Case Title: State v. Wilson

Citation: 

Docket Number: 114567

State: kansas

Court: Kansas Supreme Court

Date: 2018-12-14T00:00:00Z

Document:
1 
 
 
 
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS 
 
No. 114,567 
 
STATE OF KANSAS, 
Appellee, 
 
v. 
 
GRANT WILSON, 
Appellant. 
 
 
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 
 
1. 
Under Supreme Court Rule 8.03(h)(1) (2018 Kan. S. Ct. R. 53), now Rule 
8.03(i)(1) as amended July 1, 2018, a party must allege an issue was decided erroneously 
by the Court of Appeals for that issue to be properly before the Supreme Court on 
petition for review. 
 
2. 
Prosecutorial error jurisprudence recognizes a prosecutor's conduct can implicate a 
criminal defendant's due process rights to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment to 
the United States Constitution. 
 
3. 
The two-step analytical framework set out in State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 378 
P.3d 1060 (2016), for reviewing claims alleging a prosecutor's trial behavior requires 
reversal applies to a prosecutor's conduct during a sentencing proceeding before a judge. 
 
 
 
 
2 
 
 
 
4. 
Appellate courts evaluate claims of prosecutorial error by first deciding whether 
the act complained of falls outside the wide latitude afforded to prosecutors to conduct 
the State's case in a way that does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair 
trial. If it finds error, the appellate court determines if that error prejudiced the 
defendant's right to a fair trial. 
 
5. 
When evaluating the prejudice step for prosecutorial error, an appellate court 
applies the traditional constitutional harmlessness inquiry from Chapman v. California, 
386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967). Prosecutorial error is harmless if the 
State shows beyond a reasonable doubt the error did not affect the trial's outcome in light 
of the entire record, i.e., there is no reasonable possibility the error contributed to the 
outcome at issue. 
 
6. 
When a prosecutor argues facts outside the evidence, the first prong of the 
prosecutorial error test is met. 
 
7. 
In deciding whether lifetime postrelease supervision violates Section 9 of the 
Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights because it is grossly disproportionate to the convicted 
offense, a sentencing judge errs when the judge's decision is based on a factual 
determination unsupported by the evidence, i.e., lacks substantial competent evidence.  
 
Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed December 16, 
2016. Appeal from Reno District Court; JOSEPH L. MCCARVILLE III, judge. Opinion filed December 14, 
2018. Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is affirmed as to the issue subject to 
review. Judgment of the district court is reversed as to the issue subject to review, and the case is 
remanded with directions. 
3 
 
 
 
 
Caroline M. Zuschek, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the 
brief for appellant.  
 
Keith E. Schroeder, district attorney, argued the cause, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, was 
with him on the brief for appellee. 
 
The opinion of the court was delivered by 
 
BILES, J.:  Grant Wilson appeals a modification made to his criminal sentence. He 
contends the prosecutor misstated to the sentencing court the facts underlying his 
conviction and the facts of a court case cited by Wilson as legal authority against the 
modification. A divided Court of Appeals panel could not agree on the errors or the 
appropriate standard of review to assess any resulting prejudice. State v. Wilson, No. 
114,567, 2016 WL 7324427 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion). We granted review 
to consider those questions and now remand the case to the district court for a new 
hearing on the State's motion to correct an illegal sentence. 
 
We hold prosecutorial error may occur during a sentencing proceeding before a 
judge. We also hold the analytical framework from State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 378 
P.3d 1060 (2016), applies in both the guilt and penalty phases of any trial—whether 
before a jury or judge. And based on the Sherman test, we hold there was reversible error 
at Wilson's sentencing hearing.  
 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
 
In 2007, Grant Wilson pled guilty to aggravated indecent solicitation of a child. 
He later failed to meet his probation terms and was eventually ordered to serve his 
underlying prison sentence of 32 months. In 2015, the State moved to correct an illegal 
4 
 
 
 
sentence, arguing the district court erred by not imposing lifetime postrelease supervision 
as part of Wilson's original sentence. At the hearing on that motion, Wilson claimed 
lifetime supervision was grossly disproportionate to his offense, amounting to cruel or 
unusual punishment prohibited by Section 9 of the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. 
The court rejected Wilson's argument based on State v. Freeman, 223 Kan. 362, 367, 574 
P.2d 950 (1978), and granted the State's motion. 
 
On appeal, Wilson raised two issues:  (1) whether the prosecutor deprived him of a 
fair sentencing hearing by misstating facts in his case and those in an unpublished Court 
of Appeals decision cited as authority for Wilson's Freeman claim; and (2) whether the 
district court erred by rejecting his disproportionality argument under Freeman. The first 
claim intersects with the second to the extent Wilson argues the prosecutor's comments 
denied him a fair hearing on the following Freeman factor: 
 
"The nature of the offense and the character of the offender should be examined with 
particular regard to the degree of danger present to society; relevant to this inquiry are the 
facts of the crime, the violent or nonviolent nature of the offense, the extent of culpability 
for the injury resulting, and the penological purposes of the prescribed punishment." 
Freeman, 223 Kan. at 367. 
  
Wilson contends this factor supported his disproportionality argument because (1) 
the 13-year-old victim snuck out of her house and joined some high school students for a 
party where the crime occurred; (2) Wilson had just turned 18 years old and lacked the 
ability to make a "good decision" because of his age; (3) Wilson acknowledged he made 
"a terrible mistake" in having sex with the underage victim; (4) Wilson worked at his 
father's sprinkler installation business after getting out of prison and had a child he was 
trying to parent; and (5) there was little danger of Wilson reoffending. 
 
 
5 
 
 
 
The State set the stage for this prosecutorial error claim by replying to Wilson's 
arguments during the following colloquy: 
 
"THE COURT:  . . . so we now get to Mr. Wilson's particular crime and I know 
I've had other cases in which there was violence involved. 
 
"There does not appear that [violence] happened in this case but Mr. Wilson was 
certainly of the appropriate age to be held responsible and the fact that he didn't, you 
know, he put himself in a situation. I think there was drinking involved, is that right, 
[Prosecutor]? 
 
"[PROSECUTOR]:  Judge, actually that's one reason, if I can address the Court 
just briefly about those facts, with Mr. Wilson, he raped and sodomized a 13 year old girl. 
He digitally raped her and he sodomized her. Those are extreme crimes of violence. Your 
Honor, the facts of this case, the State charged only the aggravated indecent solicitation 
and agreed to a border box finding to place him on Community Corrections. He was 
placed on Community Corrections, violated the terms of his Community Corrections and 
was sentenced by the Court to go to Labette. He went to Labette, failed to complete 
Labette and his prison sentence was executed so . . . he's clearly shown he's not 
necessarily amenable to do, it's a crime of violence and that distinguishes itself 
completely from [State v.] Proctor [No. 104,697, 2013 WL 6726286 (Kan. App. 2013) 
(unpublished opinion),] which involved a police officer impersonating himself to be a 
child and the defendant showing up at the house to meet the child. 
 
"THE COURT:  All right. I saw back here when I was doing a bond condition 
that he had a rape and aggravated sodomy [at] that point in time back in 26 February, 
2007. I'm not satisfied that, I am satisfied rather that the facts and circumstances of this 
crime do not cry out that this would be an unconstitutional sanction so I'm going to grant 
the State's motion. I find that the sentence was illegal; that the Court is required to 
sentence Mr. Wilson to lifetime post release so I pronounce lifetime post release." 
(Emphases added.) 
 
6 
 
 
 
On appeal, the State suggested the digital rape and sodomy comments were based 
on police reports, but those reports were not in the appellate record. The State 
acknowledged reciting the wrong facts about the Proctor decision.  
 
The panel majority's holdings and the dissent's arguments 
 
The panel majority first considered whether prosecutorial misconduct can occur in 
the context of a hearing on a motion to correct an illegal sentence. The majority 
concluded it could, so appellate review was proper. It cited other Court of Appeals 
decisions that had considered similar claims arising during hearings before a judge. 
Wilson, 2016 WL 7324427, at *4 (discussing State v. Serrano-Garcia, No. 103,651, 2011 
WL 4357804, at *3-4 [Kan. App. 2011] [unpublished opinion], State v. Roland, No. 
101,879, 2010 WL 1078454, at *1-3 [Kan. App. 2010] [unpublished opinion], State v. 
Clelland, No. 93,001, 2005 WL 1805250, at *3-5 [Kan. App. 2005] [unpublished 
opinion]).  
 
The majority then considered whether to use the modified two-step analysis 
adopted in Sherman but ultimately decided to apply the "old" pre-Sherman test. It did so 
because Sherman was decided after the panel's oral arguments, which meant the parties 
had not had an opportunity to brief or argue its possible impact. Even so, the majority 
observed "application of the new framework would not make a difference in the 
outcome." 2016 WL 7324427, at *4. 
 
Moving to the merits, the majority held the prosecutor's comments that Wilson 
digitally raped and sodomized a child were unsupported by the record. It observed:  "The 
factual basis for the plea, accepted by the court, consisted solely of Wilson's admission 
that he 'had sex with a minor under the age of 14 years old.'" 2016 WL 7324427, at *5. 
No other evidence was presented.  
7 
 
 
 
 
As to the prosecutor's misstatement about the facts in Proctor, which the State 
conceded, the majority noted:  "Proctor involved no impersonation and no police officer. 
Instead, Proctor was a 19-year-old male who took advantage of a 12-year-old boy." 
Wilson, 2016 WL 7324427, at *6; see also Proctor, 2013 WL 6726286, at *2 (Proctor 
knew the victim and lived with him for several months while committing the crimes). 
The majority held:  "The prosecutor thus invited the district court to rely on inaccurate 
facts in Wilson's case and to compare them to inaccurate facts in Proctor's case." 2016 
WL 7324427, at *6. 
 
It then concluded these misstatements were:  (1) gross and flagrant misconduct 
because they were planned and violated well-established rules; (2) motived by ill will 
since they were "volunteered in response to the court's narrow question to the prosecutor 
whether drinking was involved—a question that went unanswered"; and (3) may have 
affected the district court's decision to impose lifetime postrelease supervision. 2016 WL 
7324427, at *7-8 ("In the context of this case, we determine the likely effect not on the 
verdict reached by the jurors but on the decision made by the district court."). The 
majority held those improper comments were prejudicial and denied Wilson a fair 
hearing. 2016 WL 7324427, at *9. 
 
The dissent viewed the circumstances differently. Judge Michael Buser argued the 
prosecutor's assertions about digital rape and sodomy were supported by:  (1) the 
standard arrest report indicating Wilson was arrested for rape and aggravated sodomy of 
a child under 14 years old; (2) an entry from the district court's docket sheet 
memorializing a hearing held on the same day the arrest report was filed, which states 
"'Probable cause found'"; and (3) the appearance bond signed by the judge, which noted 
Wilson was charged with "RAPE < 14, AGG. SODOMY." 2016 WL 7324427, at *13. 
 
8 
 
 
 
Judge Buser insisted the first comment was not prosecutorial error because "[i]n 
sentencing matters . . . , district court judges rely on the presentence investigation (PSI) 
report. In this case, the PSI contained facts and information which also supported [the 
challenged factual assertion]." 2016 WL 7324427, at *15. And, the dissent continued, 
while none of the listed pieces of the record explicitly stated Wilson "digitally" raped and 
sodomized the victim, this information was encompassed by the statute because "Kansas 
law defines sexual intercourse as 'any penetration of the female sex organ by a finger, the 
male sex organ or any object,'" referring to K.S.A. 21-3501(1). 2016 WL 7324427, at 
*15. As to the second comment about Proctor, Judge Buser agreed the prosecutor 
incorrectly stated the case's facts but disagreed this constituted misconduct because the 
district court judge was presumed to know the law. 2016 WL 7324427, at *15. Finally, 
the dissent insisted the pre-Sherman test was inapplicable to a prosecutorial error during a 
motion hearing before a district judge because it equated an alleged error tainting a jury 
with impact on a trial judge. 2016 WL 7324427, at *11. 
 
The State petitioned this court for review. Wilson did not ask us to review his 
Freeman challenge, which the panel avoided. Accordingly, we address only the 
prosecutorial error claim. See Supreme Court Rule 8.03(a)(4)(C) (2018 Kan. S. Ct. R. 54) 
("The court will not consider issues not presented or fairly included in the petition."); 
Castleberry v. DeBrot, 308 Kan. 791, 794-95, 424 P.3d 495 (2018). The State does not 
challenge the majority's holding relating to the Proctor misrepresentations, so that 
resolves in Wilson's favor on review. See State v. McBride, 307 Kan. 60, 62, 405 P.3d 
1196 (2017). 
 
Jurisdiction is proper. K.S.A. 20-3018(b) (petitions for review of Court of Appeals 
decision); K.S.A. 60-2101(b) (Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review Court of Appeals 
decisions upon petition for review). 
 
9 
 
 
 
PRESERVATION 
 
At the outset we must consider whether Wilson's prosecutorial error challenge is 
preserved for our review. On appeal, the State pointed out Wilson did not object to the 
alleged misstatements during the hearing, so it argued the issue was not properly 
preserved. The panel rejected this contention because a contemporary objection is not 
required to claim prosecutorial error during closing argument before a jury, so it reasoned 
that principle should extend to Wilson's sentencing proceeding before the judge. Wilson, 
2016 WL 7324427, at *4; see also State v. Miller, 293 Kan. 535, 550, 264 P.3d 461 
(2011) (while a contemporary objection is required for review of an evidentiary 
prosecutorial error claim, it is unnecessary to consider prosecutorial error during closing 
argument). 
 
In its petition for review, the State identified one issue for this court to take up:  
Whether the prosecutor committed reversible error at the hearing on the State's motion to 
correct illegal sentence? This advances only a merits based challenge to the prosecutorial 
error question. As a result, we hold the State waived review of the panel majority's 
conclusion on preservation. See Supreme Court Rule 8.03(a)(4)(C) (Supreme Court will 
not consider issues not presented or fairly stated in the petition for review). We express 
no opinion whether a contemporaneous objection or other posthearing remedial motion is 
required to appeal a prosecutorial error claim arising from a nonjury setting. 
 
ANALYSIS  
 
To determine what test applies when an appellate court reviews an alleged 
prosecutorial error during a sentencing hearing, it is important to understand the protected 
right at stake. 
 
10 
 
 
 
Prosecutorial error jurisprudence recognizes a prosecutor's conduct can implicate a 
criminal defendant's due process rights to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment to 
the United States Constitution. Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S. Ct. 940, 71 L. 
Ed. 2d 78 (1982) ("[T]he touchstone of due process analysis in cases of alleged 
prosecutorial misconduct is the fairness of the trial."); Sherman, 305 Kan. at 97 ("The 
jurisprudence surrounding policing prosecutors during trial has historically taken as its 
lodestar—in almost all cases—the due process requirements of the Fourteenth 
Amendment."). And our prosecutorial error test makes clear that criminal defendants 
have a constitutional right to a fair trial. As we explained in Sherman: 
 
"To determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, the appellate court must decide 
whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude afforded 
prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a manner that 
does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. If error is found, the 
appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced the defendant's due 
process rights to a fair trial." (Emphases added.) Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109. 
 
Admittedly, the above is cast in terms of the prosecutor's efforts to obtain a 
"conviction," but this does not confine prosecutorial error to a trial's guilt phase. One's 
fair trial right is equally protected in a penalty phase. See State v. Kleypas, 272 Kan. 894, 
1083-84, 40 P.3d 139 (2001) (discussing in a death penalty case review for claimed 
prosecutorial misconduct during the penalty phase and holding it "is similar to the 
standard applied in the guilt phase."), overruled on other grounds by Kansas v. Marsh, 
548 U.S. 163, 126 S. Ct. 2516, 165 L. Ed. 2d 429 (2006). So to the extent our caselaw 
typically describes prosecutorial error in the guilt-phase context when obtaining a 
"conviction" or a "verdict," we must remember our concern is comporting with the due 
process right to a fair trial. Those concerns remain for sentencings.   
 
11 
 
 
 
A review of out-of-state caselaw also shows many states have held prosecutors can 
commit error in nonjury settings. See, e.g., Liggett v. People, 135 P.3d 725, 733-35 
(Colo. 2006) (defendant had a bench trial and the court analyzed whether prosecutorial 
misconduct occurred during closing argument); State v. Mosley, 853 N.W.2d 789, 801-03 
(Minn. 2014) (defendant was convicted after a bench trial and the court addressed an 
issue of whether prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting inadmissible character 
evidence); Com. v. Francis, 445 Pa. Super. 353, 360-61, 665 A.2d 821 (1995) 
(recognizing "trial judges are presumed to ignore prejudicial material when acting as 
factfinder"; holding prosecutorial error affected the factfinder at the bench trial); State v. 
Kehdy, 120 Hawaii 418, 2009 WL 1805908, at *5-6 (Hawaii App. 2009) (unpublished 
opinion) (rejecting State's assertion the prosecutorial misconduct was harmless beyond a 
reasonable doubt simply because it was a bench trial); State v. Myers, 2004-Ohio-478, 
2004 WL 226105, at *5 (Ohio App. 2004) (unpublished opinion) (considering alleged 
prosecutorial error occurring in a bench trial). We are aware of no case with a contrary 
holding, nor are we cited to any. 
 
The Wilson dissent points out some state courts have a distinctive test addressing 
circumstances like those we have here. Wilson, 2016 WL 7324427, at *18, citing:  Deeds 
v. State, 2014 Wyo. 124, 335 P.3d 473, 480 (2014) (defendant's burden to show a due 
process violation in the context of a sentencing hearing before the bench by showing "'the 
trial court relied upon the [prosecutorial] statements in sentencing'" him); State v. 
Tierinni, 144 Conn. App. 232, 240, 71 A.3d 675 (2013) (rejecting traditional test for 
prosecutorial impropriety in favor of two-pronged inquiry:  "'first, did the information at 
issue contain some minimal indicium of reliability; second, if it did not, did the trial court 
substantially rely on this improper information in fashioning its ultimate sentence?'"); 
State v. Rivera, No. 30,836, 2013 WL 4512056, at *4 (N.M. App. 2013) (unpublished 
opinion) ("When matters are tried before a judge, we presume the judge has disregarded 
improper comments or evidence unless the record clearly indicates otherwise," and "we 
12 
 
 
 
do not treat [those] issue[s] as a standard prosecutorial misconduct claim."). But despite 
their distinct tests, they begin by recognizing prosecutorial error can occur in these 
settings. 
 
We hold prosecutorial missteps may implicate due process rights to a fair trial in 
this nonjury context. 
 
So what test should apply? When the parties argued this appeal to the panel, 
Kansas courts referred to claims that a prosecutor's comments denied a defendant's due 
process rights to a fair trial as "prosecutorial misconduct." See State v. Barber, 302 Kan. 
367, Syl. ¶ 4, 353 P.3d 1108 (2015). The then-effective test was set out in State v. Tosh, 
278 Kan. 83, Syl. ¶¶ 1-2, 91 P.3d 1204 (2004). Under Tosh, an appellate court first 
decided whether the prosecutor's remark being complained about was outside the wide 
latitude allowed in discussing evidence. 278 Kan. at 85. If so, the court made what was 
described as a "particularized harmlessness inquiry," assessing three factors:  (1) whether 
the misconduct was gross and flagrant; (2) whether it showed ill will on the prosecutor's 
part; and (3) whether the evidence against the defendant was of such a direct and 
overwhelming nature that the misconduct likely had little weight in the jurors' minds. 278 
Kan. at 93-96. No factor was individually controlling; but before the third could override 
the first two, an appellate court had to be able to say the harmlessness tests of both 
K.S.A. 60-261 and Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 
(1967), were met. Tosh, 278 Kan. 83, Syl. ¶ 2. 
 
As mentioned, while Wilson's appeal was pending with the panel, we modified the 
two-step analytical framework for claims that a prosecutor's trial behavior requires 
reversal. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109. Sherman renamed such claims "'prosecutorial 
error,'" saving the pejorative "'prosecutorial misconduct'" label for more egregious 
13 
 
 
 
transgressions. 305 Kan. at 107, 114; see State v. Chandler, 307 Kan. 657, 695, 414 P.3d 
713 (2018). 
 
Sherman did not disturb the preexisting standard for whether the prosecutorial 
action complained about was improper, i.e., the action was outside the wide latitude 
afforded prosecutors. 305 Kan. at 104 ("The well-developed body of caselaw defining the 
scope of a prosecutor's 'wide latitude' . . . will continue to inform our review of future 
allegations of prosecutorial error."). Sherman modified Tosh's second step only: 
 
"If error is found, the appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced 
the defendant's due process rights to a fair trial. In evaluating prejudice, we simply adopt 
the traditional constitutional harmlessness inquiry demanded by Chapman. In other 
words, prosecutorial error is harmless if the State can demonstrate 'beyond a reasonable 
doubt that the error complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in 
light of the entire record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the error 
contributed to the verdict.' We continue to acknowledge that the statutory harmlessness 
test also applies to prosecutorial error, but when 'analyzing both constitutional and 
nonconstitutional error, an appellate court need only address the higher standard of 
constitutional error.' [Citations omitted.]" 305 Kan. at 109. 
 
In doing so, Sherman further noted:   
 
"Multiple and varied individualized factors can and likely will affect the 
Chapman analysis in future cases. Every instance of prosecutorial error will be fact 
specific, and any appellate test for prejudice must likewise allow the parties the greatest 
possible leeway to argue the particulars of each individual case. Thus, appellate courts 
should resist the temptation to articulate categorical pigeonholed factors that purportedly 
impact whether the State has met its Chapman burden. Appellate courts must simply 
consider any and all alleged indicators of prejudice, as argued by the parties, and then 
determine whether the State has met its burden—i.e., shown that there is no reasonable 
possibility that the error contributed to the verdict. The focus of the inquiry is on the 
14 
 
 
 
impact of the error on the verdict. While the strength of the evidence against the 
defendant may secondarily impact this analysis one way or the other, it must not become 
the primary focus of the inquiry. As has often been repeated, prejudice can exist even 'in 
a strong case.' [Citation omitted.]" 305 Kan. at 110-11. 
 
Sherman provides the best measure to evaluate the prosecutorial error in the 
context of Wilson's sentencing hearing before a district court judge. To begin with, 
Sherman was decided more than two years ago and the parties have had the opportunity 
to address its application. See Gaudina v. State, 278 Kan. 103, 106, 92 P.3d 574 (2004) 
(changes in the law generally apply to cases not yet final). And we discern no prejudice 
to either side by using Sherman. More importantly, the Tosh language for the second 
prong unnecessarily diverts attention from the pivotal fair trial inquiry. As Sherman 
points out, there is little need to consider whether an error was gross and flagrant or 
motivated by ill will because what is paramount for fair trial concerns is defining any 
impact from an error on the proceeding's outcome. Sherman, 305 Kan. at 93. That is just 
as true in this nonjury setting. 
 
Wilson's appeal highlights why our move away from the harsher "prosecutorial 
misconduct" tag should be helpful. Many times in both the briefing and oral argument, 
the State's counsel, who was also the prosecutor at the sentencing hearing, defensively 
explained he was not motivated by ill will—even when the questioning was just about the 
reasonable possibility the error affected the judge's ruling. And while we appreciate 
prosecutors, as public servants, are appropriately sensitive to the "misconduct" label, 
these cases are more about the error's potential effect on the outcome than the 
prosecutor's professionalism or ethics. That focus should not get lost. Saving the 
"misconduct" brand for the most egregious circumstances is intended to avoid such 
distractions.   
 
15 
 
 
 
Applying the Sherman test, we hold the prosecutor was outside the wide latitude 
afforded when arguing the State's motion to correct an illegal sentence. We hold further 
the State fails to meet its burden to show there is no reasonable possibility this 
prosecutorial error contributed to the district court's decision, i.e., the proceeding's 
outcome. 
 
To begin with, the prosecutor's statement that Wilson digitally raped and 
sodomized his victim was unsupported by evidence. The police reports referenced by the 
dissent are not in the appellate record. But even if they were, their contents were only 
allegations—not evidence. And contrary to the dissent's implication, there is no mention 
of digital rape or sodomy in the presentence investigation report in the appellate record.  
 
Apparently, the prosecutor believed it was appropriate for the district court to 
consider claims unsupported by evidence in ruling on Wilson's Freeman challenge. If that 
were so, that belief was wrong. See State v. Atkisson, 308 Kan. 919, Syl. ¶ 7, 425 P.3d 
334 (2018) ("When a discretionary decision requires fact-based determinations, a district 
court abuses its discretion when the decision is based on factual determinations 
unsupported by the evidence."); State v. Gonzalez, 290 Kan. 747, 757, 234 P.3d 1 (2010) 
(same). Similarly, an appellate court employs a bifurcated standard when reviewing a 
district court's decision whether a sentence is cruel or unusual under Section 9 of the 
Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights. And the first inquiry is whether there is sufficient 
support for the district court's factual findings, i.e., substantial competent evidence. State 
v. Mossman, 294 Kan. 901, 906, 281 P.3d 153 (2012). 
 
What the prosecutor did was ask the district court to base its decision on 
allegations unsupported by evidence. When a prosecutor argues facts outside the 
evidence, the first prong of the prosecutorial error test is met. Chandler, 307 Kan. at 678-
79. 
16 
 
 
 
 
As for the impact of that error, it appears reasonably possible the prosecutor's 
prompt pushed the court into considering unsupported allegations rather than evidence. 
As the panel majority concluded: 
 
"[T]he colloquy between the court and the prosecutor shows that before the prosecutor's 
misstatements, the court considered Wilson's specific conduct to be nonviolent. But 
immediately after the prosecutor's misstatements, the court appears to have changed its 
mind. The effect of the prosecutor's words on the district court was thus weighty and 
persuasive." Wilson, 2016 WL 7324427, at *9. 
 
The majority also correctly points out "the district court would be justified in 
relying on the prosecutor's statements of facts and law, particularly where, as here, the 
argument at the hearing was prepared by the State in support of its own motion." 2016 
WL 7324427, at *8. 
 
The factual misstatement about the underlying crime is sufficient standing alone to 
reverse the district court's decision. For that reason, we need not delve further into the 
misstatements about Proctor. Plus, as the dissent appropriately observes, there was no 
reference by the district court to Proctor "in any way in evaluating the first Freeman 
factor or making [its] ultimate ruling." Wilson, 2016 WL 7324427, at *18. 
 
That said, we recognize lawyers routinely have different interpretations about a 
judicial decision's legal effect, as well as whether meaningful differences in facts 
distinguish one case from another. Because of that, circumstances resulting in a claim 
that a prosecutor stepped outside appropriate bounds as an advocate when discussing 
caselaw to a judge may be harder to sort out on appeal. We need not untangle that bird's 
nest in this decision.   
17 
 
 
 
 
We affirm the Court of Appeals judgment reversing the district court on the issue 
subject to review and remand the case to the district court to consider again the 
constitutional question, i.e., whether imposing lifetime postrelease supervision on Wilson 
would be grossly disproportionate to his offense under Freeman. If Wilson's argument is 
unsuccessful, the district court then can decide whether the State may prevail on its 
motion to correct an illegal sentence.