Case Title: State v. Warren

Citation: 2008-Ohio-2011

Docket Number: 20062148

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2008-05-06T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Cite as State v. Warren, 118 Ohio St.3d 200, 2008-Ohio-2011.] 
 
 
 
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. WARREN, APPELLANT. 
[Cite as State v. Warren, 118 Ohio St.3d 200, 2008-Ohio-2011.] 
Criminal law – Juvenile offenders – Due process – Constitutional principles of 
fundamental fairness not violated when adult offender receives life 
sentence for forcible rape of victim under 13 committed when he was 
juvenile. 
(No. 2006-2148 — Submitted February 6, 2008 — Decided May 6, 2008.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County,  
No. 86854, 168 Ohio App.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-4104. 
__________________ 
O’CONNOR, J. 
{¶ 1} This appeal requires us to consider the sole issue of whether due 
process is violated when the defendant receives a mandatory term of life 
imprisonment for forcible rape of a victim under age 13 when the defendant was 
15 years of age at the time of the offense but not prosecuted until he had passed 
the age of 21.  For the reasons that follow, we determine that principles of due 
process are not violated in this situation.  We therefore affirm the judgment of the 
court of appeals and uphold the mandatory life sentence for rape imposed in this 
case. 
I 
{¶ 2} On November 9, 2004, defendant-appellant, Reginald Warren, was 
indicted on 12 counts of rape, each with a force specification; 12 counts of 
felonious sexual penetration, each with a force specification; 12 counts of gross 
sexual imposition; and 12 counts of kidnapping.  Each count included a separate 
violence specification, and each count specifically noted that the victim was a 
child under age 13. 
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{¶ 3} The indictment stated the dates of the offenses as June 1988 to 
August 1988, meaning that the case was governed by the law in effect in 1988.1  
Warren was 15 years old at that time.  The indictment stated that the female 
victim was born on April 8, 1979, making her nine years old during the dates in 
question. 
{¶ 4} After Warren waived his right to a jury, the case was tried to the 
court.  Warren moved to dismiss all charges, arguing that the preindictment delay 
was unjustified and prejudicial and that the statute of limitations barred 
prosecution.  The motion was denied. 
{¶ 5} At trial, the victim testified that during the summer of 1988, when 
she was nine years old, she and her younger sister stayed at the home of a 
neighbor and family friend, James Thomas, while their mother was at work.  The 
victim testified that Thomas was physically disabled and that because he was 
unable to freely move around the house, he sat in a chair in the front room most of 
the time. 
{¶ 6} Warren often did yard work and other tasks around Thomas’s 
house that summer.  In recounting the first incident in which Warren abused her, 
the victim stated that he came into an upstairs bedroom while she was playing and 
kissed her, then pulled up her shirt, fondled her breasts, and sucked on them.  In a 
number of later incidents, Warren held her down, pulled down her shorts, and 
inserted his finger into her vagina, and also sometimes partially inserted his penis.  
In addition to those acts, Warren sometimes would rub his penis on her vagina 
without inserting it. 
                                                 
1.  The extensive revisions to criminal statutes that were enacted in Am.Sub.S.B. No. 2, 146 Ohio 
Laws, Part IV, 7136, effective July 1, 1996, are inapplicable to this case.  See State v. Rush 
(1998), 83 Ohio St.3d 53, 57, 697 N.E.2d 634, and paragraph two of the syllabus (noting and 
giving effect to General Assembly’s stated intent that the amended sentencing provisions of 
Am.Sub.S.B. No. 2 apply only to crimes committed on or after July 1, 1996). 
 
January Term, 2008 
3 
{¶ 7} The victim estimated that Warren had digitally penetrated her 11 or 
12 different times and had placed his penis into her vagina about eight or nine 
different times.  She also detailed incidents in which Warren attempted to force 
her to perform oral sex and in which he tried to insert a hairbrush handle into her 
vagina, with the handle penetrating about two inches.  The victim testified that 
Warren molested her for a period of about two months. 
{¶ 8} The victim testified that she tolerated the molestation and did not 
reveal it to others because Warren repeatedly threatened that if she did not 
cooperate, he would kill or hurt her, her family members, and her friends.  
Eventually, in response to a speculative question from her mother as to whether 
Warren “had ever done anything” to her, the victim, after first answering no, told 
her mother that Warren “messes with me.”  The victim refused to give her mother 
any specific details because she was fearful of Warren’s threats.  The victim’s 
mother testified that she was unsure of what actually had taken place and told 
Thomas only that she was not comfortable with Warren being around her young 
daughters.  Thomas took steps to ensure that Warren no longer did work at 
Thomas’s house, and no more incidents occurred. 
{¶ 9} The victim testified that she did not report the molestation to the 
police until 2004, when she saw a newspaper article in the Cleveland Plain Dealer 
stating that Warren had been sentenced to a prison term for sexually assaulting a 
nine-year-old girl.  At that time, the victim went to authorities and gave a 
statement to a police detective, leading to the investigation that resulted in 
Warren’s prosecution. 
{¶ 10} After hearing testimony and arguments, the trial court dismissed 
some of the charges and specifications upon Warren’s motion for acquittal under 
Crim.R. 29. Warren did not testify and presented no witnesses.  The trial court 
subsequently found Warren guilty of eight counts of rape as charged, four counts 
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of gross sexual imposition as charged, eight counts of gross sexual imposition 
without the violence specifications, and 12 counts of kidnapping as charged. 
{¶ 11} The trial court held sexual-predator and sentencing hearings and 
adjudged Warren to be a sexual predator.  The court sentenced Warren under the 
law in effect in 1988 to life sentences on each of the rape convictions, to terms of 
four to ten years’ imprisonment on each of the convictions for gross sexual 
imposition with a violence specification, to terms of two years’ imprisonment on 
each of the other gross sexual imposition convictions, and to terms of 15 to 25 
years’ imprisonment on each of the kidnapping convictions.2  The trial court 
ordered some of the terms to run consecutively to others and some to run 
concurrently. 3   
{¶ 12} Of particular relevance to this appeal is former R.C. 2907.02(B), 
which provided: 
{¶ 13} “Whoever violates this section is guilty of rape, an aggravated 
felony of the first degree.  If the offender under division (A)(1)(b) of this section 
purposely compels the victim to submit by force or threat of force, whoever 
violates division (A)(1)(b) of this section shall be imprisoned for life.”4  141 Ohio 
Laws, Part II, 4481. 
{¶ 14} Because former R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) provided that rape is sexual 
conduct with a person “less than thirteen years of age,” id., and because Warren 
was also found guilty of the force specifications accompanying the rape counts, 
                                                 
2.  
Warren’s parole eligibility is determined by former R.C. 2967.13 as it existed at the time 
of the offenses.  140 Ohio Laws, Part I, 607. 
 
3.  
The trial court additionally ordered that the sentences imposed in this case be served 
consecutively to a nine-year prison term that Warren had earlier received for unrelated convictions 
for kidnapping and gross sexual imposition in a different case.  The earlier offenses occurred in 
2003, involving a female victim under 13 years of age.   
 
4.  
Although current R.C. 2907.02(B) is substantially different from the version of the statute 
at issue in this case, the current statute continues to provide for a mandatory life sentence for rape 
of a minor in certain situations. 
January Term, 2008 
5 
the trial court was statutorily required to impose life sentences for the rape 
convictions and had no discretion to impose lesser sentences.  See State v. Vaughn 
(1995), 106 Ohio App.3d 775, 783-784, 667 N.E.2d 82; State v. Gladding (1990), 
66 Ohio App.3d 502, 512-513, 585 N.E.2d 838. 
{¶ 15} The court of appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part.  The 
court found insufficient evidence to support a number of the convictions, but 
affirmed Warren’s conviction and mandatory life sentence for one of the counts of 
rape.  The court of appeals also affirmed his convictions and sentences for four 
counts of gross sexual imposition and five counts of kidnapping.  State v. Warren, 
168 Ohio App.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-4104, 859 N.E.2d 998. 
{¶ 16} The court of appeals rejected Warren’s argument that his due 
process rights were violated by the 16-year delay between the offenses and the 
indictment, reasoning that the minor victim’s delay in reporting the crimes to 
police officers could not be attributed to the state.  Id. at ¶ 12.  The court of 
appeals also found no merit to Warren’s argument that the statute of limitations 
was unconstitutionally applied to him and that his prosecution should have been 
foreclosed because of the delay.  Id. at ¶ 13-15.  The court of appeals recognized 
that the running of the statute of limitations was tolled until 1997 when the victim 
reached the age of majority.  Id. at ¶ 14. 
{¶ 17} Warren’s seventh assignment of error in the court of appeals 
argued that his constitutional rights were violated by the application of two 
specific statutes to his situation—former R.C. 2907.02, which mandated a life 
sentence for rape in these circumstances, and R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), which provides 
that “[a]ny person who, while under eighteen years of age, commits an act that 
would be a felony if committed by an adult and who is not taken into custody or 
apprehended for that act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age is 
not a child in relation to that act.” 
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{¶ 18} Warren argued that the trial court erred in failing to consider that 
he was only 15 at the time of the offenses.  As he stated in his brief, “Because the 
mandatory life sentence required by R.C. 2907.02 does not allow an offender’s 
minority status to be considered in mitigation of his sentence, that section and 
R.C. 2151.02(C)(3) [sic, 2152.02(C)(3)], which provides that a child apprehended 
after age 21 must be prosecuted as an adult are unconstitutional in their 
application to him.”  The court of appeals found no merit to that claim. 
{¶ 19} We accepted for review only Warren’s Fifth Proposition of Law, 
see 113 Ohio St.3d 1511, 2007-Ohio-2208, 866 N.E.2d 511, which states:  “R.C. 
2907.02 and R.C. 2151.02(C)(3) [sic, 2152.02(C)(3)] were unconstitutionally 
applied to appellant, who was a minor at the time of the alleged crime; thus 
appellant’s right to due process and a fair trial was denied when he was sentenced 
as an adult for crimes alleged to have been committed when he was only fifteen 
years old.” 
{¶ 20} The state did not cross-appeal from the court of appeals’ reversal 
of some of the convictions.  As a result, the proposition accepted for review 
implicates only the mandatory life sentence for the one rape conviction that was 
upheld by the court of appeals.  None of the other convictions or sentences are at 
issue in this appeal. 
II 
{¶ 21} Our analysis begins with the well-established rule that statutes 
enjoy a strong presumption of constitutionality.  State v. Carswell, 114 Ohio St.3d 
210, 2007-Ohio-3723, 871 N.E.2d 547, ¶ 6; State v. Collier (1991), 62 Ohio St.3d 
267, 269, 581 N.E.2d 552.  A statute will be upheld unless the challenger can 
meet the burden of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is 
unconstitutional.  State v. Tooley, 114 Ohio St.3d 366, 2007-Ohio-3698, 872 
N.E.2d 894, ¶ 29; State v. Collier, 62 Ohio St.3d at 269, 581 N.E.2d 552. 
January Term, 2008 
7 
{¶ 22} Because 
Warren 
argues 
that 
the 
relevant 
statutes 
are 
unconstitutional as applied to his particular situation, he “bears the burden of 
presenting clear and convincing evidence of a presently existing state of facts that 
make the statutes unconstitutional and void when applied to those facts.”  Harrold 
v. Collier, 107 Ohio St.3d 44, 2005-Ohio-5334, 836 N.E.2d 1165, ¶ 38, citing 
Belden v. Union Cent. Life Ins. Co. (1944), 143 Ohio St. 329, 28 O.O. 295, 55 
N.E.2d 629, paragraph six of the syllabus. 
{¶ 23} The court of appeals interpreted Warren’s seventh assignment of 
error as arguing that his sentence of life imprisonment is “cruel and unusual 
punishment” under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 
based on Warren’s citations of Roper v. Simmons (2005), 543 U.S. 551, 125 S.Ct. 
1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1, and Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), 487 U.S. 815, 108 S.Ct. 
2687, 101 L.Ed.2d 702, both of which considered whether the execution of 
juvenile offenders who commit capital crimes was unconstitutional on that 
ground.  Based on that understanding of this issue, the court of appeals resolved it 
by stating: 
{¶ 24} “The life sentence imposed here was mandated by statute.  ‘Severe, 
mandatory penalties may be cruel, but they are not unusual in the constitutional 
sense, having been employed in various forms throughout our Nation’s history.’  
Harmelin v. Michigan (1991), 501 U.S. 957, 994-995, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 115 
L.Ed.2d 836.  Consideration of mitigating factors in sentencing (including the 
defendant’s chronological age) is not constitutionally required except when the 
death penalty is imposed.  Id.; Rice v. Cooper (C.A.7, 1998), 148 F.3d 747, 752. 
{¶ 25} “Outside the death penalty context, the Eighth Amendment does 
not require strict proportionality between crime and sentence but forbids only 
extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the crime.  [Harmelin] at 
1001, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 115 L.Ed.2d 836.  We cannot say that a sentence of life 
imprisonment (with possibility of parole) is grossly disproportionate to the crime 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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of rape of a child under the age of 13.  Therefore, we overrule the seventh 
assignment of error.”  168 Ohio App.3d 288, 2006-Ohio-4104, 859 N.E.2d 998, ¶ 
28-29. 
{¶ 26} Warren now makes clear that the court of appeals misinterpreted 
his argument.  His essential position is that in the specific circumstances of his 
case, the interplay of R.C. 2907.02 and 2152.02(C)(3) violates his due process 
rights and right to a fair trial under the United States and Ohio Constitutions.  His 
challenge is based principally on Sections 10 and 16, Article I of the Ohio 
Constitution, and the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States 
Constitution, and, to a lesser extent, on other constitutional provisions.  Warren 
specifically clarifies that he is not arguing that his life sentence violates the Eighth 
Amendment in light of Roper v. Simmons. 
{¶ 27} We therefore construe Warren’s proposition of law as asserting 
that the mandatory life sentence for rape in his case violates basic due process 
principles of fundamental fairness.  He urges us to hold that the challenged 
statutes cannot apply to him, to remand this cause to the trial court for 
resentencing on the rape count, and to direct that court to consider that Warren 
was a minor at the time of the offenses.  In short, Warren asks us to instruct the 
trial court to disregard former R.C. 2907.02’s clear requirement of a mandatory 
life sentence.  This we cannot do. 
{¶ 28} As we recently noted in In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-
Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177, ¶ 80:  “ ‘For all its consequence, “due process” has 
never been, and perhaps can never be, precisely defined. * * * [D]ue process “is 
not a technical conception with a fixed content unrelated to time, place and 
circumstances.”  Cafeteria [& Restaurant] Workers [Union] v. McElroy [1961], 
367 U.S. 886, 895 [81 S.Ct. 1743, 6 L.Ed.2d 1230].  Rather, the phrase expresses 
the requirement of “fundamental fairness,” a requirement whose meaning can be 
as opaque as its importance is lofty.  Applying the Due Process Clause is 
January Term, 2008 
9 
therefore an uncertain enterprise which must discover what “fundamental 
fairness” consists of in a particular situation by first considering any relevant 
precedents and then by assessing the several interests that are at stake.’  Lassiter 
v. Dept. of Social Servs. of Durham Cty., North Carolina (1981), 452 U.S. 18, 24-
25, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640.”  (Brackets and ellipsis sic.) 
{¶ 29} Warren specifically targets R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), which requires 
that because Warren was not apprehended until after he had reached 21 years of 
age, he cannot be considered “a child” in relation to the offenses in this case.  
Two other statutes, not cited by Warren, are also relevant to the specific inquiry 
and reiterate the clear legislative intent underlying R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) that once 
an offender reaches 21 years of age, he is to be prosecuted as an adult, regardless 
of his age when the acts were committed.  See R.C. 2151.23(I) and 2152.12(J).5 
{¶ 30} Although Warren does not assert that his life sentence constitutes 
cruel and unusual punishment under Roper v. Simmons or Thompson v. 
                                                 
5.  
{¶ a} R.C. 2151.23(I) provides: 
 
{¶ b} “If a person under eighteen years of age allegedly commits an act that would be a 
felony if committed by an adult and if the person is not taken into custody or apprehended for that 
act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age, the juvenile court does not have 
jurisdiction to hear or determine any portion of the case charging the person with committing that 
act.  In those circumstances, divisions (A) [mandatory transfer] and (B) [discretionary transfer] of 
section 2152.12 of the Revised Code do not apply regarding the act, and the case charging the 
person with committing the act shall be a criminal prosecution commenced and heard in the 
appropriate court having jurisdiction of the offense as if the person had been eighteen years of age 
or older when the person committed the act.  All proceedings pertaining to the act shall be within 
the jurisdiction of the court having jurisdiction of the offense, and that court has all the authority 
and duties in the case that it has in other criminal cases in that court.” 
 
{¶ c} R.C. 2152.12(J) provides: 
 
{¶ d} “If a person under eighteen years of age allegedly commits an act that would be a 
felony if committed by an adult and if the person is not taken into custody or apprehended for that 
act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age, the juvenile court does not have 
jurisdiction to hear or determine any portion of the case charging the person with committing that 
act.  In those circumstances, divisions (A) [mandatory transfer] and (B) [discretionary transfer] of 
this section do not apply regarding the act, and the case charging the person with committing the 
act shall be a criminal prosecution commenced and heard in the appropriate court having 
jurisdiction of the offense as if the person had been eighteen years of age or older when the person 
committed the act.  All proceedings pertaining to the act shall be within the jurisdiction of the 
court having jurisdiction of the offense, and that court has all the authority and duties in the case 
as it has in other criminal cases in that court.” 
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Oklahoma, those cases and others involving juvenile offenders are central to his 
primary argument.  Warren contends that those decisions recognized that juvenile 
offenders are entitled to special protections and asserts, “Due Process requires that 
in ascertaining an offender’s culpability for a crime, the trial court take account of 
the offender’s minority status at the time of the offense.” 
{¶ 31} In support of his argument, Warren refers to the following passage 
from Justice Stevens’s plurality opinion in Thompson:   
{¶ 32} “It is generally agreed ‘that punishment should be directly related 
to the personal culpability of the criminal defendant.’  California v. Brown, 479 
U.S. 538, 545, 107 S.Ct. 837, 841, 93 L.Ed.2d 934 (1987) (O’Connor, J., 
concurring).  There is also broad agreement on the proposition that adolescents as 
a class are less mature and responsible than adults.  We stressed this difference in 
explaining the importance of treating the defendant’s youth as a mitigating factor 
in capital cases:  
{¶ 33} “ ‘But youth is more than a chronological fact.  It is a time and 
condition of life when a person may be most susceptible to influence and to 
psychological damage.  Our history is replete with laws and judicial recognition 
that minors, especially in their earlier years, generally are less mature and 
responsible than adults.  Particularly “during the formative years of childhood and 
adolescence, minors often lack the experience, perspective, and judgment” 
expected of adults.  Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622, 635, 99 S.Ct. 3035, 3043, 61 
L.Ed.2d 797 (1979).’  Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 115-116, 102 S.Ct. 
869, 877, 71 L.Ed.2d 1 (1982) (footnotes omitted). 
{¶ 34} “To add further emphasis to the special mitigating force of youth, 
Justice Powell [in Eddings] quoted the following passage from the 1978 Report of 
the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Sentencing Policy Toward Young 
Offenders:  
January Term, 2008 
11 
{¶ 35} “ ‘ “[A]dolescents, particularly in the early and middle teen years, 
are more vulnerable, more impulsive, and less self-disciplined than adults.  
Crimes committed by youths may be just as harmful to victims as those 
committed by older persons, but they deserve less punishment because 
adolescents may have less capacity to control their conduct and to think in long-
range terms than adults.  Moreover, youth crime as such is not exclusively the 
offender’s fault; offenses by the young also represent a failure of family, school, 
and the social system, which share responsibility for the development of 
America’s youth.” ’ 455 U.S., at 115, n. 11, 102 S.Ct. [at] 877, n. 11, [71 L.Ed.2d 
1, n. 11].”  Thompson, 487 U.S. at 834, 108 S.Ct. 2687, 101 L.Ed.2d 702. 
{¶ 36} Warren notes that the Supreme Court in Roper expressed similar 
sentiments.  For example, the court stated in that case, 543 U.S. at 570, 125 S.Ct. 
1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1, quoting Johnson v. Texas (1993), 509 U.S. 350, 368, 113 
S.Ct. 2658, 125 L.Ed.2d 290:  “ ‘[T]he relevance of youth as a mitigating factor 
derives from the fact that the signature qualities of youth are transient; as 
individuals mature, the impetuousness and recklessness that may dominate in 
younger years can subside.’ ”  The Roper court also remarked:  “Whether viewed 
as an attempt to express the community’s moral outrage or as an attempt to right 
the balance for the wrong to the victim, the case for retribution is not as strong 
with a minor as with an adult.  Retribution is not proportional if the law’s most 
severe penalty is imposed on one whose culpability or blameworthiness is 
diminished, to a substantial degree, by reason of youth and immaturity.”  Id. at 
571, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1. 
{¶ 37} The state asserts that Warren’s argument is based on an “overly 
broad reading of Roper” and its predecessors and further asserts—with some 
justification—that Roper is read most appropriately, in context, as a narrow 
examination of the propriety of executing juveniles who have committed capital 
crimes. 
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{¶ 38} We recognize that Warren’s argument centers on some broad 
principles from Roper, Thompson, and other cases that do transcend the Eighth 
Amendment.  See, e.g., In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919, 874 
N.E.2d 1177, at ¶ 82, in which we cited Roper, 543 U.S. at 569-570, 125 S.Ct. 
1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1, for the proposition that “[a] juvenile typically lacks 
sufficient maturity and good judgment to make good decisions consistently and 
[to] sufficiently foresee the consequences of his actions.”  See also In re D.S., 111 
Ohio St.3d 361, 2006-Ohio-5851, 856 N.E.2d 921, ¶ 8-11 (quoting Roper, 543 
U.S. at 569-570, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1, to list distinctions separating 
juveniles from adult offenders). 
{¶ 39} However, we determine that our decision in State v. Walls, 96 Ohio 
St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, so essentially undermines Warren’s 
position that he cannot prevail on his claim that his mandatory life sentence 
violates due process principles of fundamental fairness. 
{¶ 40} In Walls, the defendant was indicted in 1998 for an aggravated 
murder that occurred in 1985 when the defendant was 15 years old.  Although 
Walls was a minor at the time of the offense, the statutes in effect at the time of 
his indictment, which were enacted in 1997, allowed the state to try him as an 
adult.6  Walls moved to dismiss his indictment, arguing that the 1985 version of 
R.C. 2151.011(B)(1), under which he could not be tried as an adult until the 
                                                 
6.  
{¶ a} The applicable statutes were former R.C. 2151.011(B)(6)(c), which is now codified 
in identical language as R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) as challenged in the case sub judice, and former R.C. 
2151.23(I), which was very similar to the versions of R.C. 2151.23(I) and 2152.12(J) at issue in 
the case sub judice.  The former statutes were both enacted in 1997.  See 147 Ohio Laws, Part II, 
3421-3422; 146 Ohio Laws, Part II, 2054. 
{¶ b} Am.Sub.S.B. No. 179, effective January 1, 2002, 148 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 9447, 
significantly revised many juvenile statutes and reorganized the Revised Code by moving 
delinquency into a new chapter, R.C. Chapter 2152.  Juv.R. 2(D) was amended effective July 1, 
2001 to reflect that the definition of “child” that formerly appeared in R.C. 2151.011 now appears 
in R.C. 2152.02.  See 148 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 9536; Staff Notes to July 1, 2001 amendment to 
Juv.R. 2.  A different definition of “child” now appears in R.C. 2151.011(B)(5) and has no 
relevance to this case.  148 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 9476. 
January Term, 2008 
13 
juvenile court had first bound him over to the general division of the court of 
common pleas for trial, should instead control his case.  The trial court denied the 
motion.  Walls was tried as an adult, convicted of aggravated murder, and 
sentenced to life imprisonment.  The court of appeals affirmed. 
{¶ 41} Walls urged this court to void his conviction, arguing that the 
common pleas court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction because the statutes 
allowing for his trial as an adult were unconstitutionally retroactive as applied.  In 
affirming, this court held that the application of the jurisdictional statutes did not 
violate the Retroactivity Clause, Section 28, Article II of the Ohio Constitution, or 
the Ex Post Facto Clause, Section 10, Article I of the United States Constitution.  
Id., 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 49. 
{¶ 42} As to the Retroactivity Clause, this court first determined that the 
General Assembly intended the 1997 amendments to apply retrospectively 
because the amendments “made the age of the offender upon apprehension the 
touchstone of determining juvenile-court jurisdiction without regard to whether 
the alleged offense occurred prior to the amendments’ effective date.”  (Emphasis 
sic.)  Id. at ¶ 14. 
{¶ 43} We then proceeded to consider whether the statutes were 
substantive or remedial for purposes of retroactivity analysis.  We rejected 
Walls’s argument that the 1997 statutory changes were substantive in that they 
deprived him of his vested right to a bindover proceeding:   
{¶ 44} “The 1997 changes to R.C. Chapter 2151 did not impair any of 
Walls’s vested rights within the meaning of our retroactivity jurisprudence.  
Although the 1997 amendments to the juvenile statutes allowed criminal 
prosecution without the bindover proceeding required under the 1985 law, we 
cannot characterize this change as anything other than remedial.  Even under the 
law in effect in 1985, Walls was subject to criminal prosecution in the general 
division of a court of common pleas if the juvenile court made certain 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
14 
determinations specified by statute.  See former R.C. 2151.26(A) and (E), 140 
Ohio Laws, Part I, 585-586.  Thus, under either the 1985 law or the 1997 law, 
Walls was on notice that the offense he allegedly committed could subject him to 
criminal prosecution as an adult in the general division of the court of common 
pleas.  The 1997 law merely removed the procedural prerequisite of a juvenile-
court proceeding.  Even though they may have an occasional substantive effect on 
past conduct, ‘it is generally true that laws that relate to procedures are ordinarily 
remedial in nature.’ ”  Id., 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, 
at ¶ 17. 
{¶ 45} Accordingly, we held that “application of the juvenile statutes in 
place at the time the state commenced criminal proceedings in this case did not 
impair Walls’s substantive rights” within the meaning of the test set forth in Van 
Fossen v. Babcock & Wilcox Co. (1988), 36 Ohio St.3d 100, 522 N.E.2d 489, and 
other cases interpreting Section 28, Article II.  Walls at ¶ 19. 
{¶ 46} As to the Ex Post Facto Clause, this court dismissed Walls’s claim 
that the 1997 statutes increased the measure of punishment for his conduct as 
“speculative at best” and noted that although “Walls perhaps remained eligible for 
retention within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court under a technical reading of 
the old statutes, the practical reality is that Walls had virtually no chance of being 
kept in the juvenile system.”  Id. at ¶ 31.  We reviewed the statutory criteria in 
place in 1985 for deciding whether to transfer a child to common pleas court for 
trial as an adult and concluded that there was “no basis to conclude that Walls had 
any realistic chance of remaining in the juvenile system under the 1985 law.”  Id. 
at ¶ 38. 
{¶ 47} We further noted:  “Notwithstanding the broad degree of discretion 
afforded to juvenile courts in bindover decisions, see State v. Watson (1989), 47 
Ohio St.3d 93, 95-96, 547 N.E.2d 1181, the inherent limitations on the juvenile 
system under the law in place in 1985 convince us that the juvenile court would 
January Term, 2008 
15 
have had virtually no discretion to retain jurisdiction in Walls’s case because of 
his mature age.  The juvenile system in place in 1985 was not structured to retain 
a person well beyond the age of majority for an offense as serious as aggravated 
murder.  Any bindover hearing under the 1985 statute would have been simply a 
procedural step in the process of transferring Walls for prosecution as an adult.  
Consequently, application of the amended statutes did not increase his available 
punishment in any manner other than a speculative and attenuated one.  Such a 
change in the measure of punishment is not enough to constitute an ex post facto 
violation.”  Id., 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 41. 
{¶ 48} Walls is not directly on point with this case because it did not 
involve a due process argument based upon principles of fundamental fairness.  
However, the similarities between the situation in this case and in Walls are 
substantial, and the essential principles that emerge from Walls make it 
impossible for Warren to prevail on his due process argument. 
{¶ 49} Most important, as in Walls, the application of the statutes 
requiring that Warren be tried as an adult in common pleas court (in this case, 
R.C. 2152.02(C)(3), 2151.23(I), and 2152.12(J)) cannot be viewed as affecting a 
substantive right because under either the 1985 bindover law or the 1997 law that 
was applied to him, Warren was on notice that the offense[s] he allegedly 
committed could subject him to criminal prosecution as an adult in the general 
division of the court of common pleas.  Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-
5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 17. 
{¶ 50} In addition, Walls stands squarely in the way of any argument that 
Warren might make about the lack of a bindover hearing in his case, because 
although Warren “perhaps remained eligible for retention within the jurisdiction 
of the juvenile court under a technical reading of the old statutes, the practical 
reality is that [he] had virtually no chance of being kept in the juvenile system.”  
Walls, at ¶ 31.  As in Walls, any bindover hearing under the statute that was in 
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16 
place in 1988 would have been simply a procedural step in the process of 
transferring Warren for prosecution as an adult.  Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-
Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 41. 
{¶ 51} Warren does not explicitly argue that he was prejudiced by the 
absence of a bindover hearing or that the juvenile court should have retained 
jurisdiction over his case.  Instead, he claims to have been prejudiced by the trial 
court’s inability to consider his age at the time of the offenses in sentencing him 
for rape.  Warren argues that he would have received more favorable treatment if 
he had been charged with rape while still a juvenile and that that favorable 
treatment should extend to the rape conviction in this case.  Those arguments are 
significantly undercut by Walls, in which this court held that no substantive rights 
are affected in this situation.  Id. at ¶ 19. 
{¶ 52} In State v. Schaar, Stark App. No. 2003CA00129, 2004-Ohio-
1631, 2004 WL 626815, the defendant argued that his conviction for gross sexual 
imposition violated constitutional guarantees of fundamental fairness because he 
committed the offense while he was a juvenile, but prosecution did not commence 
until he was 22 years old and he was prosecuted as an adult.  In rejecting that 
argument, the Fifth District, at ¶ 27, noted that this court in Walls “specifically 
held that changing the jurisdiction from the juvenile to the general division of the 
common pleas court did not involve any substantive right.  Thus, appellant’s 
substantive due process rights were not violated.”  The Schaar court properly 
interpreted the effect of Walls on a situation with some parallels to that of the 
present case. 
{¶ 53} Warren additionally argues that R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) violates due 
process in his situation because it allowed the victim “unfettered power” to delay 
prosecution until after his 21st birthday.  Warren asserts that the victim made an 
“unjustified decision” to delay reporting this case to authorities and that in the 
January Term, 2008 
17 
meantime, his “sentencing exposure” arbitrarily increased even though the delay 
was not his fault.  We find this argument unfounded for several reasons. 
{¶ 54} First, the record contains no indications that the victim delayed this 
prosecution so that Warren could be charged as an adult instead of a juvenile and 
thereby face an increased penalty.  To the contrary, the record establishes that the 
victim refrained from telling anyone about the incidents because Warren had 
threatened her and others with harm and that she later tried to put the incidents 
behind her and deal with them internally.  It was only when she read the 2004 
newspaper article that she developed the resolve to come forward.  In these 
circumstances, the victim’s delay in reporting the molestation could hardly be 
termed “unjustified.” 
{¶ 55} Second, this argument is in substantial part based on underlying 
claims of prejudicial preindictment delay (see Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-
Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 50-56) and on the improper tolling of the statute 
of limitations.  Because we declined to review Warren’s propositions of law on 
these issues, this argument is at least arguably beyond the scope of this appeal. 
{¶ 56} Third, to the extent that this argument supports the proposition of 
law we agreed to review, it must fail under Walls.  Warren’s sentencing exposure 
did not arbitrarily increase, because the application of the relevant juvenile 
statutes to him “did not increase his available punishment in any manner other 
than a speculative and attenuated one.”  Id. at ¶ 41. 
{¶ 57} Warren asserts the further secondary argument that his mandatory 
life sentence for rape is unfair because it is disproportionate to sentences imposed 
on “similarly situated offenders”—those juveniles who are charged with rape 
shortly after the offense is committed, while they are still juveniles, and who are 
not bound over for trial.  Walls is dispositive of this argument as well.  Warren’s 
vested rights were not impaired because under the juvenile statutes in effect when 
he committed his offenses, he was always subject to criminal prosecution as an 
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18 
adult.  Id., 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶ 17.  Warren 
is not “similarly situated” to a juvenile who is charged with rape and not bound 
over for a trial; therefore, his sentence need not be proportionate to a sentence 
received by such an offender. 
III 
{¶ 58} For all the foregoing reasons, Warren does not demonstrate that his 
rights to due process and fundamental fairness were violated by the application of 
the challenged statutes to him as they are written to impose a mandatory life 
sentence for rape.  Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
MOYER, C.J., and CUPP, J., concur. 
 
LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, and LANZINGER, JJ., concur in 
judgment only. 
 
PFEIFER, J., dissents. 
__________________ 
 
LANZINGER, J., concurring in judgment only. 
{¶ 59} The sole issue accepted by this court for resolution confines us, I 
believe, to affirming the court of appeals.  Even if we were to accept Reginald 
Warren’s arguments regarding due process and fundamental fairness, we cannot 
order the trial court to consider his status as a juvenile to be a mitigating 
sentencing factor because former R.C. 2907.02(B) provided that a defendant 
convicted of forcible rape of a child under 13 receives a mandatory life sentence.  
141 Ohio Laws, Part II, 4481.  The General Assembly did not specify that youth 
could be considered to mitigate sentencing as it had, for example, in former R.C. 
2929.04(B)(4) with respect to capital cases.7 139 Ohio Laws, Part I, 1, 16. 
                                                 
7. 
The current version of R.C. 2929.04(B)(4) also allows an offender’s youth to be 
considered in capital cases. 
January Term, 2008 
19 
{¶ 60} This case is troublesome on the facts.  In 2004, Reginald Warren 
was indicted, tried, convicted, and sentenced for a 1988 forcible rape of a child 
under 13, based solely on the testimony of the complaining witness and without 
any physical evidence.  In 1988, he was 15 years old and subject to adjudication 
in juvenile court; 17 years later, he received a mandatory life sentence as an adult.  
Of all the issues raised – preindictment delay, extension and tolling of the statute 
of limitations, cruel and unusual punishment, and Warren’s conviction as an adult 
for a crime committed when he was a juvenile – only the last issue, whether two 
statutes were applied to deprive him of due process and fundamental fairness, was 
accepted for consideration by this court. 
{¶ 61} I join in the sentiments expressed by Justice Pfeifer, dissenting in 
State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 58-69, 
with respect to the unconstitutional retroactive application of statutes similar to 
those at issue in this case, and if we were not bound to follow the precedent 
established in Walls, I would hold that juveniles who committed offenses in 1988 
are subject to juvenile penalties only.  R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) provides that “[a]ny 
person who, while under eighteen years of age, commits an act that would be a 
felony if committed by an adult and who is not taken into custody or apprehended 
for that act until after the person attains twenty-one years of age is not a child in 
relation to that act.”  (Emphasis added.)  
{¶ 62} Referring to the same phrase in former R.C. 2151.23(I), which 
automatically bound over adults to the criminal court for offenses committed as 
juveniles, Justice Pfeifer explained, “[T]he use of the present tense [‘commits an 
act’] indicates that the statute applies to acts that occur over the life of the statute. 
The law tells persons under 18 years old that if they commit a felony but avoid 
apprehension until after age 21, they will face disposition of their case through the 
criminal court. It alerts persons under eighteen years of age to the consequences 
of not facing responsibility for their actions in a timely manner. The statute does 
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20 
not speak to persons over 21 who have already committed a felony as a juvenile 
before the statute was enacted. Those persons would be unable to conform their 
behavior to the statute.”  (Emphasis added.) Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-
Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, at ¶65 (Pfeifer, J., dissenting). 
{¶ 63} Warren committed the offense in 1988.  R.C. 2152.02(C)(3) was 
enacted in 1997.  Until 2002, when the “serious youthful offender” laws became 
effective, creating blended sentences, see R.C. 2152.13(D), a juvenile who 
committed forcible rape of a child under ten would have faced either confinement 
until 21 as a juvenile or a bindover to adult court.  If Warren had been charged 
and convicted while still a juvenile, he would not have been automatically 
sentenced to life in prison and, although subject to bindover, could have disputed 
his disposition as an adult and have forced the state to demonstrate that he could 
not be rehabilitated within the juvenile system.  Retroactivity, however, is no 
longer an open issue and cannot be the basis for finding the statutes 
unconstitutional as applied in this case.  State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-
Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829. 
{¶ 64} Former R.C. 2907.02(B), the statute that has been applied to 
Warren, specified a mandatory life sentence and did not allow for the 
consideration of a defendant’s age.  141 Ohio Laws, Part II, 4481.  The current 
version of R.C. 2907.02(B), which became effective January 1, 2008, does take 
youth into consideration for some rape offenses: “If an offender is convicted of or 
pleads guilty to a violation of division (A)(1)(b) of this section [rape of a child 
under 13], if the offender was less than sixteen years of age at the time the 
offender committed the violation of that division, and if the offender during or 
immediately after the commission of the offense did not cause serious physical 
harm to the victim, the victim was ten years of age or older at the time of the 
commission of the violation, and the offender has not previously been convicted 
of or pleaded guilty to a violation of this section or a substantially similar existing 
January Term, 2008 
21 
or former law of this state, another state, or the United States, the court shall not 
sentence the offender to a prison term or term of life imprisonment pursuant to 
section 2971.03 of the Revised Code, and instead the court shall sentence the 
offender as otherwise provided in this division.” 
{¶ 65} Thus, even under current law allowing sentencing mitigation for 
the youth of an offender, Warren would still be subject to a term of life 
imprisonment without parole, because his victim was younger than ten at the time 
of the offense.  If former R.C. 2907.02(B) had allowed the sentencing court to 
consider Warren’s status as a juvenile when the crime was committed, I would 
vacate the sentence and remand to the trial court for resentencing.  But because 
the General Assembly had not provided in former R.C. 2907.02(B) that youth 
could be mitigating, I concur in judgment only. 
 
LUNDBERG STRATTON and O’DONNELL, JJ., concur in the foregoing 
opinion. 
__________________ 
 
PFEIFER, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 66} I dissented in State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 
775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 58-69, and dissent today.  The life sentence imposed 
automatically upon the defendant here violates due process principles of 
fundamental fairness.  The sentence ignores this state’s distinctions between how 
it treats juveniles and how it treats adults.  Those distinctions emanate from our 
state’s and nation’s longstanding principles regarding fairness in dealing with 
children: 
{¶ 67} “The dichotomy between juvenile and criminal courts exists 
because we understand the important differences between children and adults, not 
just in their ultimate disposition once they are adjudged, but also in the 
motivations behind their behaviors. 
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22 
{¶ 68} “Whenever the juvenile offender is ultimately apprehended, at the 
time of the crime or after he turns twenty-one, the fact remains that a child 
committed the offense.  Who of us is the same person we were as a teenager?  
Who of us is the person we aspired to be as a teenager?  Our juvenile laws and 
courts take into account that we are eminently changeable and reformable at that 
age.  The juvenile court structure recognizes our undeveloped judgment 
capabilities, our nonappreciation of the future, and the temporary and evolving 
nature of our influences.” Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 
829, at ¶ 67-68 (Pfeifer, J., dissenting). 
{¶ 69} The fact that Warren could not even argue that his youth was a 
mitigating factor in the commission of his crimes is fundamentally unfair.  I 
would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. 
__________________ 
William D. Mason, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jon W. 
Oebker, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 
Robert L. Tobik, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and Erika Cunliffe, 
Assistant Public Defender, for appellant. 
______________________