Case Title: Moore v. State

Citation: 

Docket Number: 71S00-1405-LW-361

State: indiana

Court: Indiana Supreme Court

Date: 2015-03-24T00:00:00Z

Document:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT 
Philip R. Skodinski 
South Bend, Indiana  
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 
Gregory F. Zoeller 
Attorney General of Indiana 
 
Brian L. Reitz 
Deputy Attorney General  
Indianapolis, Indiana 
 
 
 
In the 
Indiana Supreme Court  
No. 71S00-1405-LW-361 
CHARLES MOORE, 
Appellant (Defendant below), 
v. 
STATE OF INDIANA, 
Appellee (Plaintiff below). 
Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior Court, No. 71D02-1201-MR-000002 
The Honorable John M. Marnocha, Judge 
On Direct Appeal from a Sentence of Life Imprisonment Without Parole 
March 24, 2015 
David, Justice. 
Charles Moore was charged with the murders of Alejandro Tinoco and Jazmin Conlee.  
After Moore was found guilty of both murders, the jury recommended a sentence of life without 
the possibility of parole for the murder of Conlee.  Moore was ultimately sentenced to sixty-five 
years for the felony murder of Tinoco and life without parole for the murder of Conlee.  Moore 
appealed solely on the basis that there was insufficient evidence for his convictions.  Specifically, 
 
Mar 24 2015, 10:01 am
Moore asserts that the incredible dubiosity rule should be applied.  The incredible dubiosity rule 
allows the court to impinge upon the jury’s assessment of witness credibility when the testimony 
at trial is so contradictory that the verdict reached would be inherently improbable.  For the 
incredible dubiosity rule to apply, the evidence presented must be so unbelievable, incredible, or 
improbable that no reasonable person could ever reach a guilty verdict based upon that evidence 
alone.  Moore argues the application of this rule is warranted because no reasonable jury could 
have found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt given the inconsistent testimony among three of 
the State’s primary witnesses.  We disagree.  Here, direct and circumstantial evidence was 
presented through the testimony of multiple witnesses and the presentation of physical evidence.  
This evidence was sufficient for a reasonable jury to find Moore guilty beyond a reasonable doubt 
for both murders.  Under the facts of this case, the incredible dubiosity rule is inapplicable, and 
the jury’s verdict must stand.  Moore’s convictions and sentence are affirmed.   
Facts and Procedural History 
On January 25, 2012, South Bend Police Officer Joshua Morgan was dispatched to 1101 
North Adams Street, where a reported shooting had occurred.  Officer Morgan arrived at the scene 
at approximately 8:50 p.m., and other patrol officers had already arrived at the scene.  Officer 
Morgan had to carefully open the front door when entering the house because one of the victims 
was lying just inside.  The young man, later identified as Alejandro Tinoco, had been shot in the 
head. Although he was breathing, he was in critical condition.  Upon entering the house, Officer 
Morgan also observed a female victim, later identified as Jazmin Conlee, who had also been shot 
and was sitting up against the wall behind a couch.  Conlee was breathing but in critical condition 
as well.  Both victims were taken to the hospital, where Tinoco was soon pronounced dead, and 
Conlee immediately underwent surgery.  Although Conlee underwent multiple surgeries, it was 
determined that she would not recover from her wounds, and she was pronounced dead on 
February 8, 2012.  Both Tinoco and Conlee died as a result of gunshot wounds.   
The police were able to discover the identity of four individuals who were suspected of 
being involved in these shootings.  Those individuals were Jermon Gavin, Joseph Buti, Rakeem 
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White, and Charles Moore.  Gavin knew each of these men, but the others were not familiar with 
one another.  Gavin was also a friend of Tinoco’s.  The events leading up to the shooting transpired 
with Gavin, Buti, and White meeting up to smoke marijuana.  Gavin first picked up White, and 
after that picked up Buti.  After smoking marijuana, the three went to pick up Moore.  The four 
men discussed going to get more marijuana.  Gavin knew that Tinoco sold marijuana and had 
purchased marijuana from him on prior occasions.  Gavin drove the vehicle to Adams Street, where 
Tinoco lived.1  At some point during the drive, either Gavin or White passed something wrapped 
in a white cloth back to Moore.   
After arriving at Tinoco’s house, Buti walked onto the front porch and knocked on the 
door.  Tinoco had a camera on the porch that displayed on a television inside who was at the front 
door.  The camera only provided a live feed and did not record. When Buti arrived at the door and 
said his name, he was instructed to look at the camera.  Tinoco then opened the door and started 
talking to Buti.  Peter Kagimbi and Jazmin Conlee also lived at the residence and were inside when 
Buti arrived.  Kagimbi was standing in the main room by the dining room table but saw Buti on 
the television screen.  Tinoco asked Buti who he was and why he was there, and Buti explained 
that he was there to buy marijuana.  When Tinoco refused to sell him marijuana, Buti started to 
leave.  In the meantime, Moore had gotten out of the vehicle and approached the house.  When 
Buti stepped outside onto the porch, he saw Moore rise up from behind the porch with a mask on 
and a gun.  Buti kept walking away from the house, and when he turned around to see what was 
going on he saw Moore trying to force the door of the house open, while Tinoco was trying to 
close it.  Kagimbi heard the struggle at the door, then heard a gunshot, and he immediately ran out 
of the back door of the house.  Buti continued to watch from the sidewalk, and he saw Moore shoot 
1 Gavin testified that Buti had wanted to rob Tinoco because Tinoco owed him money, while Buti said it 
was Gavin who was angry with Tinoco over what he was being charged for marijuana.  It is unclear the real 
reason the group initially went to Tinoco’s house, but it is not disputed that the motive involved marijuana 
and/or money. 
3 
                                                 
Tinoco in the head.  Moore pushed Tinoco inside the house, entered, and closed the door behind 
him.   
Buti saw Kagimbi running out through the back and followed him.  Kagimbi confirmed 
that when he ran out the back, he recalled seeing the same young man who he had seen on the 
television monitor at the front door.  Kagimbi only later realized that the person on the television 
monitor could not have been the person who shot Tinoco and Conlee because the person he had 
seen at the door would not have been able to shoot both victims and already be outside following 
him in such a short amount of time.   
Dimitri Johnson, a friend of Kagimbi’s, also confirmed seeing two different individuals 
around Tinoco’s house that night.  Johnson was at the house because he had plans to meet up with 
Kagimbi.  Johnson remembered seeing a light-skinned man near the house in a red or white jacket, 
and not long after he saw another man in dark clothing walk around his vehicle and onto Tinoco’s 
porch.  Johnson then heard two gunshots and saw Kagimbi run out of the house.  Johnson then saw 
the man in the dark clothes get into a gray or silver car that was parked near the house.  That night, 
Gavin was driving his girlfriend’s silver Pontiac Grand Prix.   
Shortly after shots were fired, Gavin confirmed that Moore ran back to the car.  Once in 
the car, Gavin saw Moore pass a gun to White.  Gavin noticed that Moore was very sweaty, 
nervous, and out of breath when he returned.  Gavin then received a phone call from Buti to come 
pick him up.  When they arrived where Buti had run to, Buti said, “Man, he just ran in there and 
got to shooting people.” (Tr. at 546.)  Buti was seemingly talking about Moore.  Buti got in the car 
and saw Moore with a large bag of marijuana.  Buti recalled Moore rocking back and forth and 
saying, “I shot them, I killed everyone.”  (Tr. at 466.)  At some point after, each of the four men 
went their separate ways.  Gavin recalled that soon after he departed from Moore’s company, 
Moore called him and threatened that the same thing that happened to Tinoco and Conlee could 
happen to them.   
4 
Meanwhile, Kagimbi had run to Tinoco’s parents’ house, told them what had happened, 
and Kagimbi called 9-1-1.  Later that evening, Buti also called the police and told them he was a 
witness to the shooting.  The police investigation ensued.  Bloody shoe prints at the scene of the 
crime, DNA evidence on the floor mat of the vehicle Gavin was driving the night of the shooting, 
and a do-rag left at the scene all connected Moore to the shootings.    
On January 30, 2012, Moore was charged with Count I, Class B felony robbery;2 Count II, 
felony murder of Alejandro Tinoco;3 Count III, murder of Alejandro Tinoco;4 and Count IV, 
attempted murder of Jazmin Conlee.5  The trial court later granted the State’s motion to vacate 
Count IV and add Counts for the murder and felony murder of Jazmin Conlee.6  On August 22, 
2012, the trial court granted the State’s motion to add the sentencing enhancement of life without 
parole for the murder of Conlee.7  Moore’s jury trial commenced on August 19, 2013.  At trial, 
Buti, Gavin, and a jail mate of Moore’s, Steven Martin, all testified against Moore and implicated 
him as the shooter of both victims.   
The jury returned guilty verdicts on all five counts as charged.  On August 26, 2013, the 
sentencing phase of the trial began.  The jury recommended a sentence of life without parole for 
the murder of Conlee.  The trial court only entered convictions for Count II, felony murder of 
Tinoco, and Count IV, intentional murder of Conlee, to avoid double jeopardy concerns.  Moore 
2 Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (2008).   
3 Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(2) (2008).   
4 Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1) (2008).   
5 Ind. Code §§ 35-42-1-1; 35-41-5-1 (2008).   Jazmin Conlee was still alive at the time this charge was filed, 
and was not pronounced dead until February 8, 2012.   
6 These Counts were ultimately renumbered as Count IV, murder of Jazmin Conlee, and Count V, felony 
murder of Jazmin Conlee.   
7 “The state may seek . . . a sentence of life imprisonment without parole for murder by alleging, on a page 
separate from the rest of the charging instrument, the existence of at least one (1) of the aggravating 
circumstances listed in subsection (b).”  Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9 (2008).   
5 
                                                 
ultimately received a sixty-five-year sentence for Count II, felony murder of Tinoco, and a 
sentence of life without parole for Count IV, murder of Conlee.    
Moore appealed, asserting that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions, 
and that the testimony of the prosecution’s three primary witnesses was so contradictory as to be 
unbelievable.  Moore’s appeal of his conviction comes directly to the Supreme Court pursuant to 
Indiana Appellate Rule 4(A)(1)(a).8  
Standard of Review 
“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, ‘appellate courts 
must consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the 
verdict.’” Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007) (quoting McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 
124, 126 (Ind. 2005)) (emphasis added in Drane).  Reviewing courts should not “assess witness 
credibility and weigh the evidence to determine whether it is sufficient to support a 
conviction.”  Drane, 867 N.E.2d at 146 (citing Wright v. State, 828 N.E.2d 904, 905-06 (Ind. 
2005)).  Convictions should be affirmed unless “no reasonable fact-finder could find the elements 
of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”  Drane, 867 N.E.2d at 146-47 (quoting Jenkins 
v. State, 726 N.E.2d 268, 270 (Ind. 2000)).   
Discussion 
 
In the present case, Moore raises a particular insufficiency of evidence claim.  Moore 
argues that the State primarily relied upon the testimony of three witnesses at trial: Jermon Gavin, 
Joseph Buti, and Steven Martin.  Moore asserts that the testimony of these three witnesses was “so 
8 “(1) Mandatory review. The Supreme Court shall have mandatory and exclusive jurisdiction over the 
following cases: (a) Criminal Appeals in which a sentence of death or life imprisonment without parole is 
imposed under Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9. . . .”  Ind. Appellate Rule 4(A)(1)(a).   
6 
                                                 
contradictory, as to meet the doctrine of incredible dubiosity.”  (Appellant’s Br. at 8.)  The 
incredible dubiosity rule allows the Court to “impinge upon a jury’s responsibility to judge the 
credibility of the witnesses only when confronted with ‘inherently improbable’ testimony.”  
(Appellant’s Br. at 8 (citing Tillman v. State, 642 N.E.2d 221, 223 (Ind. 1994)).)  The incredible 
dubiosity rule is only applied in limited circumstances.  Accordingly, we first address the 
appropriate scope of the incredible dubiosity rule before reaching a conclusion on its applicability 
to Moore’s claim.   
I. 
Incredible Dubiosity Rule 
In Gaddis v. State, this Court was confronted with a jury verdict that could not be supported 
by the evidence presented at trial. 253 Ind. 73, 81, 251 N.E.2d 658, 662 (1969).  In Gaddis, the 
defendant was charged and found guilty of robbery.  Id. at 74, 658.  The defendant contended that 
the identification testimony of the State’s eyewitness was insufficient to meet the required standard 
of proof for a criminal conviction.  Id. at 75, 659.  On review, the Court first acknowledged that it 
must be “careful not to confuse its function and purpose with that of the trial court,” but it must 
also “be equally as careful not to be found in derogation of [its] duties as an appellate tribunal, 
monitoring with a watchful eye the administration of justice on the trial court level.”  Id. at 76, 
659.   
In Gaddis, on the night a gas station was robbed, the police arrested a suspect, brought the 
suspect back to the gas station, and asked the attendant to identify the suspect.  Id. at 75, 659.  The 
gas station attendant did identify the suspect as the robber and subsequently served as the chief 
prosecuting witness at trial.  Id. at 77, 660.  When asked at trial if the suspect brought in by police 
was the same man who had held him up, the witness responded, “He looked like the man, sir.”  Id.  
When asked if the witness believed it was the same man, the witness testified, “Well, I was too 
shook up and rattled that night, I couldn’t tell you for sure if it was or not.”  Id.  The witness 
continued to go back and forth regarding whether he was positive that the defendant was the same 
man who had held him up, and admitted that authorities had threatened him that he would go to 
the penitentiary if he did not testify against the defendant.  Id. at 77-79, 660-61.  The Court noted 
7 
that on top of the threats of imprisonment from the police, the witness had also been threatened by 
the defendant if he did testify.  Id. at 79, 661. Ultimately, the Court found the witness’s testimony 
to be “vacillating, contradictory and uncertain.”  Id.  There was also a lack of any circumstantial 
evidence linking the defendant to the crime.  Id.  And there were additional conflicts between the 
witness’s testimony and the evidence produced at trial that were never reconciled.  Id. at 79-80, 
661.  Where the State’s chief witness “by his own admission is unsure as to the identity of the 
criminal, and where other evidence or lack thereof would support such uncertainty, this court 
would hold that such identification, as a matter of law, is insufficient evidence, by itself,” to convict 
the defendant of the crime.  Id. at 80, 661-62.  As such, the Court concluded that “the evidence of 
guilt . . . containing as it does the ingredients of uncredible dubiosity,9 falls far short of proof 
beyond a reasonable doubt.”  Id. at 81, 662 (emphasis added).    
Since Gaddis, this Court has defined the limited scope of the incredible dubiosity rule.  
“Under this rule, a court will impinge on the jury’s responsibility to judge the credibility of the 
witnesses only when it has confronted ‘inherently improbable’ testimony or coerced, equivocal, 
wholly uncorroborated testimony of ‘incredible dubiosity.’”10  Tillman, 642 N.E.2d at 223 
(citing Rodgers v. State, 422 N.E.2d 1211, 1213 (Ind. 1981)) (internal quotations and citations 
omitted).  The application of this rule is restricted to facts similar to those in Gaddis. Tillman, 642 
N.E.2d at 223 (citing Gaddis, 253 Ind. at 82, 251 N.E.2d at 663)).  A court will only impinge upon 
the jury’s duty to judge witness credibility “where a sole witness presents inherently contradictory 
9 “Dubiety” or “dubiosity” is defined as, “[t]he quality or condition of being dubious” or “an uncertainty.”  
WEBSTER’S II NEW COLLEGE DICTIONARY, p.349, (1995).  “Dubious” is defined as, “[c]ausing doubt or 
uncertainty: Equivocal.”  Id.   
10 As demonstrated in Tillman, precedent that subsequently relied on Gaddis corrected the usage of 
“uncredible” to “incredible.”  
8 
                                                 
testimony which is equivocal or the result of coercion and there is a complete lack of circumstantial 
evidence of the appellant’s guilt.”  Id. (emphases added).   
A more recent case demonstrates that even when there is a single eyewitness, the incredible 
dubiosity rule may not apply.  In Murray v. State, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of his 
murder conviction as being based upon the incredibly dubious testimony of one witness. 761 
N.E.2d 406, 408 (Ind. 2002).  The Court recognized that the witness’s testimony had been 
inconsistent with pre-trial statements and was at odds with the testimony of corroborating 
witnesses, but this did not necessarily make the testimony incredibly dubious.  Id. at 409. The 
witness’s testimony was not equivocal, no contradictions occurred on the witness stand, and even 
though the testimony differed from the defendant’s, “[i]t is for the trier of fact to resolve conflicts 
in the evidence and to decide which witnesses to believe or disbelieve.”  Id. (quoting Kilpatrick v. 
State, 746 N.E.2d 52, 61 (Ind. 2001)).  The Court held that the incredible dubiosity rule was 
inapplicable.  Murray, 761 N.E.2d at 409.   
In Edwards v. State, this Court again determined that the incredible dubiosity rule was 
inapplicable.  753 N.E.2d 618, 622 (Ind. 2001).  In Edwards, the witness’s testimony during trial 
was consistent, and although the witness considered changing his testimony during trial, the jury 
was made aware of that fact during cross-examination.  Id. at 622-23.  The potential uncertainty 
of the witness’s testimony “was put squarely before the jury, [and] the jury had the ability to 
perform its role as a trier of fact and determine the extent to which it affected the integrity of [the 
witness’s] testimony.”  Id. at 623 (citing Albrecht v. State, 737 N.E.2d 719, 733 (Ind. 2000)).   
Accordingly, this Court has explained that while incredible dubiosity provides a standard that is 
“not impossible” to meet, it is a “difficult standard to meet, [and] one that requires great ambiguity 
and inconsistency in the evidence.”  Edwards, 753 N.E.2d at 622.  “The testimony must be so 
convoluted and/or contrary to human experience that no reasonable person could believe it.”  Id. 
(citing Campbell v. State, 732 N.E.2d 197, 207 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000)).   
Other jurisdictions have applied a similar rule, sometimes referred to as the “inherent 
improbability doctrine.”  See State v. Robbins, 210 P.3d 288, 295 (Utah 2009).  In Robbins, the 
9 
Utah Supreme Court explained that although a court usually must accept a jury’s determination of 
witness credibility, “when the witness’s testimony is inherently improbable, the court may choose 
to disregard it.”  210 P.3d at 293 (citing State v. Workman, 852 P.2d 981, 984 (Utah 1993)).  Under 
this standard, the Court held that the definition of “inherently improbable must include 
circumstances where a witness’s testimony is incredibly dubious and, as such, apparently 
false.” Robbins, 210 P.3d at 293.  Similar to the incredible dubiosity rule, the application of this 
rule requires that: “(1) there are material inconsistencies in the testimony and (2) there is no other 
circumstantial or direct evidence of the defendant’s guilt.”  Id. at 294.  “The existence of any 
additional evidence supporting the verdict prevents the judge from reconsidering the witness’s 
credibility.”  Id.  See also State ex. rel. Mochnick v. Andrioli, 216 Iowa 451, 453, 249 N.W. 379, 
380 (1933) (explaining that “[t]he rule that it is for the jury to reconcile the conflicting testimony 
of a witness does not apply where the only evidence in support of a controlling fact is that of a 
witness who so contradicts himself as to render finding of facts thereon a mere guess”).    
Accordingly, the appropriate scope of the incredible dubosity rule as utilized in Indiana 
and other jurisdictions requires that there be: 1) a sole testifying witness; 2) testimony that is 
inherently contradictory, equivocal, or the result of coercion; and 3) a complete absence of 
circumstantial evidence.  Accordingly, this standard will be applied in determining whether 
Moore’s convictions merit reversal based upon the testimony offered at his trial.   
II. 
Sufficiency of Evidence for Moore’s Convictions based upon the Incredible 
Dubiosity Rule   
In the current case, Moore argues the testimony of Gavin, Buti, and Martin cannot be 
believed.  Even though Moore concedes that each of those men agreed that “Moore was the 
shooter,” they disagreed on “several significant matters.”  (Appellant’s Br. at 8.)  Moore 
specifically asserts that the testimony was inconsistent regarding: 1) “who had the problem with 
Alex Tinoco”; 2) “who passed the gun to Moore”; 3) “how Buti got home”; 4) “how Moore got 
home”; 5) “who ditched the gun and when”; 6) “how proceeds [from the robbery] were split”; and 
7) “whether Buti knew Alex.”  (Appellant’s Br. at 8-9.)  While Moore is able to point out some 
10 
inconsistencies among the testimonies of the witnesses, he fails to demonstrate that the application 
of the incredible dubiosity rule is warranted.   
First, the application of this rule has been restricted to cases where there is a single 
testifying witness.  See Tillman, 642 N.E.2d at 223 (reiterating that the application of this rule “is 
limited to cases . . . where a sole witness presents inherently contradictory testimony . . . .”) 
(emphasis added).   Although Buti was the only eyewitness to the shooting, Gavin’s testimony also 
placed Moore at the scene.  Gavin drove Moore to Tinoco’s house and saw something wrapped in 
a white cloth passed back to Moore.  Soon after shots were fired, Gavin recalled Moore running 
back to the vehicle.  Moore was sweaty, nervous, and out of breath when he got into the car, and 
Gavin saw Moore hand White a gun.  Gavin also testified that Moore had called him later that 
same night and threatened Gavin by stating that the same thing that happened to Tinoco and Conlee 
could happen to him, Buti, and White.  Additionally, Steven Martin met Moore in jail, and he 
testified that Moore confessed to the shootings.  Moore explained to Martin that he struggled with 
Tinoco at the door, shot him, and then when he saw Conlee upon entering the house, he had to 
shoot her too because she was a witness.    
There were also corroborating witnesses.  Kagimbi identified the person he saw on the 
television monitor as the same person who followed him when he fled out the back.  Kagimbi was 
certain that whoever first came to the door was not the same person who shot Tinoco and Conlee.  
Because Kagimbi fled out the back door after the first shot, the person responsible for the shooting 
would not have had time to shoot Tinoco, enter the house, shoot Conlee, and already be outside 
again by the time Kagimbi was exiting the house.  Kagimbi was also certain that Moore was not 
the person he had seen on the television monitor.  Johnson also saw two different individuals near 
Tinoco’s house around the time of the shooting.  Johnson saw a man in dark clothes go onto the 
porch, he heard two gunshots, and then saw the same man leave the porch and get into a silver 
vehicle.  Gavin was driving a silver Pontiac Grand Prix that night.   
The defense presented two witnesses who testified that someone else was responsible for 
the murders.  Gavin’s girlfriend, who had been with Gavin after the shooting, testified that she 
11 
thought that Buti was involved in the shooting.  Additionally, Timothy Whitfield, who was a jail 
mate of Moore’s and later Gavin’s, testified that Gavin confessed to carrying out the shooting with 
Moore.  However, Whitfield testified that both Moore and Gavin were the shooters.  Thus, even if 
Whitfield’s testimony were believed, it still implicated Moore as being directly involved in the 
shootings.11   
As discussed above, the first factor of the incredible dubiosity rule has not been met 
because there were multiple testifying witnesses that the jury could have relied upon in reaching 
its verdict. The testimony of multiple witnesses aligns this case with Murray, where the court 
explained, “[i]t is for the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the evidence and to decide which 
witnesses to believe or disbelieve.”  761 N.E.2d at 409 (quoting Kilpatrick, 746 N.E.2d at 61).  
The contradictions among testifying witnesses in the present case are indistinguishable from any 
other case where the jury has the duty to assess the credibility of witnesses.   
Because the testimony of multiple witnesses alone precludes the application of the 
incredible dubiosity rule, our analysis could end here.  Against the request of Moore, we are not 
inclined to expand the rule’s application to situations where there are multiple testifying witnesses.  
Even if this Court were to consider applying the incredible dubiosity rule in the context of multiple 
witnesses, this case would not be the appropriate case to do so.  As explained below, the other two 
factors necessary for the application of the incredible dubiosity rule are also lacking.  As such, 
11 The prosecution also called into question the reliability of Whitfield’s testimony by raising that Whitefild 
believed that Moore was involved in the killing of one of Whitfield’s friends, and as a result Moore and 
Whitfield had gotten into a physical altercation when in jail together.     
12 
                                                 
even if the rule was expanded to encompass cases involving multiple witnesses, Moore’s claim 
that incredible dubiosity precludes the guilty verdicts still must fail.12   
The second factor is whether the witness’ testimony is inherently improbable, 
contradictory, or coerced, resulting in the testimony being incredibly dubious.  See Tillman, 642 
N.E.2d at 223.  Here, there are no inconsistencies in the testimonies of Buti, Gavin, or Martin.  
Buti was the prosecution’s primary eyewitness.  He consistently testified that he saw Moore shoot 
Tinoco and enter the house.  Buti acknowledged that when he originally talked to police about the 
incident he did not tell the full truth, and he explained that he had lied out of fear.  However, when 
Buti testified at trial he never changed his story, and he identified Moore as the shooter from the 
beginning.   
Once again, these facts are similar to those in Murray.  In Murray, the witness made 
statements prior to trial that were inconsistent with the trial testimony, but there were no 
inconsistencies in the witness’s testimony at trial.  761 N.E.2d at 409.  The Court concluded that 
even if the trial testimony is inconsistent with pre-trial statements, that does not necessarily make 
the testimony at trial incredibly dubious.  Id.  See also Stephenson v. State, 742 N.E.2d 463, 498 
(Ind. 2001) (explaining that even though the State’s sole eyewitness had discrepancies in his 
statements to police, in depositions, and in his trial testimony, “witness testimony that contradicts 
[the] witness’s earlier statements does not make such testimony ‘incredibly dubious,’” when that 
witness “unequivocally identified Defendant as the perpetrator who shot the three victims. . . .”) 
(internal citation omitted).  We agree with the conclusion in Murray.  Buti’s testimony at trial 
remained consistent, and any inconsistent pre-trial statements were brought to the attention of the 
jury.  See Edwards, 753 N.E.2d at 623 (concluding that when a witness considered changing his 
testimony during the trial, “the jury was made aware of this fact during cross-examination . . . 
12 In addition, discussion of the remaining factors demonstrates why Moore would also not have prevailed 
had he brought a standard sufficiency of the evidence claim, instead of a claim of incredible dubiosity.   
13 
                                                 
[and] the jury had the ability to perform its role as a trier of fact and determine the extent to which 
it affected the integrity of his testimony”).    
Accordingly, Buti’s testimony does not rise to the level of incredible dubiosity. Gavin and 
Martin also did not waiver in their testimony at trial.  Both individuals maintained that Moore was 
responsible for the shootings.  Nothing within these testimonies were factually impossible or even 
improbable.  To the contrary, the witnesses explain the occurrence of these unfortunate shootings 
in an easily comprehensible way: drug dealing gone wrong.  
It is not disputed that the three witnesses disagreed on some details, such as who had it in 
for Tinoco, who handed Moore the gun, what happened to the gun after the shooting, and where 
each person went after the shooting. Again, inconsistencies among the testimonies of the witnesses 
merely puts the burden upon the jury to determine which witness to believe.  See Ferrell v. State, 
746 N.E.2d 48, 51 (Ind. 2001) (explaining that the incredible dubiosity rule was inapplicable even 
when the witness’s testimony was inconsistent in several respects with the testimony of other 
witnesses, but the testimony was not equivocal and the witness never contradicted himself on the 
stand);  See also Berry v. State, 703 N.E.2d 154, 160 (Ind. 1998) (refusing to apply the incredible 
dubiosity rule where the witnesses contradicted each other but no single witness contradicted 
himself).   
Additionally, the prosecution provided a valid explanation of why these witnesses had 
some inconsistencies between their testimonies.  The prosecution addressed the obvious fact that 
each of the witnesses’ memories had likely faded over the year and a half between the night of the 
murders and the trial.  But more importantly, the prosecution also emphasized that Buti and Gavin 
were both motivated to downplay the extent of their own involvement.  Both Gavin and Buti 
admitted to being at the scene, but both logically want to avoid facing criminal charges themselves.  
Thus, it is understandable that Gavin would not admit to being the person who handed Moore a 
gun and that neither witness would admit to being the person who initiated a plan to rob Tinoco.  
At the time of this trial, Gavin was already being held at St. Joseph County Jail on charges for 
14 
felony murder and robbery related to this case.  Thus, a reasonable jury could have believed that 
this was a valid explanation of the inconsistencies between the witnesses’ testimonies.   
Finally, as Moore concedes, there is circumstantial evidence in this case.  In a case where 
there is circumstantial evidence of an individual’s guilt, “reliance on the incredible dubiosity rule 
is misplaced.”  Majors v. State, 748 N.E.2d 365, 367 (Ind. 2001) (citing White v. State, 706 N.E.2d 
1078, 1080 (Ind. 1999)).  In the present case, there were bloody shoeprints at the scene of the 
crime, and those prints were narrowed down to seven different tread patterns.  Shoes from a variety 
of individuals who may have been in the house that night were tested, including firemen, friends, 
and family.  Moore’s shoes were the same pattern of shoe, same size, and same kind of wear as 
prints left inside the house.  Furthermore, the shoe patterns collected were not consistent with 
either Buti, Gavin, or White’s shoes.  Moore’s shoes were also tested for the presence of blood, 
and a preliminary test indicated that the shoes may have had blood on them.13   
Additionally, a presumptive test for blood was conducted on the floor mats of the vehicle 
Gavin was driving the night of the shooting.  A test of the floor mat where only Moore had sat was 
positive for potential blood, while all the other floor mats in the vehicle gave no positive indication 
for the presence of blood.  The floor mat which showed indications of blood was also tested for 
DNA.  The major DNA profile obtained from testing the floor mat matched Tinoco’s DNA.  This 
test also excluded Buti, Gavin, and White as possible contributors to the DNA on the floor mats.  
Finally, a do-rag was found at the scene, and swabs of the do-rag provided a major DNA profile 
that matched Moore.  The DNA found on the do-rag excluded Buti, Gavin, and White as potential 
contributors.    
13 Even though this was a very sensitive test, it could still provide some indication of Moore’s potential 
involvement.  
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None of the factors that are necessary to warrant the application of the incredible dubiosity 
rule are present in the case before us.  Again, two witnesses consistently testified that Moore was 
the shooter, other witnesses corroborated this testimony, and circumstantial evidence linked Moore 
to the scene.  See Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1060 (Ind. 2011) (holding that the incredible 
dubiosity rule did not apply “because (a) [the witness’s] trial testimony was not inherently 
contradictory, (b) the evidence was not from a single witness, and (c) there was not an absence of 
circumstantial evidence of guilt”).  Under the present circumstances, it would be inappropriate for 
this Court to “impinge on the jury’s responsibility to judge the credibility of the witnesses. . . 
.”  Tillman, 642 N.E.2d at 223.   
Conclusion 
The incredible dubiosity rule is inapplicable in the present case and cannot serve as grounds 
for overturning the jury’s verdict.  Furthermore, based upon the evidence presented at trial, a 
reasonable jury could have found each element of murder and felony murder beyond a reasonable 
doubt.  Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence for Moore’s convictions.  The convictions and 
sentences entered by the trial court are affirmed.   
Rush, C.J., Dickson, Rucker, and Massa, J.J., concur.  
 
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