Case Title: Armstrong v. State of Florida

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC09-1659

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 2011-09-22T00:00:00Z

Document:
Supreme Court of Florida 
 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC09-1659 
____________ 
 
LANCELOT URILEY ARMSTRONG,  
Appellant, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA,  
Appellee. 
 
[September 22, 2011] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
This case is before the Court on appeal from a sentence of death.  We have 
jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. 
I. OVERVIEW 
On March 7, 1990, Lancelot Uriley Armstrong was indicted for the February 
17, 1990, first-degree shooting murder of Deputy Sheriff John Greeney, attempted 
murder of Deputy Sheriff Robert Sallustio, and armed robbery.  The jury returned a 
guilty verdict and recommended a sentence of death by a vote of nine to three.  On 
direct appeal, we affirmed Armstrong‟s convictions and sentence of death.  
Armstrong v. State (Armstrong I), 642 So. 2d 730 (Fla. 1994).   
 
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Armstrong filed a motion for postconviction relief under Florida Rule of 
Criminal Procedure 3.850, which was denied.  On appeal, this Court affirmed the 
denial of collateral relief on the guilt phase issues, but vacated Armstrong‟s death 
sentence and remanded for a new penalty phase after concluding that one of 
Armstrong‟s prior violent felony aggravators had since been invalidated.  
Armstrong v. State (Armstrong II), 862 So. 2d 705, 715 (Fla. 2003). 
On April 16, 2007, Armstrong‟s new penalty phase commenced.  On April 
25, 2007, the jury again recommended death by a vote of nine to three.  Following 
a Spencer1 hearing, the trial court found the existence of three aggravators, one 
statutory mitigator, and four nonstatutory mitigators and imposed a sentence of 
death.  This appeal followed.   
Armstrong raises four issues below.  The State raises a fifth issue: 
proportionality.  For the reasons expressed below, Armstrong is not entitled to 
relief. 
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
The facts of Armstrong‟s crimes are laid out in this Court‟s opinion on 
Armstrong‟s first direct appeal: 
 
                                         
 
1.  Spencer v. State, 615 So. 2d 688 (Fla. 1993). 
 
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In the early morning hours of February 17, 1990, Armstrong called a 
friend and asked him to go with him to rob Church‟s Fried Chicken 
restaurant.  The friend refused.  According to several employees of 
Church's, around two o‟clock that same morning, Armstrong and 
Michael Coleman came to the restaurant asking to see Kay Allen, who 
was the assistant manager of the restaurant and Armstrong‟s former 
girlfriend.  The restaurant employees testified that Allen did not want 
to see Armstrong and asked him to leave.  Armstrong and Coleman, 
however, remained at the restaurant and eventually Allen 
accompanied Armstrong to the vehicle he was driving while Coleman 
remained inside the restaurant.  The employees additionally testified 
that Allen and Armstrong appeared to be arguing while they were 
sitting in the vehicle. 
Allen testified that, while she was in the car with Armstrong, he 
told her he was going to rob the restaurant, showed her a gun under 
the seat of the car, and told her he might have to kill her if she didn‟t 
cooperate.  Coleman then came out to the car, and Armstrong, 
Coleman, and Allen went back into the restaurant.  Allen was 
responsible for closing the restaurant, and by this time, the other 
employees had left.  Coleman and Armstrong ordered Allen to get the 
money from the safe.  Before doing so, she managed to push the silent 
alarm.  Shortly thereafter, Armstrong returned to the car.  Coleman 
remained in the restaurant with Allen to collect the money from the 
safe. 
Other testimony reflected the following facts.  When the alarm 
signal was received by the alarm company, the police were notified 
and Deputy Sheriffs Robert Sallustio and John Greeney went to the 
restaurant where they found Armstrong sitting in a blue Toyota.  
Greeney ordered Armstrong out of the car and told him to put his 
hands on the car.  After Greeney ordered Armstrong to put his hands 
on the car, Greeney holstered his gun to “pat down” Armstrong.  
Sallustio then noticed movement within the restaurant, heard shots 
being fired from the restaurant and from the direction of the car, and 
felt a shot to his chest.  Apparently, when the movement and shots 
from the restaurant distracted the officers, Armstrong managed to get 
his gun and began firing at the officers. 
According to Allen, when Coleman noticed that police officers 
were outside the building, he started firing at the officers.  Allen took 
cover inside the restaurant, from where she heard Coleman firing 
more shots and heard a machine gun being fired outside the restaurant.  
 
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Sallustio was shot three times, but still managed to run from 
Armstrong and radio for assistance.  When other officers arrived, they 
found Greeney dead at the scene.  Greeney had died instantly.  Allen 
was found inside the restaurant; Coleman and Armstrong had fled. 
That same day, Armstrong told one friend that he got shot and 
that he returned a shot; he told his girlfriend that a police officer had 
asked him to step out of his car and that, when he did so, the officer 
pulled a gun on him and tried to shoot him; and he told another friend 
that someone shot him while trying to rob him.  Thereafter, 
Armstrong and Coleman fled the state but were apprehended the next 
day in Maryland.  Before being apprehended, Armstrong had two 
bullets removed from his arm by a Maryland doctor. 
A number of shell casings were recovered from the scene.  All 
of the bullets removed from Sallustio and Greeney were fired from a 
nine-millimeter, semi-automatic weapon; Greeney had been shot from 
close range.  Evidence reflected that Armstrong had purchased a nine-
millimeter, semi-automatic weapon the month before the crime. 
Armstrong‟s prints were found in the blue Toyota as well as on 
firearm forms found in the car.  Additional ballistics evidence 
reflected that the shots fired from the restaurant did not come from a 
nine-millimeter, semi-automatic weapon.  This indicated that only 
someone near the car could have fired the shots that wounded 
Sallustio and killed Greeney.  Additionally, testimony was introduced 
to show that Armstrong was seen with a nine-millimeter, semi-
automatic gun right after the incident.  Armstrong was convicted as 
charged.[n.1] 
 
[N.1] Coleman was tried and convicted separately and 
received a sentence of life imprisonment. 
At the penalty phase, the State presented evidence showing 
Armstrong‟s prior conviction of indecent assault and battery on a 
fourteen-year-old child.  Armstrong presented evidence from a 
number of witnesses in support of the following nonstatutory 
mitigating circumstances: (1) he had significant physical problems 
during childhood (he was dyslexic but a good student and had a brain 
hemorrhage when he was a baby); (2) helped others and had a positive 
impact on others (routinely assisted his grandmother, brothers and 
sisters, both financially and emotionally; was a good father and 
provider to his son; trained others to do carpentry work and was a 
 
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positive influence on those he assisted); (3) was present as a child 
when his mother was abused and would come to her aid; (4) could be 
productive in prison (was an excellent carpenter and plumber); (5) is a 
good prospect for rehabilitation; (6) codefendant received a life 
sentence; (7) the alternative sentence is life imprisonment without the 
possibility of parole; (8) Armstrong is religious (attends church); and 
(9) Armstrong failed to receive adequate medical care and treatment 
as a child (had a brain hemorrhage when he was a baby but, due to 
finances, did not receive the medical attention he needed). 
The jury recommended death by a nine-to-three vote. The trial 
judge found no statutory mitigating circumstances and four 
aggravating circumstances: (1) prior conviction of a violent felony; 
(2) committed while engaged in the commission of a robbery or flight 
therefrom; (3) committed for the purpose of avoiding arrest or 
effecting an escape from custody; and (4) murder of a law 
enforcement officer engaged in the performance of official duties.  
The trial judge sentenced Armstrong to death for the murder of 
Officer Greeney, to life imprisonment for the attempted murder of 
Officer Sallustio, and to life imprisonment for the armed robbery. 
 
Armstrong I, 642 So. 2d at 733-34.  On direct appeal, Armstrong raised twenty-
four issues, nine of which pertained to the guilt phase and fifteen of which 
pertained to the penalty phase.  Id. at 734.  This Court affirmed Armstrong‟s 
convictions and sentences.  Id. at 739. 
Armstrong’s Rule 3.850 Proceedings and Appeal 
 
On April 20, 2000, Armstrong filed an amended rule 3.850 motion for 
postconviction relief.  Armstrong raised thirty-four issues.  After a Huff2  hearing, 
the postconviction court summarily denied thirty-two of the claims and granted an 
evidentiary hearing on the following two claims: (1) that Armstrong‟s death 
                                         
 
2.  Huff v. State, 622 So. 2d 982, 983 (Fla. 1993). 
 
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sentence was predicated on a since-vacated prior violent felony conviction, and (2) 
ineffective assistance of counsel regarding the investigation and presentation of 
mitigating evidence during the penalty phase trial.  After the evidentiary hearing, 
the trial court entered a final order denying relief on all claims.  Armstrong 
appealed the postconviction court‟s denial of his rule 3.850 motion and petitioned 
this Court for a writ of habeas corpus. 
 
On appeal, Armstrong raised sixteen claims alleging that he was entitled to 
postconviction relief for various issues relating to both the guilt and penalty phase 
trial below.  In his first penalty phase claim, Armstrong alleged that he was entitled 
to relief because his sentence of death was based on a prior violent felony 
conviction that was subsequently invalidated.  Pursuant to Johnson v. Mississippi, 
486 U.S. 578 (1988), this Court agreed.  Therefore, this Court affirmed all issues 
relating solely to the guilt phase trial, but vacated the death sentence and remanded 
the case for a new penalty phase and resentencing.  Armstrong II, 862 So. 2d 721. 
Armstrong’s New Penalty Phase 
 
Prior to the new penalty phase, the State filed a motion in limine seeking to 
preclude Armstrong from presenting testimony, evidence, or any arguments 
concerning Armstrong‟s innocence pursuant to Preston v. State, 607 So. 2d 404, 
411 (Fla. 1992) (explaining that such arguments would be considered improper).  
The trial court granted the motion, but permitted Armstrong to challenge the extent 
 
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of his involvement in the robbery and homicide based on the mitigating 
circumstances he raised.  Armstrong claimed the mitigation revealed that Coleman 
was the shooter and that Armstrong‟s involvement in the crime was minor and a 
result of his acting under duress. 
Pursuant to this Court‟s mandate, jury selection for the capital resentencing 
hearing began on April 10, 2007.  On April 11, 2007, the jury panel was accepted.  
During jury selection, the State and defense resolved a defensive challenge for 
cause by agreement to excuse the challenged juror.   
On April 16, 2007, the panel was sworn in and the evidentiary portion of the 
penalty phase proceeded.  At the conclusion of the new penalty phase trial, the trial 
court instructed the jury that its recommendation should either be for: (1) death, or 
(2) life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for 25 years.  Specifically, 
the trial court instructed:  “If you find the aggravating circumstances do not justify 
the death penalty, your advisory sentence should be one of life imprisonment 
without possibility of parole for twenty-five (25) years.”  The trial court further 
instructed the jury, “If a majority of the jury determine that Lancelot Armstrong 
should be sentenced to death, your advisory sentence will be a majority of the jury 
by a vote of blank to blank, advised, recommend to the Court that it impose the 
death penalty upon Lancelot Armstrong.”  Additionally, the trial court instructed: 
On the other hand, if by six or more votes the jury determines that 
Lancelot Armstrong should not be sentenced to death, your advisory 
 
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sentence would be, the jury advises and recommends to the Court by a 
vote of blank to blank that it impose a sentence of life imprisonment 
to Lancelot Armstrong without the possibility of parole for 25 years. 
The written instruction was consistent with the verbal instruction.   
The trial evidence revealed that Armstrong was originally incarcerated in 
1990 and sentenced in 1991.  After jury deliberations began, the jury submitted a 
question, asking, “Will the 17 yrs he served be included in his 25 yrs sentence?”  
The trial court relayed the jury question to counsel, stating, “Will the 17 years he 
served be included in his sentence?”   
After considering the arguments presented, the trial court stated: 
THE COURT:  I‟m troubled by the language in the Downs[v. State, 
572 So. 2d 895 (Fla. 1990),] case because in the Downs case says 
under the facts presented we find that the trial court did not use the 
discretion. 
State argued that the Downs case created issue decision because he 
said, quote stands 25 more years.  We haven‟t heard that here.  They 
have narrowly by this case permitted the response. 
Ultimately, the jury was instructed as follows: “The defendant will receive credit 
for the time served on this charge.”   
On April 25, 2007, the jury again recommended a sentence of death by a 
vote of nine to three.   
Nelson3  Hearing 
                                         
 
3.  Nelson v. State, 274 So. 2d 256 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973). 
 
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On May 31, 2007, Armstrong filed a “motion to discharge counsel of record 
and appoint counsel outside of Public Defender‟s office.”  On June 14, 2007, based 
on the contents of that motion, the trial court held a “modified” Nelson hearing. 
There, Armstrong announced the names of the witnesses he alleged to have asked 
counsel to contact, and complained that counsel had not provided him with a copy 
of the postconviction evidentiary hearing transcript.  The matter was taken under 
advisement.  On July 2, 2007, the trial court denied the motion to discharge 
counsel.   
Spencer Hearing 
 
On September 7, 2007, the trial court conducted a Spencer hearing.  During 
the Spencer hearing, Armstrong presented testimony from (1) David Massar, a 
crime filmmaker who came to know Armstrong through a prison pen pal program; 
(2) Avia Joy McKenzie, a woman who befriended Armstrong after he was 
incarcerated and testified that Armstrong was there for her when her daughter died 
in 1996; and (3) Armstrong.  However, at that time, Armstrong made several 
comments that were clearly an attempt to relitigate the 1991 guilt phase, the new 
penalty phase proceedings, the presentation of mitigation, and the motion to 
discharge counsel.  The trial court categorized Armstrong‟s comments as a hybrid 
Muhammad,4 Boyd,5 and Grim6 claim.  As a result, the trial court recessed.  On 
                                         
 
4.  Muhammad v. State, 782 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 2001). 
 
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October 7, 2007, the trial court entered an order resetting the Spencer hearing.  
 
On November 15, 2007, and November 30, 2007, the trial court continued 
the Spencer hearing.  Although the Spencer hearing concluded in November 2007, 
the trial court was unable to enter its sentencing order until 2009.  The delay 
appears to be the result of extensive transcription problems.   
The August 7, 2009, Sentencing Order 
On August 7, 2009, the trial court entered it order sentencing Armstrong to 
death.  In its extensive sentencing order, the trial court found and afforded “great 
weight” to each of the following three aggravating circumstances: (1) the 
Defendant was convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use 
or threat of violence to the person (prior violent felony);  (2) the capital felony was 
committed while the Defendant was engaged or was an accomplice in the 
commission of or an attempt to commit the crime of robbery (robbery); and (3) the 
victim in this capital felony case was a law enforcement officer engaged in the 
performance of his duties.7    
                                                                                                                                   
 
5.  Boyd v. State, 910 So. 2d 167 (Fla. 2005). 
 
6.  Grim v. State, 841 So. 2d 455 (Fla. 2003). 
 
7.  Below, the trial court specifically instructed the jury on improper 
doubling.  The jury was also instructed on and found the avoid arrest aggravator.  
In Armstrong‟s first direct appeal, we noted that “the only evidence supporting the 
„committed to avoid arrest‟ aggravating circumstance was the fact that the victim 
was a law enforcement officer.”  Id. at 738.  Accordingly, the trial court declined to 
 
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The trial court considered and rejected four statutory mitigators: (1) the 
Defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity, (2) the age of the 
Defendant (Armstrong was 28 years old) at the time of the crime, (3) the 
Defendant was an accomplice in the capital felony committed by another person 
and his participation was relatively minor, and (4) the Defendant acted under 
extreme duress or under the substantial domination of another person.   
However, the trial court did find one statutory mitigator: (1) the existence of 
any other factors in the defendant‟s background that would mitigate against the 
imposition of the death penalty.  The trial court considered the following 
background mitigation under this statutory mitigator: (a) Armstrong was born and 
raised in an impoverished country (Jamaica) where living conditions were 
deplorable and there was a constant threat of erupting and escalating violence 
(little weight); (b) had a problematic health history as a child and suffered from 
dyslexia (little weight); (c) was a good prisoner and regularly attended religious 
ceremonies while incarcerated (little weight); (d) suffered abuse at the hands of his 
stepfather and his brother cut off a portion of his finger when he was working in 
the cane fields (some weight); and (e) assisted in raising his siblings in Jamaica 
(some weight). 
                                                                                                                                   
merge the avoid arrest aggravator with the aggravating factor that the victim was a 
law enforcement officer.    
 
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Finally, the trial court found that four of the nonstatutory mitigating 
circumstances were applicable after considering whether Armstrong (1) had 
problems growing up because he was biracial (little weight); (2) was a member of 
the police in Jamaica who assisted during times of rioting and political unrest (not 
applicable); (3) assisted and trained others for jobs and counseled young adults 
while in Boston and Florida (not applicable); (4) taught himself how to read and 
write while imprisoned (not applicable); (5) was suffering from a benign internal 
tumor, at the time of sentencing, the size of a golf ball which could turn into cancer 
in the future (not mitigating); (6) having been incarcerated for 18 years at that 
point, was deprived of seeing his children grow as a result of his incarceration (not 
mitigating); (7) was a kind, gentle man (not mitigating); (8) assisted the police in 
preventing the sale of drugs while in Massachusetts (nonexistent); (9) was a good 
businessman (rejected); (10) expressed sorrow for the death of Greeney and the 
shooting of Sallustio and for their families, but maintained that he did not commit 
the crimes (no remorse); and (11) properly raised a residual or lingering doubt (not 
appropriate). 
The trial court weighed the aggravating factors and the mitigating factors 
and found that “the aggravating circumstances in this case far outweigh the 
mitigating circumstances.  The aggravating circumstances in this case are 
overwhelming.”  Armstrong was again sentenced to death for his conviction of 
 
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first-degree murder.  He was also sentence to two consecutive life sentences for the 
attempted first-degree murder and armed robbery convictions.   
This Appeal 
 
In his second direct appeal following the completion of his new penalty 
phase and resentencing, Armstrong raises four issues: (1) whether the trial court 
abused its discretion in admitting into evidence a vial of blood or photographs of 
the victim that were taken at the scene of the crime and the medical examiner‟s 
office, (2) whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting into evidence 
the remaining bullet fragment of the three original bullet fragments, (3) whether 
the trial court abused its discretion when it instructed the jury on the terms of a life 
sentence or when it answered the jury‟s question regarding credit for time served, 
and (4) cumulative error.  The State raises proportionality as the fifth issue.  Each 
of these issues is discussed below. 
III. 
ANALYSIS 
A. Vial of Blood and Photographs 
First, Armstrong contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 
admitting a vial of blood and several photographs during his new penalty phase. 
“A trial court‟s ruling on the admission of photographic evidence will not be 
disturbed absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion.”  Davis v. State, 859 So. 
2d 465, 477 (Fla. 2003) (citing Mansfield v. State, 758 So. 2d 636, 648 (Fla. 
 
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2000)).  Below, we discuss the trial court‟s admission of each of these items into 
evidence and conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. 
Photographs, like all other evidence, are subject to the section 90.403, 
Florida Statutes (1989), balancing test.  Pursuant to section 90.403, “Relevant 
evidence is inadmissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the 
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues, misleading the jury, or needless 
presentation of cumulative evidence.”  § 90.403, Fla. Stat. 
In Czubak v. State, 570 So. 2d 925 (Fla. 1990), this Court discussed 
the admissibility of gruesome photographs: 
This Court has long followed the rule that 
photographs are admissible if they are relevant and not so 
shocking in nature as to defeat the value of their 
relevance.  Where photographs are relevant, “then the 
trial judge in the first [instance] and this Court on appeal 
must determine whether the gruesomeness of the 
portrayal is so inflammatory as to create an undue 
prejudice in the minds of the jury and [distract] them 
from a fair and unimpassioned consideration of the 
evidence.”  We have consistently upheld the admission of 
allegedly gruesome photographs where they were 
independently relevant or corroborative of other 
evidence. 
Id. at 928 (citations omitted). 
Hertz v. State, 803 So. 2d 629, 641 (Fla. 2001).  Further, this Court has 
consistently held that the initial test for determining the admissibility of 
photographic evidence is relevance, not necessity.  See Mansfield, 758 So. 2d at 
648.   
 
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Photograph Taken at the Scene of the Crime (State‟s Exhibit 24) 
 
Armstrong argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence a 
particularly gruesome photograph that was taken of Greeney at the scene of the 
crime because it was prejudicial beyond any value as relevant evidence.   
This Court has explained that the trial court does not abuse its discretion in 
admitting allegedly inflammatory photographs of the victim taken at the scene of 
the crime when the photographs are relevant to assist the crime scene technician in 
explaining the condition of the crime scene when police arrived, to show the 
position and location of the body when it was found, or to show the manner in 
which the victim was killed.  Id. at 641-42. 
 
In the instant case, State‟s Exhibit 24 is a photograph that was taken of 
Greeney‟s body at the scene of the crime.  In response to defense counsel‟s 
objection, the State alleged that the “photograph was introduced at trial and shows 
the way that Deputy Greeney was.  When he was found on his back and gun in his 
holster.”  The State presented the testimony of Detective Charles F. Edel who 
testified that the picture accurately portrayed Greeney‟s body at the scene of the 
crime and that Greeney‟s holster was unsnapped but the gun was not removed from 
the holster.  Further, Detective Edel testified that the Greeney‟s gun had not been 
fired and was fully loaded.  This photograph was relevant to show the position of 
Greeney‟s body at the scene of the crime, the location of the crime, Greeney‟s 
 
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manner of death, and his identity as a police officer in support of the third 
aggravating factor that the victim in this capital felony case was a law enforcement 
officer engaged in the performance of his duties.  The photograph was probative 
because it tended to prove that Armstrong shot Greeney and to rebut Armstrong‟s 
theory of the case.  Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in admitting State‟s Exhibit 24. 
Enlarged Photograph Taken at the Scene (State‟s Exhibit 92) 
 
Armstrong contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting 
State‟s Exhibit 92, an enlarged photograph taken at the scene of the crime that 
depicted the side of Greeney‟s face and showed a graze wound and soot in 
Greeney‟s left ear.  Through Dr. Raul Villa‟s testimony, the State introduced 
State‟s Exhibit 92.  Defense counsel objected to the introduction of the photograph 
and informed the trial court that the defense stipulated to the fact that soot was in 
Greeney‟s ear.  However, the trial court admitted the photograph.     
 
Armstrong cites to Dyken v. State, 89 So. 2d 866, 867 (Fla. 1956), to 
support his argument that photographic evidence cannot be admitted if defense 
counsel stipulates to the content of the picture.  This argument is misguided.  
There, this Court did not hold that photographic evidence is never admissible if 
some of the photographic content is stipulated to.  Rather, because the only basis 
 
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for its relevance had already been stipulated to, this Court concluded that it was not 
independently relevant.  Id. at 866.  
In the instant case, the photograph displayed not only the presence of soot, 
which corroborated Dr. Villa‟s testimony that Greeney was shot from within 12 to 
36 inches and tended to prove that Greeney was shot from approximately 18 inches 
away, but also displayed scrapes on Greeney‟s face that demonstrated his manner 
of death, and the graze wound to Greeney‟s ear, demonstrating the location of one 
of his wounds.  Thus, the instant case is distinguishable from Dyken because the 
photograph in the instant case is independently relevant.  Moreover, although 
defense counsel stipulated to the presence of soot, trial courts have broad discretion 
in admitting photographic evidence and the test for the admission of such evidence 
is not whether the evidence is necessary.  Rather, the evidence is subject to the 
balancing test: whether the evidence is relevant and, if so, whether the probative 
value outweighs the danger of prejudice.  Thus, the trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in admitting State‟s Exhibit 92.     
Autopsy Photograph (State‟s Exhibit 23) 
 
Next Armstrong alleges that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting 
State‟s Exhibit 23, an autopsy photograph.  Autopsy photographs that are relevant 
to show the manner of death, location of wounds, and the identity of the victim or 
to assist the medical examiner in explaining the victim‟s injuries are generally 
 
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admissible evidence.  See Ault v. State, 53 So. 3d 175 (Fla. 2010) (concluding that 
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting four relevant autopsy 
photographs that were not unduly prejudicial during Ault‟s new penalty phase trial 
on resentencing) petition for cert. filed, No. 10-11173 (U.S. June 20, 2011).  This 
Court has explained: 
Photographs are admissible if “they assist the medical examiner in 
explaining to the jury the nature and manner in which the wounds 
were inflicted.”  Bush v. State, 461 So. 2d 936, 939 (Fla. 1985).  
Moreover, photographs are admissible “to show the manner of death, 
location of wounds, and the identity of the victim.”  Larkins v. State, 
655 So. 2d 95, 98 (Fla. 1995).  On the other hand, trial courts must be 
cautious in not permitting unduly prejudicial or particularly 
inflammatory photographs before the jury.  However, a trial court‟s 
decision to admit photographic evidence will not be disturbed absent 
an abuse of discretion.  See Mansfield, 758 So. 2d at 648. 
Ault, 53 So. 3d at 198-99 (quoting Brooks v. State, 787 So. 2d 765, 781 (Fla. 
2001)).  “[T]he mere fact that photographs may be gruesome does not mean they 
are inadmissible.”  Ault, 53 So. 3d at 199 (quoting Harris v. State, 843 So. 2d 856, 
864 (Fla. 2003)).  To be relevant, however, “a photo of a deceased victim must be 
probative of an issue that is in dispute.”  Almeida v. State, 748 So. 2d 922, 929 
(Fla. 1999). 
 
In this case, the autopsy photograph was first offered into evidence during 
Detective Edel‟s testimony.  This photograph was labeled State‟s Exhibit 23.  This 
photograph depicts Greeney‟s face, neck, and the top of his torso.  There are small 
dots, known as stippling, covering Greeney‟s neck and left shoulder and there is a 
 
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bullet hole in his neck as well as in his left shoulder.  Detective Edel testified that 
he is trained to recognize stippling and has seen evidence of stippling some 200 to 
300 times.  Detective Edel testified that the stippling around Greeney‟s neck 
caused by burning gunpowder coming into contact with Greeney‟s skin.  The State 
then questioned Detective Edel about a photograph of the victim taken at the 
autopsy, asking, “Does this truly reflect Deputy Greeney at the autopsy?”   
Later on, Dr. Villa testified that Greeney sustained one gunshot wound to his 
anterior neck and one underneath his left shoulder.  His testimony revealed that the 
wound to Greeney‟s neck was fatal and Greeney would not have lived for more 
than a few minutes after receiving the wound because it hit the carotid artery and 
spinal cord.  The State introduced the autopsy photograph because it was relevant 
to Greeney‟s manner of death and Armstrong‟s involvement in Greeney‟s death.  
The autopsy photograph was probative of Armstrong‟s involvement in Greeney‟s 
murder.   According to Dr. Villa, Greeney suffered a grazing gunshot wound to his 
ear and two penetrating gunshot wounds shot from close range.   Based on the 
stippling around his wounds and the searing or burning that his shirt sustained, the 
State was able to establish that Greeney was shot from close range.  Dr. Villa 
estimated the shots were fired from 18 inches away from Greeney who could have 
survived only a few minutes after being hit.   
 
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The ballistics from the scene revealed that bullets fired from inside the 
restaurant were from a revolver.  Ballistics also revealed that Greeney did not fire 
his weapon and Sallustio fired 19 shots.  The remaining rounds were from a .9 
millimeter weapon similar to the one Armstrong possessed.  All of the projectiles 
recovered from Greeney and Sallustio were fired from a .9 millimeter Intertech, 
Tech-nine firearm.  These projectiles were consistent with the firearm that 
Armstrong purchased in January 1990.  This evidence established that Armstrong 
was the one who shot Greeney and Sallustio and rebutted Armstrong‟s claim that 
he did not shoot the officers and that his participation was minor or a result of 
duress.   
 
 Armstrong‟s reliance on Reddish v. State, 167 So. 2d 858 (Fla. 1964), is 
misplaced because, in Reddish, the photographic evidence was found to be 
irrelevant.  Id. at 863.  In contrast, the autopsy photograph that was introduced 
during Armstrong‟s new penalty phase trial, which was conducted in front of new 
jurors who did not sit for the guilt phase trial, was relevant to Greeney‟s manner of 
death and was probative of who killed Greeney and shot Sallustio—a fact in 
dispute as a result of Armstrong‟s claim that he did not shoot the officers and that 
his involvement was minor or a result of duress.  Thus, the trial court did not abuse 
its discretion in admitting the autopsy photograph of Greeney. 
 
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Furthermore, Armstrong‟s contention that the photographs were admissible 
the photographs were not admissible because the State did not seek the HAC 
aggravator is misguided.  While a photograph may be relevant to prove HAC, see 
Mansfield, 758 So. 2d at 648 (concluding that the admission of photographs of the 
victim‟s mutilated genitalia to support HAC and a sexual battery aggravator was 
not an abuse of discretion), HAC is not a prerequisite for the admissibility of a 
photograph.  “This Court has upheld the admission of photographs when they are 
offered to explain a medical examiner‟s testimony, the manner of death, the 
location of the wounds, or to demonstrate the heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC) 
factor.”  McWatters v. State, 36 So. 3d 613, 637 (Fla.), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 510 
(2010).  Here, each photograph was admissible despite the absence of the HAC 
aggravator.  Thus, this argument is without merit. 
Vial of Blood (State‟s Exhibit 22) 
Finally, Armstrong contends that the trial court erred in admitting a vial of 
Deputy Greeney‟s blood into evidence during the second penalty phase trial.   
During the 1991 guilt phase trial, a vial of Greeney‟s blood was proffered through 
Dr. Villa‟s testimony, who removed the blood from Greeney‟s heart during the 
autopsy, and offered and received without defense objection through Detective 
Edel‟s testimony.  Dr. Villa testified that the blood was used for toxicology testing 
and also given to the crime scene laboratory for analysis. 
 
- 22 - 
During Armstrong‟s second penalty phase trial, the State introduced the 
same vial.  Armstrong claims the vial of blood had no evidentiary value and was 
had no purpose or effect other than to inflame the minds of the jurors.  However, 
the vial of blood was relevant because it was used for DNA testing and to show 
that Greeney‟s blood was found inside of Armstrong‟s vehicle.  Moreover, the 
State contends that the vial of blood was probative because it demonstrated that 
some of the blood found inside of Armstrong‟s vehicle matched, and was in fact, 
Greeney‟s blood.  When coupled with the testimony that Armstrong was outside 
and Coleman was inside of the Church‟s Chicken, and the presence of Armstrong‟s 
blood spatter in the car as well, this negated Armstrong‟s claim that he did not 
shoot Greeney.  We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in admitting the vial of Greeney‟s blood. 
Presentation of Cumulative Evidence 
Defense counsel objected to the admission of State‟s Exhibit 92 as 
cumulative.  As the State noted, State‟s Exhibit 92 was the only photograph 
depicting soot in Greeney‟s ear.  Once defense counsel objected, the State offered, 
“If Mr. Rowe has another picture indicating the soot on his left ear, I will be happy 
to use that, but this is the only picture we have.”  While the State introduced 130 
photographs, only three were of Greeney‟s dead body.   The relevance and 
probative value of the three photographse do overlap to some extent.  However, 
 
- 23 - 
State‟s Exhibit 23 was the only photograph that showed Greeney‟s body as it was 
at the scene and also showed Greeney in his police uniform.  State‟s Exhibit 24 
was the only photograph that clearly showed the stippling and the bullet wounds to 
Greeney‟s neck and shoulder area.  Meanwhile, State‟s Exhibit 92 was the only 
photograph that depicted the soot in his ear.  Further, the vial of blood was taken 
from Greeney‟s heart and used to match his blood to the blood inside Armstrong‟s 
vehicle.  Thus, the admission of the photographs and vial of blood did not amount 
to a needless presentation of cumulative evidence. 
Moreover, to the extent Armstrong alleges that State‟s Exhibit 92 was 
cumulative because defense counsel stipulated to the presence of soot in Greeney‟s 
ear, this claim is without merit.  See Zamora v. State, 361 So. 2d 776, 783 (Fla. 3d 
DCA 1978) (concluding that, notwithstanding defendant‟s offer to stipulate to 
murder, position of body, etc., photographs of victim were relevant in that they 
corroborated testimony of certain witnesses, as to the cause of death, location and 
characteristics of wound, and position of body in reference to physical makeup of 
room; furthermore, photographs were not inflammatory to point of prejudicing 
minds of jury and, thus, were properly admitted).   
Harmless Error 
 
Even if the trial court abused its discretion in admitting any of the 
aforementioned evidence, the error is harmless.  “Where the trial court has abused 
 
- 24 - 
its discretion in admitting photographs, this Court uses a harmless error analysis.”  
Philmore v. State, 820 So. 2d 919, 931 (Fla. 2002) (citing Almeida, 748 So. 2d at 
930).  If there is a reasonable probability that the error affected the verdict, then 
such error is harmful.  McDuffie v. State, 970 So. 2d 312, 328 (Fla. 2007) (citing 
State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 1138 (Fla. 1986)).  “It is well-established that 
the harmless error test „is not a sufficiency-of-the-evidence, a correct result, a not 
clearly wrong, a substantial evidence, a more probable than not, a clear and 
convincing, or even an overwhelming evidence test‟ but the „focus is on the effect 
of the error on the trier-of-fact.‟ ”  McDuffie, 970 So. 2d at 328 (quoting DiGuilio, 
491 So. 2d at 1139).  A harmless error analysis “requires an examination of the 
entire record.”  DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d at 1135.   
Here, even if the allegedly improper evidence had not been admitted, the 
jury would have reached the same result.  Armstrong had already been convicted 
of the crime and the evidence during his second penalty phase trial supported the 
three aggravating factors that were imposed.  The photographs and vial of blood 
supported the aggravating factor that the victim in this capital case was a law 
enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his duties.  However, 
Sallustio‟s testimony also supported that aggravator.  Additionally, without this 
evidence, there was still evidence to independently support both of the underlying 
felonies that were used in support of the prior violent felony aggravator and there 
 
- 25 - 
was independent evidence to support the robbery aggravator.  Thus, the error 
complained of did not contribute to the verdict.  Accordingly, we conclude that the 
trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographic evidence and 
the vial of blood. 
B. Bullet Fragment 
 
Second, Armstrong contends that the trial court abused its discretion in 
admitting a bullet fragment into evidence during his new penalty phase.  The 
admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the 
trial court‟s ruling will not be reversed unless there has been a clear abuse of that 
discretion.  Ray v. State, 755 So. 2d 604, 610 (Fla. 2000); Zack v. State, 753 So. 2d 
9, 25 (Fla. 2000).  “It is within the sound discretion of the trial court during 
resentencing proceedings to allow the jury to hear probative evidence that will aid 
it in understanding the facts of the case so that it may render an appropriate 
advisory sentence.”  Bonifay v. State, 680 So. 2d 413, 419 (Fla. 1996) (citing 
Teffeteller v. State, 495 So. 2d 744 (Fla. 1986)). 
Probable Tampering 
Armstrong argues that he met his burden of demonstrating that there was 
probable tampering, and thus, the trial court should have excluded the remaining 
bullet fragment.  “Relevant physical evidence is admissible unless there is an 
indication of probable tampering.”  Peek v. State, 395 So. 2d 492, 495 (Fla. 1980).  
 
- 26 - 
This is a test for determining whether the chain of custody is established.  In order 
to demonstrate probable tampering, the party attempting to bar the evidence must 
show that there was a probability that the evidence was tampered with—the mere 
possibility is insufficient.  Murray v. State (Murray I), 838 So. 2d 1073, 1082-83 
(Fla. 2002).  Once the party moving to bar the evidence has met its burden, the 
burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish a proper chain of custody or 
submit other evidence that tampering did not occur.  Id. 
In the instant case, Armstrong cites to Murray I, 838 So. 2d at 1082-83 
(concluding that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence 
because Murray met his burden of demonstrating probable evidence tampering and 
the State failed to meet its burden of proving that such tampering did not occur) 
and Dodd v. State, 537 So. 2d 626, 627 (Fla. 3d DCA 1988) (concluding that the 
State failed to establish a sufficient chain of custody to meet its burden of proving 
that tampering did not occur).  Nevertheless, a sufficient showing of the chain of 
custody is made where the object has been kept in proper custody since the time it 
was under possession and control until the time it is produced at trial.  See Murray 
v. State (Murray II), 3 So. 3d 1108 (Fla. 2009) (concluding that there was no break 
in the chain of custody where lotion was missing from an evidence bag, but was 
later found to have been intentionally removed from the bag by a print expert so it 
would not contaminate other evidence). 
 
- 27 - 
Based on Murray I and Dodd, Armstrong correctly asserts that he met his 
burden of demonstrating that probable tampering occurred.  Dr. Vincent Karag and 
Detective John Auer testified that there were two or three projectile fragments 
initially.  When asked about the missing fragment or fragments, neither Dr. Karag 
nor Detective Auer was able to provide an explanation for their disappearance.  
The absence of the projectile fragments is certainly suspect and indicative of 
tampering.  However, this claim is without merit because, unlike in Murray I and 
Dodd, the State met its burden of establishing a proper chain of custody or 
submitting other evidence that tampering did not occur.   
During Armstrong‟s new penalty phase, the State introduced the testimony 
of Dave Tomkins, the Custodial Supervisor for the Broward County Clerk of 
Courts since 1998.  Tomkins testified that procedurally, evidence is marked, 
tagged, given a storage location and then either stored in his office or in a 
warehouse.  Tomkins testified that if someone wants to view evidence, he or she 
must make an appointment and sign a review form.  Tomkins himself oversees this 
process and is in the room when the evidence is reviewed.  Tomkins testified that 
he sent the envelope of projectile fragments up for review on or about January 25, 
2007.  Outside of that instance, the envelope remained stored in the warehouse 
since the commencement of Armstrong‟s trial 17 years ago.  Additionally, the 
State argued that the fragments were each the size of a dot, wrapped in tissue 
 
- 28 - 
paper, and stored in an envelope.  The State contended that it was likely the 
missing fragment simply fell out of the envelope at some point.  Moreover, the 
State reminded the trial court that the fragments were properly admitted during the 
Armstrong‟s guilt phase trial and that they were part of the record.  The State 
explained that, because Armstrong had already been convicted and the fragments 
were inculpatory rather than exculpatory, there was no chain of custody problem or 
risk of prejudice in admitting the fragment.  The trial court accepted the State‟s 
argument and noted, “With reference to item Z5, the Court finds that this particular 
piece has been in the custody of the County Clerk‟s Office since 1991.”   
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 
finding that the State established a chain of custody and provided a reasonable 
explanation to rebut Armstrong‟s contention that there was a probability of 
evidence tampering. 
Lost or Destroyed Evidence  
Once the trial court found that the evidence had not been tampered with, the 
trial court categorized the missing fragment as lost or destroyed evidence and 
found that the remaining fragment was admissible under Arizona v. Youngblood, 
488 U.S. 51, 56 (1988) (“[U]nless a criminal defendant can show bad faith by the 
police on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially useful evidence does 
not constitute a denial of due process of law.”).  Youngblood explained that the 
 
- 29 - 
“presence or absence of bad faith for purposes of the Due Process Clause must 
necessarily turn on the police‟s knowledge of the exculpatory value of the evidence 
at the time it was lost or destroyed.”  488 U.S. at 56 n.*; see also Guzman v. State, 
868 So. 2d 498, 509 (Fla. 2003). 
In the instant case, the trial court found that the failure to preserve the 
missing fragment was not indicative of bad faith.  This Court has previously 
recognized, “[B]ad faith exists only when law enforcement officers intentionally 
destroy evidence they believe would exonerate a defendant.”  Id.  Here, Armstrong 
has not shown that the projectile exonerated him or that the State ever believed it 
might.  The testimony presented below does not indicate that the prosecutors or 
police in this case believed the bullet fragments were exculpatory or had any 
tendency to exonerate Armstrong.  Nor does the record reveal that the fragments 
were destroyed.  It does not logically follow that anyone who sought to destroy the 
evidence would remove one tiny fragment, but leave the larger fragment intact.  
Therefore, any claim of bad faith destruction or loss of the evidence fails. 
 
Furthermore, as the State repeatedly explained throughout its brief, 
Armstrong‟s offered mitigation involved claims that he was not the shooter and 
that if Armstrong had any involvement it was minor and under duress.  Given that 
the instant jury had not heard the original guilt phase presentation, but was there 
merely for resentencing, it was necessary for the State to show the circumstances 
 
- 30 - 
surrounding the crime and facts that established Armstrong‟s guilt to prove 
aggravation.  Likewise, the State was permitted to rebut the offered mitigation.  
The bullet fragments supported Armstrong‟s guilt and his volitional and intimate 
involvement in the robbery, the shooting of Sallustio, and the first-degree murder 
of Greeney.  Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in admitting the remaining projectile fragment during Armstrong‟s new 
penalty phase trial. 
C. Jury Question 
Third, Armstrong contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it 
failed to instruct the jury that Armstrong was not guaranteed parole at or after 25 
years.   
Instructions given by a trial court during jury deliberations are subject to the 
abuse of discretion standard of review.  See Green v. State, 907 So. 2d 489, 498 
(citing Perriman v. State, 731 So. 2d 1243, 1246 (Fla. 1999)); Fla. R. Crim. P. 
3.410.  “Discretion is abused only when the judicial action is arbitrary, fanciful, or 
unreasonable, which is another way of saying that discretion is abused only where 
no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court.”  White v. 
State, 817 So. 2d 799, 806 (Fla. 2002).  However, “the court should not give 
instructions which are confusing, contradictory, or misleading.”  Butler v. State, 
493 So. 2d 451, 452 (Fla. 1986) (citing Finch v. State, 156 So. 489 (Fla. 1934)).   
 
- 31 - 
 
In the present case, the trial court considered this Court‟s decisions in 
Downs, 572 So. 2d at  900 (concluding that the trial court did not abuse its 
discretion in only instructing the jury that the defendant would received credit for 
time served); Gore v. State, 706 So. 2d 1328, 1332-33 (Fla. 1997) (concluding that 
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury that the defendant 
would receive credit for time served and in instructing the jury to rely on their 
recollection of the evidence when asked when parole would occur on the 
defendant‟s other life sentences); and Green v. State, 907 So. 2d 489, 497 (Fla. 
2005) (concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in instructing the 
jury that the defendant would be entitled to credit for time served, but that parole at 
or after twenty-five years was not guaranteed).   
As the State correctly contends, this Court‟s decision in Green does not 
require that a jury be instructed on the eligibility of parole.  Although the 
circumstances surrounding the jury question and the trial court‟s jury instruction in 
a case may give rise to an abuse of discretion, we have never held that a trial court 
is required, or per se abuses its discretion in failing, to instruct a jury that parole is 
not guaranteed.  Notably, the standard jury instruction does not apprise a jury of 
whether a defendant will be guaranteed parole.   
The jury instruction below was not confusing, misleading, or contradictory.  
Nor was it a misstatement of the law.  The record reveals that the jury was 
 
- 32 - 
repeatedly informed that parole was only a possibility.  Moreover, the jury was 
aware that Armstrong had been convicted of other crimes—the State presented 
evidence that Armstrong was convicted of the related violent felonies and an 
armed robbery that occurred on February 4, 1990.  Thus, the jury was aware that 
Armstrong was serving other sentences in addition to the life sentence that serves 
as the basis for this issue.  The trial court provided the jury with an accurate 
instruction when it limited the jury instruction to the specific jury question that was 
asked.  The jury asked whether Armstrong would be entitled to credit for time 
served, and the trial court instructed the jury that he would be entitled to credit for 
time served.         
As Armstrong correctly points out, the State‟s reliance on Waterhouse v. 
State, 596 So. 2d 1008 (Fla. 1992), is misplaced because there, the trial court 
refused to answer the jury question and instead informed the jury that it would 
have to depend on the evidence and the instructions.  Id. at 1015.   
Additionally, the instant case does not contain the “peculiar facts” that were 
present in Hitchcock v. State, 673 So. 2d 859, 863 (Fla. 1996) (concluding that the 
State‟s argument that Hitchcock would be eligible for parole after twenty-five 
years was misleading and prejudicial due to the close proximity of the expiration of 
his sentence and his resentencing).    
 
- 33 - 
 
Furthermore, even if the trial court abused its discretion, it would be of no 
consequence, because any error is harmless.  Armstrong had already been 
convicted of the crime.  It cannot be said that this instruction would have caused 
the jury to arrive at a conclusion they would not have otherwise reached as there is 
substantial aggravation in the instant case that provides independent support for the 
jury recommendation.  Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse 
its discretion below.  
D. Cumulative Error 
 
Fourth, Armstrong contends that the cumulative effect of the alleged errors 
deprived him of a fundamentally fair trial and undermines confidence in the result 
of his capital proceedings.  We have repeatedly held that where the alleged errors, 
when viewed individually, are “either procedurally barred or without merit, the 
claim of cumulative error also necessarily fails.”  Israel v. State, 985 So. 2d 510, 
520 (Fla. 2008) (quoting Parker v. State, 904 So. 2d 370, 380 (Fla. 2005)).  
Moreover, during Armstrong‟s second penalty phase, ample evidence in support of 
the aggravating factors and sentence of death was introduced independent of the 
allegedly erroneous evidence.  Because Armstrong has failed to demonstrate that 
any of his claims amounted to error, we deny his claim of cumulative error.   
E. Proportionality 
 
- 34 - 
In determining whether death is a proportionate punishment, this Court is 
required to compare the totality of the circumstances of Armstrong‟s case to the 
circumstances of similar cases in which the Court has affirmed sentences of death. 
See Simmons v. State, 934 So. 2d 1100, 1122 (Fla. 2006) (citing Urbin v. State, 
714 So. 2d 411, 417 (Fla. 1998)).  This Court conducts a two-pronged inquiry, 
comparing the instant case to other cases to “determine [whether] the crime falls 
within the category of both (1) the most aggravated, and (2) the least mitigated of 
murders.”  Almeida v. State, 748 So. 2d 922, 933 (Fla. 1999).  “This entails „a 
qualitative review by this Court of the underlying basis for each aggravator and 
mitigator rather than a quantitative analysis.‟ ”  Offord v. State, 959 So. 2d 187, 
191 (Fla. 2007) (quoting Urbin, 714 So. 2d at 416). 
In the instant case, the jury recommended death by a vote of nine to three.  
The trial court found three aggravators: (1) prior violent felony based on two 
underlying felonies; (2) the murder was committed during a robbery; and (3) the 
victim in this capital case was a law enforcement officer engaged in the 
performance of his duties.  Each aggravating factor was accorded great weight.  
The trial court found one statutory mitigator: (1) the existence of any other factors 
in the defendant‟s background that would mitigate against the imposition of the 
death penalty.  Finally, the trial court found the existence of one nonstatutory 
mitigator: (1) Armstrong had problems growing up because he was biracial (little 
 
- 35 - 
weight).  After weighing the aggravation and mitigation, the trial court stated “that 
the aggravating circumstances in this case far outweigh the mitigating 
circumstances.  The aggravating circumstances in this case are overwhelming.”  
Then, the trial court sentenced Armstrong to death. 
We have previously affirmed the death penalty in a single-aggravator case 
where the single aggravator was a prior violent felony.  See Bevel v. State, 983 So. 
2d 505, 524 (Fla. 2008) (citing Ferrell v. State, 680 So. 2d 390 (Fla.1996)); see 
also Lindsey v. State, 636 So. 2d 1327, 1329 (Fla. 1994).  We have repeatedly 
explained that the prior violent felony conviction aggravator is one of the “most 
weighty” in Florida‟s sentencing scheme.  Sireci v. Moore, 825 So. 2d 882, 887 
(Fla. 2002).  Given the presence of this aggravator, which is based on the 
contemporaneous attempted murder of Sallustio and on an armed robbery that 
Armstrong committed 13 days prior to the murder of Greeney, and the scant 
mitigation present in this case, it appears that Armstrong‟s death sentence remains 
proportionate.  Moreover, we have upheld the imposition of the death penalty as 
proportionate where there was similar aggravation and more mitigation.  See 
Wheeler v. State, 4 So. 3d 599, 603 (Fla. 2009) (concluding that the death sentence 
was proportionate where there were four aggravators, two statutory mitigators, and 
eleven nonstatutory mitigators).   Accordingly, we conclude that when compared 
with other capital cases, the death sentence in Armstrong‟s case is proportionate. 
 
- 36 - 
It is so ordered. 
LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, and PERRY, JJ., concur. 
CANADY, C.J., concurs in result. 
PARIENTE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which 
LABARGA, J., concurs. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
 
PARIENTE, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. 
I agree with the majority‟s reasoning as to all issues on appeal except for the 
trial judge‟s answer to a question from the jury regarding sentencing options.  I 
would reverse for a new penalty phase.  In this case, by giving the jurors a brief 
answer that Armstrong would receive credit for time served, the trial court did not 
provide a complete and full answer to the jurors‟ question, but in fact reinforced 
the jurors‟ idea that Armstrong‟s sentence for murder would be completed within a 
mere eight years.  
The crime in this case took place in 1990, and by 2007 when Armstrong 
received a new penalty phase, he had already served seventeen years in prison.  
The trial judge initially instructed the jury that they could either recommend death 
or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for twenty-five years.8  After 
                                         
8.  Because the crime in this case occurred in 1990, once the jury returned a 
verdict of guilty, the sentencing options were death or life without the possibility 
of parole for twenty-five years.  In 1994, the law changed to provide the jury with 
only two sentencing options: death or life without the possibility of parole.  See 
 
- 37 - 
deliberations began, the jury asked, “Will the 17 years he served be included in his 
sentence?”  The judge answered that “the defendant will receive credit for the time 
served.”    
It is apparent on the face of the jury‟s inquiry that the jurors had a very 
logical question regarding the effect of a recommendation of life and wanted to 
know in advance how such a recommendation would work in this case, since the 
defendant had already served seventeen years of any sentence to be imposed.  
Obviously, the implication that the defendant would be eligible for parole in eight 
years would work against him significantly.  Moreover, the question also reflects a 
potential misunderstanding that the jurors believed that if they voted for life, his 
sentence would be limited to only twenty-five years, as opposed to a life sentence 
without the possibility of parole for the first twenty-five years.     
I conclude that by not answering the question to explain that the twenty-five 
years was not the defendant‟s actual sentence, but rather the minimum length of a 
sentence of life, and that there was no guarantee of parole at or after twenty-five 
years, the court gave the jurors a confusing and incomplete answer, leading them to 
                                                                                                                                   
§775.082(1), Fla. Stat. (Supp. 1994).  This Court rejected the argument that the 
defendant should be able to agree to the harsher option, which would probably 
make a jury more likely to recommend a life sentence if they knew the defendant 
had no possibility of being released from prison.  See Bates v. State, 750 So. 2d 6, 
10 (Fla. 1999).  I joined the dissent, which reasoned that a defendant should be 
able to waive his ex post facto rights since he is “the only person adversely 
affected by the waiver of the right.”  Id. at 21 (Anstead, J., dissenting).   
 
- 38 - 
believe that he would be released in another eight years.  Rather, under the 
circumstances of this case, where Armstrong would be merely eligible for parole in 
only eight years, the proper instruction would have been a variation of that given 
by the trial judge in Green v. State, 907 So. 2d 489, 496 (Fla. 2005):  
The defendant, if sentenced to life without possibility for parole for 25 
years, would be entitled to credit for all time jail served [sic] against a 
life sentence.  However, there is no guarantee that the defendant 
would be granted parole at or after 25 years. 
(Emphasis added.) 
In my view, this case is similar to Hitchcock v. State, 673 So. 2d 859, 863 
(Fla. 1996), in which this Court explicitly held that it was unfairly prejudicial to 
permit the State to argue that a defendant was eligible for parole after serving 
twenty-five years in a case where the defendant had already served seventeen out 
of the twenty-five years at the time of resentencing.  Specifically, in that case, the 
defendant raised two related claims on appeal: (1) he was prejudiced by the State‟s 
argument that if given a life sentence, he would be eligible for parole after serving 
twenty-five years; and (2) the trial court erred in instructing the jury that his time 
served would be credited toward his sentence.  Id. at 863, 860 n.1.   
As the Court had already determined that Hitchcock was entitled to 
resentencing based on an unrelated claim, the Court did not need to address either 
of these arguments.  Regardless, the Court reviewed the claim pertaining to the 
State‟s argument in order to provide guidance during the next resentencing and 
 
- 39 - 
explicitly directed the State to refrain from making such arguments again during 
the resentencing because the arguments “unfairly prejudiced” the defendant.  Id. at 
863.  Although this Court did not address the claim regarding whether the trial 
court erred as to its instructions to the jury, the Court expressly held that the State 
improperly argued that Hitchcock would be eligible for parole after serving 
twenty-five years because “the resentencing occurred so close to the expiration of 
the twenty-five-year sentence.”  Id. (emphasis added); see also Gore v. State, 706 
So. 2d 1328, 1333 (Fla. 1997) (“In Hitchcock, the State argued in a resentencing 
proceeding that the defendant would be eligible for parole after twenty-five years if 
given a life sentence.  We held this argument to be improper and unfairly 
prejudicial because the resentencing occurred so close in time to the expiration of 
the twenty-five-year period.  In contrast, the State in the present case did not make 
any such argument, nor was Gore close to meeting the expiration of the twenty-
five-year minimum mandatory.”). 
As in Hitchcock, here, Armstrong had served seventeen years and had only 
eight years remaining until he was “eligible” for parole.  Moreover, both in 
Hitchcock and in this case, the jury was apprised that parole was only a 
possibility—not a guarantee.  The majority summarily asserts that this case does 
not contain the “peculiar facts” that were established in Hitchcock, but fails to 
discuss what peculiar facts differentiate Hitchcock from the instant case.  Both 
 
- 40 - 
cases involve a defendant who was a mere eight years away from being eligible for 
parole, and both cases involve the jury being apprised that parole was not a 
guarantee.  However, in the decision now pending before the Court, the majority 
permits the trial court to inform the jury on the very issue that this Court previously 
held that the State may not argue during closing.  In Hitchcock, this Court stated 
that even permitting the prosecutor to make the argument would be “unfairly 
prejudicial.”  
 
In this case, while the court had discretion in determining whether to answer 
the question posed, if the court chose to answer the question, the defendant was 
entitled to a complete answer.   The trial court‟s incomplete response gave the 
impression that the defendant would be out in society in a mere eight years.  This 
may have ultimately played a critical role in the jury‟s decision not to recommend 
consecutive life sentences.  Such an error cannot be considered harmless error 
beyond a reasonable doubt. 
 
Another troubling aspect of this case is that the defendant was given 
consecutive life sentences, so in reality he could not possibly have been released 
from prison in any event after twenty-five years.  Although in Gore, 706 So. 2d at 
1332-33, we stated that it was not error for the trial court to fail to discuss the other 
life sentences where there was no mandatory minimum sentence for any of the life 
sentences, it seems to me that when the date of a defendant‟s possible release is 
 
- 41 - 
critical to whether a jury recommends a life sentence, the jury should have the 
complete facts in order to make an informed decision.  
The jury in a capital penalty-phase proceeding is in a unique position that 
does not occur in the context of any other jury matter.  The jury is a cosentencer, 
and its sentencing recommendation is entitled to “great weight.”  See Snelgrove v. 
State, 921 So. 2d 560, 571 (Fla. 2005) (“[I]n Florida, the judge and jury are 
considered cosentencers, and a recommendation of life must be accorded great 
weight by the sentencing judge.” (citation omitted)).  However, unlike the trial 
judge, the jury has no working knowledge of the actual length of the sentence that 
a defendant is facing if it recommends the option of life without the possibility of 
parole for 25 years.  Therefore, to the extent that its vote for life or death may 
hinge on concerns that the defendant may be released from prison, the jury should 
be informed of all relevant information that bears upon the ultimate length of the 
prison sentence.  In this context, the jury is solely dependent upon the instructions 
from the trial court and the answers to questions regarding the actual sentence. 
For the reasons addressed above, I dissent as to the sentence and would 
remand for resentencing.  However, I would urge the Committee on Standard Jury 
Instructions in Criminal Cases to propose a standard instruction to address 
situations where a defendant has been serving a lengthy prison sentence and the 
jury in resentencing has a question as to the effect of the sentence on his eligibility 
 
- 42 - 
for parole.  The answer to the question, while now guided by the abuse of 
discretion standard, may literally be the difference between life and death; that is, a 
jury may be more inclined to recommend a life sentence if it is not under the 
misapprehension that the defendant would be released shortly.  
LABARGA, J., concurs. 
 
 
 
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Broward County,  
Michael L. Gates, Judge - Case No. 90-5417CF10B 
 
John Cotrone, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellant 
 
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Leslie T. Campbell, 
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellee