Case Title: Gordon v. State

Citation: 

Docket Number: 43/12

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2013-05-20T00:00:00Z

Document:
HEADNOTES: 
Michael David Gordon v. State of Maryland, No. 43, September Term, 2012, Opinion by
Adkins, J.
EVIDENCE – HEARSAY– STANDARD OF REVIEW – Because many hearsay rulings
involve both a legal and a factual component, a two-dimensional standard of review may be
required.  The trial court’s ultimate determination of whether particular evidence is hearsay
or whether it is admissible under a hearsay exception is owed no deference on appeal, but the
factual findings underpinning this legal conclusion necessitate a more deferential clearly
erroneous standard of review.
EVIDENCE – HEARSAY – ADOPTIVE ADMISSION – The determination of whether a
declarant manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of a statement of another so as to
constitute an adoptive admission by the party-opponent under Maryland Rule 5-803(a)(2) is
a preliminary factual determination to be made by the trial court.
Circuit Court for Charles County
Case No. 08-K-10-000374 IN
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND
No. 43
September Term, 2012
MICHAEL DAVID GORDON
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
Bell, C.J.
                    Harrell
Battaglia
Greene
Adkins
Barbera
McDonald,
JJ.
Opinion by Adkins, J.
Filed:  May 20, 2013
In order to convict Michael Gordon of third-degree sex offense, the State had to prove
that he was at least twenty-one years old at the time he had the alleged inappropriate contact
with a fourteen-year-old girl.  The State sought to do that through the testimony of a police
officer who had an opportunity to examine Gordon’s driver’s license and to see the date of
birth listed there.  Gordon objected to that testimony on hearsay grounds, but the State argued
that, even if the date of birth was hearsay, it was admissible as an adoptive admission of a
party-opponent under Maryland Rule 5-803(a)(2).  Under the State’s theory, because Gordon
provided the license to the officer upon request, it was as if he himself had stated his age.
The trial court agreed with the State and allowed the detective to testify.  We affirm. 
STATEMENT OF FACTS 
The events giving rise to Gordon’s charges and convictions took place on January 10,
2010.  That day, a fourteen-year-old girl was shopping at a Pacific Sunwear Store in the St.
Charles Towne Mall, where Gordon worked.  In Gordon’s presence, she tried on a pair of
pants in a fitting room.  At one point, Gordon “asked to touch parts of [the girl’s] body and
proceeded to insert his finger in her vagina.”  He later “pulled his penis out and asked if she
would perform fellatio on him,” but she declined.
Gordon was interviewed about this incident by Detective Kenneth Klezia on January
14, 2010.  Detective Klezia did not recall expressly asking Gordon for his date of birth, but
upon request for identification, Gordon produced his Florida driver’s license.  Additionally,
Detective Klezia had an earlier opportunity to observe Gordon’s driver’s license, when he
1Gordon was also charged with a second-degree assault, indecent exposure, and visual
surveillance with prurient intent, but, for trial, these three counts were severed from the first two. 
2After issuing the ruling that the testimony was admissible under Rule 5-803(a)(2), the
trial court also observed that “it may be admissible . . . as a public record,” or as “a record of a
vital statistic.”  At a later time, the trial court opined that Gordon’s “passing the license to the
police officer . . . could be what’s considered an applied assertion not hearsay.”  Finally, the
court observed that, because “the age of the Defendant other than it’s an element that has to be
proven . . . doesn’t really seem to be something that’s disputed. . . .  [I]t’s almost to the point
2
visited Pacific Sun on an unrelated incident on January 9, 2010.  Likewise, on that day,
Gordon produced his Florida driver’s license to Detective Klezia upon request.
Gordon was charged with and tried on the counts of third-degree sex offense and
sexual solicitation of a minor.1  In order to satisfy the age element of the charge for the third-
degree sex offense, the State had to prove that Gordon was “at least 21 years old” at the time
of the offense.  Md. Code (2002 & 2010 Cum. Supp.), § 3-307 of the Criminal Law Article.
To satisfy that element, the State called Detective Klezia to the stand.  He testified that
he had “personal knowledge” of Gordon’s age from Gordon’s “Florida Driver’s License.”
When Gordon objected to this evidence as hearsay, the State sought to justify the testimony
under the adoptive admission by a party-opponent exception to the hearsay rule under Rule
5-803(a)(2).  According to the State, by providing the driver’s license to Detective Klezia,
Gordon was “manifesting a belief that [the driver’s license, prepared by the Florida Motor
Vehicle Administration] is a true document,” and that the date of birth stated on it was
correct.
The Circuit Court for Charles County found this argument persuasive and overruled
Gordon’s objection, allowing Detective Klezia to continue to testify about Gordon’s age.2
where the . . . Court feels that - you could almost take judicial notice of Mr. Gordon’s age.”
3Gordon posed the following question on the public records exception: 
Was Detective Klezia’s testimony regarding the date of birth on
Mr. Gordon’s driver’s license admissible under the public record
hearsay exception set forth at Maryland Rule 5-803(b)(8)? 
The State raised the following question in its cross-petition: 
Did Gordon waive his challenge to the admissibility of the
testimony under the public records exception? 
3
At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Gordon on both counts, and he was
sentenced to ten years of imprisonment, with all but one year suspended.
Gordon appealed to the Court of Special Appeals.  The intermediate appellate court
affirmed Gordon’s convictions, holding “that Detective Klezia’s testimony was admissible
pursuant to the exception to the hearsay rule for adoptive admissions set forth in Md. Rule
5-803(a)(2).”  Gordon v. State, 204 Md. App. 327, 344, 40 A.3d 1093, 1102  (2012).  Gordon
filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which we granted, together with the State’s cross-
petition.  Gordon v. State, 427 Md. 606, 50 A.3d 605 (2012).  The parties present three
questions for our review: one dealing with the adoptive admission exception and two
questions concerning the public records exception to the hearsay rule.  We do not reach the
two questions concerning the public records exception3 because we resolve this case by
answering the first question: 
Whether, and if so, under what circumstances, an individual
who presents a driver’s license in response to a request for
identification by a law enforcement officer manifests an
4We do not need to discuss whether Detective Klezia’s testimony regarding the date of
birth on Gordon’s driver’s license was hearsay.  The State concedes “[t]hat point is not in
dispute.”
4
adoption or belief in the truth of information contained in the
license for purposes of the hearsay exception for adoptive
admissions set forth at Maryland Rule 5-803(a)(2)? 
DISCUSSION
The only evidence of Gordon’s age—a crucial element of his conviction of third-
degree sex offense—was Detective Klezia’s testimony that, according to Gordon’s driver’s
license, he was twenty-seven years old at the time of the offense.  The trial court admitted
that testimony over Gordon’s objections, finding that, when Gordon provided his license to
the Detective, he “manifested an adoption or belief” in the truthfulness of the information
listed there, including the date of birth.  The parties ask us to decide whether Gordon did
indeed manifest such an adoption or belief, making his age admissible under the admission
of a party-opponent exception to the hearsay rule set forth in Rule 5-803(a)(2).4 
Standard of Review 
Gordon and the State do not agree on the standard of review appropriate in this case.
Gordon argues that we should review the trial court’s entire ruling de novo, while the State
advocates for an abuse of discretion standard for reviewing the trial court’s conclusion that
Gordon manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of the information listed on the driver’s
license.  That the parties disagree is not surprising.  Courts across the country have grappled
with articulating the standard of review for hearsay rulings.  Although the concept of hearsay
5For the history of the hearsay rule, see John H. Wigmore, The History of the Hearsay
Rule, 17 Harv. L. Rev. 437, 437 (1904) (“The history of the Hearsay Rule, as a distinct and
living idea, begins only in the 1500’s, and it does not gain a complete development and final
precision until the early 1700’s.”).
6The Supreme Court of Connecticut grouped these approaches into three categories:  “A
majority of courts review such trial court evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion; while
others engage in de novo review; and still others engage in a ‘hybrid’ scope of review dependent
on whether the hearsay rule or an exception to that rule is under consideration.”  State v. Saucier,
926 A.2d 633, 639–40 (Conn. 2007) (footnotes omitted).
5
evidence has been around for centuries,5 there is “a split of authority among . . . jurisdictions
on how evidentiary rulings addressing admissibility under the hearsay rule and its exceptions
are to be reviewed.”  State v. Saucier, 926 A.2d 633, 639 (Conn. 2007).6  There are also
inconsistencies within jurisdictions.  Just last year, a judge on the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit observed with frustration that “decisions show one panel after
another disagreeing with each other in published opinions discussing” the standard of review
for hearsay rulings.  United States v. Clay, 677 F.3d 753, 754 (6th Cir. 2012) (Kethledge, J.,
dissenting).  He urged his court “to clean up our law on this issue.” Id. 
In Maryland, the standard of review for hearsay rulings has undergone some evolution
in the past decade.  As we analyze our precedents below, we discern that a judge’s hearsay
ruling involving an adoptive admission has two components, and our standard of review
differs as to each one. 
Gordon and the State concur on two basic points.  First, they agree that ordinarily a
trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of evidence are reviewed for abuse of discretion.  See
Hopkins v. State, 352 Md. 146, 158, 721 A.2d 231, 237 (1998). They also agree that
“[w]hether evidence is hearsay is an issue of law reviewed de novo.”   Bernadyn v. State, 390
7The State also attempts to distinguish Bernadyn from this case.  It points out that, unlike
Bernadyn, where the primary issue was whether evidence constituted hearsay, the question here
“is not whether the date of birth on Gordon’s license was hearsay,” but “whether the State
proved that he adopted the hearsay statement through his conduct, thus making the statement
admissible under the exception to the hearsay rule in Rule 5-803(a).”  Although it is true that the
main question in Bernadyn was whether the bill was hearsay, after concluding that it was, we
went on to consider whether it was nevertheless admissible.  Thus, the State’s attempt to
distinguish this case from Bernadyn is unavailing. 
6
Md. 1, 8, 887 A.2d 602, 606 (2005).  Beyond these general propositions, the parties’ views
diverge.
  
Unhappy with the trial court’s ruling, Gordon maintains that we should give the trial
court’s ruling no deference and review it de novo.  In support of this assertion, he cites our
seminal case, Bernadyn, in which we held that a medical bill seized by police at a crime
scene and addressed to “Michael Bernadyn” at the same address, constituted hearsay, when
used to prove that Bernadyn lived there.  Id. at 3, 887 A.2d at 603.  Judge Raker, writing for
the Court, explained that—unless a hearsay exception applied—the trial court “has no
discretion to admit hearsay” and explained that “[w]hether evidence is hearsay is an issue of
law reviewed de novo.”  Id. at 8, 887 A.2d at 606. 
 The State does not attach the same significance to this statement in Bernadyn as does
Gordon.  It reads Bernadyn narrowly—as setting forth a de novo standard of review only for
legal determinations of whether evidence is hearsay, but not for decisions about whether a
hearsay exception applies.7  According to the State, “[t]he evaluation of whether Gordon
adopted the statement through his conduct . . . is not a legal question, [rather it] involves a
weighing of the evidence, which is reviewed under the more deferential abuse of discretion
standard.”
8Some states continue to apply the abuse of discretion standard of review today.  See,
e.g., Pressey v. State, 25 A.3d 756, 760 (Del. 2011).  But, although many courts say they will
review a trial court’s hearsay ruling for abuse of discretion, they use “the traditional tripartite
law-fact-discretion standard of review.”  Peter Nicolas, De Novo Review in Deferential Robes?:
A Deconstruction of the Standard of Review of Evidentiary Errors in the Federal System, 54
Syracuse L. Rev. 531, 535–37 (2004).  For instance, the United States Court of Appeals for
Tenth Circuit has explained: “We review questions concerning the admission of evidence under
an abuse of discretion standard.  Under that standard, we will not disturb an evidentiary ruling
absent a distinct showing that it was based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact or an erroneous
conclusion of law or manifests a clear error in judgment.”  United States v. Jenkins, 313 F.3d
549, 559 (10th Cir. 2002). 
7
In support of this argument, the State cites Brown v. The Daniel Realty Co., 409 Md.
565, 599 n.26, 976 A.2d 300, 320 n.26 (2009), in which we characterized a trial court’s
determination that certain “deposition testimony was the vicarious admission of Petitioner”
as a “factual determination,” and a pre-Bernadyn case in which we utilized the abuse of
discretion standard of review, Key-El v. State, 349 Md. 811, 813, 709 A.2d 1305, 1305
(1998), overruled by Weitzel v. State, 384 Md. 451, 863 A.2d 999 (2004).  The State also
cites several federal cases.  See, e.g., United States v. Pulido-Jacobo, 377 F.3d 1124, 1032
(10th Cir. 2004) (“Our review is even more deferential where the evidentiary ruling concerns
the admissibility of what is claimed to be hearsay evidence.” (citation and quotation marks
omitted)).
  The parties’ divergent views about the standard of review likely stem from the nature
of hearsay rulings.  On the one hand, hearsay rulings are evidentiary rulings, which are
typically subject to review for abuse of discretion.  Accordingly, Maryland’s older cases
almost always treated the admissibility of hearsay evidence as an issue left to “the discretion
of the trial judge” and spoke of reviewing hearsay rulings for abuse of discretion.8  See
8
Jacobs v. State, 45 Md. App. 634, 653, 415 A.2d 590, 600 (1980) (“When dealing with the
rule against hearsay and its exceptions according to common law evidentiary principles,
admissibility is a question addressed exclusively to the discretion of the trial judge . . . .”);
Pratt v. State, 39 Md. App. 442, 456, 387 A.2d 779, 788 (1978) (“[W]e are unable to say the
trial judge abused his discretion in admitting the records.”), aff’d, 284 Md. 516, 398 A.2d 421
(1979).
On the other hand, under the rules of evidence, hearsay rulings are not discretionary.
See Md. Rule 5-802. (“Except as otherwise provided by these rules or permitted by
applicable constitutional provisions or statutes, hearsay is not admissible.”).  Judge Raker
clarified in Bernadyn that we would review a trial court’s legal conclusions on hearsay
evidence without deference:
We review rulings on the admissibility of evidence
ordinarily on an abuse of discretion standard.  Review of the
admissibility of evidence which is hearsay is different.  Hearsay,
under our rules, must be excluded as evidence at trial, unless it
falls within an exception to the hearsay rule excluding such
evidence or is “permitted by applicable constitutional provisions
or statutes.”  Md. Rule 5-802.  Thus, a circuit court has no
discretion to admit hearsay in the absence of a provision
providing for its admissibility.  Whether evidence is hearsay is
an issue of law reviewed de novo.  (Citation omitted).
390 Md. at 7–8, 887 A.2d at 606; see also J.L. Matthews, Inc. v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park &
Planning Comm’n, 368 Md. 71, 92, 792 A.2d 288, 300 (2002) (trial court’s admission of
hearsay “enjoys no presumption of correctness on review and is not entitled to any
deference”) (alterations, citation, and quotation marks omitted).
9Admittedly, neither Bernadyn nor its progeny have made this distinction between legal
and factual findings and the corresponding standards of review.  That is because, however, in
(continued...)
9
Since Bernadyn, we have reiterated time and again that determinations of hearsay
admissibility are subject to review on the law.  See, e.g., Thomas v. State, 429 Md. 85, 97–98,
55 A.3d 10, 17 (2012); Dulyx v. State, 425 Md. 273, 285, 40 A.3d 416, 426 (2012); Parker
v. State, 408 Md. 428, 436, 970 A.2d 320, 325 (2009);  Figgins v. Cochrane, 403 Md. 392,
419–20, 942 A.2d 736, 752 (2008); Hall v. Univ. of Md. Med. Sys. Corp., 398 Md. 67, 82–83,
919 A.2d 1177, 1186 (2007).
 
But not all aspects of a hearsay ruling need be purely legal.  A hearsay ruling may
involve several layers of analysis.  Proponents of the evidence challenged on hearsay grounds
usually argue (1) that the evidence at issue is not hearsay, and even if it is, (2) that it is
nevertheless admissible.  The first inquiry is legal in nature.  See Bernadyn, 390 Md. at 8,
887 A.2d at 606.  But the second issue may require the trial court to make both factual and
legal findings.  For instance, in determining whether evidence is admissible under the excited
utterance exception to the hearsay rule, codified in Rule 5-803(b)(2), the trial court looks into
“the declarant’s subjective state of mind” to determine whether “under all the circumstances,
[he is] still excited or upset to that degree.”  6A Lynn McLain, Maryland Practice: Maryland
Evidence State & Federal § 803(2):1(c) (2d ed. 2001).  It considers such factors, as, for
example, how much time has passed since the event, whether the statement was spontaneous
or prompted, and the nature of the statement, such as whether it was self-serving.  Id.  Such
factual determinations require deference from appellate courts.9 
9(...continued)
those cases, the trial courts did not reach the admissibility of hearsay evidence—halting the
analysis with a conclusion that the evidence at issue was not hearsay—and therefore, there were
no factual findings for Bernadyn and its progeny to review.  See, e.g., Thomas v. State, 429 Md.
85, 100–01, 55 A.3d 10, 19 (2012) (the trial court simply overruled objection on hearsay grounds
and made no findings of fact); Bernadyn v. State, 390 Md. 1, 18, 887 A.2d 602, 612 (2005)
(“The trial judge never required the prosecutor to proffer why the evidence was offered, but
instead simply overruled defense counsel’s objection, and admitted the evidence.”).  In another
recent case, Dulyx v. State, we reviewed a trial court’s legal ruling that a hearsay statement
(testimony at a suppression hearing) was admissible under the “former testimony” exception to
the hearsay rule under Rule 5-804(b)(1).  425 Md. 273, 275, 40 A.3d 416, 418 (2012).  No
factual findings by a trial court were involved in that case. 
10Although, at the time, many of our opinions spoke of hearsay rulings as discretionary,
we reasoned that, in the context of the residual exception to the hearsay rule, only by reviewing
the trial court’s legal conclusions without deference, under a de novo standard of review, “can
we be faithful to the limitations and caveats expressed in the rule and the Committee Note and
assure a ‘well-defined jurisprudence’”of hearsay exceptions.  State v. Walker, 345 Md. 293, 325,
691 A.2d 1341, 1356 (1997).
10
This is not the first case in which we have examined how the multi-dimensional nature
of hearsay determinations plays out in terms of appellate review.  In State v. Walker, decided
before Bernadyn, the Court held that rulings on the residual exception to the hearsay rule
were subject to de novo review as a matter of law.  345 Md. 293, 325, 691 A.2d 1341, 1356
(1997). In writing for the Court, Judge Wilner explained: “Some of the subsidiary
determinations made by a trial court in arriving at its findings and conclusions [about the
residual exception] may well be purely factual or discretionary ones, and, as to them, we will
continue to apply a clearly erroneous or abuse of discretion standard.”10  Id. 
Many of our sister states take a two-part approach in reviewing hearsay rulings as
well.  For instance, the Iowa courts “review the admission of hearsay for errors at law, not
for abuse of discretion[, but]  give deference to the [trial] court’s factual findings and uphold
such findings if they are supported by substantial evidence.”  State v. Long, 628 N.W.2d 440,
11
447 (Iowa 2001) (citation omitted).  Likewise, the Nebraska courts “review[] for clear error
the factual findings underpinning a trial court’s hearsay ruling and review[] de novo the
court’s ultimate determination to admit evidence over a hearsay objection.”  State v. McCave,
805 N.W.2d 290, 316 (Neb. 2011); see also Brown v. United States, 27 A.3d 127, 130–31
(D.C. 2011) (the de novo standard of review governs review of legal rulings on whether a
hearsay statement falls within an exception, but “the underlying factual findings” are subject
to the “clearly erroneous” standard (citations omitted)), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 374 (2012);
Young v. Commonwealth, 50 S.W.3d 148, 167 (Ky. 2001) (“[W]hen the determination [of
whether a hearsay exception applies] depends upon the resolution of a preliminary question
of fact, the resolution is determined by the trial judge . . . on the basis of a preponderance of
the evidence, and the resolution will not be overturned unless clearly erroneous, i.e., unless
unsupported by substantial evidence.” (citation omitted)).
Under this two-dimensional approach, the trial court’s ultimate determination of
whether particular evidence is hearsay or whether it is admissible under a hearsay exception
is owed no deference on appeal, but the factual findings underpinning this legal conclusion
necessitate a more deferential standard of review.  Accordingly, the trial court’s legal
conclusions are reviewed de novo, see Bernadyn, 390 Md. at 7–8, 887 A.2d at 606, but the
trial court’s factual findings will not be disturbed absent clear error, see State v. Suddith, 379
Md. 425, 430–31, 842 A.2d 716, 719 (2004) (and citations contained therein).
The sticky wicket in this case is deciding whether the trial court made a factual or
legal conclusion in ruling that, in handing the officer his driver’s license in response to a
11In full, Md. Rule 5-803 states:
 
The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even
though the declarant is available as a witness: 
(a)  Statement by party-opponent. A statement that is
offered against a party and is: 
(1)  The party’s own statement, in either an individual or
representative capacity;
(2)  A statement of which the party has manifested an
adoption or belief in its truth;
(3)  A statement by a person authorized by the party to
make a statement concerning the subject;
(4)  A statement by the party’s agent or employee made
during the agency or employment relationship concerning a matter
within the scope of the agency or employment; or
(5)  A statement by a coconspirator of the party during the
course and in furtherance of the conspiracy.
12
request for identification, Gordon made an adoptive admission.  An examination of the
evidentiary record is required.  First though, a brief explanation of Rule 5-803(a)(2) is in
order.  
The Admission by a Party-Opponent Exception
Rule 5-803 provides that a “[s]tatement by party-opponent” is “not excluded by the
hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness,” when the party-opponent
“has manifested an adoption or belief in [the] truth” of that statement.11  This exception,
known as an “adoptive admission,” can apply in multiple situations.  For instance, in
Richardson v. Anderson, the defendant’s statement that the accounting report “was correct
except as to two items contained therein” made the report itself “admissible as an admission
of the defendant.”  109 Md. 641, 649, 72 A. 485, 488 (1909).  In  Brandon v. Molesworth,
the defendant employer adopted the statement of an employee by nodding in agreement,
12The Court acknowledged that the statement “we just yoked a man” could have been
made by either defendant or even an acquaintance, but “assume[d], as did the trial court in
admitting the challenged testimony,” that it was someone other than Ewell.  The Court
concluded that “the jury reasonably could have found that Ewell heard and understood both the
assertion that ‘we just yoked a man’ and that the pronoun ‘we’ included  him, as well as that he
remained silent although fully free to speak.”  Ewell v. State, 341 Md. 621, 619–20, 180 A.2d
857, 860 (1962).
13The Court of Special Appeals upheld the admission of the statement:
We cannot see how [the employee’s] statement [that plaintiff was
fired, in part, because she was a woman,] could fall outside this
definition.  Assuming the truth of Molesworth’s allegations,
(continued...)
13
when the employee acknowledged that the plaintiff was fired, in part, because she was a
woman.  104 Md. App. 167, 196, 655 A.2d 1292, 1307 (1995), aff’d in part, rev’d in part,
341 Md. 621, 672 A.2d 608 (1996); see also Ewell v. State, 228 Md. 615, 619–21, 180 A.2d
857, 860–61 (1962) (defendant’s failure to respond, under the circumstances, when
companion said “we just yoked a man,” was admissible).
In many, if not most, circumstances, a trial court’s decision about whether a person
made an adoptive admission will be factual.  This is certainly so when there are disputed
facts about whether a question was asked, what was said, and what words or non-verbal
conduct were involved in reply.  For instance, in Ewell v. State, it was not clear who asked
the co-defendants “what they were doing” or who replied “we just yoked a man.”  228 Md.
at 617, 180 A.2d at 859.  Defendant Ewell testified “that no question had been asked and that
neither he nor the codefendant had replied to a question.”12  Id.; see also Brandon, 104 Md.
App. at 177, 196, 655 A.2d at 1297, 1307 (the defendant disputed both the statement and his
nod in agreement).13
13(...continued)
Brandon’s nod clearly constituted either a manifestation of
adoption or a belief in the truth of Palmer’s statement.  The only
way to explain the nod—which is clearly admissible—is to
introduce the statement that prompted it.
Brandon v. Molesworth, 104 Md. App. 167, 198, 655 A.2d 1292, 1308 (1995), affid in part,
rev’d in part, 341 Md. 621, 672 A.2d 608.  This Court affirmed: “Brandon’s nod was admissible
hearsay under Maryland Rule 5–803(a)(2) because it ‘manifested an adoption’ of Palmer’s
statement. Thus, the nod was a communication by Brandon that part of the reason he fired
Molesworth was because she is a woman.”  Molesworth v. Brandon, 341 Md. 621, 641, 672 A.2d
608, 618 (1996) (citation omitted).
14
Even if there is no dispute about what was said or done, the decision of whether there
was an adoptive admission may still be factual when the circumstances allow different
inferences depending on the trial court’s interpretation of those facts.  In Darvish v. Gohari,
the defendant was asked to confirm certain statements the plaintiff alleged were defamatory,
but made no attempt to refute that he made the statements or that they were untrue.  130 Md.
App. 265, 270, 745 A.2d 1134, 1136–37 (2000), aff’d, 363 Md. 42, 767 A.2d 321 (2001).
The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the trial court’s conclusion that the defendant’s
silence constituted tacit adoption of the statements because “a reasonable person under the
circumstances” would have denied the statements.  Id. at 278–79, 745 A.2d at 1141; see also
Henry v. State, 324 Md. 204, 240, 596 A.2d 1024, 1042 (1991) (affirming the trial court’s
admission into evidence of statements about recent murders, which were made in the
defendant’s presence while the defendant and others were “dancing or jumping up and down,
‘pretending that they were like firing shots.’”); Burgess v. State, 89 Md. App. 522, 535, 537,
598 A.2d 830, 837, 838 (1991) (defendant’s “giggling,” while “tossing a rock in his hand,”
14The trial court also found other hearsay exceptions applicable, as we indicated above in
footnote 2.
15
at the statement “let’s introduce my Man Mad Ball to the bridge” constituted an adoptive
admission that defendant was familiar with the activity of throwing rocks at cars from a
bridge).
Gordon’s Adoptive Admission of His Date of Birth 
Although Gordon did not verbally state how old he was, the trial court found that, by
handing his license to Detective Klezia in response to a request for some verification of his
identity, Gordon manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of the information listed there,
including the date of birth.14  Thus, the trial court concluded, this hearsay statement fell
within the party-opponent statement exception to the hearsay rule as an adoptive admission
allowed under Rule 5-803(a)(2). 
The trial court’s ruling was two-fold: (1) the court found that Gordon’s act of handing
the license to Detective Klezia manifested an adoption by Gordon of the date of birth listed
on the license; and (2) the court concluded that the detective’s statement was admissible
under the party-opponent statement exception set forth in Rule 5-803(a)(2).
 The following sets forth in full the evidence about Gordon’s age that the trial court
had before it in making the first part of the ruling:
[MR. GRANADOS - Prosecutor]: Now, Detective Klezia, can
you tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury when you first
came into contact with Mr. Gordon?
[DETECTIVE KLEZIA]: That’s gonna be the - the 9th of
January, 2010.
16
***
Q:  Now, when you spoke with Mr. Gordon on January 9th of
this year did he give you his date of birth? 
A:  I looked at his identification; so yes.
Q:  Okay.  How old is Mr. Gordon? 
MR. REVILLO [Defense Counsel]: Objection.
THE COURT: Come up please Counsel.
(Counsel approach[] the bench.)
MR. REVILLO: Well, Your Honor, his age would be an
element of this case and therefore it requires . . . firsthand
information and the identification is hearsay. 
MR. GRANADOS: But this information was provided to him by
the Defendant.  He showed him the I.D. That’s at most an
adoptive admission.
THE COURT: What type of I.D. are we talking about? 
MR. GRANADOS: I can ask the Detective.  I believe it’s a
Driver’s License.
THE COURT: I’m gonna sustain the objection at this point.
Please go forward.  Ask another question. 
(Counsel return[] to trial tables.)
[MR. GRANADOS]: Detective Klezia, do you have any
personal knowledge of Michael Gordon’s age? 
[DETECTIVE KLEZIA]: Yes.
Q: How did you come to know his age? 
A: From his Florida Driver’s license.
Q: Okay. Did you ever confirm his date of birth with him? 
17
A: Like specifically ask him? 
Q: Yes.
A: I don’t recall.  I don’t think.
Q: When you interviewed him - when was the next time you had
contact with him? 
A: I interviewed him on the 14th of January, 2010. 
Q: Okay. And where did you interview him? 
A: At the Charles County Sheriff’s Office Headquarters
Building. 
Q: And who was there with you during the interview? 
A: It was just him and I. 
Q: And again, did you obtain a date of birth or an age for Mr.
Gordon? 
A: Yes, just through his Driver’s License. 
Q: Okay. Who provided the Driver’s License to you? 
A: Mr. Gordon did. 
Q: Did you obtain any other personal identifying information
from him?
A: Not off hand; no.
***
Q: Okay.  And the information that you obtained from Mr.
Gordon how old was Mr. Gordon? 
MR. RIVIELLO: Objection. 
THE COURT: Detective is - am I correct to assume you never
asked him his - his - his birth?
15After the trial court overruled Gordon’s objection, the examination continued:
[MR. GRANADOS]: So Detective Klezia, based on the
identification provided to you twice by the Defendant, what is
Michael Gordon’s date of birth?
[DETECTIVE KLEZIA]: 
5/23/1982.
18
A: I don’t recall specifically asking him for a date of birth but.
THE COURT: All right.  And the information you have is - is
what he showed you; some document he showed you, a Driver’s
License? 
A: Yes. Yes, Sir.15
Gordon maintains that there was “no basis in the record for inferring that [he]
produced his driver’s license in response to Detective Klezia asking him his age.”  He
emphasizes that, for the exception under Rule 5-803(a)(2) to apply, the manifestation of an
adoption or belief must be unambiguous.  See Bellamy v. State, 403 Md. 308, 326, 941 A.2d
1107, 1117 (2008) (speaking of “unequivocally manifest[ing] an adoption of or belief in” a
statement of another).  In this regard, argues Gordon, a manifestation is unambiguous only
when “the surrounding circumstances, including the circumstances and nature of the
underlying statement itself,” demonstrate “an intent to adopt the statement.” (Quoting White
Indus., Inc. v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 611 F. Supp. 1049, 1062 (W.D. Mo. 1985)); see also 2
Kenneth S. Broun, McCormick on Evidence § 261, at 300–01 (7th ed. 2013) (“The
circumstances surrounding the party’s declaration must be examined to determine whether
they indicated an approval of the statement.”).  According to Gordon, if the adoptive
16In support of this position, Gordon quotes Grier v. State, in which we stated, with
respect to admission of silence as evidence of guilt, that “[e]vidence of a person’s silence” may
be admissible “if it amounts to a tacit admission, that is, if it is in response to an assertion which
the party would, under all circumstances, naturally be expected to deny.”  351 Md. 241, 252, 718
A.2d 211, 217 (1998).
19
admission is by silence or conduct, a “link” between a request for information and an
allegedly adoptive admission is essential.16
To illustrate his point, Gordon contrasts this case to Brandon, where the adopted
statement—“that’s part of it”—was made in response to a specific question of whether the
plaintiff was fired for being a woman. 104 Md. App. at 176, 655 A.2d at 1297.  Gordon
points out that “Detective Klezia acknowledged that he never asked Petitioner for his age.”
Rather, according to Gordon, “[a] fair reading of the record indicates that [he] produced his
driver’s license” either to confirm his identify or to enter police headquarters.  He concludes
that, because he did not produce his driver’s license in response to a question about his age,
“his conduct [was] ambiguous” and cannot be considered a manifestation of the adoption or
belief in the truth of the birth date listed on his license.
The State agrees with the general premise that the conduct needs to be unambiguous,
but contends that this requirement is met so long as “the court determines that the jury can
properly infer from the party’s conduct an intent to adopt the statement or a belief in its
truth.”  See Ewell, 228 Md. at 620–21, 180 A.2d at 861 (“We think a jury of reasonable men
could have found that it would have been natural for Ewell to reply under the circumstances,
and, this being so, we cannot find error in the submission of the testimony complained of to
17 The State also cites Briggeman v. Albert, where we held that payment of a traffic
citation does not support an inference of guilt under an adoptive admission theory because
“people who believe themselves innocent often pay preset fines for the sake of convenience or
expediency.”  322 Md. 133, 138, 586 A.2d 15, 17 (1991); see also United States v. Barletta, 652
F.2d 218, 219 (1st Cir. 1981) (a trial court should determine the admissibility of an adoptive
admission by asking “whether a reasonable jury could properly find the ultimate fact in favor of
the proponent of the evidence”).
20
the jury.”).17  Citing White Industries, the State argues that the scenario in this case can
readily be considered an adoptive admission of “the truth of the information”contained in that
document.  611 F. Supp. at 1062 (“There is no doubt that where a party’s use of a document
supplied by another in fact represents the party’s intended assertion of the truth of the
information therein, an adoptive admission can be found.”); see also 4 John Henry Wigmore,
Evidence § 1073(4) (James H. Chadbourn ed., rev. ed. 1972) (“The party’s use of a document
made by a third person will frequently amount to an approval of its statements as correct, and
thus it may be received against him as an admission by adoption.” (emphasis removed)).
We agree with the State that when the trial court finds credible evidence that a person
supplies a driver’s license to a police officer when asked for identification, it does not err in
admitting into evidence both the name and birth date on that license.  The question of
whether Gordon manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of the date of birth listed on the
license was a preliminary question of fact to be resolved by the trial court before deciding
whether to admit the statement into evidence.  As Professor McLain has noted, most tacit
admission cases “treat the preliminary facts . . . as falling under the corollary to Md. Rule 5-
104(b) [relevance conditioned on fact], rather than 5-104(a) [questions of admissibility
generally]”).  See McLain, at § 801(4):3 n.10 (quoting Barber v. State, 191 Md. 555, 565, 62
18Under Rule 5-104(b), “When the relevance of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of
a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or subject to, the introduction of evidence
sufficient to support a finding by the trier of fact that the condition has been fulfilled.”  For
instance, in the context of admission by silence, before admitting a statement “against the silent
party,” the trial court must make the following preliminary findings: “(1) that the statement was
actually made; (2) that the reaction of silence or evasion took place as claimed; (3) that the party
heard and understood the statement; and (4) that under all the circumstances the party’s conduct
makes it probable that he believed the statement to be true.”  Ewell, 228 Md. at 618–19, 180
A.2d at 859–60 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
21
A.2d 616, 620 (1948) (“Failure to deny the charge, under some circumstances, may permit
an inference of an admission of guilt.  Although the ultimate question is for the jury, a
preliminary question for the court is presented.”)); see also  Ewell, 228 Md. at 620, 180 A.2d
at 860 (“The matter turns on whether the trial judge erred in the judgment he necessarily
made in permitting the evidence to go to the jury—that under the circumstances it would
have been natural for Ewell to make a reply if he had not agreed with the statement.”); State
v. Carlson, 808 P.2d 1002, 1006 (Or. 1991) (“Whether a party intended to adopt, agree with
or approve another person’s statement is a preliminary question of fact to be determined by
the trial judge under OEC 104.”); McCormick, at § 262 (making the same observation as
Professor McLain but with respect to the Federal Rules of Evidence).18
The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has explained the
interplay between the trial court’s preliminary determination and the jury’s ultimate
conclusion that the adoption was unambiguous: 
When deciding whether to admit an adopted statement—
the judge must make a preliminary determination
whether a jury could reasonably conclude that the
defendant unambiguously adopted another
19In his Reply Brief, Gordon disagrees with the premise that the trial court only makes a
preliminary finding but that the ultimate determination of whether the person manifested an
adoption or belief in the truth of the statement of another is for the jury to make.  He posits that it
is not “as if a court could at once find adoptive conduct to be unambiguous while containing an
element of ambiguity.”
We are not persuaded by this argument.  Courts make similar preliminary findings in
other contexts as well.  For example, courts make the preliminary determination of whether a
confession was voluntary (making it admissible), but the ultimate decision-maker on this issue is
the jury.  Hof v. State, 337 Md. 581, 605, 655 A.2d 370, 382 (1995).  If we were to follow
Gordon’s logic, so long as there was a possibility that the jury would find a confession
involuntary, trial courts could never find confessions voluntary, rendering them inadmissible. 
That clearly is not the case. 
20In Blackson v. United States, in finding an adoptive admission, the trial court
considered the circumstances surrounding the statement and concluded that the defendant was
“‘in a position where you would expect that if things didn’t occur the way they were describing
them he would have said something.’”  979 A.2d 1, 7 (D.C. 2009).  The defendant argued on
appeal that “‘the evidence at trial was insufficient as a matter of law to clearly prove that [he]
heard, understood, and unambiguously assented to all of the statements with his silence.’” Id. at
(continued...)
22
person’s incriminating statement. If the judge
answers that question in the affirmative and
admits the evidence, then the jury’s function is to
decide whether it should reach the conclusion
which the judge has held that it may reach,
namely that there was unambiguous assent.
Blackson v. United States, 979 A.2d 1, 7 (D.C. 2009) (quoting Holmes v. United States, 580
A.2d 1259, 1264 n.8 (D.C. 1990).  Thus, on appeal of an allegedly erroneous admission of
evidence as an adoptive admission, the question is not whether the evidence before the judge
clearly proved that the person against whom the statement was admitted unambiguously
adopted the statement.  Rather, the question is whether “there is sufficient evidence from
which a jury could reasonably conclude that the defendant unambiguously adopted another
person’s incriminating statement.”19  Id. at 8 (citation and quotation marks omitted).20
20(...continued)
8.  The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia noted that Blackson “misapprehends the
law” and explained that for the statement to be admissible, it was not necessary that the evidence
“‘clearly proved that Blaskson heard, understood, and unambiguously assented to all of the
statements with his silence’ in order to be admissible.”  Id. (alterations and citations omitted). 
So long as there was sufficient evidence for the jury to make that inference, the statement was
properly admissible. 
23
In this case, in ruling Detective Klezia’s testimony admissible, the trial court was
aware that Gordon presented his driver’s license to the detective on two occasions, which
were only several days apart.  Even if Detective Klezia did not specifically ask Gordon about
his age and only asked him for identification, a person’s name and birth date undoubtedly are
pieces of identifying information.  See Md. Code (1977, 2012 Repl. Vol.), § 12-301 (a) & (g)
of the Transportation Article (requiring proof of age upon application for a state-issued
identification card and listing the name and birth date as two of the identifying elements to
be listed on the identification card).  The trial court noted that Gordon never once disputed
the date of birth listed on his license.  This reflects the trial court’s factual inference that the
occasions on which the license was presented to Detective Klezia were circumstances in
which Gordon could reasonably be expected to say something if his date of birth was not
stated accurately on his license.  We see no clear error in the trial court’s conclusion that,
when Gordon presented his driver’s license to Detective Klezia, it was as if he stated: “My
name is Michael David Gordon, and I am twenty-seven years old.”  
Thus, the record demonstrates that there was sufficient evidence from which the jury
could reasonably conclude that—by giving his driver’s license to the detective, Gordon
21The jury, of course, was free to reach a different conclusion.  Even Gordon
acknowledges that “[t]he jury was free to disbelieve Detective Klezia’s testimony that Petitioner
presented the driver’s license to him, or to doubt whether Detective Klezia read the date-of-birth
information correctly, or to doubt that the information on the license was accurate.”
24
manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of the information listed on the license.21  To be
sure, the testimony includes only a limited discussion of the facts surrounding Gordon’s
action in handing his license to Detective Klezia.  But, the sparsity of words used to describe
the transaction likely reflects the simplicity of the interchange.  The exchange is a customary
and familiar one that takes few words to describe.  In the absence of something to suggest
that this is not a typical exchange, the factual inference the trial court made was reasonable.
Once the court made the factual determination, the legal conclusion that Detective Klezia’s
testimony was admissible called for a straightforward application of Rule 5-803(a)(2).  The
evidence was admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule.
We are not dissuaded from this view by Gordon’s emphasis on what he calls “a
systemic problem with persons obtaining and using fraudulent driver’s licenses.”  Citing
numerous secondary sources discussing an epidemic of fraudulent driver’s licenses,
especially among our youth, but also terrorists, and persons entering or remaining in this
country illegally, Gordon contends that the information on a driver’s license cannot and
should not be trusted.  In Gordon’s view, “the fact that a person is required to carry a driver’s
license and present it upon an officer’s demand does not nullify the real possibility that that
person is carrying a fraudulent driver’s license and has no intention of assenting to the truth
22He suggests, “[h]ad Detective Klezia instead been a liquor store cashier, Petitioner’s
production of his driver’s license for the purpose of obtaining liquor might be sufficient for
purposes of the adoptive admission exception.”  Without “that type of specific communication,”
there was no manifestation of adoption or belief in the date of birth listed on the license.
25
of its content except in very particular circumstances, e.g., when attempting to purchase
alcohol.”22
We agree with the State that generally people carry driver’s licenses and provide them
to law enforcement upon request for one of two reasons: “to prove one’s authorization to
drive a motor vehicle, and to prove one’s identity.”  The mere fact that liars and criminals use
licenses for fraudulent purposes does not eradicate the usual and normal inference that when
a person offers a driver’s license to prove his identity he makes a representation that the
information stated on the license is accurate.  Even if a person offers a license that has been
fraudulently altered as to the date of birth, that would be no reason to exempt the defrauder
from operation of this hearsay exception.  To do so would unduly limit the plain meaning of
Rule 5-803(a)(2).
Conclusion 
The determination of whether a declarant manifested an adoption or belief in the truth
of a statement of another so as to constitute an adoptive admission by the party-opponent
under Maryland Rule 5-803(a)(2) is a preliminary factual determination to be made by the
trial court.  We see no clear error in the trial court’s finding that—by providing his driver’s
license to the detective—Gordon manifested an adoption or belief in the truth of the
information listed on the license, including his date of birth. 
26
Because Gordon’s conduct of providing the driver’s license to the detective
constituted an adoptive admission under Rule 5-803(a)(2), the trial court was legally correct
in admitting into evidence the testimony of the detective as to his knowledge of Gordon’s
birth date, as listed on his driver’s license. 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
APPEALS AFFIRMED; COSTS TO BE PAID
BY PETITIONER.