Case Title: Idaho v. Keeton

Citation: 

Docket Number: 46693

State: idaho

Court: Idaho Supreme Court (criminal)

Date: 2019-10-07T00:00:00Z

Document:
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket No. 46693 
 
STATE OF IDAHO, 
 
     Plaintiff-Respondent, 
 
v. 
 
JESSE A. KEETON, 
 
     Defendant-Appellant. 
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Boise, August 2019 Term 
 
Opinion Filed: October 7, 2019 
 
Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk 
 
Appeal from the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District of the State of Idaho, 
Bannock County. Stephen S. Dunn, District Judge. 
 
The district court’s order is reversed and the case is remanded. 
 
Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.  
Jenevieve C. Swinford argued. 
 
Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Kenneth K. 
Jorgensen argued.  
_____________________ 
 
BRODY, Justice. 
 
I. 
NATURE OF THE CASE 
Jesse A. Keeton appeals from the Bannock County district court’s order denying him 
credit for time served. In 2018, Keeton was in custody for thirty-two days following his arrest for 
driving under the influence of alcohol. The district court dismissed the case without prejudice 
because the State made a charging error. A few weeks later, the State refiled the case, charging 
Keeton with the same offense but under a different case number. After Keeton was sentenced, he 
requested credit for time served. The district court denied his request because Keeton did not 
have a sentence imposed in the dismissed case and he was not incarcerated before judgment was 
entered in the refiled case. On appeal, Keeton argues that Idaho Code section 18-309, the credit 
for time served statute, mandates an award of credit when a case involving the same offense is 
dismissed and later refiled. We agree. The district court’s decision is reversed.  
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II. 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND  
Keeton was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol on January 20, 2018. The 
State filed a criminal complaint charging Keeton with one felony count of driving under the 
influence of alcohol, I.C. §§ 18-8004, -8005(6), which requires proof of two prior DUI 
convictions within the previous ten years. The complaint alleged that Keeton had been convicted 
of DUI twice prior, on January 17, 2017, and January 4, 2018, just two weeks before the offense 
at issue. The case was assigned case number CR-2018-925-FE.  
During the preliminary hearing, the State offered proof of Keeton’s two prior DUIs. The 
State offered a judgment of conviction dated January 17, 2017, for the first prior DUI and a 
pretrial stipulation for a plea agreement dated January 4, 2018, for the second prior DUI. The 
2017 judgment of conviction was admitted into evidence without objection, but the 2018 
stipulation was objected to because “it is not a certified copy of a judgment of conviction” or a 
guilty plea. Accordingly, Keeton moved to dismiss the felony DUI complaint. The district court 
subsequently granted Keeton’s motion and dismissed the complaint without prejudice.  
On May 1, 2018, Keeton pleaded guilty to the second prior DUI. After the plea, the State 
filed a new criminal complaint charging Keeton, once again, for the January 20, 2018, felony 
DUI offense. In the new complaint, the State changed the date of the second prior DUI from 
January 4, 2018, to May 1, 2018, to reflect the date when Keeton pleaded guilty. The case was 
also assigned a new case number: CR-2018-6092-FE.  
On October 1, 2018, Keeton pleaded guilty to the felony DUI offense at issue. At 
sentencing, Keeton requested credit for the thirty-two days he spent in jail prior to the dismissal 
of the first criminal complaint for the offense at issue. Keeton argued that under Idaho Code 
section 18-309 he is entitled to credit for time served because “he was incarcerated for this DUI 
which occurred on January 20th.” Keeton reasoned that “although it’s not the same case number, 
it is the same offense, under Idaho Code Section 18-309, which requires that a person receive 
credit for any period of incarceration prior to entry of judgment, if such incarceration was for the 
offense.” The district court denied Keeton’s request. The court sentenced Keeton to four years of 
probation and ordered him to serve thirty days in jail with twenty days suspended and ten days to 
be served at the discretion of the probation officer.  
Keeton subsequently filed a Rule 35 motion to reconsider the denial of his request for 
credit. The district court denied Keeton’s motion. The court held that section 18-309 “confers a 
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right to credit ‘if the presentence incarceration was a consequence of or attributable to the offense 
for which the sentence is imposed.’ ” Keeton did not have a sentence imposed in case number 
CR-2018-925-FE as it was dismissed, and Keeton was not incarcerated before judgment was 
entered in case number CR-2018-6092-FE. Therefore, “[a]s there was no time spent on the case 
in which Keeton had a judgment entered or a sentence imposed (this case), the Court will not 
grant Keeton’s request for credit for time served in his previously dismissed Bannock County 
case, CR-2018-925-FE.” Keeton timely appealed.   
III. 
STANDARD OF REVIEW 
“The question of whether a sentencing court has properly awarded credit for time served 
to the facts of a particular case is a question of law, which is subject to free review by the 
appellate courts.” State v. Gonzalez, 165 Idaho 95, 97, 439 P.3d 1267, 1269 (2019) (quoting 
State v. Barrett, 162 Idaho 449, 451, 414 P.3d 1188, 1190 (2018)).  
Additionally, “the interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which this Court 
exercises free review.” City of Idaho Falls v. H-K Contractors, Inc., 163 Idaho 579, 581, 416 
P.3d 951, 953 (2018) (quoting Regan v. Owen, 163 Idaho 359, 362, 413 P.3d 759, 762 (2018)).  
Statutory interpretation begins with the statute’s plain language. State v. Burnight, 
132 Idaho 654, 659, 978 P.2d 214, 219 (1999). That language “is to be given its 
plain, obvious and rational meaning.” Id. If that language is clear and 
unambiguous, “the Court need merely apply the statute without engaging in any 
statutory construction.” Id.  
State v. Brand, 162 Idaho 189, 191, 395 P.3d 809, 811 (2017).  
IV. 
ANALYSIS 
Keeton contends that the district court erred in denying his request for credit for time 
served. According to Keeton, the plain language of Idaho Code section 18-309, and this Court’s 
recent interpretation of the statute, “mandate[s] an award of credit for prejudgment incarceration 
on the same offense in a dismissed but then refiled case.” The State argues that the district court 
was correct in denying Keeton any credit for time served because he served no time in this case 
and is not entitled to credit for time served in a different case. This appeal presents an issue of 
first impression: whether Idaho Code section 18-309 mandates an award of credit for time served 
when a case involving the same offense is dismissed and later refiled. We hold that it does.  
Section 18-309 governs credit for time served:  
In computing the term of imprisonment, the person against whom the judgment 
was entered shall receive credit in the judgment for any period of incarceration 
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prior to entry of judgment, if such incarceration was for the offense or an 
included offense for which the judgment was entered. . . . 
I.C. § 18-309(1) (emphasis added). 
This Court recently interpreted section 18-309—specifically the language emphasized 
above—in State v. Owens, 158 Idaho 1, 343 P.3d 30 (2015) and State v. Brand, 162 Idaho 189, 
395 P.3d 809 (2017). In Owens, the question before the Court was whether section 18-309 gives 
credit for prejudgment incarceration against each count’s sentence. 158 Idaho at 4, 343 P.3d at 
33. In that case, the defendant pleaded guilty to eight counts of issuing a check without funds, 
and the district court sentenced him to fifteen months in prison with six months fixed for each 
charge, which were to run consecutively. Id. at 2, 343 P.3d at 31. The court granted the 
defendant credit for time served, but only on one of the counts. Id. at 3, 343 P.3d at 32. We 
reversed the district court, holding that section 18-309 mandates an award of credit for time 
served on each count. Id. at 4, 343 P.3d at 32. We explained:    
The statute has a mandatory directive that specifically conditions credit for time 
served on the fact that the incarceration was for “the offense” for which the 
judgment was entered. While the word “offense” is singular, the phrase “if such 
incarceration was for the offense or an included offense for which the judgment 
was entered” simply describes the type of incarceration that a defendant gets 
credit for. This indicates that as long as the defendant’s prejudgment jail time was 
for “the offense” the defendant was convicted of and sentenced for, the court 
gives the defendant that credit. If the legislature had delineated credit for 
incarceration for “each case” or another description other than “the offense,” the 
outcome would be different. 
Id.  
A couple of years later, we addressed section 18-309 again, but the question before the 
Court was whether that statute “authorizes credit for time served where the relevant period of 
presentence incarceration is both initiated and maintained due to a prior, unrelated offense.” 
Brand, 162 Idaho at 191, 395 P.3d at 811. Brand involved two defendants who were denied 
credit for time served because they were already incarcerated for an unrelated offense at the time 
they were served with an arrest warrant for new charges. Id. at 190–91, 395 P.3d at 810–11. We 
held that section 18-309 mandates credit for time served even where the defendant’s 
incarceration rests on several, unrelated offenses. Id. at 192, 395 P.3d at 812. We explained:   
The statute mandates credit for “any period of incarceration” where “such 
incarceration was for the offense or an included offense for which the judgment 
was entered.” I.C. § 18-309 (emphasis added). Put another way, section 18-
309 entitles Brand and Nall to credit for time served “as long as [their] 
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prejudgment jail time was for ‘the offense’ [they were] convicted of and 
sentenced for[.]” Owens, 158 Idaho at 4, 343 P.3d at 33. Aside from that 
requirement, the statute “does not limit that credit in any way.” Id. Section 18-
309 does not limit credit for time served only if, for example, the offense for 
which the defendant is jailed is that which caused the defendant’s initial 
deprivation of liberty. Rather, section 18-309 applies to all offenses that provide a 
basis for the defendant’s incarceration. It is irrelevant if the defendant’s 
incarceration rests on several, unrelated offenses, as the fact remains that each 
offense provides a basis for the defendant’s incarceration.  
Id. This Court also created a two-prong test, which, if satisfied, mandates an award of credit for 
time served: “first, the defendant must have been incarcerated during the intervening period from 
when the arrest warrant was served and the judgment of conviction was entered; and second . . . 
the relevant offense must be one that provides a basis for the defendant’s incarceration.” Id. at 
192–93, 395 P.3d at 812–13.  
In this case, Keeton was in custody for thirty-two days following his January 20, 2018, 
arrest for felony DUI. After Keeton was released on his own recognizance, the district court 
dismissed the first complaint without prejudice because Keeton’s January 4, 2018, agreement to 
plead guilty to DUI did not constitute a conviction. Weeks later, after Keeton pleaded guilty to 
the second prior DUI, the State filed a new complaint charging Keeton with the exact same 
offense, i.e., a felony DUI based on the January 20, 2018, DUI. The only difference between the 
original complaint and the new complaint is a correction in the date for the second prior DUI and 
a new case number, neither of which results in a new offense. We made it clear in both Owens 
and Brand that it is “the offense” that section 18-309 focuses on, not the case number associated 
with “the offense.” Keeton cannot be denied credit for time served because of a procedural 
misstep.  
V. 
CONCLUSION 
We reverse the district court’s order denying Keeton’s request for credit for time served 
and remand the case for the district court to enter an order properly crediting him for his time 
served.  
 
Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices BEVAN, STEGNER and MOELLER CONCUR.