Case Title: Keller v. Serio

Citation: 

Docket Number: 48/13

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2014-02-26T00:00:00Z

Document:
Kara Keller v. Charles J. Serio and GEICO Ins. Co., Case No. 48, September Term 2013,
Opinion by Adkins, J.
MARYLAND RULE 2-520 — INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JURY — REVERSIBLE
ERROR: It was not reversible error for a trial court to fail to instruct a jury as to why a
plaintiff’s underinsured motorist carrier was a defendant at the trial or what underinsured
motorist coverage is in a tort suit where the question of insurance coverage was not before
the jury.   
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. 03-C-09-004484
Argued: January 9, 2014
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 48
September Term, 2013
                                                                            
KARA KELLER
v.
CHARLES J. SERIO AND GEICO
INSURANCE COMPANY
                                                                             
Barbera, C.J.
Harrell
Battaglia
Greene
Adkins
McDonald
Watts,
JJ.
                                                                             
Opinion by Adkins,  J.
                                                                            
Filed: February 26, 2014
In this case we are asked to decide whether it is reversible error for a trial court to
reject a jury instruction on the nature of underinsured motorist (“UM”) coverage when an
insurer is a party to the suit, but the issue of coverage is not before the jury.  Because we fail
to see how a question pertaining to coverage can constitute an essential part of a plaintiff’s
theory of the case in litigation confined to causation and damages, we affirm the judgment
of the Court of Special Appeals.  
FACTS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
This appeal arises out of a dispute between Kara A. Keller (“Petitioner”), who was
injured in a motor vehicle accident, and her UM coverage provider GEICO and the at-fault
driver Charles J. Serio (collectively “Respondents”).  On April 21, 2006, Petitioner was rear-
ended by Serio.  Petitioner’s car suffered superficial damage.  After the accident, Petitioner
and Serio exchanged insurance information.  Keller subsequently drove home, called an
attorney, and went to the emergency room.  Her medical treatment, which lasted over five
years, spanned multiple care-givers and addressed headaches, back pain, and overall chronic
pain.  Her medical bills totaled $27,355.69. 
In April of 2009, Keller filed suit against Serio in the Circuit Court for Baltimore
County.  Keller later informed her motor vehicle insurer, GEICO, with whom she had UM
coverage, of the potential for a UM claim.  GEICO then successfully moved to intervene as
a defendant to protect its possible interest in the litigation. 
At the trial, the parties stipulated that Serio was at fault for the accident.  The only
issues before the jury were causation and damages.  In her opening statement, Petitioner’s
counsel identified Serio as the at-fault driver, and identified GEICO as Keller’s UM policy
carrier.  GEICO’s counsel identified herself at trial.  GEICO did not offer an opening
statement, did not question witnesses, and did not present a closing argument.  After Keller
and Serio presented their cases, the trial court instructed the jury on the questions of
causation and damages as they appeared on the verdict sheet.  Keller’s counsel offered a
proposed jury instruction on the nature of UM coverage.   The trial court refused to give this
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instruction, noting that insurance was not at issue at the trial.  The jury returned a verdict in
favor of Keller for $27,355.69, which was the amount of her medical bills.  On the itemized
verdict sheet, the jury entered $0 for both future medical expenses and non-economic
damages. 
Petitioner later filed a motion for a new trial claiming that the jury award was
inconsistent by awarding damages for medical expenses related to alleviating pain, but no
damages for pain and suffering, and that in not giving an instruction about the nature of UM
coverage, the trial court confused the jury.  The court denied this motion.  Petitioner then
appealed to the Court of Special Appeals.  In an unreported opinion, the intermediate
The proposed instruction was the definition of UM coverage as explained in the
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eighth edition of Black’s Law Dictionary.  It read as follows:
Underinsured-motorist coverage is defined as insurance that
pays for losses caused by a driver who negligently damages the
insured but does not have enough liability insurance to cover the
damages.
Black’s Law Dictionary 1561–1562 (8th ed. 2004).         
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appellate court declined to find an abuse of discretion either in the trial court’s declining to
instruct the jury on the definition of UM coverage, or in its declining to order a new trial on
the basis of the inconsistent verdict.  
We granted certiorari to address the following question:2
[Whether] the failure to instruct the jury about the reason the
plaintiff’s underinsured motorist carrier is a party to a tort suit
is reversible error? 
Because the issue of UM coverage was not before the jury, we answer this question
in the negative.  Petitioner has no right to a jury instruction on a matter that is not properly
before the jury.  
DISCUSSION
We review a trial court’s refusal or grant of a jury instruction under the abuse of
discretion standard.  See Stabb v. State, 423 Md. 454, 465, 31 A.3d 922, 928 (2011).  In
In her brief, Petitioner presents the issue in three parts:
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- Whether a party has a right to have the jury instructed as to the
theory of its case.
- Whether, when insurance is mentioned in a personal injury
case, the court has a duty to give some instruction.
- Whether it is appropriate for an appellate court to rule on the
sufficiency of an instruction, when the issue was not decided by
the trial court.  
Because we granted certiorari only to address the question of whether it was error for the
court not to instruct the jury on the UM carrier’s presence at trial and its role in the suit, we
shall confine our analysis to that question.   
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determining abuse of discretion in this context, we look to the following factors: “(1) whether
the requested instruction was a correct statement of the law; (2) whether it was applicable
under the facts of the case; and (3) whether it was fairly covered in the instructions actually
given.”  Stabb, 423 Md. at 465, 31 A.3d at 928 (citing Gunning v. State, 347 Md. 332, 348,
701 A.2d 374, 381 (1997) (internal citations omitted)).   
Keller interprets the question of why GEICO was a defendant at trial as identical to
the question of how UM coverage works and presents three interrelated arguments to support
her claim that refusing an instruction on UM coverage was error.  Petitioner’s first argument
is that litigants are entitled to an instruction on their theory of the case. Petitioner advances
that disallowing such an instruction prevented her from instructing the jury on her theory of
the case, theorizing that the nature of UM coverage could be confusing to a layperson. 
Keller’s second argument is that in not instructing the jury on the nature of UM coverage, the
trial court caused the jury to be confused and possibly make adverse inferences about why
GEICO was a defendant in the action.  Finally, Keller avers that because the trial court never
“mull[ed] over” whether the proposed instruction would have been sufficient, it was
improper for the Court of Special Appeals to deem it insufficient.  We examine the
arguments in turn.
Petitioner avers that she was prevented from explaining her claim against GEICO,
thereby making her unable to explain her theory of the case.  She claims that she was so
inhibited because “UM coverage” is a confusing term, and the jury was unable to adequately
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comprehend the role and presence of GEICO at trial.  Thus, Keller says, she could not fully
explain her case against GEICO at trial.  
In support of this argument, Petitioner relies heavily on Boone v. American
Manufacturers Mutual  Insurance Co. for the proposition that UM coverage is a confusing
concept, and that such confusion can lead to prejudice.  150 Md. App. 201, 819 A.2d 1099
(2003).  To be sure, in Boone, the intermediate court held that an accurate understanding of
UM coverage was necessary for the jury to properly understand that case.  150 Md. App. at
231, 819 A.2d at 1116.  Petitioner construes Boone as creating a “requirement that a jury
must be told the details of underinsured motorist claims[.]”  Thus, she says, in completely
failing to instruct the jury on the issue of UM coverage, the trial court erred.  
In Boone, a woman injured in a car accident obtained a financial settlement from the
at-fault driver’s insurer.  150 Md. App. at 204, 819 A.2d at 1100.  Although this settlement
was for the policy limits, Boone thought her true damages exceeded her policy amount.  Id. 
She then sued her UM insurer for her remaining expenses and pain.  Id.  At the end of trial,
Boone requested that the court instruct the jury on how UM coverage works.   Boone, 150
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The instruction Boone recommended read:
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Members of the jury in finding a verdict for Mrs. Boone in this
case, you are instructed that the amount which Mrs. Boone
received from the underinsured driver, Mr. Sites, will be
subtracted from the total amount of money which you award
Mrs. [Boone].  In other words, there will be no double recovery
by Mrs. Boone.
(continued...)
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Md. App. at 219, 819 A.2d at 1109.  The trial court recognized the potential for the jury
being confused on the issue of UM coverage, but ultimately declined to deliver Boone’s
proposed instruction.  Boone, 150 Md. App. at 221, 819 A.2d at 1110.  The trial court did,
however, attempt to explain UM coverage to the jury as follows:
[T]here’s been some kind of obscure references to . . . what we
call underinsurance . . . and . . . it simply means that when you
recover for someone’s fault that harms you, you recover against
the person who harmed you.  But suppose, for example, you
don’t believe it’s enough?  It’s not a fair compensation.  You
have a right under certain circumstances to go against or to
claim against your own policy which may carry what we call
under insurance so that in a sense you make up a deficit . . . . 
What do you think is fair compensation, given the accident,
given what she’s testified to?  What she may or may not be
looking elsewhere for, has absolutely nothing to do with this
case.  Nothing.  Keep your blinders on and look only at that one
question, phrased here as two questions.  What are the damages,
if any? 
Id.  The Court of Special Appeals found this instruction insufficient and found that it was
error to reject an instruction on UM coverage.  Boone, 150 Md. App. at 231, 819 A.2d at
1116.  Particularly, the intermediate court found error because:
The jury was not told that the sum previously recovered by
appellants from Sites would be deducted from the amount of any
award of damages.  The jury’s ignorance as to that matter
certainly could have affected its understanding of the value to
appellants of any damages that it awarded.
(...continued)
3
Boone v. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co., 150 Md. App. at 219, 819 A.2d at 1109.  
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Id.  Petitioner asks us to apply the Boone holding to this case, and similarly find an error in
the Circuit Court’s failure to instruct the jury as requested.
Boone is inapposite here because in this case the issue of insurance coverage was not
before the jury.  In Boone, the UM insurer was the sole defendant in the action, and the
central issue was whether Boone merited coverage under the terms of the policy.  150 Md.
App. at 204, 819 A.2d at 1100.  As the Boone court explained:
There is no question that the jury was informed that appellants
had already recovered some money from Sites, and that the
Boones were not satisfied with the amount of that recovery.  The
jury was also told that, as a result of that dissatisfaction,
appellants brought an underinsurance claim against American,
their own Insurer.  On more than one occasion, the court
attempted to explain the concept of underinsurance to the jury. 
Indeed, in its final jury instructions, the court twice told the
jurors that appellants pursued their claim against American
because of the alleged “deficit” with regard to appellant’s
recovery from the tortfeasor.  
Boone, 150 Md. App. at 231, 819 A.2d at 1116.  In the Boone context, the nature of UM
coverage could be perplexing to the jury.  Here, the situation is quite different.  Although
GEICO was a party defendant though its intervention, Petitioner filed no complaint against
it.  GEICO was only present to protect its potential interest in the case 11 months after Keller
brought suit against Serio.  Yet Keller never brought a claim against GEICO and, until the
resolution of the underlying litigation, GEICO did not have (and thus could not breach) any
contractual obligation to Keller.  
At no point during the trial was the subject of UM coverage mentioned.  GEICO did
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not offer a defense, did not question any witnesses, and did not present any arguments to the
jury.  Though a party, GEICO was not defending any claim, and was only present to protect
a possible interest that would not become clear until after the jury delivered its verdict. 
Simply put, Keller’s case against Serio did not involve UM coverage, or GEICO, in any
meaningful legal sense.
We agree with the Court of Special Appeals that “the issue of insurance was not an
issue in the case and the requested instruction did not inform the jury on the principles of law
that applied to and governed the facts in the case.”  As explained above, the only questions
presented to the jury were on causation and damages.  This distinguishes the present case
from Boone, because in Boone, the UM insurer was the defendant in a breach of contract
lawsuit in which it was the only target.  Because coverage was not an issue, an instruction
as to the definition of UM coverage is not applicable under the facts of the case.
  
Petitioner’s repeated insistence that she was prevented from having her theory of the
case presented to the jury is misplaced.  We have explained that “[a] litigant is entitled to
have his theory of the case presented to the jury, but only if that theory of the case is a correct
exposition of the law and there is testimony in the case which supports it.”  Levine v.
Rendler, 272 Md. 1, 13,  320 A.2d 258, 265 (1974).  Thus, a party has a right to have their
theory of the case presented to the jury only if that theory is supported by evidence or
testimony at trial.  Id.  Here, there was no evidence or testimony concerning either GEICO’s
presence as a defendant or the subject of UM coverage.  Any instruction, then, about
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GEICO’s presence or how UM coverage works is simply beyond the scope of what was
presented at trial, and thus fails the test that we clearly articulated in Levine.   Thus, a lack
4
of an instruction on the definition of UM coverage did not impair Keller from putting on a
theory of the case as it pertained to the issues before the jury.
Petitioner next claims that the presence of an insurer in this case, combined with the
lack of any clear instruction as to how to interpret its presence, could have led the jury to
“reach a number of ‘distorted’ conclusions about [GEICO]’s  reason for being made a party,
none of them favorable to Ms. Keller.”  Petitioner characterizes the potential distorted
conclusions as follows:  
Perhaps it thought [Keller] was greedy, and was trying to make
a double recovery, one against the tortfeasor and another against
her insurance company. . . .  Or, maybe the jurors concluded that
because [GEICO] was an “underinsured motorist carrier,” poor
Mr. Serio might be without sufficient coverage, and would have
to pay out of pocket for any verdict they returned.  An award of
medical bills, but nothing else, suggests the jury wanted to
shield Mr. Serio from having to pay a large award, while making
sure that he at least took care of Ms. Keller’s seemingly out of
pocket medical expenses.  Or maybe still it thought that, if it
returned a modest verdict against Mr. Serio, Ms. Keller would
then be made whole by her insurance company.  
Keller submits that the verdict returned by the jury, which she views as inconsistent and
As our holding in Levine implies, that a party simply argues that a particular factor
4
is essential to their interpretation of how the case should be decided does not, by itself, create
a right to a jury instruction on that factor.  Rather, in order to meet the standard articulated
by Levine, the relied upon factor must relate to, and be supported by, evidence and testimony
presented at trial. 
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illogical, is evidence of such confusion.  Keller says that because the jury returned a verdict
awarding damages for medical bills related to the treatment of pain, but not damages for the
pain itself, it is clear that the jury drew an inference adverse to her.  She diagnoses confusion
about GEICO’s role at trial as the cause of this adverse inference, and argues that her
proposed instruction would have cured this confusion.            
Respondents counter that it was clear at trial who and what GEICO was, and claims
that Petitioner is crying foul for prejudice she created for herself.  During opening statements,
Petitioner identified GEICO as a defendant and as Keller’s UM carrier.  After that remark,
there was no mention of GEICO or of insurance during the trial.  Because opening statements
are not evidence, and the jury was instructed on this point, the question of who GEICO was
and how its presence would impact the availability of an award for Ms. Keller could not have
caused any jury confusion.  See e.g., Clarke v. State, 238 Md. 11, 20, 207 A.2d 456, 460
(1965) (“[a]n opening statement by counsel is not evidence[.]”).  GEICO was clearly
identified during opening arguments, and never mentioned again.
Respondents also argue that it was Keller herself who injected the question of
GEICO’s presence and potential coverage of Keller’s injury into the trial.  Respondents then
argue that this Court has a longstanding rule against a party claiming relief on the basis of
insurance having been mentioned if that party was the sole source of it having been
mentioned.  See Ass’n of Indep. Taxi Operators, Inc. v. Kern, 178 Md. 252, 260, 13 A.2d
374, 377 (1940); York Ice Mach. Corp. v. Sachs, 167 Md. 113, 127, 173 A. 240, 246 (1934); 
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Int’l Co. v. Clark, 147 Md. 34, 43–44, 127 A. 647, 650–51 (1925).  
We find Keller’s argument unavailing.  Although UM coverage can be a confusing
issue that may require a jury instruction, the issue was simply collateral to this trial.  As
mentioned earlier, because Keller prosecuted no claim against GEICO, the issue of coverage
was not presented to the jury and was not mentioned during the evidentiary portion of trial. 
Additionally, Petitioner was allowed to, and did, explain during her opening statement who
GEICO was and its relationship to the parties.  
Furthermore, we decline to do as Petitioner asks and find jury confusion where there
is no clear indicia of jury confusion.  Although we would not hold the following factors to
be exclusive, we consider the following facts as highly suggestive that the jury was not
confused about UM coverage: (1) the jury did not ask for any clarification from the court
once deliberation began; (2) the alleged confusing matter was not related to any question
presented to the jury; and (3) there was no trial testimony concerning the alleged confusing
matter.
We do not find persuasive Petitioner’s contention that by awarding damages to cover
bills related to injuries and pain, but no damages for the pain itself, the jury demonstrated any
confusion.  Indeed, to hold such a jury verdict illogical or necessarily inconsistent would
amount to us holding that a jury must grant non-economic damages whenever it grants
damages for medical bills.  That is not the law.  We have previously held that a jury verdict
that awards damages for medical bills, but not pain and suffering, is not necessarily invalid. 
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See Leizear v. Butler, 226 Md. 171, 179, 172 A.2d 518, 522 (1961) (holding that the
adequacy of a jury award is not reviewable on appeal simply because the verdict included
compensation for medical expenses and lost wages, but no damages for pain and suffering),
abrogated by Buck v. Cam’s Broadloom Rugs, Inc., 328 Md. 51, 56, 612 A.2d 1294, 1296
(1992).   The Court of Special Appeals has explained that some jurisdictions have disallowed
5
verdicts that award medical damages where pain and suffering have been proven or could be
reasonably assumed from the nature of the injuries involved.  See Butkiewicz v. State, 127
Md. App. 412, 423, 732 A.2d 994, 1000 (1999).  Yet, this Court has not found such a
discrepancy to be invalid.  Id.  Indeed, as the Court of Special Appeals has held, jury verdict
sheets that have multiple lines for different types of damages, as was present in this case,
imply that the jury is allowed to award some types of damages and not others.  Id.  The
plaintiff in such cases has the burden of proving each item of damage, and the jury
determination of each distinct line item should not be based on guesswork or assumption. 
Id.  Therefore, although it may be unusual for a jury to award damages for medical bills to
treat pain, but not for the pain itself, such a verdict is not itself irrational, invalid, or evidence
of a confused jury. 
Furthermore, Keller’s proposed instruction would not have, by itself, cured the
potential confusion she diagnoses.  Without being told the policy limits of the UM coverage,
For explanation of the treatment of Leizear v. Butler, 226 Md. 171, 172 A.2d 518
5
(1961) by Buck v. Cam’s Broadloom Rugs, Inc., 328 Md. 51, 612 A.2d 1294 (1992), see
Butkiewicz v. State, 127 Md. App. 412, 425, n.3, 732 A.2d 994, 1000, n.3 (1999).  
12
the jury would still be left to wonder which party would have to pay for any discrepancies
between the damages and policy limits, as well as how much would be out of pocket, and
would still be confronted with the same issues concerning double recovery.    
Keller correctly notes that in “cases where the insurance carrier is a party to the
litigation, obviously the existence of insurance cannot be kept from the jury.”  Farley v.
Allstate Ins. Co., 355 Md. 34, 42, 733 A.2d 1014, 1018 (1999).  Yet, we also reiterated in the
same case that, “the amount of uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage should not be
disclosed unless the amount itself is in controversy.”  Id.  As explained earlier, Petitioner was
allowed to, and did, identify GEICO as her UM insurer—the existence of insurance was not
kept from the jury.   
Finally, Petitioner asks that she be allowed to amend her requested instruction to cure
any error.  She argues that a remand with the opportunity to fix a flaw is consistent with the
idea that cases are to be decided on their merits rather than the niceties of the pleadings.  See
Hansen v. City of Laurel, 420 Md. 670, 701, 25 A.3d 122, 141 (2011) (holding that this Court
has a “preference for granting leave to amend.”). 
Because we hold that an instruction on the subject of UM coverage is not improperly
refused in a case where insurance is not an issue properly before the jury, we need not reach
the question of the sufficiency of the proposed instruction.  Thus, “whether the requested
instruction was a correct statement of the law” is an irrelevant question once we have
determined that the subject matter of the instruction was not “applicable under the facts of
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the case.”  Stabb, 423 Md. at 465, 31 A.3d at 928.  We shall not, then, pass on the question
of the sufficiency of the proposed instruction as a correct statement of the law.             
In conclusion, for the above reasons we hold that it is not error for a court to refuse
an instruction on the issue of UM coverage when insurance coverage is not a question before
the jury.  
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
SPECIAL 
APPEALS 
AFFIRMED. 
COSTS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONER.
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