Case Title: State ex rel. U.S. Tubular Products, Inc. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio

Citation: 2021-Ohio-1174

Docket Number: 2020-0883

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2021-04-08T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State 
ex rel. U.S. Tubular Prods., Inc. v. Indus. Comm., Slip Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-1174.] 
 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested to 
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 
the opinion is published. 
 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2021-OHIO-1174 
THE STATE EX REL. U.S. TUBULAR PRODUCTS, INC., D.B.A. BENMIT HYDRO-
TESTERS DIVISION, APPELLANT, v. INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF OHIO ET AL., 
APPELLEES. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 
may be cited as State ex rel. U.S. Tubular Prods., Inc. v. Indus. Comm., Slip 
Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-1174.] 
Workers’ compensation—Violation of specific safety requirement—Industrial 
commission did not abuse its discretion in granting additional award—
Record contained evidence supporting commission’s findings that specific 
safety requirement applied, that employer violated it, and that violation was 
proximate cause of injury—Court of appeals’ judgment denying writ of 
mandamus affirmed. 
(No. 2020-0883—Submitted January 26, 2021—Decided April 8, 2021.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Franklin County, No. 18AP-795, 
2020-Ohio-3427. 
__________________ 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
2
Per Curiam. 
{¶ 1} Article II, Section 35 of the Ohio Constitution allows for an award of 
additional compensation to a worker who sustains injuries as a result of his 
employer’s violation of a specific safety requirement (“VSSR”).  See also R.C. 
4121.47.  Appellee Industrial Commission granted appellee John R. Roush’s 
request for such an award.  Roush’s employer, appellant, U.S. Tubular Products, 
Inc., d.b.a. Benmit Hydro-Testers Division, asked the Tenth District Court of 
Appeals to issue a writ of mandamus ordering the commission to vacate its 
decision.  The Tenth District denied the writ, and U.S. Tubular appealed. 
{¶ 2} Because the commission’s decision was supported by evidence in the 
record, we affirm the Tenth District’s judgment. 
I.  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
A. Hydro-Testing 
{¶ 3} U.S. Tubular’s operations include the “hydro-testing” of used pipes.  
Hydro-testing involves forcing water pressure into a pipe to determine whether the 
pipe leaks and needs to be repaired or does not leak and may be reused.  U.S. 
Tubular conducts these tests in a three-sided building known as the “test shelter.”  
The process requires at least two employees; typically, one employee is stationed 
at each end of the pipe being tested. 
{¶ 4} Pipes roll into the test shelter on 42-inch-high racks that divide the 
shelter into a north and south end.  The employee at the north end attaches a cap 
called a swage to that end of the pipe.  Attached to the north-end swage is a hose 
connected to a pump, which is in turn connected to a diesel engine.  The north-end 
employee then engages the pump, causing water to flow into the pipe. 
{¶ 5} The south-end employee attaches a swage to that end of the pipe.  The 
south-end swage contains a slide valve.  As the water flows into the pipe, it 
displaces the air in the pipe, which exits through the slide valve.  When water begins 
flowing through the slide valve, indicating that all the air has been pushed out of 
January Term, 2021 
 
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the pipe, the south-end employee slides the valve closed, by hand, thereby sealing 
the pipe for pressurization. 
{¶ 6} During the hydro-test, the two employees must retreat to designated 
“safety zones” at each end of the test shelter.  The controls for the hydro-test 
machine are located in the north-end safety zone.  The safety zones are necessary 
because a swage sometimes blows off of a pressurized pipe.  For that same reason, 
U.S. Tubular has erected a “blast shield” to keep swages from going through the 
wall of the test shelter. 
{¶ 7} Once the south-end employee is in that end’s safety zone, the north-
end employee uses a lever and valve to increase the water pressure in the pipe to 
the desired level.  The pressure is maintained for a specific amount of time, during 
which both employees, from their safety zones, observe the pipe for leaks.  Then, 
the north-end employee uses the controls to release the pressure in the pipe. 
{¶ 8} The north-end employee signals the south-end employee when the 
pressure has been released and it is safe to approach the pipe.  This is typically done 
by a “thumbs-up” sign or by the north-end employee simply leaving the safety zone 
and moving toward the pipe.  The employees must rely on visual signals because 
the controls and pressure gauge for the hydro-tester are all housed in the north-end 
safety zone and the testing process is too loud for them to communicate by voice.  
The north-end controls provide the north-end employee with three means to 
disengage the machine. 
{¶ 9} The employee in the south end, whose safety zone is located behind a 
yellow line, has no means to control the pressure or disengage the machine’s power 
and has no gauges or other means that show when the pipe is under pressure.  The 
south-end employee cannot reach the machine’s controls from the south-end safety 
zone and cannot efficiently take shelter in the north-end safety zone.  The 
employees are unable to communicate verbally because the work environment is 
noisy, the employees wear ear protection, and the employees do not have radios. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
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{¶ 10} Once the hydro-test is complete and the pressure is released, the 
employees remove the swages from their respective ends of the tested pipe, the pipe 
is marked to indicate the test result, and the team moves on to the next pipe, 
repeating the process. 
B. Roush’s Injury 
{¶ 11} Roush sustained injuries while performing a hydro-test at U.S. 
Tubular on December 10, 2014.  He was working at the south end of the test shelter.  
The employee working at the north end of the test shelter was Phil Drosnos. 
{¶ 12} Roush and Drosnos attached their swages to a pipe that was 32 feet 
long and approximately eight to ten inches in diameter.  They then retreated to their 
safety zones, and Drosnos engaged the pressure lever, pressurizing the pipe.  
Drosnos apparently noticed that a swage was leaking; he left the safety zone and 
approached the pipe to tighten the swage. 
{¶ 13} The record is unclear whether Drosnos gave Roush a “thumbs up” 
or whether Roush merely believed it was safe to approach the pipe because Drosnos 
approached it.  Regardless, Roush also left his safety zone and approached the pipe.  
Drosnos then apparently realized that the pipe was still under pressure and returned 
to his safety zone to depressurize it.  Before Drosnos reached the pressure lever, 
however, the swage on his end blew off, and the pent-up pressure projected the pipe 
forward.  It struck Roush in the abdomen with extreme force, knocking him to the 
ground, where he hit his head on a floor grate.  Roush sustained severe injuries.  His 
workers’ compensation claim was allowed for numerous abdominal, head, face, 
and back conditions. 
C. VSSR Award 
{¶ 14} Roush filed an application for a VSSR award, asserting that U.S. 
Tubular had violated three specific safety requirements set forth in the Ohio 
Administrative Code.  The Bureau of Workers’ Compensation’s Safety Violations 
Investigation Unit conducted a site visit and interviewed U.S. Tubular personnel.  
January Term, 2021 
 
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The investigator prepared a report that included photographs and a video of the 
hydro-test operation. 
{¶ 15} Both Roush and U.S. Tubular engaged experts to evaluate the 
incident; each expert prepared a report.  The bureau’s investigation report and the 
experts’ reports were submitted to the commission, which also heard live testimony. 
{¶ 16} The staff hearing officer (“SHO”) denied Roush’s VSSR claim with 
respect to Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-17(G)(1)(a)(i) (regarding protective headgear) 
and 4123:1-5-17(I)(10) (regarding barriers and warning devices). 
{¶ 17} But the SHO determined that Roush had established a violation of 
Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1), which provides, “Means shall be provided at 
each machine, within easy reach of the operator, for disengaging it from its power 
supply.”  The SHO noted that Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92) defines 
“operator” as “any employee assigned or authorized to work at the specific 
equipment.”  The SHO determined that Roush was an “operator” of the hydro-test 
machine, explaining:  
 
The job of testing the pressurized pipe at the time of the industrial 
injury is found to require two operators working together to test the 
pipe.  The Injured Worker’s job duties as the second test operator 
were an integral part of the operation. * * * The second test 
operator’s duty of closing the pipe is instrumental in pressurizing 
the pipe. 
 
The SHO also determined that the means of disengaging the equipment from its 
power supply were not within Roush’s easy reach. 
{¶ 18} Finally, the SHO found that the failure to comply with the safety 
code was the proximate cause of Roush’s injury.  The SHO noted that there was no 
way for Roush to disengage the machine and relieve the pipe pressure and that 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
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Roush was injured when he was struck by a pressurized pipe.  The SHO granted a 
VSSR award of an additional 25 percent of the maximum weekly rate of 
compensation. 
{¶ 19} U.S. Tubular moved for rehearing.  A different SHO denied the 
motion.  U.S. Tubular then moved for reconsideration.  The commission vacated 
the rehearing-denial order and set the matter for a hearing before the 
commissioners. 
{¶ 20} At that hearing, the parties addressed two issues: (1) whether the 
commission had the authority under R.C. 4123.52 and State ex rel. Nicholls v. 
Indus. Comm., 81 Ohio St.3d 454, 459, 692 N.E.2d 188 (1998), to exercise 
continuing jurisdiction over the claim on the basis of a clear mistake of fact or law 
and (2) if the commission exercised jurisdiction, whether the VSSR award should 
be denied.  The commission determined that it lacked the authority to exercise 
continuing jurisdiction, reinstated the rehearing-denial order, and reiterated that the 
original SHO order granting the VSSR award remained in effect. 
D. Mandamus Action 
{¶ 21} U.S. Tubular filed a mandamus complaint in the Tenth District, 
seeking a writ compelling the commission to vacate the VSSR award.  A magistrate 
recommended granting the writ.  2020-Ohio-3427, ¶ 2.  The commission objected.  
Id. at ¶ 3.  The Tenth District sustained the commission’s objections and denied the 
writ.  Id. at ¶ 28.  U.S. Tubular appealed the Tenth District’s judgment. 
II.  ANALYSIS 
A. Legal Standards 
{¶ 22} “An award for a VSSR is ‘a new, separate, and distinct award’ over 
and above standard workers’ compensation benefits.”  State ex rel. Precision Steel 
Servs., Inc. v. Indus. Comm., 145 Ohio St.3d 76, 2015-Ohio-4798, 47 N.E.3d 109, 
¶ 15, quoting State ex rel. Newman v. Indus. Comm., 77 Ohio St.3d 271, 272, 673 
N.E.2d 1301 (1997).  “To be entitled to an additional award for a VSSR, a claimant 
January Term, 2021 
 
7
must show that (1) a specific safety requirement applied, (2) the employer violated 
that requirement, and (3) the employer’s violation caused the injury.”  Id. 
{¶ 23} “To prevail on its claim for mandamus relief, [U.S. Tubular] must 
demonstrate that the commission’s decision to issue a VSSR award was an abuse 
of discretion.  So long as some evidence supports the commission’s order, there 
was no abuse of discretion, and the court must uphold the decision.”  State ex rel. 
Armstrong Steel Erectors, Inc. v. Indus. Comm., 144 Ohio St.3d 243, 2015-Ohio-
4525, 41 N.E.3d 1233, ¶ 13. 
{¶ 24} “The interpretation of a specific safety requirement is within the final 
jurisdiction of the commission and may be corrected in mandamus only upon a 
showing that the commission abused its discretion.”  Precision Steel at ¶ 21.  
“[B]ecause a VSSR award is a penalty imposed on an employer, specific safety 
requirements must be strictly construed and all reasonable doubts concerning the 
interpretation of a particular safety regulation must be resolved in favor of the 
employer.”  Id. 
B. Proposition of Law Nos. 1 and 2 
The commission’s determination that Roush was an “operator” of the hydro-
test machine was supported by evidence in the record 
{¶ 25} Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) provides, “Means shall be 
provided at each machine, within easy reach of the operator, for disengaging it from 
its power supply.”  Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92) provides that an 
“operator” is “any employee assigned or authorized to work at the specific 
equipment.” 
{¶ 26} In proposition of law No. 1, U.S. Tubular argues that the commission 
abused its discretion by finding that Roush was an operator of the hydro-test 
machine.  Specifically, U.S. Tubular asserts that Roush was not “assigned or 
authorized to work at” the hydro-test machine, as required by Ohio Adm.Code 
4123:1-5-01(B)(92).  U.S. Tubular asserts that Roush worked 44 feet away from 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
8
the machine, i.e., that the machine encompassed only the diesel engine and pump 
on the north end of the test shelter and had no components in the south end of the 
test shelter, at Roush’s end of the pipe.  Therefore, U.S. Tubular asserts, Roush did 
not operate the hydro-test machine. 
{¶ 27} Relatedly, in proposition of law No. 2, U.S. Tubular argues that the 
requirements of Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) apply only to a machine—not 
to a facility or a process—and that it would be impossible to provide a means of 
disengaging the hydro-test machine’s power that is both (1) within easy reach of 
Roush and (2) “at [the] machine,” as Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) requires, 
because Roush worked 44 feet away from the machine. 
{¶ 28} It is undisputed that Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) applies to 
the hydro-test machine and that U.S. Tubular did not provide a means of 
disengaging the machine’s power within easy reach of Roush.  Proposition of law 
Nos. 1 and 2 therefore both hinge on whether Roush’s work area at the south end 
of the test shelter placed him at the hydro-test machine.  This question lies within 
the final jurisdiction of the commission.  Precision Steel, 145 Ohio St.3d 76, 2015-
Ohio-4798, 47 N.E.3d 109, at ¶ 21; State ex rel. Lange v. Indus. Comm., 111 Ohio 
St.3d 563, 2006-Ohio-6211, 857 N.E.2d 593, ¶ 14.  We may not find an abuse of 
discretion so long as the commission’s determination is supported by some 
evidence in the record, regardless of whether the record also contains contrary 
evidence—even if greater in quantity or quality.  State ex rel. Vonderheide v. Multi-
Color Corp., 156 Ohio St.3d 403, 2019-Ohio-1270, 128 N.E.3d 188, ¶ 14. 
{¶ 29} Evidence in the record supported the commission’s determination 
that Roush was an operator of the hydro-test machine, i.e., that he was “assigned or 
authorized to work at the specific equipment,” (emphasis added) Ohio Adm.Code 
4123:1-5-01(B)(92).  More specifically, there was evidence from which the 
commission could conclude that the components of the hydro-test machine 
included the swage and slide valve that Roush was assigned to use.  The Safety 
January Term, 2021 
 
9
Violations Investigation Unit’s report states, “The employer explained the tester 
consisted of one engine, two pumps, two swages, and one hose.”  (Emphasis added.)  
The employer therefore acknowledged to the investigator that the swage at Roush’s 
end of the pipe was a component of the hydro-test machine. 
{¶ 30} Further, while U.S. Tubular now appears to argue that the “machine” 
(a term that is not defined in the applicable code sections) is limited to the diesel 
engine and pump located at the north end of the test shelter, it is undisputed that the 
purpose of the hydro-test machine is not merely to pump water through a pipe but 
to pressurize the pipe.  And U.S. Tubular concedes that the hydro-tester cannot 
pressurize the pipe without Roush first installing the south-end swage and then 
closing that swage’s slide valve to seal the system for pressurization. 
{¶ 31} The record also contained the report and testimony of Roush’s expert 
witness, J. Douglas Jeter, a registered professional engineer.  Jeter opined that both 
Roush and Drosnos were operators of the hydro-test machine because “[t]he 
operation cannot be accomplished by one person” and because Roush’s duties—
including closing the valve on his swage—were “an integral part of the 
pressurization test.” 
{¶ 32} In Jeter’s opinion, when the elements were all connected, they 
constituted one machine: “When it is all connected, you have the south end swage 
connected to the pipe connected to the north end swage connected by a hose to the 
ball valve connected to the pump connected to the motor.”  Roush was therefore 
“operating his end of the unit which allows the system to become pressurized.”  
And both employees are necessary for the machine to do its job: “If the north end 
operator does not activate the valve, the ball valve, there won’t be any pressure. If 
the south end operator does not close the [slide] valve, there won’t be any pressure.”  
In his report, Jeter pointed out the problem, from a safety perspective, with the fact 
that both Roush and Drosnos interacted with the machine and were in equal danger 
in the event a pressurized pipe blew, yet only Drosnos had access to the controls: 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
10 
“Despite Mr. Roush’s safety being equally affected by the pressurization of the 
system, he had no means of ensuring that it was in a zero energy state when he 
approached it.” 
{¶ 33} U.S. Tubular argues that three cases support the conclusion that the 
commission abused its discretion by concluding that Roush was an operator of the 
hydro-test machine.  It argues that in State ex rel. Scott Fetzer Co., Halex Div. v. 
Indus. Comm., 81 Ohio St.3d 462, 692 N.E.2d 195 (1998), the employee was found 
to be an “operator” because he was “actively involved in the machine’s operation,” 
id. at 466.  However, our opinion in Scott Fetzer did not alter the definition of 
“operator” set forth in Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92), under which the 
commission reasonably found Roush to be an operator of the hydro-test machine.  
The remaining two cases applied a different definition of “operator” that predated 
the current definition set forth in Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92).  See State 
ex rel. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Indus. Comm., 62 Ohio St.2d 145, 146, 
404 N.E.2d 140 (1980); State ex rel. Platt v. Diamond Internatl. Corp., 10th Dist. 
Franklin No. 85 AP-979, 1987 WL 5893, *1 (Jan. 29, 1987).  Those cases are 
therefore inapplicable. 
{¶ 34} Finally, U.S. Tubular invokes State ex rel. Frank Brown & Sons, Inc. 
v. Indus. Comm., 37 Ohio St.3d 162, 524 N.E.2d 482 (1988), for the proposition 
that a safety requirement must be specific enough to plainly apprise the employer 
of its duty to the employee, id. at 163.  Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1), in 
conjunction with Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92), requires employers to 
provide a means of disengaging a machine’s power supply within easy reach of 
employees assigned or authorized to work at the machine.  Based on U.S. Tubular’s 
initial explanation of the hydro-test machine to the investigator, which stated that 
the machine included both the north- and south-end swages, the record contains 
evidence that U.S. Tubular was plainly apprised that both employees worked at the 
January Term, 2021 
 
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hydro-test machine and should therefore have been provided with an easily 
reachable means of disengaging the power. 
{¶ 35} We reject proposition of law Nos. 1 and 2. 
C. Proposition of Law No. 3 
The commission’s determination that U.S. Tubular’s VSSR caused Roush’s 
injury was supported by evidence in the record 
{¶ 36} In proposition of law No. 3, U.S. Tubular argues that the commission 
abused its discretion by finding that the VSSR was the proximate cause of Roush’s 
injuries.  U.S. Tubular asserts that Roush’s injuries were caused by his exiting the 
safety zone while the pipe was pressurized, due to his own and/or Drosnos’s 
negligence.  However, the defense of unilateral negligence by an employee is 
available to an employer in a VSSR case only if the employer has complied with 
the specific safety requirement and the employee has unilaterally violated it.  State 
ex rel. Byington Builders, Ltd. v. Indus. Comm., 156 Ohio St.3d 35, 2018-Ohio-
5086, 123 N.E.3d 908, ¶ 39-40.  As explained above, that is not the case here: 
evidence supported the commission’s determination that U.S. Tubular violated 
Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1). 
{¶ 37} U.S. Tubular also asserts that the existence, within easy reach of 
Roush, of a means of disengaging the machine from its power source would not 
have prevented Roush’s injury because Roush would still have approached the 
pressurized pipe based on Drosnos’s mistakenly signaling that it was safe to do so.  
This argument misses the point: if Roush had had an independent means of 
disengaging the machine’s power, he would not have had to rely on a signal from 
Drosnos in the first place. 
{¶ 38} We rejected a similar argument in State ex rel. Glunt Industries, Inc. 
v. Indus. Comm., 132 Ohio St.3d 78, 2012-Ohio-2125, 969 N.E.2d 252.  In that 
case, the employer “argue[d] that the absence of safety equipment did not 
proximately cause [the] injury, because even if it had been available, [the injured 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
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worker] would not have used it.”  Id. at ¶ 16.  The employer based that argument 
on the injured worker’s statement that “he did not need any safety equipment for 
the task he was performing when he was injured.”  Id.  We concluded that the 
employer’s assertion was “only conjecture” given the danger of the work 
environment, which placed the injured worker in proximity to a high-voltage 
circuit.  Id.  We also observed that the argument related less to proximate cause 
than to a unilateral-negligence defense, which we noted was available only if the 
employer complied with the specific safety requirement.  Id.  We reject U.S. 
Tubular’s argument for the same reasons. 
{¶ 39} We reject proposition of law No. 3. 
III.  CONCLUSION 
{¶ 40} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Tenth District’s judgment. 
Judgment affirmed. 
O’CONNOR, C.J., and FISCHER, DONNELLY, and STEWART, JJ., concur. 
KENNEDY, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by DEWINE, J. 
BRUNNER, J., not participating. 
_________________ 
KENNEDY, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 41} I dissent from the majority’s affirmance of the judgment of the Tenth 
District Court of Appeals, which held that appellee Industrial Commission did not 
abuse its discretion when it found that appellant, U.S. Tubular Products, Inc., 
violated a specific safety requirement and that the violation proximately caused 
appellee John R. Roush’s injuries.  In my view, the commission abused its 
discretion in concluding that U.S. Tubular violated a specific safety requirement 
when it did not provide, within easy reach of Roush, a means to disengage a diesel 
engine and pumps used in hydro-testing operations.  The commission’s 
determination that Roush was the operator of a machine merely because he was 
integral to the testing process in which that machine was operated by another 
January Term, 2021 
 
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employee runs contrary to the plain meaning of Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) 
and Roush’s own testimony that he was not the operator of the machine.  Therefore, 
I dissent and would reverse the judgment of the Tenth District Court of Appeals 
and grant a writ of mandamus ordering the commission to vacate its award for a 
violation of a specific safety requirement (“VSSR”). 
{¶ 42} To be entitled to an additional award over and above workers’ 
compensation benefits for a VSSR, Roush had to show that (1) a specific safety 
requirement applied, (2) U.S. Tubular violated that requirement, and (3) the 
violation caused his injury.  State ex rel. Precision Steel Servs., Inc. v. Indus. 
Comm., 145 Ohio St.3d 76, 2015-Ohio-4798, 47 N.E.3d 109, ¶ 15. 
{¶ 43} The specific safety requirement at issue here, Ohio Adm.Code 
4123:1-5-05(D)(1), provides that “[m]eans shall be provided at each machine, 
within easy reach of the operator, for disengaging it from its power supply.”  Ohio 
Adm.Code 4123:1-5-01(B)(92), in turn, defines “operator” as “any employee 
assigned or authorized to work at the specific equipment.”  The word “machine” is 
not defined in the applicable division of the Ohio Administrative Code.  Therefore, 
this court must accord that word its plain and ordinary meaning.  See State ex rel. 
Byington Builders, Ltd. v. Indus. Comm., 156 Ohio St.3d 35, 2018-Ohio-5086, 123 
N.E.3d 908, ¶ 23-24 (applying the dictionary definition of a term not defined in the 
Ohio Administrative Code). 
{¶ 44} The most relevant definition of the word “machine” in the dictionary 
is “an assemblage of parts that are usu[ally] solid bodies but include in some cases 
fluid bodies or electricity in conductors and that transmit forces, motion, and energy 
one to another in a predetermined manner and to some desired end.”  Webster’s 
Third New International Dictionary 1353 (2002); see also Merriam-Webster 
Online, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/machine (accessed Mar. 25, 
2021) [https://perma.cc/YGU5-PDZB] (defining “machine” as “a mechanically, 
electrically, or electronically operated device for performing a task” and “an 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
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assemblage * * * of parts that transmit forces, motion, and energy one to another in 
a predetermined manner”). 
{¶ 45} U.S. Tubular’s hydro-testing operation uses pumps powered by a 
diesel engine to pressurize a pipe that is capped at each end with a swage.  The 
north end of the pipe is capped with a threaded swage that has a hose attached to it.  
The south end of the pipe is capped with a threaded swage to seal the pipe. 
{¶ 46} Once the south-end employee caps the pipe with the threaded swage, 
the employee moves to a safety zone, which is roughly 20 feet away from the south-
end employee’s workstation.  The north-end employee then operates the machine 
by opening a valve to the pump, thereby allowing water to fill the pipe, building 
pressure to test the pipe. 
{¶ 47} On the day of the accident, Roush was the south-end employee.  His 
functions were to screw the threaded swage onto the south end of the pipe and close 
the valve on his swage once the pipe was full of water.  Then, during pressurization, 
Roush was required to move to his safety zone.  Once the test was complete and 
the pressure was released by the north-end employee, Roush was to return to the 
south end of the pipe and remove his swage. 
{¶ 48} The diesel-engine-powered pumps are plainly a machine within the 
common usage of the word.  The engine and pumps are mechanically operated to 
perform a task—pressurizing the pipe—and they are assemblages of parts that 
transmit force and energy.  The swages and the pipe being tested are not 
mechanically operated and they do not transmit force or energy—they do not move 
at all during testing, and the swages are attached and removed by hand before and 
after the machine is operated.  Roush did not work “at the machine,” and therefore 
U.S. Tubular was not required by Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) to provide a 
kill switch within Roush’s reach. 
{¶ 49} The majority relies on U.S. Tubular’s admission to an investigator 
that “ ‘the tester consisted of one engine, two pumps, two swages, and one hose’ ” 
January Term, 2021 
 
15 
as “acknowledg[ing] * * * that the swage at Roush’s end of the pipe was a 
component of the hydro-test machine.”  (Emphasis added in majority opinion.)  
Majority opinion at ¶ 29.  However, the words “tester” and “machine” are not 
synonymous—a mercury thermometer is a fever tester, but it is not a machine 
within the common usage of the word.  U.S. Tubular admitted that the swages were 
part of the testing process, but it did not concede that they were part of a “machine.” 
{¶ 50} But even if the hydro-testing process as a whole could be considered 
to be a machine, then Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) is ambiguous and could 
refer both to the overarching testing process as well as the specific mechanical 
equipment powering it. 
{¶ 51} When a specific safety requirement is ambiguous, a court is required 
to strictly construe it and to resolve all reasonable doubts concerning the meaning 
and applicability of that particular requirement in favor of the employer.  State ex 
rel. 31, Inc. v. Indus. Comm., 152 Ohio St.3d 350, 2017-Ohio-9112, 96 N.E.3d 246, 
¶ 21.  A VSSR award is a penalty imposed on an employer, id., and we have 
explained that specific safety requirements must establish “ ‘specific and definite 
requirements or standards of conduct * * * [that] are of a character plainly to 
apprise an employer of his legal obligation toward his employees,’ ” (ellipsis and 
brackets added in Precision Steel) Precision Steel, 145 Ohio St.3d 76, 2015-Ohio-
4798, 47 N.E.3d 109, at ¶ 17, quoting State ex rel. Trydle v. Indus. Comm., 32 Ohio 
St.2d 257, 291 N.E.2d 748 (1972), paragraph one of the syllabus. 
{¶ 52} An employer cannot be penalized for failing to comply with a safety 
requirement unless “mandatory specific duties are apparent to [the] employer 
interpreting [the] provision.”  State ex rel. Oliver v. Southeastern Erectors, Inc., 76 
Ohio St.3d 26, 28, 665 N.E.2d 1108 (1996). 
{¶ 53} As set forth above, the applicable provisions of the Ohio 
Administrative Code do not define the word “machine.”  Therefore, Ohio 
Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) does not resolve the ambiguity and could not have 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
16 
plainly apprised U.S. Tubular that it was required to provide a kill switch at the 
diesel engine and pumps as well as any other place near the hydro-testing process 
where an employee was authorized to be, such as Roush’s work area, which was 
roughly 40 feet from the engine and pumps at the north end of the pipe.  Looking 
at the common usage of the word “machine” and construing it strictly in favor of 
the employer, as we must, Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) required U.S. 
Tubular to have a kill switch only at the engine and pumps, and U.S. Tubular 
complied with that duty.  U.S. Tubular was not required to provide a kill switch 
within Roush’s easy reach at the south end of the pipe. 
{¶ 54} Roush’s own testimony at the hearing before the staff hearing officer 
confirms this analysis.  He testified: 
 
Q.  * * *  In Paragraphs 13 and 14 of your affidavit, it says 
“The controls to the tester were on the operator’s side.”  What are 
you referring to as the tester in that sentence?  
A.  The machine. 
Q.  The machine?  
A.  (Nodding head up and down.)  
Q.  Okay.  And that’s the diesel engine and the pump, 
correct?  
A.  Yes. 
Q.  Okay. And that was located on [the north-end 
employee’s] side of the building?  
A.  Yes. 
Q.  Was not located on your side of the building?  
A.  No. 
 
{¶ 55} Roush also explained his role in pressure testing the pipes: 
January Term, 2021 
 
17 
 
Q.  Then you put the swage on and that’s just threaded with 
the ears, correct?  
A.  Yes. 
Q.  Tighten that by hand?  
A.  Yes. 
Q.  There’s no machinery that tightens that?  
A.  No. 
Q.  You’re just supposed to tighten it by hand.  Then the 
other operation you do is you close that slide valve.  The slide valve 
is located on the swage, correct?  
A.  Yes. 
Q.  Is the swage or the slide valve motorized at all?  
A.  No. 
Q.  That’s just a piece of metal, right? 
A.  Yes. 
Q. Okay.  All right.  And other than that, were you operating 
any equipment?  
A.  No. 
Q.  Okay.  And [the north-end employee], at the other end of 
the building, was the operator of the equipment?  
A.  Yes. 
 
{¶ 56} Roush himself understood that the word “machine” referred only to 
the diesel-powered pumps, not the swage that he hand-tightened onto the opposite 
end of the pipe.  Yet, notwithstanding Roush’s admission that he was not an 
operator of the machine, his expert gave two reasons why he believed that Roush 
was an operator—both of which the majority opinion relies upon in its analysis: 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
18 
first, Roush was integral to the pressure-testing operation, and second, Roush faced 
the same hazard as the worker on the other end of the pipe and therefore deserved 
to have the same protection (access to a kill switch).  But being integral to a process 
and a specific risk to the employee are not relevant to proving that Roush was an 
operator of the machine.  Rather, Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) requires a 
kill switch within easy reach only when the employee is assigned or authorized to 
work at the machine.  Therefore, the expert’s opinion is not some evidence 
supporting the commission’s finding. 
{¶ 57} But even if Ohio Adm.Code 4123:1-5-05(D)(1) required a kill 
switch at Roush’s end of the pipe, there is no evidence that a violation of that rule 
caused Roush’s injury for three reasons.  First, Roush mistakenly believed that the 
pressure had been released from the pipe before he left his safety zone based on a 
thumbs-up signal from the north-end employee.  His own expert testified that Roush 
would not have been able to know whether the pipe was pressurized since there was 
no pressure gauge at Roush’s end of the pipe.  There is no evidence that Roush 
would have acted any differently had a kill switch been provided at his end of the 
pipe, and it is his burden to prove that the lack of a kill switch caused his injury.  
Second, a pressure gauge at his end of the pipe may or may not have prevented the 
accident; but having a gauge is not a specific safety requirement established by the 
commission and therefore cannot factor into an analysis of proximate cause.  And 
third, there is no evidentiary basis to believe that Roush would have had time to 
engage a kill switch before the swage on the other end of the pipe failed.  Roush’s 
expert testified that Roush should have had a kill switch within the safety zone, but 
Roush was not in the safety zone at the time of the accident.  Kill switches are only 
required to be “at the machine.”  When Roush was in his safety zone he was not at 
the machine—his safety zone was roughly 20 feet away from the hydro-testing 
process. 
January Term, 2021 
 
19 
{¶ 58} For these reasons, I would reverse the judgment of the Tenth District 
Court of Appeals, grant a writ of mandamus, and vacate the VSSR award. 
DEWINE, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion. 
_________________ 
Krugliak, Wilkins, Griffiths & Dougherty Co., L.P.A., Edward D. Murray, 
and Zachary M. Soehnlen, for appellant. 
Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Natalie J. Tackett, Assistant Attorney 
General, for appellee Industrial Commission of Ohio. 
Mario Gaitanos, for appellee John R. Roush. 
_________________