Case Title: James v. Bessemer Processing Co. Inc.

Citation: 

Docket Number: a-115-97

State: new-jersey

Court: New Jersey Supreme Court

Date: 1998-07-27T00:00:00Z

Document:
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized). STEIN, J., writing for a unanimous Court. The issue on appeal is whether a plaintiff in a toxic-tort, failure-to-warn case can establish a prima facie case on the element of "medical causation" by satisfying the "frequency, regularity and proximity" test announced by the Appellate Division in Sholtis v. American Cyanamid Co., absent evidence that the illness was caused by specific products manufactured by specific defendants. The Court also addresses whether a showing of prejudice to the moving parties is required to support a trial court's determination to dismiss a plaintiff's complaint without prejudice pursuant to Rule 4:4-1. Decedent, Walter James, was employed by Bessemer Processing Company, Inc. (Bessemer) for twenty-six years. Bessemer, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Kingsland Drum and Barrel, was engaged in the cleaning and reconditioning of used and empty fifty-five gallon drums for further use by the petroleum industry and certain other chemical manufacturers. Kingsland sent to Bessemer drums that had residue that was more sticky and viscose, requiring incineration, blasting and/or recontouring. During the course of his employment with Bessemer, decedent was exposed on a daily basis to a wide variety of residues of petroleum products and other chemical substances, many allegedly containing benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other human carcinogens. On February 8, 1990, at the age of fifty-two, decedent died of stomach and liver cancer. Decedent's widow, Ida James (plaintiff), brought this survivorship and wrongful death action against multiple defendants, alleging that defendants failed to warn of the dangerous propensities of the substances they shipped to Bessemer and that decedent's continuous exposure to those substances was the cause of his illness and death. The Law Division granted summary judgment to all defendants on the basis that plaintiff would be unable to establish that decedent's cancer was caused by specific products manufactured by specific defendants. The court issued separate orders dismissing plaintiff's complaint against various defendants on procedural grounds. On appeal, the Appellate Division reversed the summary judgment order dismissing plaintiff's complaint against all named defendants. The defendants affected by the summary judgment order reversed by the Appellate Division were the following petroleum manufacturers: Shell, Exxon, Amoco, CITGO, Chevron, Texaco, Sunoco and Mobil (collectively "the petroleum defendants"). Also affected were the following manufacturers and suppliers of various other chemical substances: Ashland, Occidental, Daicolor-Pope, Pride, MacArthur and North American Paint. Additionally, the Appellate Division reversed the separate orders dismissing plaintiff's complaint on procedural grounds in favor of Texaco and Chevron, remanding for a hearing to determine whether Chevron and Texaco were prejudiced by plaintiff's untimely service of process on them. The Supreme Court granted certification. HELD: A plaintiff in an occupational-exposure, toxic-tort case may demonstrate medical causation by establishing: 1) factual proof of the plaintiff's frequent, regular and proximate exposure to a defendant's products; and 2) medical and/or scientific proof of a nexus between the exposure and the plaintiff's condition. 1. Because this matter arises from the granting of summary judgment in favor of defendants, the Court reviews the evidentiary record in the light most favorable to plaintiff. (pp. 6-18) 2. As an environmental tort action, this lawsuit is excluded from coverage under the 1987 Products Liability Act. Thus, plaintiff may base her action in common law on grounds of negligence, strict liability, or both. Plaintiff has asserted both causes of action. In a failure-to-warn case, in order to establish a cause of action in strict liability, plaintiff must prove that the product left the manufacturer in a defective state; that defect being the manufacturer's failure to provide a warning to unsuspecting users of the product's potential to cause injury. A plaintiff must prove that the absence of the warning was the proximate cause of his or her harm. A plaintiff is also afforded a heeding presumption: that the injured party would have followed an adequate warning had one been provided. To rebut that presumption, a defendant must produce evidence that the warning would not have been heeded. (pp. 18-21) 3. Product-defect-causation in the failure-to-warn context is presumed on proof that the defendant had a duty to warn. Proof of actual causation is not required to satisfy the plaintiff's burden on that element. A plaintiff must introduce evidence that the defendant's failure to warn of the hazards of its product led to plaintiff's exposure only if it becomes necessary to defeat a defendant's attempt to rebut the heeding presumption. Whether decedent or his superiors at Bessemer would have heeded warnings from defendant manufacturers had adequate warnings been provided during the course of employment and exposure, is a jury question and the burden of proof lies with defendants. (pp. 21-23) 4. In addition to product-defect causation, a plaintiff must prove "medical causation:" that plaintiff's injuries were proximately caused by defendants' products. Because of the difficult burden of proving medical causation as to a specific product manufactured by a specific defendant, the Appellate Division adopted the "frequency, regularity and proximity" test to establish liability in the multi-defendant asbestos-exposure context. This test assigns liability only to those defendants to whose products the plaintiff can demonstrate that he or she was intensely exposed. Sholtis is not limited to asbestos-exposure cases. (pp. 23-30) 5. Plaintiff has provided prima facie proof of "product-defect causation." To proceed with her strict-liability claim, she need only demonstrate that knowledge of the potential hazards of exposure to defendants' products existed within the petroleum industry at the relevant times. The evidence provided by plaintiff's experts clearly are sufficient to survive a summary judgment on the element of product-defect causation. The evidence is also sufficient to present a fact question for the jury regarding whether each individual defendant knew or should have known of the potential hazards of its products. Therefore, plaintiff's negligence claim also survives summary judgment on the element of product-defect causation. (pp. 31-32) 6. The deposition testimony and sworn statements of decedent's co-employees, in combination with the deposition testimony of the Bessemer and Kingsland executives provided substantial evidence that decedent was frequently, regularly and proximately exposed to petroleum-based products of each of the petroleum defendants. The reports of plaintiff's experts provided medical and scientific evidence that decedent's cumulative exposure to benzene and PAHs present in those petroleum products caused his liver and stomach cancer. Thus, on the issue of liability, plaintiff's proofs provided sufficient product identification in respect of the petroleum defendants to survive summary judgment as to those defendants. (pp. 32-39) 7. Plaintiff's evidence implicating the chemical defendants is far less developed. With the exception of American Cyanamid, plaintiff has not yet engaged in extensive discovery as to the chemical defendants. Therefore, summary judgment was premature. (pp. 39-41) 8. In view of the Legislature's choice to preserve joint and several liability in environmental tort actions, except where fault can be apportioned, the shifting of the burden of apportionment to the defendants is consonant with New Jersey law and with the Comparative Negligence Act. (pp. 41-43) 9. In view of the uncertainty in respect of whether Chevron and Texaco were prejudiced by the untimely service of process, the Appellate Division was correct in remanding for an evidentiary hearing. (pp. 44-48) Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED. The matter is REMANDED to the Law Division for proceedings consistent with this opinion and with the opinion of the Appellate Division. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES HANDLER, POLLOCK, O'HERN and COLEMAN join in JUSTICE STEIN'S opinion. JUSTICE GARIBALDI did not participate. SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY A-115/116/117/118/119/ 120 September Term 1997 IDA JAMES, individually and as Administratrix The Appellate Division Prosequendum and General Administratrix of the ESTATE OF WALTER JAMES, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BESSEMER PROCESSING CO., INC., ROMAN HEART, BAKER LITE CO., AMERICAN CYANAMID COMPANY, LINDE GASES OF THE MID-ATLANTIC, INC., MELLEN CHEMICALS, INC., POPE CHEMICAL, now known as DAICOLOR-POPE, INC. and JOHN DOES 1-200, Defendants, and HOOKER CHEMICAL CO., now known as OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL CORP., STANDARD OIL, now known as EXXON COMPANY, USA, TEXAS OIL, now known as TEXACO INC., SHELL OIL, now known as SHELL OIL COMPANY, CHEVRON OIL, now known as CHEVRON U.S.A., INC., SUN OIL, now know as SUN COMPANY INC., MOBIL OIL, now known as MOBIL OIL CORPORATION, MACARTHUR PETROLEUM, now known as MACARTHUR PETROLEUM & SOLVENTS COMPANY, PRIDE SOLVENTS, now known as PRIDE SOLVENTS & CHEMICAL CO. OF NEW JERSEY, INC., ASHLAND CHEMICAL, now known as ASHLAND CHEMICAL, INC., AMOCO, now known as AMOCO CORPORATION, CITGO, now known as CITGO PETROLEUM CORPORATION, NORTH AMERICAN PAINT MANUFACTURING CO., now known as NORTH AMERICAN PAINT COMPANY, Defendants-Appellants. Argued March 16, 1998 -- Decided July 27, 1998 On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 301 N.J. Super 512 (1997). James Crawford Orr argued the cause for appellants Exxon Company, U.S.A., Occidental Chemical Corp, Shell Oil Company, Mobil Oil Corporation, Sun Company Inc., Ashland Chemical, Inc., Texaco Inc., North American Paint Company (Wilson, Elser, Moskowitz, Edelman & Dicker, attorneys; Susan Karlovich, on the brief). Sally H. Atkins argued the cause for appellant Chevron U.S.A. Inc. (Slowinski Atkins, attorneys; Matthew S. Slowinski, of counsel). Ronald M. Gutwirth argued the cause for respondent. Mark L. Czyz on behalf of appellant CITGO Petroleum Corporation relied upon the brief submitted by Exxon Company, U.S.A., Occidental Chemical Corp, Shell Oil Company, Mobil Oil Corporation, Sun Company Inc., Ashland Chemical, Inc., Texaco Inc., North American Paint Company (Mattson & Madden, attorneys). Richard M. Mandel submitted a letter in lieu of brief on behalf of appellants Pride Solvents & Chemical Co. of New Jersey, Inc. (O'Brien, Liotta & Mandel, attorneys). Joel R. Clark submitted a brief on behalf of appellants MacArthur Petroleum & Solvents Company (McGivney & Kluger, attorneys, Mr. Clark and Charles M. McGivney, Jr., on the brief). David S. Osterman on behalf of appellant Amoco Corporation relied upon the brief submitted by Exxon Company, U.S.A., Occidental Chemical Corp, Shell Oil Company, Mobil Oil Corporation, Sun Company Inc., Ashland Chemical, Inc., Texaco Inc., North American Paint Company (McCarter & English, attorneys). Michael D. Loprete submitted a brief on behalf of amicus curiae Chemical Manufacturers Association (Crummy, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger & Vecchione, attorneys; Mr. Loprete, Anthony P. LaRocco and Heather L. Akawie, on the brief). The opinion of the Court was delivered by STEIN, J. The critical issue presented by this appeal concerns the specificity of proofs required to entitle plaintiff to a jury trial on the question whether decedent's stomach and liver cancer was proximately caused by prolonged, frequent and repetitive exposure to defendants' petroleum and chemical products that contained no warning of their hazardous propensities. Defendants contend that the lack of proof of the specific content of their individual products and lack of proof of specific exposure to each product justified the Law Division's grant of summary judgment. Over the course of his twenty-six years of employment with Bessemer Processing Company, Inc. (Bessemer), decedent Walter James (James) was exposed on a daily basis to a wide array of residues of petroleum products and other chemical substances, many allegedly containing benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other human carcinogens. On February 8, 1990, at the age of fifty-two, James died of stomach and liver cancer. James's widow, plaintiff Ida James, brought this survivorship and wrongful death action against multiple defendants, alleging that they failed to warn of the dangerous propensities of the substances they shipped to Bessemer and that James's continuous exposure to those substances was the cause of his illness and death. The Law Division granted summary judgment to all defendants on the ground that plaintiff would be unable to establish that James's cancer was caused by specific products manufactured by specific defendants. That court issued separate orders dismissing defendant's complaint against various defendants on procedural grounds. The Appellate Division reversed the summary judgment order dismissing plaintiff's complaint against all named defendants. James v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 301 N.J. Super. 512, 522-23 (1997). The defendants affected by the summary judgment order reversed by the Appellate Division were the following petroleum manufacturers: Shell Oil Company (Shell), Exxon Company, USA (Exxon), Amoco Corporation (Amoco), CITGO Petroleum Corporation (CITGO), Chevron U.S.A., Inc. (Chevron), Texaco, Inc. (Texaco), Sun Company, Inc. (Sunoco), and Mobil Oil Corporation (Mobil)(collectively the petroleum defendants ). Also affected were the following manufacturers and suppliers of various other chemical substances: Ashland Chemical, Inc. (Ashland), Occidental Chemical Corporation (Occidental)(successor to named defendant Hooker Chemical Company), Daicolor-Pope, Inc. (Daicolor-Pope), Pride Solvents & Chemical Company of New Jersey, Inc. (Pride), MacArthur Petroleum & Solvent Company (MacArthur), and North American Paint Company (North American Paint) (collectively the chemical defendants ).See footnote 1 Additionally, the Appellate Division reversed the separate orders dismissing defendant's complaint on procedural grounds in favor of defendants Texaco and Chevron, remanding for a hearing to determine whether Chevron and Texaco were prejudiced by plaintiff's untimely service of process upon them. Id. at 523. The Appellate Division's holding reversing an additional order of the Law Division granting summary judgment on procedural grounds to Daicolor-Pope, MacArthur and North American Paint is not under review by this Court. The primary issue posed by this appeal is whether a plaintiff in a toxic-tort, failure-to-warn case can establish a prima facie case on the element of "medical causation" by satisfying the "frequency, regularity and proximity" test pronounced by the Appellate Division in Sholtis v. American Cyanamid Co., 238 N.J. Super. 8 (1989), absent evidence that the illness was caused by specific products manufactured by specific defendants. Additionally, we must determine whether a showing of prejudice to the moving parties is required to support a trial court's determination to dismiss a plaintiff's complaint without prejudice pursuant to Rule 4:4-1. Plaintiff deposed Glenn Richard, the environmental and regulatory affairs officer for both Kingsland and Bessemer between 1984 and 1992, who identified Shell, Exxon, Chevron, Texaco, Sunoco, CITGO, Gulf and Mobil as entities that historically had provided drums to Kingsland. He testified that those drums generally contained residues from finished oil products or from raw material constituents of finished products. Richard further indicated that although Kingsland never dealt directly with Amoco, the Kingsland and Bessemer plants may have received for reconditioning drums containing residues of Amoco products. Richard identified Ashland Chemical, American Cyanamid Company, MacArthur Petroleum and Mellen Chemicals (acquired in 1990 by defendant Pride Solvents & Chemical Company) as entities that supplied drums containing chemicals and solvents. He indicated that Pope Chemical sent drums containing residues of blue and yellow dyes, and that North American Paint, Pan Chemical, Whittaker Chemical and Rising Star Coating provided the paints and liners used in the reconditioning process. Richard indicated that during peak years as many as 150,000 drums per year were sent to Bessemer for reconditioning, with 1,200 drums being reconditioned on a good day. Irving Klein, president and half-owner of Bessemer, who began working for Kingsland as a salesman in 1954, indicated that Texaco, Exxon and Shell were Kingsland's three biggest customers, with CITGO, Mobil and Sunoco not far behind. Klein testified that Texaco, Exxon, Shell and CITGO were customers for approximately forty years, American Cyanamid Company for thirty-five years, and Pope Chemical for over twenty years. Chevron and Baker Lite Company had been customers for approximately twenty-five years. Ashland Chemical and Prime Lube, an entity that filled orders for Amoco and Arco, had been customers for six years, MacArthur Petroleum & Solvent and Mellen Chemicals for four years, and Mobil for two years. Klein also recalled buying paint from North American Paint and Rising Star Coating, as well as selling reconditioned drums to North American Paint. Klein did not identify Occidental or Linde Gases as customers or suppliers. Plaintiff deposed or received statements from five former Bessemer employees, each of whom had some recollection of the nature of the substances to which the employees were regularly exposed, as well as the manufacturers and/or suppliers of those substances. Daniel Stewart regularly observed drums from Shell, Exxon, Chevron and Texaco that generally contained gasoline and motor oil, and recalled that other entities that regularly supplied drums included American Cyanamid, Hooker Chemical, Roman Heart and Baker Lite. Stewart's certification stated that virtually all of the 55-gallon drums received by Bessemer had product residue left inside, usually amounting to four or five gallons of residue material, and that all drums emitted strong odors. The odor from some drums was so foul that they had to be stored outside for two to three days before they could be processed. Roosevelt Lewis, a Bessemer employee from 1963 until 1992, testified at deposition that he saw drums from Shell, Texaco, Chevron, Exxon, Sunoco, Amoco, Mobil, CITGO, American Cyanamid and Pope Chemical every day at the Bessemer plant. He recalled that the drums from the petroleum defendants contained residues including light and dark oils, gasoline, and antifreeze. He recognized the gasoline and oil residues by sight and smell, describing the oil residues as burned, black and sticky, and noting that the fumes from the drums sent by Exxon, Shell, Texaco and CITGO were pretty strong, and that drums from those manufacturers at times contained quite a bit of residue. He indicated that the drums from Pope contained blue, black and green dyes. On cross-examination, Lewis indicated that not all of the drums had labels, but that he identified some regular suppliers based on overhearing the dispatcher who sent trucks to the suppliers for pickups. Eddie Kennedy, who worked at Bessemer for the entire period of its operations, recalled seeing on a regular basis drums from Chevron, CITGO, Mobil, Texaco, Exxon, Sunoco, Shell, Amoco and Gulf that contained oil residue which was light to dark black in color. He described frequently seeing Texaco drums containing oils, black oils and gasoline. Thomas Mewborn, a maintenance man and shop steward at Bessemer from 1977 until 1992, often unloaded drums arriving at the plant that contained gasoline, crude oil, diesel fuel, hydraulic oil and antifreeze. Although he could not specifically recall which entities supplied drums containing which residues, Mewborn regularly observed drums from Exxon, Shell, Texaco and CITGO. Johnny Ramey, a Bessemer employee from 1976 until 1990, recalled seeing drums from Exxon, Shell, Texaco, Chevron, Gulf, and CITGO. He testified specifically that the Exxon drums contained gas and oil, and he described using oil residue from some of the drums to operate his personal car. James Davis, James's brother-in-law, worked as a drum inspector at Kingsland from 1965 until 1990. He recalled that the drums forwarded to Bessemer included drums from Texaco, Shell, Exxon, Mobil, Chevron and Sunoco. Those drums contained such substances as heavy industrial oil, machine oil, transmission oil, motor oil and antifreeze. Davis also traveled approximately once a week to the Bessemer plant, where he recalls having seen drums from those oil companies, as well as from American Cyanamid and Hooker Chemical. Davis recalled drums from Hooker Chemical that emitted such a strong and foul odor that employees needed to wear masks in order to handle the drums. Additionally, Lewis, Kennedy, Mewborn and Davis each recalled seeing drums containing formaldehyde residue, but could not identify the entity or entities that supplied those drums. Mewborn indicated that the fumes from the formaldehyde drums were particularly strong, and that employees handling those drums would wear charcoal filter masks. Lewis, Kennedy and Stewart each observed drums containing embalming fluid, but could not identify the entity or entities from which those drums came. In addition to the information elicited during discovery from lay witnesses, the record before the Law Division on defendants' motion for summary judgment included the reports of plaintiff's toxicological, medical and economic experts. Plaintiff's expert in toxicology, Dr. Myron Mehlman, reviewed summaries of James's medical records, summaries of deposition transcripts and witness statements, as well as scientific, governmental and medical literature on the carcinogenicity of various chemicals to which James was exposed during his employment at Bessemer. Dr. Mehlman cites several studies dating back as far as 1928 indicating the health risks of benzene exposure and describes decades-old epidemiological studies revealing a causative link between cancer and exposure to benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in gasoline and petroleum products. The toxicologist's report explains that [b]enzene is present in many petroleum products, petroleum distillates, jet fuels, diesel fuels, crude oil, and is a significant component of gasoline (up to 6"), and that [b]enzene is currently classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH), and IARC [the International Agency for Research on Cancers] as a human carcinogen. The report adds that [a]nimal studies . . . have clearly and without question demonstrated the carcinogenic effects of benzene . . . . Dr. Mehlman indicated that PAHs are a group of chemicals that are present in oil, petroleum products, and tobacco smoke. There are more than 100 different PAH compounds. Usually humans are not exposed to an individual PAH alone, but to a mixture of PAHs. The report indicates PAHs can enter the body through inhalation or skin contact, and that the primary exposure to PAHs occurs in the workplace. Many of the PAHs have been found to cause cancer in animals, and [r]eports on humans show that individuals exposed to PAHs by inhalation or skin contact for long periods [or] to mixtures that contain PAHs and other compounds can also develop cancer. The Department of Health and Human Services has determined that six PAH compounds are carcinogens. IARC classifies thirteen PAH compounds as having sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity (meaning they are human carcinogens). The EPA has also determined that those thirteen PAH compounds are probable human carcinogens, meaning that they more likely than not cause cancer. Based on the testimony of Bessemer workers and the MSDSs provided in discovery by Shell and Exxon, Dr. Mehlman determined that the chemicals and products to which James was exposed included black oils, motor oils, PAHs, solvents and formaldehydes. He noted that many of the MSDSs provided by Exxon indicate that numerous products contained extremely high levels of benzene and PAH's. Based on the evidence obtained by plaintiff during discovery and on numerous epidemiological and animal studies, Dr. Mehlman concluded that workplace exposures to various petroleum products (i.e., benzene, gasoline, mineral spirits, mineral oils) and chemicals, which contain gasoline, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, naphtha, acrylonitrile, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., benzo-alpha-pyrene), light cat-cracked naphtha ( LCCN ) and other chemicals caused Mr. James to suffer from stomach and liver cancer. Plaintiff also presented two reports of her medical expert, Dr. Rowland Goodman. Relying on the evidence obtained during discovery and on the report of the toxicological expert, Dr. Goodman concluded that the patient absorbed one or more of these carcinogens through his gastrointestinal tract and through his lungs. These chemicals then spread to his stomach causing a derangement of the DNA mechanism such that one or more of the cells grew in an uncontrolled fashion clinically known as cancer. Finally, plaintiff offered the report of an economic expert, Dr. Frank Tinari, who estimated the total present value of the projected losses resulting from the death of Walter James at $1,243,830. That amount included estimated values for loss of income, loss of household services, and loss of companionship to plaintiff. [Id. at 239 (quoting Phillips v. Kimwood Machine Co., 525 P.2d 1033, 1039 (Or. 1974)).] Here, plaintiff alleges that defendants failed to warn James of the dangerous propensities of their products, the residues contained in the drums sent for reconditioning, and the products sold for use in the reconditioning process, and that those products were the cause of James's cancer and of his death from that illness. She asserts both strict-liability and negligence claims. Consistent with the reasoning of the court in Borel, and borrowing language from the Fourth Circuit's opinion in Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1162-63 (4th Cir. 1986), the court in Sholtis, supra, 238 N.J. Super. at 28-29, adopted a frequency, regularity and proximity test to establish liability in the multiple-defendant, asbestos-exposure context. Under that test, in order to prove that exposure to a specific defendant's product was a substantial factor in causing or exacerbating the plaintiff's disease, the plaintiff is required to prove an exposure of sufficient frequency, with a regularity of contact, and with the product in close proximity to the plaintiff. Id. at 28. The court reemphasized that its adoption of such a standard was required by the unique difficulties faced by a plaintiff attempting to establish causation in the toxic-tort context: Since proof of direct contact is almost always lacking . . . courts must rely upon circumstantial proof of sufficiently intense exposure to warrant liability. Id. at 29 (footnote omitted). In the context of occupational asbestos-exposure cases, the frequency, regularity and proximity test first pronounced in Lohrmann, supra, 782 F.2d at 1162-63, has often been applied in other jurisdictions. See, e.g., Shetterly v. Raymark Indus., Inc., 117 F.3d 776, 780 (4th Cir. 1997)(applying Maryland law); Jackson v. Anchor Packing Co., 994 F.2d 1295, 1301 (8th Cir. 1993)(applying Arkansas law and noting that a majority of courts have adopted the 'frequency, regularity and proximity' standard ); Tragarz v. Keene Corp., 980 F.2d 411, 420 (7th Cir. 1992)(indicating that Illinois has adopted frequency, regularity and proximity test, but noting it is not a rigid test with an absolute threshold level necessary to support a jury verdict ); Slaughter v. Southern Talc Co., 949 F.2d 167, 171 & n.3 (5th Cir. 1991)(adopting frequency-regularity-proximity test for causation in asbestos cases and noting that [c]ourts in every circuit but the D.C. Circuit, and the First, Second and Fifth Circuits have adopted the Lohrmann test. In addition, Michigan, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Nebraska, and Oklahoma have adopted the test. ); Robertson v. Allied Signal, Inc., 914 F.2d 360, 380 (3d Cir. 1990)(applying Pennsylvania law and noting that frequency, regularity and proximity analysis applies to expert scientific testimony as well as to co-worker testimony of exposure). Cf. Ingram v. ACandS, Inc., 977 F.2d 1332, 1343-44 (9th Cir. 1992)(rejecting frequency, regularity and proximity test where Oregon law applied because causation burden under Oregon law is less stringent, requiring only evidence that defendant's asbestos was present in workplace to create jury question). We stress that the frequency, regularity and proximity test bears no relationship to theories of collective liability that some courts have adopted in contexts where the specific tortfeasor or tortfeasors that caused the plaintiff's injury cannot be identified. The frequency, regularity and proximity test assigns liability only to those defendants to whose products the plaintiff can demonstrate he or she was intensely exposed. The court in Sholtis invoked the apt analogy of a multi-vehicle accident: What we have before us are not products of unknown manufacturers whose responsibility must be reconstructed by reference to industry market percentages, but rather known manufacturers' products whose contact with plaintiff must be proven or reasonably approximated by inference. . . . This situation bears some resemblance to a plaintiff being injured in a multi-vehicle accident caused by several culpable parties, whose conduct and defective products all contributed to the eventual injuries. We recognize that the dynamics and causative effects of exposure to asbestos dust may differ from the disease process resulting from exposure to chemicals containing known carcinogens. However, these differences should not cause rejection of the frequency, regularity and proximity model. Based on circumstantial evidence, the jury may find in any toxic-tort case, that a plaintiff in the workplace was exposed to the cancer-causing products of defendant-manufacturers on many occasions, and that the exposures were a substantial factor in causing plaintiff's cancer. Application of the frequency, regularity and proximity test necessarily focuses on the cumulative effects of exposure to the carcinogen over a prolonged period of time, the dosage of exposure and mode of absorption into the human body. Bernard D. Goldstein and Mary Sue Henifin, Reference Manual on Sci. Evid. 181 (Federal Judicial Center 1994). . . . Whether the claim is asbestosis or stomach cancer, the frequency, regularity and proximity of exposure will be an important and fundamental factual link in plaintiff's experts' analysis and methodology in reaching an ultimate theory of causation. The deposition testimony and sworn statements of James's co-employees, supra at ___ (slip op. at 6-7, 11-14), in combination with the deposition testimony of the Bessemer and Kingsland executives, supra at ___ (slip op. at 9 - 11), provided substantial evidence that James was frequently, regularly and proximately exposed to petroleum-based products of each of the petroleum defendants. James's duties exposed him every workday to fumes from the residues in the drums reconditioned at the Bessemer plant. Specifically, his work cleaning the slop hole often would have resulted in residue making direct contact with his skin and clothing. Each of the petroleum defendants was specifically identified by multiple fact witnesses as regularly having provided drums containing residues of petroleum-based gasoline or oil products. Shell, Exxon and Texaco were identified as suppliers by every lay witness affiliated with Kingsland and Bessemer. CITGO was identified as a supplier by every witness except Daniel Stewart; Mobil and Sunoco by every witness except Stewart, Thomas Mewborn and Johnny Ramey; and Chevron by every witness except Mewborn. Glenn Richard and Irving Klein indicated that drums containing residues of Amoco products were supplied to Kingsland and Bessemer by intermediaries, and Amoco products were also identified by Roosevelt Lewis, Eddie Kennedy and James Davis. The Bessemer workers also described the nature of the residues contained in those drums as specifically as they were able. Daniel Stewart described the residues as gasoline and motor oil; Roosevelt Lewis as light and dark oils, gasoline and antifreeze; Eddie Kennedy as oils, black oils and gasoline; Thomas Mewborn as gasoline, crude oil, diesel fuel, hydraulic oil and antifreeze; Johnny Ramey as gas and oil; and James Davis as heavy industrial oil, machine oil, transmission oil and antifreeze. James's co-workers also testified regarding the frequency and intensity of the workers' exposure to those products, either through inhalation of fumes or by direct contact with the skin and clothing. The reports of plaintiff's experts, supra at ___ (slip op. at 14-17), provided medical and scientific evidence that James's cumulative exposure to benzene and PAHs present in those petroleum-based products caused James's stomach and liver cancer.See footnote 2 Plaintiff's expert in toxicology was able to identify many of the chemicals and products to which Mr. James was exposed through the testimony of his co-workers and through several of the Material Safety Data Sheet ( MSDS ) [exhibits] provided by Shell Oil and Exxon. From those sources, Dr. Mehlman identified black oils, motor oils and PAH compounds as chemicals and products to which James had been exposed. Dr. Mehlman's report cited numerous scientific studies and reports linking benzene and PAHs contained in petroleum-based products to cancer in animals and humans. Dr. Mehlman and Dr. Goodman both reviewed James's medical records and concluded that the manifestation and progress of his illness was consistent with exposure to those carcinogens, and thus provided prima facie evidence of the required link to support plaintiff's theory of causation. That plaintiff was unable, and likely will be unable at trial, to precisely identify by either product name or chemical composition the exact petroleum products to which James was exposed is an insufficient basis for the Law Division ' s order granting summary judgment in favor of the petroleum defendants. Representatives of those petroleum defendants that plaintiff had the opportunity to depose indicated that they kept no records of the precise residues contained in the drums that were provided to Kingsland for reconditioning. Even the MSDSs provided by defendants that, crediting plaintiff's proofs, were supplied only toward the very end of James's employment with Bessemer, did not indicate how many drums containing residues of any particular product were provided to Bessemer. Those recordkeeping failures cannot be viewed as defeating plaintiff's failure-to-warn claim; they are more reasonably viewed as indicative of an unfortunate lack of care and responsibility on the part of those defendants with regard to the hazards posed by intense exposure to petroleum products containing benzene and PAHs. Although the lack of adequate records identifying the specific chemical properties of the specific products of each of the petroleum defendants severely hampered plaintiff's ability to satisfy the frequency, regularity and proximity standard, it did not preclude plaintiff's reliance on the recollection of lay witnesses to meet that standard. We hold that plaintiff's proofs provided sufficient product identification with regard to the petroleum defendants to survive summary judgment. Plaintiff's toxicologist could rely on the physical descriptions of James's co-workers to support his expert opinion that the fumes and residues described were of petroleum-based products containing sufficiently high levels of benzene and PAHs to cause James's cancer. Jurors could rely both on that expert opinion and on the factual testimony of the lay witnesses to determine whether plaintiff proved exposure to such petroleum-based products. A rational factfinder also could conclude from the co-workers' testimony that James was frequently, regularly and proximately exposed to products of each of the petroleum defendants containing those known carcinogens, and thus could conclude that James's exposure to the petroleum products of each defendant was a substantial factor in causing or exacerbating his disease. The petroleum defendants assert that allowing plaintiff to proceed to trial by identification only of exposure to petroleum-based products is unfair, because it places them in the position of having to defend each one of the many different petroleum-based products they manufacture, each one containing different levels of benzene and/or PAHs and thus posing varying degrees of health risk. However, the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, suggests that James was in fact exposed to a wide variety of petroleum-based products from the petroleum defendants, including, among others, gasoline of varying grades, motor oil, and black oil, all of which contained some measure of benzene and/or PAHs. The toxicologist's report presents considerable scientific evidence of the health risk posed by intense exposure to those chemical compounds. Crediting plaintiff's proofs, the petroleum defendants' duty to warn presumably extended to most if not all petroleum-based products they shipped in 55-gallon drums. For summary judgment purposes we must credit the testimony that James was exposed to those products at close proximity on a frequent and regular basis, and that those exposures worked cumulatively to cause James's cancer. That each of the specific petroleum products to which James was exposed may have contributed to his cancer to a greater or lesser degree than other specific petroleum products cannot become a basis for precluding the liability of the petroleum defendants for failure to warn of the dangers of all of those products. If any defendant's proofs show that any of the gasoline and oil residues contained in the drums it had reconditioned at Bessemer could not have caused or exacerbated James's cancer, then the jury may conclude that plaintiff failed to satisfy her burden of proof with respect to that defendant's products. If plaintiff's scientific and medical proofs remain uncontroverted, the relative danger of each specific product and the relative intensity of James's exposure to each specific product would appear to be relevant not to the determination of liability in the first instance, but rather to the apportionment of liability among defendants. See infra at ___ (slip op. at 41-44). On the question of liability, we hold that plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence with regard to the petroleum defendants to survive those defendants' motions for summary judgment. Our holding in Becker, supra, 138 N.J. at 158-61, relied on by the Law Division to support the grant of summary judgment on the ground that plaintiff could not identify the specific products that allegedly caused his cancer, is distinguishable. The plaintiff in Becker alleged that his mesothelioma was caused by exposure to brake dust containing chrysotile-asbestos fibers. Id. at 148-49. The trial court ruled as a matter of law that all asbestos-containing friction products without a warning are defective, and so instructed the jury. Id. at 149. The plaintiff's expert testified that chrysotile asbestos contained in brake dust can cause mesothelioma. Id. at 158. However, the defense experts opined that chrysotile asbestos, as opposed to amphibole asbestos, does not cause mesothelioma and that used-brake dust contains chrysolite only in amounts tolerated under established safety standards. Ibid. We held that in view of that disagreement, the trial court should have permitted the jury to resolve the disputed issue of fact in respect of the dangers of the asbestos involved in this case . . . . Id. at 158-59. We then proceeded to explain why risk-utility analysis in an asbestos-exposure case should focus on the specific product before the court, explaining that asbestos products are not uniformly harmful and thus should not be treated by courts as a monolithic group. Id. at 159-61. In contrast, plaintiff here alleges that James was exposed to a variety of different petroleum-based products manufactured by the petroleum defendants. Plaintiff's toxicologist's report indicates that all of those products contain benzene and PAHs, and that any exposure to those chemicals would have contributed, cumulatively, to James's cancer. Plaintiff is not seeking to impose, and our holding today does not invoke, market-share or alternative theories of liability. See id. at 160-62. Liability will attach only with respect to defendants to whose products plaintiff can prove James was frequently, regularly and proximately exposed. Furthermore, this appeal arose from an order granting summary judgment. We do not hold as a matter of law that every petroleum-based product to which James was exposed was defective, required a warning, or was capable of causing James's stomach and liver cancer. We hold only that plaintiff's proofs on those questions present disputed issues of material fact and therefore preclude a determination on motion for summary judgment that the petroleum defendants are not liable for failure to warn of the potential hazards of exposure to their products as a matter of law. Plaintiff's evidence implicating the chemical defendants is far less developed. The toxicologist's report focused almost exclusively on benzene and PAHs found in petroleum products. There is little in the deposition testimony and statements of James's co-workers and Bessemer executives linking any of the chemical defendants to products containing known carcinogens, and limited evidence establishing the intensity of James's occupational exposure to the products of any of those defendants. However, with the exception of American Cyanamid Company, plaintiff has not yet engaged in extensive discovery with regard to the manufacturers of non-petroleum-based products and chemicals that supplied either drums for reconditioning or products for use in the reconditioning process. Summary judgment in favor of American Cyanamid Company was affirmed by the court below on the ground that plaintiff uncovered no evidence showing that any formaldehyde drums sent by American Cyanamid to Kingsland were ever transferred to Bessemer for reconditioning. James, supra, 301 N.J. Super. at 541. Because plaintiff did not cross-petition this Court for certification of the Appellate Division's holding affirming summary judgment in favor of American Cyanamid Company, we do not address the propriety of that holding. With regard to the Law Division's order of summary judgment in favor of the other named chemical defendants, reversed by the Appellate Division, we hold that summary judgment was premature. See Velantzas v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 109 N.J. 189, 193 (1988)(finding it especially inappropriate to grant summary judgment when discovery is incomplete and 'critical facts are peculiarly within the moving party's knowledge' )(quoting Martin v. Educational Testing Serv., Inc., 179 N.J. Super. 317, 326 (Ch. Div. 1981)); James, supra, 301 N.J. Super. at 541-544 (discussing procedural history resulting in plaintiff's failure to conduct significant discovery with regard to defendants North American Paint, Daicolor-Pope and MacArthur). Plaintiff should be permitted to receive answers to interrogatories, take depositions or request document production from those defendants. With the exception of limited discovery from Occidental Corporation, plaintiff has not yet obtained discovery from the chemical defendants, some of whom had not even served their answers in this action when they were included in the Law Division's order granting summary judgment. Plaintiff should be given a reasonable time within which to conduct discovery and obtain a report from an expert regarding whether exposure to products of those defendants contributed to James's cancer, after which a renewed motion for summary judgment on behalf of the chemical defendants may be considered in the context of our holding today. Rule 4:37-2(a) states: For failure of the plaintiff to cause a summons to issue within 10 days after filing the complaint or to comply with these rules or any order of court, the court in its discretion may on defendant's motion dismiss an action or any claim against him. Such a dismissal shall be without prejudice unless otherwise specified in the order. Although we have stated that [t]he decision whether to dismiss with or without prejudice is reposed in the sound discretion of the trial court, Crispin v. Volkswagenwerk, A.G., 96 N.J. 336, 346 (1984), we stressed that dismissal is reserved for those situations where 'no lesser sanction will erase the prejudice suffered by the non-delinquent party.' Olds v. Donnelly, 150 N.J. 424, 438-39 (1997)(quoting Crispin, supra, 96 N.J. at 345). Although the Court in Crispin stressed the severity of dismissal with prejudice, we indicated more recently in Olds that the issue of prejudice to the non-delinquent party arises whenever a defendant seeks dismissal pursuant to R. 4:4-1. We explained in Olds, supra, 150 N.J. at 438, that [g]enerally, a violation of the ten-day rule will not result in dismissal of an action when the defendant is not prejudiced, the complaint appears meritorious, and the failure to make proper service is attributable solely to the neglect of the plaintiff's attorney. Here, plaintiff's complaint appears meritorious, and the failure to make proper service is attributable solely to the neglect of the plaintiff's attorney, not to the plaintiff herself. Therefore, the Law Division should not have dismissed plaintiff's complaint against Chevron and Texaco in the absence of demonstrable prejudice. State v. One 1986 Subaru, 120 N.J. 310, 315 (1990). We agree with the Appellate Division that the Law Division's finding of prejudice to Chevron and Texaco was not demonstrated sufficiently on the record to justify the dismissal of plaintiff's complaint. As the court below explained: The problem is that the certifications of Klein and Richard, Bessemer's president and environmental officer, respectively, relied on by the motion judge, did not indicate the time frame for the documents Bessemer allegedly destroyed. It appears from the certifications that the records were destroyed sometime between June 1992 and January 26, 1994. The records destroyed, however, were only for a limited period of time. Klein testified in his deposition that the records destroyed after June 1992 only covered the period beginning in 1990. Thus, there is an open question whether the records destroyed during the delay in service were relevant to the time periods of James' employment. There is therefore a question whether Chevron and Texaco were really prejudiced by the destruction of those records. In other words, the truly pertinent records may have been destroyed before plaintiff had filed her original complaint in 1992. NO. A-115/116/117/118/119/120 IDA JAMES, etc., Plaintiff-Respondent, v. BESSEMER PROCESSING CO., INC., et al., Defendants, and HOOKER CHEMICAL CO., etc., et al., Defendants-Appellants. DECIDED