Case Title: Wilson v. Holliday

Citation: 364 Md. 589

Docket Number: 97/00

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2001-06-26T00:00:00Z

Document:
Daryl E. Wilson v. Tina Holliday, Leslie Washington, and Antoria Dixon, No. 97,
September Term, 2000.
CONTEMPT—CHILD SUPPORT—PURGING PROVISION—ARREARAGES—
BOND—INCARCERATION—DUE PROCESS—Where a civil contemnor in a child
support matter does not have the present ability to purge, a court can neither incarcerate
him in the constructive civil contempt proceeding nor set a monetary purge provision or
bond amount at a level which the evidence fails to support the contemnor can pay.
Circuit Court for Dorchester County
Case #P-84-001826, P-85-001984, P-85-001985, P-86-002023
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND
No. 97
September Term, 2000
DARRYL E. WILSON
v.
         TINA HOLLIDAY, LESLIE                
WASHINGTON,  AND ANTORIA
                         DIXON
Bell, C.J.
Eldridge
Raker
Wilner
Cathell
Harrell
Battaglia
JJ.
Opinion by Harrell, J.
Filed: June 26, 2001
Daryl E. Wilson (Appellant), the father of four children by three mothers (Tina
Holliday, Leslie Washington, and Antoria Dixon (Appellees)), was ordered by the Circuit
Court for Dorchester County to pay child support for each child.  On 29 April 1993, in
response to petitions for contempt for non-payment of those support obligations, Appellant
conceded that he had failed to pay pursuant to the support orders.  Disposition, originally
scheduled for 26 August 1993, was postponed until 17 February 1994.  At that time, Appellant
failed to appear and, as a result, the court issued a bench warrant for his arrest.  Six years later,
on 29 February 2000, the bench warrant was able to be executed.  Appellant was released upon
posting of a $1000 corporate surety bond the same day.  
On 30 March 2000, Appellant appeared at the disposition hearing without an attorney.
The court postponed the hearing until 27 April 2000 so that he could obtain one, but ordered
Appellant to post a cash-only bond in the amount of $9353, which represented at the time the
total amount of his arrearages in the cases.  Appellant was unable to post the cash-only bond.
On 27 April 2000, the court sentenced Appellant to 18 months in prison, beginning on 1
December 2000, with a purge provision that he either pay the entire amount of the arrearages
or a set portion of the arrearage in each case before that date, and that he make current support
payments.  Appellant appealed to the Court of Special Appeals on 1 May 2000.
On 16 October 2000, before the intermediate appellate court decided his appeals,
Appellant filed a petition for writ of certiorari with this Court and a motion to stay the
judgments of the Circuit Court.  Appellees, represented by the State, consented to the entry
1 Wilson v. Holliday, 361 Md. 433, 761 A.2d 932 (2000).
2
of the stay, which we ordered contemporaneously with granting Appellant’s petition for
certiorari on 13 November 2000.1
The petition for certiorari presented the following questions:
1.
Whether, under Maryland Rule 15-207(e)(4), where the contemnor lacks
a present ability to pay, a circuit court may impose a deferred sentence
of incarceration subject to a purging provision, whether that purging
provision may include the payment of current support, and whether the
court may provide for automatic execution of the sentence in the event
that the purge amount is not paid.
2.
Whether, under Maryland Rule 15-207(c)(2), a circuit court may,
pending further proceedings on the contempt petition, incarcerate a civil
contemnor who has failed to appear and set a bond which he does not
have the ability to post.
I.
This case arises from a 1993 finding that Appellant was in contempt of child support
orders regarding four children he fathered with Appellees, Tina Holliday, Leslie Washington,
and Antoria Dixon.  The cases were consolidated by court order entered 31 May 1990.  
A.  Tina Holliday
Having established on 8 March 1984 that Appellant had fathered Tina Holliday’s son,
the Circuit Court for Dorchester County ordered Appellant to pay $10 a week in child support,
with the amount increasing to $25 upon Appellant’s entry into the armed services.  Because
Appellant failed to meet his support obligations, many petitions to hold him in contempt for
nonpayment of support were filed with the court over the years.  The petition giving rise to the
3
present case was filed on 10 September 1992.  Appellant appeared in court on 29 April 1993
and admitted that he had failed to meet his support obligation; however, he failed to appear for
a continued disposition hearing scheduled for 17 February 1994.  A bench warrant was issued
for Appellant and a $1000 blanket bond was set (in all four cases) on 25 February 1994.  The
warrant was not able to be executed until 29 February 2000.
B.  Leslie Washington
Appellant’s paternity of Appellee Washington’s two children was established on 23
September 1985.  The Circuit Court for Dorchester County ordered Appellant to pay $10 a
week in support for each child.  Appellant failed both to meet this obligation and to attend his
contempt hearing on 26 January 1993.  As a result, the court issued a bench warrant for
Appellant’s arrest.  On 23 April 1993, Appellant appeared in court and admitted to breaching
the support orders.  Rescinding the bench warrant, the court found Appellant to be $1516 in
arrears on his child support payments.  Although the court postponed and rescheduled his
disposition hearing, Appellant failed to appear.  The court issued a bench warrant for
Appellant’s arrest on 25 February 1994.  The warrant was not able to be executed until 29
February 2000.
C.  Antoria Dixon
Appellee Dixon filed a paternity complaint against Appellant on 4 March 1986 to
establish the paternity of her one-month-old son.  On 19 October 1990, Appellant’s paternity
of Appellee Dixon’s child was established.  Appellant agreed to pay $41.08 a week in child
support, but ultimately failed to do so.  On 10 September 1992, Appellee filed a petition to
2 Appellant’s attorney indicated that, sometime during 1994 or 1995, Appellant was
incarcerated in Delaware for failure to pay child support and for sexual assault.  He was not
released until early 2000.  According to a letter dated 6 April 2000 from Appellant’s
mother to the Circuit Court, however, Appellant apparently was incarcerated between May
1995 and November 1996, and between November 1997 and September 1999.  (Letter
from Joyce Pelson, Appellant’s mother, to Hon. Donald F. Johnson, Judge, Circuit Court
for Dorchester County (6 April 2000) (in record for all four cases)).
4
hold Appellant in contempt; Appellant failed to appear for the contempt petition hearing held
on 26 January 1993.  The court issued a bench warrant for his arrest.  On 29 April 1993,
Appellant admitted having violated the child support order and to owing Appellee Dixon $5336
in arrears.  Although the court postponed and rescheduled his disposition hearing, Appellant
failed to appear.  The court issued a bench warrant for Appellant’s arrest on 25 February 1994.
The warrant was not able to be executed until 29 February 2000.
D.  Disposition Hearings
The disposition hearing on the contempt findings in all four cases was originally
scheduled for 26 August 1993, but was postponed until 16 December 1993, at which time
Appellant’s  request for legal representation prompted the court to postpone the hearing again
until 27 January 1994.  Because Appellant failed to appear for the January hearing, the court
postponed the hearing until 17 February 1994.  When Appellant failed to appear at that hearing
as well, the court issued a bench warrant.
After submitting himself to custody on 29 February 2000,2 Appellant appeared at a 30
March 2000 disposition hearing.  Appellant asserted that, until informed by the court that day,
3 Appellant’s caseworker confirmed that, in her letter to Appellant, she indicated that
the 30 March 2000 hearing was scheduled to settle the contempt issues.  She did not
mention that it was, in fact, a sentencing hearing regarding his 29 April 1993 contempt.
5
he had not known that the hearing was a sentencing hearing.3  Because he appeared at the
hearing without an attorney, the court postponed the sentencing hearing until 27 April 2000
so that Appellant could obtain counsel.  The court, on 30 March 2000, also set a blanket cash
bond in the amount of $9385, an amount equal to Appellant’s current arrearages in the four
cases, despite Appellant’s assertions that he was unable to pay that amount and that he was
concerned for his job should he be incarcerated as a result of that inability.  
Unable to post the cash bond, Appellant was incarcerated until his 27 April 2000
hearing.  As a result of his incarceration while awaiting sentencing, Appellant lost his job in
Salisbury, Maryland.  With Appellant unemployed and, according to counsel, likely to have
difficulty in obtaining new employment in light of his criminal record, Appellant’s attorney
requested at the sentencing hearing that the court “fashion [Appellant’s purge schedule] in a
way that he could more reasonably make these payments so that we don’t set up [Appellant] just
for failure again, to come back just on December 1 and begin serving [an] extensive sentence
here.”  Appellees’ attorney hypothecated that Appellant would be able to meet the
recommended payment schedule if he held two minimum-wage jobs.  
The court ordered Appellant to serve 18 months in the Dorchester County Detention
Center for each case, to run concurrently, unless he paid the following amounts by 1 December
2000: in Appellee Holliday’s case, Appellant was ordered to pay a purge amount of $420, plus
4 Ultimately, in view of this Court’s opinion in Rawlings v. Rawlings, 362 Md. 535,
766 A.2d 98 (2001), Appellees’ counsel conceded error on this point as well.  See note 6,
infra.
6
$10 a week in current payments and $20 a week in arrears; in Appellee Dixon’s case, Appellant
was ordered to pay a purge amount of $1650, plus $41.08 per week in current support
payments; in Appellee Washington’s one child’s case, Appellant was ordered to pay a purge
amount of $420, plus $10 a week in current payments and $20 a week in arrears; and, in
Appellee Washington’s other child’s case, Appellant was ordered to pay a $510 purge amount,
plus $10 a month in arrears and $52 a month in current payments.  When questioned further
about the amount Appellant would be required to pay in arrears, the court answered that
Appellant was to pay the amount of the 29 April 1993 arrearages, as well as “any future
contempts.”  [Emphasis added].
II.
During oral argument before us, counsel for Appellees initially conceded the
correctness of Appellant’s arguments, reserving only for defense that Appellant’s defense
counsel in the Circuit Court had agreed to the purge amount.4  Specifically then, the parties
agree that the Circuit Court erred when it fashioned a self-executing purging scheme that
provided for full payment of arrearages without evidence of Appellant’s present ability to
pay, as well as when it ordered Appellant to post a $9353 cash-only bond.  They also agree
that Appellant should not have been incarcerated without a hearing as to any future non-
7
payment of support, i.e., conduct which had not yet occurred and thus was not yet
contemptuous.  Appellees’ concessions are well-founded.
A.  Maryland Rule 15-207(e)
Appellant made three arguments under Maryland Rule 15-207(e).  First, he asserted
that the Circuit Court erred when, while imposing incarceration or substantial purge
provisions, it made no finding that Appellant had the present ability to pay the monetary
purge of the contempt.  Second, he argued that the judgments in this case erroneously
required, as a purging provision for past contempt, the payment of future child-support
payments when due.  Third, Appellant contended that the Circuit Court erred because its
judgments made no provision for a further hearing to determine whether Appellant actually
had violated the Rule 15-207(e)(4) order and whether he had the ability to purge the
contempt before incarceration.  We agree that the Circuit Court erred in its judgments.  
In Lynch v. Lynch, 342 Md. 509, 677 A.2d 584 (1996), we concluded that, if an
obligor could prove that he or she did not have the present ability to pay the amount of child
support owed, then the court could not hold him or her in contempt.  Lynch, 342 Md. at
521-22, 677 A.2d at 590.  We explained:
Where the order is one prescribing or prohibiting a specified cause of
conduct, the required defense showing is that the defendant is unable to
conform his or her conduct in compliance with the court order.  Where the
order calls for the payment of money, the defendant is entitled to the
“opportunity to show that he [or she] had neither the estate nor the ability to
pay his [or her] obligation.”  In that situation, “[m]orever, the issue is not the
ability to pay at the time the payments were originally ordered; instead,
the issue is his present ability to pay.”  Only if he or she fails to show such
8
inability is a finding of contempt and subsequent imprisonment permitted. 
Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted).  
Abrogating this holding in Lynch, the Court enacted Maryland Rule 15-207(e)
(amended 10 December 1996, effective 1 January 1997; 20 January 1999, effective 1 July
1999), which provides, in pertinent part:
(e)  Constructive civil contempt — Support enforcement action.  (1) 
Applicability.  This section applies to proceedings for constructive civil
contempt based on an alleged failure to pay spousal or child support,
including an award of emergency family maintenance under Code, Family
Law Article, Title 4, Subtitle 5.
(2)  Petitioner’s burden of proof.  Subject to subsection (3) of this section,
the court may make a finding of contempt if the petitioner proves by clear
and convincing evidence that the alleged contemnor has not paid the amount
owed, accounting from the effective date of the support order through the
date of the contempt hearing.
(3) When a finding of contempt may not be made.  The court may not make a
finding of contempt if the alleged contemnor proves by a preponderance of
the evidence that (A) from the date of the support order through the date of
the contempt hearing the alleged contemnor (i) never had the ability to pay
more than the amount actually paid and (ii) made reasonable efforts to
become or remain employed or otherwise lawfully obtain the funds
necessary to make payment, or (B) enforcement by contempt is barred by
limitations as to each unpaid spousal or child support payment for which the
alleged contemnor does not make the proof set forth in subsection (3) (A) of
this section.
(4) Order.  Upon a finding of constructive civil contempt for failure to pay
spousal or child support, the court shall issue a written order that specifies
that (A) the amount of the arrearage for which enforcement by contempt is
not barred by limitations, (B) any sanction imposed for the contempt, and (C)
how the contempt may be purged.  If the contemnor does not have the present
ability to purge the contempt, the order may include directions that the
contemnor make specified payment on the arrearage at future times and
5 In Rawlings v. Rawlings, 362 Md. 535, 766 A.2d 98 (2001), we referred to a
letter from the then Chair of this Court’s Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and
Procedure, which discussed the then proposed Rule 15-207(e)(4) and its impact on Lynch.
[T]here is widespread concern that the Lynch decision has made the
enforcement of child and spousal support orders very difficult.  The
Committee was advised that, in some areas of the State, enforcement through
civil contempt proceedings has effectively been eliminated.
The support enforcement personnel were aware, long before Lynch,
that it was impermissible for a court, in a civil contempt action to imprison
the obligor for nonpayment of court-ordered support if the contemnor was
not then able to comply with the purge provision.  The practice, however, in
such a case, was for the court to make a finding of contempt based on
evidence that the obligor had the ability to make payments during the period
at issue, set a purge amount, and direct the obligor either to make specific
payments on the arrearage in the future or to take other specific steps, such
as searching for employment, to enable him or her to make those payments. 
The witness indicated that, in most instances, that approach was successful in
producing payments.
The problem now, according to the witnesses, is that Lynch prohibits a
finding of contempt unless the obligee can prove an ability to purge on the
day of the hearing, and it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to have
9
perform specified acts to enable the contemnor to comply with the direction
to make payments.
Recently, in Rawlings v. Rawlings, 362 Md. 535, 766 A.2d 98 (2001), we
discussed the “legislative intent” of Rule 15-207(e) and its effects on the Lynch holding. 
Rawlings, 362 Md. at 544-550, 766 A.2d at 103-07.  We noted that 
Rule 15-207(e) resolved Lynch’s concern regarding the inability to
purge if contempt is based on the past ability to pay or if the contemnor is
determined to be unable presently to satisfy the purge amount.  Rule 15-
207(e)(4) requires that if is determined that the contemnor does not have the
present ability to purge, then “the [contempt] order may include directions
that the contemnor make specified payments on the arrearage at future times
and perform specified acts to enable the contemnor to comply with the
direction to make payments.”  Rule 15-207(e)(4).  As the committee note
explains,[5] and as noted supra, “[i]f the contemnor fails, 
such immediately up-to-date information.  The obligee may have evidence of
employment or other ability to pay at the time the petition is filed but may be
unable to prove that ability on the day of the hearing, which may be two weeks
later.  Absent that ability, no finding of contempt can be made, and absent a
finding of contempt, no purge provision can be set.  The whole coercive
mechanism fails.
The Committee was persuaded that the witnesses’ interpretation of
Lynch was correct and that the rule should be changed to permit a finding of
contempt based on evidence of an ability to pay during the period proceeding
the hearing.  This change would not, of course, allow the court to imprison an
obligor in the absence of evidence that he or she is capable of meeting the
purge provision; its function is simply to allow the finding of contempt,
coupled with a purge and, when appropriate, directions that the obligor make
specific payments in the future or take other specific actions to enable him
or her to make those payments.  This is reflected in the proposed changes to
Rule 15-207.
Rawlings, 362 Md. at 550, 766 A.2d at 106 (internal citations omitted) (quoting Letter
from Hon. Alan M. Wilner, Chairman, Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and
Procedure, to Hon. Robert M. Bell, C.J., Hon. John C. Eldridge, Hon. Lawrence F.
Rodowsky, Hon. Howard S. Chasanow, Hon. Robert L. Karwacki, and Hon. Irma S. Raker
(Oct. 31, 1996) (on file with Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure).
10
without just cause, to comply with any provisions of the order, [then] a
criminal contempt proceeding may be brought based on a violation of the
proceeding.”  Rule 15-207(e)(4).  Rule 15-207(e) thus complies with the
notions in Lynch that one must first have the opportunity to demonstrate an
inability to pay his obligation and, if imprisonment is ordered, the ability to
purge, thus retaining the remedial nature of civil contempt—civil contempt is
to force compliance and not to punish.  Moreover, the goal of civil contempt
of forcing compliance is met when the contemnor is provided with directions
as to how to comply and only upon failure to do so may a criminal contempt
proceeding be brought.  Thus, Rule 15-207(e) provides an extra opportunity
for a contemnor to comply with the order before being subject to criminal
contempt proceedings.  Nonetheless, a defendant’s present inability to pay,
other than as a pre-requisite consideration to setting the purge amount, was
abolished effectively as a defense to a contempt finding by the adoption of
Rule 15-207(e).
11
Rawlings, 362 Md. at 551-53, 766 A.2d at 107-08 (internal citations omitted).  Thus, while
Rule 15-207(e) does not eliminate the option of terminating a civil proceeding and
initiating a criminal contempt proceeding for a defendant who refuses intentionally to pay
his or her child or spousal support amount, the Rule does not provide the courts with the
sanction of incarceration where the defendant does not have the present ability to purge.  
In Jones v. State, 351 Md. 264, 718 A.2d 222 (1998), the Circuit Court for
Baltimore County, upon finding Jones in civil contempt for failure to comply with a child
support order, imposed a deferred two-year prison sentence on the condition that Jones
make the previously ordered payments.  Id., 351 Md. at 271, 718 A.2d at 226.  The court
instructed that, if Jones missed a single payment, “the full balance at that time shall be due
and he shall report to the [Baltimore County] Department of Corrections to serve his
sentence.”  Id., 351 Md. at 279, 718 A.2d at 230.  Overruling the Circuit Court’s judgment,
we determined that the provision was invalid because it required the contemnor to “report
to serve the prison sentence without any determination of his present ability to purge the
contempt.”  Id.  We explained that, although Rule 15-207(e) resolved the concerns
regarding the Lynch holding, it did not mitigate the pre-requisites of when one can be
incarcerated after being adjudicated in civil contempt:
[u]nder Rule 15-207, the finding of civil contempt does not pose an
immediate threat of incarceration to the contemnor.  Maryland law has long
required a distinct regimen of substantive and procedural safeguards for
persons found to be in civil contempt of a support enforcement order.  “Only
if [the contemnor] fails to show [a present] inability [to pay] is . . .
subsequent imprisonment permitted.”
12
Jones, 351 Md. at 275-76, 718 A.2d at 228 (alterations in original) (emphasis added)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Lynch, 342 Md. at 521-22, 677 A.2d at 590). 
Elucidating this “regimen,” we noted that
[t]he procedural component to this restrictive requirement is that any party
judged to be a civil contemnor must be afforded the opportunity to show a
present inability to purge the [past] contempt; “Where the order calls for the
payment of money, the defendant is entitled to the ‘opportunity to show that
he [or she] had neither the estate nor the ability to pay his [or her] obligation.’
”
Jones, 351 Md. at 276, 718 A.2d at 228 (alterations in original) (emphasis added) (internal
quotations omitted) (quoting Lynch, 342 Md. at 521, 677 A.2d at 590 (quoting Johnson v.
Johnson, 241 Md. 416, 420, 216 A.2d 914, 917 (1966)).  
In other words, if a civil contemnor does not have the present ability to purge, a
court cannot incarcerate him or her in the constructive civil contempt proceeding.  In the
present case, Appellant’s sentence instructed him to report to prison on 1 December 2000
if he was not able to pay the requisite purge amounts (i.e., the full arrearages) and make 
current payments.  The court erred in issuing such an order, for the court cannot order a
self-executing prison sentence in this situation, i.e., one that does not first require a hearing
to determine whether Appellant possessed the present ability to pay the purge amounts and
whether he failed to make the current payments due between the 27April 2000 order date
and the 1 December 2000 compliance date.
In the current case, Appellant, unable to post the cash bond, was incarcerated for 28
days.  As a result of his incarceration while awaiting sentencing, Appellant lost his $6 per
13
hour job.  Unsure of Appellant’s ability to obtain employment in light of Appellant’s
criminal record, Appellant’s attorney asserted during the 27 April 2000 sentencing hearing
that:
I believe that if The Court would consider. . . .The Court has already heard
that [Appellant] is required to pay [sic] he has two other children in Delaware
which he pays $54 a week for those children.
*
*
*
I’m just concerned about the amounts in which he’d have to pay in terms of
the fact that he — with his criminal record that The Court has heard that he’s
been incarcerated basically since 1995, we’ve now heard, for sex offenses,
that his opportunity of getting a high-paying job is not as likely as someone
else that may be able to come up with these amounts.
*
*
*
But I would ask The Court to, perhaps, fashion it in a way that he could
more reasonably make these payment so that we don’t set up [Appellant] just
for failure again, to come back just on December 1 and begin serving
extensive sentence here.  
In response, Appellees’ attorney noted that:
[We] put a great deal of thought to fashion our recommendation for you
today. . . . [W]e even sat down and figured out what [Appellant] would be
making on a minimum-wage job, and what percentage of taxes would most
likely be taken out, and how much he would be left with. 
And we came to the conclusion . . . if he’s only able to maintain
minimum-wage employment, he would be in a position of having to obtain a
second job.  A lot of people in this world [sic] do work two jobs and I don’t
think it’s unreasonable to expect him to obtain a second job to be able to
make these payments. . . .
After hearing the parties’ arguments, the Circuit Court issued the following
sentence:
[COURT]:
[In Appellee Holliday’s case, t]he Court sentences
[Appellant] to 18 months in the Dorchester County
Detention Center beginning December 1, 2000.  He
14
may purge himself of contempt by paying $420 by
December 1, 2000, and by making his regular $10
support payments and $20 on the arrears per week.  He
may also purge himself of contempt at any time by
paying the total amount.
And, in [one of Appellee Washington’s cases], the Court
sentences him to 18 months beginning December 1,
2000.  That is to be concurrent to the 18-month
sentence in [Appellee Holliday’s case].  Now, in [this
case], he may purge himself of contempt by paying
$420 by December 1, 2000, and by paying $10 support
a week plus $20 a week on the arrearage.  In [Appellee
Dixon’s case], The Court sentences [Appellant] to 18
months beginning December 1, 2000.  That would be
concurrent . . . to the sentence imposed in [the above
mentioned cases].  He may purge himself of contempt
in [Appellee Dixon’s case] by paying the full amount of
the arrearage at any time or by paying $1650 by
December 1, 2000, and by making regular child support
payments of $41.08 a week.
In [Appellee Washington’s second case], The Court
sentences him to 18 months to the Dorchester
Detention Center beginning December 1, 2000.  He
may purge himself of contempt [in this case] by paying
$510 by December 1, 2000, plus $52 a month in
support and $10 a month toward arrearage.  And he is to
be given credit for 28 days served [while awaiting this
hearing].
 
*
*
*
[APPELLEES’
ATTORNEY]:
What — in terms of — we’re talking about sentencing
him to something as a result of the April-29-‘93 hearing
and we’re talking about the arrearage found on that day?
[COURT]:
Yes, ma’am.  And any future contempts. [Emphasis
added].
15
On this record, the Circuit Court erred in imposing a deferred sentence of
incarceration subject to a purging provision, which included the payment of current
support, when there was no evidence presented to show that Appellant had the present
ability to pay that amount, and, where a separate hearing was not held to determine whether
Appellant was in contempt of the child support orders between 27 April and 1 December
2000.  Once a finding of constructive civil contempt was made in the present case, Rule
15-207(e)(4) required the Circuit Court to issue a written order that specified “(A) the
amount of the arrearage for which enforcement by contempt is not barred by limitations,
(B) any sanction imposed for that contempt, and (C) how the contempt may be purged.” 
Maryland Rule 15-207(e)(4).  Here, where Appellant did not have the present ability to
purge the past contempt, “the order may include directions that the contemnor make
specific payments on the arrearage at future times and perform specified acts to enable
the contemnor to comply with the direction to make payments.”  Id.   The rule does not,
however, provide that the order may include directions to make future child support
payments as a way in which to purge past contempt.  In this respect, the Circuit Court erred
as well.
No evidence was advanced that Appellant had the present ability to pay the purge
amount.  Even by Appellees’ attorney’s reckoning, Appellant could not pay the purge
amount unless he held not one, but two jobs.  While this argument may be accurate about
Appellant’s potential future employment, it did not respond to the fact that Appellant was,
on the date of the hearing, presently unemployed and presently unable to pay the purge
16
amounts.  It appears that the Circuit Court’s frustration (and reflecting Appellees’ as well,
no doubt) with repeated case postponements occasioned by Appellant’s conduct and/or
inertia and his overall noncompliance with the support orders led it to speculate what
purge amount Appellant could pay and to disregard evidence of what he could not.  In
Rawlings, although decided after the occurrence of the operative events in the present
case, we cautioned against such conduct, stating:
[I]t may be frustrating to judges and masters to deal with people who appear
to be deliberately ignoring their child-support obligations, by spending
available funds for other purposes, by voluntary impoverishment, by refusing
to obtain steady employment, or by other technique—people who return
time and again with excuses that the judge or master finds incredible or
inadequate and who thus seem to flaunt their defiance of properly entered
court orders.  Nonetheless, because a person’s liberty is at stake and
because it is a judicial proceeding, both the form and substance of due
process and proper judicial procedure must be observed.  Shortcuts that
trample on these requisites and conclusions that are based on hunch rather
than on evidence are not allowed.
Rawlings, 362 Md. at 571-72, 766 A.2d at 118 (quoting Thrower v. State ex. rel. Bureau
of Support Enforcement, 358 Md. 146, 161, 747 A.2d 634, 642 (2000).  In Rawlings,
upon hearing that the court intended to set the purge amount for the sum of the arrears, the
contemnor’s attorney first protested that his client did not have the ability to pay any purge
amount, then proposed that the court set a purge of $2500, and later agreed for him to pay
$3,367.90, or 10 percent of the total arrears.  Id., 362 Md. at 568-570, 766 A.2d at 116-
17.  We determined that “[i]n the absence of evidence bearing on present ability to pay any
purge sum, however, it appears that speculative negotiations took place between the court
and the parties’ attorneys on this point.”  Id., 362 Md. at 570, 766 A.2d at 117.  We
6  In Rawlings, we noted that
it is well settled under Maryland law that
there is a prima facie presumption that an
attorney has authority to bind his client by his
actions relating to the conduct of litigation.  This
is particularly true of stipulations or admissions
made in the course of trial.  
Rawlings, 362 Md. at 570-71, n.30, 766 A.2d at 118, n.30 (internal citations omitted).  In
Rawlings, we concluded that the contemnor’s attorney did not make a binding admission
that his client had the present ability to pay when he accepted the court’s purge amount, in
light of earlier, contradictory comments he made about his client’s present ability to pay. 
Id., 362 Md. at 570-71, n.30, 766 A.2d at 118, n. 30.  We determined that
The record does not reflect that Petitioner’s counsel consulted
with his client before agreeing to the purge amount.  As
Petitioner’s present ability to pay is a matter of fact, doubt is
cast on what Petitioner’s attorney may have been conceding. 
The law requires more before the court establishes a purge
amount, the non-payment of which may lead to the
incarceration of Petitioner in a civil contempt proceeding.
Id.  Similarly, the evidence on the present record does not establish Petitioner’s present
ability to pay as a matter of fact.
17
concluded that such negotiations by the contemnor’s attorney did not constitute an
admission of fact that the contemnor had the present ability to pay either purge amount
proposed.6  Id.
Under the circumstances of the present case, it was not proven that Appellant had
either the estate or the present ability to pay the purge amount of past and future
contempts at the set amount.  Moreover, Appellant’s attorney’s discussions with the court,
specifically where the record does not reflect that he consulted with Appellant, cannot be
construed as admissions of fact that Appellant had the ability to pay the purge by 1
December 2000.  Rather, they were merely negotiations with the court and opposing
18
counsel to obtain the lowest purge amount possible.  See Rawlings, 362 Md. at 570, 766
A.2d at 117.  Although Appellant may have had the present ability to pay the purge, there
was no proof that he did; rather, there was Appellant’s testimony that he did not. On
remand, if the evidence supports it, the Circuit Court, pursuant to Rule 15-207(e)(4), may
order “directions that . . . [Appellant] make specified payments on the arrearage at a future
times and perform specified acts to enable . . . [Petitioner] to comply with the direction to
make payments.”
B.  Maryland Rule 15-207(c)(2)
The second assertion which Appellant poses is that, in accordance with Maryland
Rule 15-207(c)(2), a circuit court may not, pending further proceedings on the contempt
petition, incarcerate a civil contemnor who has failed to appear and to set bond which the
contemnor does not have the present ability to post.  We agree.  Maryland Rule 15-
207(c)(2) provides:
(2) Failure of alleged contemnor to appear.  If the alleged contemnor fails to
appear personally at the time and place set by the court, the court may enter
an order directing a sheriff or other peace officer to take custody of and
bring the alleged contemnor before the court or judge designated in the
order.  If the alleged contemnor in a civil contempt proceeding fails to
appear in person or by counsel at the time and place set by the court, the
court may proceed ex parte.
 
When interpreting and reconciling the Court’s rules of procedure, we employ the
same guidelines used for interpreting statutes. O’Donnell v. McGann, 310 Md. 342, 350,
529 A.2d 372, 376 (1987); In re Leslie M., 305 Md. 477, 481, 505 A.2d 504, 507 (1986);
Pappas v. Pappas, 287 Md. 455, 465, 413 A.2d 549, 553 (1980).  Related court rules,
19
like related statutes, are construed to harmonize with each other to produce reasonable
results, if possible.  McGann, 310 Md. at 350, 529 A.2d at 376; Equitable Life Assurance
v. Jalowsky, 306 Md. 257, 263, 508 A.2d 137, 140 (1986); Leslie M., 305 Md. at 481,
505 A.2d at 507.
Maryland Rule 15-207(c)(2) is clear and unambiguous, requiring no construction. 
It provides two, succinct alternatives for the court to select from should a contemnor fail
to appear in a civil contempt proceeding: the court may direct that a contemnor be arrested
and brought before the court for the scheduled hearing, or the court may hold the hearing
in his or her absence.  Affording the rule its plain meaning, it clearly does not speak to
whether a court may order that the contemnor be arrested and detained while awaiting a
subsequent hearing or set an unreasonable bond amount to secure via incarceration the
contemnor’s attendance.  Additionally, the language does not provide that a court may
direct a cash bond in the amount of the accumulated arrearages where that amount is in
excess of a contemnor’s ability to post such an amount.  
The following exchange occurred during the 30 March 2000 hearing with regard to
Appellant’s cash bond, which the court set at an amount equal to the total amount of
Appellant’s arrearages. 
[CASEWORKER]:
I understood when I came on board with the Bureau of Support
Enforcement this was a very difficult case, and it was very
difficult to find [Appellant] and keep him working when I did
find him, and that’s just a little bit of background history.
[APPELLEES’
ATTORNEY]:
At this point — I mean, it’s my understanding that in —
20
[COURT]:
Well, if [Appellant] wishes an attorney and he was told
something else that made him believe that this was
some other purpose then I’ll continue his case and
reschedule it.  However, I’m going to set bond in an
amount that’s equal to the amount of the arrearages in
each case and that total will be $9000—$9353 and that
will be a cash bond.
*
*
*
[APPELLANT]:
Excuse me, Your Honor.  That’s the bail that I’m out on
now, is for these cases.
[COURT]:
Well, I’ve just increased it to a cash bond.  It will be a
blanket bond for all four cases and —
[APPELLANT]:
What about my —
[COURT]:
— next date is April 27; is that —
[CLERK]:
Yes, Your Honor.
[COURT]:
Okay.  And the next — you should be here on April 27th
at 8:30 prepared for sentencing.  In the meantime, I’ve
already told you about your rights to an attorney; that’s
on the record.  And if you want one you should get one
between now and April 27th.
[APPELLEES’
ATTORNEY]:
Thank you, Your Honor.
[APPELLANT]:
What about my employment?
[COURT]:
I don’t have anything to do with your employment.  It’s 
up to your employer.
[APPELLANT]:
I’m saying, will I be able to go to work?
[COURT]:
If you post the bond, yes.
[APPELLANT]:
You can’t make it secured?
[COURT]:
I’m sorry?
[APPELLANT]:
You can’t make it secured because I can’t come up with
$9000 cash?  I mean, it’s not like I’m going anywhere. 
I’m already on probation.
[COURT]:
I’m going to have to leave it as is.  Seven years is a long
time not to appear. . . . .
Under Maryland Rule 1-402(d), “[a]t any time for good cause shown, the court may
require an increase or decrease in the face amount of the bond.”  Once the court secured
Appellant’s attendance, however, the court was required to proceed in a manner which
21
maintained Appellant’s right to due process.  The court erred when it attempted to palliate
Appellant’s incarceration, subject to a purge amount that he asserted he could not pay (an
assertion to which Appellees’ failed to mount a significant challenge to the contrary), by
claiming he was a flight risk based upon his prior non-appearances.  We reiterate that
“because a person’s liberty is at stake and because it is a judicial proceeding, both the form
and substance of due process and proper judicial procedure must be observed.  Shortcuts
that trample on these requisites and conclusions that are based on hunch rather than on
evidence are not allowed.”  Rawlings, 362 Md. at 571-72, 766 A.2d at 118 (quoting
Thrower, 358 Md. at 161, 747 A.2d at 642).  While we understand the court’s frustration
with Appellant’s prior conduct, we conclude that the court in this case failed to adhere to
the guidelines of due process when, instead of setting a bond that was reasonable under the
circumstances, it set a bond in an amount that, in effect, constituted no bond at all. 
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR DORCHESTER
COUNTY REVERSED.  CASE
REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. 
COSTS TO BE  PAID BY THE STATE
OF MARYLAND.