Case Title: Florida Department of Children and Families, et Al., v. F.l., the Mother

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC03-1602

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 2004-07-08T00:00:00Z

Document:
Supreme Court of Florida
____________
No. SC03-1602
____________
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN 
AND FAMILIES, et al.,
Appellants,
vs.
F.L., the Mother,
Appellee.
[July 8, 2004]
PER CURIAM.
Section 39.806(1)(i), Florida Statutes (2001), authorizes the filing of a
petition for termination of parental rights "when the parental rights of the parent to a
sibling have been terminated involuntarily."  In F.L. v. Department of Children &
Families, 849 So. 2d 1114 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003), the Fourth District Court of
Appeal declared this statutory section unconstitutional.  For the reason discussed
herein, we determine that section 39.806(1)(i) is constitutional and reverse the
1We have jurisdiction pursuant to article V, section 3(b)(1) of the Florida
Constitution. 
2 The trial court also terminated the parental rights of the father, C.N., Sr.,
who did not appeal.  We commend the trial court's diligence in conducting an
extensive evidentiary hearing and providing a thorough and well-analyzed order. 
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decision of the Fourth District.1
FACTS
The trial court entered an order terminating the parental rights of F.L., the
mother, to her seventh child, C.N., Jr.2  On appeal, the Fourth District Court of
Appeal reversed the trial court's order of termination.  The Department of Children
and Families (DCF), joined by the child's guardian ad litem, appeals the Fourth
District's decision.
F.L., the mother, has a long history with DCF.  F.L. grew up in an abusive
home.  By the time she was in her late teens, F.L. had three children and was in an
abusive relationship with C.N., Sr., an admitted drug dealer.  In 1997, DCF filed a
petition for dependency as to F.L.'s three children, alleging that F.L. was
intoxicated while caring for the children, that the children were dirty, that F.L. had a
history of domestic violence with the father, and that the home had no electricity or
hot water and had an inoperable toilet.  The three children were adjudicated
dependent, and the court approved a reunification case plan.  The plan consisted of
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assessments, participation in a parenting course, completion of a substance abuse
course, completion of a domestic violence program, and maintaining stable housing
and income.
In early 1998, while this dependency action was pending, F.L. prematurely
gave birth to a fourth child.  DCF immediately took custody of this child and filed a
petition for dependency based on the child's low birth weight and F.L.'s lack of
prenatal care, and based on the allegations made in the petition for dependency of
F.L.'s other children.  The trial court declared F.L.'s fourth child dependent and
provided a case plan for reunification similar to F.L.'s previous plan.  In October
1998, the trial court found that F.L. had completed none of the required tasks on
her two case plans.  The court ordered DCF to file a petition to terminate F.L.'s
parental rights.  DCF filed the petition in December 1998.  In December 1999, F.L.
signed voluntary surrenders of her parental rights to her first four children.  The
court entered a final judgment terminating her rights in January 2000. 
During those proceedings, F.L. gave birth to a fifth child at the end of 1998. 
In February 1999, this child was sheltered by the trial court sua sponte.  The child
was adjudicated dependent, and the court gave F.L. a third reunification plan with
the same conditions she had been given for reunification with her other four
children.  F.L.'s sixth child was born in March 2000.  DCF took this child into
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custody based on F.L.'s medical neglect.  The child weighed only three pounds at
birth.  F.L. failed to obtain necessary medical treatment or Medicaid services for
this child.  In June 2000, DCF filed a petition to terminate F.L.'s parental rights to
her fifth and sixth children.  In August 2000, F.L. signed a voluntary surrender of
parental rights to her fifth child.  At the same time, DCF gave F.L. a case plan for
her sixth child.
In December 2000, the court entered a final order terminating F.L.'s rights to
her sixth child.  The order was based on the court's finding under section
39.806(1)(c) Florida Statutes (2000), that F.L. failed to substantially comply with
her case plans and that her continued involvement in the parent-child relationship
would threaten the child's welfare. 
C.N., Jr., the child involved in this case, was born on January 3, 2002.  Just
before C.N., Jr.’s birth, in November 2001, the father C.N., Sr. was incarcerated
for possession of cocaine; he was released on August 25, 2002.  In early 2002, an
investigator from the Broward County Sheriff's Office visited F.L.'s home several
times.  The investigator said that F.L. was providing C.N., Jr. with appropriate care
and saw no danger to C.N., Jr.  Also during this time, an Early Services
Intervention counselor assigned by DCF met with F.L. and said that F.L. had
bonded with C.N., Jr. and was providing adequate care.  Nonetheless, in April
3  Section 39.806(1)(c) authorizes the filing of a petition for the termination of
parental rights 
[w]hen the parent or parents engaged in conduct toward the child or
toward other children that demonstrates that the continuing
involvement of the parent or parents in the parent-child relationship
threatens the life, safety, well-being, or physical, mental, or emotional
health of the child irrespective of the provision of services.  Provision
of services may be evidenced by proof that services were provided
through a previous plan or offered as a case plan from a child welfare
agency.  
§ 39.806(1)(c), Fla. Stat. (2002).
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2002, the Broward County Sheriff's Office learned that F.L.'s rights to her sixth
child had been terminated involuntarily.  For this reason, the Sheriff’s Office filed a
petition to remove C.N., Jr. from F.L.'s care.  On April 24, 2002, the trial court
denied the petition, finding that C.N., Jr. was receiving adequate care. 
In mid-May 2002, DCF assigned a new case worker to the case.  The case
worker first met with F.L. on May 16.  Five days later, DCF removed C.N., Jr.
from F.L. and filed a request for an emergency hearing.  In June 2002, DCF filed a
petition to terminate F.L.'s parental rights to C.N., Jr.  This petition alleged two
separate and distinct grounds for termination: (1) a substantial risk of imminent
harm to C.N., Jr. based on F.L.'s history of domestic violence, neglect of her
children, and failure to comply with her case plans, justifying termination under
section 39.806(1)(c);3 and (2) the prior involuntary termination of  F.L.'s rights to
4  Section 39.806(1)(i) authorizes the filing of a petition for the termination of
parental rights "[w]hen the parental rights of the parent to a sibling have been
terminated involuntarily."  § 39.806(1)(i), Fla. Stat. (2002).
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her sixth child, a justification for termination under section 39.806(1)(i).4  
In October 2002, the trial court terminated F.L.'s parental rights.  The court
found that DCF had given F.L. referrals for parenting counseling, substance abuse
evaluation, and domestic violence counseling, but that F.L. had not substantially
complied with any of these plans.  Specifically, the court found clear and
convincing evidence that F.L. had failed to complete a domestic violence program
despite four referrals.  The court found that F.L. was most recently involved in a
domestic violence incident with C.N., Sr. on September 5, 2002, shortly after his
release from jail on August 25, but that F.L. failed to file for a restraining order as
the responding officer recommended.  The court also found that F.L. underwent a
substance abuse evaluation by Dr. Kathleen Rhodes, at F.L.'s attorney's referral,
but that F.L. failed to give Dr. Rhodes accurate information about her substance
abuse history.   F.L. also refused to provide a court-ordered hair follicle for testing. 
In addition, despite a case plan which required completion of a thirty-six-week
parenting program, the only parenting program F.L. ever completed was a twelve-
week in-home program.  Finally, the court found that F.L. missed some scheduled
supervised visits with C.N., Jr., never paid child support, and did not have a stable
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residence or employment for six months after C.N., Jr.'s birth. 
In the trial court's conclusions of law, the court said that the grounds for
termination had been met as set forth in both sections 39.806(1)(c) and
39.806(1)(i).  The court found that F.L. "made a minimal effort prior to the hearing
to avoid termination of her parental rights, but even then she missed appointments,
stopped going to sessions, failed to reschedule and follow through."  The court
also found that F.L. "failed to come forward with evidence that the circumstances
or pattern of conduct that led to the involuntary termination of her parental rights to
the other child cannot serve as a predictor of her conduct with this child." 
Ultimately, the court concluded that F.L. "demonstrated a continued unwillingness
and inability . . . to parent her child."  Based on the risk to C.N., Jr.'s safety and
health, the court concluded that it was in the manifest best interest of the child to
terminate F.L.'s parental rights.
The Fourth District reversed, holding that DCF had failed to prove the
requirements to terminate F.L.'s parental rights under either section 39.806(1)(c) or
section 39.806(1)(i).  F.L. v. Dep't of Children & Families, 849 So. 2d 1114, 1120
(Fla. 4th DCA 2003).  Further, the Fourth District declared section 39.806(1)(i)
facially unconstitutional, reasoning that the statute impermissibly shifts the burden
to the parent to show that her past conduct does not predict that the current child is
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at risk.  849 So. 2d at 1123. 
As the appellants, DCF and the guardian ad litem argue that section
39.806(1)(i) is constitutional both facially and as applied in this case.  Further, they
argue that substantial competent evidence supports the termination of F.L.'s
parental rights under either section 39.806(1)(c) or section 39.806(1)(i).
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SECTION 39.806(1)(i) 
Section 39.806(1)(i), Florida Statutes (2002), provides:
(1) The department, the guardian ad litem, or any person who
has knowledge of the facts alleged or who is informed of those facts
and believes they are true may petition for the termination of parental
rights under any of the following circumstances:
. . . .
  (i) When the parental rights of the parent to a sibling have been
terminated involuntarily. 
Standard of Review
We review de novo a district court decision declaring a statute
unconstitutional.  State v. Glatzmayer, 789 So. 2d 297, 301 n.7 (Fla. 2001).  When
a statute impinges on a fundamental liberty interest, we analyze the statute's
constitutionality under a strict scrutiny standard.  Beagle v. Beagle, 678 So. 2d
1271, 1276 (Fla. 1996).  Parents have a fundamental liberty interest, protected by
both the Florida and federal constitutions, in determining the care and upbringing of
their children.  See, e.g., Beagle, 678 So. 2d at 1275; Padgett v. Dep't of Health &
5  To terminate parental rights, DCF must also prove by clear and convincing
evidence that termination is in the manifest best interest of the child.  See §§
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Rehab. Servs., 577 So. 2d 565, 570 (Fla. 1991); see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455
U.S. 745, 753 (1982) (holding that parents have a constitutionally protected liberty
interest in the "care, custody and management" of their children).  Because section
39.806(1)(i) impinges on fundamental parental rights, the strict scrutiny standard
applies.  To survive a constitutional challenge under this test, the statute must serve
a compelling state interest through the least intrusive means possible.  Beagle, 678
So. 2d at 1276.  
Whenever possible, however, a statute should be construed so as not to
conflict with the constitution.  Firestone v. News-Press Pub. Co., 538 So. 2d 457,
459 (Fla. 1989).  To uphold a statute in the face of a constitutional challenge, a
court may place a saving construction on the statute when this does not effectively
rewrite the statute.  See, e.g., id. At 460 (giving Florida's polling place statute a
narrowing construction); State v. Stalder, 630 So. 2d 1072, 1076 (Fla. 1994) (giving
Florida's hate crimes statute a narrowing construction).
Constitutional Requirements in the Termination of Parental Rights
Section 39.806(1)(i) authorizes the termination of parental rights when the
parental rights of the parent to a sibling have been terminated involuntarily.5  We
39.802(4)(c), 39.809(1), 39.810, Fla. Stat. (2002).
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have previously addressed a similar statutory provision and have established the
constitutional requirements for a termination of rights based on the parent's conduct
toward a different child.  See Padgett v. Dep't of Health & Rehab. Servs., 577 So.
2d 565 (Fla. 1991).  In Padgett, a mother appealed the termination of her rights to
her fifth child.  Her rights to her previous four children had been terminated based
on serious abuse and neglect.  Id. at 566-68.  The trial court terminated the
mother’s rights to her fifth child based on a finding of "a substantial likelihood of
future abuse and neglect of the child."  Id. at 568.  The mother argued that the
termination of her rights could not be based on prospective abuse.  Id.
In Padgett, we rejected the mother's argument.  We recognized that parents
have a fundamental liberty interest in the care and upbringing of their children.  Id.
at 570.  Nonetheless, Padgett emphasized that parental rights may be superseded by
the State's compelling duty to protect children.  Id. (stating that "the [parental] right
is not absolute but is subject to the overriding principle that it is the ultimate welfare
or best interest of the child which must prevail") (quoting In re Camm, 294 So. 2d
318, 320 (Fla.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 866 (1974)).
To protect the rights of both parent and child, Padgett held that to terminate
parental rights, "the state must show by clear and convincing evidence that
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reunification with the parent poses a substantial risk of significant harm to the
child."  Id. at 571.  We said that this ordinarily means that the state must show that
the parent abused, neglected, or abandoned the child; however, a termination of
rights to one child under circumstances of abuse or neglect can serve as grounds to
terminate the parent's rights to another child.  Id.  Nonetheless, Padgett held that in
either case, the state must establish that the termination of rights "is the least
restrictive means of protecting the child from serious harm."  Id.  Implicit in our
decision in Padgett is the recognition that in some cases, but not in all cases, a
parent's conduct toward another child may demonstrate a substantial risk of
significant harm to the current child.  In all cases, we emphasized that to pass
constitutional muster, the termination of parental rights to the current child must be
the least restrictive means of protecting that child from harm.  Id. at 571.  This
determination can be made only after a judicious assessment of all relevant
circumstances.  As we explained in In re M.F., 770 So. 2d 1189 (Fla. 2000), our
decision in Padgett was not based on any single fact; instead, it was based "on
extensive and wide-ranging evidence of abuse and neglect."  770 So. 2d at 1193. 
Thus, Padgett requires that a termination decision be based on the totality of the
circumstances.  See also M.F., 770 So. 2d at 1194 (holding that a trial court may
not base a final ruling of dependency solely on the fact that the parent committed a
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sex act on a different child, but must focus on all of the circumstances surrounding
the current petition).
Applications of Padgett to Section 39.806(1)(i)
While we have not previously considered the application of Padgett to
section 39.806(1)(i), several district courts have struggled to interpret the statute in
light of Padgett's constitutional requirements.  In A.B. v. Department of Children &
Families, 816 So. 2d 684 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), a mother challenged the
constitutionality of section 39.806(1)(i).  The Fifth District upheld the statute,
stating that:
[A] parent whose rights have been involuntarily terminated as to one
child may avoid termination as to another child if he or she comes
forward with evidence that the circumstances or pattern of conduct
that led to termination of parental rights to the other child cannot serve
as a predictor of his or her conduct with the child at issue. 
Id. at 686.  A.B.'s interpretation, that the statute creates a presumption sufficient for
termination but subject to rebuttal by a parent, has been endorsed in other appellate
cases.  See, e.g., T.P. v. Dep't of Children & Families, 860 So. 2d 1084 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2003); In re T.S., 855 So. 2d 679 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003).
However, the constitutionality of such a rebuttable presumption in this
context has been disputed.  In C.W. v. Department of Children & Families, 814
So. 2d 488 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002), Judge Ervin wrote separately to express the view
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that section 39.806(1)(i) should not be used to terminate parental rights based solely
on the parent's conduct with previous children.  Id. at 495.  Judge Ervin argued that
to comport with Padgett, the state must also prove that the behavior of the parent is
likely to continue, thereby placing the unharmed child at risk.  Id. at 498.  
The Fourth District in the present case agreed with Judge Ervin and
disapproved the rebuttable presumption created by A.B.  See F.L., 849 So. 2d at
1123.  F.L. stated that the rebuttable presumption of A.B. impermissibly shifts to
the parent the burden to show a lack of substantial risk of harm to the current child. 
849 So. 2d at 1123.  This relieves the state of the burden of proof, violating
Padgett's requirement that to pass constitutional muster, the state must be required
to prove that reunification with the current child would pose substantial risk to the
child.  F.L., 849 So. 2d at 1123 (citing Padgett, 577 So. 2d at 571).
Constitutional Construction of Section 39.806(1)(i)
We agree with the Fourth District that section 39.806(1)(i) may not
constitutionally permit a termination of parental rights without proof of substantial
risk to the child.  The rebuttable presumption stated in A.B. would relieve the state
of this burden of proof.  This burden shifting would violate the constitutional
requirements articulated in Padgett.  We therefore disapprove the use of such a
rebuttable presumption.  However, we have an obligation to construe section
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39.806(1)(i) in a way that preserves its constitutionality.  See Doe v. Mortham, 708
So. 2d 929, 934 n.12 (Fla. 1998).
F.L. argues on appeal that under a constitutional interpretation, section
39.806(1)(i) merely gets DCF through the courthouse door, i.e., the statute allows
DCF to file a petition for termination of parental rights without the prerequisite case
plan, based on a prior involuntary termination.  But to be constitutional under
Padgett, the statute must be interpreted as requiring DCF to also prove that
reunification would be a substantial risk to the child and that termination is the least
restrictive way to protect the child.  
We agree with this interpretation.  In enacting section 39.806(1)(i), the
Legislature did not abrogate the constitutional requirements of Padgett.  The
Legislature is presumed to know the judicial constructions of a law when amending
that law, and the Legislature is presumed to have adopted prior judicial
constructions of a law unless a contrary intention is expressed.  See City of
Hollywood v. Lombardi, 770 So. 2d 1196, 1202 (Fla. 2000).  In 1998, the
Legislature added subsection (i) to the grounds enumerated in section 39.806(1) for
terminating parental rights.  See ch. 98-403, § 88, at 3205, Laws of Fla.  Nothing
expressed or implied in subsection (i) suggests that the Legislature intended to
abolish the constitutional mandate of Padgett.  Padgett, therefore, represents a
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binding judicial construction of the statute governing the termination of parental
rights.  Padgett's requirements remain unchanged by the 1998 amendment adding
subsection (i) to section 39.806(1).
We, therefore, hold that parental rights may be terminated under section
39.806(1)(i) only if the state proves both a prior involuntary termination of rights to
a sibling and a substantial risk of significant harm to the current child.  Further, the
state must prove that the termination of parental rights is the least restrictive means
of protecting the child from harm.  For a trial court applying section 39.806(1)(i),
the circumstances leading to the prior involuntary termination will be highly relevant
to the court's determination of whether the current child is at risk and whether
termination is the least restrictive way to protect the child.  Specifically, if the
parent's conduct that led to the involuntary termination involved egregious abuse or
neglect of another child, this will tend to indicate a greater risk of harm to the
current child.  The amount of time that has passed since the prior involuntary
termination will also be relevant.  A very recent involuntary termination will tend to
indicate a greater current risk.  Finally, evidence of any  change in circumstances
since the prior involuntary termination will obviously be significant to a
determination of risk to a current child.  While a parent's past conduct necessarily
has some predictive value as to that parent's likely future conduct, positive life
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changes can overcome a negative history.
We must emphasize that a parent is not required to show evidence of
changed circumstances to avoid a termination of rights under section 39.806(1)(i). 
The trial court may consider evidence introduced by any party when considering
whether a current child is at substantial risk of significant harm and whether
termination of rights is the least restrictive means of protecting the child from harm. 
However, to support a termination order under section 39.806(1)(i), DCF must
prove by clear and convincing evidence that the parent's rights to a prior child were
terminated involuntarily, that the current child is at substantial risk of significant
harm, and that termination of rights is the least restrictive means of protecting the
child from harm.  Interpreted in this light, section 39.806(1)(i) is constitutional.
Application to this Case
Having clarified the proof required for a termination of parental rights under
section 39.806(1)(i), we now address the trial court's order of termination in this
case.  The trial court concluded that clear and convincing evidence supports the
termination of F.L.'s parental rights under section 39.806(1)(i).  As we have
explained above, to establish grounds for termination under section 39.806(1)(i),
DCF must prove both a prior involuntary termination and a substantial risk of
significant harm to the current child.  Further, DCF must prove that termination of
6  We note that the statutory determination of the manifest best interest of the
child is unchanged by our opinion here.  See §§ 39.802(4)(c), 39.809(1), 39.810,
Fla. Stat. (2002).
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rights is the least restrictive means of protecting the child from harm.  In this case,
the trial court applied the test from A.B. v. Department of Children & Families, 816
So. 2d 684 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002), which requires a parent whose prior rights were
terminated to rebut a presumption in favor of the termination of rights to a current
child.  The order indicates that the trial court placed the burden on F.L., stating that
F.L. "failed to come forward with evidence that [her prior] conduct . . . cannot
serve as a predictor of her conduct with this child."  We have disapproved the A.B.
rebuttable presumption because the burden must remain on DCF to prove the
elements required for a termination of parental rights.  We, therefore, reverse the
decision of the district court and remand the case for the trial court to apply the
constitutional interpretation of section 39.806(1)(i) to the facts.6
CONCLUSION
We hold that parental rights may be terminated under section 39.806(1)(i)
only if the state proves both a prior involuntary termination of rights to a sibling and
a substantial risk of significant harm to the current child.  Further, the state must
prove that the termination of parental rights is the least restrictive means of
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protecting the current child from harm.  The circumstances surrounding a prior
involuntary termination are highly relevant to a court's determination of whether a
current child is at risk and whether termination is the least restrictive way to protect
the child.  However, our decision in Padgett v. Department of Health &
Rehabilitative Services, 577 So. 2d 565 (Fla. 1991), requires that a termination
decision be based not on any single act or omission with respect to a previous
child, but rather on the totality of circumstances surrounding the current petition.
It is so ordered.
PARIENTE, C.J., and ANSTEAD, LEWIS, QUINCE, and BELL, JJ., concur.
PARIENTE, C.J., concurs with an opinion, in which ANSTEAD, J., concurs.
CANTERO, J., concurs specially with an opinion, in which WELLS, J., concurs.
WELLS, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion.
NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.
PARIENTE, C.J., concurring.
I concur in the majority opinion in which the Court finds this statutory
provision constitutional only with the dual provisos that the burden of proof may
not be shifted to the parent and that there must be proof of substantial risk of
significant harm to the current child.  Further, as the majority explains, the State
must prove that the termination of parental rights is the least restrictive means of
protecting the child from harm.  Because the trial court's order does not comply
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with any of these requirements and because DCF did not offer F.L. a case plan
with a goal of reunification, I would remand to the trial court for further
proceedings as the Fourth District opinion directs.
In brief response to Justice Cantero's specially concurring opinion, I agree
that section 39.810 contains a detailed description of the factors that the trial court
must consider in determining whether termination is in the manifest best interests of
the child.  However, a manifest best interests determination is not the equivalent of
requiring the State to prove substantial risk of significant harm to the child under
one of the statutory grounds for termination contained in section 39.806.  
In response to Justice Wells' concurring in part and dissenting in part opinion
that would affirm the trial court's order, I agree that the trial court's order is indeed
detailed.  However, as the Fourth District observed, the trial court's order clearly
shifted the burden to the mother to show that her conduct that caused the
termination of her parental rights to previous children would not serve as a
predictor of her conduct with the present child.  See F.L. v. Dep't of Children &
Families, 849 So. 2d 1114, 1122 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003).  As Judge Warner's detailed
opinion further explains regarding the evidence in this case,
DCF failed to prove that regardless of the provision of services, F.L.'s
continued involvement as a parent to C.N., Jr. would threaten his
well-being.  The original allegations against F.L. consisted of her being
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intoxicated around her children sometime in 1997 and medical neglect
of a congenital condition.  F.L. was also accused of medical
 
neglect of Y.L., F.N., and Cl.N. As to C.N., Jr., not only was there no
allegation of medical neglect, but the undisputed evidence showed that
F.L. had provided all appropriate medical care to C.N., Jr. Before
DCF became involved, F.L. had taken the baby to the pediatrician,
made sure he was properly immunized, and even noticed diaper rash
on him when he was not in her custody.  She also had adequate food,
formula, and clothing for the baby.  These were actions that F.L. never
took with her other children.  Therefore, DCF did not prove that C.N.,
Jr., would be medically neglected irrespective of the provision of
services.  As to the intoxication, there was no evidence presented that
the mother abused illegal substances or alcohol.  The only evidence
DCF presented was the single incident where she was intoxicated
around her other children.  This was insufficient to show that her
continuing involvement with C.N., Jr., would create harm to him. 
While she failed to attend programs on substance abuse required
under the prior case plans, after an evaluation by a substance abuse
therapist, the therapist concluded that she was not an abuser and that
treatment was unnecessary.  Although DCF suggested the therapist did
not have all the correct information, there was still no evidence that
F.L. abused substances or that she would be harmful to her child as a
result.  At the very least, no evidence supported the finding she would
be a continued danger to her child irrespective of the provision of
services.
Despite DCF's refusal to offer her a case plan, the mother
actively sought services to improve herself, something she had never
done with the prior children.  She attended several programs, and her
counselors and therapists all believed that she was making a sincere
and able effort to learn to parent correctly.  Although the trial court
considered this "too little too late," in the past she had never even
started any programs or services.  This time she did them on her own
without assistance from DCF. Because there was evidence that F.L.
had in fact improved her parenting skills with the provision of services,
DCF failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that any efforts
would be futile to terminate F.L.'s rights pursuant to section
39.806(1)(c).
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The court also found that DCF proved the termination of F.L.'s
rights under section 39.806(1)(i), which . . . allows for termination
when the parent's rights to another child have been involuntarily
terminated.  Because her rights to Cl.N. were involuntarily terminated,
the court shifted the burden to the mother to show her conduct that
caused the termination of her parental rights as to Cl.N. would not
serve as a predictor of her conduct with C.N., Jr. Finding that she had
not satisfied that burden, the court terminated her rights.         
Id. at 1121-22.  Therefore, the Fourth District's decision to remand this case to the
trial court for further proceedings is entirely appropriate.  DCF's current policy,
which is consistent with the case law and the statute, is to promote family
preservation if reunification can be accomplished without substantial risk of harm to
the child.  See Curtis Krueger, DCF Policy Shift Aims to Keep Families Together,
St. Petersburg Times, February 7, 2003, available at
http://www.sptimes.com/2003/02/07/State/DCF_policy_shift_aims.shtml (last
visited June 23, 2004).
Despite the sad history that led to the termination of F.L.'s parental rights to
her previous children, there is every indication that F.L. now realizes that she must
do whatever is necessary so as not to lose this child.  I hope that part of that effort
is the recognition that substance abuse may very well have led to her past neglect of
her older children.  Finally, although ending the uncertainties of litigation and
stabilizing the child's life are always laudable goals, see concurring in part and
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dissenting in part opinion at 29, these goals alone are not sufficient reasons to
uphold an order of termination that is based on an unconstitutional shifting of the
burden of proof to the parent.  This Court and the Fourth District have done
everything possible to expedite these appeals so that this case can be expeditiously
returned to the trial court for further proceedings.  But if there is a chance that the
parent and child could be reunited without harm to the child, that is clearly the
preferable alternative. 
ANSTEAD, J., concurs.
CANTERO, J., specially concurring.
I agree with the majority that section 39.806(l)(i), Florida Statutes, is
constitutional, but I believe that section 39.810 greatly affects the constitutional
analysis.  I would adopt Judge Sawaya’s specially concurring opinion in T.P. v.
Department of Children & Families, 860 So. 2d 1084, 1090-95 (Fla. 5th DCA
2003), which recognizes the interplay between sections 39.806 and 39.810 and
concludes that the statute does not shift the burden of proof and does not create a
rebuttable presumption.
Chapter 39 establishes a two-part process for terminating parental rights. 
First, it allows interested parties, including the Department of Children and Families
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(DCF), to petition the court to terminate a parent’s rights in the child when
specified circumstances exist.  These include when the parent has voluntarily
surrendered or abandoned the child, when the parent is incarcerated (and other
conditions are met), and when a parent has failed to comply with a case plan.  §
39.806(1)(a)-(i), Fla. Stat. (2002).  One of these circumstances is “[w]hen the
parental rights of the parent to a sibling have been terminated involuntarily.”  §
39.806(l)(i), Fla. Stat. (2002).  None of these circumstances, however, in itself
authorizes the termination of a parent’s rights.  Rather, as the majority notes,
section 39.806(l)(i)—as with any other subsection—“merely gets DCF through the
courthouse door.”  Majority op. at 14.  This is where section 39.810 comes in.
As Judge Sawaya explains, 860 So. 2d at 1092, after this Court’s decision in
Padgett v. Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services, 577 So. 2d 565, 570
(Fla. 1991), and in recognition of the overriding importance of protecting the
welfare of children, the Florida Legislature in 1994 enacted section 39.4612, Florida
Statutes, renumbered in 1998 as section 39.810.  This statute is entitled “Manifest
best interests of the child” and provides in pertinent part that “[i]n a hearing on a
petition for termination of parental rights, the court shall consider the manifest best
interests of the child” (emphasis added).  The grounds for termination must be
established by clear and convincing evidence.  § 39.809(1), Fla. Stat. (2002);
7 We have defined “clear and convincing evidence” as 
an “intermediate level of proof [that] entails both a qualitative and
quantitative standard. The evidence must be credible; the memories of
the witnesses must be clear and without confusion; and the sum total
of the evidence must be of sufficient weight to convince the trier of
fact without hesitancy.”  In re Davey, 645 So.2d 398, 404 (Fla.1994). 
The trial judge is responsible for finding facts and for resolving any
conflicts in the evidence.  Florida Bar v. Hooper, 509 So. 2d 289, 290-
91 (Fla. 1987).  As we said in Davey, the evidence must be sufficient
to convince the trier of fact without hesitancy.  645 So. 2d at 404.
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§ 39.811(2), Fla. Stat. (2002).
Therefore, in every termination case—whether based on the termination of
rights in a sibling or another ground—it is the burden of the petitioner, usually
DCF, to establish by clear and convincing evidence that termination of parental
rights is in the manifest best interests of the child.  See L.O. v. Florida Dep’t of
Children & Fam. Servs., 807 So. 2d 810 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002); In re K.M., 788 So.
2d 306 (Fla. 2d DCA 2001); In re K.C.C., 750 So. 2d 38 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999);
C.C. v. Dep’t of Children & Fam. Servs., 812 So. 2d 520 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002). 
As one court has explained, “[w]e are obliged to affirm the termination of parental
rights if [DCF] has met its burden to present clear and convincing evidence of a
statutory ground for terminating parental rights, along with clear and convincing
evidence that terminating parental rights is in the best interests of the child.”  N.L. v.
Dep’t of Children & Fam. Servs., 843 So. 2d 996, 999 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003).7
In re Adoption of Baby E.A.W., 658 So. 2d 961, 967 (Fla. 1995), cert. denied, 516
U.S. 1051 (1996).
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Section 39.810 specifically requires that the trial court, in determining
whether termination is in the manifest best interests of the child, consider and
evaluate all relevant factors, which “shall not include a comparison between the
attributes of the parents and those of any persons providing a present or potential
placement for the child” (emphasis added).  That section then goes on to list eleven
nonexclusive factors that the court must consider.  These are:
     (1) Any suitable permanent custody arrangement with a relative of
the child. 
     (2) The ability and disposition of the parent or parents to provide
the child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care
recognized and permitted under state law instead of medical care, and
other material needs of the child.
     (3) The capacity of the parent or parents to care for the child to the
extent that the child’s safety, well-being, and physical, mental, and
emotional health will not be endangered upon the child’s return home.
     (4) The present mental and physical health needs of the child and
such future needs of the child to the extent that such future needs can
be ascertained based on the present condition of the child. 
     (5) The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between
the child and the child’s parent or parents, siblings, and other relatives,
and the degree of harm to the child that would arise from the
termination of parental rights and duties.
     (6) The likelihood of an older child remaining in long-term foster
care upon termination of parental rights, due to emotional or
behavioral problems or any special needs of the child.
     (7) The child’s ability to form a significant relationship with a
parental substitute and the likelihood that the child will enter into a
more stable and permanent family relationship as a result of permanent
8 The emphasized factors are relevant considerations in this case.
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termination of parental rights and duties.
     (8) The length of time that the child has lived in a stable,
satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity.
     (9) The depth of the relationship existing between the child and the
present custodian.
     (10) The reasonable preferences and wishes of the child, if the
court deems the child to be of sufficient intelligence, understanding,
and experience to express a preference.
     (11) The recommendations for the child provided by the child’s
guardian ad litem or legal representative.
§ 39.810, Fla. Stat. (2002) (emphasis added).8  Thus, with the enactment of section
39.810, the State may no longer terminate the parental rights in one child solely
because that parental rights in another have been terminated.  DCF (or some other
party) must still prove by clear and convincing evidence that termination of parental
rights is in this child’s best interests.  The statute creates no presumption, and, as
the majority notes, we should impose none.
In Padgett, we held that to terminate the parental rights in one child based
solely on the prior termination of rights in another child, “the state must show by
clear and convincing evidence that reunification with the parent poses a substantial
risk of significant harm to the child.”  577 So. 2d at 571.  The state must also
establish that termination of parental rights “is the least restrictive means of
protecting the child from serious harm.”  Id.  We decided Padgett before section
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39.810 was enacted.  Padgett essentially filled in a constitutional gap in the statute. 
Section 39.810 now provides the filler.  It contains a host of factors the court must
consider, along with all other relevant ones that would depend on the
circumstances.  I believe these factors grant the protection Padgett requires. 
Moreover, it is more encompassing than Padgett and accounts for the wide range
of circumstances that may exist in termination cases.  For example, if the child is
currently residing with the parent, the “reunification” standard of Padgett would not
even apply because the parent and child have never been separated.  Padgett’s
“substantial risk of significant harm to the child” standard is subsumed in
subsection (3) of section 39.810 (addressing “[t]he capacity of the parent or
parents to care for the child to the extent that the child’s safety, well-being, and
physical, mental, and emotional health will not be endangered upon the child’s
return home”), as well as subsection (4) (addressing “[t]he present mental and
physical health needs of the child and such future needs of the child to the extent
that such future needs can be ascertained based on the present condition of the
child”).  To the extent it is not subsumed within those subsections, it is a catch-all
factor.
As to Padgett’s “least restrictive means” standard, subsection (1) requires a
court to consider “[a]ny suitable permanent custody arrangement with a relative of
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the child”—a less restrictive means than termination.  Judge Sawaya has noted that
a finding that termination is in the child’s manifest best interests necessarily implies
that no less restrictive alternatives exist.  Therefore, section 39.810 renders the less
restrictive means test unnecessary.  See T.P., 860 So. 2d at 1094-95 (Sawaya, C.J.,
specially concurring).
Section 39.806 specifies the circumstances under which one may petition for
the termination of parental rights.  Under section 39.810, however, the burden
remains on the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the best
interests of the child require it.  Therefore, I would hold that on that basis the
statute does not create a rebuttable presumption and does not shift the burden. 
Section 39.806(1)(i) is constitutional.
WELLS, J., concurs.
WELLS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in reversing the district court’s decision and in finding the statute to
be constitutional.  I concur with Justice Cantero’s specially concurring opinion.
I dissent from remanding this case to the trial judge.  From a reading of the
trial judge’s detailed fifteen-page order, I find that he, in sum, applied the law
correctly and that his factual determinations are supported by competent,
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substantial evidence.  I would affirm the trial court’s order and end the uncertainties
of litigation for this child.  Stabilizing this child’s life is clearly in the child’s best
interest.
An Appeal from the District Court of Appeal - Statutory or Constitutional Invalidity
Fourth District - Case No. 4D02-4396
(Broward County)
Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, John J. Rimes, III, Senior Assistant Attorney
General, Tallahassee, Florida; Christopher M. Kise, Solicitor General, Lynn C.
Hearn , Deputy Solicitor General, Tallahassee, Florida; Dennis W. Moore,
Guardian ad Litem Program, Kissimmee, Florida
for Appellant
Felicia Shaman, Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Ryan Truskoski, Orlando, Florida; and
Beverly A. Pohl of Bruce S. Rogow, P.A., Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
for Appellee