Case Title: STATE v DAVIS

Citation: 

Docket Number: 

State: montana

Court: Montana Supreme Court

Date: 1980-12-17T00:00:00Z

Document:
No. 80-148 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1980 STATE OF MONTANA, Plaintiff and Respondent, -vs- STANLEY DAVIS, Defendant and Appellant. Appeal from: District Court of the Sixth Judicial District, In and for the County of Park, the Honorable Nat Allen, Judge presiding. Counsel of Record: FOX Appellant: Yardley and Yardley, Livingston, Montana For Respondent : Hon. Mike Greely, Attorney General, Helena, Montana Bruce Becker, County Attorney, Livinqston, Montana Submitted on Briefs: August 28, 1980 Decided: BEC b % 99f@ Filed: D€C 1 7 1980 4 Clerk M r . C h i e f J u s t i c e F r a n k I. H a s w e l l d e l i v e r e d t h e O p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t . S t a n l e y D a v i s was c h a r g e d i n D i s t r i c t C o u r t , S i x t h J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , w i t h f o u r c o u n t s : ( 1 ) c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l 1 d a n g e r o u s d r u g s , ( 2 ) a t t e m p t e d c r i m i n a l s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s , ( 3 ) c r i m i n a l s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s , and ( 4 ) a t t e m p t e d c r i m i n a l p o s s e s s i o n o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . F o l l o w i n g a j u r y t r i a l , d e f e n d a n t was c o n v i c t e d o f c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s and was sen- t e n c e d t o t h r e e y e a r s i n p r i s o n . A t some t i m e p r i o r t o A u g u s t 8, 1 9 7 9 , K e n n e t h H u t t i n g e r ( I n f o r m a n t ) a p p r o a c h e d t h e Bozeman p o l i c e a b o u t c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h t h e m i n a p p r e h e n d i n g James Amsk, who was a l l e g e d l y s e l l i n g d r u g s t o H u t t i n g e r ' s g i r l f r i e n d . A " b u y " f r o m Amsk was a r r a n g e d b y I n f o r m a n t t o t a k e p l a c e i n P a r k C o u n t y on A u g u s t 8, 1979. C e r t a i n members o f a p o l i c e s t a k e o u t g r o u p o b s e r v e d t h e t r a n s a c - t i o n f r o m a p r e a r r a n g e d l o o k o u t . They made no a r r e s t s and no w a r r a n t s w e r e i s s u e d a t t h a t t i m e . A n o t h e r p e r s o n was p r e s e n t w i t h Amsk a t t h a t t r a n s a c t i o n who was l a t e r i d e n t i f i e d as D a v i d H a r p e r . The d e f e n d a n t was n o t p r e s e n t a t t h i s "buy." D u r i n g t h e A u g u s t 8 , 1 9 7 9 , m e e t i n g , I n f o r m a n t a r r a n g e d w i t h Amsk t o make an a d d i t i o n a l p u r c h a s e on t h e f o l l o w i n g day. The p o l i c e w e r e a l e r t e d t o t h i s a c t i v i t y and a g a i n s t a k e d o u t t h e p a r k . On A u g u s t 9, 1 9 7 9 , d e f e n d a n t met Amsk i n L i v i n g s t o n and d r o v e w i t h him, i n A m s k ' s c a r , t o S a c a j a w e a P a r k . I n t h e p a r k t h e y m e t I n f o r m a n t , and Amsk and I n f o r m a n t a g r e e d t o a " b u y . " I n f o r m a n t gave Amsk $465.00 and Amsk t h e n a g r e e d t o r e t u r n s h o r t l y w i t h t h e d r u g s . A t t h a t t i m e , I n f o r m a n t and d e f e n d a n t h a d no c o m m u n i c a t i o n e x c e p t f o r d e f e n d a n t ' s s t a t e m e n t i d e n - t i f y i n g h i m s e l f t o I n f o r m a n t . Amsk and d e f e n d a n t l e f t t h e p a r t t o g e t h e r . I n f o r m a n t gave a p r e a r r a n g e d s i g n a l t o t h e o f f i c e r s s t a k i n g o u t t h e p a r k and i n f o r m e d them t h a t Amsk i n t e n d e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e p a r k s h o r t l y w i t h t h e d r u g s . The o f f i c e r s r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r s t a k e o u t p o s i t i o n s . F i f t e e n o r t w e n t y m i n u t e s l a t e r , d e f e n d a n t r e t u r n e d a1 o n e t o t h e p a r k . He i n d i c a t e d t o I n f o r m a n t t h a t I n f o r m a n t was t o m e e t Amsk a t t h e A & W R o o t B e e r S t a n d i n o r d e r t o t a k e d e l i v e r y o f t h e d r u g s . D e f e n d a n t l e f t h i s c a r a t t h e p a r k and g o t i n t o I n f o r m a n t ' s c a r and d r o v e t o t h e A & W w i t h him. The A & W p a r k i n g l o t was v e r y c r o w d e d so d e f e n d a n t i n s t r u c t e d I n f o r m a n t t o d r i v e t o t h e m o t e l p a r k i n g l o t n e x t d o o r and t o honk h i s h o r n a t a c a r b e i n g d r i v e n b y Amsk and H a r p e r . I n f o r m a n t s t o p p e d h i s c a r i n t h e l o t and w e n t t o H a r p e r ' s c a r t o g e t t h e d r u g s . Amsk i n s t r u c t e d I n f o r m a n t t o g i v e 1 0 0 0 h i t s o f " s p e e d " ( a m p h e t a m i n e s ) t o d e f e n d a n t , f o r d e f e n d a n t t o d i s p o s e o f . I n f o r m a n t r e t u r n e d t o t h e c a r and gave d e f e n d a n t t h e " s p e e d " w h i c h d e f e n d a n t p u t i n h i s b o o t . I n f o r m a n t and d e f e n d a n t r e t u r n e d t o t h e p a r k t o g e t d e f e n d a n t ' s c a r . Upon r e a c h i n g t h e p a r k , I n f o r m a n t and d e f e n d a n t b o t h g o t o u t o f I n f o r m a n t ' s c a r and w a l k e d o v e r t o d e f e n d a n t ' s c a r . A t t h a t t i m e , I n f o r m a n t gave t h e s i g n a l t o c e r t a i n p o l i c e on t h e s t a k e o u t who i n t u r n s i g n a l e d t o o f f i c e r s M a l o n e and Bowman t o make t h e a r r e s t . O f f i c e r Ma1 o n e a r r e s t e d d e f e n d a n t and c o n d u c t e d a p a t - d o w n s e a r c h . D e f e n d a n t was t a k e n t o t h e j a i l i n P a r k C o u n t y and s e a r c h e d , a t w h i c h t i m e t h e a l l e g e d amphetamines w e r e f o u n d i n d e f e n d a n t ' s b o o t . T e s t s p r o v e d t h e s u b s t a n c e s t o be non- c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e s . P r i o r t o t r i a l , d e f e n d a n t moved t o s u p p r e s s a l l e v i d e n c e t a k e n f r o m d e f e n d a n t ' s p e r s o n f o l l o w i n g a r r e s t , b a s e d on h i s a l l e g a t i o n t h a t t h e a r r e s t was i l l e g a l . The m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s was d e n i e d . A t t h e c l o s e o f t h e S t a t e ' s c a s e a t t r i a l , d e f e n d a n t moved t o d i s m i s s t h e f i r s t t h r e e c o u n t s . The m o t i o n was based on d e f e n d a n t ' s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s had b e e n c o m p l e t e d and t h e c r i m e s c o n s u m & e d p r i o r t o any p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y d e f e n d a n t . T h i s m o t i o n was d e n i e d . The d e f e n d a n t r a i s e s s e v e r a l i s s u e s on a p p e a l : (1) W h e t h e r t h e o f f i c e r s had p r o b a b l e cause t o a r r e s t d e f e n d a n t , and w h e t h e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e q u i r e d h i s immedi a t e a r r e s t ? ( 2 ) W h e t h e r t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s s h o u l d have b e e n g r a n t e d b e c a u s e t h e e v i d e n c e was o b t a i n e d a f t e r an i l l e g a l a r r e s t ? ( 3 ) W h e t h e r t h e s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s was c o m p l e t e d p r i o r t o any p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y d e f e n d a n t D a v i s ? ( 4 ) W h e t h e r t h e c o u r t ' s d e n i a l o f t h e m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s a n d t h e m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s d e p r i v e d d e f e n d a n t o f a f a i r t r i a l o n t h e c h a r g e o f c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s ? O f f i c e r s M a l o n e and Bowman o f t h e Bozeman p o l i c e f o r c e a r r e s t e d d e f e n d a n t w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t . I n o r d e r t o make s u c h an a r r e s t , a p o l i c e o f f i c e r m u s t s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f s e c t i o n 4 6 - 6 - 4 0 1 , MCA. T h a t s t a t u t e p r o v i d e s i n p a r t : " C i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h a p e a c e o f f i c e r may make an a r r e s t . A p e a c e o f f i c e r may a r r e s t a p e r s o n - when: " [ 4 ] h e b e l i e v e s on r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e p e r s o n i s c o m m i t t i n g an o f f e n s e o r t h a t t h e p e r - s o n has c o m m i t t e d an o f f e n s e and t h e e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e q u i r e h i s i m m e d i a t e a r r e s t . " A p p e l l a n t c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s d i d n o t o b s e r v e h i m c o m m i t t i n g any o f f e n s e , n o r d i d t h e y have any k n o w l e d g e t h a t a c r i m e had b e e n c o m m i t t e d b y d e f e n d a n t . A d d i t i o n a l l y , a p p e l l a n t a r g u e s t h a t e v e n i f p r o b a b l e c a u s e d i d e x i s t t o b e l i e v e a c r i m e had b e e n c o m m i t t e d , t h e r e w e r e no e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e q u i r i n g h i s a r r e s t w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t . W e f i n d t h a t t h e a r r e s t was based on p r o b a b l e c a u s e and was l a w f u l . Thus, t h e e v i d e n c e s e i z e d a f t e r t h e a r r e s t was a d m i s s i b l e a t t r i a l . The d i s t r i c t j u d g e p r o p e r l y d e n i e d t h e m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s . I n Montana, " r e a s o n a b l e g r o u n d s " t o a r r e s t a r e synonymous w i t h " p r o b a b l e c a u s e " t o a r r e s t . S t a t e v. F e t t e r s ( 1 9 7 4 ) , 1 6 5 Mont. 1 1 7 , 1 2 2 , 526 P.2d 1 2 2 , 125. As t h i s C o u r t s t a t e d i n S t a t e v. H a m i l t o n ( 1 9 8 0 ) , Mont. , 6 0 5 P.2d 1 1 2 1 , 1 1 2 5 , 37 St.Rep. 7 0 , 7 3 : " ' P r o b a b l e c a u s e t o a r r e s t w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t e x i s t s where t h e f a c t s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h i n t h e o f f i c e r ' s k n o w l e d g e and o f w h i c h he had r e a s o n a b l e t r u s t w o r t h y i n f o r m a t i o n a r e s u f f i c i e n t i n t h e m s e l v e s t o w a r r a n t a man o f r e a s o n a b l e c a u t i o n i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t an o f f e n s e h a s been o r i s b e i n g c o m m i t t e d . "' A d m i t t e d l y , O f f i c e r s Ma1 one and Bowman, t h e a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s , may n o t h a v e had s u f f i c i e n t i n d e p e n d e n t p e r s o n a l k n o w l e d g e o f an o f f e n s e t o e s t a b l i s h p r o b a b l e c a u s e . From O f f i c e r M a l o n e ' s p o s i t i o n i n t h e s t a k e o u t , he was u n a b l e t o o b s e r v e any o f d e f e n d a n t ' s a c t i o n s i n t h e p a r k . He was n o t p r e - s e n t a t t h e A & W R o o t B e e r S t a n d o r a t t h e m o t e l p a r k i n g l o t . He c o n c e d e s t h a t he d i d n o t p e r s o n a l l y o b s e r v e d e f e n d a n t c o m m i t any o f f e n s e . O f f i c e r Bowman t e s t i f i e d s i m i l a r l y . The f a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n i n v o l v e d h e r e i s n o t an u n u s u a l one i n t h i s t y p e o f c a s e . S e v e r a l o f f i c e r s w e r e w o r k i n g i n c o o p e r a - t i o n w i t h an i n f o r m a n t i n an o n g o i n g u n d e r c o v e r o p e r a t i o n . O f f i c e r s were s t a k e d o u t i n v a r i o u s p o s i t i o n s a r o u n d t h e s c e n e o f t h e " b u y " and c o m m u n i c a t e d b y means o f r a d i o and s i g n a l s . No o n e o f f i c e r may h a v e had s u f f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e t o e s t a b l i s h p r o b a b l e c a u s e , b u t i f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d c o l l e c t i v e l y and i s e v a l u a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e l a w e n f o r c e m e n t o f f i c e r s as a g r o u p , i t was s u f f i c i e n t t o e s t a b l i s h p r o b a b l e c a u s e . Numerous j u r i s d i c t i o n s h o l d t h a t I t I . . . [ P ] r o b a b l e c a u s e i s t o be e v a l u a t e d b y t h e c o u r t s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o l l e c t i v e i n f o r - m a t i o n o f t h e p o l i c e r a t h e r t h a n t h a t o f o n l y t h e o f f i c e r who p e r f o r m s t h e a c t o f a r r e s t i n g . "' S t a t e v. Shaw ( 1 9 7 9 ) , 3 0r.App. 346, 473 P.2d 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 . See a l s o S m i t h v. U n i t e d S t a t e s (D.C. C i r 1 9 6 6 ) , 3 5 8 F.2d 8 3 3 , 8 3 5 , c e r t . d e n . 386 U.S. 1 0 0 8 , 8 7 S . C t . 1 3 5 0 , 1 8 L.Ed.2d 448; P e o p l e v. S a a r s ( 1 9 7 8 ) , 1 9 6 C o l o . 294, 584 P.2d 6 2 2 , 625; S t a t e v. M i l l e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) , 1 1 2 A r i z . 9 5 , 537 P.2d 9 6 5 , 967. W e f i n d t h i s v i e w t o be p e r s u a s i v e . Many i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and u n d e r c o v e r o p e r a t i o n s c o u l d be n e e d l e s s l y f r u s t r a t e d i f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g o f f i c e r s w e r e n o t a b l e t o r e l y on i n f o r m a t i o n p r o - v i d e d b y o t h e r o f f i c e r s w o r k i n g w i t h t h e m on a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e . V i e w e d i n t h i s way, we f i n d t h a t t h e r e w e r e s u f f i c i e n t f a c t s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h i n t h e o f f i c e r s ' k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e y c o u l d r e a s o n a b l y b e l i e v e t h a t an o f f e n s e was b e i n g o r had b e e n c o m m i t t e d b y d e f e n d a n t . A p p e l l a n t a r g u e s t h a t h i s mere p r e s e n c e a t t h e s c e n e o f a c r i m e does n o t e s t a b l i s h p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r a r r e s t . T h i s i s a c o r r e c t s t a t e m e n t o f t h e l a w , S t a t e v . H a m i l t o n , s u p r a , Mont. a t , 6 0 5 P.2d a t 1125, 37 St.Rep. a t 7 3 , b u t t h e e v i d e n c e shows more t h a n d e f e n d a n t ' s mere p r e s e n c e . S t e v e M a r k l e , i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r t h e G a l l a t i n C o u n t y A t t o r n e y ' s o f f i c e , knew t h a t a d r u g t r a n s a c t i o n had o c c u r r e d b e t - ween I n f o r m a n t and Amsk on A u g u s t 8, 1 9 7 9 and t h a t a n o t h e r t r a n - s a c t i o n was s c h e d u l e d f o r A u g u s t 9, 1979. From h i s d e a l i n g s w i t h I n f o r m a n t , S t e v e M a r k l e knew t h e I n f o r m a n t t o be r e 1 i a b l e and M a r k l e p e r s o n a l l y v i e w e d p a r t o f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s . On A u g u s t 9, f r o m h i s s t a k e o u t p o s i t i o n i n t h e L i v i n g s t o n Armory, M a r k l e saw t h r o u g h h i s s p o t t i n g s c o p e t h a t I n f o r m a n t had made c o n t a c t w i t h Amsk and a n o t h e r u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n ( d e f e n d a n t ) a t t h e s c h e d u l e d t i m e and t h a t I n f o r m a n t had t r a n s f e r r e d money t o Amsk; Amsk and t h e u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n l e f t t h e m e e t i n g p l a c e ; t h e u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n r e t u r n e d ; I n f o r m a n t and t h e u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n l e f t t o g e t h e r , a n d r e t u r n e d t o t h e s c e n e t o g e t h e r ; and I n f o r m a n t gave a p r e a r r a n g e d s i g n a l i n d i c a t i n g t h e d r u g t r a n s a c t i o n had b e e n c o m p l e t e d . The i n f o r m a t i o n p o s s e s s e d by M a r k l e was t r a n s m i t t e d t o O f f i c e r s Bowman and M a l o n e , t h e a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s , b y r a d i o . O f f i c e r s Bowman and M a l o n e a l s o knew t h a t a d r u g t r a n s a c - t i o n had o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n Amsk, t h e i n f o r m a n t and an u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n t h e p r e v i o u s day. They knew t h a t I n f o r m a n t had d e l i v e r e d t h e money t o Amsk and an u n i d e n t i f i e d p e r s o n on A u g u s t 9, 1 9 7 9 , a n d t h a t I n f o r m a n t had g i v e n t h e p r e a r r a n g e d s i g n a l t o M a r k l e t h a t t h e d r u g t r a n s a c t i o n had been c o m p l e t e d . They t e s t i f i e d t o t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t I n f o r m a n t w o u l d n o t h a v e s i g n a l e d t o M a r k l e , who a l e r t e d t h e m i n t u r n , u n l e s s t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e c r i m e w e r e p r e s e n t and t h e t r a n s a c t i o n c o m p l e t e . I n sum, t h e a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s had s u f f i c i e n t t r u s t w o r t h y i n f o r m a t i o n and k n o w l e d g e t o c o n s t i t u t e p r o b a b l e cause t h a t an o f f e n s e had been c o m m i t t e d b y d e f e n d a n t . B u t a p p e l l a n t a r g u e s t h a t t h e r e were no e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e q u i r i n g d e f e n d a n t ' s i m m e d i a t e a r r e s t . S e c t i o n 4 6 - 6 - 4 0 1 ( 4 ) , MCA. S t a t e v. L e n o n ( 1 9 7 7 ) , 1 7 4 M o n t . 270-271, 264, 5 7 0 P.2d 9 0 1 , 905. He a s s e r t s t h a t he was n o t a t t e m p t i n g t o f l e e , he was n o t armed, and t h e p a r k was s u r r o u n d e d b y l a w e n f o r c e m e n t o f f i c i a l s . The o f f i c e r s w e r e i n r a d i o c o n t a c t w i t h t h e l a w e n f o r c e m e n t f a c i l i t y and c o u l d h a v e o b t a i n e d a w a r r a n t . A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a s t r o n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r o f f i c e r s t o o b t a i n a w a r r a n t , Beck v. O h i o ( 1 9 6 4 ) , 3 7 9 U.S. 89, 8 5 S.Ct. 2 2 3 , 1 3 L.Ed.2d 1 4 2 , we f i n d t h a t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s h e r e w e r e s u f - f i c i e n t t o a l l o w a w a r r a n t l e s s a r r e s t . T h i s C o u r t h a s n o t s p e c i - f i c a l l y d e f i n e d t h e " e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s " w h i c h p e r m i t an i m m e d i a t e a r r e s t , b u t we have i n p r e v i o u s c a s e s d i s c u s s e d " e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s " a1 1 o w i n g p o l i c e t o e n t e r a r e s i d e n c e w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t i n o r d e r t o s e a r c h and a r r e s t . I n S t a t e v. Means ( 1 9 7 8 ) , Mont. , 5 8 1 P.2d 406, 3 5 St.Rep. 6 7 3 , t h i s C o u r t h e l d t h a t p o l i c e a c t e d p r o p e r l y u n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n n o t o b t a i n i n g a w a r r a n t . C i t i n g J o h n s o n v. U n i t e d S t a t e s ( 1 9 4 8 ) , 3 3 3 U.S. 1 0 , 6 8 S . C t . 3 6 7 , 92 L.Ed 436, we n o t e d c e r t a i n i n s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h e r e c o u l d be a need t o p r o c e e d w i t h o u t a w a r r a n t : " ' T h e r e a r e e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h , o n b a l a n c i n g t h e need f o r e f f e c t i v e l a w e n f o r - c e m e n t a g a i n s t t h e r i g h t o f p r i v a c y , i t may be c o n t e n d e d t h a t a m a g i s t r a t e ' s w a r r a n t f o r s e a r c h may be d i s p e n s e d w i t h . B u t t h i s i s n o t such a c a s e . No r e a s o n i s o f f e r e d f o r n o t o b t a i n i n g a s e a r c h w a r r a n t e x c e p t t h e i n c o n v e n i e n c e t o t h e o f f i c e r s and some s l i g h t d e l a y n e c e s s a r y t o p r e - p a r e p a p e r s and p r e s e n t t h e e v i d e n c e t o a m a g i s t r a t e . . . No s u s p e c t was f l e e i n g o r l i k e l y t o t a k e f l i g h t . The s e a r c h was o f p e r m a n e n t p r e m i s e s , n o t o f a m o v a b l e v e h i c l e . No e v i d e n c e o r c o n t r a b a n d was t h r e a t e n e d w i t h r e m o v a l o r d e s t r u c t i o n . . . I I( S t a t e v. Means, s u p r a , Mont. a t , 5 8 1 P.2d a t 4 1 0 - 4 1 1 , 3 5 St.Rep. a t 679. I n t h i s c a s e , O f f i c e r M a l o n e t e s t i f i e d t h a t d e s p i t e t h e s t a k e o u t he b e l i e v e d t h a t d e f e n d a n t , who had come t o t h e p a r k i n h i s c a r , was l i k e l y t o f l e e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e p o l i c e w e r e j u s t i f i e d i n b e l i e v i n g t h a t e v i d e n c e o f t h e buy, w h i c h c o u l d e a s i l y have been d e s t r o y e d o r d i s p o s e d o f , m i g h t be f o u n d on d e f e n d a n t b e c a u s e he was p r e s e n t a t d e l i v e r y . Based on t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e o f f i c e r s w e r e r e a s o n a b l e i n t h e i r be1 i e f t h a t an i m m e d i a t e a r r e s t was n e c e s s a r y , as i s r e q u i r e d i n S t a t e v. B e n n e t t ( 1 9 7 2 ) , 1 5 8 M o n t . 496, 504, 493 P.2d 1077, 1 0 8 1 . Because we f i n d t h a t t h e a r r e s t was l a w f u l , we h o l d t h a t t h e a l l e g e d a m p h e t a m i n e s s e i z e d f r o m t h e d e f e n d a n t f o l l o w i n g t h e a r r e s t w e r e p r o p e r l y a d m i t t e d a t t r i a l . A p p e l l a n t n e x t c o n t e n d s t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t j u d g e e r r e d i n n o t d i s m i s s i n g c o u n t one, c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s ; c o u n t t w o , a t t e m p t t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s ; and c o u n t t h r e e , s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . A p p e l l a n t ' s m o t i o n was based on h i s t h e o r y t h a t b e c a u s e he d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e A u g u s t 9 A m s k - I n f o r m a n t a g r e e m e n t t o buy d r u g s , o r t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g e x c h a n g e o f money, t h a t any c r i m i n a l o f f e n s e was c o m p l e t e d p r i o r t o t h e t i m e t h a t d e f e n d a n t p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e t r a n s a c t i o n . I n p r e s e n t i n g t h i s a r g u m e n t t o t h e C o u r t , d e f e n d a n t i s a s s u m i n g t h a t f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f c o n v i c t i o n f o r s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s , t h e a c t o f a g r e e m e n t t o buy, and t h e e x c h a n g e o f money, c o n s t i t u t e t h e e n t i r e s a l e t r a n s a c t i o n . W e f i n d t h i s v i e w o f " c r i m i n a l s a l e " t o be t o o r e s t r i c t i v e . The s t a t u t e p r o v i d e s i n p a r t : " ( 1 ) A p e r s o n c o m m i t s t h e o f f e n s e o f c r i m i n a l s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s i f he s e l l s , b a r t e r s , e x c h a n g e s , o r g i v e s away, o r o f f e r s t o s e l l , b a r t e r , e x c h a n g e , o r g i v e away . . ." S e c t i o n 4 5 - 9 - 1 0 1 , MCA. S e v e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s have c o n s i d e r e d t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f " s e l l " as i t a p p e a r s i n s t a t u t e s s i m i l a r t o s e c t i o n 4 5 - 9 - 1 0 1 , MCA. The Supreme C o u r t o f New H a m p s h i r e i n S t a t e v. S t o n e ( 1 9 7 4 ) , 1 1 4 N.H. 1 1 4 , 3 1 6 A.2d 196, 1 9 7 , n o t e d t h a t i n c r i m i n a l s t a t u t e s , " s e l l " may have a b r o a d e r m e a n i n g t h a n i t does i n s t a - t u t e s g o v e r n i n g commerci a1 t r a n s a c t i o n s , w h e r e " s e l l " i s commonly d e f i n e d as " ' t h e p a s s i n g o f t i t l e f r o m t h e s e l l e r t o t h e b u y e r f o r a p r i c e . " ' I n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e d r u g s t a t u t e s , t h a t C o u r t f o u n d t h a t " p r o o f t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t made no p r o f i t o r r e c e i v e d no o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n f r o m t h i s t r a n s a c t i o n , o r p r o o f t h a t he was s i m p l y a p r o c u r i n g a g e n t f o r P e r r i a w o u l d n o t p r e v e n t t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s a c t i o n f r o m c o n s t i t u t i n g a s a l e u n d e r [New H a m p s h i r e law.]" The a c t o f " b r i n g i n g a b o u t t h e t r a n s f e r o f t h e LSD t o [ a n u n d e r c o v e r a g e n t ] " a l l o w e d t h e j u r y t o f i n d d e f e n - d a n t g u i l t y o f t h e s a l e o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . S t a t e v. S t o n e , s u p r a , 316 A.2d a t 197-198. The Supreme C o u r t o f K a n s a s has d e t e r m i n e d t h a t i n a con- v i c t i o n f o r c r i m i n a l s a l e , i t i s i m m a t e r i a l t h a t d e f e n d a n t does n o t p o s s e s s l e g a l t i t l e , o r t h a t d e f e n d a n t r e c e i v e s no c o n s i d e r a t i o n f r o m a t r a n s a c t i o n i n w h i c h he p a r t i c i p a t e s . See S t a t e v. N i x ( 1 9 7 4 ) , 215 Kan. 8 8 0 , 529 P.2d 147, 151. I n S t a t e v. C o l l a z o ( 1 9 7 7 ) , 1 Kan.App.2d 654, 5 7 4 P.2d 214, t h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s o f K a n s a s a p p r o v e d t h e j u r y i n s t r u c t i o n i n a c a s e c h a r g i n g c r i m i n a l s a l e : "To s e l l h e r o i n means t o k n o w i n g l y and i n t e n - t i o n a l l y t r a n s f e r p o s s e s s i o n o r o w n e r s h i p o f t h e h e r o i n t o a n o t h e r f o r money o r o t h e r v a l u a b l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . F o r a p e r s o n t o make such a s a l e i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t h a t he p e r s o n a l l y h a n d l e a l l o f t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n . It i s s u f f i c i e n t i f t h e t r a n s a c t i o n i s a r r a n g e d b y h i m a n d h a n d l e d b y p e r s o n s u n d e r h i s d i r e c t i o n and i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n s t i t u t e a s a l e i f t h e p e r s o n c h a r g e d w i t h s a l e i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e t r a n s a c t i o n b y a c c e p t i n g , h a n d l i n g , o r c o u n t i n g t h e money and d i r e c t i n g t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e h e r o i n . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e p e r s o n c h a r g e d w i t h t h e s a l e does n o t h a v e t o p e r s o n a l l y c o n d u c t a1 1 o f t h e v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s o f t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e h e r o i n and o f t h e t r a n s f e r o f t h e money. I t i s s u f f i c i e n t i f he p a r t i c i p a t e s t h e r e i n t o s u c h an e x t e n t t h a t i t i s o b v i o u s t h a t he i s a p a r t o f t h e m a k i n g o f t h e s a l e . " S t a t e v. C o l l a z o , s u p r a , 5 7 4 P.2d a t 216. See a l s o Hammonds v. S t a t e ( T e x . 1 9 5 8 ) , 3 1 6 S.W.2d 4 2 3 , 425. S t a t e v. Thomas ( 1 9 7 5 ) , 1 6 6 M o n t . 265, 269, 5 3 2 P.2d 405, 407; A n n o t . , 93 ALR2d 1008. W e a p p r o v e t h i s v i e w t a k e n b y o t h e r c o u r t s and c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e M o n t a n a l e g i s l a t u r e d i d n o t i n t e n d t h a t a s a l e s h o u l d be c o m p l e t e m e r e l y upon t h e exchange o f money. D e l i v e r y a p p e a r s t o b e an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e s a l e o f d r u g s , p a r t i c u l a r l y when we c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e s t a t u t e s a r e aimed p r i m a r i l y a t s t o p p i n g t h e t r a n s f e r and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , we f i n d t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e p r o p e r l y d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e s a l e d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o n c l u d e w i t h t h e payment o f money, and p r o p e r l y d e n i e d a p p e l l a n t ' s m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s . A p p e l l a n t ' s l a s t c o n t e n t i o n i s t h a t t h e j u d g e ' s d e n i a l o f t h e m o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s and t h e m o t i o n t o d i s m i s s c o u n t s t w o and t h r e e d e n i e d d e f e n d a n t a f a i r t r i a l on t h e c h a r g e o f c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . Our d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h e t r i a l j u d g e p r o p e r l y d e n i e d d e f e n d a n t ' s m o t i o n s p r e c l u d e s a f i n d i ng t h a t d e f e n d a n t was d e n i e d a f a i r t r i a l on t h i s b a s i s . The e v i d e n c e f o u n d on d e f e n d a n t ' s p e r s o n was p r o p e r l y b e f o r e t h e j u r y , as was t h e t e s t i m o n y c o n c e r n i n g d e f e n d a n t ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s a l e o f A u g u s t 9. The j u r y f o u n d t h i s e v i d e n c e s u f f i c i e n t t o p r o v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t a g r e e d w i t h Amsk and D a v i d H a r p e r t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s , and a f f i r m a t i v e l y p a r - t i c i p a t e d i n an o n g o i n g c o n s p i r a c y . W e a f f i r m t h e d e f e n d a n t ' s c o n v i c t i o n f o r c o n s p i r a c y t o s e l l d a n g e r o u s d r u g s . C h i e f J u s t i c e