Case Title: Morton v. Schlotzhauer

Citation: 

Docket Number: 72/15

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2016-08-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
Kevin Morton, Jr., et al. v. Cindy L. Schlotzhauer 
No. 72, September Term, 2015 
 
Civil Procedure – Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment – Standard of Appellate 
Review.  An appellate court reviews a circuit court’s disposition of a motion to alter or 
amend a judgment in a case decided by the circuit court for abuse of discretion.  However, 
a circuit court abuses its discretion if it applies incorrect legal principles.  An appellate 
court applies a deferential standard of review to the extent that a circuit court’s decision 
involves factfinding.  To the extent that the circuit court’s decision depends entirely on the 
application of legal principles, such as a decision to award summary judgment, the 
appellate court does not necessarily defer to the circuit court’s decision.  Maryland Rule 2-
534. 
 
Civil Procedure – Standing – Effect of Plaintiff’s Bankruptcy Proceeding on Standing 
to Assert Personal Injury Claim.  Plaintiff who failed to list a potential personal injury 
claim as an asset on her bankruptcy petition initially was divested of that claim under 
federal bankruptcy law as a result of the bankruptcy proceedings and lost standing to assert 
that claim, but her standing was restored after the bankruptcy case was re-opened, the 
bankruptcy schedules were amended to include the claim, and the bankruptcy court ruled, 
as a matter of federal bankruptcy law, that the claim was re-vested in the plaintiff 
retroactively as of the date the bankruptcy petition was filed.  In a case in which the 
personal injury complaint was filed within the period of limitations, the bankruptcy case 
was promptly re-opened upon discovery of the standing issue, and no new cause of action 
or factual allegations were added to the complaint, there was no reason for a Maryland trial 
court not to recognize the retroactive re-vesting of the claim by the Bankruptcy Court for 
purposes of the State court action. 
Civil Procedure – Real Party in Interest – Relation Back.  If a claim asserted in a 
complaint actually belongs to a bankruptcy estate by virtue of the plaintiff’s prior 
bankruptcy filing, the bankruptcy trustee is the real party in interest with respect to that 
claim.  The circuit court should allow a reasonable opportunity for the bankruptcy trustee 
to be substituted as plaintiff pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-201.  The bankruptcy trustee 
need not re-file the complaint and the substitution will relate back to the original filing of 
the complaint for purposes of the statute of limitations.  If the claim is later re-vested in the 
original plaintiff, the same principles apply to permit substitution of the original plaintiff.   
Maryland Rule 2-201.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Circuit Court for Queen Anne’s County 
Case No. 17-C-12-017577 
Argued:  April 1, 2016                                                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 
 
OF MARYLAND 
 
No. 72 
 
September Term, 2015 
 
 
KEVIN MORTON, JR., ET AL., 
 
V. 
 
CINDY L. SCHLOTZHAUER 
 
 
 
 
Barbera, C.J. 
 
 
*Battaglia 
 
 
Greene 
 
 
Adkins 
 
 
McDonald 
 
 
Watts 
 
 
Rodowsky, Lawrence F. (Retired,  
 
 
Specially Assigned), 
 
 
 
 
 
JJ. 
 
 
Opinion by McDonald, J. 
 
 
Filed: August 19, 2016 
  
*Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the 
hearing and conference of the case while an 
active member of this Court; after being 
recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, 
Section 3A, she also participated in the decision 
and adoption of this opinion 
 
 
This case is about the procedural and substantive effect that a bankruptcy 
proceeding may have on the prosecution of a personal injury claim in State court.  Our 
disposition of this case is compelled by the respect we accord a decision of the federal 
Bankruptcy Court and by our own injunction to interpret our rules “to do justice between 
the parties.”1 
 
Bankruptcy allows one overcome by debt to obtain a discharge of debts and have, 
more or less, a fresh start.  Part of the price that the debtor must pay is to detail the debtor’s 
property interests in the bankruptcy case so that it can be determined what is available for 
distribution to creditors and what the debtor may retain.  Among the property interests that 
must be listed are personal injury claims of the debtor, although such claims typically are 
exempted from the bankruptcy estate by operation of bankruptcy and Maryland law and, 
as a result, remain the debtor’s property.  Failure to list such a claim in the bankruptcy 
proceeding, however, means that it remains part of the bankruptcy estate. 
Respondent Cindy L. Schlotzhauer was involved in a motor vehicle accident with 
Petitioner Kevin Morton, Jr., who was employed at the time by Petitioner Uni-Select USA, 
Inc. t/a Kunkel Service Company.  Almost three years later, but within the pertinent statute 
of limitations, she brought this action against Mr. Morton and Uni-Select asserting that she 
had suffered personal injuries in the accident allegedly as a result of Mr. Morton’s 
negligence in the course of his employment.
                                            
1 Miller v. Talbott, 239 Md. 382, 390, 211 A.2d 741 (1965). 
2 
 
Between the time of the accident and the filing of this action, Ms. Schlotzhauer 
happened to file personal bankruptcy and was discharged from her debts.  She neglected to 
list her (then) potential claim for personal injuries as an asset or as exempt property in her 
bankruptcy petition.  It appears to be undisputed that this happened out of ignorance, rather 
than any deliberate effort to conceal the potential claim.  By operation of bankruptcy law, 
her claim became the property of her bankruptcy estate. 
When the prior bankruptcy proceeding came to light during discovery in this action, 
thus raising the question of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s standing to litigate the claim, the parties 
began to shuttle back and forth between the Circuit Court and Bankruptcy Court in a race 
for relief from those tribunals.  Mr. Morton and Uni-Select sought to have the Circuit Court 
dismiss the personal injury action for lack of standing on the ground that the claim did not 
belong to Ms. Schlotzhauer – a dismissal that would be a dead end for the claim, as the 
period of limitations had expired in the interim.  Ms. Schlotzhauer sought to re-open the 
bankruptcy process to eliminate the standing question by having the claim exempted and 
restored to her or by joining the bankruptcy trustee as plaintiff in this action. 
The race ended in a dead heat, more or less.  The Bankruptcy Court granted Ms. 
Schlotzhauer’s request to re-open and re-vested her with the claim – a decision it ultimately 
decided was retroactive to the filing of the bankruptcy petition.  In a nearly simultaneous 
ruling, the Circuit Court, unaware of the Bankruptcy Court’s action, awarded summary 
judgment to Mr. Morton and Uni-Select on the ground that Ms. Schlotzhauer lacked 
standing.  Ms. Schlotzhauer informed the Circuit Court of the Bankruptcy Court’s action 
3 
 
and asked it to reconsider its award of summary judgment.  The Circuit Court declined to 
do so, without explanation.   
The Court of Special Appeals reversed.  It held that, even if Ms. Schlotzhauer was 
not the proper plaintiff under Maryland law at the time she filed her complaint, Maryland 
Rule 2-201 allows for substitution of the real party in interest – in this case, the bankruptcy 
trustee and ultimately Ms. Schlotzhauer herself when she was re-vested with the claim.  
That rule incorporates the doctrine of “relation back” and allows the real party in interest 
to prosecute an existing action without need to file a new complaint.  In any event, the 
intermediate appellate court noted that the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling re-vested Ms. 
Schlotzhauer with her claim as of a date well before the filing of her complaint and nullified 
the prior divestiture of that claim in the bankruptcy proceeding.  Accordingly, Ms. 
Schlotzhauer was an appropriate plaintiff on a timely-filed complaint.  
For the reasons detailed below, we agree with the Court of Special Appeals. 
I 
Background 
A. 
A Bankruptcy Primer 
 
To understand the unusual procedural path of this case it is helpful to make a brief 
excursion into bankruptcy law.  Luckily for us, most of the applicable bankruptcy 
principles are not at issue.  In its opinion in this case, the Court of Special Appeals provided 
an excellent summary, which we draw upon liberally as follows: 
 
 
 
 
4 
 
Debtor’s Obligation to List Property Interests 
 
When a person files for protection from creditors under federal 
bankruptcy law, all of the person’s property, including personal injury 
claims, become the property of the bankruptcy estate.  Those rights become 
the property of the estate even if the person intentionally, inadvertently, or 
innocently fails to disclose them to the trustee, the bankruptcy court, and 
creditors. 
Schlotzhauer v. Morton, 224 Md. App. 72, 75-76, 119 A.3d 121 (2015) (citations 
omitted). 
Trustee’s Rights over Property of Bankrupt Estate 
 
Generally, the bankruptcy trustee alone may assert the person’s rights, 
including the right to pursue a tort claim for personal injuries, unless the 
trustee abandons the rights or the bankruptcy court declares them to be 
exempt from creditor claims.  If the rights have not been abandoned or 
exempted, the bankruptcy trustee retains the sole right to assert them even 
after the bankruptcy court has closed the bankruptcy case and granted the 
debtor a discharge. 
224 Md. App. at 76 (citations omitted). 
Exemption for Personal Injury Claims 
 
The debtor … must list all property that the debtor claims as exempt.  
A party in interest to the bankruptcy proceeding, in turn, may object to the 
debtor’s claims for exemptions.  If an interested party fails to object within 
5 
 
the time allowed, a claimed exemption will exclude the subject property from 
the estate. 
 
Maryland residents can claim exemptions under state law, including 
an exemption “from execution on a judgment” that is payable in the event of 
sickness, accident, injury, or death of any person, including compensation 
for loss of future earnings. 
Id. at 88 (citations and quotations marks omitted). 
Discretion to Reopen Bankruptcy Case to Amend Schedules 
 
Debtors may amend or supplement their schedules as a matter of 
course before the bankruptcy case closes.  In addition, the bankruptcy court 
has discretion to reopen a case to administer assets, to accord relief to the 
debtor, or for other cause.  The bankruptcy court has discretion to permit a 
party to perform an act, such as the filing of amended asset schedules, even 
after the specified period in which the act is required or allowed to be done.   
Id. at 88 (citations and quotation marks omitted). 
B. 
Facts and Procedural History 
 
The Accident 
It is undisputed that, on January 4, 2010, Ms. Schlotzhauer was involved in an 
automobile collision in the parking lot of the Centreville post office with Mr. Morton while 
he was driving a pickup truck owned by his employer, Uni-Select.  The details of that 
accident are unimportant to the resolution of the issues in this appeal.  Suffice it to say, in 
the complaint that Ms. Schlotzhauer filed some years later to initiate this case, she alleged 
6 
 
that Mr. Morton was talking on a cell phone when he backed his truck into her car, resulting 
in various physical injuries to Ms. Schlotzhauer.   
Shortly after the automobile accident, Ms. Schlotzhauer retained counsel, who 
resolved a claim for property damage to Ms. Schlotzhauer’s car with Uni-Select’s insurer 
and periodically corresponded with the insurer over the course of the next year and a half 
concerning her injuries, diagnosis, and treatment, evidently in anticipation of pursuing a 
personal injury claim.  However, her counsel did not file suit until the end of 2012, shortly 
before the three-year statute of limitations would expire.2  
 
The Bankruptcy Case 
 
In the meantime, Ms. Schlotzhauer, with the assistance of a different attorney, had 
sought relief from various debts in the federal Bankruptcy Court.  On October 6, 2010, she 
filed a voluntary petition in bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code in the 
United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Maryland.3  On the schedules attached 
to her bankruptcy petition, Ms. Schlotzhauer did not list the potential personal injury claim 
arising from the January 4, 2010 accident as either an asset or as property claimed to be 
exempt.4  On January 19, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court granted Ms. Schlotzhauer a discharge 
from her debts and closed the case.  
                                            
2 See Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”), §5-101. 
3 Ms. Schlotzhauer filed her petition under the name Cindy Lyles.  She has since 
married and adopted her husband’s surname.  
4 It appears to be undisputed that Ms. Schlotzhauer was unaware of the need to 
include the potential personal injury claim on the bankruptcy schedules.  The lawyer who 
7 
 
 
The Personal Injury Case 
 
On December 26, 2012, Ms. Schlotzhauer initiated this case by filing a complaint 
in the Circuit Court for Queen Anne’s County against Mr. Morton and Uni-Select, seeking 
damages for her injuries.  The complaint alleged that the accident was attributable to Mr. 
Morton’s negligence and that he was operating his vehicle within the scope of his 
employment.  Mr. Morton and Uni-Select (hereafter, collectively, “Uni-Select”) answered 
the complaint with a general denial, as well as a number of affirmative defenses.   
 
The parties pursued discovery.  In response to an interrogatory, Ms. Schlotzhauer 
indicated that she had filed for bankruptcy in October 2010.  In questioning by defense 
counsel during a subsequent deposition on July 31, 2013, it emerged that she had not listed 
her potential personal injury claim arising from the accident as an asset in her bankruptcy 
petition.   
 
A Question of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s Standing 
 
On August 23, 2013, Uni-Select moved for summary judgment on the grounds that 
Ms. Schlotzhauer lacked standing to bring the claim because the cause of action had 
become property of the bankruptcy estate by the time she filed suit and that only the 
bankruptcy trustee had the right to pursue the claim.  In response, Ms. Schlotzhauer filed 
an affidavit stating that she had been unaware of the need to include a potential personal 
injury claim on the schedules attached to her bankruptcy petition and that, upon realizing 
                                            
filed the bankruptcy petition on her behalf was not aware of her (then) potential personal 
injury claim.   
8 
 
the need to do so, she had requested that her bankruptcy attorney re-open that case.  Ms. 
Schlotzhauer also asked the Circuit Court to stay its proceedings, pending action by the 
Bankruptcy Court.  
 
On October 22, 2013, the Circuit Court held a hearing on both Ms. Schlotzhauer’s 
motion to stay the proceedings and Uni-Select’s motion for summary judgment.  The 
Circuit Court postponed ruling on either motion and indicated that it would hold both under 
advisement, pending developments in the Bankruptcy Court.  The court subsequently 
issued an order stating that it would hold the motions sub curia for 30 days and scheduling 
a status conference for December 2013. 
 
Ms. Schlotzhauer Returns to Bankruptcy Court 
 
In the meantime, Ms. Schlotzhauer had filed a motion in the Bankruptcy Court on 
September 12, 2013, to re-open her bankruptcy case for the purpose of amending her 
petition to list the damages and lost wages related to her personal injury claim as exempt 
property.5  
On October 23, 2013, the Bankruptcy Court granted Ms. Schlotzhauer’s request to 
re-open her bankruptcy case.  Ms. Schlotzhauer immediately filed amended schedules to 
her bankruptcy petition, listing her lost wages and personal injury claim as assets and as 
exempt property.  She listed the value of her lost wages as $901 and the value of her 
                                            
5 Uni-Select sought to intervene in Ms. Schlotzhauer’s bankruptcy case to oppose 
its re-opening.  Although the Bankruptcy Court accepted and considered various filings by 
Uni-Select in the case, it ultimately ruled that Uni-Select lacked standing to object to Ms. 
Schlotzhauer’s motion to re-open her bankruptcy case, as it was not a creditor and was 
unaffected by the distribution of her bankruptcy estate.  
9 
 
personal injury claim as $1,500,000 – the damages sought in her complaint in the personal 
injury action.  The Bankruptcy Court re-appointed the trustee who had originally handled 
Ms. Schlotzhauer’s bankruptcy and scheduled a hearing for January 7, 2014.   
Informing the Circuit Court of the Re-Opened Bankruptcy Case 
 
During a hearing before the Circuit Court on December 5, 2013, Ms. Schlotzhauer’s 
counsel informed the Circuit Court of the re-opening of her bankruptcy case and the other 
developments in that case.  He asked the Circuit Court to hold off ruling on Uni-Select’s 
summary judgment motion until the court knew what the Bankruptcy Court would do.  The 
Circuit Court then heard argument on whether the personal injury case should be dismissed 
because Ms. Schlotzhauer lacked standing.  In regard to the standing argument, Ms. 
Schlotzhauer’s counsel suggested that one option would be to permit the bankruptcy trustee 
to join the case as a co-plaintiff.  The Circuit Court did not rule on any of the motions at 
the hearing, but indicated that it would issue a decision later.  
 
Simultaneous Rulings in the Bankruptcy Court and Circuit Court 
 
One month later, on January 8, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court and the Circuit Court 
both ruled on the motions pending before them.  There is a certain mirror quality to those 
rulings – the Bankruptcy Court ruled in favor of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s effort to amend her 
schedules to pursue her personal injury action and held that Uni-Select lacked standing to 
object to the amendment; the Circuit Court ruled in favor of Uni-Select’s motion for 
summary judgment and held that Ms. Schlotzhauer lacked standing to pursue the personal 
injury action.  It is evident that neither court was aware of the other court’s action at the 
time it ruled. 
10 
 
 
More specifically, the Bankruptcy Court ruled that the exemption of Ms. 
Schlotzhauer’s personal injury claim was allowed as of late November 2013,6 noting that 
neither the re-appointed trustee nor any creditor had objected to allowance of the amended 
list of exempt property interests.7  The Bankruptcy Court explicitly stated that it was not 
purporting to decide the summary judgment motion pending in the Circuit Court.  Ms. 
Schlotzhauer immediately filed a motion asking the Bankruptcy Court to rule that the 
amended schedules were effective “nunc pro tunc” as of January 19, 2011 − the date that 
the bankruptcy case had been closed – effectively restoring ownership of the claim to her 
as of that date.  
On the same day that the Bankruptcy Court ruled that Ms. Schlotzhauer’s personal 
injury claim was exempt from the bankruptcy estate, the Circuit Court granted Uni-Select’s 
motion for summary judgment based on her alleged lack of standing because the claim was 
part of the bankruptcy estate.  In its opinion, the Circuit Court reasoned that Ms. 
Schlotzhauer lacked standing to pursue her claim because the bankruptcy trustee owned 
the claim.  At the time it granted the motion the Circuit Court was apparently unaware of 
the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling, as it referred to the bankruptcy trustee as the “current 
owner” of the personal injury claim.  Although the court expressed the view that a stay of 
                                            
6 The Bankruptcy Court indicated that Ms. Schlotzhauer’s claim “became allowed 
31 days after the Debtor’s Amended Schedule C was filed.”  The amended Schedule C had 
been filed on October 24, 2013. 
7 The Bankruptcy Court rejected Uni-Select’s opposition to the amended schedules 
on the ground that Uni-Select was not a party in interest in the bankruptcy proceeding and 
lacked standing to object. 
11 
 
the personal injury action had a “foundation in common sense,” it believed that the law did 
not allow for a stay.8   The court considered whether to dismiss the complaint without 
prejudice so that the bankruptcy trustee might pursue the claim, but concluded that “an 
amended complaint would be barred” by the statute of limitations and therefore awarded 
summary judgment in favor of Uni-Select.  
 
On January 23, 2014, the Bankruptcy Court issued a supplemental order in which it 
determined that, under federal bankruptcy law, the “cause of action revested back to the 
Debtor and that revesting in law related back to the date of the filing of the Petition in this 
bankruptcy case on October 6, 2010.”  The Bankruptcy Court again specifically noted that 
it “has not and does not decide any motion now before the state court in the prosecution of 
the cause of action, including any motion to dismiss that may be pending in that court 
action.”  
Motion to Alter or Amend Circuit Court Ruling 
In January 2014, Ms. Schlotzhauer filed a motion to alter or amend the Circuit Court 
judgment pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-534, and supplemented that motion with a copy of 
the Bankruptcy Court’s order ruling that she had been re-vested with her personal injury 
claim effective October 6, 2010, as a matter of federal bankruptcy law.  
                                            
8 The filing of a bankruptcy petition normally effects an “automatic stay” of most 
other litigation involving a debtor.  11 U.S.C. §362(a).  Neither party has addressed whether 
the re-opening of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s bankruptcy case would result in a re-instatement of 
the automatic stay or, if not, whether the Bankruptcy Court had discretion to re-instate it, 
whether such a stay would apply to this action, and whether the Circuit Court should have 
considered those questions before granting summary judgment.  In any event, given our 
disposition of the case, we need not resolve that issue. 
12 
 
After a hearing legal argument on the motion on February 25, 2014, the Circuit 
Court denied the motion in a written order two days later without explaining the reasons 
for its ruling. 
 
The Appeal 
 
Ms. Schlotzhauer noted a timely appeal to the Court of Special Appeals.  The 
intermediate appellate court vacated the Circuit Court’s judgment and remanded the case 
for further proceedings in the trial court.  224 Md. App. 72, 119 A.3d 121 (2015).  The 
Court of Special Appeals held that the Circuit Court had erred in awarding summary 
judgment to Uni-Select and in not revising that ruling after being informed of the 
Bankruptcy Court’s action re-vesting the claim in Ms. Schlotzhauer.  The intermediate 
appellate court reasoned that, even if one concluded that Ms. Schlotzhauer did not own the 
claim when she filed suit, Maryland Rule 2-201 concerning “real party in interest” allowed 
her to prosecute the claim once it was re-vested in her.  Because that rule incorporates the 
doctrine of “relation back,” she would not be required to file a new complaint and could 
pursue the complaint that had been filed within the period of limitations.  In any event, the 
intermediate appellate court held, the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling that re-vested her with the 
claim well before the filing of the civil action meant that she owned the claim as of the 
filing of the complaint.  
 
Uni-Select then petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari, which we granted. 
 
 
13 
 
II 
Discussion 
 
Before us, Uni-Select raises two issues.  First, it asserts that the Court of Special 
Appeals reviewed the Circuit Court’s decision under too strict a standard of review.  In its 
view, the Court of Special Appeals should have deferred to the Circuit Court’s ruling on 
the motion to alter or amend the grant of summary judgment.  Second, Uni-Select contends 
that, even if an appellate court reviews the Circuit Court’s ruling without deference, the re-
vesting of the claim in Ms. Schlotzhauer by the Bankruptcy Court did not relate back to 
the time she filed the complaint and thus any further prosecution of that claim is now barred 
by limitations. 
A. 
Standard of Review 
Uni-Select argues that the intermediate appellate court – and now this Court – 
should apply a deferential “abuse of discretion” standard in reviewing the Circuit Court’s 
decision in this case.  Application of such a standard, in Uni-Select’s view, would readily 
result in affirmance of the Circuit Court. 
In our view, the standard of review in this case is more nuanced.  It has often been 
said a circuit court’s decision on a motion for reconsideration, such as a motion to alter or 
amend a judgment, is “ordinarily discretionary.”  E.g., Wilson-X v. Department of Human 
Resources, 403 Md. 667, 674-75, 944 A.2d 509 (2008).  But, at the same time, courts “do 
not have discretion to apply inappropriate legal standards, even when making decisions 
that are regarded as discretionary in nature.”  Id.; cf. In re Adoption/Guardianship No. 
93321055/CAD, 344 Md. 458, 475-76, 687 A.2d 681 (1997) (on appeal of denial of a 
14 
 
motion to revise under Rule 2-535(b), “the only issue before the appellate court is whether 
the trial court erred as a matter of law or abused its discretion in denying the motion”). 
It is also notable that, as the introductory clause of Rule 2-534 indicates, a motion 
to alter or amend under that rule concerns a case that has been “decided by the court.”9  A 
case may be decided by the court when there is a bench trial in which the court is the 
factfinder.  A case may also be decided by the court when, as in this case, the court awards 
summary judgment to a party as a matter of law.  Thus, a circuit court’s decision on a 
motion to alter or amend under Rule 2-534 may depend, in some cases, on that court’s 
assessment of the facts or it may depend entirely on the court’s assessment of the legal 
principles that apply to the particular case.  If the court’s ruling is rooted in its role as a 
factfinder, an appellate court typically would accord its decision substantial deference.  
E.g., Falls Road Community Ass’n, Inc. v. Baltimore County, 437 Md. 115, 135, 85 A.3d 
185 (2014).  If the circuit court’s decision is based on an application of legal principles, an 
                                            
9  The rule states: 
Rule 2-534.  Motion to alter or amend a judgment – Court decision.  
 
In an action decided by the court, on motion of any party filled 
within ten days after entry of judgment, the court may open the 
judgment to receive additional evidence, may amend its findings or its 
statement of reasons for the decision, may set forth additional findings 
or reasons, may enter new findings or new reasons, may amend the 
judgment, or may enter a new judgment.  A motion to alter or amend a 
judgment may be joined with a motion for new trial.  A motion to alter 
or amend a judgment filed after the announcement or signing by the 
trial court of a judgment but before entry of the judgment of the docket 
shall be treated as filed on the same day as, but after, the entry on the 
docket. 
15 
 
appellate court does not accord the circuit court any special deference.  E.g., Cunningham 
v. Feinberg, 441 Md. 310, 322, 107 A.3d 1194 (2015). 
 
Thus, an error in applying the law can constitute an abuse of discretion, even in the 
context of a motion for reconsideration made pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-534.  A court 
that fails to rectify a judgment based on a misunderstanding of the law applicable to the 
case or the procedural posture of the case, especially when that error is brought to its 
attention in a timely manner, abuses its discretion.10  E.g., Williams v. Housing Authority 
of Baltimore City, 361 Md. 143, 153, 760 A.2d 697 (2000) (circuit court abused its 
discretion in failing to grant motion under Rule 2-534 upon being informed that judgment 
dismissing case was based on mistaken understanding of the procedural posture of case 
and on a party’s failure to appear when the party was not informed by the court of the 
hearing date); Triplin v. Jackson, 326 Md. 462, 464, 605 A.2d 618 (1992) (circuit court 
abused its discretion when it denied a motion for reconsideration, which was supported by 
uncontradicted affidavits that plaintiffs had not received notice of trial date); United States 
Life Ins. Co. v. Wilson, 198 Md. App. 452, 464, 18 A.3d 110 (2011) (applying de novo 
standard of review in appeal of circuit court’s denial of motion to reconsider grant of 
summary judgment).  
                                            
 10 Of course, as the Court of Special Appeals pointed out, a motion to alter or amend 
under Rule 2-534 is not an occasion for a party to make arguments that it neglected to make 
initially.  224 Md. App. at 85.  A circuit court does not abuse its discretion when it declines 
to entertain a legal argument made for the first time in a motion for reconsideration that 
could have, and should have, been made earlier, and consequently was waived. 
16 
 
 
In this case, the ruling to be reviewed is the Circuit Court’s order, made without 
explanation, denying Ms. Schlotzhauer’s motion to alter or amend the award of summary 
judgment.  The Circuit Court had awarded summary judgment based on its understanding 
that the bankruptcy trustee was the legal owner of the cause of action.  Having been 
informed to the contrary and that the matter had taken a 180-degree turn in the Bankruptcy 
Court, presumably the Circuit Court did not simply ignore the legal status of the claim – 
that surely would be an abuse of discretion.   
 
Rather, we presume that the Circuit Court decided, as a matter of law, that the fact 
that the Bankruptcy Court had re-vested Ms. Schlotzhauer with her claim as of October 6, 
2010 did not provide her with a viable claim for purposes of Maryland law as of that date 
and did not allow her to continue to prosecute that claim in State court.  Accordingly, it 
perceived no reason to reconsider its award of summary judgment, which was itself a legal 
determination.  Thus, giving the Circuit Court the benefit of the doubt as to the basis of its 
decision, it made a legal determination – the kind that an appellate court typically reviews 
without deference to a circuit court.  In our view, the Court of Special Appeals did not 
apply an incorrect standard of review when it examined whether the Circuit Court decision 
was legally correct. 
B. 
Whether the Motion to Alter or Amend Should Have Been Granted 
 
As the Court of Special Appeals noted, the Circuit Court’s ruling on summary 
judgment was based on an incorrect understanding of the legal status of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s 
claim in the bankruptcy proceedings.  The court mistakenly believed that the claim 
“currently” belonged to the bankruptcy trustee and that Ms. Schlotzhauer lacked standing 
17 
 
for that reason when it awarded summary judgment.  In fact, on that same day, the claim 
was re-vested in Ms. Schlotzhauer and, shortly thereafter, the Bankruptcy Court 
determined that she owned the claim as of October 6, 2010.  By the time the Circuit Court 
was asked to reconsider its ruling, the basis for the conclusion that she lacked standing – 
that she had been divested of the claim by virtue of the Bankruptcy Court proceedings – 
had evaporated.  
 
After being advised of the re-vesting of the claim in Ms. Schlotzhauer effective as 
of October 6, 2010, for purposes of federal bankruptcy law, the Circuit Court declined to 
reconsider its ruling.  Although the Circuit Court did not explain that decision, it 
presumably concluded that the Bankruptcy Court’s action retroactively re-vesting the claim 
was either without legal effect for purposes of Maryland law or that, to the extent it was, 
Ms. Schlotzhauer would have to file a new complaint outside the period of limitations.  It 
is that legal conclusion that we now review.  In our view, that decision was legally 
incorrect, whether viewed in the posture of the case at the time the Circuit Court decided 
the motion to alter or amend or at the time it granted summary judgment. 
 
1. 
Status of Claim When the Motion to Alter or Amend was Decided 
 
Retroactive Vesting of the Claim in the Bankruptcy Case 
 
As recounted above, by the time the Circuit Court considered the motion under Rule 
2-534 to alter or amend, Ms. Schlotzhauer’s bankruptcy case had been re-opened, and the 
Bankruptcy Court had held that her personal injury claim was exempt from the bankruptcy 
estate, that the exemption related back to the filing of the bankruptcy petition, and that she 
was re-vested with her claim as of that date.  Thus, as far as the bankruptcy proceedings 
18 
 
were concerned, Ms. Schlotzhauer was the owner of her personal injury claim as of October 
6, 2010 – well before the filing of the complaint in this case.11  The Bankruptcy Court was 
careful to state that it was not purporting to decide any motions pending before the Circuit 
Court.  It properly recognized that the legal effect of the retroactive re-vesting of the claim 
on a State court action was a matter of Maryland law to be decided by the State courts.  But 
the Bankruptcy Court’s determination is not without significance in Maryland law. 
 
Effect of Retroactive Re-Vesting on the State Court Action 
 
Uni-Select argues that, even if we recognize the re-vesting of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s 
claim as a result of the Bankruptcy Court’s orders, her complaint was a “nullity” as a result 
of the divesting effect of the Bankruptcy Court proceeding.  Therefore, it argues, she would 
be required to re-file her complaint upon re-vesting, but that is foreclosed now that the 
statute of limitations has expired.12   
                                            
11 Uni-Select spends several pages of its brief arguing that an exemption allowed 
when a bankruptcy case is re-opened, unlike abandonment of a claim by a bankruptcy 
trustee, does not relate back to the filing of the bankruptcy case.  See Petitioners’ Brief at 
11-14; Petitioners’ Reply Brief at 7-10.  In effect, Uni-Select asks us to overrule the 
Bankruptcy Court’s determination that the exemption of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s personal 
injury claim related back to October 2010 as a matter of federal bankruptcy law.  We 
decline to do so.  As far as we can discern from the record, Uni-Select did not ask the 
Bankruptcy Court to reconsider its decision or pursue any appeal in the federal forum.  
While it is our task to decide the effect of the Bankruptcy’s Court’s re-vesting of the claim 
in the State court proceeding, it is not our role to overrule that decision any more than it 
would be our prerogative to overrule the divestiture of a claim by virtue of a bankruptcy 
proceeding. 
12 Uni-Select cites two bankruptcy-related decisions that held that a plaintiff who 
failed to list a cause of action in a bankruptcy petition lost his standing to assert that claim.  
Unlike this case, neither of those cases involve a claim for personal injuries that is typically 
exempted from a bankruptcy estate.  More importantly, unlike this case, in neither of those 
cases was the bankruptcy case re-opened and the claim re-vested in the plaintiff by the 
19 
 
 
Uni-Select does not explain why the re-vesting of the claim did not render the 
divesting itself a “nullity.”  Moreover, Uni-Select’s argument resolutely ignores the fact 
that the Bankruptcy Court vested Ms. Schlotzhauer with the claim retroactively – more 
than two years before she filed suit.  Uni-Select thus asks this Court to look to the operation 
of bankruptcy law when those proceedings initially vested Ms. Schlotzhauer’s personal 
injury claim in the bankruptcy trustee effective October 6, 2010, but to avert its eyes from 
                                            
Bankruptcy Court as of the date of the filing of the bankruptcy petition.  See Bowie v. Rose 
Shanis Financial Services, LLC, 160 Md. App. 227, 862 A.2d 1102 (2004) (plaintiff 
asserted various causes of action related to repossession of his car, did not list these claims 
in his bankruptcy filings, and never returned to bankruptcy court to seek to have the case 
re-opened before the trial court granted summary judgment); Gonyo v. Midland Funding, 
LLC, 2012 WL 2564711 (D. Md. 2012) (plaintiff claimed that defendant violated Fair Debt 
Collections Procedures Act, failed to list claim in bankruptcy petition; although bankruptcy 
court re-opened the bankruptcy proceeding, the claim was not exempted or retroactively 
re-vested in plaintiff). 
In arguing that the complaint filed in this case was a “nullity,” Uni-Select refers not 
to cases involving personal injury claims or bankruptcy, but rather actions brought by 
defunct corporations.  In those cases, the courts described the filing of the complaint as a 
“nullity” because the named plaintiffs had each lost the capacity to sue by operation of the 
Maryland General Corporation Law.  See Dual Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 383 Md. 
151, 857 A.2d 1095 (2004); Stein v. Smith, 358 Md. 670, 751 A.2d 504 (2000); Tri-County 
Unlimited, Inc. v. Kids First Swim School, Inc., 191 Md. App. 613, 993 A.2d 146 (2010).  
As this Court noted, the Maryland statute did not provide for retrospective revival of such 
a claim, even if the corporation’s charter was later revived.  Dual, 383 Md. at 166. 
Finally, Uni-Select also cites a number of cases applying statutes of limitations, such 
as Walko Corp. v. Burger Chef Systems, Inc., 281 Md. 207, 378 A.2d 1100 (1977).  In that 
case, a litigant attempted to intervene in an existing action, but was rebuffed on the basis 
that its allegations were “entirely unrelated” to those in the pending suit.  When the litigant 
later attempted to bring an independent action against the same parties after the period of 
limitations expired, this Court held that the failed intervention attempt in the earlier action 
was a “procedural nullity” as to tolling the period of limitations for the separate action.  As 
is evident, that case bears little resemblance to the situation in this case, which does not 
involve a failed intervention motion or allegations unrelated to the original action. 
20 
 
the bankruptcy proceedings when they re-vested that claim in Ms. Schlotzhauer, also 
effective October 6, 2010.  It is not clear to us – and Uni-Select has not articulated a reason 
– why Maryland law should recognize the divesting of a claim on a particular date as a 
result of proceedings in Bankruptcy Court, but should not recognize the Bankruptcy 
Court’s restoration of that claim as of the same date as a result of the same proceedings.   
 
We can think of no good policy reason to adopt such a contradictory approach.  
Indeed, the policy reasons underlying the standing requirement, limitations periods, and 
bankruptcy all counsel in favor of treating the determinations of the Bankruptcy Court 
consistently.  The complaint in the State court case was filed within the period of limitations 
and the defendants received the requisite notice of the action within the time specified by 
Maryland law.  The named plaintiff was the individual allegedly injured in the incident 
recounted in the complaint and, but for the bankruptcy proceeding, there would be no 
question as to her standing.  Since the time the complaint was filed, there has been no 
change in the cause of action asserted or in the facts alleged to support that cause of action.  
The interests of the creditors in the bankruptcy case – and any interest they might have in 
this action – were legally the concern of the Bankruptcy Court and have presumably been 
factored into the Bankruptcy Court’s decision.  Although the Bankruptcy Court properly 
did not purport to dictate the result in the State court action, we see no reason not to give 
effect to its retroactive vesting of Ms. Schlotzhauer’s claim in assessing her standing to 
bring that claim under State law. 
 
As the Court of Special Appeals noted, Ms. Schlotzhauer’s situation bears some 
similarity to that of the plaintiff in Pacific Mortgage and Investment Group, Ltd. v. Horn, 
21 
 
100 Md. App. 311, 641 A.2d 913 (1994).  In that case, two lenders started foreclosure 
proceedings against Ms. Horn after she defaulted on a mortgage.  She filed for bankruptcy 
and sued the lenders for alleged violations of the Maryland Consumer Loan Law, listing 
the lawsuit as an asset in her bankruptcy schedules.  100 Md. App. at 317.  After the circuit 
court awarded summary judgment in favor of Ms. Horn, the lenders appealed.  They argued 
that the lower court should have dismissed the claim on the grounds that the claim belonged 
to the bankruptcy estate and that Ms. Horn lacked standing.  Id. at 319.  The Court of 
Special Appeals rejected that argument, noting that the bankruptcy case had closed in the 
interim without any effort by the trustee to assert the claim.  Id.  In the court’s view, the 
trustee was deemed to have abandoned the claim and, as a result, the right to pursue the 
claim was retroactively restored to Ms. Horn.  Id. at 319-21. 
 
As noted above, in Horn, the appellate court concluded that the trustee must have 
abandoned the claim and, based on federal case law, construed that abandonment to effect 
a retroactive re-vesting of the claim in Ms. Horn under bankruptcy law.  The Maryland 
court accepted what it believed to be the result under federal bankruptcy law and applied 
it to the State civil action to affirm the conclusion that Ms. Horn had the requisite standing 
as of the date she filed her complaint.  Id. (citing Barletta v. Tedesci, 121 B.R. 669, 673-
74 (N.D.N.Y. 1990)).  In this case, our task is easier.  We need not construe anything under 
the bankruptcy law.  The Bankruptcy Court itself has held that Ms. Schlotzhauer’s claim 
was re-vested in her effective October 6, 2010.   
 
In our view, the Circuit Court, once informed of the re-vesting of Ms. 
Schlotzhauer’s claim in the Bankruptcy Court as of a date well before the filing of her 
22 
 
complaint, should have decided, as a matter of Maryland law, that she owned the claim as 
of the date she filed her complaint and, accordingly, that she had standing. 
 
2. 
Status of the Claim When the Summary Judgment Motion was Decided 
 
The result is no different if we view the Circuit Court’s decision from its perspective 
when it awarded summary judgment to Uni-Select.  Even if one views the matter from that 
(inaccurate) perspective, the Circuit Court still committed a legal error.  At that time, the 
court was aware that, at a minimum, the bankruptcy case had been promptly re-opened, 
that the bankruptcy schedules had been amended to include Ms. Schlotzhauer’s personal 
injury claim, and that the bankruptcy trustee had been re-appointed.  The Circuit Court 
believed (mistakenly, it turned out) that the bankruptcy trustee remained the “current” 
owner of the claim and thus would be the real party in interest in this action.  At the hearing 
on the summary judgment motion, Ms. Schlotzhauer’s counsel proposed that the trustee be 
added to the action as a plaintiff.  The Circuit Court never addressed that proposal, although 
its award of summary judgment implicitly rejected it.  The Circuit Court granted summary 
judgment in favor of Uni-Select on the supposition that the bankruptcy trustee would have 
to file a new complaint – a complaint that would be barred by limitations. 
 
Even if the Bankruptcy Court had not ultimately re-vested Ms. Schlotzhauer with 
her claim and the bankruptcy trustee had remained the owner of the claim, or if the re-
vesting had not been made retroactive, it was inappropriate to dispose of the case by 
summary judgment on the basis of limitations.  As the Court of Special Appeals ably 
23 
 
explained in its opinion,13 the Maryland rule concerning the “real party in interest” and its 
incorporation of the doctrine of relation back would operate to substitute a plaintiff with 
standing and to toll limitations for that plaintiff.   
 
Real Party in Interest  
 
Maryland Rule 2-201 provides, in pertinent part, that “[e]very action shall be 
prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest ….”14  The rule plainly contemplates a 
situation in which an action is initially filed by someone who is not the real party in interest.  
The penultimate sentence of the rule provides “[n]o action shall be dismissed on the ground 
that it is not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time has 
been allowed after objection for joinder or substitution of the real party in interest.”  Thus, 
the rule expressly requires that, when an action is not commenced by the proper plaintiff, 
                                            
13 See 224 Md. App. at 89-96.   
14 The rule states in full: 
Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in 
interest, except that an executor, administrator, personal representative, 
guardian, bailee, trustee of an express trust, person with whom or in 
whose name a contract has been made for the benefit of another, 
receiver, trustee of a bankrupt, assignee for the benefit of creditors, or 
a person authorized by statute or by rule may bring an action without 
joining the persons for whom the action is brought.  When a statute so 
provides, an action for the use or benefit of another shall be brought in 
the name of the State of Maryland.  No action shall be dismissed on the 
ground that it is not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest 
until a reasonable time has been allowed after objection for joinder or 
substitution of the real party in interest.  The joinder or substitution 
shall have the same effect as if the action had been commenced in the 
name of the real party in interest. 
24 
 
a circuit court must provide a reasonable opportunity to allow the real party in interest to 
join the action as a co-plaintiff or to take the place of the plaintiff who commenced the 
action before the court may terminate the action.  See South Down Liquors, Inc. v. Hayes, 
323 Md. 4, 8, 590 A.2d 161 (1991); Paul V. Niemeyer, et al., Maryland Rules Commentary 
(3d ed. 2004) at 134.  If the real party in interest joins or is substituted as a plaintiff in the 
case, then the “real party in interest steps into the shoes of the plaintiff who commenced 
the action.” Niemeyer, supra, at 134.15 
This interpretation is consistent with the underlying policy that “[t]he Maryland 
Rules of Procedure should, of course, be liberally construed so as to effectuate their 
purposes and to do justice between the parties.”  See Miller v. Talbott, 239 Md. 382, 390, 
211 A.2d 741 (1965); see also Maryland Rule 1-201(a) (“These rules shall be construed to 
secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration, and elimination of unjustifiable 
expense and delay.”). 
                                            
15 A treatise on Maryland civil procedure has noted that the “deliberations of the 
drafters ... indicate an intent that substitution of the real party in interest be permitted by 
amendment with a liberality not characteristic generally of amendments changing parties.”  
John A. Lynch, Jr. & Richard W. Bourne, Modern Maryland Civil Procedure, §4.2(b) (2d 
ed. 2004).  Whether the rule should allow for substitution of a wholly new party – as 
opposed to simply joinder of a new party in a case with an existing party with standing –
was a matter of debate when Rule 2-201 was considered by the Court’s Standing 
Committee on the Rules of Practice and Procedure in 1979.  During that meeting, the Rules 
Committee discussed whether the rule should allow for substitution, in addition to joinder.  
The Committee rejected a proposed amendment to eliminate that possibility.  See Minutes, 
Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (May 11-12, 1979) at 14 (“Judge 
Proctor’s motion to eliminate the word ‘or substitute’ in the second and last sentence was 
seconded by Mr. Rodowsky, but failed to carry on a vote of 4 in favor to 9 opposed.”).   
 
25 
 
 
As the source note to Rule 2-201 indicates, it was patterned after the 1966 version 
of Rule 17 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.  See also Minutes, Standing Committee 
on Rules of Practice and Procedure, May 11-12, 1979 at 13-14.  Rule 17(a)(3) provides 
that “[t]he court may not dismiss an action for failure to prosecute in the name of the real 
party in interest until, after an objection, a reasonable time has been allowed for the real 
party in interest to ratify, join, or be substituted into the action.”16  According to the federal 
Advisory Committee notes, this provision of Rule 17 was added “in the interests of justice” 
and is “intended to prevent forfeiture when determination of the proper party to sue is 
difficult or when an understandable mistake has been made.”  Thus, the federal rule 
contemplates that a party that is not the “real party in interest” may bring an action and that 
the proper party can be substituted later in certain circumstances.  Under that rule, the 
federal courts have directed that bankruptcy trustees be substituted as plaintiffs in various 
types of actions when a debtor failed to list the claim.  See, e.g., Barger v. City of 
Cartersville, Ga., 348 F.3d 1289, 1292 (11th Cir. 2003); Marshall v. Honeywell 
Technology Solutions. Inc., 675 F.Supp.2d 22, 26 (D.D.C. 2009); Canterbury v. Federal-
Mogul Ignition Co., 483 F.Supp.2d 820, 827 (S.D. Ia. 2007); Aldridge v. United States, 59 
Fed. Cl. 387, 390 (2004).  A bankruptcy trustee is permitted to continue to prosecute the 
claim even when the statute of limitations expired between the original filing of the 
complaint and the substitution of the trustee.  E.g., Canterbury, supra. 
                                            
16 According to the Advisory Committee notes to the federal rule, only non-
substantive stylistic changes have been made to Rule 17(a) since 1966.  
26 
 
 
One is a “real party in interest” with respect to a claim if that person has the right to 
assert the claim.  Ms. Schlotzhauer initially had the right to assert her personal injury claim 
against Uni-Select.  As a matter of federal bankruptcy law, her initial failure to list the 
claim in her bankruptcy petition meant that it became part of her bankruptcy estate subject 
to the control of the bankruptcy trustee.  Thus, the bankruptcy trustee became the real party 
in interest at that juncture.   
 
In the absence of the Bankruptcy Court’s action re-vesting Ms. Schlotzhauer with 
the claim, the bankruptcy trustee would have remained the real party in interest.  Once the 
Circuit Court believed that the bankruptcy trustee was the real party in interest, it should 
have allowed a “reasonable opportunity” under Rule 2-201 for the bankruptcy trustee to be 
substituted for Ms. Schlotzhauer as plaintiff.17  And, once the Circuit Court realized that 
the claim had been exempted from the bankruptcy estate and restored to Ms. Schlotzhauer, 
                                            
 
17 This conclusion is consistent with this Court’s decision in Adams v. Manown, 328 
Md. 463, 615 A.2d 611 (1992).  In Adams, the plaintiff brought a contract claim for 
damages but failed to list the claim on the schedules accompanying his bankruptcy petition.  
328 Md. at 469.  Following a trial, the jury returned a verdict awarding damages to the 
plaintiff.  Id. at 472.  Although the case initially came to the Court of Appeals on a different 
legal issue, this Court noted during its consideration of the appeal that the bankruptcy 
trustee was the real party in interest because the claim belonged to the bankruptcy estate.  
Id. at 477.  Rather than dismiss the case, the Court allowed a reasonable opportunity for 
the circuit court to permit substitution of the bankruptcy trustee as the real party in interest 
under Rule 2-201 or, in the event that the bankruptcy trustee decided not to pursue the 
judgment on behalf of the estate, for the circuit court to treat the plaintiff as the real party 
in interest.  Id. at 481.   
 
 
Uni-Select argues that Adams is of little persuasive value because it involved a case 
that had already been litigated to a judgment.  Although those circumstances were unusual, 
in applying Maryland Rule 2-201, the Court obviously contemplated that the real party in 
interest would simply step into the shoes of the party that brought the action without any 
need to re-commence the action. 
27 
 
she would have succeeded the trustee as the real party in interest and could be substituted 
for the trustee under Rule 2-201.  These successive substitutions are straightforward 
applications of Rule 2-201.  The critical question, which Uni-Select correctly focuses on, 
is whether these substitutions of the real party in interest would relate back to the filing of 
the complaint, as limitations had otherwise expired.    
Relation Back Doctrine 
 
The last sentence of Maryland Rule 2-201 provides that, when the real party in 
interest is substituted for the original plaintiff, “[t]he … substitution shall have the same 
effect as if the action had been commenced in the name of the real party in interest.”  
Compliance with the statute of limitations is thus to be measured from the original filing 
of the complaint. 
 
This Court has applied the relation back doctrine liberally under Rule 2-201 and 
related rules.  See, e.g., Crowe v. Houseworth, 272 Md. 481, 325 A.2d 592 (1971); Zappone 
v. Liberty Life Ins. Co., 349 Md. 45, 69-70, 706 A.2d 1060 (1998).  In Crowe, the plaintiff, 
who was one of several siblings who owned certain land as joint tenants, brought a trespass 
action against the defendant with respect to that property.  The defendant moved to dismiss 
the action on the ground that it had not been brought by all the joint tenants.  The plaintiff 
then sought to join his siblings as plaintiffs pursuant to former Maryland Rule 320 as 
necessary parties, but the circuit court dismissed the case, apparently on the ground that 
the period of limitations had expired in the meantime and their joinder would not relate 
back to the filing of the complaint.  On appeal, this Court held that the circuit court abused 
its discretion.  272 Md. at 483.  The Court reasoned that the defendant “can in no way be 
28 
 
prejudiced by the appearance of additional parties who could have been made parties 
plaintiff or defendant when the action was initially brought.”  Id. at 485.  The Court further 
noted that “neither the gravamen of the action nor the measure of damages will in any way 
be affected” by their joinder.  Id.  The Court adopted the Justice Holmes’ view that “relation 
back” should be permitted “when a defendant has had notice from the beginning that the 
plaintiff sets up and is trying to enforce a claim against it because of specified conduct,” 
because under those circumstances, “the reasons for the statute of limitations do not exist, 
and we are of the opinion that a liberal rule should be applied.”  Id. at 489 (quoting New 
York Central & H.R.R. Co. v. Kinney, 260 U.S. 340, 346 (1922)).  
 
Subsequent to Crowe, this Court adopted Rule 2-201 which broadened the relation 
back doctrine to allow for the substitution, as well as joinder, of a party to relate back to 
the filing of the original complaint.18  In other words, a plaintiff who originally filed the 
claim need not remain as a plaintiff on that claim in order for the new party to have the 
benefit of the relation back doctrine, so long as the rationales for application of the doctrine 
– e.g., notice of the claim and operative facts – pertain. 
An example of substitution appears in Zappone, supra.  In that case, an individual 
plaintiff, the sole shareholder of a corporation, initially filed a complaint on his own behalf 
                                            
18  When Rule 2-201 was under consideration by the Rules Committee, it was noted 
that it effected a change in the operation of the relation back doctrine under Maryland law.  
See Minutes, Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (March 23, 1979) at 
14 (“Mr. Rodowsky stated that under Maryland Rule 320 you cannot now substitute a new 
party and relate back, and that the last sentence of the proposed rule in effect abolishes 
Maryland Rule 320(b)(1), which requires that some one of the parties remain.”) 
29 
 
alleging fraud, misrepresentation and negligence by the defendant insurance company and 
related parties.  The plaintiff later amended the complaint, after the expiration of the statute 
of limitations, to include related claims by his company against the insurer.  The circuit 
court dismissed the amended claims in which the company was the sole plaintiff on the 
basis of limitations.  359 Md. at 56-57.  This Court reversed that dismissal, holding that the 
claims asserted by the company in the amended complaint related back to the original 
complaint.  Id. at 68-71.  The Court noted that the factual allegations underlying those 
counts had all been included in the original complaint and the operative facts remained the 
same.  Id. at 68-69.  The amended complaint merely substituted the company for the 
individual plaintiff as to the particular allegations. 
  
In this case, there is no good reason not to apply the relation back doctrine.  Uni-
Select had notice of the operative facts of the cause of action within the period of 
limitations.  Ms. Schlotzhauer has not alleged any new causes of actions or different facts.  
Uni-Select has not pointed to any prejudice it would suffer, other than that the complaint 
would not be dismissed and that Ms. Schlotzhauer would be able to pursue the claim that 
she had filed within the period of limitations.19   
 
Uni-Select argues that the relation back doctrine should not apply because there are 
“no amendments being considered. There are no new claims or legal theories.  There are 
                                            
19 This contrasts with the situation in Priddy v. Jones, 81 Md. App. 164, 170, 567 
A.2d 154 (1989), cert. denied, 319 Md. 72, 570 A.2d 864 (1990), in which the Court of 
Special Appeals held that the plaintiff’s amended complaint did not “relate back” because 
it asserted a new cause of action based on new factual allegations.  
30 
 
no new parties.”  But those circumstances simply point to the fact that it suffers no 
prejudice or surprise from the operation of the relation back doctrine in this case.  Advanced 
Magnetics, Inc. v. Bayfront Partners, Inc., 106 F.3d 11, 20 (2nd Cir. 1997) (“A Rule 17(a) 
substitution of plaintiffs should be liberally allowed when the change is merely formal and 
in no way alters the original complaint’s factual allegations as to the events or the 
participants.”). 
III 
Conclusion 
 
For the reasons set forth above, we hold that: 
 
1. 
The Circuit Court abused its discretion in denying Ms. Schlotzhauer’s motion 
to alter or amend the award of summary judgment in favor of Uni-Select because the 
Circuit Court failed to take in account the legal effect of the Bankruptcy Court’s decision 
to re-vest Ms. Schlotzhauer with her claim against Uni-Select.   
 
2. 
As a result of the Bankruptcy Court’s decision to re-vest Ms. Schlotzhauer 
with her claim against Uni-Select effective October 6, 2010, Ms. Schlotzhauer has standing 
to prosecute the complaint that she filed on December 27, 2012 within the period of 
limitations. 
 
3. 
Even if the retroactive nature of the Bankruptcy Court’s order were ignored, 
under Maryland Rule 2-201, the Circuit Court should have allowed a reasonable time for 
the real party in interest – first, the bankruptcy trustee and later, Ms. Schlotzhauer – to be 
substituted as plaintiff.  Under that rule, those substitutions would have related back to the 
initial filing of the claim within the period of limitations.  
31 
 
 
JUDGMENT 
OF THE 
COURT 
OF 
SPECIAL 
APPEALS AFFIRMED.  COSTS TO BE PAID BY 
PETITIONERS.