Case Title: American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan v. Calhoun County (Opinion on Application - Remand to CoA)

Citation: 

Docket Number: 163235

State: michigan

Court: Michigan Supreme Court

Date: 2022-02-04T00:00:00Z

Document:
AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION OF MICHIGAN v CALHOUN COUNTY 
SHERIFF’S OFFICE
 
Docket No. 163235.  Decided February 4, 2022. 
 
 
The American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (the ACLU) filed a complaint in the 
Calhoun Circuit Court against the Calhoun County Jail; the ACLU subsequently filed an amended 
complaint naming the Calhoun County Sheriff’s Office (the CCSO) as the defendant.  The ACLU 
alleged that the CCSO violated Michigan’s Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et 
seq., when it denied the ACLU’s request for documents under FOIA.  The ACLU sought disclosure 
of all records related to the December 2018 detention of United States citizen Jilmar Benigno 
Ramos-Gomez.  Ramos-Gomez’s three-day detention at the Calhoun County Correctional Facility 
occurred pursuant to an Intergovernmental Service Agreement executed between United States 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the jail.  The CCSO denied the ACLU’s request, 
asserting that the requested records were exempt from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d) because 
they related to an ICE detainee.  The ACLU filed its amended complaint, and the CCSO moved 
for summary disposition, arguing that the ACLU’s FOIA request was appropriately denied under 
MCL 15.243(1)(d) because the records and information sought by the ACLU were not public 
records subject to disclosure by the CCSO under 8 CFR 236.6 and 81 Fed Reg 72080 (October 19, 
2016).  The CCSO cited Soave v Dep’t of Ed, 139 Mich App 99 (1984), in support of its position 
that MCL 15.243(1)(d) includes federal regulations.  The ACLU filed a cross-motion for partial 
summary disposition.  The court, John A. Hallacy, J., granted the CCSO’s motion for summary 
disposition, ruling that it did not have the authority to order the CCSO to disclose the records in 
light of MCL 15.243(1)(d) and 8 CFR 236.6 and that the ACLU’s exclusive remedy was to request 
the records from ICE.  The ACLU appealed in the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals, 
MURRAY, C.J., and M. J. KELLY and RICK, JJ., affirmed, holding that 8 CFR 236.6 constituted a 
basis to exempt public records from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d).  American Civil Liberties 
Union of Mich v Calhoun Co Jail, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued 
March 25, 2021 (Docket No. 352334).  In so ruling, the Court of Appeals relied on Mich Council 
of Trout Unlimited v Dep’t of Military Affairs, 213 Mich App 203 (1995), which cited Soave.  The 
ACLU moved for reconsideration, and the Court of Appeals denied the motion.  The ACLU sought 
leave to appeal. 
 
 
In a unanimous opinion by Justice ZAHRA, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to 
appeal and without hearing oral argument, held: 
 
 
Michigan Supreme Court 
Lansing, Michigan 
Syllabus 
 
Chief Justice: 
Bridget M. McCormack 
 
 
Justices: 
Brian K. Zahra 
David F. Viviano 
Richard H. Bernstein 
Elizabeth T. Clement 
Megan K. Cavanagh 
Elizabeth M. Welch 
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been  
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. 
Reporter of Decisions: 
Kathryn L. Loomis 
 
A regulation cannot serve as the basis for exempting from disclosure public records under 
MCL 15.243(1)(d) because a regulation is not a statute; Soave and Trout Unlimited were overruled 
insofar as those cases ignored the Legislature’s deliberate linguistic choice in MCL 15.243(1)(d).  
FOIA requires disclosure of the public records of a public body to persons who request to inspect, 
copy, or receive copies of those requested public records.  However, FOIA sets forth a series of 
exemptions granting the public body the discretion to withhold a public record from disclosure if 
it falls within one of the exemptions.  MCL 15.243(1)(d) provides, in relevant part, that a public 
body may exempt from disclosure as a public record records or information specifically described 
and exempted from disclosure by statute.  In this case, the CCSO invoked federal law, 8 CFR 
236.6, in denying the ACLU’s FOIA request.  8 CFR 236.6 provides, in relevant part, that no 
person, including any state or local government entity or any privately operated detention facility, 
that houses, maintains, provides services to, or otherwise holds any detainee on behalf of ICE 
(whether by contract or otherwise), and no other person who by virtue of any official or contractual 
relationship with such person obtains information relating to any detainee, shall disclose or 
otherwise permit to be made public the name of, or other information relating to, such detainee.  8 
CFR 236.6 further provides that this information shall be under the control of ICE and shall be 
subject to public disclosure only pursuant to the provisions of applicable federal laws, regulations, 
and executive orders and that insofar as any documents or other records contain such information, 
those documents shall not be public records.  The Court of Appeals erred by holding that 
“exempted from disclosure by statute” in MCL 15.243(1)(d) really meant exempted from 
disclosure by statute or regulation.  The Court of Appeals relied on the fact that a federal regulation 
has the legal force of a federal statute; however, a federal regulation is not a federal statute.  
Moreover, the Court of Appeals holding was at odds with the plain language of MCL 15.243(1)(d).  
When MCL 15.243(1)(d) was enacted, the relevant definition of “statute” was “[a]n act of the 
legislature declaring, commanding, or prohibiting something; a particular law enacted and 
established by the will of the legislative department of government; the written will of the 
legislature, solemnly expressed according to the forms necessary to constitute it the law of the 
state.”  Accordingly, a regulation promulgated by an executive-branch agency is not a statute.  Had 
the Legislature wanted a regulation to be a basis for exemption, it could have easily included two 
additional words in MCL 15.243(1)(d): “or regulation.”  The Legislature has done just that in 
various other statutes.  Therefore, an exemption that only uses the word “statute” is plainly 
different from an exemption that uses the words “statute or regulation” or “statute or court rule.”  
Moreover, the procedure for creating a statute differs from that of creating a regulation, and that 
difference in process further supported the conclusion that a regulation is not a statute and that a 
regulation cannot serve as a basis for exempting public records from disclosure under MCL 
15.243(1)(d).  Finally, with regard to the caselaw, Trout Unlimited did not engage in an 
independent analysis of whether a federal regulation can serve as a basis for exempting public 
records from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d); Trout Unlimited merely cited Soave, which 
itself relied on a federal district court case to conclude that reliance on a federal regulation to 
exempt a document under MCL 15.243(1)(d) was proper.  Accordingly, Soave and Trout 
Unlimited were overruled insofar as those cases ignored the Legislature’s deliberate linguistic 
choice in MCL 15.243(1)(d). 
 
 
Court of Appeals holding reversed, Soave and Trout Unlimited overruled as to their 
erroneous interpretations of MCL 15.243(1)(d), and case remanded to the Calhoun Circuit Court. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FILED  February 4, 2022 
 
 
 
S T A T E  O F  M I C H I G A N 
 
SUPREME COURT 
 
 
AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION 
OF MICHIGAN, 
 
 
Plaintiff-Appellant, 
 
 
v 
No. 163235 
 
CALHOUN COUNTY SHERIFF’S 
OFFICE, 
 
 
 
Defendant-Appellee. 
 
 
 
BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH 
 
ZAHRA, J. 
This action involves a request for documents under Michigan’s Freedom of 
Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq.  Pursuant to the express terms of that act, 
certain information may be exempted from disclosure.  One exemption is found in MCL 
15.243(1)(d), 
which 
provides 
that 
“[a] 
public 
body 
may 
exempt 
from 
disclosure . . . [r]ecords or information specifically described and exempted from 
 
Michigan Supreme Court 
Lansing, Michigan 
OPINION 
 
Chief Justice: 
Bridget M. McCormack  
 
 
Justices: 
Brian K. Zahra 
David F. Viviano 
Richard H. Bernstein 
Elizabeth T. Clement 
Megan K. Cavanagh 
Elizabeth M. Welch 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2 
disclosure by statute.”  We must decide whether a federal regulation with a nondisclosure 
component, 8 CFR 236.6 (2021),1 can be the basis for exempting public records from 
disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d).  We hold that it cannot, for the simple reason that a 
regulation is not a statute.  We reverse the Court of Appeals’ holding to the contrary, and 
we overrule Soave v Dep’t of Ed2 and Mich Council of Trout Unlimited v Dep’t of Military 
Affairs3 as to their erroneous interpretations of MCL 15.243(1)(d).  We remand this case 
to the Calhoun Circuit Court for further proceedings. 
I.  BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
Plaintiff, the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (the ACLU), submitted a 
January 23, 2019 FOIA request4 to defendant, the Calhoun County Sheriff’s Office (the 
CCSO),5 seeking disclosure of all records related to the December 2018 detention of United 
                                              
1 8 CFR 236.6 (2021) provides that certain persons and entities are not permitted to 
“disclose or otherwise permit to be made public the name of, or other information relating 
to, [Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Immigration and Customs Enforcement 
(ICE)] detainee[s].” 
2 Soave v Dep’t of Ed, 139 Mich App 99, 102; 360 NW2d 194 (1984). 
3 Mich Council of Trout Unlimited v Dep’t of Military Affairs, 213 Mich App 203, 218, 
220; 539 NW2d 745 (1995). 
4 The ACLU’s FOIA request was initially submitted on January 17, 2019, and was 
subsequently amended on January 23, 2019. 
5 The Court of Appeals opinion suggested that the Calhoun County Correctional Facility is 
the defendant but also stated in a footnote that the CCSO is the proper defendant.  See 
American Civil Liberties Union of Mich v Calhoun Co Jail, unpublished per curiam opinion 
of the Court of Appeals, issued March 25, 2021 (Docket No. 352334), p 1 n 1.  In its 
application for leave to appeal, the ACLU states that it filed an amended complaint naming 
the CCSO as the defendant.  This is accurate.  Accordingly, we refer to the CCSO as the 
defendant. 
 
 
 
 
3 
States citizen Jilmar Benigno Ramos-Gomez.6  Ramos-Gomez’s three-day detention at the 
Calhoun County Correctional Facility occurred pursuant to an Intergovernmental Service 
Agreement (IGSA) executed between United States Immigration and Customs 
Enforcement (ICE) and the jail.7  The CCSO denied the ACLU’s request, asserting that the 
requested records were exempt from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d) because they 
related to an ICE detainee.8 
The ACLU filed a complaint in the Calhoun Circuit Court, alleging that the CCSO 
violated FOIA by denying its request.  In response, the CCSO moved for summary 
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) (failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted) 
and (10) (no genuine issue of material fact), arguing that the ACLU’s FOIA request was 
appropriately denied under MCL 15.243(1)(d) because the records and information sought 
by the ACLU were not public records subject to disclosure by the CCSO under 8 CFR 
                                              
6 Ramos-Gomez was carrying both a United States passport and a Michigan REAL ID. 
7 IGSAs are basically bed-space contracts.  People detained under them are in federal 
custody.  In Michigan, however, all such individuals are housed in county jails alongside 
detainees of the state’s criminal-justice system.  According to the ACLU, in Calhoun, “ICE 
detainees are indistinguishable from the criminal detainees.”  IGSAs are distinct from 
detainers, which are requests by ICE for a state or local facility to continue a person’s 
detention for a period of time until ICE can take the person into custody.  Persons held on 
detainers are in state or local custody, not ICE custody.  ICE issues a detainer to whatever 
law-enforcement agency it believes is holding an individual whom ICE wishes to arrest.  
In other words, any jail in Michigan can receive an ICE detainer. 
8 The ACLU also sent a federal FOIA request to ICE.  When ICE did not respond, the 
ACLU filed suit in federal court.  According to the ACLU, although ICE provided the 
ACLU with some of the requested records, the vast majority of records requested from ICE 
were not produced because ICE did not have them, including Calhoun’s custody, 
disciplinary, and medical and mental health records, as well as audio and video recordings 
and other documents showing interactions between Ramos-Gomez and the jail staff. 
 
 
 
 
4 
236.6 and 81 Fed Reg 72080 (October 19, 2016).  The CCSO cited Soave9 in support of its 
position that MCL 15.243(1)(d) includes federal regulations.  The ACLU filed a cross-
motion for partial summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9) (failure by the opposing 
party to state a valid defense to the claim asserted) and (10). 
The circuit court granted the CCSO’s motion for summary disposition and denied 
the ACLU’s cross-motion for partial summary disposition.  The circuit court ruled that it 
did not have the authority to order the CCSO to disclose the records in light of MCL 
15.243(1)(d) and 8 CFR 236.6 and that the ACLU’s exclusive remedy was to request the 
records from ICE. 
The ACLU appealed in the Court of Appeals, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.10  
The Court of Appeals held that the federal regulation at issue, 8 CFR 236.6—which was 
promulgated by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary pursuant to a 
federal statute, the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 USC 1101 et seq.—constitutes a 
basis to exempt public records from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d), which provides 
for exemption of records or information as “a public record” when such records or 
information are specifically described and exempted from disclosure by statute.  In so 
ruling, the Court of Appeals relied on Trout Unlimited,11 which itself cited Soave,12 and it 
                                              
9 Soave, 139 Mich App at 102. 
10 American Civil Liberties Union of Mich v Calhoun Co Jail, unpublished per curiam 
opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 25, 2021 (Docket No. 352334). 
11 Trout Unlimited, 213 Mich App at 218, 220. 
12 Soave, 139 Mich App at 102. 
 
 
 
 
5 
rejected the ACLU’s reliance on Detroit Free Press, Inc v Warren.13  The ACLU moved 
for reconsideration, and the Court of Appeals denied the motion.  Thereafter, the ACLU 
sought leave to appeal in this Court.  Concluding that oral argument is unnecessary to 
resolve the dispute presented by this case, we reverse the Court of Appeals judgment for 
the reasons stated in this opinion. 
II.  STANDARD OF REVIEW 
The interpretation of state or federal regulations is a question of law that is reviewed 
de novo.14  Statutory interpretation is also a question of law that we review de novo.15  “The 
primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the legislative intent that may 
reasonably be inferred from the statutory language.”16  The first step in that determination 
is to review the language of the statute itself.17  When statutory language is unambiguous, 
no further judicial construction is required or permitted because the Legislature is 
presumed to have intended the meaning it plainly expressed by the words it chose.18 
                                              
13 Detroit Free Press, Inc v Warren, 250 Mich App 164, 171; 645 NW2d 71 (2002). 
14 In re LFOC, 319 Mich App 476, 480; 901 NW2d 906 (2017).  Accord United Parcel 
Serv, Inc v Bureau of Safety & Regulation, 277 Mich App 192, 202; 745 NW2d 125 (2007) 
(“The interpretation and application of statutes and government regulations adopted 
pursuant to statutory authority present questions of law, which we review de novo.”). 
15 Dep’t of Talent & Economic Development/Unemployment Ins Agency v Great Oaks 
Country Club, Inc, 507 Mich 212, 226; ___ NW2d ___ (2021). 
16 Krohn v Home-Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 156; 802 NW2d 281 (2011) (quotation 
marks and citation omitted). 
17 Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). 
18 2 Crooked Creek, LLC v Cass Co Treasurer, 507 Mich 1, 9; ___ NW2d ___ (2021) 
(“When the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, judicial construction is not 
 
 
 
 
6 
This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary 
disposition to determine if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.19  In 
this case, the trial court did not expressly indicate whether it granted defendant’s motion 
under MCR 2.116(C)(8) or (10), but because it considered affidavits and documentary 
evidence beyond the pleadings, we can fairly surmise that it granted the motion under MCR 
2.116(C)(10).20  A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of a 
complaint.21  When faced with such a motion, a trial court  
considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence 
submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most favorable to the 
party opposing the motion.  Where the proffered evidence fails to establish a 
genuine issue regarding any material fact, the moving party is entitled to 
judgment as a matter of law.[22] 
                                              
permitted and the statute is enforced as written.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).  
See also People v Pinkney, 501 Mich 259, 268; 912 NW2d 535 (2018). 
19 Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).   
20 When a trial court considers “documentary evidence beyond the pleadings” and does not 
specify under which subrule of MCR 2.116 it granted summary disposition, “we construe 
the motion as having been granted pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).”  Cuddington v United 
Health Servs, Inc, 298 Mich App 264, 270; 826 NW2d 519 (2012).  See also MCR 
2.116(G)(2) (“Except as to a motion based on subrule (C)(8) or (9), affidavits, depositions, 
admissions, or other documentary evidence may be submitted by a party to support or 
oppose the grounds asserted in the motion.”); MCR 2.116(G)(5) (“The affidavits, together 
with the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and documentary evidence then filed in the 
action or submitted by the parties, must be considered by the court when the motion is 
based on subrule (C)(1)-(7) or (10).  Only the pleadings may be considered when the 
motion is based on subrule (C)(8) or (9).”). 
21 Maiden, 461 Mich at 120. 
22 Id. 
 
 
 
 
7 
III.  ANALYSIS 
FOIA is a prodisclosure statute.23  It “requires disclosure of the ‘public record[s]’ 
of a ‘public body’ to persons who request to inspect, copy, or receive copies of those 
requested public records.”24  “However, § 13 of FOIA sets forth a series of exemptions 
granting the public body the discretion to withhold a public record from disclosure if it falls 
within one of the exemptions.”25  The exemption at issue in this case, MCL 15.243(1)(d), 
provides, in relevant part, “A public body may exempt from disclosure as a public 
record . . . [r]ecords or information specifically described and exempted from disclosure 
by statute.”26  A public body may withhold public records only when it has been proven 
that an exemption applies.27  If a FOIA request is denied and the requesting party 
                                              
23 MCL 15.231(2) (providing that “all persons . . . are entitled to full and complete 
information regarding the affairs of government”); see also Herald Co v Bay City, 463 
Mich 111, 119; 614 NW2d 873 (2000). 
24 Mich Federation of Teachers & Sch Related Personnel, AFT, AFL-CIO v Univ of Mich, 
481 Mich 657, 664-665; 753 NW2d 28 (2008), citing MCL 15.231(2), MCL 15.232(d) and 
(e), and MCL 15.233.  In this case, it is undisputed that, for FOIA purposes, the CCSO is 
a “public body,” see MCL 15.232(h), and that the ACLU’s requests from it are for “public 
record[s],” see MCL 15.232(i). 
25 Mich Federation of Teachers, 481 Mich at 665, citing MCL 15.243 and Herald Co, 463 
Mich at 119 n 6.  
26 Emphasis added. 
27 Landry v Dearborn, 259 Mich App 416, 419-420; 674 NW2d 697 (2003).  In addition, 
FOIA’s exemptions “must be narrowly construed to serve the policy of open access to 
public records.”  Mich Open Carry, Inc v Mich State Police, 330 Mich App 614, 625; 950 
NW2d 484 (2019). 
 
 
 
 
8 
commences an action to compel disclosure of a public record, the public body bears the 
burden of sustaining its decision to withhold the requested record from disclosure.28 
In this case, the CCSO invoked federal law in denying the ACLU’s FOIA request.  
Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, the DHS Secretary “shall have control, 
direction, and supervision of all employees and of all the files and records of the Service,”29 
and the Secretary “shall establish such regulations; . . . issue such instructions; and perform 
such other acts as he deems necessary for carrying out his authority under the provisions 
of this chapter.”30  Pursuant to those provisions, the Secretary promulgated 8 CFR 236.6, 
which provides: 
No person, including any state or local government entity or any 
privately operated detention facility, that houses, maintains, provides 
services to, or otherwise holds any detainee on behalf of the Service[31] 
(whether by contract or otherwise), and no other person who by virtue of any 
official or contractual relationship with such person obtains information 
relating to any detainee, shall disclose or otherwise permit to be made public 
the name of, or other information relating to, such detainee.  Such 
information shall be under the control of the Service and shall be subject to 
public disclosure only pursuant to the provisions of applicable federal laws, 
regulations and executive orders.  Insofar as any documents or other records 
contain such information, such documents shall not be public records.  This 
section applies to all persons and information identified or described in it, 
regardless of when such persons obtained such information, and applies to 
                                              
28 Mich Federation, 481 Mich at 665, citing MCL 15.240(4). 
29 8 USC 1103(a)(2). 
30 8 USC 1103(a)(3). 
31 “Service” means “U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, U.S. Customs and Border 
Protection, and/or U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, as appropriate in the 
context in which the term appears.”  See 8 CFR 1.2. 
 
 
 
 
9 
all requests for public disclosure of such information, including requests that 
are the subject of proceedings pending as of April 17, 2002.[32] 
The Court of Appeals erred by holding that “exempted from disclosure by statute” 
in MCL 15.243(1)(d) really means “exempted from disclosure by statute or regulation.”33  
In reaching this conclusion, the Court of Appeals relied on the fact that a federal regulation 
has the legal force of a federal statute.34  But it does not logically follow that a federal 
regulation therefore is a federal statute.  More importantly, the Court of Appeals holding 
is at odds with the plain language of MCL 15.243(1)(d).  When this statute was enacted, 
the relevant definition of “statute” was “[a]n act of the legislature declaring, commanding, 
or prohibiting something; a particular law enacted and established by the will of the 
legislative department of government; the written will of the legislature, solemnly 
expressed according to the forms necessary to constitute it the law of the state.”35  A 
regulation promulgated by an executive-branch agency is therefore not a statute.  If the 
Legislature wanted a regulation to be a basis for exemption, it would have included 
language to that effect.  But it did not, and we interpret the statute as written.36 
                                              
32 Emphasis added. 
33 See American Civil Liberties Union of Mich, unpub op at 5, citing Trout Unlimited, 213 
Mich App at 218, 220, relying on Soave, 139 Mich App at 102. 
34 See Wickey v Employment Security Comm, 369 Mich 487, 500; 120 NW2d 181 (1963).   
35 Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed). 
36 2 Crooked Creek, LLC, 507 Mich at 9 (“When the statutory language is clear and 
unambiguous, judicial construction is not permitted and the statute is enforced as written.”) 
(quotation marks and citation omitted).  See also 73 Am Jur 2d, Statutes (November 2021 
update), § 107. 
 
 
 
 
10 
In general, the procedure for creating a statute differs from that of creating a 
regulation.  That difference in process further supports our conclusion that a regulation is 
not a statute and that a regulation cannot serve as a basis for exempting public records from 
disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d).  At the federal level, for a bill to become law, it must 
clear the constitutionally mandated hurdle of bicameralism and presentment: a bill must be 
passed by a simple majority vote of both houses of Congress and then be signed into law 
by the President or, alternatively, be passed into law by a two-thirds vote of both houses of 
Congress either in the first instance or following a presidential veto.37  In contrast, in the 
context of federal regulations, an executive agency can unilaterally promulgate a regulation 
pursuant to its authority derived from its organic statute(s)38 and in accordance with the 
requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 USC 500 et seq.39  The same basic 
dichotomy exists in Michigan.40 
                                              
37 See US Const, art I, § 7. 
38 Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc v US Environmental Protection Agency, 273 
US App DC 180, 193; 859 F2d 156 (1988) (“Any action taken by a federal agency must 
fall within the agency’s appropriate province under its organic statute(s).”).  See also 
Chevron, USA, Inc v Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc, 467 US 837, 842-843; 104 
S Ct 2778; 81 L Ed 2d 694 (1984). 
39 See Perez v Mtg Bankers Ass’n, 575 US 92, 95-97; 135 S Ct 1199; 191 L Ed 2d 186 (2015) 
(briefly outlining the rulemaking process of the federal Administrative Procedure Act); 
accord Office of the Federal Register, A Guide to the Rulemaking Process (2011), available at 
 (accessed 
December 29, 2021) [https://perma.cc/T6T7-36RZ]; Congressional Research Service, An 
Overview of Federal Regulations and the Rulemaking Process (March 19, 2021), available 
at 
 
(accessed 
December 
29, 
2021) 
[https://perma.cc/T8VJ-Z5ZC]. 
40 See Const 1963, art 4, §§ 22, 24, 26, and 33 (establishing the legislative process in 
Michigan).  Cf. Detroit Base Coalition for Human Rights of the Handicapped v Dep’t of 
 
 
 
 
11 
Had the Legislature wanted to “exempt from disclosure as a public 
record . . . [r]ecords or information specifically described and exempted from disclosure” 
either by statute or by regulation, it could have easily done so simply by including two 
additional words in MCL 15.243(1)(d): “or regulation.”  Indeed, the Legislature has proven 
itself capable of doing exactly that in various other statutes.  For example, MCL 
400.105b(6) provides that “[t]he department of community health shall not implement 
incentives under this section that conflict with [a] federal statute or regulation.”41  And 
MCL 409.118 provides that employment of a minor “shall not be in violation of a federal 
statute or regulation . . . .”42  Similar examples of the Legislature’s understanding that a 
statute is not a regulation abound.43  What’s more, the Legislature has also provided for a 
                                              
Social Servs, 431 Mich 172, 177-178; 428 NW2d 335 (1988) (noting that Michigan’s APA 
“requires public hearings, public participation, notice, approval by the joint committee on 
administrative rules, and preparation of statements, with intervals between each process”). 
41 Emphasis added. 
42 Emphasis added. 
43 See, e.g., MCL 400.589(2)(i) (providing that an area agency on aging may take actions 
“in compliance with the policies, guidelines, or rules as set forth by federal or state statute 
and regulation”) (emphasis added); MCL 408.101 (providing that all the Michigan 
Workforce Investment Board’s members “shall be individuals with optimum policymaking 
authority within the organizations, agencies or entities that they represent as required by 
federal statute and regulation”) (emphasis added); MCL 600.2974(2)(a) (providing that 
“civil liability for personal injury or death [is not precluded] based on . . . [a] material 
violation of an adulteration or misbranding requirement prescribed by a statute or 
regulation of this state or the United States that proximately caused the injury or death”) 
(emphasis added); MCL 21.272(k) (providing that the governor shall report “[t]o the extent 
available from published statistical data, estimated cost of the following [listed] items not 
taxed by this state due to federal statute or regulation”) (emphasis added); MCL 
440.9311(1)(a) (describing an exemption from the necessity of filing a financing statement 
when “[a] statute, regulation, or treaty of the United States” is at issue) (emphasis added); 
MCL 324.503(10)(d) (providing that the requirement for the Department of Natural 
 
 
 
 
12 
nonstatutory basis for exemption in FOIA itself.  Four subdivisions beneath MCL 
15.243(1)(d), MCL 15.243(1)(h) provides, in relevant part, that “[a] public body may 
exempt from disclosure as a public record . . . [i]nformation or records subject to the 
physician-patient privilege, the psychologist-patient privilege, the minister, priest, or 
Christian Science practitioner privilege, or other privilege recognized by statute or court 
rule.”44  An exemption that only uses the word “statute” is plainly different from an 
exemption that uses the words “statute or regulation” or “statute or court rule.”  As simple 
as it would have been for the Legislature to include in MCL 15.243(1)(d) just two 
additional words—“or regulation”—their absence here is dispositive.  We are bound to 
respect the Legislature’s linguistic choice,45 and we thereby conclude that a regulation 
cannot be the basis for exemption under the plain language of MCL 15.243(1)(d) because 
a regulation is not a statute. 
Finally, we assess the applicability of the two cases on which the Court of Appeals 
relied, and the one it rejected, to reach its holding in this case: that a federal regulation can 
                                              
Resources to “provide a copy of [an] order to the relevant legislative committees . . . does 
not apply to an order that does not alter the substance of a lawful provision that exists in 
the form of a statute, rule, regulation, or order at the time the order is prepared”) (emphasis 
added); MCL 333.5477(2) (providing that “[t]he application of sanctions [to persons who 
engage in a lead-based paint activity in violation of the Public Health Code] does not 
preclude the application of other sanctions or penalties contained in the provisions of any 
other federal, state, or political subdivision statute, rule, regulation, or ordinance”) 
(emphasis added). 
44 Emphasis added. 
45 2 Crooked Creek, LLC, 507 Mich at 9 (“When the statutory language is clear and 
unambiguous, judicial construction is not permitted and the statute is enforced as written.”) 
(quotation marks and citation omitted). 
 
 
 
 
13 
serve as a basis for exempting public records from disclosure under MCL 15.243(1)(d).  
The Court of Appeals cited Trout Unlimited, but that case did not engage in independent 
analysis of this question.46  Instead, Trout Unlimited merely cited Soave, which itself 
reasoned that “[s]ince agency regulations promulgated by the federal government have the 
force of federal statutory law, Wyoming Hospital Ass’n v Harris, 527 F Supp 551, 557 (D 
Wy, 1981), reliance upon a federal regulation to exempt a document [under MCL 
15.243(1)(d)] is proper.”47  The Court of Appeals also rejected the ACLU’s reliance on 
Detroit Free Press, which held that because “MCL 15.243(1)(d) plainly includes only 
statutes, and not rules of procedure, F R Crim P 6(e) cannot serve as a basis for exemption” 
under MCL 15.243(1)(d).48  The Court of Appeals’ rationale for following Trout Unlimited 
and Soave rather than Detroit Free Press to hold that a federal regulation can be the basis 
for an exemption under MCL 15.243(1)(d) boils down to its observation that federal 
regulations have the force and effect of federal statutory law, unlike the federal rules of 
criminal procedure at issue in Detroit Free Press.  For the reasons already expressed, we 
reject this distinction on the basis of the plain text of MCL 15.243(1)(d).49  Consequently, 
                                              
46 See Trout Unlimited, 213 Mich App at 218, 220. 
47 Soave, 139 Mich App 102. 
48 Detroit Free Press, 250 Mich App at 171. 
49 Moreover, we question the Court of Appeals’ premise—that the federal rules of criminal 
procedure lack the full force of federal law, which makes them unlike federal regulations 
for purposes of MCL 15.243(1)(d)—in distinguishing this case from Detroit Free Press.  
In truth, the federal rules of criminal procedure are just as binding as federal regulations.  
See United States v Marion, 562 F3d 1330, 1339 (CA 11, 2009) (“The Federal Rules of 
Criminal Procedure have the force and effect of law.  Just as a statute, the requirements 
promulgated in these Rules must be obeyed.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted); 
 
 
 
 
14 
we overrule Soave and Trout Unlimited, which perfunctorily cited Soave, insofar as those 
cases ignored the Legislature’s deliberate linguistic choice in MCL 15.243(1)(d). 
IV.  CONCLUSION 
A regulation cannot serve as the basis for exempting from disclosure public records 
under MCL 15.243(1)(d) because a regulation is not a statute.  Accordingly, we reverse the 
Court of Appeals’ holding to the contrary, and we overrule Soave and Trout Unlimited as 
to their erroneous interpretations of MCL 15.243(1)(d).  We remand this case to the 
Calhoun Circuit Court for further proceedings. 
 
 
Brian K. Zahra 
 
Bridget M. McCormack 
 
David F. Viviano 
 
Richard H. Bernstein 
 
Elizabeth T. Clement 
 
Megan K. Cavanagh 
 
Elizabeth M. Welch 
                                              
United States v Cowan, 524 F2d 504, 505 (CA 5, 1975) (“The Federal Rules of Criminal 
Procedure have the force and effect of law.  Just [like] a statute . . . .”), quoting Dupoint v 
United States, 388 F2d 39, 44 (CA 5, 1967).