Case Title: Idaho v. Jaskowski

Citation: 

Docket Number: 44772

State: idaho

Court: Idaho Supreme Court (criminal)

Date: 2018-01-18T00:00:00Z

Document:
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket No. 44772 
 
STATE OF IDAHO, 
 
           Plaintiff-Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
BRODY L. JASKOWSKI, 
 
           Defendant-Respondent. 
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Boise, December 2017 Term 
 
2018 Opinion No. 10 
 
Filed: January 18, 2018 
 
Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk 
 
Appeal from the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District of the State of  
Idaho, Bear Lake County.  Hon. Mitchell W. Brown, District Judge. 
 
 
The district court’s order suppressing evidence is affirmed. 
 
Honorable Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Boise, for appellant.   
 
Respondent did not participate in the appeal. 
 
                     _______________________________________________ 
 
HORTON, Justice. 
The State of Idaho appeals from the decision of the district court suppressing evidence 
found during a search of Brody Jaskowski’s pickup. Relying on State v. Turek, 150 Idaho 745, 
250 P.3d 796 (Ct. App. 2011), the district court held that Jaskowski’s probation agreement 
required that his probation officer request that Jaskowski submit to a search. The district court 
found that the probation officer did not make such a request of Jaskowski before searching his 
vehicle. Therefore, the district court suppressed evidence discovered in the course of the search. 
We affirm. 
I. 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
On October 29, 2014, following his plea of guilty to a misdemeanor charge of driving 
under the influence, Jaskowski was placed on supervised probation for 18 months. The judgment 
of conviction and order for probation incorporated Jaskowski’s agreement of supervision. In 
Paragraph 9 of the supervision agreement, Jaskowski agreed that:  
I shall submit and I agree to polygraph examinations, warrantless searches of my 
person, personal property, electronic devices, automobiles, residence, and 
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outbuildings at the request of my Probation Officer, by the Probation Officer, 
Peace Officer, and/or his designee; with or without Probable Cause; any time day 
or night. I understand that any Alcohol, evidence, and/or Contraband will be 
confiscated, and new charges can be filed in the event of criminal activity. 
 
On April 15, 2016, Jaskowski was driving his pickup when he was stopped by a 
Montpelier Police Department officer. The officer had been looking for Jaskowski because he 
had recently learned that there was a warrant for Jaskowski’s arrest. After seeing a pickup 
matching the description of one registered to Jaskowski, the officer contacted dispatch and was 
advised that there was a warrant for Jaskowski’s arrest. Aware that Jaskowski was on probation, 
the officer also called Jaskowski’s probation officer, who asked him to stop Jaskowski. 
The officer pulled Jaskowski over and, as he approached the pickup, the officer was 
informed that the warrant for Jaskowski’s arrest had been recalled by the court. The officer 
informed Jaskowski of the reason for the stop and requested his driver’s license and vehicle 
information. The officer “ran” Jaskowski’s driver’s license and learned that it “was shown as 
denied.” As the officer was writing Jaskowski a citation for driving without privileges, 
Jaskowski’s probation officer arrived.  
 
The probation officer told Jaskowski that he was going to search his vehicle and then 
began the search. At some point in the search, the probation officer asked the police officer to 
take Jaskowski into custody. After complying with the probation officer’s request, the police 
officer then assisted in completing the search of Jaskowski’s pickup.  
During the search, the officers found two pipes that field-tested positive for the presence 
of methamphetamine. In subsequent questioning, Jaskowski admitted to having used the pipes to 
smoke methamphetamine a few days earlier.  
Jaskowski was charged with a felony for possession of methamphetamine and two 
misdemeanors for possession of drug paraphernalia and driving without privileges. Jaskowski 
filed a motion to suppress. Following an evidentiary hearing, the district court found that the 
probation officer “did not request permission or consent to search the vehicle Jaskowski was 
driving” and “merely made the declaratory statement that ‘I was going to search’ the vehicle.” 
Applying the rule it understood to have been pronounced in Turek, the district court suppressed 
all evidence “seized or related to” the search of Jaskowski’s pickup. The State timely appealed.   
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 
In reviewing a district court order granting or denying a motion to suppress 
evidence, the standard of review is bifurcated. This Court will accept the trial 
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court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. However, this Court 
may freely review the trial court’s application of constitutional principles in light 
of the facts found.  
State v. Purdum, 147 Idaho 206, 207, 207 P.3d 182, 183 (2009) (citations omitted).  
III. ANALYSIS 
The State contends that the district court erred by not recognizing that Turek requires 
only that the probationer be informed of an officer’s intent to search. The State further argues 
that “[r]equiring ‘permission or consent’ . . . would render the Fourth Amendment waiver a 
nullity.” In support of this second argument, the State quotes our decision in State v. Purdum, 
147 Idaho 206, 207 P.3d 182 (2009), for the proposition that “a probationer’s consent to searches 
constitutes a waiver of Fourth Amendment rights.” Id. at 208, 207 P.3d at 184 (citing State v. 
Gawron, 112 Idaho 841, 736 P.2d 1295 (1987)). As we will discuss, the State is correct as to the 
Court of Appeals’ holding in Turek. However, as did the Court of Appeals in Turek, we reject the 
broad proposition advanced by the State and affirm the decision of the district court.   
In Turek, the Court of Appeals interpreted the scope of a probation agreement that 
contained a provision similar to the “at the request of” language in Jaskowski’s probation 
agreement.1 There, two probation officers and a sheriff’s deputy went to Turek’s home to 
conduct “an initial home visit.” Turek, 150 Idaho at 746, 250 P.3d at 797. The officers knocked 
on the door and received no response, although they could hear music playing inside the home 
and could see smoke coming from the chimney. Id. The sheriff’s deputy went to the back of the 
house to look for Turek, opened an unlocked shed door, and discovered “an active marijuana 
growing operation.” Id. The district court granted Turek’s motion to suppress, id. at 747, 250 
P.3d at 798, and the State appealed. 
In the portion of its opinion germane to this appeal, the Court of Appeals noted that the 
State contended “that the district court erred in interpreting the probation condition as requiring 
the probation officers or law enforcement to request permission to search at the scene.” Id. at 
748, 250 P.3d at 799. The Court of Appeals reviewed earlier decisions of this Court and 
concluded:  
We are unconvinced that Gawron and Purdum stand for the proposition 
that the type of probation condition at issue here constitutes a complete waiver of 
                                                 
1 Turek’s probation agreement required him to “[s]ubmit to searches of his/her person, residence, and any property 
under his/her control, without a warrant pursuant to probation supervision, at the request of the Probation Officer or 
Law Enforcement.” Turek, 150 Idaho at 746, 250 P.3d at 797.  
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all Fourth Amendment rights, regardless of the actual language in the condition. 
The state’s assertion that the acceptance of this probation condition constitutes an 
unfettered waiver of all Fourth Amendment rights against any warrantless search 
ignores a key component of the consent exception to the Fourth Amendment’s 
proscription of warrantless searches—the scope of the consent. It is well settled 
that when the basis for a search is consent, the state must conform its search to the 
limitations placed upon the right granted by the consent. The standard for 
measuring the scope of consent under the Fourth Amendment is that of objective 
reasonableness.  
Id. at 749, 250 P.3d at 800 (emphasis in original, citations omitted).  
 
Having correctly determined that the scope of consent was the critical inquiry, the Court 
of Appeals then properly focused on the language of the probationary condition to determine 
whether the search “exceeded the scope of Turek’s Fourth Amendment waiver.” Id. The Court of 
Appeals then considered decisions from courts of sister states, noting that “[s]everal courts that 
have addressed the issue have concluded that the inclusion of ‘at the request of’ in the search 
condition requires that any search conducted under the authority of the provision be preceded by 
a request to search directed at the probationer.”2 Id. (emphasis in original). The Court of Appeals 
then carefully examined three decisions, Joubert v. State, 926 P.3d 1191 (Alaska Ct. App. 1996), 
State v. Hindman, 866 P.2d 481 (Or. Ct. App. 1993), and People v. Mason, 488 P.2d 630 (Cal. 
1971), and concluded: 
Finding the reasoning of these authorities persuasive, we conclude that a 
probation condition that requires a probationer to submit to a search “at the 
request of” an officer requires that the probationer be informed of an officer’s 
intent to conduct an impending search. Like the Joubert Court, we recognize that 
the purposes of probation may be better advanced if we were to allow probation 
officers to conduct unrestricted, unannounced searches of a probationer’s 
residence. However, we must keep in mind that probationers’ expectation of 
privacy is merely diminished, not obliterated. 
Turek, 150 Idaho at 752, 250 P.3d at 803 (emphasis added, footnote omitted). 
   
Thus, the State is correct that the district court went beyond the holding in Turek insofar 
as the Court of Appeals indicated that a condition of probation requiring a probationer to submit 
to a search “at the request of” an officer merely required that the officer inform the probationer 
                                                 
2 The Turek court explained that whether the probationer must be presented with a request “is a distinct issue from 
whether a probationer may refuse the request to search (which would constitute a violation of the probation 
conditions and put him at risk for revocation of probation) or whether an officer may proceed with a warrantless 
search regardless of whether a probationer actually consents at the time of the impending search.” Turek, 150 Idaho 
at 749 n.3, 250 P.3d at 801 n.3. As this is not the situation presented in this appeal, we likewise decline to address 
this distinct issue.  
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of the intent to conduct the search. Nevertheless, because Turek was not present at the time of 
the search, the Court of Appeals was not required to address the narrower question presented by 
this appeal, i.e., when the defendant is present at the time of a search, whether the simple 
announcement of the probation officer’s intention to search is consistent with the scope of the 
probationer’s consent to search. We hold that it is not.   
 
The State’s argument in this appeal is essentially that which the Court of Appeals rejected 
in Turek: that all Fourth Amendment waivers should be treated in the same way, without regard 
for the language used in the condition of probation. Our previous decisions regarding Fourth 
Amendment waivers do not support the State’s assertion that we should adopt such a universal 
approach to Fourth Amendment waivers. See Purdum, 147 Idaho at 208, 207 P.3d at 184; 
Gawron, 112 Idaho at 843, 736 P.2d at 1297.  
 
Close examination of these previous decisions reveals that the resolution of each case has 
depended upon the specific language of the waiver at issue. For example, in Gawron this Court 
recognized that the probationer had “expressly waived his constitutional right to be free from 
warrantless searches.” Gawron, 112 Idaho at 834, 736 P.2d at 1297. The relevant term of the 
probation agreement provided: “That probationer does hereby agree and consent to the search of 
his person, automobile, real property, and any other property at any time and at any place by any 
law enforcement officer, peace officer, or probation officer, and does waive his constitutional 
right to be free from such searches.” Id. at 842, 736 P.2d at 1296. Our decision reflected that the 
scope of the waiver is defined by the terms employed in the condition of probation. Gawron 
simply waived all Fourth Amendment rights relating to searches of his person or property.  
 
We subsequently adopted the same approach in Purdum. There, the issue on appeal 
involved a seizure of the probationer. Purdum, 147 Idaho at 207, 207 P.3d at 183. The terms of 
Purdum’s probation required him to “submit to random blood, breath and/or urine analysis upon 
the request of the Court, his probation officer or any law enforcement official” and that he 
“submit to searches of personal property, automobiles and residence without a search warrant at 
the request of his probation officer.” Id. “[A] police officer who knew of Purdum’s probation 
conditions observed Purdum driving a vehicle . . . and decided to stop him for a drug test.” Id. 
Purdum pulled into his father’s driveway and the officer made contact with him. Id. As the 
officer patted him down for weapons, Purdum “bolted.” Id. The officer apprehended him and 
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arrested him for obstructing. A subsequent search of Purdum’s vehicle incident to the arrest led 
to the discovery of drugs and paraphernalia.3 Id. 
Purdum argued that the seizure violated his Fourth Amendment rights because the officer 
lacked reasonable suspicion or probable cause to initially detain him. Id. at 207–208, 207 P.3d at 
183–84. Focusing on the terms of his probation, we held that because Purdum had agreed to 
submit to random evidentiary tests, he had impliedly consented to “a limited seizure of his 
person necessary to effectuate” these tests. Id. at 208, 207 P.3d at 184.  
The common guiding principle underlying our decisions in Turek, Gawron, and Purdum 
is that courts evaluating the scope of the Fourth Amendment waiver must look to the language 
used in the condition of probation in order to determine whether the search was objectively 
reasonable. It was no accident that our decision in Gawron recognized the analogy between 
probation agreements and traditional contractual terms in governmental contracts. State v. 
Gawron, 112 Idaho 841, 843, 736 P.2d 1295, 1297 (1987). We take an objective approach to 
interpretation of contracts. Under this approach, “the court will give force and effect to the words 
of the contract. . . . [T]he law presumes that the parties understood the import of their contract 
and that they had the intention which its terms manifest.” J.R. Simplot Co. v. Bosen, 144 Idaho 
611, 614, 167 P.3d 748, 751 (2006) (quoting 17 Am.Jur.2d, Contracts, § 347 (2004)). Thus, we 
turn to the language of Jaskowski’s probation agreement: 
I shall submit and I agree to polygraph examinations, warrantless searches of my 
person, personal property, electronic devices, automobiles, residence, and 
outbuildings at the request of my Probation Officer, by the Probation Officer, 
Peace Officer, and/or his designee; with or without Probable Cause; any time day 
or night. I understand that any Alcohol, evidence, and/or Contraband will be 
confiscated, and new charges can be filed in the event of criminal activity. 
(emphasis added). The district court properly focused its attention on the “at the request of” 
language in granting Jaskowski’s motion to suppress. Unlike the narrower holding in Turek, we 
agree with the district court that Jaskowski’s waiver of his Fourth Amendment rights was 
conditioned upon the probation officer requesting to conduct a search and that any search 
conducted without such a prefatory request is not objectively reasonable. Based upon its factual 
determination that Jaskowski was not asked to submit to a search, the district court properly 
concluded that the search of Jaskowski’s pickup exceeded the scope of his Fourth Amendment 
waiver. We therefore affirm the district court’s suppression order.  
                                                 
3 The validity of the search of the vehicle incident to arrest was not at issue in Purdum.  
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IV. CONCLUSION 
 
We affirm the district court’s order suppressing evidence resulting from the search of 
Jaskowski’s pickup. 
Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices JONES, BRODY and BEVAN CONCUR.