Case Title: William Michael Kopsho v. State Of Florida

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC05-763

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 2007-05-24T00:00:00Z

Document:
Supreme Court of Florida 
 
____________ 
 
No. SC05-763 
____________ 
 
 
WILLIAM MICHAEL KOPSHO, 
Appellant, 
 
vs. 
 
STATE OF FLORIDA, 
Appellee. 
 
[May 24, 2007] 
 
PER CURIAM. 
 
William Michael Kopsho was indicted, tried, and convicted of armed 
kidnapping and first-degree murder of his wife, Lynne Kopsho.  Kopsho appeals 
his judgments of conviction of first-degree murder and armed kidnapping and his 
sentence of death.  We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const.  Based 
on our determination that the trial court committed reversible error in the denial of 
a challenge for cause of a potential juror, we reverse the convictions and vacate the 
sentence. 
Kopsho asserts that the trial court erred in denying defense counsel’s 
challenge for cause against prospective juror David Mullinax.  Kopsho argues that 
Mullinax should have been excused for cause based on his stated views regarding a 
defendant’s right to remain silent.  “Where an appellant claims he was wrongfully 
forced to exhaust his peremptory challenges because the trial court erroneously 
denied a cause challenge, both error and prejudice must be established.”  Conde v. 
State, 860 So. 2d 930, 941 (Fla. 2003).  Based on the record before us, we 
conclude that Kopsho has satisfied both prongs of that standard. 
FOR-CAUSE CHALLENGE TO POTENTIAL JUROR MULLINAX 
The test for determining juror competency is whether the juror can lay aside 
any bias or prejudice and render a verdict solely on the evidence presented and the 
instructions on the law given by the court.  See Lusk v. State, 446 So. 2d 1038, 
1041 (Fla. 1984).  “In evaluating a juror’s qualifications, the trial judge should 
evaluate all of the questions and answers posed to or received from the juror.”  
Parker v. State, 641 So. 2d 369, 373 (Fla.1994).  A juror must be excused for cause 
if any reasonable doubt exists as to whether the juror possesses an impartial state 
of mind.  See Bryant v. State, 656 So. 2d 426, 428 (Fla.1995).  The trial court has 
broad discretion in determining whether to grant a challenge for cause, and the 
decision will not be overturned on appeal absent manifest error.  Overton v. State, 
801 So. 2d 877, 890 (Fla. 2001). 
The question before this Court is whether the trial court should have granted 
a cause challenge based on Mullinax’s equivocal responses when he was asked if 
 
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he could be impartial if Kopsho exercised his right not to testify.  As noted in 
Busby v. State, 894 So. 2d 88, 96 (Fla. 2004), the mere fact that a juror gives 
equivocal responses does not disqualify that juror for service.  The question is 
whether the juror’s responses were sufficiently equivocal to generate a reasonable 
doubt about his fitness as a juror.  Id. 
During voir dire, the following exchange occurred between Mullinax and 
defense counsel: 
MR. MILLER [defense counsel]:  . . . . 
Is there anyone on this panel who is going to have a difficult 
time returning a verdict in this case without hearing from my client?  
JURY VOIR [D]IRE:  (no response) 
MR. MILLER:  I mean, it’s okay if you have a problem with 
that.  Just because the law says—I am getting back to what I talked 
about earlier on. 
This is an extremely important point.  Just because the law says 
that you cannot presume anything—I am not telling you whether or 
not you are going to hear from Mr. Kopsho. 
Again these are hypothetical questions.  But if you did not, the 
Court is going to instruct you that you can’t draw anything from that.  
That that is irrelevant.  Should not come into your thinking. 
My question is:  Does anybody have a problem with that?  Does 
anybody think that the law should be different? 
MR. MULLINAX:  I do.  I think he should have to. 
MR. MILLER:  Okay. 
MR. MULLINAX:  I know the law is not that way, but I think 
so. 
MR. MILLER:  Now again, a more difficult, philosophical 
question.  You know setting aside thoughts like that are tough to do.  
Can you do it? 
MR. MULLINAX:  I don’t know. 
MR. MILLER:  You don’t know? 
 
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MR. MULLINAX:  Whether he is guilty or not, you have to 
stand before your maker.  You are going to have to give an account 
for what you did here.  That is what I think the law should be. 
MR. MILLER:  I understand that.  And I respect that.  You 
know that.  I told you, and I meant it.  I want to hear what you really 
feel deep down in here.  (indicating) 
But what I am asking is:  Is there a possibility feeling that way, 
you would not be able to set that aside and that you would have 
trouble deliberating this case and not considering that in deliberations 
if Mr. Kopsho chose not to testify? 
You don’t know?  In other words, you are not sure? 
MR. MULLINAX:  I am not sure. 
MR. MILLER:  Okay. 
MR. MULLINAX:  But I would like to hear his side. 
MR. MILLER:  That is why I asked.  No wrong answers.  I 
respect that. 
MR. HANSON [another venire person]:  I agree. 
MR. MULLINAX:  Unless you have an eyewitness account, 
everything else is hearsay, according to the way I believe.  It’s all 
hearsay, unless you have a witness that saw him do it. 
The only two people who knows what happened is him and the 
person who died, unless he can give an account that it did not happen 
or a way it happened. 
Neither the State nor the trial court attempted to rehabilitate Mullinax after this 
exchange with defense counsel. 
The defense moved to strike Mullinax for cause because Mullinax was not 
certain that he could deliberate impartially in the event that Kopsho chose not to 
testify.  The trial court denied the motion, explaining: 
THE COURT:  At no time did [Mullinax] indicate that he 
would be anything other than fair and impartial.  Actually, he couched 
his comment by saying:  Unless you have eye witness statements that 
he killed someone, I would like to hear his side of the story.  Correct 
me if I’m wrong counsel for the prosecution, but do you not have such 
statements? 
 
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MR. TATTI:  Yes. 
THE COURT:  I recognize also, counsel for the prosecution, do 
you intend to introduce the videotaped statement on Mr. Kopsho after 
his arrest? 
MR. TATTI:  Yes. 
THE COURT:  In which case, Mr. Kopsho’s version of events 
would also be before the jury.  But I did not find his answers to 
indicate he would not be impartial.  Accordingly the challenge for 
cause is denied. 
 
 
Mullinax’s equivocation regarding his ability to be impartial cannot be 
distinguished from the juror comments at issue in Overton v. State, 801 So. 2d 877 
(Fla. 2001).  In Overton, this Court found that the trial court erred in refusing to 
dismiss for cause a juror who expressed his belief that the defendant should testify.  
Specifically, when questioned by defense counsel, juror Russell stated: 
I always think if a person’s innocent they should get up on that 
stand and speak for themselves.  That’s the way I believe.  But also, I 
understand what the Judge said, too.  It’s like confusing to me. . . .  
But in all honesty, that’s what I really believe.  I believe a person 
should get up there and say, I didn’t do this. 
Id. at 890.  Juror Russell was then further questioned by the trial court: 
 
THE COURT:  When we were out there in the open group 
there, you had some reservations about the Defendant’s right to 
remain silent. 
MR. RUSSELL:  Yeah. 
THE COURT:  What if, as part of the evidence, you were not 
presented with testimony from the Defendant? 
MR. RUSSELL:  Well, I will—I will be able to follow your 
instruction without— 
THE COURT:  meaning if I sit here and say he doesn’t, the 
Defendant— 
MR. RUSSELL:  If he doesn’t testify and you say that he 
doesn’t have to, then I respect that. 
 
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THE COURT:  Not only doesn’t he have to, but it can’t be 
considered as evidence of guilt. 
MR. RUSSELL:  Right, I would—right. 
THE COURT:  It cannot be used in any adverse way against 
him. 
MR. RUSSELL:  Right. 
THE COURT:  It cannot come into your deliberations 
whatsoever. 
MR. RUSSELL:  Right. 
THE COURT:  Yesterday you had reservations about that. 
MR. RUSSELL:  Well, that’s—right, that’s the way I always 
feel about it when someone doesn’t take the stand, I figure they’ve got 
something to hide. That’s the way I’ve always believed. 
THE COURT:  Right. 
MR. RUSSELL:  But I can shut that out. If you tell me to shut it 
out, I still shut it out. 
 
Id. at 891 (emphasis deleted).  This Court held that based on the totality of the 
juror’s responses, the juror’s assurance that he would be able to follow the law did 
not relieve doubt regarding his partiality.  Id. at 892. 
 
In light of this precedent and the record on appeal, we cannot agree with the 
trial judge’s conclusion that “[a]t no time did [Mullinax] indicate that he would be 
anything other than fair and impartial.”  Like juror Russell in Overton, Mullinax 
expressed a belief that the law should require a defendant to testify.  Most 
importantly, when asked if he could set aside his personal beliefs while 
deliberating, Mullinax repeatedly answered that he was not sure if he could 
disregard a defendant’s decision not to testify.  Mullinax never stated that he would 
be able to deliberate impartially if seated on Kopsho’s jury were Kopsho to decide 
 
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not to testify.  Mullinax’s consistently equivocal responses raise reasonable doubt 
about his fitness as a juror. 
 
Furthermore, the trial judge’s conclusion that there was no reasonable doubt 
regarding Mullinax’s impartiality because the prosecution would be admitting 
Kopsho’s taped statements is not a correct application of law.  This Court has 
repeatedly held that the presumption of innocence is defeated if “a juror is taken 
upon a trial whose mind is in such condition that the accused must produce 
evidence of his innocence to avoid a conviction.”  Overton, 801 So. 2d at 891 
(quoting Singer v. State, 109 So. 2d 7, 24 (Fla.1959) (quoting Powell v. State, 175 
So. 213, 216 (Fla. 1937))).  Whether the defendant’s “version of events” will 
ultimately be presented to the jury is immaterial.  A prospective juror who cannot 
presume the defendant to be innocent until proven guilty is not qualified to sit as a 
juror. 
In summary, the record reflects that Mullinax repeatedly admitted that he 
was not certain whether he could deliberate in an unbiased manner in this type of 
case.  This record can support no other conclusion than that Mullinax should have 
been excused from the panel for cause.  The trial court erred in denying the 
challenge for cause. 
PREJUDICE 
We also agree that defense counsel properly preserved this issue for review 
 
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and demonstrated prejudice pursuant to this Court’s decision in Busby v. State, 894 
So. 2d 88 (Fla. 2004).  In Busby, a majority of the Court held: 
[E]xpenditure of a peremptory challenge to cure the trial court’s 
improper denial of a cause challenge constitutes reversible error if a 
defendant exhausts all remaining peremptory challenges and can show 
that an objectionable juror has served on the jury.  See Trotter v. State, 
576 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 1991).  As explained in Trotter, “This juror must 
be an individual who actually sat on the jury and whom the defendant 
either challenged for cause or attempted to challenge peremptorily or 
otherwise objected to after his peremptory challenges had been 
exhausted.”  Id. at 693.  A defendant cannot demonstrate prejudice if 
the trial court grants the same number of additional peremptories as 
cause challenges that were erroneously denied.  See Conde, 860 So. 
2d at 942. 
Busby, 894 So. 2d at 96-97.  In the instant case, defense counsel challenged juror 
Mullinax for cause.  The trial judge denied this challenge.  Later, defense counsel 
used a peremptory challenge to strike Mullinax.  After exhausting all remaining 
peremptory challenges, defense counsel requested an additional peremptory, noting 
that the additional peremptory would be used to strike potential juror Bellet.  The 
trial judge denied the defense’s request for an additional peremptory.  Defense 
counsel objected to this denial and reiterated that the additional peremptory would 
have been used to strike juror Bellet because of his answers about premeditation.1  
                                          
 
 
1.  When questioned by defense counsel, juror Bellet initially answered that 
he would “probably go with the death penalty” so long as the State proved 
premeditated first-degree murder.  Later Bellet added “[u]nless there were 
mitigating circumstances that brought this on” and explained that he would want to 
know all the relevant circumstances before deciding if the death penalty was 
warranted. 
 
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Bellet actually served on the jury.  Accordingly, Kopsho has demonstrated that he 
was prejudiced by the trial court’s erroneous denial of his challenge for cause 
against potential juror Mullinax. 
CONCLUSION 
For the reasons stated herein, the trial court erred in denying the defense’s 
challenge for cause of potential juror Mullinax.  This error requires a new trial 
because the trial court refused to grant a requested additional peremptory challenge 
and an objectionable juror actually served on the jury as a result of this denial.  We 
therefore reverse Kopsho’s conviction, vacate his sentence, and remand the case 
for a new trial consistent with this opinion. 
It is so ordered. 
LEWIS, C.J., and ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, and QUINCE, JJ., concur. 
BELL, J., concurs in result only with an opinion, in which WELLS and 
CANTERO, JJ, concur. 
 
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND 
IF FILED, DETERMINED. 
 
 
BELL, J., concurring in result only.  
I agree that the trial judge erred in denying Kopsho’s cause challenge to 
venire member Mullinax; however, Kopsho immediately corrected this error by 
electing to use one of his ten peremptory challenges to strike Mullinax from the 
panel.  Consequently, the jury that rendered the verdict in this case was impartial.  
 
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Given these undisputed facts, I again urge this Court to abandon the Trotter per se 
prejudice standard and to adopt the actual prejudice standard applied by both the 
federal courts and the vast majority of state courts. 
In Busby v. State, 894 So. 2d 88, 105-14 (Fla. 2004) (Bell, J., concurring in 
part and dissenting in part), I explained in detail my disagreement with this Court’s 
continued adherence to the Trotter per se prejudice standard.  Here, as in Busby, 
the majority applies the Trotter standard to overturn a verdict rendered by a 
constitutionally impartial jury.  See Trotter v. State, 576 So. 2d 691 (Fla. 1991).  I 
write again in this case to emphasize two points.  First, I highlight how the 
majority’s adherence to the Trotter per se prejudice standard ignores the curative 
purpose of peremptory challenges, a core reason behind the statutory grant of these 
challenges.  Second, by citing to the most recent state supreme court decision on 
this issue, I reiterate my argument in Busby that this Court should join the ever-
growing majority of states that have abandoned or rejected a per se prejudice 
standard in favor of the federal rule requiring a showing of actual prejudice.  Under 
this actual prejudice standard, no reversible error occurred in Kopsho’s trial 
because, as he concedes, no juror who decided his case was legally objectionable. 
I. The Trotter Deficiency  
The Trotter per se prejudice standard ignores the curative purpose of 
peremptory challenges.  These challenges give all parties, including criminal 
 
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defendants, the ability to correct improperly denied cause challenges at the trial 
level.  When parties elect to use a peremptory challenge for this purpose, they 
immediately cure the trial judge’s mistake, ensure that the trial is conducted before 
an impartial jury, and thereby alleviate the delay and expense of a retrial after 
appeal.  In other words, peremptory challenges work in tandem with cause 
challenges to secure the constitutional right to trial by an impartial jury.  See U.S. 
Const. amend. VI; art. I, §§ 16, 22, Fla. Const.; see also William T. Pizzi & Morris 
B. Hoffman, Jury Selection Errors On Appeal, 38 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 1391, 1406 
(2001) (explaining that peremptory and cause challenges “compliment [sic] one 
another” in protecting the right to an impartial jury).  The majority's continued 
adherence to the Trotter per se prejudice rule in criminal cases vitiates the curative 
purpose of peremptory challenges. 
The failure of the Trotter standard to account for the curative purpose of 
peremptory challenges is amplified by the suggestion that trial courts can avoid 
reversal on appeal by granting extra peremptory challenges to cover any defense 
cause challenges that an appellate court may later decide were improperly denied.  
Majority op. at 8 (citing Busby, 894 So. 2d at 97 (“A defendant cannot demonstrate 
prejudice if the trial court grants the same number of additional peremptories as 
cause challenges that were erroneously denied.”)).  This suggestion ignores two 
simple truths.  Trial judges (1) do not knowingly err in denying cause challenges 
 
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and (2) cannot divine the result of a future appellate decision on the issue.  It also 
ignores the fact that the Trotter rule encourages counsel to “push the envelope” in 
voir dire by overasserting cause challenges, and when these challenges are denied, 
seeking extra peremptory challenges.   
Lastly, my overarching concern is that the Trotter standard unnecessarily 
manufactures reversible error.  The Trotter standard “[b]estow[s] a substantial right 
upon the exercise of a peremptory challenge,” and “manufactures reversible error 
in cases where the case has been decided by a fair and impartial jury.”  Stopher v. 
Commonwealth, 57 S.W.3d 787, 814 (Ky. 2001) (Keller, J., dissenting), quoted 
with approval in Morgan v. Commonwealth, 189 S.W.3d 99, 105 (Ky. 2006).  
Stated otherwise, the Trotter standard causes Florida courts to retry cases in which 
a defendant has suffered no actual prejudice because his constitutional right to an 
impartial jury was not violated.  Such unnecessary reversals are costly to the 
judicial system and provide a strong incentive to state legislators to cut down or 
eliminate peremptories.  Busby, 894 So. 2d at 114 (Bell, J., concurring in part and  
dissenting in part) (citing United States v. Annigoni, 96 F.3d 1132, 1150 (9th Cir. 
1996) (Kozinski, J., dissenting); State v. Hickman, 68 P.3d 418, 426 (Ariz. 2003)).   
II. The Majority Rule 
To avoid the deficiencies in the Trotter per se prejudice standard, this Court 
should join the ever-growing majority of state courts that apply the federal actual 
 
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prejudice rule and do not require reversal unless a legally objectionable2 juror 
actually served on the jury.3  In United States v. Martinez-Salazar, 528 U.S. 304 
(2000), the United States Supreme Court held that it was not reversible error when 
a defendant elected to cure the trial court’s erroneous denial of his cause challenge 
against a potential juror.  Id. at 317 (2000).  The Court explained that “ 
‘peremptory challenges [to prospective jurors] are not of constitutional dimension,’ 
                                          
 
2.  By “legally objectionable” I mean objectively biased or partial or 
otherwise removable for cause.  See § 913.03, Fla. Stat. (2006).   
 
3.  Examples of cases from other states which require a showing of prejudice 
include:  Dailey v. State, 828 So. 2d 340, 343-44 (Ala. 2001); Minch v. State, 934 
P.2d 764, 769-70 (Alaska Ct. App. 1997); State v. Hickman, 68 P.3d 418, 427 
(Ariz. 2003); Bangs v. State, 998 S.W.2d 738, 744-45 (Ark. 1999); People v. 
Yeoman, 72 P.3d 1166, 1188 (Cal. 2003); State v. Pelletier, 552 A.2d 805, 810 
(Conn. 1989); Manley v. State, 709 A.2d 643, 655-56 n.15 (Del. 1998); State v. 
Ramos, 808 P.2d 1313, 1314-15 (Idaho 1991); Dye v. State, 717 N.E.2d 5, 18 n.13 
(Ind. 1999); State v. Neuendorf, 509 N.W.2d 743, 746-47 (Iowa 1993); State v. 
Manning, 19 P.3d 84, 96-98 (Kan. 2001); Morgan v. Commonwealth, 189 S.W.3d 
99, 105-07 (Ky. 2006); People v. Bell, 702 N.W.2d 128, 138-39 (Mich. 2005); 
State v. Anderson, 603 N.W.2d 354, 355-56 (Minn. Ct. App. 1999) (citing State v. 
Stufflebean, 329 N.W.2d 314, 317 (Minn. 1983)); Johnson v. State, 754 So. 2d 
576, 577-78 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000); State v. Storey, 40 S.W.3d 898, 904-05 (Mo. 
2001); State v. Quintana, 621 N.W.2d 121, 133-34 (Neb. 2001); Blake v. State, 
121 P.3d 567, 577-78 (Nev. 2005); State v. DiFrisco, 645 A.2d 734, 751-54 (N.J. 
1994); State v. Entzi, 615 N.W.2d 145, 148-50 (N.D. 2000); Myers v. State, 17 
P.3d 1021, 1026-28 (Okla. Crim. App. 2000), overruled on other grounds by James 
v. State, 152 P.3d 255 (Okla. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Barone, 969 P.2d 1013, 
1018-19 (Or. 1998); Green v. Maynard, 564 S.E.2d 83, 84-87 (S.C. 2002); State v. 
Verhoef, 627 N.W.2d 437, 440-42 (S.D. 2001); State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 
317, 329 (Tenn. 1992), superseded on other grounds by Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-
204(i)(h),  (1995); State v. Menzies, 889 P.2d 393, 397-400 (Utah 1994);  State v. 
Fire, 34 P.3d 1218, 1221-25 (Wash. 2001); State v. Lindell, 629 N.W.2d 223, 243-
46 (Wis. 2001); Klahn v. State, 96 P.3d 472, 480-84 (Wyo. 2004). 
 
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[Ross v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81, 88 (1988)]; rather, they are one means to achieve 
the constitutionally required end of an impartial jury.”  Id. at 307.  “[S]uch 
challenges are auxiliary; unlike the right to an impartial jury guaranteed by the 
Sixth Amendment, peremptory challenges are not of federal constitutional 
dimension.”  Id. at 311 (citing Ross, 487 U.S. at 88).  The Court reasoned that “a 
defendant’s exercise of peremptory challenges . . . is not denied or impaired when 
the defendant chooses to use a peremptory challenge to remove a juror who should 
have been excused for cause. . . .  Martinez-Salazar received precisely what federal 
law provided; he cannot tenably assert any violation of his Fifth Amendment right 
to due process.”  Id. at 317. 
The Kentucky Supreme Court is the most recent state supreme court to 
abandon the per se prejudice standard in favor of the federal actual prejudice 
standard.  See Morgan v. Commonwealth, 189 S.W.3d 99 (Ky. 2006) (overruling 
Thomas v. Commonwealth, 864 S.W.2d 252 (Ky. 1993)).  In analyzing the 
defendant’s claim, the Kentucky Supreme Court distinguished substantial rights 
from procedural rights.  Id. at 105.  It determined that the right to a fair and 
impartial jury is a substantial right because it “is essential” and “potentially affects 
the outcome of a lawsuit” and “is capable of legal enforcement and protection.”  
Id. (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1323-24 (7th ed. 1999)).  Conversely, the court 
viewed the right to peremptory challenges as a procedural right which “helps in the 
 
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protection or enforcement of a substantial right,” the right to a fair and impartial 
jury.  Id.   
I agree with the reasoning of the Kentucky Supreme Court.  In the case sub 
judice, Kopsho received everything he was entitled to by constitution and by 
statute.  The trial judge erred when he denied Kopsho’s cause challenge against 
Mullinax, but “[s]uch mistakes are made by the best of judges in the fast-paced, 
contentious process of jury selection.”  Busby, 894 So. 2d at 105-06 (Bell, J., 
concurring in part and dissenting in part).  Kopsho received all ten peremptory 
challenges that he was entitled to under the peremptory challenge statute.  He used 
one of these peremptory challenges to strike Mullinax.  See § 913.08(1)(a), Fla. 
Stat. (2000).  The fact that Kopsho chose to use one of his ten peremptory 
challenges for this curative purpose, a purpose for which the statutory right is 
granted, cannot reasonably be deemed a denial of that statutory right.  Most 
importantly, as Kopsho concedes, his substantive, constitutional right to an 
impartial jury was not violated because none of the jurors who decided his case 
were biased or partial.  Therefore, the procedure for selecting Kopsho’s jury 
worked as intended.  By working in tandem with challenges for cause, the 
statutorily granted peremptory challenges were employed to achieve the 
constitutional goal of obtaining an impartial jury.  Given that Kopsho's 
constitutional right to trial by an impartial jury was preserved as intended, I again 
 
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urge this Court to adopt the actual prejudice standard applied by the vast majority 
of other jurisdictions and to abandon the Trotter per se prejudice standard.   
WELLS and CANTERO, JJ., concur. 
 
 
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Marion County,  
David B. Eddy, Judge - Case No. 00-3762-CF-A-X 
 
James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and George D.E. Burden, Assistant Public 
Defender, Seventh Judicial Circuit, Daytona Beach, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellant 
 
Bill McCollum, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Barbara C. Davis, 
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida, 
 
 
for Appellee 
 
 
 
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