Case Title: Herbert N. Price V. State of Florida

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC06-2045

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 2008-10-08T00:00:00Z

Document:
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Supreme Court of Florida  
No. SC06-2045 
HERBERT N. PRICE, 
Appellant, 
vs. 
STATE OF FLORIDA, 
Appellee. 
[October 8, 2008] 
QUINCE, C. J. 
Herbert N. Price seeks review of the decision of the Fifth District Court of 
Appeal in Price v. State, 937 So. 2d 702 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006), on the ground that it 
expressly and directly conflicts with the decision of this Court in State v. Gray, 435 
So. 2d 816 (Fla. 1983), on a question of law.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 
3(b)(3), Fla. Const. For the reasons expressed below, we approve the decision by 
the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Price to the extent it is not inconsistent with 
this opinion.  We hold that our decision in Gray is not applicable to this case 
because the information alleged the essential elements of the crime.  Additionally, 
we hold that the district court did not erroneously dismiss Price’s direct appeal. 
 
 
 
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY  
An information was filed against Herbert N. Price, which charged him with 
one count of violating section 794.011(4)(f), Florida Statutes (2000), sexual battery 
on a physically incapacitated person.  Count I of the information stated: 
IN THAT HERBERT PRICE on or about May 07, 2001, in the 
County of VOLUSIA and State of Florida, did unlawfully commit 
sexual battery by oral and/or vaginal petration [sic] by, or union with 
the sexual organ of [the victim] a person 12 years of age or older, 
without [the victim’s] consent and while [the victim] was physically 
incapacitated, contrary to Florida Statute 794.011(4)(f). (1 DEG FEL) 
At trial, Price did not claim the charging information was defective, nor did he file 
a motion to dismiss under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.190(c).  The jury 
found Price guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced Price to ten years in the 
Department of Corrections to be followed by fifteen years of sex offender 
probation. He was also designated a sexual predator.   
Price filed an appeal to the Fifth District Court of Appeal.  Price also filed a 
motion to dismiss his private counsel which the Fifth District granted.  For purpose 
of appeal, Price petitioned for the appointment of counsel; the petition was granted.  
After appointment, the public defender filed a motion to withdraw as Price’s 
counsel. Price, pro se, voluntarily dismissed the direct appeal before the Fifth 
District made a decision on whether to grant the public defender’s motion to 
withdraw as Price’s counsel. 
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Price filed with the trial court a petition for writ of habeas corpus, wherein 
he alleged that the information charging him with the crime was fatally defective 
and did not support a judgment of conviction because it failed to allege an essential 
element of the offense. The trial court denied his petition.  Price appealed the 
denial to the Fifth District Court of Appeal, and the Fifth District affirmed the 
denial of relief. The district court reasoned that a habeas petition cannot be used to 
litigate matters, such as the legal sufficiency of the information, which could have 
been or should have been raised on direct appeal. See Price, 937 So. 2d at 702-03. 
In contrast, in State v. Gray, we held that where an information wholly omits an 
essential element it is a defect that can be raised at any time.  See 435 So. 2d at 
818. We granted review based on alleged express and direct conflict with this 
Court’s decision in Gray on the issue of whether an information’s defect, which 
wholly omits an essential element, must be raised on direct appeal or may be raised 
at any time.  
ANALYSIS 
This case presents the Court with two issues:  (1) whether the information  
charging Price with the crime of sexual battery on a physically incapacitated 
person was fundamentally defective; and (2) whether the district court erroneously 
dismissed Price’s direct appeal. Price asserts that because the information failed to 
allege an essential element of the charged crime, a fundamental defect, this issue 
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may be raised for the first time in a proceeding for postconviction relief.  Thus, 
Price asserts that he properly raised the issue in his petition for writ of habeas 
corpus. While we held in Gray that the failure to allege an essential element of a 
crime can be raised at any time, we conclude that Gray is not applicable because 
the information in this case did not wholly fail to allege the crime of sexual battery 
on a physically incapacitated person. 
Defective Information 
The first issue in this case is whether the information charging Price with the 
crime of sexual battery on a physically incapacitated person was fatally defective.  
Due process of law requires the State to allege every essential element when 
charging a violation of law to provide the accused with sufficient notice of the 
allegations against him. Art. I, § 9, Fla. Const.; M.F. v. State, 583 So. 2d 1383, 
1386-87 (Fla. 1991).  There is a denial of due process when there is a conviction 
on a charge not made in the information or indictment.  See Gray, 435 So. 2d at 
818; see also Thornville v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940); De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 
U.S. 353 (1937). For an information to sufficiently charge a crime it must follow 
the statute, clearly charge each of the essential elements, and sufficiently advise the 
accused of the specific crime with which he is charged.  See Rosin v. Anderson, 21 
So. 2d 143, 144 (Fla. 1945). Generally the test for granting relief based on a defect 
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in the information is actual prejudice to the fairness of the trial.  See Gray, 435 So. 
2d 818 (citing Lackos v. State, 339 So. 2d 217 (Fla. 1976)). 
Price contends that the information failed to charge the method of sexual 
battery. More specifically, Price claims that the information wholly failed to allege 
whether the sexual battery occurred through penetration by an instrument or 
contact with a sexual organ from Price’s body.  The State charged alternative 
methods of committing sexual battery.  Specifically, the State charged that Price 
“unlawfully commit[ted] sexual battery by oral and/or vaginal petration [sic] by, or 
union with the sexual organ of [the victim].”  Under section 794.011, Florida 
Statutes (2006), the offense of sexual battery may be committed in several ways.  
Section 794.011 defines sexual battery as “oral, anal, or vaginal penetration by, or 
union with, the sexual organ of another or the anal or vaginal penetration of 
another by any other object.” The instant information tracked the language of 
statute and adequately placed Price on notice that he was charged with sexual 
battery. The offense of sexual battery may be proven by alternative methods, so it 
follows that the information should be free to include such alternative bases for 
conviction. 
We approve the decision of the district court because we find that the 
information alleged the essential elements of the crime.  The information charged 
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the offense substantially in the language of the statute.  Section 794.011(4)(f), 
Florida Statutes (2006), states: 
A person who commits sexual battery upon a person 12 years of age 
or older without that person’s consent, under any of the following 
circumstances, commits a felony of the first degree, punishable as 
provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, s. 775.084, or s. 794.0115: 
. . . . 
(f) When the victim is physically incapacitated. 
For this type of sexual battery, the essential elements are:  (1) a person who 
commits sexual battery upon a person twelve years of age or older; (2) without the 
victim’s consent; (3) when the victim is physically incapacitated.  § 794.011(4)(f), 
Fla. Stat. (2006). The information in this case stated these essential elements.  
Therefore, the information was sufficient to charge an offense of sexual battery.  
The inclusion of the alternative language in the information did not make the 
information fundamentally defective.   
In contrast, in Gray, the defendant filed a motion for an order in arrest of 
judgment in which he challenged for the first time the sufficiency of the 
information to charge a crime.  See 435 So. 2d at 818. He asserted that because the 
information failed to include essential elements of the crime it was fundamentally 
defective and subject to challenge. Id.  The trial court denied the motion, but the 
Fifth District Court of Appeal reversed, finding that the information did fail to 
include essential elements of the crime.  See Gray v. State, 404 So. 2d 388, 392 
(Fla. 5th DCA 1981), quashed, 435 So. 2d 816 (Fla. 1983).  After accepting 
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jurisdiction in Gray, we held that where an information wholly omits to allege an 
essential element of the crime it is a defect that can be raised at any time.  See 435 
So. 2d at 818. In the instant case, we find that our holding in Gray is not 
applicable because the information did not wholly fail to allege any element of the 
crime of sexual battery.  Instead, the instant information tracked the language of 
the statute, clearly charged the essential elements of the crime, and sufficiently 
advised Price of the specific crime with which he was charged.  Therefore, our 
holding in Gray is not applicable because the instant information was not 
fundamentally defective. 
Courts should uphold indictments and informations if they are in substantial 
compliance with the statutory requirements.  See Barrentine v. State, 72 So. 280, 
282 (Fla. 1916). We noted in Chicone v. State, 684 So. 2d 736, 744 (Fla. 1996), 
because the legislature has the primary authority for defining crimes, it will be a 
rare occasion that an information tracking the language of the statute defining the 
crime will be found to be insufficient to put the accused on notice of the 
misconduct charged.  In addition to using language from the statute, the 
information in this case referenced the specific section of the criminal code which 
sufficiently details all the elements of the offense.  In DuBoise v. State, 520 So. 2d 
260, 265 (Fla. 1988), we held that when the information references a specific 
section of the criminal code which sufficiently details all the elements of the 
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offense, the State’s failure to include an element of a crime does not automatically 
render an information so defective that it will not support a judgment of 
conviction. 
Moreover, rule 3.140(o) of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure 
provides: 
No indictment or information, or any count thereof, shall be 
dismissed or judgment arrested, or new trial granted on account of any 
defect in the form of the indictment or information or of misjoinder of 
offenses or for any cause whatsoever, unless the court shall be of the 
opinion that the indictment or information is so vague, indistinct, and 
indefinite as to mislead the accused and embarrass him or her in the 
preparation of a defense or expose the accused after conviction or 
acquittal to substantial danger of a new prosecution for the same 
offense. 
(Emphasis added.)  The information in this case tracked the language of the statute, 
so the information was not so defective as to rise to the level denoted in rule 
3.140(o). See Chicone, 684 So. 2d 736 (noting that under rule 3.140(o) an 
information will not be dismissed on account of any defect in the information).  
There is nothing in the record showing that Price was misled as to what he was 
charged with or that he was embarrassed in the preparation of his defense.  At trial 
Price did not claim the information was defective, nor did he file a motion to 
dismiss under Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure.  There is nothing in the record 
that shows actual prejudice to the fairness of Price’s trial.  We hold that our 
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decision in Gray is not applicable to this case because the information was not 
fundamentally defective.  Accordingly, Price is entitled to no relief on this claim.   
Dismissal of Direct Appeal 
The second issue presented here is whether the district court erroneously 
dismissed Price’s direct appeal. Price argues that the Fifth District erroneously 
approved his pro se, voluntary dismissal even though he was then represented by 
counsel. Price asserts that he was deprived of his opportunity under Anders1 to 
have his issues on direct appeal examined by the court.  Although this issue is not 
the one on which jurisdiction is based, we may, in our discretion, consider other 
issues properly raised and argued. See Savoie v. State, 422 So. 2d 308, 310 (Fla. 
1982). We exercise our discretion to review this issue.   
When the public defender filed the Anders brief that asserted there were no 
arguable issues for appeal, the Fifth District’s Anders order invited Price to 
respond within fifteen days to the public defender’s Anders brief. Price argues 
that the Fifth District should have treated his voluntary dismissal as a waiver of his 
right to file a responsive brief.  However, in Price’s motion to voluntarily withdraw 
his direct appeal, he specifically stated that he moved to dismiss the above-styled 
cause pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.350.  Rule 9.350(b) states 
that “[a] proceeding of an appellant or petitioner may be dismissed before a 
1. Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). 
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decision on the merits by filing a notice of dismissal . . . .”  (emphasis added). 
Thus, it should have been apparent to Price that he was dismissing the proceeding, 
not just the right to file a responsive brief. 
Additionally, Price argues that the district court should have examined the 
record to determine whether the case was wholly frivolous as Anders requires. See 
Anders, 386 U.S. at 744-45. He argues that only after examination of the record 
could the district court grant the public defender’s motion to withdraw as counsel 
and decide whether to dismiss the direct appeal or reach a decision on the merits.  
While Price’s reading of Anders is correct, his argument does not take into account 
the fact that his voluntary dismissal of his appeal made this examination moot.  
After Price withdrew his appeal there was no longer a need for the district court to 
decide whether the case was wholly frivolous or whether to grant counsel’s motion 
to withdraw. 
Price further argues that a defendant does not have a constitutional right to 
be represented by counsel and act pro se.  See Logan v. State, 846 So. 2d 472, 474­
76 (Fla. 2003) (holding that a defendant does not have the right to simultaneously 
represent himself and be represented by counsel).  Even though Price does not 
have a constitutional right to be both represented by counsel and to act pro se, we 
have held that it is in the sound discretion of the appellate court whether  
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to allow a convicted defendant the ability to proceed pro se in an appellate 
proceeding. See id. at 474 (quoting Davis v. State, 789 So. 2d 978, 980 (Fla. 
2001)). Therefore, the Fifth District had the discretion to allow Price to act pro se 
when voluntarily withdrawing his direct appeal.  Reversible error has not been 
demonstrated. 
CONCLUSION 
We hold that our decision in State v. Gray, 435 So. 2d 816 (Fla. 1983), is not 
applicable to this case because the information did not wholly fail to charge a 
crime.  The information alleged the essential elements of the crime and was not 
fundamentally defective.  Additionally, we hold that the district court did not 
erroneously dismiss Price’s direct appeal. For the foregoing reasons, we approve 
the decision by the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Price to the extent it is not 
inconsistent with this opinion.  
It is so ordered. 
WELLS, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, and LEWIS, JJ., concur.  
CANADY and POLSTON, JJ., did not participate.  
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND  
IF FILED, DETERMINED.  
Application for Review of the Decision of the District Court of Appeal - Certified  
Direct Conflict of Decisions  
Fifth District - Case No. 5D06-1185 
 
(Volusia County) 
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Mary Elizabeth Adkins, Melrose, Florida, 
 
for Petitioner 
Bill McCollum, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Kristen Davenport, 
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida, 
 
for Respondent 
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