Case Title: State v. Gunnell

Citation: 2012-Ohio-3236

Docket Number: 2010-1636

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2012-07-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 
State v. Gunnell, Slip Opinion No. 2012-Ohio-3236.] 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in 
an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested 
to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 
65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or 
other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be 
made before the opinion is published. 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2012-OHIO-3236 
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLANT, v. GUNNELL, APPELLEE. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets,  
it may be cited as State v. Gunnell, Slip Opinion No. 2012-Ohio-3236.] 
Trials—Criminal 
law—Double 
jeopardy—Mistrial—Juror 
misconduct—
“Manifest necessity” warranting mistrial—Declaration of mistrial 
improper when court assumes juror has been infected with bias without 
inquiring of juror whether bias actually exists and whether bias could be 
cured—Double jeopardy bars retrial when mistrial declared without 
manifest necessity therefor. 
(No. 2010-1636—Submitted October 19, 2011—Decided July 19, 2012.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Clark County, No. 09-CA-0013,  
2010-Ohio-4415. 
__________________ 
O’CONNOR, C.J. 
{¶ 1} This case has been litigated on three separate occasions and, after 
each conviction, the Second District Court of Appeals has found reversible error.  
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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Most recently, the appellate court concluded that jeopardy had attached and that 
the guilty verdicts must be reversed.  We are compelled to agree. 
{¶ 2} For the reasons that follow, we hold that the trial judge erred 
during the second trial by improperly declaring a mistrial and that the Double 
Jeopardy Clause bars the retrial of the appellee, Toneisha Gunnell.  Accordingly, 
the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed to the extent it held that the 
Double Jeopardy Clause bars retrial. 
RELEVANT BACKGROUND 
{¶ 3} On June 7, 2005, Toneisha Gunnell, Mahogany Patterson, Alicia 
McAlmont, and Renada Manns drove to the Upper Valley Mall in Springfield, 
Ohio, to steal clothing.  Chris Clarkson, a loss-prevention agent employed by 
Macy’s department store, watched as Gunnell, McAlmont, and Patterson grabbed 
clothing from the racks and ran from the store to a waiting car driven by Manns.  
Although Clarkson chased them, Manns accelerated rapidly as they got into the 
car. 
{¶ 4} John Deselem, a customer who witnessed the incident, stood in the 
lane of travel as the car sped toward him, waving his arms in an effort to stop the 
oncoming vehicle.  It struck him without slowing down. The force of the impact 
sent him into the windshield and threw him over the car and onto the ground.  He 
died at the scene from blunt force injuries to his head. Although the impact had 
cracked the windshield, Manns drove out of the mall parking lot. 
{¶ 5} The Clark County Sheriff’s Department located the car abandoned 
in a ditch a short distance from the mall, recovered the stolen clothing, and began 
efforts to apprehend the women.  The next day, Gunnell, Patterson, McAlmont, 
and Manns turned themselves in to Columbus police. 
{¶ 6} A Clark County grand jury indicted them on counts of murder, 
aggravated robbery, involuntary manslaughter, and theft, and, following a joint 
trial, a jury found each of them guilty of all charges. 
January Term, 2012 
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{¶ 7} After the appellees were indicted for murder, aggravated robbery, 
involuntary manslaughter, and theft, their initial convictions were reversed due to 
a Batson violation.  State v. Manns, 169 Ohio App.3d 687, 2006-Ohio-5802, 864 
N.E.2d 657 (2d Dist.); State v. McAlmont, 2d Dist. No. 2005 CA 130, 2006-Ohio-
6838; State v. Patterson, 2d Dist. No. 2005-CA-128, 2007-Ohio-29; State v. 
Gunnell, 2d Dist. No. 2005 CA 119, 2007-Ohio-2353. 
{¶ 8} On retrial, the case was submitted to the jury on October 1, 2007.  
During deliberations later that night, the jury asked the court to define the word 
“perverse” as it had been used in the jury instruction relating to the recklessness 
element of the aggravated-robbery charge.  The court did not respond to the jury’s 
request.  The jury eventually retired at 12:22 in the morning of October 2, 2007.  
Later that morning, when Juror No. 6 returned to court, she brought two pieces of 
paper, which were intercepted by the bailiff and shared with the court. 
{¶ 9} The first piece of paper contained the following handwritten 
definition of the word perverse: “contrary to the manner or direction of the judge 
on a point of law .” 
{¶ 10} The second piece of paper was a printout, which read:   
 
Manslaughter: Involuntary 
Involuntary manslaughter usually refers to an unintentional 
killing that results from recklessness or criminal negligence, or 
from an unlawful act that is a misdemeanor or low-level felony 
(such as DUI).  The usual distinction from voluntary manslaughter 
is that involuntary manslaughter (sometimes called “criminally 
negligent homicide”) is a crime in which the victim’s death is 
unintended. 
For example, Dan comes home to find his wife in bed with 
Victor. Distraught, Dan heads to a local bar to drown his sorrows.  
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After having five drinks, Dan jumps into his car and drives down 
the street at twice the posted speed limit, accidentally hitting and 
killing a pedestrian. 
 
(Underlining sic.)   
{¶ 11} In response to the juror’s possession of this information, the trial 
judge held a hearing, which began at 10:41 on the morning of October 2, 2007.  
At the start of the hearing, the parties were informed of the issue that had 
developed with Juror No. 6 and her outside research.  The parties agreed that 
Crim.R. 24 prevented the court from seating an alternate juror because the jury 
had commenced deliberations.  Subsequently, Juror No. 6 was brought before the 
court and parties, and the following exchange took place: 
 
 
THE COURT:  It’s come to our attention that you brought 
some items in with you this morning.  One appears to be a 
handwritten definition of the term “perverse,” and another one 
appears to be something that maybe you printed off of the internet 
that— 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  Yes, I did. 
 
THE COURT:  A definition or instruction on “involuntary 
manslaughter.”  That’s—these are things you brought in with you 
today? 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  That nobody saw them. 
 
THE COURT:  You’re the only one that saw them? 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  I told her that I didn’t know we weren’t 
allowed.  I’m sorry. 
 
THE COURT:  Okay.  Did you— 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  And I didn’t talk about it. 
January Term, 2012 
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THE COURT:  All right.  Apparently you were doing some 
research last night or this morning on the internet or— 
 
JUROR NO.  6:  I just wanted to see—everybody kept 
asking what the word “perverse” was, and I just wanted to look it 
up for myself to see exactly what it meant. 
 
THE COURT:  Sure.  Okay.  What about the—what about 
the manslaughter issue?  Was there something you were doing on 
the computer with respect to that? 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  No.  It was just something I wanted—that 
was for me.  I wasn’t going to show them that.  I had the other—I 
had the definition.  That was all that I was going to share. 
 
THE COURT:  Was there—was there something 
inadequate or something wrong with the Court’s instruction for 
“involuntary manslaughter” that you felt like you needed to 
supplement the instruction or what—was there something that 
wasn’t clear about the Court’s instruction on that? 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  No.  I was—I was at home.  I was on the 
computer, and I just—I did not get much sleep last night, and I 
just—that was mainly for myself.  I just wanted to have it clear in 
my own head. 
 
THE COURT:  Okay.  Okay.  Counsel have any questions 
for this particular juror? 
 
MR. SCHUMAKER:  None from the State, Your Honor. 
 
MR. REED:  No, Your Honor.  Thank you. 
 
MR. KAVANAGH:  No, Your Honor. 
 
MS. CUSHMAN:  No. 
 
MR. GRIFFIN:  No, Your Honor. 
 
THE COURT:  All right.  Thank you, [Juror No. 6]. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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(Emphasis added.)     
{¶ 12} The juror was excused and returned to the jury room, and then 
counsel shared their recommendations as to the proper remedy with the court. 
{¶ 13} After initially suggesting a preference for a mistrial, the state 
asserted that Juror No. 6 “would have to be strongly instructed and be able to 
assure us that she would not use that and particularly that example.”  Counsel for 
all defendants agreed that a curative instruction would be an appropriate response.  
After listening to these recommendations and the apparent agreement of defense 
counsel that inquiring of the jury and giving a rehabilitative instruction would be 
a reasonable remedy, the court nevertheless stated: 
 
 
So I guess my point is:  We can bring her in, and we can all 
ask her and try to rehabilitate her; and I’m sure she’s going to say 
all the right things because, again, I think she’s a nice person.  
And she’s going to want to try to be accommodating and pleasing, 
and I know or I’m certain she doesn’t want to be responsible for a 
mistrial. 
So she’s going to try to appease us and say what she needs 
to say; but, you know, I just—I feel like that may be an exercise of 
futility.  I don’t know that I can be convinced that she’s going to be 
able to put this out of her mind. 
 
(Emphasis added.)   
{¶ 14} The court recessed for a short break at 11:08 A.M.  So, within the 
span of a hearing that lasted less than one half of an hour, the trial judge in this 
case (1) informed the parties about Juror No. 6’s research into critical legal terms, 
(2) discussed with counsel the possibility of seating an alternate juror, ultimately 
January Term, 2012 
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rejecting that solution after all parties agreed that Crim.R. 24 prevented that 
solution, (3) brought Juror No. 6 into the courtroom to inquire generally about 
what information she had found and why she had looked for it, but without asking 
her a single question about the prejudice or bias, if any, created by the improper 
information or about her ability to disregard it, (4) returned Juror No. 6 to the jury 
room, and (5) asked counsel for their opinions as to how to proceed, with defense 
counsel unanimously recommending a curative instruction. 
{¶ 15} When the hearing resumed at 11:30, the state, having heard the 
judge, promptly moved for mistrial.  Over defense counsel's unanimous 
opposition and renewed argument for a curative instruction, and without 
examining the juror about the degree of her prejudice, if any, the trial judge 
declared that the juror had been “irreparably tainted” and that there was “no 
other option than to sustain the State’s motion.”  (Emphasis added.) 
{¶ 16} A second short recess was taken at 11:41 A.M.  The proceedings 
resumed at 11:45, and the court informed the jury that a mistrial had been 
declared. 
{¶ 17} While addressing the jury, the judge stated, “It’s simply that a juror 
was exposed to some bad information; and it’s very difficult, if not impossible, to 
block that out.”  When the judge finished his explanation, some of the jurors had 
questions.  The following exchange occurred: 
 
 
JUROR NO. 9:  So why couldn’t you have just told us [that 
the definition of involuntary manslaughter brought in by Juror No. 
6 was wrong], and we could have gone on? 
 
THE COURT:  Well— 
 
JUROR No. 9:  In Ohio that wasn’t the way it was. 
 
THE COURT:  Well, that’s a good question.  Well, first of 
all, 11 of you didn’t know about it. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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JUROR NO. 9:  True. 
 
THE COURT:  So but the one person that had been 
exposed to information that getting drunk and going twice the 
speed limit equals manslaughter. 
 
JUROR NO. 9:  So you couldn’t just have told her then? 
 
THE COURT:  Well, what do you think—I mean, what do 
you think that would have done? 
 
JUROR NO. 9:  I think she would have realized that that 
wasn’t right.  I mean, I would have said, “Oh, okay.  That’s not 
Ohio law.” 
 
THE COURT:  Well, my question back to that juror would 
be, then, why are you looking at— 
 
JUROR NO. 9:  I would question on that too, yeah. 
 
THE COURT:  Why are you looking at something other 
than what the Court gave you? 
 
{¶ 18} Following the mistrial, Gunnell, Patterson, McAlmont, and Manns 
moved to preclude retrial on double jeopardy grounds, asserting that there had 
been no manifest necessity for a mistrial.  The trial court denied that motion and 
scheduled the case for retrial. 
{¶ 19} Appellees petitioned the federal court for writs of habeas corpus 
seeking to bar retrial on double jeopardy grounds.  The district court dismissed 
their petitions, concluding that the trial court’s declaration of a mistrial “was not 
an unreasonable application of clearly established law as declared by the United 
States Supreme Court.”  Gunnell v. Rastatter, S.D. Ohio No. 3:08-CV-064, at 13 
January Term, 2012 
9 
 
(Sept. 17, 2008).  Only Manns appealed to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, 
which affirmed.1  Gunnell v. Rastatter, 6th Cir. No. 08-4505 (Jan. 26, 2010). 
{¶ 20} The state proceeded to retry Gunnell, McAlmont, and Patterson, 
and a third jury returned verdicts finding them all guilty of all charges.  They 
separately appealed, and the court of appeals again reversed their convictions.  In 
Patterson and Gunnell’s cases, the court held that the trial court should have 
declared a mistrial because a statement of a state’s witness from a previous trial, 
which had not been admitted into evidence, had inadvertently been submitted to 
the jury.  State v. Patterson, 188 Ohio App.3d 292, 2010-Ohio-2012, 935 N.E.2d 
439, ¶ 80 (2d Dist.); State v. Gunnell, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-0013, 2010-Ohio-4415, 
¶ 51.  And in Gunnell and McAlmont’s cases, the court held that double jeopardy 
barred retrial because there had not been a manifest necessity for the mistrial 
declared at the second trial.2  Gunnell at ¶ 194; State v. McAlmont, 2d Dist. No. 
09-CA-21, 2010-Ohio-5879, ¶ 2-3. 
{¶ 21} We accepted the state’s discretionary appeal in Gunnell’s case to 
review whether the Double Jeopardy Clause barred her retrial.  127 Ohio St.3d 
1531, 2011-Ohio-376, 940 N.E.2d 985.  We subsequently accepted the state’s 
appeal in McAlmont’s case and held it for the decision here.  128 Ohio St.3d 
1444, 2011-Ohio-1618, 944 N.E.2d 694. 
{¶ 22} The state maintains that the court of appeals improperly substituted 
its judgment for that of the trial court on the manifest-necessity question.  It 
contends that the trial court acted reasonably in declaring a mistrial because Juror 
No. 6 had violated instructions not to research the law and the court doubted her 
ability to obey a curative instruction.  It also contends that when a juror obtains 
extrajudicial information contrary to the state’s case through misconduct, the 
                                                          
 
1  Manns subsequently resolved her case by way of a plea agreement with the state.  
 
2 After the state appealed to this court, Patterson negotiated a plea agreement, and the state 
dismissed that appeal.   
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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situation is presumptively prejudicial, and the burden shifts to the defendant to 
establish that the juror was not prejudiced by the outside research. 
{¶ 23} Gunnell responds that the appellate court required only that the 
trial court make a reasonable inquiry of the juror and further emphasizes that the 
state failed to meet its heavy burden of demonstrating manifest necessity for a 
mistrial.  Gunnell also asserts that even when the prosecution moves for a mistrial 
based on juror misconduct, it still bears the burden to demonstrate manifest 
necessity for the mistrial to avoid the double jeopardy bar to a retrial. 
{¶ 24} Thus, the key issue in this case is whether the trial court acted 
unreasonably in addressing juror misconduct and in determining that a manifest 
necessity existed for a mistrial.  If so, double jeopardy is implicated and bars 
retrial. 
ANALYSIS 
Governing Principles 
{¶ 25} The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution ensures that a state may not put a defendant in jeopardy twice 
for the same offense.  Benton v. Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 89 S.Ct. 2056, 23 
L.Ed.2d 707 (1969).  It also “affords a criminal defendant a ‘valued right to have 
his trial completed by a particular tribunal.’ ” Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 
671-672, 102 S.Ct. 2083, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982), quoting Wade v. Hunter, 336 
U.S. 684, 689, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974 (1949).  However, this  
 
valued right to have the trial concluded by a particular tribunal is 
sometimes subordinate to the public interest in affording the 
prosecutor one full and fair opportunity to present his evidence to 
an impartial jury.  Yet in view of the importance of the right, and 
the fact that it is frustrated by any mistrial, the prosecutor must 
shoulder the burden of justifying the mistrial if he is to avoid the 
January Term, 2012 
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double jeopardy bar.  His burden is a heavy one.  The prosecutor 
must demonstrate “manifest necessity” for any mistrial declared 
over the objection of the defendant.” 
 
(Footnote omitted.)  Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 
L.Ed.2d 717 (1978). 
{¶ 26} What constitutes a “manifest necessity” is left to the discretion of 
the courts, which must “exercise a sound discretion on the subject [as] it is 
impossible to define all the circumstances, which would render it proper to 
interfere.  To be sure, the power ought to be used with the greatest caution, under 
urgent circumstances, and for very plain and obvious causes * * *.”  United States 
v. Perez, 22 U.S. 579, 580, 6 L.Ed. 165 (1824). 
{¶ 27} The Supreme Court cautions that the manifest-necessity standard 
“abjures the application of any mechanical formula by which to judge the 
propriety of declaring a mistrial in the varying and often unique situations arising 
during the course of a criminal trial.”  Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 462, 93 
S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 (1973).  In Washington, the court acknowledged that 
there is a wide range of possible justifications for declaring a mistrial and that the 
question of whether a manifest necessity exists is more easily answered in some 
cases than in others.  “At one extreme end of the spectrum are cases in which a 
prosecutor requests a mistrial in order to buttress weaknesses in his evidence. 
* * *  The prohibition against double jeopardy as it has evolved in this country 
was plainly intended to condemn this ‘abhorrent’ practice.”  Id. at 507-508, 
quoting State v. Garrigues, 2 N.C. 188, 189 (1795).  At the opposite end of the 
spectrum, a court’s decision to declare a mistrial due to a hung jury is fairly easily 
viewed as justified and should be afforded a high degree of deference.  
Washington at 509. 
 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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Application 
{¶ 28} Although trial judges are entitled to wide latitude when 
considering motions for mistrial, their discretion is not unbridled.  As the Sixth 
Circuit Court of Appeals recently observed in Ross v. Petro, 515 F.3d 653 (6th 
Cir.2008), “[w]hen a mistrial is premised on the prejudicial impact of improper 
evidence or argument, the trial judge’s evaluation of the possibility of juror bias is 
entitled to ‘great deference.’ ” (Emphasis sic.)  Id. at 661, quoting Washington, 
434 U.S. at 514, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717.  Thus, when a mistrial is 
predicated on juror misconduct, the trial court finding of manifest necessity will 
be upheld unless “instead of exercising sound discretion, [the trial judge] acted 
‘irrationally or irresponsibly.’ ” Ross at 669, quoting Washington at 514. 
{¶ 29} But significantly, Ross expressly states that “[n]otwithstanding this 
deference, the reviewing court must be satisfied that the trial judge did not act 
irrationally or irresponsibly, but exercised ‘sound discretion.’ ” (Emphasis added.)  
Ross at 661, quoting Washington at 514.  Thus, Ross does not vitiate meaningful 
appellate review of mistrials.  To the contrary, it supports the holding that a trial 
judge’s determination of possible juror bias should be given great deference only 
upon the appellate court’s satisfaction that the trial judge exercised sound 
discretion in determining whether juror bias existed and whether it could be 
cured.  Ross does not hold, or even suggest, that the mere specter of bias is a 
manifest necessity that warrants mistrial. 
{¶ 30} In fact, quite the opposite is true.  The Supreme Court clearly 
teaches that hearings on the issue of a juror’s impartiality “will frequently turn 
upon testimony of the juror in question” and that it is error to contend that such 
evidence “is inherently suspect.”  Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 217, 102 S.Ct. 
940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 (1982), fn. 7.  “One may not know or altogether understand 
the imponderables which cause one to think what he thinks, but surely one who is 
trying as an honest man to live up to the sanctity of his oath is well qualified to 
January Term, 2012 
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say whether he has an unbiased mind in a certain matter.”  Id., quoting Dennis v. 
United States, 339 U.S. 162, 171, 70 S.Ct. 519, 94 L.Ed. 734 (1950). 
{¶ 31} Thus, understood in full context, although a trial judge’s 
determination of juror bias is entitled to great deference, it must be predicated on 
the judge’s proper discretion in hearing the case.  Mere supposition, surmise, and 
possibility of prejudice are not sufficient.  This distinction is a simple but critical 
one, and one that was overlooked by the trial judge in this case.  Although a trial 
judge’s determination of juror bias sufficient to create the need to declare a 
mistrial is a matter of discretion, the record here reveals nothing of substance 
from which the judge made his determination. 
{¶ 32} The inquiry of Juror No. 6 was limited and ineffective.  The 
questions did not unearth what bias, if any, the juror absorbed as a result of 
reading the forbidden material.  See State v. Durr, 58 Ohio St.3d 86, 91, 568 
N.E.2d 674 (1991).  And it certainly did not establish whether that bias, if any, 
could be cured by further instruction from the court.  “Unless an appellant 
demonstrates otherwise, we should assume that the members of the jury followed 
their oaths and deliberated only upon the evidence adduced at trial.”  Id., citing 
State v. Zuern, 32 Ohio St.3d 56, 60, 512 N.E.2d 585 (1987). 
{¶ 33} We, of course, have no way of appraising Juror No. 6’s credibility.  
But nothing in the record establishes that she was so “nice” that she would deny 
whatever bias she might have incurred in order to be “accommodating and 
pleasing,” thereby violating her oath as a juror.  The transcript reveals that she 
was confused about terms for which the trial judge had refused to provide 
instruction and took it upon herself to educate herself about the terms—in 
violation of an unequivocal instruction to not do so.  The limited information 
before us also suggests that she understood that it was wrong to do so and that she 
had not tainted the jury with the information.  Although all agree that it was error 
for her to conduct outside research, it was also error for the judge to make no 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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more than a limited inquiry of the juror—an inquiry that merely established the 
misconduct, not any prejudice from it.  The judge disregarded the constitutional 
commands that the court, in deciding whether a manifest necessity exists to 
declare a mistrial, must act “rationally, responsibly, and deliberately.”  We cannot 
conclude that the trial court acted with deliberateness in this case. 
{¶ 34} The trial judge expressed openly to counsel his supposition that 
Juror No. 6 would “say all the right things” and “try to appease us and say what 
she needs to say” because she was “nice.”  His comments suggested that he had 
simply concluded, based on some generalized sense of the juror's pleasant 
demeanor, that bringing her back for an attempt to explore the scope of any 
prejudice and to cure her misconduct “may be an exercise of futility” because “I 
don’t know that I can be convinced that she’s going to be able to put this out of 
her mind.”  No wonder that after a short recess, the judge was met with the state's 
motion for a mistrial.  With little reflection upon hearing the motion, the judge 
declared that Juror No. 6 was “irreparably tainted” and granted the motion. 
{¶ 35} The rapidity with which the events unfolded is not dispositive, of 
course.  But it suggests haste in reaching a conclusion rather than a conclusion 
made in “the greatest caution.”  Perez, 22 U.S. at 580, 6 L.Ed. 165. 
{¶ 36} Far more troubling, though, is the fact that the record is devoid of 
any showing that the state shouldered its heavy burden of justifying the mistrial 
by showing a manifest necessity.  Washington, 434 U.S. at 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 
L.Ed.2d 717.  In essence, the trial judge invited the state to move for mistrial 
based on his apparent conclusion that there was insurmountable juror bias.  And 
he did so without inquiry of the juror about that bias, in the face of agreement of 
all defense counsel that inquiry of the juror and a strong curative instruction might 
suffice and despite our clear precedent that when a trial court learns of possible 
improprieties that might affect the impartiality of a juror, the court has a duty to 
hold a hearing to determine whether any bias has been introduced into the jury 
January Term, 2012 
15 
 
room.  See State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 88-89, 656 N.E.2d 643 (1995) 
(court has duty to hold hearing on possible juror bias resulting from improper 
outside communication). 
{¶ 37} Had the judge actually inquired into the salient issue of prejudice 
with the juror, he may well have acted within his discretion.  But we cannot 
condone the notion that a judge acts rationally, reasonably, or deliberately in 
declaring a mistrial, on retrial, in a difficult criminal case without any meaningful 
inquiry into the issue of juror bias.  It is neither lawful nor conscionable to 
predicate a mistrial on speculation alone. 
{¶ 38} A mistrial declared upon the judge’s mere speculation of prejudice 
is not an act of “the greatest caution.”  Perez, 22 U.S. at 580, 6 L.Ed. 165.  It is a 
travesty.  And that is exactly what is before us. 
{¶ 39} The court of appeals was correct in holding that the mistrial was in 
error and that the Constitution demands reversal of these convictions. 
CONCLUSION 
{¶ 40} The decision to declare a mistrial based on juror misconduct is a 
matter within the sound discretion of the trial court and is entitled to great, but not 
unlimited, deference by a reviewing court.  In this case, the trial court did not 
soundly exercise that discretion by inquiring of the juror to ascertain the scope of 
the prejudice, if any, to the appellee before determining that the juror could not be 
rehabilitated and that a mistrial was necessary.  Because the record here cannot 
establish that a manifest necessity existed to declare a mistrial, double jeopardy 
attaches, and the Constitution commands that no further prosecution of appellee 
may occur.  Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed to the 
extent that it held that the Double Jeopardy Clause barred retrial. 
Judgment affirmed. 
PFEIFER, LANZINGER, and MCGEE BROWN, JJ., concur. 
LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, and CUPP, JJ., dissent. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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__________________ 
LANZINGER, J., concurring. 
{¶ 41} I concur in the majority opinion, but write separately to address 
issues concerning the appealability of the denial of a motion to dismiss on double 
jeopardy grounds, the duty of a trial judge in considering a motion for mistrial 
like the one in this case, and the technological aspects present here. 
Initial Matters 
{¶ 42} At the outset, I share the dissenting appellate judge’s concern over 
precedent holding that the denial of a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy 
grounds is not a final appealable order.  State v. Crago, 53 Ohio St.3d 243, 559 
N.E.2d 1353 (1990), syllabus.  Gunnell’s first trial was in 2005, and she has been 
unable to appeal the denial of her motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds 
after the second trial, having to wait until the completion of a third trial.  In 
Crago, this court overruled the unanimous opinion in State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio 
St.2d 254, 400 N.E.2d 897 (1980), in which we held that the overruling of a 
motion to dismiss on the ground of double jeopardy is a final appealable order 
under R.C. 2953.02 and 2505.02.  Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.  We stated 
in Thomas: 
 
It is clear that the Double Jeopardy Clause is a guarantee 
against being twice put to trial for the same offense.  Abney v. 
United States (1977), 431 U.S. 651, 661, 97 S.Ct. 2034, 52 
L.Ed.2d 651.  It is equally clear that an order affecting a right of 
constitutional dimensions is an “order affecting a substantial 
right,” within the contemplation of R.C. 2505.02.  It would seem 
reasonable to conclude that some form of review prior to judgment 
is necessary to preserve this right.  Id. at page 660. 
* * * 
January Term, 2012 
17 
 
We believe that a proceeding on a motion to dismiss for 
double jeopardy should be considered a special proceeding as well.  
A claim of double jeopardy raises an issue entirely collateral to the 
guilt or innocence of the defendant.  While it is a complete 
defense, it is more than that, for it, in principle, bars a new trial as 
well as a new conviction.  Additionally, an erroneous decision on a 
double jeopardy claim cannot be effectively reviewed after 
judgment within the second trial; by that time, the defendant’s 
right has been violated. 
We hold, therefore, that the overruling of a motion to 
dismiss on the ground of double jeopardy is a final appealable 
order under R.C. 2953.02 and 2505.02.  Owens v. Campbell, 27 
Ohio St.2d 264, 272 N.E.2d 116, is hereby overruled. 
 
State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio St.2d at 258, 400 N.E.2d 897. 
A Shifted Burden 
{¶ 43} When a defendant objects to mistrial, as Gunnell did in this case, 
the government must bear the burden of demonstrating manifest necessity for a 
mistrial.  Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717 
(1978) (“in view of the importance of the right [of a defendant to have the trial 
concluded by a particular tribunal], and the fact that it is frustrated by any 
mistrial, the prosecutor must shoulder the burden of justifying the mistrial if [the 
prosecutor] is to avoid the double jeopardy bar”). 
{¶ 44} The decision to declare a mistrial is one of last resort, and courts 
should be careful to exhaust all other alternatives before taking this extraordinary 
step.  Other things may be done to obviate misconduct, such as giving 
supplemental jury instructions or reducing the size of the jury panel by agreement 
of the parties.  Furthermore, while it did not do so at the time, Crim.R. 24(G)(1) 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
18 
 
now permits the substitution of alternate jurors in noncapital criminal cases.  (See 
former Crim.R. 24(G)(1), 109 Ohio St.3d CXXII, effective July 1, 2006, requiring 
that an alternate juror who has not replaced a regular juror be discharged when the 
jury retires to consider its verdict.) 
{¶ 45} There is no evidence in the record that jurors were given specific 
warning that the Internet was off limits during the progress of the trial.  While the 
record in this appeal does not include a transcript of the jury instructions from the 
second trial, the court’s entry declaring a mistrial quotes portions of the 
instructions, which are merely general, directing the jury to rely only on testimony 
and evidence presented in court and to refrain from discussing the case.  Before 
the voir dire in this case, the court stated: 
 
It’s also critical that if you are selected as a juror in this case and 
you get to the point where you’re deliberating, that during your 
deliberations * * * you only consider the evidence that’s presented 
to you in the courtroom during the course of this trial.  And that’s 
absolutely critical in order for there to be a fair trial to both sides.  
It wouldn’t be fair to either side if jurors were in the jury room 
deliberating and talking about issues or facts that were not 
addressed during the course of the trial.  For one, they may not be 
factual.  They may not be facts.  And two, the attorneys may or 
may not be aware of those things, and, therefore, wouldn’t be able 
to incorporate those things into their arguments.  So it is critical 
that you, from this point on, limit the information that you take in 
with respect to this case to that which is presented to you in the 
courtroom.  And I think that you all have a pretty good 
understanding and idea of the importance of—of that concept. 
 
January Term, 2012 
19 
 
(Ellipsis and emphasis sic.)   
{¶ 46} After the jury had been seated and opening statements had been 
given, the court told the jury, “It’s absolutely critical that from this point on, the 
only exposure you have to this case is from what transpires here in the 
courtroom.”  As part of the jury instructions, the court stated: 
 
It is now the duty of the Court to instruct you on the law 
which applies to this case.  The Court and the jury have separate 
functions.  You decide the disputed facts and the Court gives the 
instructions of law.  It is your sworn duty to accept these 
instructions and to apply the law as it is given to you.  You may 
neither change the law nor apply your own idea of what you think 
the law should be. 
* * * 
It is your duty to weigh the evidence, decide the disputed 
questions of fact, apply the instructions of law to your findings, 
and render your verdict accordingly. 
 
(Emphasis sic.)   
{¶ 47} Based on the trial court’s entry, it appears that while the court’s 
instructions clearly stated that jurors were to consider only evidence presented at 
trial, the instructions were more vague regarding whether jurors were forbidden to 
consult outside sources such as the Internet or new technology to assist them in 
applying the court’s instructions of law to their findings of fact.  Several legal 
commentators have noted that juror research of this type is a great concern in this 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
20 
 
age of new media.3  As the juror herself noted, “everybody kept asking what the 
word ‘perverse’ was, and I just wanted to look it up for myself to see exactly what 
it meant.” 
{¶ 48} The prevalent and expanding nature of new media presents trial 
courts with the challenge of instructing jurors regarding technology that has 
become an everyday part of their lives.  In this case, it was only after the court 
had decided to declare a mistrial that the trial court informed the jurors that they 
were to rely only on the jury instructions and their personal knowledge to define 
words: 
 
When there’s no specific definition for a word or a term, I’m not 
allowed to give you my idea of what I think it is. 
If it’s not spelled out as a legal definition in the Ohio Jury 
Instructions, then you’re simply to come up with an understanding 
of that term.  The collective body is to come up with a collective 
understanding of what that term means. 
 
{¶ 49} Based upon the information given to the jury, the trial court’s 
reasoning that the juror had willfully violated the court’s order and would 
continue to violate it was speculative at best. 
Abuse-of-Discretion Standard 
{¶ 50} According to the record, the jury had asked the court for the 
definition of “perverse” during deliberations, but was not given a response.  The 
next morning, the juror who allegedly committed misconduct brought two items 
with her to the courthouse.  One was a written definition of the term “perverse” 
                                                          
 
3 See, e.g., Hoffmeister, Google, Gadgets, and Guilt: Juror Misconduct in the Digital Age, 83 
U.Colo.L.Rev.409, 419-425 (2012); Artigliere, Barton & Hahn, Reining in Juror Misconduct: 
Practical Suggestions for Judges and Lawyers, 84 Fla.Bar.J. 8-10 (Jan. 2010). 
January Term, 2012 
21 
 
that she intended to share with the jurors.  The other was a printout containing a 
hypothetical example of involuntary manslaughter, which the juror admitted she 
had printed off the Internet.  She told the judge that she had not discussed these 
items with anyone.  When the judge asked her why she felt that she needed these 
materials, she responded, “I was at home.  I was on the computer, and I just—I 
did not get much sleep last night, and I just—that was mainly for myself.  I just 
wanted to have it clear in my own head.” 
{¶ 51} The parties declined to question the juror and initially told the 
judge that a curative instruction would be sufficient. 
{¶ 52} It is an abuse of discretion to make findings that are unsupported 
by the record.  At the very least, the court should have inquired about the juror’s 
ability to put aside the improper information and should have questioned the other 
jurors to see if they were affected by the improper information.  As the situation 
in the third trial showed, more can and should be done.  In the third trial during 
deliberations, the jurors had examined an exhibit that should not have been given 
to them.  Defense counsel moved for a mistrial.  The court examined the jurors 
individually to determine whether they were capable of continuing fair and 
unbiased deliberations despite the fact that they had all seen the inadvertently 
included exhibit.  When the questioning was completed, and every juror stated 
that he or she could disregard the exhibit and resume impartial deliberations, the 
court allowed deliberations to continue on the basis that this situation was 
“significantly different” from the situation involving the juror in the second trial.  
The court noted that “the difference here is that I have the utmost confidence in 
this jury and their ability to follow instructions.”  The court determined this based 
upon having questioned the jurors and evaluated “their appearance, their 
demeanor, the manner in which they were responding to my questions[,] [t]he 
reasonableness of their responses, their attentiveness, their frankness, * * * their 
intelligence, their comprehension of the situation, together with all the facts and 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
22 
 
circumstances surrounding the case.”  It is of concern that the trial court would go 
to such great lengths to determine whether deliberations should continue in the 
third trial, but failed to even question the juror in the second trial regarding her 
ability to continue deliberations. 
{¶ 53} We have noted that “[i]n cases involving outside influences on 
jurors, trial courts are granted broad discretion in dealing with the contact and 
determining whether to declare a mistrial or to replace an affected juror.”  State v. 
Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 89, 656 N.E.2d 643 (1995).  However, we have also 
held that “[w]hen a trial court learns of an improper outside communication with 
a juror, it must hold a hearing to determine whether the communication biased the 
juror.”  Id. at 88.  Similarly, when a trial court learns that a juror has improperly 
reviewed outside information, the court has a duty to hold a hearing to determine 
whether the juror has become biased.  The trial court abused its discretion in 
declaring a mistrial in the second trial without conducting a hearing with the juror 
on the question of bias and further examining the other jurors. 
{¶ 54} Mindful that “manifest necessity” is a standard that cannot be 
applied “mechanically or without attention to the particular problem confronting 
the trial judge,” Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. at 506, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 
717, I concur that the state did not meet the heavy burden of demonstrating 
manifest necessity for a mistrial in the second trial. 
__________________ 
MCGEE BROWN, J. 
{¶ 55} I concur with Justice Lanzinger on the need to review our decision 
in State v. Crago, 53 Ohio St.3d 243, 559 N.E.2d 1353 (1990), on whether the 
overruling of a motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds is a final, 
appealable order. 
__________________ 
 
 
January Term, 2012 
23 
 
O’DONNELL, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 56} Respectfully, I dissent. 
{¶ 57} This murder case has been litigated on three separate occasions.  
The first resulted in a reversal due to a Batson issue.  The second resulted in a 
mistrial, based on juror misconduct.  This appeal is from the third trial, which 
resulted in guilty verdicts, but which the Second District Court of Appeals 
reversed on double jeopardy grounds.  The matter at issue before our court is 
whether the trial court properly granted a mistrial based on juror misconduct 
during jury deliberations in the second trial.  In my view, the trial court properly 
declared a mistrial due to the misconduct of Juror No. 6, who conducted 
independent Internet research contrary to and in disregard of the court’s 
instructions.  In my view, double jeopardy principles do not preclude retrial in this 
case.  The trial court here, in the exercise of its discretion, found that a manifest 
necessity existed to declare a mistrial.  Moreover, in a separate proceeding, the 
United States district court denied writs of habeas corpus seeking to bar retrial on 
double jeopardy grounds, finding that the mistrial declaration “was not an 
unreasonable application” of United States Supreme Court law, and that 
determination was affirmed by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. 
{¶ 58} This court ought not substitute its judgment for that of the trial 
court, as upheld by the federal district court and the federal circuit court of 
appeals.  In my view, the intermediate state appellate court misapplied the 
manifest necessity standard and substituted its judgment for that of the trial court, 
and I would reverse its judgment and remand the matter for retrial. 
Facts and Procedural History 
{¶ 59} The material facts of this senseless homicide case are not disputed.  
Toneisha Gunnell, Mahogany Patterson, Alicia McAlmont, and Renada Manns 
conspired to steal clothes from stores at the Upper Valley Mall in Springfield, 
Ohio.  After stealing armloads of clothes from Macy’s Department Store, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
24 
 
Patterson, Gunnell, and McAlmont ran toward a waiting getaway car operated by 
Manns.  A store security guard pursued them, but as they got into the car, Manns 
sped off to avoid apprehension. 
{¶ 60} As the getaway car was speeding away, John Deselem, a mall 
patron, was walking across the parking lot and apparently had seen the security 
guard chase the fleeing vehicle.  He stopped, faced the oncoming vehicle, and 
waved his arms in an apparent effort to stop it.  Without slowing, the vehicle 
struck Deselem.  The force of the impact propelled Deselem into the windshield, 
over the vehicle, and onto the asphalt, where Deselem died from blunt injuries to 
his head.  After hitting Deselem, the vehicle sped off.  A short time later police 
discovered it abandoned not far from the mall.  Gunnell, Patterson, McAlmont, 
and Manns surrendered to Columbus police the following day. 
{¶ 61} A Clark County grand jury indicted Gunnell, Patterson, 
McAlmont, and Manns on counts of murder, aggravated robbery, involuntary 
manslaughter, and theft.  A joint trial was held in which a jury found them all 
guilty of all charges.  Each separately appealed.  The appellate court reversed 
their convictions based on a Batson violation.  State v. Manns, 169 Ohio App.3d 
687, 2006-Ohio-5802, 864 N.E.2d 657 (2d Dist.); State v. McAlmont, 2d Dist. No. 
2005 CA 130, 2006-Ohio-6838; State v. Patterson, 2d Dist. No. 2005-CA-128, 
2007-Ohio-29; State v. Gunnell, 2d Dist. No. 2005 CA 119, 2007-Ohio-2353.  See 
generally Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). 
{¶ 62} Gunnell, Manns, McAlmont, and Patterson were tried a second 
time before a jury.  Before the second trial began, the trial court addressed 
prospective jurors:  
 
It’s also critical that if you are selected as a juror in this case and 
you get to the point where you’re deliberating, that during your 
deliberations * * * you only consider the evidence that’s presented 
January Term, 2012 
25 
 
to you in the courtroom during the course of this trial.  And that’s 
absolutely critical in order for there to be a fair trial to both sides.  
It wouldn’t be fair to either side if jurors were in the jury room 
deliberating and talking about issues or facts that were not 
addressed during the course of the trial.  For one, they may not be 
factual.  They may not be facts.  And two, the attorneys may or 
may not be aware of those things, and, therefore, wouldn't be able 
to incorporate those things into their arguments.  So it is critical 
that you, from this point on, limit the information that you take in 
with respect to this case to that which is presented to you in the 
courtroom.  And I think that you all have a pretty good 
understanding and idea of the importance of—of that concept. 
 
(Emphasis added.) 
{¶ 63} After empaneling the jury, the trial court further instructed: “It’s 
absolutely critical that from this point on, the only exposure you have to this case 
is from what transpires here in the courtroom.” 
{¶ 64} And again before submitting the case to the jurors for deliberation, 
the court charged:   
 
It is now the duty of the Court to instruct you on the law 
which applies to this case.  The Court and the jury have separate 
functions.  You decide the disputed facts and the Court gives the 
instructions of law.  It is your sworn duty to accept these 
instructions and to apply the law as it is given to you. You may 
neither change the law nor apply your own idea of what you think 
the law should be. 
* * *   
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
26 
 
It is your duty to weigh the evidence, decide the disputed 
questions of fact, apply the instructions of law to your findings, 
and render your verdict accordingly. 
 
{¶ 65} During late-night deliberations, the jury asked the court to define 
the word “perverse” as it had been used in the jury instruction relating to the 
recklessness element of the aggravated-robbery charge.  The court did not respond 
to the inquiry, but permitted the jury to retire for the evening.  The next day, as 
the jury was returning to the deliberating room, the bailiff noticed that Juror No. 6 
carried two pieces of paper, which the bailiff retrieved and delivered to the court. 
{¶ 66} The first contained the following definition of the word “perverse”:  
“contrary to the manner or direction of the judge on a point of law .” 
{¶ 67} The second stated:  
 
Manslaughter: Involuntary 
Involuntary manslaughter usually refers to an unintentional 
killing that results from recklessness or criminal negligence, or 
from an unlawful act that is a misdemeanor or low-level felony 
(such as DUI). The usual distinction from voluntary manslaughter 
is that involuntary manslaughter (sometimes called “criminally 
negligent homicide”) is a crime in which the victim’s death is 
unintended. 
For example, Dan comes home to find his wife in bed with 
Victor.  Distraught, Dan heads to a local bar to drown his sorrows.  
After having five drinks, Dan jumps into his car and drives down 
the street at twice the posted speed limit, accidentally hitting and 
killing a pedestrian. 
January Term, 2012 
27 
 
 
(Underlining sic.)  
{¶ 68} As a result, the trial court conducted a voir dire examination of 
Juror No. 6: 
 
THE COURT: It’s come to our attention that you brought 
some items in with you this morning.  One appears to be a 
handwritten definition of the term “perverse,” and another one 
appears to be something that maybe you printed off of the internet 
that— 
JUROR NO. 6:  Yes, I did. 
THE COURT:  A definition or instruction on “involuntary 
manslaughter.”  * * * 
JUROR NO. 6:  That nobody saw them. 
THE COURT:  You're the only one that saw them? 
JUROR NO. 6:  I told [the bailiff] that I didn't know we 
weren’t allowed.  I'm sorry. 
THE COURT:  Okay. Did you— 
JUROR NO. 6:  And I didn't talk about it. 
THE COURT: All right. Apparently you were doing some 
research last night or this morning on the internet or— 
JUROR NO. 6: I just wanted to see—everybody kept 
asking what the word “perverse” was, and I just wanted to look it 
up for myself to see exactly what it meant. 
THE COURT:  Sure. Okay. What about the—what about 
the manslaughter issue? Was there something you were doing on 
the computer with respect to that? 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
28 
 
JUROR NO. 6:  No. It was just something I wanted—that 
was for me.  I wasn't going to show them that.  I had the other—I 
had the definition.  That was all that I was going to share. 
THE COURT: Was there—was there something inadequate 
or something wrong with the Court's instruction for “involuntary 
manslaughter” that you felt like you needed to supplement the 
instruction or what—was there something that wasn’t clear about 
the Court’s instruction on that? 
JUROR NO. 6:  No. I was—I was at home. I was on the 
computer, and I just—I did not get much sleep last night, and I 
just—that was mainly for myself.  I just wanted to have it clear in 
my own head. 
THE COURT:  Okay.  Okay.  Counsel have any questions 
for this particular juror? 
MR. SHUMAKER:  None from the State, Your Honor. 
MR. REED:  No, Your Honor.  Thank you. 
MR. KAVANAGH:  No, Your Honor. 
MS. CUSHMAN:  No. 
MR. GRIFFIN:  No, Your Honor. 
 
{¶ 69} After the court excused the juror, the court heard from the parties 
and questioned whether a curative instruction would alleviate the prejudice to the 
prosecution’s case, because the involuntary-manslaughter hypothetical example 
misstated Ohio law.  The prosecution moved for a mistrial.  The defense objected 
and urged that Juror No. 6 could be rehabilitated, but it did not ask to reopen the 
voir dire of the juror. 
{¶ 70} The court concluded that the juror had been irreparably tainted and 
found that the hypothetical example she brought to court did not comport with 
January Term, 2012 
29 
 
Ohio law.  The court also concluded that a curative instruction would not remedy 
the problem, because it could not be assured that Juror No. 6, having already 
violated its instructions to disregard outside information, would obey a curative 
instruction and would not taint other members of the panel.  Counsel did not 
dispute that the definition did not correctly state Ohio law and that substituting an 
alternate juror was not possible and not permitted by Crim.R. 24. For these 
reasons, the court declared a mistrial and discharged the jury. 
{¶ 71} Gunnell, Patterson, McAlmont, and Manns then moved to preclude 
retrial on double jeopardy grounds, asserting that there had been no manifest 
necessity for a mistrial.  The trial court denied that motion and scheduled the case 
for retrial. 
{¶ 72} They then petitioned the United States district court for writs of 
habeas corpus seeking to bar retrial on double jeopardy grounds.  The district 
court dismissed the petitions, concluding that the trial court’s declaration of a 
mistrial “was not an unreasonable application of clearly established law as 
declared by the United States Supreme Court.”  Gunnell v. Rastatter, S.D.Ohio 
No. 3:08-CV-064, at 13 (Sept. 17, 2008).  Manns appealed to the Sixth Circuit 
Court of Appeals, which affirmed the dismissal.  Gunnell v. Rastatter, 6th Cir. 
No. 08-4505 (Jan. 26, 2010).  Manns subsequently resolved her case by way of a 
plea agreement with the state. 
{¶ 73} The trial court then retried Gunnell, McAlmont, and Patterson, and 
the jury returned verdicts finding them all guilty of all charges.  They separately 
appealed, and the Second District Court of Appeals reversed the convictions.  In 
Patterson and Gunnell’s cases, the court held that the trial court should have 
declared a mistrial because a statement of a state’s witness from a previous trial, 
which had not been admitted into evidence, had inadvertently been submitted to 
the jury.  State v. Patterson, 188 Ohio App.3d 292, 2010-Ohio-2012, 935 N.E.2d 
439 (2d Dist.); State v. Gunnell, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-0013, 2010-Ohio-4415, ¶ 51.  
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
30 
 
And in Gunnell and McAlmont’s cases, the court held that double jeopardy barred 
retrial because no manifest necessity existed for the mistrial declared at the 
second trial.  Gunnell at ¶ 194; State v. McAlmont, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-21, 2010-
Ohio-5879, ¶ 2-3.  The state appealed the appellate court reversals to this court.  
Thereafter, Patterson negotiated a plea agreement, and the state dismissed that 
appeal. 
{¶ 74} We accepted the state’s appeal in this case to review whether the 
trial court acted reasonably in dealing with juror misconduct and in finding that a 
manifest necessity existed for a mistrial, so that the protection against double 
jeopardy does not bar retrial. 
Law and Analysis 
{¶ 75} The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution safeguards the accused from repeated prosecutions for the 
same offense and “affords a criminal defendant a ‘valued right to have his trial 
completed by a particular tribunal.’ ” Oregon v. Kennedy, 456 U.S. 667, 671-672, 
102 S.Ct. 2083, 72 L.Ed.2d 416 (1982), quoting Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 
689, 69 S.Ct. 834, 93 L.Ed. 974 (1949).  This “valued right to have the trial 
concluded by a particular tribunal is sometimes subordinate to the public interest 
in affording the prosecutor one full and fair opportunity to present his evidence to 
an impartial jury.”  Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 505, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 
L.Ed.2d 717 (1978).  Double jeopardy principles thus do not automatically bar 
retrial when the trial court terminates a criminal trial without finally resolving the 
merits of the charges against the accused. 
{¶ 76} Whether a mistrial should be declared “abjures the application of 
any mechanical formula by which to judge the propriety of declaring a mistrial in 
the varying and often unique situations arising during the course of a criminal 
trial.”  Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 462, 93 S.Ct. 1066, 35 L.Ed.2d 425 
(1973).  A declaration of a mistrial turns on the particular facts of a case and 
January Term, 2012 
31 
 
therefore escapes meaningful categorization.  Id. at 464.  In Somerville, the United 
States Supreme Court distilled a general approach for the review of a declaration 
of a mistrial premised on the “public justice” policy set forth in United States v. 
Perez, 22 U.S. 579 (1824).  See id. at 580 (“in all cases of this nature, the law has 
invested Courts of justice with the authority to discharge a jury from giving any 
verdict, whenever, in their opinion, taking all the circumstances into 
consideration, there is a manifest necessity for the act, or the ends of public justice 
would otherwise be defeated”).  The Somerville court instructed:  
 
A trial judge properly exercises his discretion to declare a mistrial 
if an impartial verdict cannot be reached, or if a verdict of 
conviction could be reached but would have to be reversed on 
appeal due to an obvious procedural error in the trial.  If an error 
would make reversal on appeal a certainty, it would not serve “the 
ends of public justice” to require that the Government proceed with 
its proof when, if it succeeded before the jury, it would 
automatically be stripped of that success by an appellate court.” 
 
(Emphasis added.)  Id.  at 464. 
{¶ 77} Juror misconduct, such as a juror’s violation of a court’s charge by 
bringing information into the deliberating room that is not evidence, is an obvious 
procedural error that may subject a verdict of conviction to reversal on appeal.  
See State v. Sheppard, 84 Ohio St.3d 230, 233, 703 N.E.2d 286 (1998) (“The 
juror’s decision to ask his psychologist friend for an outside opinion constitutes 
juror misconduct”); In re Hamilton, 20 Cal.4th 273, 294, 84 Cal.Rptr.2d 403, 975 
P.2d 600 (1999) (“When the overt event is a direct violation of the oaths, duties, 
and admonitions imposed on actual or prospective jurors, such as when a juror 
conceals bias on voir dire, consciously receives outside information, discusses the 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
32 
 
case with nonjurors, or shares improper information with other jurors, the event is 
called juror misconduct”).  Here, Juror No. 6’s actions constituted juror 
misconduct: she performed independent research at home on a computer in 
violation of instructions to avoid and ignore extraneous information about the 
case, and she admitted that she intended to rely on it in deliberations and to share 
at least some of it with other members of the jury. 
{¶ 78} In response to this misconduct, the trial court examined the juror, 
consulted with the parties, considered the impact of the juror’s misconduct on the 
fairness of the trial, and articulated its reasons for declaring a mistrial.  
Recognizing that the juror had already intentionally disregarded instructions on 
avoiding outside information, the trial court could reasonably conclude that a 
curative instruction would not guarantee the fairness of the proceeding, that it 
would be followed, or that it would prevent other members of the panel from 
being tainted.  Further, defense counsel did not assert that the juror-obtained 
definition of manslaughter comported with Ohio law.  In addition, the court at 
least considered the possibility of replacing Juror No. 6 with an alternate juror, 
but all parties agreed that Crim.R. 24 precluded that measure. 
{¶ 79} In Washington, the United States Supreme Court directed that “the 
overriding interest in the evenhanded administration of justice requires that we 
accord the highest degree of respect to the trial judge’s evaluation of the 
likelihood that the impartiality of one or more jurors may have been affected 
* * *.”  Id.  434 U.S. at 512, 98 S.Ct. 824, 54 L.Ed.2d 717. 
{¶ 80} A review of the record demonstrates that the trial court reasonably 
found that a manifest necessity existed to declare a mistrial in these 
circumstances.  Accord Ross v. Petro, 515 F.3d 653, 661 (6th Cir.2008), quoting 
Washington at 514 (“When a mistrial is premised on the prejudicial impact of 
improper evidence or argument, the trial judge’s evaluation of the possibility of 
juror bias is entitled to ‘great deference.’ ”  (Emphasis sic.) 
January Term, 2012 
33 
 
{¶ 81} Accordingly, because (1) double jeopardy does not bar retrial 
where a manifest necessity exists to declare a mistrial, (2) under the 
circumstances of this case a manifest necessity existed for the declaration of a 
mistrial and (3) the trial court did not abuse its discretion by declaring a mistrial, I 
would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the cause to the 
common pleas court for retrial. 
LUNDBERG STRATTON and CUPP, JJ., concur in the foregoing dissenting 
opinion. 
__________________ 
 
D. Andrew Wilson, Clark County Prosecuting Attorney, and Andrew R. 
Picek, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant. 
 
James N. Griffin, for appellee. 
 
Murr, Compton, Claypoole & Macbeth and Charles M. Blue, urging 
affirmance for amicus curiae Alicia McAlmont. 
 
Dennis P. Will, Lorain County Prosecuting Attorney, and Billie Jo 
Belcher, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, urging reversal for amicus curiae Ohio 
Prosecuting Attorneys Association. 
______________________