Case Title: Idaho v. Moses

Citation: 

Docket Number: 

State: idaho

Court: Idaho Supreme Court (criminal)

Date: 2014-06-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket 41275 
 
STATE OF IDAHO, 
       Plaintiff-Respondent, 
v. 
JOSHUA MICHAEL MOSES, 
       Defendant-Appellant. 
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Boise, February 2014 Term 
 
2014 Opinion No. 60 
 
Filed: June 19, 2014 
 
Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk 
 
Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho, 
Kootenai County.  Hon. John T. Mitchell, District Judge. 
The judgment of conviction is affirmed. 
Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Sarah E. 
Tompkins argued.  
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Jessica M. 
Lorello argued 
_____________________ 
J. JONES, Justice 
 
Joshua Michael Moses appeals his conviction for grand theft by extortion. Moses 
contends the district court erred when it denied his mid-trial request to question a juror after the 
juror informed the court that he was suffering from anxiety and was unsure if he could continue 
participating on the jury. Moses also argues that the district court made errors in evidentiary 
rulings and that the prosecutor engaged in various forms of misconduct during closing argument. 
The Court of Appeals heard the appeal and vacated the judgment of conviction, remanding the 
case for a new trial. The State sought, and this Court granted, review. 
I. 
BACKGROUND 
 
On the morning of July 24, 2010, Walter Ward received a telephone call from his brother-
in-law, Joshua Branam. During that call, Branam told Ward that he needed $2,500 or he would 
be killed. A third person got on the phone and told Ward that “it wasn’t a joke, it wasn’t some 
Hollywood bullshit, he wasn’t messing around, and not to go to the police.” In the course of 
 
 
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these conversations, Ward was instructed to take the money to a local Wal-Mart parking lot. As 
directed, Ward took the money to the specified location and was met by the defendant, Joshua 
Moses. Ward recognized Moses’ voice as that of the third person with whom he had spoken 
during the call. After giving Moses the money, Ward was directed to the entrance of a trailer 
park and, after a time, Ward saw Branam walking towards him.  
 
Ward then went to the police. Subsequently, the State charged Moses with grand theft by 
extortion. The jury returned a guilty verdict and Moses appealed. The Court of Appeals vacated 
Moses’ conviction in a 2-1 decision, holding that the district court erred when it refused to permit 
Moses to inquire of the juror who expressed reservations about his ability to “continue,” given the 
anxiety he was experiencing. This Court granted the State’s petition for review.  
II. 
ISSUES ON APPEAL 
I. 
Did the district court err in failing to permit or conduct inquiry of a juror who advised 
the court of anxiety issues during the course of the trial? 
II. 
Did the district court err in allowing the State to introduce statements made by 
Branam as adoptive admissions by Moses?  
III. 
Did the district court err in refusing to permit Moses to call a witness to testify about 
Branam’s prior consistent statements? 
IV. 
Did the prosecutor commit misconduct during closing argument by engaging in any 
or all of the following: shifting the burden of proof to Moses, arguing facts not in 
evidence, misstating the evidence, or appealing to the passions and prejudices of the 
jurors? 
V. 
Should Moses’ conviction be vacated under the cumulative error doctrine?  
III. 
STANDARD OF REVIEW 
“In cases that come before this Court on a petition for review of a Court of Appeals 
decision, this Court gives serious consideration to the views of the Court of Appeals, but directly 
reviews the decision of the lower court.” State v. Oliver, 144 Idaho 722, 724, 170 P.3d 387, 389 
(2007).   
IV.  
ANALYSIS  
A. 
Mid-Trial Juror Inquiry 
While waiting for two jurors to report for duty on the second day of Moses’ trial, the 
 
 
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district court received a note from the bailiff. This note said that Juror 69 had told the bailiff he was 
“having anxiety issues” and was “not sure” he could “continue.” With counsel present, the bailiff 
and the district court engaged in the following conversation: 
The Court: Why don’t we – would it help [Juror 69] if he were just by himself in a 
different jury room? 
Bailiff: I didn’t go into that, Judge. 
The Court: Why don’t you see if that would make him more comfortable while we 
wait and sort out where our other two jurors are?1 
Bailiff: Okay. 
The Court: And we can certainly have another bailiff check that room. All right. 
Well, I guess we’ve got nothing to do for a while. 
After a recess, but still out of the presence of the jury, the district court, the bailiff, defense counsel, 
and the prosecutor had the following conversation: 
The Court: Juror Number 69 . . . has anxiety issues and is having some difficulty 
with the back and forth and the contentious nature of the proceedings. I asked [the 
bailiff] to see if [Juror 69] had . . . any suggestions on what might be done to 
minimize that. Did he come up with anything?  
Bailiff: He did not, Judge 
The Court: Okay. All right.  
. . .  
Defense Counsel: Your Honor, . . . I would like to have a little more information on 
the juror that suffers with the anxiety to make sure that that’s not something that is 
gonna prevent him from listening to every bit of the testimony. My concern is that 
if he’s under an anxiety attack in the courtroom, he may not be hearing the 
testimony, and I want to – I don’t know how to have the Court make sure that his 
anxiety is not gonna impact his ability to take in the testimony as it comes in.  
The Court: What’s the State’s position, if any? 
The State: This juror was passed by myself as well as counsel, and no one delved 
into these potential issues, probably because we didn’t know about them, but he 
didn’t bring them up.2 He’s not said anything to make anyone aware that he can’t 
be fair and impartial in this case. I think to single him out and to question is gonna 
make a potential problem even worse, and basically we’re worrying about 
something that we don’t know if it happened or not, and I don’t think we need to 
                                                 
1 The two other jurors were late because of an auto accident, which is irrelevant to this case.  
2 During preliminary voir dire, the district court posed the following question to the panel of prospective jurors: 
“[d]o you have a physical or mental disability or condition that would prevent you from being a juror for the next 
three days?” Juror 69 did not respond to indicate that he did.  
 
 
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take a juror out and single him out and start asking him questions.  
The Court: All right. Well, I am going to simply announce to the entire panel that if 
anybody feels at any time that they do need a break, to please bring that to the 
Court’s attention, but otherwise, I’m not going to inquire further of . . . Juror 
Number 69.  
Once the jury was seated, the court “reminded” the jurors that “if for any reason you feel that you 
need to have a recess, get my attention, get [the bailiff’s] attention, and we will immediately recess. 
Everybody clear on that? All right.” The issue was not raised again during trial.  
Moses argued in his opening brief on appeal that the district court erred in preventing him 
from “questioning the juror about the nature, frequency, effects, and extent of the panic attacks he 
was suffering during the trial.” In his reply brief, Moses makes the more general argument that he 
“has the right to some form of hearing in order to determine the juror’s fitness to continue” and 
asserts that the district court erred by failing “to conduct any further enquiry at all” of Juror 69. 
Regardless of how the issue is phrased, the district court committed no error.  
It should first be noted that Moses’ counsel did not request that she be allowed to inquire of 
the juror. Further, the district court did not prevent counsel from asking for or making any inquiry. 
Rather, counsel asked for “a little more information” regarding Juror 69 and then said she did not 
know “how to have the court make sure that his anxiety is not gonna impact his ability to take in 
the testimony as it comes in.” And, there is no indication in the record that the juror was suffering 
“panic attacks.” Nevertheless, we first consider whether Moses had a right to question the juror.  
The Idaho Constitution states that “[t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.” ID 
CONST. art. I, § 7. That a jury be “impartial,” as “guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the 
United States Constitution, is made applicable to the individual states through the Fourteenth 
Amendment.” State v. Brooks, 103 Idaho 892, 896, 655 P.2d 99, 103 (Ct. App. 1982) (citing 
Parker v. Gladden, 385 U.S. 363, 364 (1966); State v. Beason, 95 Idaho 267, 506 P.2d 1340 
(1973)). “In essence, the right to jury trial guarantees to the criminally accused a fair trial by a 
panel of impartial, indifferent jurors.” Id. (citing Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722 (1961)). “The 
failure to accord an accused a fair hearing violates even the minimal standards of due process.” 
Irvin, 366 U.S. at 722. Thus, “the Due Process Clause protects a defendant from jurors who are 
actually incapable of rendering an impartial verdict, based on the evidence and the law.” Peters v. 
Kiff, 407 U.S. 493, 501 (1972). To be capable, a juror must be “mentally competent to afford a 
 
 
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hearing.” Jordan v. Com. of Massachusetts, 225 U.S. 167, 176 (1912).   
It follows that “the right of a party to know whether a juror is qualified and competent is a 
substantial right that cannot, under our law, be denied.” U.S. v. Alexander, 2 Idaho 386, 392, 17 P. 
746, 749 (Idaho Terr. 1888). Voir dire is the process by which the court or parties examine 
potential or sitting jurors for competence. I.C.R. 24(b). It presents the opportunity to test “the 
qualifications of the juror” and “to discover the possible existence of a ground for challenge.” 
I.C.R. 24(b). “The right given to challenge for cause carries with it the right to examine for cause, 
or have the court do so.” Alexander, 2 Idaho at 392, 17 P. at 749. The requirement of an impartial 
jury does not end once the jury is empaneled. “If at any time a juror dies or becomes ill, or upon 
other good cause shown to the court that the juror is found to be unable to perform jury duty . . . the 
court may order the juror to be discharged . . .” I.C.R. 24(d)(3). 
Although voir dire is generally completed at the beginning of a trial, it may later be 
reopened at the trial court’s discretion. State v. Leavitt, 116 Idaho 285, 289, 775 P.2d 599, 603 
(1989); 47 Am. Jur. 2d Jury § 171 (“The trial court may permit a party to reopen the examination 
of a prospective juror who had previously been passed by counsel where counsel has a ‘good 
reason . . . .’”). The Idaho Criminal Rules provide that “[c]hallenges for cause may be made . . . not 
later than the conclusion of all questions propounded to an individual prospective juror, or the 
prospective jury if questioned as a whole, except that a challenge for cause may be permitted by 
the court at a later time upon a showing of good cause.” I.C.R. 24(b). “Challenges for cause, as 
provided by law, must be tried by the court.” Id. Thus, the decision to reopen voir dire and allow a 
for-cause hearing is left to the discretion of the district court. Id.; U.S. v. Adams, 305 F.3d 30, 35 
(1st Cir. 2002) (“Whether to reopen voir dire and what questions to permit is largely within the 
discretion of the district court.”).  
Moses argues that this Court should review the issue of juror competence de novo. Yet, 
“‘[i]t is the trial court and not this Court which is in a position to determine first hand whether a 
juror can render a fair and impartial verdict.” Quincy v. Joint School Dist. No. 41, 102 Idaho 764, 
768, 640 P.2d 304, 308 (1981). Indeed, “[d]espite its importance, the adequacy of voir dire is not 
easily subject to appellate review” because an “appellate court [cannot] easily second-guess the 
conclusions” of a trial judge “who heard and observed” a juror’s responses and demeanor during 
voir dire. Rosales-Lopez v. U.S., 451 U.S. 182, 188 (1981). “No hard-and-fast formula dictates the 
 
 
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necessary depth or breadth of voir dire.” Skilling v. U.S., 561 U.S. 358, 362 (2010). “The trial 
judge’s function at this point in the trial is not unlike that of the jurors later on in the trial. Both 
must reach conclusions as to impartiality and credibility by relying on their own evaluations of 
demeanor evidence and of responses to questions.” Rosales-Lopez, 451 U.S. at 188. Thus, the 
“determination whether a juror can render a fair and impartial verdict is directed to the sound 
discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed absent a showing of abuse of discretion.” State 
v. Hauser, 143 Idaho 603, 609, 150 P.3d 296, 302 (Ct. App. 2006). Similarly, “[w]hen this Court 
reviews limitations a district court places on jury voir dire, it applies an abuse of discretion 
standard.” State v. Dunlap, 155 Idaho 345, 363, 313 P.3d 1, 19 (2013). This discretion, however, is 
“subject to the essential demands of fairness.” Aldridge v. U.S., 283 U.S. 308, 310 (1931). For 
example, a trial judge abuses his or her “discretion if the scope of voir dire is so limited that it does 
not create any reasonable assurances that prejudice would be discovered if present.” U.S. v. Gillis, 
942 F.2d 707, 709–10 (10th Cir. 1991). 
 
Even if we construe Moses’ counsel’s statement as a request to personally inquire of 
Juror 69, the determination of such a request was within the discretion of the district court. 
Moses has failed to show how the court abused its discretion. Indeed, Moses’ counsel neither 
attempted to make a showing of good cause why she should be able to make inquiry, nor 
objected to the court’s failure to grant it.  
Nor did the district court abuse its discretion by failing to personally question Juror 69. 
Because “[o]ne of the grave responsibilities inherent in the trial courts is to provide legal and 
competent jurors for the trial of all cases that may come before it,” we review the district court’s 
decision to allow Juror 69 to remain on the panel without a formal inquiry for an abuse of 
discretion. Heitman v. Morgan, 10 Idaho 562, 570, 79 P. 225, 228 (1905) (Stockslager, C.J. 
dissenting in part and concurring in part); State v. Bolen, 143 Idaho 437, 441, 146 P.3d 703, 707 
(Ct. App. 2006) (noting that if the trial court had been informed mid-trial of alleged juror 
misconduct, “it could have, in its discretion, conducted an inquiry of individual jurors to determine 
whether” the misconduct had actually occurred).  Thus, the issue is not the district court’s failure to 
inquire, but the adequacy of the inquiry and chosen course of action.  
Upon learning of Juror 69’s anxiety, the district court took action. The court first attempted 
to make the juror more comfortable by moving him to a separate room and instructing the bailiff to 
 
 
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inquire into the juror’s needs. After the juror failed to identify what could be done to make him 
more comfortable, the court impliedly recognized that the decision of whether to allow further 
inquiry of Juror 69 was within its discretion—it had a discussion with counsel for Moses and the 
State and considered their positions in determining how to address Juror 69’s anxiety. Ultimately, 
the court kept Juror 69 on the panel without further inquiry, which implies that the district court 
determined that the juror was competent and further examination was not necessary. See Andrews 
v. Collins, 21 F.3d 612, 628 n. 33 (5th Cir. 1994) (noting that implied in a refusal to excuse for 
cause is a trial court’s finding that a juror is qualified to serve). Then, the court made a statement to 
the entire venire reminding the jurors that they were welcome to ask for breaks. This would have at 
least suggested to the jurors that they had the ability to discuss their needs with the court.  
While the juror initially stated that he was not sure if he could continue, the juror never 
asked to be released nor stated that he could not continue, and this information came to the court 
during a break, which ended up being a rather extended break. The court was uniquely situated to 
know just how potentially anxiety-producing the contentious nature of the proceedings may have 
been, could be through the duration of the trial, or were in comparison with other trials. Defense 
counsel’s concern was whether the juror was able to take in all of the evidence. There is nothing that 
suggests that the juror had not, could not, or would not listen to the testimony. The district court’s 
chosen course of action was to reiterate to the jury as a whole that which had been emphasized 
during voir dire, that if anyone needed a break, a break would be immediately taken. No objection to 
this chosen course of action was made by Moses. 
It is reasonable to assume that after the trial resumed, the court, defense counsel, and bailiff 
may have continued to observe Juror 69 for any outward signs of anxiety. Because no further 
concerns were raised by anyone, including Juror 69, this Court is not in a position to second guess 
the district court’s handling of the matter. For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did 
not abuse its discretion in dealing with the matter.  
B. 
Ward’s Adoptive Admission Testimony. 
Moses claims that the district court “erred when it admitted statements made by Mr. 
Branam to Mr. Ward during a phone conversation as adoptive admissions attributable to Mr. 
Moses under I.R.E. 801(d)(2)(B), because the State failed to establish the necessary foundation for 
admission of such statements under this rule.” Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine 
seeking the district court’s permission for Ward to testify as to the following:  
 
 
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Walter Ward answered the phone at 7:00 am on July 24, 2010. The person calling 
Ward was Joshua Branam, Ward’s brother-in-law. Branam told Ward that he was in 
trouble and he needed $2,500 or he would be killed. After making that statement, 
another male with a Hispanic accent apparently took the phone from Branam and 
told Ward that he was not fucking around, this was not Hollywood, that he wanted 
the money and to meet him at Walmart. The phone was handed back to Branam and 
a second conversation ensued between Ward and Branam. During this second 
conversation, Ward could hear the Hispanic male yelling at Branam calling him 
stupid. Ward has identified the Hispanic voice as that of the Defendant.3 
Moses contends that the court erred in granting this motion.  
In its brief in support of the motion in limine, the State argued that Ward should be 
permitted to testify as to the statements Branam made to him during that phone call because they 
constituted admissions attributable to Moses under I.R.E. 801(d)(2)(B). Under I.R.E. 801(c), 
“[h]earsay is defined as a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the 
trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” State v. Timmons, 
145 Idaho 279, 285, 178 P.3d 644, 650 (Ct. App. 2007). Idaho Rule of Evidence 801(d) specifies 
that admissions by a party-opponent are not hearsay statements. Under I.R.E. 801(d)(2)(B), which 
is nearly identical to Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(B), an adoptive admission is “offered 
against a party” and is “a statement of which the party has manifested an adoption or belief in its 
truth.” I.R.E. 801(d)(2)(B). The Court of Appeals said in State v. Nguyen that “[t]he party 
contending for adoption has the burden of proving adoption was intended.” 122 Idaho 151, 156, 
832 P.2d 324, 329 (Ct. App. 1992). The court continued: 
When a statement is offered as an adoptive admission, the primary inquiry is 
whether the statement was such that under the circumstances, an innocent defendant 
would normally be induced to respond, and whether there are sufficient 
foundational facts from which the jury could infer that the defendant heard, 
understood, and acquiesced in the statement. 
Id. (quoting United States v. Carter, 760 F.2d 1568, 1579 (11th Cir. 1985)). “Before admitting 
such a statement, the trial court must determine, as a preliminary question, whether these two 
criteria have been met.” Carter, 760 F.2d at 1580.  
“Preliminary questions concerning the admissibility of evidence are determined by the trial 
court.” Bahnmiller v. Bahnmiller, 145 Idaho 517, 521, 181 P.3d 443, 447 (2008); I.R.E. 104(a). “In 
making its determination,” the court “is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with 
                                                 
3 Moses is actually Native American.  
 
 
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respect to privileges.” I.R.E. 104(a). If “the relevancy of evidence depends upon the fulfillment of 
a condition of fact, the court shall admit it upon, or in the court’s discretion subject to, the 
introduction of evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition.” I.R.E. 
104(b).  
The district court ruled that the statements made by Branam to Ward were admissible as 
adoptive admissions of Moses, based on the assumption that Ward’s testimony would lay a proper 
foundation. The district court explained: 
Here, as I understand it, and I’ve looked at this a lot more than one time, Branam 
gets on the phone to Ward and says what he says, hands the phone to somebody 
who may be the defendant. That all needs to be – the foundation of that needs to be 
laid, but assuming that Ward can lay that foundation, I don’t see why Branam has to 
testify to lay a foundation. The foundation seems to be laid by the conversation in 
context. . . . Branam sets the demand out, and all this other person does, whether it’s 
Mr. Moses or somebody else, is build upon that, says we’re not F---in’ around, and 
reiterates the need for the $2500 and where to meet and this isn’t Hollywood, and 
implicit in that is that, yes, in fact we’ll kill Mr. Ward if you don’t get us the $2500 
where we want and when, and so I think the foundation’s laid. . . . Assuming that 
that’s – that Ward can identify who that other voice was, the foundation’s been laid 
for an adoptive admission, and it will be allowed at trial.  
Thus, the district court held that the testimony as to Branam’s statements was admissible, subject 
to the State first laying a foundation through Ward’s testimony that he recognized Moses’ voice as 
the voice of the person with whom he spoke on the phone.  
Moses contends that the district court erred when, prior to allowing Ward to testify, it failed 
to make “any finding Mr. Moses was actually present during the phone conversation, that he had 
heard Mr. Branam’s remarks, or that his conduct evinced acquiescence in the statements Mr. 
Branam had made.” Moses also argues that the “sole ‘evidence’ the State presented was the 
prosecutor’s mere assertion that Mr. Moses was talking to Mr. Ward during the phone 
conversation.” Moses’ arguments fail because under I.R.E. 104(b), the district court was permitted 
to admit Ward’s testimony on a foundation to be later laid. Thus, it was sufficient for the State to 
make an offer of proof explaining that Ward’s testimony would show that Moses was present 
during the phone call. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it 
conditioned the admission of Branam’s hearsay statements on the State’s ability to lay a foundation 
through Ward’s testimony as to Moses’ voice on the telephone call. That foundation was properly 
laid through Ward’s testimony and we therefore find no error on the part of the district court.  
 
 
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C. 
Exclusion of Prior Consistent Statement Evidence 
Moses argues that the district court erred in excluding one of the witnesses offered to 
bolster Branam’s credibility. Throughout trial, Moses sought to show that he was an unwitting 
participant in a scheme concocted by Branam. In testimony from Moses’ preliminary hearing, 
which was admitted into evidence at trial, Branam said that he, not Moses, had “wanted to get 
money” from Ward, so he made a plan to tell Ward “a really good story” that he had been 
kidnapped, “was gonna be hurt,” and “needed the money.” Branam stated that “Moses went and 
picked up the package from my brother-in-law, brought it back to me. He didn’t know what it was. 
I opened it up and I had the money.”  
The State countered with testimony from Ward, who stated that Branam had “said that he 
had to lie about his testimony. Um, he said that if he had testified against Mr. Moses that he was 
afraid that when he subsequently did time in prison that, um, he would be killed.” The State also 
presented the testimony of Officer Scott Harmon, who explained that Branam “told me  . . . that, 
uh, Mr. Moses stated that he . . . wanted the money, and . . . at some point in that time [Branam] 
was taped to a chair, duct taped to a chair, and proceeded to be beaten, and said that [Moses] 
wanted the money.”  
In response, Moses sought to introduce the testimony of two surrebuttal witnesses, 
Christian Beech and Ed Yankey, who would say that Branam had previously made statements 
consistent with his testimony at Moses’ preliminary hearing. Defense counsel explained that Beech 
“would testify to overhearing a conversation between Branam and Moses” and Yankey would 
testify to a conversation he had “directly with Branam, and Branam said that he’s the one that did 
this . . . , Josh Moses didn’t do this . . . .” Specifically, Yankey would have testified that he was 
housed with Branam in jail and Branam had told him “that Moses was in jail because of [Branam], 
and [Moses] shouldn’t be in jail because Josh Moses didn’t do anything wrong.”  
The district court expressed reservations about bringing in surrebuttal witnesses to bolster 
Branam’s credibility because “everything Ward testified about was in regard to the December 
10th, 2010, preliminary hearing, so proper rebuttal, surrebuttal rather, would be to discredit Ward, 
not to bolster Branam.” Ultimately, the district court decided to allow the testimony of Beech but 
not Yankey.  
The reason I’m allowing the testimony of Beech is to give the defense the benefit of 
the doubt as far as my refusing to allow Beech’s testimony in the case-in-chief. 
 
 
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When, at least according to my notes, that was argued yesterday or day before, it 
was – the argument for admissibility was focused on 804(b)(3), statement against 
interest. I don’t recall anything about prior consistent statements. We’d not had the 
read-in testimony of Branam yet. Maybe that’s why the argument wasn’t made.  
I don’t think either person’s testimony, Ward or Yankey, is proper rebuttal. It’s not 
addressing something that was raised in the State’s rebuttal case, and I’ll just leave 
it at that.  
During his testimony, Beech stated that he overheard a conversation between Moses and 
Branam during his own preliminary hearing.  He said that he recalled “Joshua Moses asking 
Joshua Branam if there had been any such thing as the kidnap happening” and that “Joshua 
Branam said no.” He stated that he “also heard Joshua Moses ask Joshua Branam if he received the 
money from him. Joshua Branam said that, yes, I had given you the money.” Beech testified that 
“[i]t was a normal tone conversation” and that both Moses and Branam seemed “relaxed.” Beech 
also stated that he was an acquaintance of both Moses and Branam, and was scared of neither man.  
 Moses argues that the district court erred in excluding Yankey as a witness because “the 
testimony of both witnesses was relevant and admissible pursuant to I.R.E. 801(d)(1)(B).” We 
review a district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under a hearsay exception for abuse 
of discretion. State v. Moore, 131 Idaho 814, 822, 965 P.2d 174, 182 (1998). The district court 
erred in concluding that rebuttal evidence is limited to that which impeaches the witnesses 
presented by the opposing party, rather than that which is responsive to the evidence presented by 
the opposing party.  
Rebuttal evidence is evidence “which explains, repels, counteracts, or disproves evidence 
which has been introduced by or on behalf of the adverse party.” State v. Butcher, 137 Idaho 
125, 133, 44 P.3d 1180, 1188 (Ct. App. 2002); State v. Floyd, 125 Idaho 651, 655, 873 P.2d 905, 
909 (Ct. App. 1994); State v. Sorrell, 116 Idaho 966, 968, 783 P.2d 305, 307 (Ct. App. 1989). 
“The mere fact that testimony might well have been presented during [a party’s] case in chief 
does not, by itself, make it inadmissible for rebuttal.” State v. Rosencrantz, 110 Idaho 124, 129, 
714 P.2d 93, 98 (Ct. App. 1986). Here, the State presented Branam’s prior inconsistent 
statements for the purpose of attacking Branam’s credibility. Because Moses’ proffered 
surrebuttal evidence was offered to bolster Branam’s credibility, thereby counteracting the 
State’s rebuttal evidence that attacked Branam’s credibility, it was within the scope of 
permissible surrebuttal. 
 
 
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By applying the incorrect legal standard, the district court abused its discretion. Because 
the district court erred, we must consider whether the error was harmless. “The purpose of a 
harmless error rule is to block setting aside convictions for small errors or defects that have little, if 
any, likelihood of having changed the results of the trial.” State v. Garcia, 100 Idaho 108, 111, 594 
P.2d 146, 149 (1979) (internal quotations omitted). 
This Court applies the harmless error test articulated by the Supreme Court of the 
United States in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967). State v. Perry, 150 
Idaho 209, 222, 245 P.3d 961, 974 (2010). Under the two-part Chapman test, the 
defendant must establish the existence of an error, “at which point the State shall 
have the burden of demonstrating that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable 
doubt.” Id. To meet that burden, the State must “prove[ ] ‘beyond a reasonable 
doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.’” Id. 
at 221, 245 P.3d at 973 (quoting Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24). 
State v. Joy, 155 Idaho 1, 11, 304 P.3d 276, 286 (2013). 
 
The State argues that even if the district court erred in excluding Yankey’s testimony, 
“the error was harmless given the cumulative nature of Yankey’s proposed testimony in 
conjunction with the weight of the state’s evidence that Moses was, in fact, involved in the 
extortion.” On the other hand, Moses contends that Yankey’s testimony “would not have been 
merely cumulative of that provided by Mr. Beech, as the circumstances surrounding Mr. 
Branam’s statement to Mr. Yankey had independent and substantial probative value for purposes 
of rebutting the State’s claim of fabrication.” The State counters: 
While, as Moses notes, the context in which the statements were made were 
different in that Moses was physically present for Branam’s alleged statements to 
Beech but was apparently not present when Branam talked to Yankey, Branam 
was incarcerated on both occasions and his underlying fear was the same―fear of 
retribution for being a “snitch.” Thus, any distinction between Branam’s 
statements to Beech and his statements to Yankey based on context is 
unpersuasive for purposes of deciding whether the evidence is cumulative.” 
The essential thrust of Yankey’s testimony was cumulative of Beech’s testimony and does not 
appear to be made otherwise by reason of its context. Thus, even though the district court erred 
in disallowing Yankey’s testimony, the error was harmless because Yankey’s testimony was 
merely cumulative. 
D. 
Prosecutorial Misconduct 
Moses contends that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct during closing argument by (1) 
improperly shifting the burden of proof, (2) referring to facts not in evidence, (3) misstating the 
 
 
13  
 
evidence, and (4) appealing to the passions and prejudices of the jurors. The Court of Appeals has 
correctly observed that: 
Closing argument serves to sharpen and clarify the issues for resolution by the trier 
of fact in a criminal case. State v. Phillips, 144 Idaho 82, 86, 156 P.3d 583, 587 (Ct. 
App. 2007). Its purpose is to enlighten the jury and to help the jurors remember and 
interpret the evidence. Id.; State v. Reynolds, 120 Idaho 445, 450, 816 P.2d 1002, 
1007 (Ct. App. 1991). “The line separating acceptable from improper advocacy is 
not easily drawn; there is often a gray zone.” State v. Carson, 151 Idaho 713, 721, 
264 P.3d 54, 62 (2011) (quoting United States v. Young, 470 U.S. 1, 7 (1985)). 
State v. Rothwell, 154 Idaho 125, 133, 294 P. 3d 1137, 1145  (Ct. App. 2013). “Both sides have 
traditionally been afforded considerable latitude in closing argument to the jury and are entitled to 
discuss fully, from their respective standpoints the evidence and the inferences to be drawn 
therefrom.” State v. Sheahan, 139 Idaho 267, 280, 77 P.3d 956, 969 (2003). “Considerable latitude, 
however, has its limits, both in matters expressly stated and those implied.” Phillips, 144 Idaho at 
86, 156 P.3d at 587. 
“While our system of criminal justice is adversarial in nature, and the prosecutor is 
expected to be diligent and leave no stone unturned, he is nevertheless expected and 
required to be fair.” State v. Field, 144 Idaho 559, 571, 165 P.3d 273, 285 (2007) 
(quoting State v. Estes, 111 Idaho 423, 427–28, 725 P.2d 128, 132–33 (1986)). 
However, in reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct the Court must keep 
in mind the realities of trial. Id. A fair trial is not necessarily a perfect trial. Id. 
State v. Ellington, 151 Idaho 53, 62, 253 P.3d 727, 736 (2011). 
“Where a prosecutor attempts to secure a verdict on any factor other than the law as set 
forth in the jury instructions and the evidence admitted during trial, including reasonable inferences 
that may be drawn from that evidence, this impacts a defendant’s Fourteenth Amendment right to a 
fair trial.” State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 227, 245 P.3d 961, 979 (2010). Our standard for review of 
alleged prosecutorial misconduct depends upon whether the defense made an objection. 
When there has been a contemporaneous objection we determine factually if there 
was prosecutorial misconduct, then we determine whether the error was 
harmless. . . . When there is no contemporaneous objection a conviction will be 
reversed for prosecutorial misconduct only if the conduct is sufficiently egregious 
so as to result in fundamental error.  
Field, 144 Idaho at 571, 165 P.3d at 285. During trial, Moses objected to the alleged burden shift, 
but did not object to any of the other alleged grounds of misconduct. Because the standard of 
 
 
14  
 
review is different for instances of alleged misconduct if the defendant has objected, the alleged 
burden shift will be reviewed separately. 
1. 
The prosecutor did not attempt to shift the burden of proof.  
Moses contends that the State improperly attempted to shift the burden of proof from itself 
to Moses. During closing arguments, the State made the following statements in regards to one of 
the jury instructions:  
The State: One of the instructions deals with – let me read it to you. It’s 13F. 
You’ve already had it read to you, but it says, “For the defendant to be guilty of 
Grand Theft by Extortion, the State must prove the defendant had a particular 
intent. Evidence was offered that at the time of the alleged offense the defendant 
was ignorant of, or mistakenly believed certain facts. You should consider such 
evidence in determining whether the defendant had the required intent. If from all 
the evidence you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant had such 
intent, you must find the defendant not guilty.” 
If you think about that instruction, it may lead you down the path of what is the 
evidence that establishes that [Moses] was ignorant of what was really going on? In 
other words, let’s assume for a moment that he’s hanging around Mr. Branam who 
is high on meth all the time, that he happens to be in the same house, possibly got 
on the phone, possibly didn’t but just goes on this errand for Mr. Branam who he 
just had a fight with a couple days ago, and, uh, picks up this package and doesn’t 
know anything about it? 
Defense: Your Honor, I’m gonna object at this point. The prosecution is shifting the 
burden to the defense at this point that it’s our burden of proof to prove the 
innocence of our client, not their burden of proof to prove his guilt. 
The Court: That objection’s overruled. 
The State: The evidence that the defense is relying on to support that instruction 
that he was ignorant of what was really happening is the testimony of Mr. Branam. 
Mr. Branam is not all that credible. Mr. Branam is at least in a position that it’s hard 
to attach any weight to what he says in terms of that testimony because of his drug 
use, because of his motivations, but that’s what the defense is relying on for that 
and nothing else.  
On the other side you’ve got a series of events that are particularly instructive in 
terms of the defendant’s intent: By the defendant simply going there, simply 
approaching Mr. Ward, taking the money, telling them where to go, making those 
statements about what the money was for, about what had already happened to Mr. 
Branam about taking a life, and then showing them where Mr. Branam was. Mr. 
Branam appearing. These things happened, and the fact that he had been roughed 
up a bit is established.  
All of the elements of this offense have been established by the evidence. He is 
 
 
15  
 
guilty. Thank you.  
Moses contends that “this argument improperly sought to shift the burden” from the prosecution, 
requiring him “to disprove criminal intent, an element of the charged offense.” We are unable to 
find that the prosecutor’s argument constituted misconduct.  
This case bears similarities to State v. Raudebaugh, 124 Idaho 758, 864 P.2d 596 (1993). In 
that case, the prosecutor told the jury during closing argument that “to accept the defendant’s 
version as to what happened,” the jurors “would have to totally believe” the defendant’s testimony 
and “reject all of the State’s evidence.” Id. at 769, 864 P.2d at 607. Raudebaugh argued that the 
prosecutor’s “statement distorted the reasonable doubt burden of proof by indicating that the jury 
could not acquit Raudebaugh unless they believed every part of Raudebaugh’s testimony.” Id. The 
Court did not agree.  
Raudebaugh’s argument does not bear scrutiny in light of the actual language used 
by the prosecutor. The prosecutor’s statement was a comment on the credibility of 
Raudebaugh’s testimony in light of evidence produced by the state at trial. The 
prosecutor did not say that the jury had to believe Raudebaugh in order to acquit 
him. The prosecutor merely pointed out Raudebaugh’s testimony and highlighted 
the conflict between this testimony and the evidence produced by the state at trial. 
Id.   
Here, as in Raudebaugh, the prosecutor was commenting on the credibility of the 
defendant’s evidence. The State did not say that the jurors had to believe Branam to acquit Moses. 
Instead, it said that Branam was not “all that credible” as a witness because of his “drug use” and 
“motivations.” The State also argued that Branam’s testimony was Moses’ only evidence in 
support of his contention that he was ignorant of Branam’s true plan and therefore lacked intent. 
The State then went on to discuss the evidence it had presented that Moses did have intent to 
commit the crime. The prosecutor did not suggest that the State did not have the burden of proving 
Moses’ guilt. Instead, he suggested that Moses had attempted—and failed—to prove that he was 
ignorant. Thus, the State did not attempt to improperly shift the burden because it focused on the 
credibility of the evidence presented by Moses.  
2. 
The prosecutor did not refer to facts not in evidence or appeal to 
the passions and prejudices of the jurors but did misrepresent 
Branam’s immunity agreement.  
At trial, Moses did not interpose an objection to the other instances of alleged prosecutorial 
misconduct that he raises on appeal. In such instances: 
 
 
16  
 
(1) the defendant must demonstrate that one or more of the defendant’s unwaived 
constitutional rights were violated; (2) the error must be clear or obvious, without 
the need for any additional information not contained in the appellate record, 
including information as to whether the failure to object was a tactical decision; and 
(3) the defendant must demonstrate that the error affected the defendant’s 
substantial rights, meaning (in most instances) that it must have affected the 
outcome of the trial proceedings. 
Perry, 150 Idaho at 226, 245 P.3d at 978. Moses has failed to demonstrate fundamental error with 
regard to any of the three claims of prosecutorial misconduct to which no objection was made. 
i. The prosecutor did not refer to facts not in evidence. 
Moses argues that the prosecutor “referred to facts never placed in evidence,” specifically 
“the fact that there existed an immunity agreement between Mr. Branam and the State regarding 
his testimony at the preliminary hearing in Mr. Moses’ case.” During closing argument, the 
prosecutor made the following statement to the jury: 
You’ll recall from the testimony that was read to you that Mr. Branam . . . can’t be 
prosecuted for what he said in that statement that was read to you. He was given 
immunity.  
Moses subsequently acknowledged that the existence of the immunity agreement was referenced in 
Branam’s testimony at Moses’ preliminary hearing. Indeed, when Branam’s testimony was read 
into the record, the following exchange was included: 
The State: By the terms of your immunity agreement here today, you realize you 
can’t be prosecuted for what you’ve testified to? 
Branam: Right.  
Thus, the prosecutor did not refer to facts not in evidence when he referred to the immunity 
agreement because the existence of the agreement was read into the record.  Therefore, Moses’ 
argument as to misconduct on this ground fails.   
ii. The prosecutor misrepresented the terms of Branam’s 
immunity agreement.  
Prior to testifying in Moses’ preliminary hearing, Branam signed an immunity agreement 
with Kootenai County. That agreement provided that Branam’s testimony at Moses’ preliminary 
hearing would not be used against Branam “in any manner in a criminal case, except that he may 
nevertheless be prosecuted or subjected to penalty for perjury, false swearing, or contempt 
committed in testifying at the aforementioned preliminary hearing.”  
 
 
17  
 
 
As previously mentioned, during Moses’ preliminary hearing, Branam and the prosecutor 
had the following exchange, to which Moses did not object: 
The State: By the terms of your immunity here today, you realize you can’t be 
prosecuted for what you’ve testified to? 
Branam: Right.  
During closing argument, the prosecutor explained Mr. Branam’s immunity agreement by stating: 
Basically [Branam’s immunity] means that whatever he says he can’t get in trouble 
for, so whatever he says might as well benefit himself. What benefits him is staying 
in [Moses’] good graces. 
The actual terms of the immunity agreement were not entered into evidence at trial.  
Moses argues that the prosecutor misled the jury as to the terms of Mr. Branam’s immunity 
agreement “by telling the jury Mr. Branam faced absolutely no penalty for anything he might say 
at the preliminary hearing when, in fact, the immunity agreement set forth numerous potential 
penalties should Mr. Branam falsely testify.” The State contends that the prosecutor was only 
reiterating Branam’s testimony as to his understanding of the immunity agreement. In other words, 
the prosecutor was not testifying as to what the agreement actually provided, but only stating what 
Branam thought it provided. From his testimony, it appears that Branam may well have believed 
that he could not be prosecuted at all for his testimony. However, the prosecutor was aware of the 
actual terms of the agreement and his argument misstated those terms. He did not qualify his 
argument by stating he was only reiterating how Branam understood the agreement. The State 
contends that even if the prosecutor committed error, Moses failed to establish the error was plain 
or that it affected his substantial rights.  
“It is improper to misrepresent or mischaracterize the evidence in closing argument.” 
Rothwell, 154 Idaho at 133, 294 P. 3d at 1145. Indeed, the prosecutor “has a duty to avoid 
misrepresentation of the facts and unnecessarily inflammatory tactics.” State v. Griffiths, 101 Idaho 
163, 166, 610 P.2d 522, 525 (1980) (overruled on other grounds by State v. LePage, 102 Idaho 
387, 630 P.2d 674 (1981)). Here, the prosecutor fell short of that standard by claiming without 
qualification that Branam could not “get in trouble” for his testimony at Moses’ preliminary 
hearing. The immunity agreement is clear that Branam could be prosecuted for false testimony; 
claiming otherwise was a misrepresentation.  
 
 
18  
 
Despite the prosecutor’s misconduct, Moses has failed to show that his substantial rights 
were affected―that the error affected the outcome of the trial. Perry, 150 Idaho at 226, 245 P.3d 
at 978. Branam was Moses’ key witness. Moses argues that, had the jury known of the perjury 
terms in Branam’s immunity agreement, it very likely would have attached different weight to 
his testimony. Branam, however, was an unreliable witness and his testimony was undermined 
by far more than the prosecutor’s mischaracterization of the immunity agreement. He gave two 
contradictory accounts of the alleged kidnapping. In one version of his story, Branam used 
Moses as an unwitting dupe to carry out the plan Branam himself developed and executed to 
extort money from Ward. In the other version of his story, Branam was victimized by Moses as 
part of Moses’ extortion plan. Branam also testified that in the two weeks leading to July 24, 
2010, he had been arrested for “[p]ossession of methamphetamine and possession of 
paraphernalia, resisting arrest and absconding—or obstructing I believe.” Specifically, he “ran 
from the cops. . . .” because he thought he had a warrant out for his arrest. He claimed that on 
July 24, he was at a friend’s house but could not remember if his friend was named Randy or 
Tony. He testified that while on the phone with Ward on July 24, he was using 
methamphetamine. His testimony regarding his methamphetamine use was explicit: he stated 
that he was “injecting it, smoking it, and eating it.” He also stated that he was unsure whether 
Moses was present when he was on the phone with Ward, but admitted that his lack of clarity 
may have been because he was high on methamphetamine.  
Branam testified that he developed his plan to get money from Ward because his own bank 
account “was frozen” and he “couldn’t get any money out of [his] account.” Yet, Branam’s 
mother’s testimony contradicted this explanation. She testified that both she and Branam were 
named on the savings account in which Branam held his money and that he had been able to access 
the funds in his account in July 2010.  
In sum, while Moses argues that “[m]ost of the exculpatory evidence in [his] trial came 
from Mr. Branam’s preliminary hearing testimony that was read into the record,” Branam’s 
credibility and reliability were seriously affected by his changing stories and drug usage. On the 
other hand, Ward’s testimony was not subject to such infirmities and provided strong evidence 
against Moses. Further, as the State points out, “the court instructed the jury that the prosecutor’s 
comments were not evidence and that it must follow all of the court’s instructions.” We presume 
 
 
19  
 
that the jury did so. State v. Carson, 151 Idaho 713, 718, 264 P.3d 54, 59 (2011). Therefore, any 
error with regard to the prosecutor’s misstatement of the immunity agreement could not have 
affected the outcome of the trial.   
iii. The prosecutor did not appeal to the jurors’ passions and 
prejudices when he told the jurors they could take the 
transcript of Branam’s preliminary hearing testimony and 
“put it in the garbage.” 
During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to the transcript of Branam’s testimony at 
Moses’ preliminary hearing and told the jurors “[y]ou can take that transcript, and you can put it in 
the garbage. You don’t have to rely on anything that that man said, nor should you.” Moses 
contends that these statements amounted to fundamental error because “the prosecutor used 
inflammatory language” when referring to Branam’s testimony and “used this appeal to the jurors’ 
emotions as a vehicle to seek to induce them to disregard this important evidence at trial.”  
A prosecutor may argue that evidence is “implausible or lacking credibility” without 
improperly appealing to emotion. State v. Phillips, 144 Idaho at 82, 87, 156 P.3d 583, 588 (Ct. 
App. 2007). A prosecutor does not commit misconduct by simply commenting on the credibility of 
“testimony in light of evidence produced by the state at trial.” State v. Raudebaugh, 124 Idaho 758, 
769, 864 P.2d 596, 607 (1993) (holding that a prosecutor did not commit fundamental error by 
pointing out the defendant’s testimony and highlighting “the conflict between this testimony and 
the evidence produced by the state at trial”).  
 
In State v. Sheahan, the prosecutor made “comments during closing argument that 
defense counsel had misled and lied to the jury.” 139 Idaho 267, 281, 77 P.3d 956, 970 (2003). 
There, the Court thought it appeared “that the comments were intended to inflame the minds of 
jurors and arouse passion or prejudice against the defendant based upon asserted misconduct of 
defense counsel.” Id. The Court, however, thought it also appeared that the prosecutor “was 
analyzing the credibility of defense counsel’s evidence and the inferences that defense counsel 
was making from that evidence.” Id. Even though the “statements were improper,” they did “not 
rise to the level of a fundamental error warranting reversal.” Id.  
In State v. Kuhn, the Court of Appeals determined that a prosecutor engaged in 
misconduct during closing argument when he attacked the credibility of the defendant by 
accusing him of perjury and calling him a liar. 139 Idaho 710, 85 P.3d 1109 (Ct. App. 2003). In 
 
 
20  
 
that case, the prosecutor first discussed the credibility of various witnesses and then “boldly 
asserted” that the defendant Kuhn’s “story was unbelievable and that he lied during trial.” Id. at 
716, 85 P.3d at 1115. The prosecutor based this argument on inconsistencies between Kuhn’s 
testimony at prior hearings, Kuhn’s testimony at trial, and other evidence presented at trial. Id. 
After Kuhn’s counsel’s response, the prosecutor “again noted the inconsistencies” in Kuhn’s 
testimony, “stated that the inconsistencies were the result of Kuhn’s perjury, and referred to 
Kuhn’s past convictions of crimes involving dishonesty.” Id. The Court of Appeals explained 
that “the prosecutor permissibly argued that the jury should believe the state’s side of the story 
over Kuhn’s because his story was inconsistent when compared with his prior testimony.” Id. 
Furthermore, the prosecutor “permissibly argued that the reason there were inconsistencies in 
Kuhn’s testimony was because he had lied under oath and that this was not the first time Kuhn 
had committed dishonest acts.” Id. Nonetheless, “the prosecutor crossed the line of propriety 
when he called Kuhn ‘a liar and a thief’ and expressly accused him of committing perjury, an 
independent felony.” Id.  
Despite determining that the prosecutor committed misconduct, the court held that the 
misconduct did not rise “to the level of a fundamental error warranting reversal.” Id. The court 
stated that “although the prosecutor committed misconduct during his closing and rebuttal 
argument, the evidence showed the various inconsistencies referred to.” Id. The court also noted 
that “the intensity of the prosecutor’s misconduct in Kuhn’s case, calling a witness a liar, is no 
more egregious than the prosecutor commenting that defense counsel lied, which the Supreme 
Court held not to be fundamental error in Sheahan.” Id. Because the record supported the 
prosecutor’s statements and the misconduct was not as egregious as that in Sheahan, the court 
concluded “that the comments were not so inflammatory that the jurors were influenced to 
determine Kuhn’s guilt on factors outside the evidence and, thus, the prosecutor’s actions did not 
rise to the level of fundamental error.” Id.   
Here, unlike the prosecutors in Sheahan or Kuhn, the prosecutor did not directly call the 
witness a liar nor expressly accuse him of perjury. Instead, the prosecutor’s comment went to the 
strength of Moses’ evidence, or more correctly, the lack thereof. As previously discussed, the 
State presented considerable evidence to call Branam’s credibility into question and Branam 
himself admitted that he was “pretty high during those couple weeks” in July 2010 and that his 
 
 
21  
 
drug use may have affected his memory. Furthermore, Branam had necessarily either lied in his 
testimony at Moses’ preliminary hearing or in his statements to Ward and the police. Thus, in 
closing argument, the prosecutor made a legitimate point about the value of Branam’s testimony 
and did not engage in misconduct.  
E. 
Cumulative Error 
Moses claims that “[i]n this case, there were multiple errors occurring at trial, each one 
impacting” his “right to a fair trial.” He argues that “the aggregate effect of the multiple errors 
occurring in his trial demonstrate this Court should reverse his conviction.”  
The doctrine of cumulative error provides that “a series of errors, harmless in and of 
themselves, may in the aggregate show the absence of a fair trial.” Perry, 150 Idaho at 230, 245 
P.3d at 982 (citations omitted). “The presence of errors, however, does not by itself require the 
reversal of a conviction, since under due process a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not an 
error-free trial.” State v. Moore, 131 Idaho 814, 823, 965 P.2d 174, 183 (1998) (citing Bruton v. 
United States, 391 U.S. 123, 135 (1968)). “[A] necessary predicate to the application of the 
doctrine is a finding of more than one error.” Perry, 150 Idaho at 230, 245 P.3d at 982. “[I]t is 
well-established that alleged errors at trial, that are not followed by a contemporaneous objection, 
will not be considered under the cumulative error doctrine unless said errors are found to pass the 
threshold analysis under our fundamental error doctrine.” Id.  
The Court has identified two errors that occurred at trial―exclusion of Yankey as a witness 
and the prosecutor’s misstatement regarding the terms of the immunity agreement. However, the 
latter was an instance of prosecutorial misconduct that was not objected to at trial and failed our 
inquiry for fundamental error. Therefore, that error may not be “properly considered error for 
purposes of cumulative error review.” Id. at 231, 245 P.3d at 983. Moses “has failed to 
demonstrate at least two errors, a necessary predicate to the application of our cumulative error 
doctrine.” Id. Therefore, the cumulative error doctrine does not apply to this case.  
IV. 
CONCLUSION 
 
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.  
 
Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices EISMANN, W. JONES, and HORTON 
CONCUR.