Case Title: Tupper v. Roan

Citation: 

Docket Number: S057373

State: oregon

Court: Oregon Supreme Court

Date: 2010-11-12T00:00:00Z

Document:
FILED: November 12, 2010
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OREGON
HEATHER TUPPER,
Petitioner
on Review,
v.
DANETTE ROAN,
DANETTE ROAN,
Third-Party
Plaintiff,
v.
ALAN CLAUDE TUPPER,
as Personal Representative of the Estate of
Jerry Alan Tupper, Deceased,
Third-Party Defendant.
(CC CV0610-0435; CA
A136095; SC S057373)
En Banc
On review from the Court of Appeals.*
Argued and submitted January 8, 2010.
Matthew Whitman, of
Cartwright & Associates, Portland, argued the cause and filed the brief for
petitioner on review.  With him on the brief was James R. Cartwright.
Michael J. Morris, of
Bennett, Hartman, Morris & Kaplan LLP, Portland, argued the cause and filed
the briefs for respondent on review.  With him on the briefs was Heidi K.
Brown.
GILLETTE, J.
The decision of the
Court of Appeals is reversed.  The judgment of the circuit court is reversed,
and the case is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
*Appeal from Clackamas
County Circuit Court, Deanne Darling, Judge. 227 Or App 391, 206 P3d 237
(2009).
GILLETTE, J.
This is a dispute over the proceeds
of a life insurance policy.  Plaintiff claimed an interest in the policy proceeds
because she had been married to the decedent at one time and, when she and
decedent divorced, their dissolution decree required the decedent to maintain a
$100,000 life insurance policy naming her beneficiary, as trustee for a child
of the marriage.  The decedent had not purchased the required policy at the
time the dissolution decree became final, but he later did purchase the
policy at issue -- a $600,000 life insurance policy naming defendant (not
plaintiff) as the sole beneficiary.  The decedent died while that policy was in
force and defendant collected the proceeds.  Plaintiff filed the present action
against defendant, seeking imposition of a constructive trust on $100,000 of
the insurance proceeds and alleging theories of unjust enrichment and "money
had and received."  On cross motions for summary judgment, the trial court
held that $100,000 of the insurance proceeds was subject to a constructive
trust.  Defendant appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the
trial court should instead have awarded summary judgment to defendant.  Tupper
v. Roan, 227 Or App 391, 206 P3d 237 (2009).  We allowed plaintiff's
petition for review and now hold that, for the reasons that follow, neither defendant
nor plaintiff was entitled to summary judgment.  Accordingly, we reverse the
decision of the Court of Appeals and the judgment of the trial court, and
remand the case for further proceedings.  
Plaintiff and the decedent, Jerry
Tupper (Tupper), divorced in 2004.  The dissolution decree and judgment incorporated
the parties' settlement agreement.  The decree awarded custody of the couple's child
to plaintiff, with visitation rights to Tupper, and required Tupper to pay an
amount of child support to plaintiff.  In an apparent effort to ensure that
each party would have the financial means to support the child in the event of
the other party's death, the decree and judgment provided:
"(A) So long as either party has a legal
obligation to support any child of the parties, each party shall maintain an
insurance policy insuring his or her life in an amount of not less than
$100,000, naming the other parent as trustee on behalf of any supported child.
"(B) The obligation to maintain this
insurance shall continue so long as either party has a duty to pay child
support as decreed by the court, or an arrearage exists for accrued but unpaid
support.
"(C) The following provisions relate to
procedural aspects of the requirement to maintain insurance:
"(1) During the term of the obligation to
maintain insurance each party shall furnish to the other, upon request, a copy
of the policy or evidence the proper life insurance is in force with the
appropriate beneficiary designation in effect.
"(2) A constructive trust shall be imposed
over the proceeds of any insurance owned by either party at the time of either
party's death if either party fails to maintain insurance in said amount, or if
said insurance is in force but another beneficiary is designated to receive
said funds.  The trustee shall make distribution as described herein."
Although the life insurance obligation was expressed in terms
of "maintaining" rather than "purchasing" the described
policy, it appears that Tupper did not own life insurance of any kind at the
time of the dissolution.  Neither did Tupper purchase life insurance
immediately thereafter.
Tupper did obtain life insurance in
February 2006, some two years after the dissolution.  At that time, he
purchased the policy that is at issue in this case -- a $600,000 United of
Omaha policy naming defendant, who was Tupper's girlfriend, as the sole
beneficiary.  At the time of that insurance purchase, Tupper and defendant were
living together and had started a business that generated only enough income to
pay Tupper.  According to defendant, the policy was entirely her idea and was
obtained through her efforts "as security for my funds advanced [to the
business] and my dependency and loss of compensation during our
relationship."  Tupper, however, was listed as the owner of the policy and
the premiums were debited from his personal bank account.
A few months after Tupper purchased
the policy, he died in an accident, and United of Omaha distributed the policy
proceeds in a lump sum to defendant.  When it became apparent that Tupper had
no other life insurance and, thus, had died in breach of the insurance
requirement in the dissolution decree, plaintiff filed the present action
against defendant.  In her complaint, plaintiff alleged that (1) Tupper had
been party to a dissolution judgment that required him to maintain a $100,000
life insurance policy naming plaintiff as beneficiary (as trustee for the child);
(2) the dissolution judgment provided for imposition of a constructive trust on
any life insurance policy that Tupper owned when he died, if he died in breach
of the life insurance requirement; (3) Tupper had died in breach of that
requirement; (4) when he died, Tupper owned a $600,000 life insurance policy
that named defendant as the beneficiary; and (5) defendant was aware of
Tupper's insurance obligations to plaintiff at the time that the policy was
purchased.  Plaintiff sought to collect $100,000 from defendant, either by
imposing a constructive trust on defendant's insurance proceeds to prevent
"unjust enrichment" or as damages payable on a claim for "money
had and received."
In her answer to plaintiff's
complaint, defendant specifically denied that she had any previous knowledge of
Tupper's obligation under the dissolution decree.  Defendant also asserted a
number of affirmative defenses, including an allegation that Tupper's estate,
and not she, was responsible for any liability arising from Tupper's breach of
his obligation under the decree.(1)
Plaintiff moved for summary judgment,
arguing that there was no issue of material fact with respect to the terms in
the divorce decree, Tupper's breach, Tupper's ownership of United of Omaha
policy, or the constructive trust remedy that the divorce decree provided. 
Plaintiff acknowledged that, in two cases that involved similar facts,(2)
the Court of Appeals had decided against imposing constructive trusts on the
proceeds of the life insurance policies at issue.  She argued, however, that
those cases were distinguishable because the dissolution decrees in those cases
had not specified that a constructive trust would be imposed on any life
insurance policy that the relevant party owned.  She claimed that, in her own
dissolution decree, the inclusion of a term specifying that remedy gave her an
immediate equitable interest in the proceeds of "any" life insurance
that Tupper might purchase.  She claimed, moreover, that that equitable
interest was superior to any attempt on Tupper's part to designate a different
beneficiary.
Plaintiff submitted a number of
affidavits in support of her motion for summary judgment:  (1) her own
declaration stating that, in a conversation with defendant that occurred
shortly after Tupper died, defendant had acknowledged that she knew about
Tupper's life insurance obligation and had told her that Tupper's children(3)
would be "taken care of"; (2) Tupper's father's declaration stating
that, in a conversation between defendant, himself, his wife, and several
others that occurred shortly after Tupper's death, defendant had stated that
Tupper had wanted $100,000 of the proceeds of the life insurance to go to each
of his children; and (3) Tupper's stepmother's declaration, reporting the same
conversation.
Defendant opposed plaintiff's motion
for summary judgment, arguing that plaintiff was required, and failed, to show
that defendant had had notice of Tupper's obligation when the United of Omaha
policy was purchased. Defendant also argued that, because she was not a party
to the divorce decree, she could not be bound by its terms, including the term
that provided for imposition of a constructive trust on any life insurance
policy owned by Tupper if he died in breach of the life insurance requirement. 

Defendant also moved for summary
judgment.  She argued that, to succeed on either of her claims, plaintiff must
show that she had some legally protected right or interest in the policy in
question.  Defendant argued that, because plaintiff had never been named as a
beneficiary of the $600,000 United of Omaha policy (and, in fact, the policy
had not existed at the time of plaintiff's divorce from Tupper), plaintiff
could not make the required showing.
After a hearing, the trial court
denied defendant's motion for summary judgment, granted plaintiff's
cross-motion with respect to the claim for unjust enrichment, and imposed a
constructive trust in plaintiff's favor on $100,000 of the $600,000 that
defendant had received from the policy.(4)
As noted, defendant appealed from the
trial court's judgment, and the Court of Appeals reversed.  The court examined
three cases that involved similar attempts by a former spouse to impose a
constructive trust on the proceeds of a decedent's life insurance policy after
the decedent had died in breach of a legal obligation to maintain life
insurance naming the former spouse as beneficiary.  Based on those cases, the
court concluded that, to prevail on an unjust enrichment theory against the
person who had been named as the decedent's beneficiary, a plaintiff must prove
both (1) that, by designating another person as his or her beneficiary, the
decedent essentially gave that person property that previously had belonged to
the plaintiff; and (2) that the person named as beneficiary either knew or
should have known of the wrongfulness of the decedent's action.  Tupper,
227 Or App at 400-03.  Observing that, in the present case, there was evidence
both for and against the latter requirement, the court concluded that plaintiff
was not entitled to summary judgment on her unjust enrichment claim.  Id.
at 402-03.  The court further concluded that defendant was entitled to
summary judgment on that claim, because plaintiff had not and could not produce
evidence that would satisfy the first requirement, i.e., that plaintiff
previously had had an interest in the policy in question.  Id. at 406. 
The court added that, for essentially the same reason, defendant was entitled
to summary judgment on plaintiff's "money had and received" claim.  Id. 
We allowed plaintiff's petition for review to consider whether and how the
equitable concepts of unjust enrichment and constructive trust apply in this
context.   
We begin with plaintiff's unjust
enrichment claim, under which she seeks to impose a constructive trust on
$100,000 of the proceeds of decedent's United of Omaha policy.  She advances
two theories for imposition of that remedy.  Her first theory is couched in the
law of contracts:  It focuses on the simple fact that, in the context of the
decedent's dissolution agreement with plaintiff, the decedent stipulated
to imposition of a constructive trust in the event of decedent's breach of the
life insurance term.  In plaintiff's view, that stipulated remedy is as binding
as any other contract term would be and, to establish her right to that remedy,
she need only prove the elements set out in the stipulation -- that the decedent
owned the policy in question at the time of his death and that he died in
breach of his obligation to maintain life insurance in the required amount
naming plaintiff as beneficiary and trustee.  Plaintiff reasons that
dissolution judgments are to be enforced as contracts, ORS 107.104(2)(a),(5)
and that this court has been amenable to enforcing equitable remedies to which
the parties to a contract have agreed, even when the remedy is one that
otherwise would not be available.(6)
Plaintiff points out, moreover, that
it is the announced public policy of this state that courts "enforce the
terms of settlements [of suits for marital * * *dissolution] to the fullest
extent possible, except when to do so would violate the law or would clearly
contravene public policy."  ORS 107.104(1)(b).  Plaintiff argues that, far
from contravening public policy, the settlement term at issue here -- requiring
an ex-spouse to obtain life insurance for the benefit of his child and
stipulating to a constructive trust remedy for breach of that term -- is one
that the legislature particularly favors.  As evidence of that fact, plaintiff
points to ORS 107.810, which provides:  
"It is the policy of the State of Oregon to
encourage persons obligated to support other persons as the result of a
dissolution * * * of marriage * * * to obtain or cooperate in the obtaining of
life insurance adequate to provide for the continued support of those persons
in the event of the obligor's death." 
But, in making all of those statutory
policy arguments, plaintiff misses an essential point:  The person against whom
she is proceeding is a stranger to the dissolution decree and the stipulation
of remedy.  However much the legislature may favor a policy of holding the
parties to dissolution agreements to the terms of their agreements, that
legislative policy does not serve as dispositive authority for imposing the
same terms on a person who is not a party to the agreement.
Plaintiff argues that, in any event,
she is entitled to the same constructive trust remedy under Oregon's common law
of constructive trusts and unjust enrichment.  We begin our discussion of
plaintiff's theory by briefly summarizing the common-law principles of unjust
enrichment and constructive trust.  
It is important to understand, first,
that the concept of constructive trust does not stand on its own as a
substantive claim, but exists solely as an equitable remedy, available
to divest an individual who has been unjustly enriched of property that he or
she "ought not, in equity and good conscience, hold and enjoy."  Marston
v. Myers et ux, 217 Or 498, 509, 342 P2d 1111 (1959).  The concepts of
constructive trust and unjust enrichment thus are intertwined:  When "the
law employs a constructive trust, the doctrine of unjust enrichment governs
generally the substantive rights of the parties."  Barnes v. Eastern
and Western Lbr. Co., 205 Or 553, 597, 287 P2d 929 (1955).  See also
Belton v. Buesing, 240 Or 399, 409, 402 P2d 98 (1965) (constructive
trust is "a remedial institution invented by equity to avoid unjust
enrichment in situations where there is no other available equitable
remedy").
Although our cases refer to a
substantive "doctrine" of unjust enrichment, none provide any really
comprehensive exposition of that doctrine.  Instead, the cases simply describe
the kinds of actions and circumstances that would constitute unjust enrichment
warranting imposition of a constructive trust, and then observe that the
concept extends to other similar acts and circumstances.  Thus, in Suitter
v. Thompson et ux, 225 Or 614, 625, 358 P2d 267 (1961), the court stated
that equity may impress a constructive trust on property 
"'obtained through actual fraud, misrepresentations,
concealments, or through undue influence, duress, taking advantage of one's
weakness or necessities, or through any other similar means or under any
other similar circumstances which render it unconscientious for the holder of
the legal title to retain and enjoy the beneficial interest.'"
(quoting John Norton Pomeroy, 4 A Treatise on Equity
Jurisprudence § 1053, 119 (5th ed 1941)) (emphasis added).
We recognize that the foregoing
precedents concern inequitable conduct of a recipient of property, and not
conduct by a grantor or donor.  However, other cases have added to the list of
circumstances that might support a claim for unjust enrichment.  In Albino
v. Albino, 279 Or 537, 568 P2d 1344 (1977), for example, this court
held that a constructive trust is warranted, even in the absence of the more active
sorts of wrongful behavior identified in Suitter, when a person in a
fiduciary or confidential relationship acquires or retains property in
violation of a duty impressed upon him by that relationship.  279 Or at 550; see
also Pantano v. Obbiso, 283 Or 83, 86, 580 P2d 1026 (1978) (to the same
effect).  And in Scoggins v. State Construction, 259 Or 371, 376, 485
P2d 391 (1971), we suggested that even a "mistake" might result in
unjust enrichment justifying imposition of a constructive trust.  Among all of
those examples, however, the common thread is the acquisition or retention of
property in a way that is in some sense wrongful or, as Pomeroy would have it, "unconscientious."
An examination of this court's unjust
enrichment cases demonstrates another relevant common-law precept -- that the
constructive trust remedy is not limited to property that remains in the hands
of the party who was directly involved in the wrongful divestment or
retention.  In Newton v. Pickell et al., 201 Or 225, 232-33, 269 P2d 508
(1954), for example, this court imposed a constructive trust on a residential
property conveyed as a gift to the defendant by his father, when the father had
entered into a prenuptial agreement promising to convey an undivided half-interest
in the property to his then-prospective wife.  The court explained that, by
virtue of the prenuptial agreement, the property had been impressed with a
constructive trust in the prospective wife's favor, which the father had
violated when he wrongfully transferred the property to his son.  The court
then went on to explain that 
"'[w]herever property, real or personal, which is
already impressed with or subject to a trust of any kind, express or by
operation of law, * * * devolves from [the] trustee to a third person, who is a
mere volunteer * * *, or who is a purchaser with actual or constructive notice
of the trust * * *, then the rule is universal that such heir, devisee,
successor, or other voluntary transferee, or such purchaser with notice,
acquires and holds the property subject to the same trust which before existed,
and becomes himself a trustee for the original beneficiary.  * * * It is not
necessary that such transferee or purchaser should be guilty of positive fraud,
or should actually intend a violation of the trust obligation; it is sufficient
that he acquires property upon which a trust is in fact impressed, and that he
is not a bona fide purchaser for a valuable consideration and
without notice.'"
Id. (quoting Pomeroy, 4 Equity Jurisprudence § 1048
at 102).(7) 
See also Suitter, 225 Or at 625 (when property has been obtained under "unconscientious"
circumstances, "a court of equity has jurisdiction to reach the property
either in the hands of the original wrongdoer, or in the hands of any
subsequent holder, until a purchaser of it in good faith and without notice
acquires a higher right, and takes the property relieved from the
[constructive] trust").  Thus, when a person possesses property that, in
equity and good conscience belongs to another, the fact that that person is
innocent of any affirmative wrongdoing with respect to the property will not,
standing alone, prevent the equitable owner from obtaining a constructive trust.

A final relevant common-law principle
associated with the rule, and often recited in this court's cases, is that a
constructive trust "must be proved by strong, clear and convincing
evidence."  See, e.g., Albino, 279 Or at 550; Clearwater v.
Wagner, 272 Or 491, 495, 537 P2d 532 (1975); Hughes v. Helzer, 182
Or 205, 224, 185 P2d 537 (1947) (all to that effect).  Generally, this court
has employed that rule as a shorthand for the proposition that a constructive
trust can attach only to items and money that the evidence clearly identifies
as rightfully "belonging" to the plaintiff, or to the identifiable
products of, or substitutes for, those items and money.  Thus, in Clearwater,
the court declined to impose a constructive trust on a defendant's boat, which
the defendant had obtained after a third party, who had defrauded the plaintiff
of $5,000, had conveyed $1,000 to the defendant in an unrelated transaction. 
Plaintiff asserted that the boat had been paid for with money that in equity
and good conscience belonged to her.  But, after noting that there was no
"inference" of identity between the fraudulently obtained funds and
the wrongdoer's other assets, this court concluded that plaintiff had failed to
carry her burden of proving "by strong, clear and convincing
evidence" that her money had gone into the purchase of the boat.  Id.
at 495-96.  Similarly, in Pantano, this court considered a plaintiff's
bid to impose a constructive trust on funds from a savings account that his
deceased wife had owned jointly with her sister, on the theory that, over the
years, the wife had secretly and wrongfully taken money from him to fund the
account.  After citing the "strong, clear and convincing evidence"
standard, the court rejected the plaintiff's claim on the ground that the plaintiff
could not show "by even a preponderance of the evidence standard that any
specific or definite amount of his money was deposited by [his wife] into the
sisters' joint accounts."  283 Or at 87.
From the foregoing discussion, we can
identify the following elements that a plaintiff must prove in order to prevail
on an unjust enrichment claim in circumstances like those presented here.  First,
the plaintiff must show that property or a property interest that rightfully
belongs to her was taken or obtained by someone else under circumstances that
in some sense were wrongful or inequitable.  Next, the plaintiff must show that
the person who now possesses the property is not a bona fide purchaser for
value and without notice.  Finally, the plaintiff must establish, with
"strong, clear and convincing evidence," that the property in the
hands of that person, i.e., the property upon which she seeks to impose
a constructive trust, in fact is the very property that rightfully belongs to
her, or is a product of or substitute for that property.  With those general
principles in mind, we turn to consider whether and how they apply when a
decedent's ex-wife, whom the decedent was under an obligation to name as his
life insurance beneficiary, attempts to acquire insurance proceeds that are in
the hands of a person whom the deceased instead named as his beneficiary.
We begin with the question whether
circumstances like those just described can satisfy the element of wrongfulness
that a claim for unjust enrichment requires.  As discussed, our unjust enrichment
cases speak of a range of circumstances that could be deemed wrongful,
including mistake, fraud, coercion, undue influence, duress, taking advantage
of weakness, and violation of a duty imposed by a confidential or fiduciary
relationship.  Albino, 279 Or at 550; Scoggins, 259 Or at 376; Suitter,
225 Or at 625.  In general, it would seem that a decedent's breach of a
predissolution agreement and court order to name his ex-spouse as a beneficiary
of a life insurance policy for the benefit of a child whom the decedent had an
obligation to support would fall within the required range.  In general, then,
we can say that, in these sorts of circumstances, the decedent's conduct has
deprived his or her child of something (the nature of which we have yet
to discuss), under circumstances that are wrongful or inequitable. 
But what is the status of the person
who actually is named as the beneficiary, who receives and retains the
insurance proceeds upon which the ex-spouse seeks to impose a constructive
trust?  If that person is innocent of any wrongdoing with respect to the
decedent's breach of his obligation under the dissolution decree, is it
wrongful or inequitable for her to retain those proceeds?  The cases we
have discussed above, __ Or at __ (slip op at 11-12), suggest that retention of
insurance proceeds in such circumstances may be deemed wrongful and that a
disappointed ex-spouse may reach the proceeds in such person's hands.
Thus far there is no serious
incompatibility between the concepts of unjust enrichment and constructive
trust, on the one hand, and the circumstances of the present case on the other. 
But a complication does arise when we consider whether a term in a
dissolution decree that obliges a party to that decree to maintain life
insurance naming the party's ex-spouse as beneficiary can be considered property
for purposes of the concepts of unjust enrichment and constructive trust.  Moreover,
there is the necessity, discussed above, of showing that the property upon
which a constructive trust is to be imposed is the same property that was
wrongfully taken, or a direct substitute for or product of that property.  __
Or at __ (slip op at 12-13).  And there is one further complication:  The
answer to whether an agreement to maintain life insurance naming an ex-spouse
as a beneficiary confers "property" on the ex-spouse may depend on
whether it appears that the parties had a particular policy or policies in
mind.  
We attack the problem, first, by
considering the simplest case -- a bargained-for obligation to maintain a specified
existing policy that names the ex-spouse as beneficiary.  Courts in other
jurisdictions have almost uniformly held that such an obligation confers on the
ex-spouse a vested, equitable property interest in the insurance policy and its
proceeds that is superior to the mere legal right of a subsequently named
beneficiary.  See, e.g., Williams v. Williams, 276 Ala 43, 158 So
2d 901 (1963); Carpenter v. Carpenter, 150 Ariz 130, 722 P2d 298 (1985);
Handrahan v. Moore, 332 Mass 300, 124 NE 2d 808 (1955); Bailey v.
Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 124 Ohio App 3d 31, 705 NE 2d 389 (1997) (all
to that effect).  See also Lee R. Russ, 4 Couch on Insurance 3d
§§ 64:24 - 64:26, 64-50 - 64-59 (3d ed 2005) (describing effect of divorce
decree requiring party to maintain existing life insurance for the benefit of
the other spouse or of children of the marriage).  Generally, those courts have
reasoned that such an agreement destroys the right of the obligated party to
designate a different beneficiary, thereby creating an equitable property
interest in the policy in the other party.  We agree with that reasoning, and
with the resulting conclusion that, when a dissolution agreement requires a
party to maintain a specified, existing life insurance policy naming his or her
ex-spouse as the beneficiary, the ex-spouse thereby obtains an equitable
property interest in the policy and its proceeds that is superior to the legal
right of any subsequently designated beneficiary who is not a bona fide
purchaser for value without notice.
On the other hand, there are cases in
which a dissolution agreement does not refer to any particular policy but,
instead, contains a simple promise to obtain some policy in a specified
amount that names the ex-spouse as beneficiary.  In some of those cases, courts
have concluded that the ex-spouse does not obtain an equitable property
interest in an insurance policy naming a different beneficiary that the
obligated party later obtained.  See, e.g., Larson v. Larson, 226 Ga
209, 173 SE 2d 700 (1970); Foster v. Hurley, 444 Mass 157, 826 NE 2d 719
(2005); Parge v. Parge, 159 Wis 2d 175, 464 NW 2d 217 (1990) (all to
that effect).  But see Holt v. Holt, 995 SW 2d 68, 77
(Tenn 1999) (imposing constructive trust on proceeds of later-obtained
insurance policy naming different beneficiary than required under dissolution
agreement); Jones v. Harrison, 250 Va 64, 70, 458 SE 2d 766 (1995)
(same).  The reasoning behind that conclusion is simple:  Because people
ordinarily are free to purchase as many life insurance policies as they choose,
naming different beneficiaries on each one, there is no necessary connection
between a person's promise to obtain insurance naming an ex-spouse as the
beneficiary with his or her subsequent purchase of a particular policy that
names an entirely different person as the beneficiary.  We understand that
reasoning, but need not decide whether, if presented with a case involving only
those facts, we would adopt it.
We reserve that issue because there
are circumstances that fall between those two scenarios -- where, in spite of
the absence of any reference to a particular existing insurance policy,
the dissolution agreement nevertheless draws a clear connection between the
obligated party's promise to purchase an insurance policy naming the ex-spouse
as beneficiary and one or more subsequently obtained policies naming different beneficiaries.
 In our view, as a matter of logic, the fact that the policy at issue did not
exist at the time of the dissolution agreement is of little significance if the
dissolution agreement is able in some other way to establish an intent to bind the
obligated party with respect to one or more identifiable subsequently obtained
policies.  It follows that an obligation to obtain an insurance policy
naming an ex-spouse as beneficiary may confer an equitable interest in a
later-acquired policy, if the obligation in some fashion clearly identifies that
policy as one of its objects.
We turn to the question whether the
record on summary judgment establishes that element as a matter of law, i.e.,
whether the obligation to obtain insurance naming the ex-spouse as beneficiary is
stated in terms that clearly identify the policy at issue as an object of the
obligation, so that the ex-spouse may be deemed to have an equitable property
interest in that policy.  The only relevant evidence in the record with respect
to that element is the wording of the life insurance term in the dissolution
decree.
There are two parts of the provision
that are pertinent.  First, there is the broad initial statement that the
decedent is obligated to
"maintain an insurance policy insuring his * * *
life in an amount of not less than $100,000, naming [plaintiff] as trustee on
behalf of [plaintiff's and Tupper's] child."  
(Emphasis added.)  The second part of the provision that is
relevant states:
"A constructive trust shall be imposed over the
proceeds of any insurance owned by either party at the time of either
party's death if either party fails to maintain insurance in said amount, or if
said insurance is in force but another beneficiary is designated to receive
said funds."
(Emphasis added.)
In our view, the wording of the first
statement by itself does not, as a matter of law, confer on plaintiff any
equitable interest in the policy at issue.  The statement does not point to any
specific policy, whether existing at the time of the dissolution
agreement or otherwise.  Rather, it refers, generically, to "an"
insurance policy.  Neither does the first statement in any way "destroy"
or limit Tupper's right to purchase insurance policies naming other persons as
beneficiaries. 
But the second statement is a
different matter.  That statement expressly contemplates a failure on Tupper's
part to carry out the obligation to maintain an insurance policy as described
and, where such a failure has occurred, purports to impose a constructive trust
on "any" insurance policy owned by Tupper at the time of his death.  The
insurance obligation thus is stated in terms that clearly identify "any"
insurance policy owned by Tupper at the time of death -- including the
$600,000 United of Omaha policy -- as its objects.  We conclude that, as a
matter of law, the life insurance provision vests in plaintiff an equitable
interest in the policy at issue.
We turn now to the other element of
her claim that plaintiff asserted and that the cases generally require her to
prove -- viz., that defendant (the decedent's named beneficiary) did not
give valuable consideration for being so named and had notice of the decedent's
obligation to name the plaintiff as beneficiary.  With respect to those
considerations, the evidence is mixed.  Plaintiff presented three affidavits --
her own and those of Tupper's mother and father -- that averred that defendant
had made statements showing that she had prior notice of Tupper's obligation
under the dissolution decree.  But, in her own affidavit, defendant denied
having had prior notice.(8) 
Defendant's affidavit also is directed at proving that she paid valuable
consideration for her status as Tupper's beneficiary -- she suggests that the
purchase of an insurance policy naming her as beneficiary was, in some sense, a
repayment for her contribution of funds for the purchase of the home that she
and Tupper shared and for her unpaid work for the business that she and Tupper
had started together.  Although that evidence might not be sufficient to
establish for an ultimate trier of fact that defendant paid valuable
consideration to Tupper to be named as his beneficiary, we cannot say that it
is insufficient as a matter of law to create a factual question respecting the
issue.  On the summary judgment record as a whole, therefore, defendant's
status as a bona fide purchaser without notice remains an issue of fact.
From the foregoing discussion, we
conclude that neither party was entitled to summary judgment with respect to
plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim.  It follows that the trial court erred in
granting plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and that the Court of Appeals
erred in remanding for entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant.
That leaves us to consider
plaintiff's claim for money had and received.  As noted, the trial court
declared that claim to be moot after it granted summary judgment on plaintiff's
unjust enrichment claim and imposed the constructive trust that she had
requested.  On defendant's appeal, the Court of Appeals rejected plaintiff's
suggestion that she was entitled to summary judgment on her money had and
received claim, and that the imposition of the constructive trust remedy should
be affirmed on that alternate theory.  Relying on a definition set out in Powell
et al. v. Sheets et al., 196 Or 682, 251 P2d 108 (1952), the Court of
Appeals announced that an action for money had and received may be maintained
"'whenever one has money in his hands belonging to another, which, in
equity and good conscience, he ought to pay over to that other.'"  227 Or
App at 406 (quoting Powell, 196 Or at 700).  It then explained that, for
the same reasons set out in its discussion of plaintiff's unjust enrichment
claim, plaintiff did not and could not establish that she ever had had a
property interest in the insurance policy and proceeds that were the object of
her claim.  
We have rejected the Court of Appeals'
conclusion that plaintiff had not and could not show that she had a property
interest in the proceeds of the United of Omaha insurance policy (in fact, we
have concluded that, to the contrary, the dissolution decree conferred on
plaintiff an equitable property interest in that policy as a matter of law).  It
follows that the Court of Appeals' reasoning with respect to plaintiff's money
had and received claim rested on an incorrect premise.  In the absence of any
other well-developed argument with respect to plaintiff's money had and
received claim, we conclude that defendant was not entitled to summary judgment
on that claim and that the Court of Appeals erred in directing the trial court
to grant defendant's motion.  And, because we have rejected the trial court's resolution
of plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim, we also must reject that court's
conclusion that its resolution of that claim rendered moot plaintiff's claim
for money had and received.  We so hold.  If she elects to do so, plaintiff is
entitled to have her money had and received claim tried along with the unjust
enrichment claim.
The decision of the Court of Appeals
is reversed.  The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the case is
remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings.
1. Consistent
with that theory, defendant asserted a third-party complaint against the
personal representative of Tupper's estate, claiming reimbursement for any
amounts plaintiff might recover out of the insurance proceeds.
2. The cases are Oregon Pacific State Ins. Co. v. Jackson, 162 Or App 654,
986 P2d 650 (1999), and McDonald v. McDonald, 57 Or App 6, 643 P2d 1280
(1982). 
3. Tupper
had another child by a previous wife.
4. The
trial court concluded that, in light of its resolution of the unjust enrichment
claim, plaintiff's claim for money had and received was moot.
5. ORS
107.104(2)(a) provides:
"In a suit for marital * * * dissolution *
* *, the court may enforce the terms set forth in a stipulated judgment signed
by the parties, a judgment resulting from a settlement on the record or a
judgment incorporating a marital settlement agreement:
"(a) As contract terms using contract
remedies."
6. Plaintiff
cites Cash Flow Investors, Inc. v. Union Oil Co., 318 Or 88, 91, 862 P2d
501 (1993) (in contract dispute, court may impose attorney fees as provided in
contract); Illingworth v. Bushong, 297 Or 675, 694, 688 P2d 379 (1984), overruled
on other grounds by Ditommaso Realty, Inc. v. Moak Motorcycles, Inc.,
309 Or 190, 785 P2d 343 (1990) (contracting parties may agree on liquidated
damages where damages would be difficult or impossible to accurately estimate);
Eldridge et al. v. Johnston, 195 Or 379, 407-08, 245 P2d 239 (1952)
(contracts in restraint of trade, providing for injunction against working in
certain field, are enforceable if limited, reasonable, and supported by
consideration).
7. Conversely,
we have stated that, 
"'[i]f the trust property, or its substitute or
product, has passed into the hands of a party who obtained the legal title to
it and paid value for it, without notice of the existence of the trust and the
consequent equitable interest of the beneficiary, the equitable interest is cut
off and the legal title holder may retain the property free and clear of any
duty toward the beneficiary.'"
Clearwater v. Wagner, 272 Or 491, 496, 537 P2d
532 (1975) (quoting George C. Bogert, The Law of Trust § 165, 600 (5th
ed 1973)).
8. We
refer here only to the record as it exists on the parties' cross motions for
summary judgment.  We express no view on the question whether, under other
facts, constructive notice to a defendant might be sufficient to defeat
defendant's claim of entitlement to the policy proceeds.  But see
Suitter, 225 Or at 625 (quoting Pomeroy and suggesting constructive notice
would be sufficient).