely 
speculates that the ―instruction may have furnished the other jurors just the 
ammunition they needed to pressure Juror No. 1, possibly the sole dissenting juror, 
to withdraw from the case.‖   
 
90 
 
b. Coperpetrators’ sentences and immunity 
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that 
it could consider as a mitigating circumstance the immunity granted certain 
coperpetrators and the life sentences received by others.  We have consistently 
held that evidence of an accomplice‘s sentence or of the leniency granted an 
accomplice is irrelevant at the penalty phase because ― ‗it does not shed any light 
on the circumstances of the offense or the defendant‘s character, background, 
history or mental condition.‘ ‖  (People v. McDermott (2002) 28 Cal.4th 946, 
1004-1005; see People v. Johnson (1989) 47 Cal.3d 1194, 1249; People v. 
Danielson (1992) 3 Cal.4th 691, 718.)  Nothing in Parker v. Dugger (1991) 498 
U.S. 308, relied on by defendant, compels a different result.  (People v. Brown 
(2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 563.)   
6. New trial motion  
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to investigate and 
hold a hearing on his claim that the prosecutor committed Brady error.  (Brady v. 
Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83 (Brady).)  We disagree.   
a. Facts 
At trial on January 15, 1998, Witness No. 15 testified that he had been in jail 
for over two years awaiting trial on a ―three strikes case‖ in Pasadena that exposed 
him to a term of ―25 years to life.‖  His next court date in that case was on January 
29, 1998.  The case had been trailed ―for all of this time‖ on the advice of his 
attorney and for ―personal legal technicalities which [had] nothing to do with‖ 
defendant‘s trial.  He said he had not been offered any deals, and he understood 
that ―[i]f I wanted to testify, it would be on a voluntary basis.‖  He also said:  ―I 
am here because of my sister and her two little babies. . . .  I want to see justice 
done to these people that had my sister and brother and her two little babies killed.  
 
91 
 
That is the reason I am here.  I am not here to make any deal.  I have not been 
offered any kind of deal.‖  Witness No. 15 said he might be sentenced to 10 years, 
25 years, or 35 years, noting, ―I don‘t really know yet.‖  He added, ―I did the 
crime and I deserve the time.‖   
After his testimony, Witness No. 15 wrote to the court and asked if the court 
would contact the judge in Witness No. 15‘s case in Pasadena.  He had previously 
written to the court before his testimony asking that he not be required to testify.   
On April 29, 1998, defendant filed motions for a new trial, to strike the 
special circumstance finding, and to reduce the penalty.  The new trial motion was 
based on three grounds:  ―1) Error in instructing the jury; 2) Prejudicial 
misconduct of the prosecution; [and] 3) Juror improperly dismissed.‖  The motion 
contained no further discussion as to what instructions defendant contended were 
erroneous or how the prosecutor had committed misconduct.  On May 5, 1998, the 
prosecution filed an opposition to all of defendant‘s motions, asserting that 
substantial evidence supported the verdicts, while not addressing the three grounds 
identified in defendant‘s new trial motion. 
At the hearing on the motion, defense counsel said, ―I don‘t have 
anything . . . to add, and I don‘t want to be repetitive or redundant other than just a 
few things that I didn‘t include.‖  Counsel asked that the court make a part of the 
record ―the records that were received from Witness No. 15,‖ apparently referring 
to the letters this witness had written to the court.  Counsel made this request 
―[b]ecause it is my understanding that this person received a credit of time served 
on a 25 to life sentence after he sat here and made the representation to the jury, 
and I believe the People represented, that there were not going to be any deals or 
leniency given to him in this testimony.  I know he wrote to this court asking the 
court to contact [the judge] in Pasadena and to convey to the sentencing judge in 
 
92 
 
Pasadena how cooperative and what a great guy he was in coming here to testify.  
And I think that raises an inference that something was going on when an 
individual facing 25 to life is given credit for time served.  I have been around the 
courthouse . . . in excess of 27 years, and this is the first time I have known 
anybody facing 25 to life to walk out of court with time served.  So I would ask 
the court to lodge those letters as part of the record.‖  The court assured counsel 
the letters were in the record, and counsel submitted the new trial motion.  The 
prosecutor said with regard to Witness No. 15:  ―I should put on the record at this 
point that the . . . sentencing court in Witness No. 15‘s case was not advised by the 
District Attorney‘s Office but . . . by . . . representatives of the Sheriff‘s 
Department as to his testifying in this . . . case. . . .  The representative of the 
District Attorney‘s Office who was handling Witness No. 15‘s case did not 
consent or join with the representative of the Sheriff‘s Department in advising the 
court of his . . . testimony in this case.  It is my understanding that the deputy 
district attorney handling Witness No. 15‘s case objected to any leniency being 
shown to Witness No. 15.‖  The court then asked, ―Anything else, either side?‖  
Defense counsel did not respond.   
The court denied the new trial motion ―on the grounds stated which are fairly 
vague and broad.  The allegation and motion for new trial are three:  error in 
instructing the jury, prejudicial misconduct of prosecution, and juror improperly 
dismissed.  There is, however, no enumeration in the motion as to exactly what 
error or errors the defense feels were made in jury instructions.  There is no 
enumeration or explanation of the alleged misconduct of the prosecution 
whatsoever.  There is no argument [regarding] the dismissing of the juror.  No 
citation to authority or fact.  So the motion is denied.‖   
 
93 
 
b. Analysis 
― ‗Pursuant to Brady, supra, 373 U.S. 83, the prosecution must disclose 
material exculpatory evidence whether the defendant makes a specific request (id. 
at p. 87), a general request, or none at all.‘  (In re Brown (1998) 17 Cal.4th 873, 
879.)  ‗For Brady purposes, evidence is favorable if it helps the defense or hurts 
the prosecution, as by impeaching a prosecution witness.  [Citations.]  Evidence is 
material if there is a reasonable probability its disclosure would have altered the 
trial result.  [Citation.]  Materiality includes consideration of the effect of the 
nondisclosure on defense investigations and trial strategies.  [Citations.]  Because 
a constitutional violation occurs only if the suppressed evidence was material by 
these standards, a finding that Brady was not satisfied is reversible without need 
for further harmless-error review.  [Citation.]‘  (People v. Zambrano (2007) 41 
Cal.4th 1082, 1132-1133 . . . ; see also Cone v. Bell (2009) 556 U.S. [449, 469-
470].)‖  (Verdugo, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 279.)   
Defendant contends that he made a ―motion for new trial based on newly 
discovered information bearing on Witness No. 15‘s claim that he had received 
nothing in exchange for his testimony,‖ and that the trial court erred in refusing to 
investigate and hold a hearing on his Brady claim.  He asserts that having made a 
showing that the prosecutor failed to disclose material evidence, the trial court was 
obligated to hold a hearing to determine whether any promises of lenity had been 
made to Witness No. 15 in exchange for his testimony.  In particular, he asserts 
that ―the trial court should at least have held a hearing to determine whether there 
had been any communication between [Witness No. 15] and members of the 
sheriff‘s department, or members of the sheriff‘s department and the sentencing 
court, and if so, to probe the nature of the communication and when such 
 
94 
 
communication occurred.‖  He further contends that this court should grant him a 
new trial or, in the alternative, remand for an evidentiary hearing on this issue.   
But defendant never moved for a new trial on the ground that Witness No. 15 
had received an undisclosed benefit in exchange for his testimony in either his 
written motion or at the hearing on that motion.  Indeed, after the court delineated 
the grounds for the new trial motion, identifying only those contained in the 
written motion and noting their lack of specificity, defendant did not mention he 
was seeking a new trial on the basis of alleged Brady error.  Nor did defendant ask 
the court to investigate or hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether 
Witness No. 15 had received an undisclosed benefit.   
Defendant also asserts that he ―asked the court to make a part of the record 
documents pertaining to the sentencing of Witness No. 15, which showed that this 
witness had received ‗credit for time served‘ in the three strikes case,‖ but that the 
court did not ―include in the record the court documents showing the disposition 
of Witness No. 15‘s three strikes case.‖  Counsel‘s comments to the court at the 
hearing on the new trial motion, however, indicate that defendant‘s concern was 
that ―letters‖ Witness No. 15 had written to the court, not court documents 
evidencing the sentence received by Witness No. 15, be made part of the record.  
It is not clear from the record that counsel had any court documents or how the 
parties had been informed of Witness No. 15‘s sentence. 
In sum, the trial court was never asked to investigate or hold an evidentiary 
hearing on whether Witness No. 15 had received an undisclosed benefit in 
exchange for his testimony.  Hence, it could not have erred in failing to do so.   
 
95 
 
7. Constitutionality of the death penalty statute  
Defendant contends that California‘s death penalty statute is constitutionally 
invalid in numerous respects.  We have repeatedly rejected similar claims and do 
so again here as follows: 
―[T]he California death penalty statute is not impermissibly broad, whether 
considered on its face or as interpreted by this court.‖  (People v. Dykes (2009) 46 
Cal.4th 731, 813 (Dykes).)  We further ―reject the claim that section 190.3, 
factor (a), on its face or as interpreted and applied, permits arbitrary and capricious 
imposition of a sentence of death.‖  (Ibid.; see Tuilaepa v. California (1994) 512 
U.S. 967, 975-976, 978.)   
The death penalty statute does not lack safeguards to avoid arbitrary and 
capricious sentencing, deprive defendant of the right to a jury trial, or constitute 
cruel and unusual punishment on the ground that it does not require either 
unanimity as to the truth of aggravating circumstances or findings beyond a 
reasonable doubt that an aggravating circumstance (other than § 190.3, factor (b) 
or (c) evidence) has been proved, that the aggravating factors outweighed the 
mitigating factors, or that death is the appropriate sentence.  (People v. Whalen 
(2013) 56 Cal.4th 1, 90; Dykes, supra, 46 Cal.4th at p. 814; Avila, supra, 46 
Cal.4th at p. 724.)  ―Nothing in Cunningham v. California (2007) 549 U.S. 270, 
Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296, Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584, 
or Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, affects our conclusions in this 
regard.‖  (People v. Dement (2011) 53 Cal.4th 1, 55.)  ―Written findings by the 
jury during the penalty phase are not constitutionally required, and their absence 
does not deprive defendant of meaningful appellate review.‖  (Mendoza, supra, 52 
Cal.4th at p. 1097.)  The jury may properly consider a defendant‘s unadjudicated 
criminal activity.  (People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 968.)  ―Use of the 
 
96 
 
adjectives ‗extreme‘ and ‗substantial‘ in section 190.3, factors (d) and (g) is 
constitutional.‖  (Dement, at p. 57.)  ― ‗ ―[T]he statutory instruction to the jury to 
consider ‗whether or not‘ certain mitigating factors were present did not 
impermissibly invite the jury to aggravate the sentence upon the basis of 
nonexistent or irrational aggravating factors.  [Citations.]‖ ‘ ‖  (People v. Parson 
(2008) 44 Ca1.4th 332, 369.) 
―The failure to require intercase proportionality does not guarantee ‗arbitrary, 
discriminatory, or disproportionate impositions of the death penalty.‘ ‖ (Stevens, 
supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 212; see Pulley v. Harris (1984) 465 U.S. 37, 50-51.)  
Moreover, ―capital and noncapital defendants are not similarly situated and 
therefore may be treated differently without violating constitutional guarantees of 
equal protection of the laws or due process of law.‖  (People v. Manriquez (2005) 
37 Cal.4th 547, 590.)  
Defendant contends that his death sentence violates international law and 
therefore his rights under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal 
Constitution.  He points to no authority that ―prohibit[s] a sentence of death 
rendered in accordance with state and federal constitutional and statutory 
requirements.‖  (People v. Hillhouse (2002) 27 Cal.4th 469, 511.)  
8. Cumulative prejudice  
Defendant contends that ―given the atmosphere of fear‖ that ―pervaded the 
entire trial,‖ the cumulative effect of guilt and penalty phase errors requires us to 
reverse the judgment.  We have found no error, and where we have assumed error 
we have concluded there was no prejudice.  We further conclude that these 
assumed errors are not prejudicial when considered cumulatively. 
 
 
97 
 
CONCLUSION 
For the reasons above, we affirm the judgment.  
  
 
 
 
LIU, J. 
 
WE CONCUR: 
 
CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J. 
KENNARD, J. 
BAXTER, J. 
WERDEGAR, J. 
CHIN, J. 
CORRIGAN, J.
 
 
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court. 
 
Name of Opinion People v. Maciel 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Unpublished Opinion 
Original Appeal XXX 
Original Proceeding 
Review Granted 
Rehearing Granted 
 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Opinion No. S070536 
Date Filed: August 8, 2013 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Court: Superior 
County: Los Angeles 
Judge: Charles E. Horan 
__________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
Counsel: 
 
Melissa Hill, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant. 
 
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., and Kamala D. Harris, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant 
Attorney General, Pamela C. Hamanaka, Assistant Attorney General, Kristofer Jorstad and Paul M. 
Roadarmel, Jr., Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion): 
 
Melissa Hill 
PO Box 2758 
Corrales, NM  87048 
(505) 898-2977 
 
Paul M. Roadarmel, Jr. 
Deputy Attorney General 
300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702 
Los Angeles, CA  90013 
(213) 897-2396