Case Title: DeHart v. DeHart

Citation: 2013 IL 114137

Docket Number: 114137

State: illinois

Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Date: 2013-03-21T00:00:00Z

Document:
2013 IL 114137
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 114137)
JAMES THOMAS DeHART, Appellee, v. BLANCA DeHART,
 Indiv. and as Ex’r of the Estate of Donald M. DeHart, Appellant.
Opinion filed March 21, 2013.
JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Garman, Karmeier,
Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶ 1
Plaintiff, James Thomas DeHart, filed a six-count, second-
amended complaint against Blanca DeHart, in her individual capacity
and as executor of the estate of Donald M. DeHart (Donald),
deceased, contesting Donald’s will dated December 4, 2006, and
raising claims of lack of testamentary capacity, undue influence,
fraudulent inducement, tortious interference with economic
expectancy, contract for adoption and equitable adoption. The circuit
court of Will County dismissed with prejudice all of plaintiff’s
counts. The circuit court also denied plaintiff’s motion to compel the
deposition of William J. Peters, the attorney who drafted the disputed
will. Plaintiff appealed, and the appellate court reversed the dismissal
of all six counts and reversed the denial of the motion to compel the
deposition of attorney Peters. The appellate court’s decision was
unanimous on all matters, except on the contract-for-adoption count,
in which case one justice dissented, finding that there were
insufficient factual allegations to support a cause of action for that
claim. 2012 IL App (3d) 090773. This court subsequently allowed
defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb.
26, 2010).
¶ 2
BACKGROUND
¶ 3
The following facts were alleged in plaintiff’s second amended
complaint and are set forth in the appellate court’s opinion. During
Donald’s lifetime and for more than 60 years, he held plaintiff out to
both individuals and institutions as his biological son. In May 2003,
Donald made arrangements for his own funeral and listed plaintiff as
his son. Donald listed plaintiff’s children and grandchildren as his
own grandchildren and great-grandchildren. In addition to telling
members of the community over the years that plaintiff was his son,
Donald provided plaintiff with a birth certificate that listed Donald as
plaintiff’s natural father. Throughout their lifetimes, Donald and
plaintiff used the purported birth certificate, to conduct the affairs of
life (until the year 2000), using it to enroll plaintiff in grade school
and high school and using it to convey to those requesting proof of
identity that plaintiff was Donald’s son. 
¶ 4
In 2000, however, plaintiff attempted to use the birth certificate
to obtain a passport, and the United States passport office would not
accept it as a record of plaintiff’s birth, instead requiring him to
produce a certified (raised stamp) copy of his birth certificate.
Plaintiff obtained the certified copy from the Cook County Office of
Vital Statistics and learned that it was identical in most respects,
except it listed his name as James Thomas Staley, Jr. and his father’s
name as James Thomas Staley, Sr., and did not mention “DeHart”
after his mother’s maiden name. Both birth certificates listed
plaintiff’s birth date as May 23, 1944.
¶ 5
Plaintiff then confronted Donald with the information contained
on the certified copy of the newly obtained birth certificate. In
response, Donald said that plaintiff’s mother, Virginia, married
Staley, plaintiff’s biological father, after she became pregnant out of
wedlock in 1943. Donald also told plaintiff that he adopted plaintiff
in 1946 when plaintiff was two years old, but he had agreed with
Virginia to keep the adoption a secret for the good of plaintiff and the
family. As part of this agreement, Donald and Virginia agreed to
celebrate their wedding anniversary, but never discuss how many
years they had been married. Donald also explained in no uncertain
terms that he had hired a lawyer in Homewood, Illinois, to handle the
-2-
adoption so that “it was all legal.”
¶ 6
There is no legal documentation of an adoption in the record.
Plaintiff’s mother, Virginia, died in April 2001. She was suffering
from early onset dementia at the time plaintiff learned of the
information on the certified birth certificate. James Staley, Sr.,
abandoned plaintiff and Virginia when plaintiff was two years old and
has had no contact with plaintiff in the ensuing six decades.
¶ 7
Even after plaintiff confronted Donald in 2000 about the birth
certificates, Donald continued to represent and describe plaintiff as
his son. In May 2003, Donald made funeral arrangements listing
plaintiff as his son. In the spring of 2005, Donald, plaintiff and
plaintiff’s wife and children took a family vacation—with Donald
assuming the bulk of the costs and expenses. Donald also executed a
will that was prepared prior to December 2006 that provided bequests
for plaintiff, plaintiff’s children and Donald’s church. This prior will
was prepared by the law firm of Krusemark and Krusemark in
Frankfort, Illinois, and plaintiff alleges that the original is in the
exclusive control of defendant who is either preventing it from
surfacing or has destroyed it.
¶ 8
Donald met defendant while she was working at a jewelry counter
at a Tinley Park Sam’s Club in the spring of 2005. The two were
married on December 5, 2005; at that time, Donald was 83 years old
and defendant was 54 years old. Donald invited plaintiff to the
wedding and reception. But the complaint does not mention whether
plaintiff attended the wedding.
¶ 9
The complaint alleges that on December 4, 2006—the day before
Donald’s and defendant’s first wedding anniversary—Donald signed
the contested will in the office of attorney William J. Peters. At that
time, Donald was 84 years old. The will states, “I am married to
Blanca DeHart. I have no children.” The complaint further alleges
that Donald demonstrated he was of unsound mind and memory when
he signed the will and could not remember plaintiff—now 61 years
old—whom Donald had held out to all the world as his son for nearly
60 years.
¶ 10
The complaint further alleges that in the months between the
wedding of defendant and Donald and the execution of the contested
will, defendant developed and maintained a position of trust and
confidence, amounting to a fiduciary relationship with Donald.
Despite the fact that she had only been married to Donald a short time
and he had amassed his wealth over 84 years of his life, she became
-3-
joint tenants with Donald on real estate, bank accounts and brokerage
accounts worth millions of dollars. She also obtained a power of
attorney to act on Donald’s behalf, and exercised significant control
over Donald’s real estate dealings, including the sale of the family
farm.
¶ 11
The complaint also alleges that defendant made several
misrepresentations to Donald concerning plaintiff and his character,
each of which was told to Donald shortly before the execution of the
will on December 4, 2006. In particular, defendant lied to Donald by
telling him that plaintiff was not his son and by not telling Donald
that plaintiff and other family members had called him on the
telephone and had sent cards and letters, as well as intercepting and
destroying those cards and letters. Defendant’s lies were made in
order to improperly force and persuade Donald to alter his will by
providing exclusively for her, as opposed to plaintiff, who would
otherwise inherit as next of kin or, alternatively, as specifically stated
in Donald’s prior will. Donald, succumbing to defendant’s influence,
executed the will on December 4, 2006, stating that he had “no
children,” when in fact he did. The complaint alleges that under all of
these circumstances, the will was the product of defendant’s influence
and therefore not the last will of Donald.
¶ 12
Donald died in February 2007, a couple of months after executing
the will in question on December 4, 2006. After Donald’s death,
defendant filed that will in the circuit court of Will County. Plaintiff’s
second amended complaint challenges that will on the grounds of
testator incapacity (count I) and as the product of undue influence by
defendant (count II). The complaint also alleges that defendant
fraudulently induced Donald into executing the new will (count III),
and it seeks to set aside the purported will and compel distribution of
the estate under the prior will or pursuant to law or equity based on
intentional interference with testamentary expectancy (count IV).
Finally, the complaint alleges that Donald entered into a contract to
adopt plaintiff (count V), and that in any event, an equitable adoption
occurred under the circumstances and that Donald’s estate is therefore
estopped from denying plaintiff as an heir at law (count VI).
Additionally, plaintiff sought to compel the deposition testimony of
William J. Peters, the attorney who prepared the December 2006 will,
and defendant objected on the basis of attorney-client privilege.
¶ 13
In July 2009, defendant moved to dismiss the second amended
complaint pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code of Civil Procedure
-4-
(Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2008)), arguing that the complaint
failed to allege sufficient facts to state a cause of action. The circuit
court dismissed with prejudice all of plaintiff’s counts and denied his
motion to compel the deposition of attorney Peters.
¶ 14
Plaintiff appealed. The appellate court unanimously reversed the
dismissal of counts I through IV and count VI, along with the denial
of the motion to compel the deposition testimony of attorney Peters.
2012 IL App (3d) 090773. A majority of the court also reversed the
dismissal of count V. Id. ¶ 42. With respect to that count, Justice
Schmidt dissented, believing that the complaint failed to identify the
parties to the contract to adopt and whether the agreement was oral or
written, and therefore plaintiff failed to allege a valid cause of action
on that count. Id. ¶¶ 62-63 (Schmidt, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part). Although the appellate court unanimously
concluded that dismissal of the equitable adoption count must be
reversed, Justice McDade wrote separately to emphasize her belief
that whether a claim for equitable adoption can be recognized in this
state should ultimately be resolved by the Illinois Supreme Court. Id.
¶¶ 55-58 (McDade, J., specially concurring).
¶ 15
Defendant filed a petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315
(eff. Feb. 26, 2010)), which we granted.
¶ 16
ANALYSIS
¶ 17
Before this court, defendant requests that the appellate court’s
decision be reversed in its entirety. She claims that plaintiff failed to
set forth sufficient facts to state a cause of action with respect to each
of his counts. She also argues that the attorney-client privilege should
be applied to prevent the taking of attorney Peters’ deposition in the
event that any of plaintiff’s counts survive.
¶ 18
As noted above, the circuit court dismissed plaintiff’s second
amended complaint in its entirety after defendant brought a section 2-
615 motion to dismiss. Such a motion attacks the legal sufficiency of
the complaint. Bajwa v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 208 Ill. 2d
414, 421 (2004). When ruling on a section 2-615 motion to dismiss,
a court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint, as
well as any reasonable inferences that may arise from them. Doe v.
Chicago Board of Education, 213 Ill. 2d 19, 28 (2004). Moreover, a
cause of action should be dismissed under section 2-615 only if it is
clearly apparent from the pleadings that no set of facts can be proven
that would entitle the plaintiff to recover. Bajwa, 208 Ill. 2d at 421.
-5-
The crucial inquiry is whether the allegations of the complaint, when
construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to
establish a cause of action on which relief may be granted.
Bonhomme v. St. James, 2012 IL 112393, ¶ 34. Our review of an
order granting a section 2-615 motion to dismiss is de novo. Id.
¶ 19
I. Lack of Testamentary Capacity
¶ 20
Every person who is at least 18 years old and is of “sound mind
and memory has power to bequeath by will the real and personal
estate which he has at the time of his death.” 755 ILCS 5/4-1 (West
2010). Thus, it has long been established that to prevail in a will
contest where the testator is of legal age, a plaintiff need only show
that the will in question was the product of an unsound mind or
memory. American Bible Society v. Price, 115 Ill. 623, 635 (1886).
The standard test of testamentary capacity, i.e., soundness of mind
and memory, is that “the testator must be capable of knowing what
his property is, who are the natural objects of his bounty, and also be
able to understand the nature, consequence, and effect of the act of
executing a will.” Dowie v. Sutton, 227 Ill. 183, 196 (1907); see also
In re Estate of Sutera, 199 Ill. App. 3d 531, 536 (1990). The absence
of any one of these requirements would indicate a lack of
testamentary capacity. Dowie, 227 Ill. at 196. Thus, if one is able to
remember his property and understand the nature, consequences and
effect of executing a will, but is incapable of knowing who the natural
objects of his bounty are, he is not legally capable of making a will.
Dowie, 227 Ill. at 196. The natural objects of one’s bounty include
those people related to him by ties of blood or affection, and thus are
those who are or should be considered to be recipients of his
bequests. See In re Estate of Roeseler, 287 Ill. App. 3d 1003, 1013
(1997). It is also possible for testamentary capacity to be destroyed if
one suffers from a mental delusion as to one of the objects of his
bounty, even though he may recall other objects of his bounty on the
face of the contested will. Sterling v. Dubin, 6 Ill. 2d 64, 76-77
(1955); American Bible Society, 115 Ill. at 636-38. Moreover, “[t]he
specific name applied to describe that unsoundness, the means
whereby the unsoundness was caused, or how it came about that the
unsound mind and memory caused [the] writing to be drawn and
signed, [are] matters of evidence that need not be alleged, and ***
proved.” American Bible Society, 115 Ill. at 635.
¶ 21
In the present case, we first note that plaintiff pled sufficient facts
-6-
to establish that he was the natural object of Donald’s bounty. In that
regard, he alleged that (1) he was Donald’s only son, (2) Donald had
treated plaintiff throughout plaintiff’s life as his son; (3) Donald
acknowledged to numerous third parties that plaintiff was his son,
including in May 2003, when he listed plaintiff as his son in Donald’s
prearranged funeral agreement; (4) Donald and Virginia gave plaintiff
a birth certificate acknowledging that Donald was plaintiff’s father,
(5) even after plaintiff confronted Donald many years later about the
birth certificate he was given, Donald insisted that he had adopted
plaintiff, and (6) Donald had executed a prior will acknowledging
plaintiff as his son and plaintiff’s children as his grandchildren.
Accepting these well-pled facts as true, we find that plaintiff should
have been considered as a recipient of a bequest and was therefore a
natural object of the testator’s bounty.
¶ 22
In addition to alleging that plaintiff was the natural object of
Donald’s bounty, plaintiff also sufficiently alleged that Donald lacked
the soundness of mind and memory at the time the contested will was
executed to know plaintiff as his son. We believe that the appellate
court correctly concluded that the fact that Donald stated in the will
that he had “no children” when he spent over 60 years acknowledging
plaintiff as his son leads to the reasonable inference that Donald had
an unsound mind or memory at the time he executed the will. See
2012 IL App (3d) 090773, ¶ 18.
¶ 23
In opposition to this result, defendant relies on George v.
Moorhead, 399 Ill. 497, 503 (1948), for the proposition that it is not
necessary that the testator actually knew, or recalled, the natural
object of his bounty, but whether he had the capacity to know it. But
we find George to be easily distinguishable. In that case, the testator
simply did not mention his two second cousins in his last will even
though they were technically his next of kin. It was not clear whether
the testator ever knew these distant cousins or how well he knew
them. More importantly, in the present case, Donald made an
affirmative declaration that he had “no children,” which according to
the well-pled allegations of the complaint, was completely
inconsistent with his life history and prior declarations, thus raising
the inference of an unsound mind or memory. There was no similar
affirmative denial in George.
¶ 24
Defendant also argues that the complaint was insufficient to
allege mental incapacity because the will, which was attached to the
complaint, shows that Donald identified his wife and two sisters and
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made bequests to them in the will. Additionally the two attesting
witnesses to the will stated that Donald was of “sound mind.”  We
1
find defendant’s arguments unpersuasive, however, because even
though such matters may be strong evidence of testamentary capacity,
they are not sufficient at this stage to negate plaintiff’s well-pled
allegations and prevent the case from proceeding forward. See
Sterling, 6 Ill. at 73-77; American Bible Society, 115 Ill. at 636.
¶ 25
We therefore agree with the appellate court’s conclusion that the
circuit court erred in dismissing count I of plaintiff’s second-amended
complaint alleging a lack of testamentary capacity.
¶ 26
II. Undue Influence
¶ 27
We next turn to the count of plaintiff’s complaint alleging undue
influence. The leading case in Illinois addressing undue influence is
In re Estate of Hoover, 155 Ill. 2d 402, 411-12 (1993), where this
court stated as follows:
“[U]ndue influence which will invalidate a will is ‘ “any
improper *** urgency of persuasion whereby the will of a
person is over-powered and he is indeed induced to do or
forbear an act which he would not do or would do if left to act
freely.” [Citation.]’ To constitute undue influence, the
influence ‘ “must be of such a nature as to destroy the
testator’s freedom concerning the disposition of his estate and
render his will that of another.” ’ [Citations.]
What constitutes undue influence cannot be defined by
fixed words and will depend upon the circumstances of each
case. [Citation.] The exercise of undue influence may be
Defendant suggests that because the will was attached to plaintiff’s
1
complaint, the attestation in the will that the testator was of “sound mind”
should control over any conflicting allegations in the complaint. This is
wrong for two reasons. First, plaintiff’s claim is not founded on the will, as
would be the case where, for example, a plaintiff brings a breach of
contract claim and attaches the written contract to the complaint. When an
exhibit is not an instrument upon which the claim or defense is founded,
but is instead merely evidence supporting the pleader’s allegations, the rule
that the exhibit controls over conflicting averments in the pleading is not
applicable. Bajwa, 208 Ill. 2d at 432. Second, the witnesses to the will only
attested that the testator was of sound mind; there is no attestation that he
was of “sound memory.”
-8-
inferred in cases where the power of another has been so
exercised upon the mind of the testator as to have induced
him to make a devise or confer a benefit contrary to his
deliberate judgment and reason. [Citation.] Proof of undue
influence may be wholly circumstantial. [Citation.] The
influence may be that of a beneficiary or that of a third person
which will be imputed to the beneficiary. [Citations.] False or
misleading representations concerning the character of
another may be so connected with the execution of the will
that the allegation that such misrepresentations were made to
the testator may present triable fact questions on the issue of
undue influence. [Citations.]”
In Hoover, the question before this court was whether the trial court
erred in granting summary judgment for the defendant beneficiary
under a contested will. In that case, the plaintiff alleged a “subtle,
invidious kind of undue influence” in which the testator’s will was
overborne by a series of misrepresentations by the defendant about
the plaintiff’s character. Id. at 413. Hoover described the situation as
a “ ‘secret influences’ case,” where the testator may act as if directed
and guided by his own agency but that agency may have been
overpowered by “secret influences.” In such a case, a plaintiff may
introduce circumstantial evidence to demonstrate that the influence
was connected with and operative at the time of execution of the will
and that the influence was directed towards procuring the will in
favor of the beneficiary. Id. at 414. Hoover noted that there was
evidence that the plaintiff, who was the son of the testator, had once
held a very close relationship with his father and that his
disinheritance had coincided with the misrepresentations of the
defendant. Id. This court concluded that the case should be
determined by a jury and that the appellate court had properly
reversed the summary judgment order in favor of the defendant. Id.
at 415.
¶ 28
Based on Hoover, we find that plaintiff in the present case has
clearly alleged sufficient facts to survive a section 2-615 motion to
dismiss. Similar to Hoover, plaintiff here has alleged sufficient facts
indicating that he once had a close father-son relationship with
Donald. The complaint alleges that they took a family vacation
together within a couple of years prior to Donald’s death that was
paid for by Donald and that Donald made funeral arrangements
indicating that he considered plaintiff his son in life and in death.
-9-
Moreover, similar to Hoover, the instant complaint alleges a series of
misrepresentations concerning plaintiff’s character that occurred
shortly before the execution of the will, which includes lies about
telephone calls that were made and the interception and destruction
of cards and letters. Under the circumstances, plaintiff has alleged
sufficient facts to state a cause of action for undue influence.
¶ 29
Additionally, we note that the appellate court also found that
plaintiff alleged sufficient facts to allege a presumption of undue
influence. We agree with that observation. We note, however, that a
presumption of undue influence is something that can only be
ultimately determined—at the earliest—after the close of the
plaintiff’s case. See, e.g., In re Estate of Glogovsek, 248 Ill. App. 3d
784, 798 (1993). Once the presumption is established, the defendant
would then have the burden to rebut it. See id. at 791-92; In re Estate
of Henke, 203 Ill. App. 3d 975, 979 (1990) (finding that the
presumption was established at the close of the plaintiff’s case, but
then finding that once the burden of production was carried by the
defendant to rebut it, it was then up to the trier of fact to weigh the
evidence and decide the case).
¶ 30
It is well settled that a presumption of undue influence will arise
under certain circumstances and one such circumstance is where (1)
a fiduciary relationship exists between the testator and a person who
receives a substantial benefit from the will, (2) the testator is the
dependent and the beneficiary the dominant party, (3) the testator
reposes trust and confidence in the beneficiary, and (4) the will is
prepared by or its preparation procured by such beneficiary.
Herbolsheimer v. Herbolsheimer, 60 Ill. 2d 574, 577 (1975); Weston
v. Teufel, 213 Ill. 291, 299 (1904). Proof of these facts standing alone
and undisputed by other proof entitles the contestant of a will to a
verdict (Weston, 213 Ill. at 299), but the presumption can be rebutted
if there is strong enough evidence in contradiction (see Henke, 203 Ill.
App. 3d at 979-80).
¶ 31
Here, the complaint alleged that defendant held Donald’s power
of attorney. As a matter of law, a power of attorney gives rise to a
general fiduciary relationship between the grantor and the grantee.
See Simon v. Wilson, 291 Ill. App. 3d 495, 503 (1997). The complaint
further alleged that although defendant and Donald had been married
for less than a year and he had amassed his fortune over an 84-year
period, Donald placed considerable assets in joint tenancy with
defendant. The complaint also alleges that she attempted to exercise
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significant control over Donald’s real estate dealings and claimed the
right to act on his behalf and in his stead with respect to his Illinois
farm. Donald was an elderly man in his mid-80’s, while defendant
was 29 years younger. These factual allegations are sufficient to plead
that defendant gained a position of trust and confidence and was the
dominant party such that she was in a position to control Donald’s
will. 
¶ 32
Finally, we also note that there were sufficient facts pled to infer
that defendant procured preparation of the will that disinherited
plaintiff. The complaint alleges that defendant accompanied Donald
to the law office of the attorney that prepared the will. It also alleges
that she repeatedly told Donald and reinforced in his mind that he did
not have any children and the son he had held out for decades was not
his child. The complaint also alleges that prior to their one-year
anniversary, defendant demanded that Donald execute the will that
stated that he had no children, and that the will was the product of
defendant’s undue influence.
¶ 33
Defendant relies upon In re Estate of Glogovsek to argue that a
presumption of undue influence can never be applied to a spouse of
a testator. We consider Glogovsek to be instructive, but find that it
does not support defendant’s position. Glogovsek merely held, and we
agree, that “the use of the presumption of undue influence must be
applied with caution as to marital relationships.” Glogovsek, 248 Ill.
App. 3d at 790. The court refused to apply the presumption under the
facts of that particular case, but did not rule that the presumption
could never be applied when the defendant beneficiary was a spouse.
Glogovsek is clearly distinguishable and actually supports our holding
that the undue influence count should be allowed to proceed in this
case.
¶ 34
In Glogovsek, the court found it significant that the parties had
been married 34 years and that there was no evidence that the wife
managed money or property that belonged solely to her husband.
There was also no evidence that any of the husband’s nonmarital
property was placed in joint tenancy with the wife. Glogovsek found
it most significant, however, that the first prong of the presumption
requires a fiduciary relationship between the testator and a person
who receives a substantial benefit under the will compared to other
persons who have an equal claim to the testator’s bounty. Id. at 794.
¶ 35
In Glogovsek, the wife as beneficiary clearly had a superior claim
to that of the plaintiffs in that case, who were not descendants of the
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testator, but were rather his siblings and nieces. Glogovsek explained
that the laws of testacy and intestacy favor a spouse over relatives that
are not descendants of the decedent. Id. This is because if a person
dies without a will and without descendants, the entire estate goes to
the spouse, but if there is a descendent left, one half goes to the
surviving spouse and one-half goes to the descendant. See 755 ILCS
5/2-1(a) (West 2010). And if a person has left insufficient or no
provision for his spouse through a will, the surviving spouse can
renounce the will and is then entitled to one-half of the estate if there
is no descendent, but the surviving spouse is only entitled to one-third
if the testator leaves a descendent. 755 ILCS 5/2-8(a) (West 2010).
Here, plaintiff’s complaint alleges that he is Donald’s son and
therefore his descendant. Thus, accepting as true this well-pled fact,
plaintiff in this case, in contrast to the plaintiffs in Glogovsek,
actually has an equal or superior claim to that of the spouse.
¶ 36
This case is also distinguishable from Glogovsek because Donald
was married to defendant less than one year at the time the will was
executed and a little more than a year at the time of his death, whereas
the testator and the spouse in Glogovsek were married for 34 years.
Additionally, the instant case is currently before us on a section 2-615
motion to dismiss, which merely attacks the legal sufficiency of the
complaint. But Glogovsek was resolved after a full bench trial where
all the evidence was presented. Only then did the appellate court
determine that there was no evidence presented that the testator had
entrusted his financial affairs to his wife or that she had managed his
money or property. Here, in contrast, there are ample allegations to
indicate that defendant managed Donald’s financial affairs and that
a fiduciary relationship was created. Thus, Glogovsek does not
support the notion that the 2-615 dismissal was proper in this case.
¶ 37
For all of the reasons stated above, we find that plaintiff has
alleged sufficient facts to state a cause of action for undue influence.
We therefore affirm the appellate court on this count.
¶ 38
III. Tort Claims of Fraudulent Inducement and Interference with 
Expectancy
¶ 39
We now turn to plaintiff’s two tort claims of fraud in the
inducement and tortious interference with economic (or testamentary)
expectancy. To constitute fraud in the inducement, the defendant
must have made a false representation of material fact, knowing or
believing it to be false and doing it for the purpose of inducing one to
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act. See Janowiak v. Tiesi, 402 Ill. App. 3d 997, 1006 (2010). The
misrepresentations or false statements must be shown to have caused
the testator to execute the contested will. Hoover, 155 Ill. 2d at 417.
To recover for tortious interference with an economic expectancy, the
plaintiff must establish the following: (1) the existence of his
expectancy; (2) defendant’s intentional interference therewith; (3)
tortious conduct such as undue influence, fraud or duress; (4) a
reasonable certainty that the expectancy would have been realized but
for the interference; and (5) damages. In re Estate of Roeseler, 287 Ill.
App. 3d at 1021. A will contest is distinct from a tort action for
intentional interference with testamentary expectancy. One who by
fraud, duress or other tortious means intentionally prevents another
from receiving from a third person an inheritance or gift that he
otherwise would have received is subject to liability to the other for
the loss. In re Estate of Ellis, 236 Ill. 2d 45, 52 (2009). The remedy
is not the setting aside of the will, but a judgment against the
individual defendant, which would include money damages for the
amount of the benefit tortiously acquired. Id.
¶ 40
Here, plaintiff has properly alleged sufficient facts to meet a
prima facie case for both torts, with the exception of the damages
element, which can only be known if it exists after resolution of the
first two claims contesting the will. Plaintiff’s complaint as to both
tort counts realleges the allegations made in connection with the first
two counts of the complaint that contest the will, and we have already
determined that undue influence has been sufficiently alleged.
Additionally, the tort claims allege that defendant told Donald either
that (1) plaintiff was dead, (2) Donald’s adoption of plaintiff did not
make plaintiff his son, or (3) the adoption was not legally binding.
Moreover, it is alleged that had it not been for all of the
misrepresentations, Donald would not have disinherited plaintiff, but
would have made no provision in the will for defendant had he
realized the fraud. It is also alleged that a prior will existed which
provided for plaintiff as Donald’s son, but that defendant secreted or
destroyed this prior will. All together, this is more than enough to
sufficiently allege a cause of action for both tort counts, except for the
element of damages.
¶ 41
With respect to the element of damages, the tort claims are
premature because the will contest remains a viable cause of action
on remand. If plaintiff is able to succeed on his claims contesting the
will on remand, the dismissal of his tort counts would then be
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appropriate because the adequacy of the probate relief would be
undisputed and there would therefore be no damages in tort. Roeseler,
287 Ill. App. 3d at 1021-22. If plaintiff fails in his will contest on
remand in the probate court, however, he would then be able to
proceed against defendant on his tort claims in that same court. See
2012 IL App (3d) 090773, ¶¶ 32-34; Roeseler, 287 Ill. App. 3d at
1021-22; In re Estate of Jeziorski, 162 Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1064 (1987)
(by allowing the plaintiffs during the probate proceedings to present
evidence regarding their tort claims, a further collateral attack on the
probate decree in a later tort action in the law division would not be
required; the trial court can hear all the evidence in one proceeding).
Accordingly, we find that the appellate court correctly determined
that dismissal of the tort counts of the complaint was premature.
¶ 42
IV. Contract to Adopt
¶ 43
We next address the count of plaintiff’s complaint alleging that
a contract for adoption existed and plaintiff should therefore be
considered an heir of Donald’s estate under Illinois case law.
Defendant argues that for this theory to be established there must be
proof that a contract for adoption was entered into between the foster
parent and the child’s natural parents or some individual or institution
standing in loco parentis, and the natural parents must “give up”
custody. Defendant maintains that plaintiff’s complaint is deficient
because it does not allege who the parties to the agreement were.
Plaintiff in turn relies upon this court’s decision in Monahan v.
Monahan, 14 Ill. 2d 449 (1958), to contend that sufficient facts were
alleged to state a cause of action. We agree with plaintiff.
¶ 44
In Monahan, the plaintiff’s natural mother boarded her son with
the Monahans when he was two years old. The plaintiff’s natural
father abandoned him a year later and was never seen again. The
plaintiff’s mother continued to pay board for another four years, but
then apparently gave up the plaintiff to the Monahans and consented
to his adoption. This was shown by notations that Mrs. Monahan had
made to papers found among her personal effects after her death. The
Monahans then raised the boy as their own, had him baptized as
Edward Francis Monahan, and consulted an attorney about adoption
when he was seven years old. The adoption never took place,
however, because the Monahans mistakenly believed that they needed
the natural’s father’s consent to proceed and were unable to locate
him. The Monahans entered the plaintiff into school as their adopted
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son, continuously referred to him as their son and themselves as
“mom and dad,” and many of their relatives were under the
impression that the plaintiff was adopted.
¶ 45
This court in Monahan found that a contract to adopt did exist. Id.
at 453. In so doing, this court reconciled its earlier decision in Weiss
v. Beck, 1 Ill. 420 (1953), stating that there, the court merely
determined that the evidence presented failed to give rise to a “clear,
positive indication that the agreement to adopt ever existed, but left
reasonable doubt, and harmonized as readily with the intention to
provide a good home as with an intent to adopt.” Monahan, 14 Ill. 2d
at 453. The Monahan court continued, stating that “[c]ertainly a
contract to adopt, as any other fact, may be proved by circumstantial
evidence, provided that evidence meets the requisite tests of
sufficiency.” Id. Monahan then found that the evidence of a contract
as well as the intention to adopt the plaintiff is “clear and convincing”
based on the following evidence. Id. The family relationship of
parents and son clearly existed, neighbors and relatives believed the
plaintiff had been adopted, and the plaintiff conducted himself as a
dutiful child. Moreover, the Monahans indicated to others that the
plaintiff’s natural mother “gave” the plaintiff to them to adopt and
this was confirmed by written notations, along with their abortive
attempts at legal adoption. Id.
¶ 46
We find that Monahan compels the result that sufficient facts
were pled in the present case to allege a claim for a contract to adopt.
In Monahan, the court found that the contract-for-adoption claim was
proven by “clear and convincing” evidence at trial. Here, plaintiff is
not required to prove his case at the pleading stage by clear and
convincing evidence. Instead, he needed only to allege sufficient facts
to support his conclusion that a contract to adopt existed.
¶ 47
Defendant incorrectly argues that Donald failed to allege the
identity of the parties to the contract for adoption. The instant
appellate court correctly found that the well-pled facts, viewed in the
light most favorable to plaintiff, sufficiently inferred that a contract
to adopt existed between Donald and plaintiff’s mother Virginia and
that plaintiff was a third-party beneficiary of that contract. See 2012
IL App (3d) 090773, ¶ 42. In that regard, plaintiff’s complaint
specifically alleges that Donald “had agreed with Virginia to keep the
adoption a secret for the good of [plaintiff] and the family.” And “[a]s
part of this agreement, the two agreed to celebrate their wedding
anniversary, but never discuss how many years they had been
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married.” We believe that implicit in the agreement to “keep the
adoption a secret” is an agreement between Virginia and Donald that
Donald adopt plaintiff.
¶ 48
In an adoption where a spouse adopts the natural child of his or
her spouse, it is not necessary that the spouse giving up the child for
adoption to the other spouse actually give up his parental rights. In
such a case, an agreement for adoption exists even though the natural
parent is not giving up all—or even any of—his parental rights. At
any rate, it can be readily inferred from the allegations of plaintiff’s
complaint that Virginia in agreeing to allow Donald to adopt plaintiff
conferred the full benefits of fatherhood upon him and relinquished
some of her control of the child to plaintiff. See, e.g., Lee v.
Bermingham, 199 Ill. App. 497, 507-08 (1916). We also think it
obvious that mutual consideration exists for such an agreement, and
defendant has not supported her claim that consideration is lacking
with any relevant citation to Illinois authority. Further support for the
claim that a contract for adoption existed is the well-pled fact that
Donald had hired an attorney in Homewood to complete the adoption
and that Donald believed it had actually been completed, telling
plaintiff that it was “all legal.”
¶ 49
Defendant is also mistaken in her assertion that plaintiff cannot
proceed on a contract to adopt theory in this case where there is no
evidence that plaintiff’s natural father (who abandoned plaintiff) was
a party to an agreement with Donald for an adoption. We find no
merit to defendant’s contention that a party who has permanently
abandoned a child need be a party to the contract to adopt that is
being enforced for inheritance purposes. The natural father in
Monahan also abandoned the plaintiff in that case when he was a
small child and there was no evidence that he ever consented to
adoption, but this fact did not preclude the plaintiff from prevailing
in that case. See Monahan, 14 Ill. 2d at 450, 453. In sum, we
conclude that the appellate court correctly determined that the circuit
court erred in dismissing plaintiff’s adoption contract claim.
¶ 50
V. Equitable Adoption
¶ 51
As an alternative to his contract for adoption theory, plaintiff
relies upon the theory of equitable adoption. Plaintiff suggests that
even in the absence of an expressed or implied contract to adopt, a
finding of an equitable adoption would nonetheless be proper in a
case where there is clear and convincing evidence of a foster parent’s
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intent to adopt and treat the child as one’s adopted or natural child.
Defendant, on the other hand, argues that any recognition of equitable
adoption should be limited to situations where a contract to adopt
exists and the natural parent gives up his or her child.
¶ 52
We note that the concept of “equitable adoption” is somewhat
murky because many states seem to equate the theory of equitable
adoption with a contract-to-adopt theory. See In re Estate of Edwards,
106 Ill. App. 3d 635, 637 (1982); In re Estate of Staehli, 86 Ill. App.
3d 1, 5-6 (1980); see also Tracy Batemen Farrell, Modern Status of
Law as to Equitable Adoption or Adoption by Estoppel, 122
A.L.R.5th 205, § 3(a) n.47 (2004). In these states, it is clear that
where the doctrine of “equitable adoption” is recognized, the most
important prerequisite to its application is proof that a contract of
adoption was entered into between the foster parents and the natural
parents or someone standing in loco parentis. See id. § 2(a). These
jurisdictions apply estoppel or quasi-contract considerations where
there has been clear proof of a contract, expressed or implied, reliance
upon the parent-child relationship, and performance of obligations
under the de facto relationship. See Edwards, 106 Ill. App. 3d at 637.
This makes so-called equitable adoption, as recognized in many
states, essentially indiscernible from the Illinois cases involving a
failure to follow the statute for adoption that have proceeded on a
contract theory. Cf. Monahan, 14 Ill. 2d at 452-54; Dixon National
Bank of Dixon, Illinois v. Neal, 5 Ill. 2d 328, 334 (1955); Franzen v.
Hallmer, 404 Ill. 596, 604 (1950); Soelzer v. Soelzer, 382 Ill. 393,
399-400 (1943); Winkelmann v. Winkelmann, 345 Ill. 566, 574
(1931); In re Estate of Edwards, 106 Ill. App. 3d 635, 637 (1982);
Lee, 199 Ill. App. at 501-02; In re Estate of Drisch, 112 Ill. App. 2d
242, 248-50 (1969); Robbins v. Millikin National Bank of Decatur,
334 Ill. App. 190, 194 (1948). 
¶ 53
A few states, however, have refused to apply a steadfast
requirement that an expressed or implied contract to adopt exist
before finding that an equitable adoption has occurred. See, e.g.,
Estate of Ford v. Ford, 82 P.3d 747, 754 (Cal. 2004); Wheeling
Dollar Savings & Trust Co. v. Singer, 250 S.E.2d 369, 373-74 (W.
Va. 1978). In Wheeling, the Supreme Court of West Virginia declined
to take the view that an express or implied contract to adopt was
absolutely necessary to establish that an equitable adoption had taken
place where a person has “stood from an age of tender years in a
position exactly equivalent to a formally adopted child.” (Emphasis
-17-
added.) Id. The court stated that while the existence of an express or
implied contract of adoption is “very convincing evidence, an implied
contract of adoption is an unnecessary fiction created by courts as a
protection from fraudulent claims.” Id. The court held that “if a
claimant can, by clear, cogent and convincing evidence, prove
sufficient facts to convince the trier of fact that his status is identical
to that of a formally adopted child, except only for the absence of a
formal order of adoption, a finding of an equitable adoption is proper
without proof of an adoption contract.” Id. at 374. The court noted
that circumstances that tend to show the existence of an equitable
adoption include the following: the benefits of love and affection
accruing to the adopting party; the performances of services by the
child; the surrender of ties by the natural parent; the society,
companionship and filial obedience of the child; an invalid or
ineffectual adoption proceeding; reliance by the adopted person upon
the existence of his adopted status; the representation to all the world
that the child is a natural or adopted child; and the rearing of the child
from an age of tender years by the adopting parents. Id. at 373-74.
¶ 54
In Ford, the California Supreme Court also concluded that an
equitable adoption claimant need not prove all of the elements of an
enforceable contract to recover. Ford, 82 P.3d at 754. Ford, however,
employed a stricter approach than the one adopted by the West
Virginia Supreme Court in Wheeling. Ford held that to prove an
equitable adoption, a claimant “must demonstrate the existence of
some direct expression, on the decedent’s part, of an intent to adopt
the claimant.” Id. The court found that this intent may be shown by
an unperformed agreement or promise to adopt, but that it also may
be shown by “proof of other acts or statements directly showing that
the decedent intended the child to be, or to be treated as, a legally
adopted child, such as an invalid or unconsummated attempt to adopt,
the decedent’s statement of his or her intent to adopt, the child, or the
decedent’s representation to the claimant or to the community at large
that the claimant was the decedent’s natural or legally adopted child.”
Id. Ford also held that along with a statement or act by the decedent
evincing an unequivocal intent to adopt, the claimant must also show
“the decedent acted consistently with that intent by forming with the
claimant a close and enduring familial relationship.” Id. In other
words, there must be objective conduct indicating mutual recognition
of a parent-child relationship to such an extent that in equity and good
conscience an adoption should be deemed to have taken place. Id.
Ford strongly cautioned, however, that it would not recognize
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estoppel arising merely from a familial relationship between the
decedent and the claimant without any direct expression by the
decedent of an intent to adopt the child or to have him treated as a
legally adopted child. Id. at 753.
¶ 55
Applying the above-mentioned principles along with a “clear and
convincing” burden of proof, Ford examined all of the evidence
presented in the case before it and concluded that an equitable
adoption had not been proven even though the claimant had a close
and enduring familial relationship with the decedent, Mr. Ford. Id. at
755. The court noted that there was no evidence that the Fords ever
made an attempt to adopt the claimant and they never held him out to
the world as their natural or adopted son, nor represented to him that
he was their child, even though the claimant called them “Mom” and
“Dad.” It was also noted that Mrs. Ford’s single statement to a family
friend that she wanted to adopt claimant, but was under the
impression that she could not do so while he was still in the home,
was deemed insufficient evidence that Mr. Ford intended claimant to
be adopted. Id.
¶ 56
Although no Illinois court has expressly recognized the concept
of equitable adoption as it is presented here, no Illinois court has
expressly rejected it either. We do find, however, that the
underpinnings to pave the way for its recognition can be found in this
court’s earlier decisions of Monahan and Weiss. Both cases were
brought purely under a contract-to-adopt theory, and there was no
argument presented by the parties that this court should recognize
equitable adoption in any form. Both decisions, however, addressed
arguments that a contract to adopt could be proven by circumstantial
evidence, and in the course of addressing that argument, both courts
cited approvingly to the Eight Circuit Court of Appeals decision in
Roberts v. Roberts, 223 F. 775 (8th Cir. 1915), which, even though
it did not expressly address equitable adoption, seemed to ultimately
rest its outcome on principles of equity.
¶ 57
In Roberts, there was no evidence of a contract to adopt, but
plaintiff nonetheless proceeded under a contract-to-adopt theory. Id.
at 776-77. The evidence did show that the foster parents took the
plaintiff into their home at a young age, they gave her their own
surname, and they baptized her using that surname. Thereafter, they
treated her as their natural child. It was not until plaintiff was an adult
that she was ever permitted to know that her foster parents were not
her natural parents. This fact was then only revealed to the plaintiff
-19-
by her foster mother on her deathbed. There was also evidence that
the foster parents had stated, both orally and in writing, that they had
adopted plaintiff. The court inferred from the circumstances that an
agreement for adoption “must have existed” even though there was
no direct evidence of it and all the parties that would have known
about it were deceased. Id.
¶ 58
We note that despite the constraints of being a contract-to-adopt
case, Roberts seems to rest more on equitable principles of fairness
and intent rather than the ordinary rules of contract law. In that
regard, it found applicable language from a Missouri Supreme Court
case, which stated in part as follows:
 “ ‘The life of that whole family in reference to this child,
from the time she was first taken into it until the death of Mr.
Lynn, would have to be construed to be a deception and a
fraud, if we would give to it the effect that respondents claim
for it. *** Like a bud that has been cut from its natural stem
and grafted into a foreign tree, she grew into the family and
became a part of its very life. Everything that adoption
contemplates was accomplished.’ ” Id. at 776 (quoting Lynn
v. Hockaday, 61 S.W. 885, 889 (Mo. 1901)).
Again, both Weiss and Monahan cited Roberts with approval, albeit
to support the notion that a contract to adopt can be shown by
circumstantial evidence, with Weiss discussing it at length. We find
that Roberts supports the position that in Illinois an equitable
adoption theory should be recognized under the right circumstances
even in the absence of a statutory adoption or a contract for adoption.
¶ 59
The question remaining is under what circumstances should an
equitable adoption theory be recognized. We believe that the
California Supreme Court struck the proper balance in Ford, and
therefore adopt its holding here. We do not believe it sufficient
merely to prove that a familial relationship existed between the
decedent and the plaintiff. Nor do we deem it sufficient to show, as
Wheeling held, that the plaintiff merely demonstrate that from an age
of tender years, he held a position exactly equivalent to a statutorily
adopted child. Rather, we hold that a plaintiff bringing an equitable
adoption claim must prove an intent to adopt along the lines described
in Ford and, additionally, must show that the decedent acted
consistently with that intent by forming with the plaintiff a close and
enduring familial relationship.
¶ 60
We note that Ford found that it could be possible to prove intent
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by showing that the decedent represented to the plaintiff and the
community at large that the plaintiff was the decedent’s “natural or
legally adopted child.” (Emphasis added.) Ford, 82 P.3d at 754. Our
holding is couched in terms of an “intent to adopt” and the allegations
of the complaint in the present case have certainly alleged that much.
But we envision a case where, like Roberts and similar to the present
case, a decedent had held out the plaintiff his whole life as his or her
natural child, never even letting it be known throughout the childhood
of the plaintiff that the child was not the natural offspring of the
deceased. We believe that in such cases there is every bit as much
equitable justification for finding an equitable adoption as in cases
where the plaintiff was merely incorrectly held out as the legally
adopted child. We believe that to not recognize an equitable adoption
in such cases would work a “deception and a fraud” and would be
contrary to the decedent’s intent to treat and continuously hold out the
plaintiff as his or her natural child.
¶ 61
Defendant argues that recognizing the theory of equitable
adoption in the absence of a contract to adopt will have detrimental,
unintended consequences. She contends that a person who does not
take any affirmative action to become a parent—whether through
birth, adoption or contract to adopt—but who is nonetheless kind and
compassionate to a child, should not be deemed to confer legal rights
to that person as an heir.
¶ 62
We believe that all of these concerns are allayed by the limited
nature of our holding—only in those cases where there is sufficient,
objective evidence of an intent to adopt (or fraudulently or mistakenly
holding out as a natural child on a continual basis), supported by a
close enduring familial relationship, will an equitable adoption be
recognized. The narrow nature of our holding forecloses claims
against the estate of any foster parent or stepparent who merely treats
a foster or stepchild lovingly and on an equal basis with his or her
natural or legally adopted children.
¶ 63
Finally, we consider the quantum of evidence needed to prove an
equitable adoption claim. Most courts to have considered the issue
require clear and convincing evidence to prove an equitable adoption.
Ford, 82 P.3d at 549. We note that in the context of proving a
contract-to-adopt claim, this court has found that the existence of a
contract must be “clear and conclusive of the existence and terms of
the contract, leaving no room for reasonable doubt.” Monahan, 14 Ill.
2d at 452. The court will “weigh the evidence scrupulously and with
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caution.” Id. Moreover, the evidence must be “strong and compelling
[and not] readily harmonizable with any other theory” such as with
the mere intention to provide a good home as opposed to the intent to
adopt. Id. at 452-53. There are a number of valid reasons to apply an
analogous, but similarly demanding, standard of proof to equitable
adoption claims.
¶ 64
First, and foremost, equitable adoption cases in the inheritance
context deal with deceased persons who can no longer testify as to
their intent. When the lips of a deceased person who is alleged to
have intended an adoption are sealed by death, proof of the facts
necessary to invoke principles of equity should be clear, unequivocal
and convincing. See Cavanaugh v. Davis, 235 S.W.2d 972, 978 (Tex.
1951). Second, if too lax a standard were created it could create a
danger that a person could not take in a child in need without having
a de facto adoption perpetrated upon him after his death. Ford, 82
P.3d at 550. “[I]f the evidentiary burden is lowered too far, ‘then
couples, childless or not, will be reluctant to take into their homes
orphan children, and for the welfare of such children, as well as for
other reasons, the rule should be kept and observed. No one, after he
or she has passed on, should be adjudged to have adopted a child
unless the evidence is clear, cogent, and convincing.’ ” Id. (quoting
Benjamin v. Cronan, 93 S.W.2d 975, 981 (Mo. 1936)).
¶ 65
Accordingly, we find that a plaintiff must prove an equitable
adoption claim to recover against an estate by clear and convincing
evidence. Moreover, the decedent’s intent to adopt and form a close
and enduring familial relationship must be clear and conclusive. And
it must not be just as readily harmonizable with the mere intention to
provide a good home, but must instead indicate a clear intent to adopt
or to continuously represent to the plaintiff and the world at large that
the plaintiff was the decedent’s natural child.
¶ 66
In sum, we affirm the result of the appellate court in finding that
plaintiff could proceed on count VI of his complaint under an
equitable adoption theory and that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts
to avoid dismissal under section 2-615 of the Code. We note,
however, that the appellate court’s analysis appears to have rested on
the belief that, as is the case in many states, an agreement for
adoption must always be alleged to support an equitable adoption
theory. See 2012 IL App (3d) 090773, ¶¶ 45-46. Accordingly, we
affirm the result reached by the appellate court on count VI, but reject
its reasoning requiring proof of a contract.
-22-
¶ 67
VI. Motion to Compel Deposition
¶ 68
Finally, we note that the appellate court reversed the trial court’s
denial of plaintiff’s motion to compel the deposition of the attorney
who drafted the contested will, but remanded to the trial court for a
determination on whether the attorney-client privilege might apply so
as to prevent the deposition. In so doing, the appellate court found
that plaintiff, as “ ‘[t]he party seeking disclosure from an attorney[,]
[would have] the burden of establishing that the attorney-client
privilege does not apply.’ ” See 2012 IL App (3d) 090773, ¶ 50
(quoting Hitt v. Stephens, 285 Ill. App. 3d 713, 717 (1997)).
¶ 69
We note that generally the attorney-client privilege survives the
client’s death. See Hitt, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 717; Paul R. Rice,
Attorney-Client Privilege in the United States § 2:5, at 69 (1993). A
different rule applies, however, with respect to a will. In such a case,
there is only a temporary privilege. Dickerson v. Dickerson, 322 Ill.
492, 500 (1926). Where an attorney prepares a will for a client and
witnesses the same, the privilege only exists during the lifetime of the
client. Id. The rationale behind this limited exception to the privilege
is that a decedent would (if one could ask him) forgo the privilege so
that the distribution scheme he actually intended can be given effect.
Hitt, 285 Ill. App. 3d at 717-18; see also Glover v. Patten, 165 U.S.
394, 406-08 (1897); Paul R. Rice, Attorney-Client Privilege in the
United States § 2:5, at 70 (1993).
¶ 70
Defendant acknowledges that there is an exception to the
attorney-client privilege for a will contest, but argues that the
exception or waiver of the privilege is only in favor of those claiming
through the decedent in a dispute between the executor and the
decedent’s heirs or next of kin. See Wilkinson v. Service, 249 Ill. 146,
150-51 (1911). Defendant maintains that there was no evidence
presented that plaintiff was an heir or next of kin. Defendant
characterizes plaintiff as a “complete stranger” to this will contest and
argues that plaintiff needs to satisfy a higher threshold of showing
that he is an heir or next of kin before he can use the court to discover
confidences to which he is not entitled.
¶ 71
Plaintiff in response notes that the appellate court remanded to
allow plaintiff to “prove that the privilege does not apply in this
case.” See 2012 IL App (3d) 090773, ¶ 50. Plaintiff points out,
however, that the appellate court did not elaborate on what his
showing must be, though it relied upon Hitt. Plaintiff further argues
that he is not a “stranger” for purposes of the privilege, given that
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Donald recognized him as a son throughout his lifetime. He also
suggests that the fact that he was a recipient under a prior will should
be valid cause for waiver of the privilege.
¶ 72
It is true that the appellate court did not elaborate on what plaintiff
must show on remand. It did cite Hitt for the proposition that the
party seeking disclosure has the burden of establishing that the
privilege does not apply. Hitt in turn cited this court’s decision in In
re Marriage of Decker, 153 Ill. 2d 298, 321 (1992), for this
proposition. Decker involved the crime-fraud exception to the
attorney-client privilege. Id. Decker did consider the kind of burden
a party must meet to prove that certain communications fall within
the exception to the privilege, noting that it “ ‘would be absurd to say
that the privilege could be got rid of merely by making a charge of
fraud.’ ” Id. (quoting Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1, 15 (1933)).
Decker noted that Clark found that there must be something to give
color to the charge; there must be prima facie evidence that has some
foundation in fact. Clark, 289 U.S. at 15.
¶ 73
Applying the above-mentioned principles to the present case, we
find that plaintiff need only make an initial evidentiary showing that
he is an heir or next of kin or that he was a recipient under a prior
will. Any of these showings would make him an interested person and
not a stranger subject to the limitations of the attorney-client
privilege. In this particular case, we find this is indisputably a will
contest, involving claims of testamentary capacity and undue
influence. Moreover, plaintiff has nearly made the showing that he is
an heir or next of kin for purposes of the exception to the privilege,2
if in fact he has not already made it. Here, plaintiff alleges that he is
Donald’s equitably adopted son and that he was considered Donald’s
son throughout much of both of their lifetimes. Plaintiff has
documentary evidence in the record to support this in the form of the
birth certificate given to him by Donald that lists Donald as plaintiff’s
We underscore that we mean for purposes of the exception to that
2
attorney-client privilege only, and we do not mean to suggest that plaintiff
had demonstrated that he is an equitably adopted son for purposes of count
VI of the second amended complaint. That count is of course subject to the
clear and convincing evidence standard discussed above. With respect to
the motion to compel the deposition, however, plaintiff is only required to
make some initial evidentiary showing that he is an heir or next of kin or
that he was a recipient under a prior will.
-24-
natural father. This birth certificate is attached to the second amended
complaint as exhibit B. The record also contains the affidavit of
Cheryl Anderson, the deputy clerk for the City of Harvey, Illinois,
which appears to vouch for the authenticity of that birth certificate as
a copy of an original issued by the City of Harvey. Thus, it appears
that plaintiff will be able to make out a prima facie case on remand
that the attorney-client privilege does not apply because it is subject
to the will-contest exception. It would then be up to defendant to
rebut plaintiff’s prima facie case on remand. If she is unable to do so,
the trial court should compel the deposition of attorney Peters.
¶ 74
Accordingly, we hold that the appellate court correctly reversed
the circuit court’s denial of the motion to compel and properly
remanded the cause to the circuit court for an evidentiary hearing on
the matter. 
¶ 75
CONCLUSION
¶ 76
For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that plaintiff’s
second amended complaint alleged sufficient facts to state a cause of
action for lack of testamentary capacity, undue influence, contract for
adoption and equitable adoption. We further find that dismissal of the
two tort claims at this point was premature. The appellate court
therefore properly reversed the circuit court’s dismissal of each of the
six counts of the second amended complaint. We further conclude
that the appellate court properly reversed the circuit court’s denial of
plaintiff’s motion to compel the deposition of attorney Peters.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court in its
entirety, which remanded the cause to the circuit court of Will County
for further proceedings.
¶ 77
Appellate court judgment affirmed.
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