Case Title: Taul v. State

Citation: 

Docket Number: 93-3

State: wyoming

Court: Wyoming Supreme Court

Date: 1993-11-05T00:00:00Z

Document:
Taul v. State1993 WY 140862 P.2d 649Case Number: 93-3Decided: 11/05/1993Supreme Court of Wyoming


KERRY 
KENT TAUL, 

Appellant 
(Defendant), 

 

v.

 

 THE STATE OF WYOMING, 

Appellee 
(Plaintiff).

Appeal 
from the District Court of Uinta County: The Honorable Kenneth G. Hamm, 
Judge

Representing 
Appellant: Leonard D. Munker, State Public Defender, and Deborah Cornia, 
Appellate Counsel. Argument by Ms. Cornia. Representing 
Appellee: Joseph B. Meyer, Attorney General; Sylvia L. Hackl, Deputy 
Attorney General; Barbara L. Boyer, Senior Assistant Attorney General; and D. 
Michael Pauling, Senior Assistant Attorney General. Argument by Mr. 
Pauling.Before MACY, C.J., and THOMAS, CARDINE, GOLDEN, and TAYLOR, 
JJ.

 CARDINE, Justice.[¶1]            
Kerry Kent Taul was convicted by a jury of one count of aggravated 
robbery. Taul asserts that various errors occurred during his trial which 
mandate reversal of his conviction.[¶2]            
We affirm.[¶3]            
Appellant raises the following issues: 

ISSUE 
IWas the appellant's constitutional right to due process violated by the 
admission of evidence concerning the identification of his photograph and the 
subsequent trial identification? ISSUE IIDid the court err 
in permitting the prosecution to improperly impeach two defense witnesses thus 
denying the appellant his right to a fair trial? ISSUE 
IIIDoes irrelevant, inflammatory, and prejudicial testimony and 
exhibits introduced by the prosecutor violate W.R.E. 401, 402, 403 and 901, 
requiring reversal? ISSUE IVWas the evidence produced at 
trial insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the appellant 
committed the robbery? ISSUE VDid the prosecutor's improper 
remarks in closing argument deny appellant his right to a fair 
trial? ISSUE VIWas it an abuse of discretion for the trial 
court to deny appellant's motion for new trial? ISSUE 
VIIDid the various errors in the admission and exclusion of evidence 
have a cumulative impact which requires reversal?

FACTS[¶4]            
On the night of March 20, 1992, Gary Simonton (Simonton) was working as a 
clerk at Rips Convenience Store on Highway 30 East in Evanston, Wyoming. At 
approximately 9:05 p.m., a man wearing a long green military style jacket, a 
dark colored stocking cap, and cowboy boots entered the store. After exchanging 
pleasantries, the man reached into his jacket and pulled out a .45 caliber 
handgun. He pointed the gun at Simonton and said "this is a stick up. I'm 
serious." He ordered Simonton to open the cash register and lie on the floor. 
The man then took $ 304.30 from the till and left the store.[¶5]            
While the robbery was in progress,  Misty Pierce (Pierce) and her 
cousin, Danielle Cox, drove up to the store. While Cox went into the store for a 
pop, Pierce noticed the robber standing in front of the counter. She thought the 
robber might be someone she knew since he was wearing a coat that looked 
familiar. While trying to determine whether she knew the man, she saw the clerk 
drop behind the counter. Realizing that something was wrong, Pierce determined 
to get a look at the man. Pierce got a good look at his face as he came out the 
front door of the store; and, because she had training as an artist, she paid 
particularly close attention to his features.[¶6]            
Later that night, Simonton and Pierce went to the police station and 
assisted the police in creating a composite drawing of the suspect. Three days 
later, on March 23, two Evanston police officers were driving around town when 
they noticed a man who fit the description of the robbery suspect. The officers 
made contact with the man and learned that his name was Kerry Kent Taul 
(Taul).[¶7]            
After the officers had interviewed Taul, they obtained permission to 
search the apartment where he was staying. During the search, the officers found 
a blue stocking cap, a long green military style coat, and a black B.B. 
gun.[¶8]            
The officers took a picture of Taul and put it in a photo lineup with 
five others. The other photographs in the lineup were specifically included 
because they resembled the description of the suspect. One of the photographs 
was included because Taul remarked that he was often mistaken for 
him.[¶9]            
The police showed the photographs to Simonton and Pierce. Both witnesses 
selected Taul's picture. Pierce knew three of the other men in the photo array. 
However, at the time they made the lineup, the officers were not aware of that 
fact. Both witnesses again identified Taul as the robber at 
trial.[¶10]          
After a four-day jury trial, Taul was convicted of one count of 
aggravated robbery. He was sentenced to a term of not less than five years nor 
more than seven years in the Wyoming State Penitentiary. He now 
appeals.DISCUSSION A. PRETRIAL 
IDENTIFICATION[¶11]          
Appellant contends that the pretrial identification procedures were 
unconstitutionally suggestive and unreliable. His complaint focuses on the 
photographic lineup used by the police. Appellant asserts that the lineup was 
suggestive because of police conduct in creating and showing the lineup. He 
contends that it was error for the police to show the jacket to Simonton 
before he was shown the lineup, not that Simonton's identification was 
unreliable. Appellant also complains that the officers slapped hands after his 
picture was selected.[¶12]          
Appellant contends that the identification by Pierce was suggestive and 
unreliable because she knew at least three of the men in the photo array. Taul 
also complains that when Pierce selected his photo, she was uncertain because he 
looked "too white" but that the police tried to explain that away by claiming it 
was glare from the camera.[¶13]          
Appellant asserts that these improper procedures, combined with the 
witnesses' uncertainty in their identifications and the discrepancies between 
their descriptions of the robber and Taul's appearance, result in an unreliable 
and suggestive identification. Therefore, according to Taul, the in-court 
identifications, which were a product of the impermissible lineups, should not 
have been allowed.[¶14]          
Pretrial identification procedures violate due process if, under the 
totality of the circumstances, they are "so unnecessarily suggestive as to 
create a very substantial likelihood of an irreparable misidentification." 
Green v. State, 776 P.2d 754, 756 (Wyo. 1989).  If the procedures 
were not unnecessarily suggestive, then we need not make further inquiry. 
However, if the procedures are unnecessarily suggestive, then 

we 
weigh a number of factors against the corrupting influence of the identification 
procedure. We consider whether time and environmental conditions gave the 
witness an ample opportunity to view the perpetrator of the crime at the scene. 
We also examine the degree of the witness' attention to the perpetrator at that 
time, giving due regard to whether the witness was casually or intimately 
involved in the criminal event, and whether the witness had any special training 
or experience in making observations or identifications. Next, we analyze the 
accuracy of any description the witness may have given prior to identifying a 
suspect, in terms of the time lapse between the event and the description, the 
extent of the characteristics described, and the extent to which those 
characteristics peculiarly identify the suspect. Finally, we consider the 
certainty with which the witness identified the suspect and the time that 
elapsed between the criminal encounter and the later 
identification.

Green, 
at 756.[¶15]          
We hold that the pretrial identification procedures used in this 
case were not unnecessarily suggestive. The police used photographs of men who 
were similar in appearance to the description given by the witnesses. State 
v. Smith, 520 So. 2d 1305, 1307-08 (La.App. 1988) (subjects displayed 
sufficient similarity to test identification); State v. Dixon, 153 Ariz. 
151, 735 P.2d 761, 764 (Ariz. 1987) (subtle differences in photos not important 
as long as individuals resemble each other). The photograph of appellant was not 
marked or distinguishable in any way from the others. Nor did the police attempt 
to direct the witnesses toward selecting appellant's picture.[¶16]          
Whether or not Simonton was shown the jacket prior to his viewing the 
lineup was the subject of dispute at trial. Either way, it does not matter 
because the police never told Simonton where they got the jacket or if the 
person they got it from was in the lineup. In fact, the police testified that 
they told Simonton that the suspect may or may not be in the lineup before they 
showed it to him. The hand slapping by the police, which occurred after Simonton 
selected appellant's picture, did not make the 
lineup suggestive.[¶17]          
It is true that Pierce knew some of the men in the photo array. However, 
the police did not know that when they created the lineup, and the officers 
testified they would not have included those photographs if they had known. The 
officer's explanation to Pierce about the "whiteness" of appellant's photo came 
after she had selected his picture. Consequently, their comments had no bearing 
on the identification of appellant.[¶18]          
In a town the size of Evanston, the quantity of pictures available for a 
police lineup that are similar to a particular suspect's description is 
necessarily limited. Thus, the police were constrained in their ability to 
create a photo array. Still, Pierce had to select appellant's photograph out of 
the remaining three. Nave v. State, 808 P.2d 991, 993 (Okl.Cr. 1991) 
(lineup with as few as three photos not impermissibly suggestive unless there is 
improper police conduct); State v. Humphrey, 789 S.W.2d 186, 196 (Mo.App. 
1990) (showing of even a single photograph of a suspect to a witness is not 
impermissibly suggestive if there is no accompanying improper comment or 
activity on the part of the police). We cannot say that under these 
circumstances, the lineup was unnecessarily suggestive.[¶19]          
We point out that even if we assumed the procedures were suggestive, the 
factors favor the admission of the photo identifications. Both witnesses had 
adequate time and lighting to observe appellant. One witness had special 
training in observing the human face, the other was intimately involved in the 
crime. Both witnesses gave detailed descriptions of the suspect within hours of 
the crime. The description was close enough to appellant to allow two police 
officers to pick him out as the possible robber while he was walking down the 
street. Both witnesses picked appellant out of a lineup three days after the 
crime. Simonton identified appellant as the perpetrator with certainty at the 
lineup and the trial. Pierce, with less certainty, also identified appellant at 
the lineup and at trial. However, any question about the certainty of the 
witnesses' identifications goes to the weight of their testimony, not to its 
admissability. Johnson v. State, 562 P.2d 1294, 1297 (Wyo. 1977). The 
in-court identification and the photo array identification were both admissible. 
  Green, at 756; see also Scott v. State, 856 P.2d 447, 449 
(Wyo. 1993). B. IMPEACHMENT 
TESTIMONY[¶20]          
Appellant claims that the prosecutor used improper impeachment techniques 
to get into evidence inadmissible prior bad acts of the defendant. Appellant 
contends that the admission of this testimony violated W.R.E. 608(b), 404(b), 
403, and 803.[¶21]          
The defense called the parents of appellant to testify as character 
witnesses during the trial. Defense counsel asked both of them whether their son 
was the type of person who would commit an armed robbery. They both responded in 
the negative. The defense counsel also asked the mother whether she was aware of 
any theft offenses that her son had been charged with or convicted of and 
whether she knew about a D.U.I. charge against the appellant.[¶22]          
On cross-examination, the prosecutor attempted to ask the father whether 
he knew of any other theft offenses that appellant had committed. After a 
lengthy side-bar, the prosecutor ended the questioning of the witness without 
him answering the question.[¶23]          
After the mother's direct testimony, the prosecutor attempted to impeach 
her. He tried to do that by questioning her on the date of the shoplifting 
incident about which she had testified on direct. He also asked her whether she 
knew if her son had been convicted on another theft charge. While asking these 
questions, the prosecutor held sheets of paper in his hand. These sheets, which 
defense counsel described as looking like "toilet paper," were apparently the 
appellant's NCIC report.[¶24]          
Appellant claims that the line of questioning by the prosecutor was 
improper. First, he claims that the acts asked about by the prosecutor were not 
admissible under W.R.E. 608(b) because the acts were specific instances of 
misconduct which had not resulted in a criminal conviction. Appellant asserts 
that mere arrests or charges are not proper for impeachment purposes. Second, 
appellant contends that the misconduct testimony elicited by the prosecutor does 
not fit under W.R.E. 404(a) or (b). Third, appellant complains that the 
prosecutor violated 608(b) and 403 by using extrinsic evidence to impeach these 
witnesses. Finally, appellant contends that the use of the NCIC report by the 
prosecutor violated W.R.E. 403 and 803 because it lacked probative value and it 
was inadmissible hearsay.[¶25]          
The threshold question is whether the character evidence is 
admissible. 

This 
subdivision [404(a)] deals with the basic question whether character evidence 
should be admitted. Once the admissibility of character evidence in some form is 
established under this rule, reference must then be made to Rule 405, which 
follows, in order to determine the appropriate method of proof. If the character 
is that of a witness, see Rules 608 and 609 for methods of proof. * * * The 
circumstantial use of character is rejected but with important exceptions: (1) 
an accused may introduce pertinent evidence of good character * * * in which 
event the prosecution may rebut with evidence of bad 
character.

2 
Louisell & Mueller, Federal Evidence, Advisory Committee's Note, Rule 
404 (1985). Here, the relevant character evidence concerned appellant, was not 
character evidence of a witness, and thus Rules 608 and 609 were not 
applicable.[¶26]          
The applicable rule in this situation is W.R.E. 405(a), which states: 

(a) 
Reputation or opinion. -- In all cases in which evidence of character or 
a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be made by testimony 
as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. On 
cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances of 
conduct.

See 
2 Louisell & Mueller § 149. The cross-examination by the prosecutor in this 
case was proper. Defense counsel opened the door to this line of questioning by 
asking the witnesses whether they thought their son was the type of person who 
would commit an armed robbery. Thus the question by the prosecutor to the 
father, though he did not answer, was proper. The testimony of the mother, on 
direct, went into specific past acts of appellant. The prosecutor's questions to 
her were an appropriate response to that testimony.[¶27]          
The prosecutor's questions were also proper as inquiry into the basis of 
the defense witnesses' opinions that appellant was not the type of person to 
commit this crime. See 2 Louisell & Mueller, Advisory Committee's 
Note, Rule 405 (this recognition of the propriety of inquiring into specific 
instances of conduct does not circumscribe inquiry otherwise into the bases of 
opinion and reputation testimony).[¶28]          
Contrary to appellant's assertion, inquiries about past conduct of the 
accused, whether a conviction or an arrest, are appropriate. 

A 
character witness for an accused may be questioned upon   
cross-examination with reference to whether he has heard of the prior arrest or 
prosecution of the accused for a crime, or as to whether he has heard of a 
previous conviction of the accused.

81 
Am.Jur.2d Witnesses § 844 (1992) (footnotes omitted). See also United 
States v. Glass, 709 F.2d 669, 673 (11th Cir. 1983) (proper for prosecution 
to ask defense character witnesses if they had heard about alleged bribes taken 
by defendant sheriff); State v. Lord, 117 Wash. 2d 829, 822 P.2d 177, 213 
(Wash. 1991) (defendant's character witness may be cross-examined about his 
personal knowledge of specific incidents of misconduct).[¶29]          
Appellant also misunderstands the nature of extrinsic evidence. Extrinsic 
evidence is "evidence offered other than through the witness himself * * *." 1 
John W. Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 49 (4th ed. 1992). The prosecutor did 
not put other witnesses on the stand, nor did he put appellant's criminal record 
into evidence. Accordingly, the prosecutor did not attempt to prove instances of 
misconduct by extrinsic evidence.[¶30]          
The final contention of appellant, that the use of the NCIC report 
violated W.R.E. 403 and was inadmissible hearsay, also fails. While we do 
not condone the prosecutor's tactic, we find no error. The jury was instructed 
that the report was not evidence of anything. The report was never offered into 
evidence. The statements contained in the report were not offered for their 
truth, they were used to impeach. Therefore, W.R.E. 803 and 403 were not 
violated by the use of the report. C. WITNESS TESTIMONY AND 
EXHIBITS[¶31]          
In this issue, appellant contends that testimony elicited from the store 
clerk, Simonton, by the prosecution amounted to improper victim impact 
testimony. Appellant also challenges, as being without relevance or proper 
foundation, certain physical evidence. Appellant contends that the following 
testimony by Simonton constituted impermissible victim impact testimony: 

Q. Okay. 
Gary, have you ever been robbed before? A. No, sir. Q. 
Have you ever had a gun pulled on you before? A. No, 
sir. Q. Can you tell us how this affected you for the next couple 
of days after the robbery? A. Every time I closed my eyes, I would 
see the gun pointing at me in the face and hear his voice. Q. How 
about his face? A. Yes. I would see his face, sir. Q. 
Did you have trouble sleeping? A. Yes.

Appellant 
asserts that this testimony is irrelevant and it constitutes reversible error as 
described by our decision in Justice v. State, 775 P.2d 1002 (Wyo. 
1989).[¶32]          
This testimony was not objected to at trial. Therefore, we analyze it for 
plain error. Appellant has the burden of proving: 

(1) 
the record clearly shows what occurred at trial,(2) transgression of a clear 
and unequivocal rule of law, and(3) which adversely affected one of [Taul's] 
substantial rights.Failure to establish each element of this three-part test 
precludes a finding of plain error.

 Geiger 
v. State, 859 P.2d 665 (1993).[¶33]          
In Justice, we stated that victim impact testimony is irrelevant 
unless there is clear justification for its admittance. Justice, at 
1010-11. We also noted that this testimony may be harmless error, as we held it 
was in that case. Id.[¶34]          
However, the testimony of Simonton, taken in its totality, was not victim 
impact testimony. Therefore, it was relevant and admissible. The context in 
which the testimony was given shows that it related to Simonton's 
identification of appellant. The testimony about seeing the gun and the 
robber's face related to the witness' ability to identify appellant. 

While 
some of the individual isolated questions and answers may have been irrelevant; 
as a whole, the testimony was relevant and any error presented by the irrelevant 
victim impact testimony was harmless.

Geiger, 
slip op. at 3 (citing Justice, 775 P.2d at 1011).[¶35]          
Appellant's second contention is that the B.B. gun put into evidence by 
the State was inadmissible because it was irrelevant and without foundation. 
Appellant's argument rests upon the fact that the clerk, Simonton, testified 
that the gun used during the robbery was not a B.B. gun. Appellant concludes 
from this testimony that since this gun was not used in the crime, it was 
irrelevant evidence without foundation. Consequently, he contends that it should 
not have been admitted into evidence.[¶36]          
We first consider the foundation for the B.B. gun. The gun was moved into 
evidence through the testimony of police officer Chester Alexander, who 
testified prior to Simonton. He testified that he obtained the gun from 
appellant. There was no dispute that the gun belonged to appellant. Officer 
Alexander also testified that he was familiar with guns, and the B.B. gun 
resembled a .45 semi-automatic pistol.[¶37]          
W.R.E. 901(a) requires the authentication or identification of evidence 
as a condition precedent to its admissibility. That requirement is satisfied "by 
evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its 
proponent claims." W.R.E. 901(a); see also Westwood v. State, 693 P.2d 763, 767 (Wyo. 1985). W.R.E. 901(b) provides by way of illustration the methods 
by which authentication or identification can take place. Rule 901(b)(1), for 
example, allows this to be done by the testimony of a witness with knowledge. 
The burden to show authentication is not a heavy one. Westwood, at 767. 
The rule favors the admissibility of evidence. Id.[¶38]          
In this case, Officer Alexander testified that he found the gun in the 
possession of appellant and that it resembled the type of gun that was allegedly 
used in the crime. There was sufficient evidence that the gun was what the State 
purported it to be -- a gun owned by appellant that may have been the one used 
in the crime. There was sufficient evidence to support the admission of the 
gun.[¶39]          
Appellant's contention that Simonton's later testimony somehow made the 
gun irrelevant is without merit. Appellant lost the distinction between weight 
and relevancy. 

None 
of the later proof renders irrelevant the prosecutor's evidence in the sense in 
which Rule 401 (and evidence law in general) employs the term. That which was 
received as relevant on the first day of trial, but explained away completely on 
the last, has not thereby become "irrelevant." * * * In the sense in which the 
law of evidence employs the term, relevancy describes the potential effect which 
evidence may reasonably have upon the perceptions of the trier of fact, * * * 
this means that later proof cannot render earlier proof irrelevant. If things 
were otherwise, the distinctions between "weight" and relevancy, and between 
"sufficiency" and relevancy would be lost * * *.

1 
Louisell & Mueller, Federal Evidence § 94 
(1977). D. SUFFICIENCY OF THE 
EVIDENCE[¶40]          
Appellant argues that the State's witnesses' testimony was not believable 
because it was inconsistent and based upon suggestive lineup identifications. 
Appellant also suggests that his alibi witnesses were believable and their 
testimony was not inconsistent. Therefore, appellant surmises that there was 
insufficient evidence to support his conviction.[¶41]          
The standard we employ in reviewing sufficiency of evidence claims is 
well established. 

[The 
standard] is this court's assessment as to whether all of the evidence presented 
is "adequate to support a reasonable inference of guilt beyond a reasonable 
doubt to be drawn by the finder of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most 
favorable to the state." * * * We do not substitute our judgment for that of the 
jury in applying this rule, and our only duty is to determine if a quorum of 
reasonable and rational individuals would, or even could, have come to the same 
result the jury actually did.

 Springfield 
v. State, 860 P.2d 435 (1993) (quoting Saldana v. State, 846 P.2d 604, 619 (Wyo. 1993)).[¶42]          
Two witnesses identified appellant as the perpetrator. They not only 
identified appellant in a lineup, but also several times each in open court. As 
we have already explained, both witnesses had adequate opportunity to observe 
appellant, and their identification of him came three days after the crime. The 
description given to the police was close enough to appellant that two police 
officers picked him out as a possible suspect as he was walking on the street. 

It 
is not our function to assess the facts of this case or reweigh the evidence. In 
this process, we must assume that "the jurors believe only the evidence adverse 
to the defendant." It is the role of the jury, as fact finder, to evaluate the 
evidence by comparing the victim's description to the physical characteristics 
of appellant, as well as weigh the credibility of the witness. Considering all 
of the evidence taken together, the evidence   was sufficient for 
"reasonable and rational individuals" to conclude that the appellant was the 
perpetrator.

Springfield, 
Slip op. at 19 (citations omitted). E. STATE'S CLOSING 
ARGUMENT[¶43]          
Appellant asserts that the following comments by the prosecutor during 
closing argument were error: 

What this 
case gets down to, Ladies and Gentlemen, is very simple. Who are you going to 
believe? It's a question of credibility. Simple as that.* * * * 
*Do you know what the odds are of two people randomly, with one in six 
chances, selecting the same photograph are? It's one in thirty-six? One 
over six. * * * One in thirty-six chances.Anyone like to bet on those 
kind of odds? I certainly don't. Does that just sound like it's a coincidence? 
One in thirty-six? I don't think so. I don't think it was coincidence. Those 
kids picked that photograph out because they knew that was the man they had seen 
at Rips East Side. Just as simple as that.* * * * *How about the 
Defense witnesses? Has quantity. There was a lot more of them. We called six 
witnesses. The Defense called ten. Simply because you have more witnesses, does 
that mean that right is on your side and that truth is on your side? I don't 
think so. You have to look at the quality of those witnesses. At their apparent 
intelligence, their motives for testifying. Their apparent intelligence. Their 
motives for testifying. Their means of the knowledge testified to. Their 
interest in the outcome of the case.Well, we had two children testify 
here, Casey and Shannon. What a life they must live, from pillar to post. They 
have to -- You have to feel sorry for those kids and the life they lead. And if 
what this story that's been concocted about what was going on that weekend was 
true, what a terrible weekend for these kids. Mom is out on a 
who-knows-what while this fellow that's supposed to be babysitting them is 
downing vodka and then hauling them around other -- you know, whatever. Sounds 
like that was kind of a normal occurrence in those kids' lives.* * * * 
*It sounded to me that Mrs. Walker spends quite a bit of time at the 
Eagle's Club and she might just -- The days kind of run together. Certainly, 
she'd been drinking during that period of time. One night, she testified under 
oath that -- you know, one of the two nights that she just got snockered. She 
got hammered.* * * * *Let's talk about Tommy Hunting. Nice 
fellow. I suspicion that sitting around drinking a pint of vodka a night is not 
an unusual occurrence in his life. Certainly didn't testify that it was out of 
the ordinary. Certainly didn't testify that drinking a pint of vodka floored him 
or it made him -- made him so out of control that he couldn't remember things. I 
don't -- Ordinary, every day occurrence for the guy.

[¶44]          
Appellant's contention is that these statements violated his right to a 
fair trial. Appellant contends that the argument about the odds impermissibly 
bolstered the identification testimony and that there  was no evidence to 
support those statistics. He complains that there was no evidence to support the 
assertions that the days ran together for Mrs. Walker or that it was an ordinary 
occurrence for Tommy Hunting to drink a pint of vodka a night. lastly, appellant 
contends that it was error for the prosecutor to express sympathy for the two 
children and to remark on their alleged lifestyle.[¶45]          
Since there was no objection to the argument at trial, our standard of 
review is plain error. Barela v. State, 787 P.2d 82, 83 (Wyo. 1990). We 
look to see if (1) the record clearly shows the alleged error, (2) a clear and 
unequivocal rule of law was transgressed, and (3) a substantial right of 
appellant was adversely affected.  Geiger, Slip op. at 3. Plain 
error is difficult to find in closing argument, lest the trial court becomes 
required to control argument because opposing counsel does not object. Dice 
v. State, 825 P.2d 379, 385 (Wyo. 1992).[¶46]          
We consider the prosecutor's argument in the context it was made and with 
regard to the evidence produced at trial. Barela, at 83. The prosecutor 
may comment on the evidence, and he may make any reasonable inferences that 
follow from that evidence. McLaughlin v. State, 780 P.2d 964, 968 (Wyo. 
1989). He may not, however, inflame or mislead the jury. Dice, at 384. 
The trial court is in the best position to consider the appropriateness of the 
argument. Barela, at 84. Counsel are allowed wide latitude in the scope 
of their argument. Dice, at 384.[¶47]          
We find no error in the prosecutor's statements. The prosecutor's 
comments regarding the odds of the two witnesses selecting appellant was 
argument based on the evidence. The key to this case was identification. The 
prosecutor was making an argument based on what was more likely or probable. 
See Pearson v. State, 811 P.2d 704, 707-08 (Wyo. 1991). The statements 
were nothing more than rhetorical questions. Id. Consequently, they were 
proper and there was no error.[¶48]          
The other statements by the prosecutor were reasonable inferences which 
were based on the evidence adduced at trial. There was much testimony about the 
drinking of appellant's alibi witnesses. The arguments by the prosecutor were 
reasonably inferred from that evidence and related to their ability to 
remember or perceive the events of that night. The comments about the two 
children's testimony was also proper as it related to their credibility and 
their ability to accurately recall the events. There was no error in the 
prosecutor's closing argument. F. MOTION FOR A NEW 
TRIAL[¶49]          
Appellant claims that the district court abused its discretion by denying 
his motion for a new trial. After trial, but before sentencing, appellant moved 
for a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence. The decision to grant or 
deny a motion for a new trial rests within the sound discretion of the trial 
court. Barnes v. State, 858 P.2d 522 (1993). The trial court's ruling 
will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. 
Id.[¶50]          
Appellant must show the following in order to obtain a new trial based 
upon newly discovered evidence: 

1. The 
evidence has come to his knowledge since the trial; 2. It was not 
owing to the want of due diligence that it did not come sooner; 3. 
The evidence is so material that it would probably produce a different verdict; 
and 4. The evidence is not cumulative.

Id. 
See also Keser v. State, 
737 P.2d 756, 759-60 (Wyo. 1987);  Opie v. State, 422 P.2d 84, 85 
(Wyo. 1967).[¶51]          
The basis of the new trial motion was the testimony of appellant's cell 
mate. The cell mate claimed that another man had confessed to the robbery. He 
also claimed that the man owned a .45 caliber pistol and a green military style 
jacket.[¶52]          
The district court denied the motion for a new trial stating: 

I'm 
going to deny the motion for new trial. I don't find the testimony of the new 
witness very credible. In addition to which there's other factors there that 
indicate that this man in the picture, this [other man], just wasn't the 
Defendant, wasn't the man who committed the crime.

[¶53]          
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant's 
motion. Appellant fails to show how this testimony is material enough to result 
in a different verdict. The testimony of the cell mate would only contradict the 
identifications made by the two eyewitnesses. New evidence which contradicts 
previous evidence is not sufficient to justify a new trial. Grable v. 
State, 664 P.2d 531, 533 (Wyo. 1983) (quoting Salaz v. State, 561 P.2d 238, 243 (Wyo. 1977)). The trial judge gave the cell mate's testimony 
no credibility. The testimony at the motions hearing showed that the witness was 
appellant's cell mate and he was aware that appellant's family had posted a 
reward for exculpatory information. Consequently, we cannot say that the 
district court judge abused his discretion. F. CUMULATIVE 
ERROR[¶54]          
Appellant's final argument is that the various errors in his trial, when 
taken together, require reversal. Having found no error in the trial, there can 
be no cumulative error. Springfield, Slip op. at 
25.CONCLUSION[¶55]          
Since we have found no error in any of the issues raised by appellant, 
his sentence is affirmed.