Case Title: Geringer Capital v. Taunton Properties, LLC

Citation: 

Docket Number: 

State: idaho

Court: Idaho Supreme Court (civil)

Date: 2023-05-17T00:00:00Z

Document:
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket Nos. 49184 / 49522 
 
GERINGER CAPITAL, dba GERINGER 
CAPITAL, INC., a Nevada corporation, 
 
     Plaintiff-Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
TAUNTON PROPERTIES, LLC, a Minnesota 
limited liability company; COMMERCIAL 
NORTHWEST, LLC, an Idaho limited 
liability company, dba Commercial Northwest 
Property Management; BOTTOM LINE II, 
LLC, an Idaho limited liability company, dba 
KW Commercial; PACIFIC COMMERCIAL 
REALTY ADVISORS - BOISE, LLC, an 
Idaho limited liability company, 
  
     Defendants-Respondents, 
 
and 
 
LCA-CA I, LLC, a California limited liability 
company; MW WOODSIDE LAND, LLC, a 
Delaware limited liability company; and MW 
WOODSIDE, LLC, a Delaware limited 
liability company, 
 
     Defendants. 
______________________________________ 
 
GERINGER CAPITAL, dba GERINGER 
CAPITAL, INC., a Nevada corporation,      
 
     Plaintiff-Counterdefendant- Appellant, 
 
v. 
 
LCA-CA I, LLC, a California limited liability 
company; MW WOODSIDE LAND, LLC, a 
Delaware limited liability company; and MW 
WOODSIDE, LLC, a Delaware limited 
liability company,      
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Boise, February 2023 Term 
 
Opinion filed:  May 17, 2023 
 
Melanie Gagnepain, Clerk 
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     Defendants-Counterclaimants-   
     Respondents, 
 
and, 
 
TAUNTON PROPERTIES, LLC, a Minnesota 
limited liability company; COMMERCIAL 
NORTHWEST, LLC, an Idaho limited 
liability company, dba Commercial Northwest 
Property Management; BOTTOM LINE II, 
LLC, an Idaho limited liability company, dba 
KW Commercial; PACIFIC COMMERCIAL 
REALTY ADVISORS - BOISE, LLC, an 
Idaho limited liability company,      
 
     Defendants. 
 
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Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State of Idaho, 
Ada County.   Patrick Miller, District Judge. 
 
The decision of the district court is affirmed. 
 
Kurtz Law, PLLC, Boise, for Appellant. John F. Kurtz, Jr., argued. 
 
Givens Pursley, LLP, Boise, for Respondents LCA-CA I, LLC, MW Woodside 
Land, LLC, and MW Woodside, LLC. Thomas E. Dvorak argued on behalf of all 
Respondents. 
 
Borton-Lakey Law & Policy, Meridian, for Respondents Taunton Properties, 
LLC.  
 
Davison, Copple, Copple & Copple, Boise, for Respondent Bottom Line II, LLC.  
 
Gordon & Rees Scully Mansukhani LLP, Boise, for Respondent Pacific 
Commercial Realty – Boise, LLC. 
 
Powers Farley PC, Boise, for Respondent Commercial Northwest, LLC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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ZAHN, Justice. 
This case involves a dispute concerning the purchase and sale of real property. Geringer 
Capital appeals the district court’s order dismissing its complaint. The district court dismissed 
Geringer’s claims after concluding Geringer’s offer letter to purchase the real property was an 
unenforceable “agreement to agree” and was also unenforceable due to an insufficient property 
description. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the district court’s decision.  
I. 
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 
Taunton Properties, LLC owned 63 townhomes and 3.8 acres of adjacent land in Eagle, 
Idaho. In 2020, Commercial Northwest, Taunton’s property manager and agent, provided Geringer 
with documents regarding the property. The documents identified the townhomes as “Woodside 
Villas,” located at 1260 E. Lone Creek Drive, Eagle, Idaho 83616, and included financial 
statements and tenant information. 
On August 7, 2020, Geringer sent a written offer (“Offer Letter”) to Taunton Properties, 
proposing to purchase the 63 townhomes for $20,400,000 and an adjacent 3.8 acres for $1,000,000. 
The Offer Letter listed the property as: “The 63 Townhomes identified as Woodside Villas, 1260 
E. Lone Creek Drive, Eagle, ID 83616, in addition to the approximately 3.8 acres of adjacent land.” 
The Offer Letter identified the Seller only as “Title Holder.” The Offer Letter also stated that, 
“Buyer and Seller agree to execute a more formal Agreement of Purchase and Sale within thirty 
(30) days containing market specific terms and the items set forth in this Agreement.” The Offer 
Letter contained sections for “Title Insurance,” “Proration’s [sic] and Closing Costs,” and “Seller’s 
Deliveries,” but stated those terms were “to be specified in the Agreement of Purchase and Sale.” 
Peter Taunton, the manager of Taunton Properties, electronically signed the Offer Letter through 
DocuSign, which presumably returned it to Geringer.   
On August 8, one day after signing and returning the Offer Letter, Taunton Properties 
received a different purchase offer from LCA-CA I, LLC (“LCA”), with a proposed sale price that 
was $400,000 more than Geringer’s offer. That same day, Peter Taunton advised Geringer that 
Taunton Properties considered Geringer’s Offer Letter unenforceable and that Taunton Properties 
would be selling the properties to LCA.  
Geringer filed a complaint for specific performance, breach of contract, and breach of 
preliminary agreement against Taunton Properties. The complaint also alleged a claim for tortious 
4 
interference with contract against the remaining Respondents.1 Geringer subsequently filed an 
amended complaint, which added a claim against the remaining Respondents for civil conspiracy. 
Respondents moved to dismiss Geringer’s amended complaint pursuant to Idaho Rule of Civil 
Procedure (“I.R.C.P.”) 12(b)(6), and argued that the Offer Letter was not an enforceable contract 
because it lacked material terms, including a sufficient property description.  
The district court granted Respondents’ motions to dismiss. The district court determined: 
(1) the Offer Letter lacked material terms and represented an agreement to agree; (2) the property 
description was insufficient under the statute of frauds; and (3) Geringer’s claims for breach of 
preliminary agreement, tortious interference with contract, and civil conspiracy failed to state 
claims upon which relief could be granted. Geringer timely appealed the district court’s dismissal 
of all of the claims minus its breach of preliminary agreement claim.  
II. 
ISSUES ON APPEAL 
1. Whether the district court erred when it dismissed Geringer’s claims?  
2. Whether the district court erred in awarding attorney fees to Taunton Properties?  
3. Whether any of the parties are entitled to attorney fees on appeal?  
III. 
STANDARD OF REVIEW 
This Court reviews a district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Idaho Rule of 
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. Fulfer v. Sorrento Lactalis, Inc., 171 Idaho 296, 300, 520 P.3d 
708, 712 (2022). “A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be granted ‘unless it 
appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim that would 
entitle him to relief.’” Luck v. Rohel, 171 Idaho 51, 518 P.3d 350, 354 (2022) (quoting Paslay v. 
A&B Irrigation Dist., 162 Idaho 866, 869, 406 P.3d 878, 881 (2017)). “Under Rule 12(b)(6), 
‘[a]fter viewing all facts and inferences from the record in favor of the non-moving party, the Court 
will ask whether a claim for relief has been stated.’” Paslay, 162 Idaho at 868–69, 406 P.3d at 
880–81 (quoting Losser v. Bradstreet, 145 Idaho 670, 673, 183 P.3d 758, 761 (2008)). 
This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to award attorney fees and costs under an abuse 
of discretion standard. In re Est. of Hirning, 167 Idaho 669, 675, 475 P.3d 1191, 1197 (2020). To 
determine whether a trial court abused its discretion, we consider: “[w]hether the trial court: (1) 
correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) acted within the outer boundaries of its 
 
1 Commercial Northwest is Taunton Properties’ property manager. Bottom Line II and Pacific Commercial Realty 
Advisors are Taunton Properties’ selling agents.  
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discretion; (3) acted consistently with the legal standards applicable to the specific choices 
available to it; and (4) reached its decision by the exercise of reason.” Id. at 675–76, 475 P.3d at 
1197–98 (quoting Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018)). 
IV. 
ANALYSIS 
A. The district court did not err when it dismissed Geringer’s claims for specific 
performance and breach of contract. 
The district court dismissed Geringer’s claims against Taunton Properties for specific 
performance and breach of contract after concluding that the Offer Letter was unenforceable for 
two reasons. First, the district court concluded the letter was lacking material terms and therefore 
was an “agreement to agree.” Second, the district court concluded that the property description 
was insufficient under the statute of frauds. We agree that the Offer Letter lacked a sufficient 
property description and affirm the district court’s decision on that basis. 
On appeal, Geringer argues that the essential terms of the agreement were sufficiently 
certain. Geringer also contends that Taunton Properties should be prevented from asserting the 
statute of frauds defense pursuant to what it acknowledges was dicta in Tricore Investments, LLC 
v. Estate of Warren, 168 Idaho 596, 613, 485 P.3d 92, 110 (2021) (“Tricore”). Finally, Geringer 
argues that the Offer Letter included a sufficient property description for purposes of the statute of 
frauds. Respondents maintain that the district court correctly determined that the Offer Letter 
lacked a sufficient property description. 
An enforceable contract “must be complete, definite and certain in all of its material terms, 
or contain provisions which are capable in themselves of being reduced to certainty.” P.O. 
Ventures, Inc. v. Loucks Fam. Irrevocable Tr., 144 Idaho 233, 238, 159 P.3d 870, 875 (2007) 
(quoting Giacobbi Square v. PEK Corp., 105 Idaho 346, 348, 670 P.2d 51, 53 (1983)). 
Specifically, “[f]or a land sale contract to be specifically enforced, the contract must typically 
contain the minimum provisions of the parties involved, the subject matter thereof, the price or 
consideration, a description of the property, and all the essential terms of the agreement.” Id. 
(citations omitted).  
The statute of frauds applies to the conveyance of real property. See Tricore, 168 Idaho at 
612, 485 P.3d at 108. Under the statute of frauds, “a description of real property must adequately 
describe the property such that it is possible for someone to identify ‘exactly’ what property the 
seller is conveying to the buyer.” The David & Marvel Benton Tr. v. McCarty, 161 Idaho 145, 151, 
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384 P.3d 392, 398 (2016) (quoting Ray v. Frasure, 146 Idaho 625, 629, 200 P.3d 1174, 1178 
(2009)).  
 
We decline Geringer’s invitation to apply the Tricore dicta in this case. In Tricore, this 
Court determined that the statute of frauds was satisfied by the legal description in the parties’ 
purchase and sale agreement. Tricore, 168 Idaho at 612, 485 P.3d at 108. However, before 
addressing the merits of the statute of frauds defense, the Court spoke to the availability of the 
defense in that case: “The purpose of the statute of frauds is to shield persons with interests in land 
from being deprived of those interests by perjury, not to arm contracting parties with a sword they 
may use to escape bargains they rue.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). Geringer 
contends that Taunton Properties is using the statute of frauds as a sword in this case and that we 
should prevent it from using the defense to avoid the contract in this case. We decline to do so. 
 
The Tricore dicta is not precedent and we are not bound to follow it in this case. City of 
Weippe for Use & Benefit of Les Schwab Tire Ctrs. of Idaho, Inc. v. Yarno, 96 Idaho 319, 323, 528 
P.2d 201, 205 (1974) (holding this Court is not bound by dicta from previous opinions). Moreover, 
this case is distinguishable from the facts in Tricore. There, Tricore entered into a formal purchase 
and sale agreement, which attached the legal descriptions of the property, but reserved 200 feet of 
waterfront (or two 100-foot parcels) for the sellers. Tricore, 168 Idaho at 607, 485 P.3d at 103. 
The parties operated under the purchase agreement for well over a year before the sellers asserted 
the agreement violated the statute of frauds because the property description did not specifically 
describe the reserved portion of waterfront. Id. at 607–09, 485 P.3d at 103–05. We ultimately held 
that the property description was sufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds. Id. 
In this case, the Offer Letter does not include or refer to a legal description of the 63 
townhomes and adjacent property. Additionally, the Offer Letter only lists the address of one of 
the 63 townhomes. The Offer Letter contains significantly less detail than the purchase and sale 
agreement in Tricore. Moreover, in this case, Taunton Properties raised the statute of frauds within 
one day of signing the agreement, so there was no delay in asserting the defense as there was in 
Tricore. Simply put, this case is distinguishable from the facts of Tricore.  
1. The Offer Letter’s property description failed to satisfy the statute of frauds. 
Turning to the merits of this case, we agree with the district court that the property 
description in the Offer Letter fails to satisfy the statute of frauds. The purpose of the statute of 
frauds is to ensure the contract speaks for itself. Allen v. Kitchen, 16 Idaho 133, 145, 100 P. 1052, 
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1056 (1909).  “It is not a question as to what the contract was intended to be, but, rather, was it 
consummated by being reduced to writing as prescribed by the statute of frauds.” Id. “An 
agreement for the sale of real property must not only be in writing and subscribed by the party to 
be charged, but the writing must also contain such a description of the property agreed to be sold, 
either in terms or by reference, that it can be ascertained without resort to parol evidence.” Id. at 
136, 100 P. at 1055 (citation omitted). Specifically, a real estate contract satisfies the statute of 
frauds if the “quantity, identity or boundaries of property can be determined from the face of the 
instrument, or by reference to extrinsic evidence to which it refers.” City of Kellogg v. Mission 
Mountain Ints. Ltd., Co., 135 Idaho 239, 244, 16 P.3d 915, 920 (2000) (citing Haney v. Molko, 123 
Idaho 132, 136, 844 P.2d 1382, 1386 (Ct. App. 1992)). To satisfy the statute of frauds a property 
description must “designate ‘exactly’ what property the seller is conveying to the buyer.” Ray, 146 
Idaho at 629–30, 200 P.3d at 1178–79 (citation omitted). 
The Offer Letter in this case fails to designate exactly what is being conveyed and instead 
lists only a community name and physical address. The physical address does not indicate the 
metes and bounds of the real property and only pertains to one of the 63 townhomes at issue. There 
is no description for the remaining 62 townhomes or the 3.8 acres of adjacent land. While the Offer 
Letter refers to “Woodside Villas,” the recorded plat (which is not mentioned in the Offer Letter 
but is referenced in the record on appeal) refers to “the Lonesome Dove Subdivision.” As a result, 
the reference to “Woodside Villas” does not assist in identifying the property. Further, the property 
description does not reference any external documents to identify the property to be sold. The 
description thus fails to “designate exactly” the property to be sold. For these reasons, we affirm 
the district court’s determination that the property description fails to satisfy the statute of frauds.  
Geringer argues that the Court should “no longer apply the strict standard adopted in Ray 
requiring exactness and instead use the “reasonable certainty” standard. We recently rejected this 
argument in 616 Inc. v. Mae Properties, LLC, 171 Idaho 610, 524 P.3d 889 (2023). There, we 
reaffirmed the standard in Ray and stated, “‘reasonable certainty’ is not enough. Instead, the 
writing must contain a property description that designates ‘exactly’ what property is being 
conveyed.” Id. at 620, 524 P.3d at 899 (citations omitted). While we recognize that our decision 
in 616 Inc. had not issued at the time Geringer filed its brief in this case, we see no reason to 
deviate from the 616 Inc. holding in this case. 
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Next, Geringer relies on City of Kellogg to argue the property description in the Offer Letter 
satisfies the statute of frauds. In City of Kellogg, this Court determined the description, “the lodge 
and the land on which it is located, along with the ski lift” sufficiently described the property so it 
was possible to identify exactly what was being conveyed. 135 Idaho at 244–45, 16 P.3d at 920–
21. The Court explained that the description clearly identified the property because “the quantity 
of land involved was only the amount directly underneath the lodge, and not some other, larger 
parcel within the ski resort area.” Id. at 245, 16 P.3d at 921.  
Here, Geringer argues that the townhomes act as landmarks, which can be used to define 
the conveyed property “exactly.” However, in City of Kellogg, the conveyance only included the 
land directly underneath the landmarks. See 135 Idaho at 245, 16 P.3d at 921. Geringer’s complaint 
seeks to compel the conveyance of all real property depicted in the subdivision plat—not just the 
land directly underneath the townhomes. Accordingly, the property description in the Offer Letter, 
even considering the use of landmarks, failed to describe exactly what property the Offer Letter 
intended to convey. See McCarty, 161 Idaho at 154, 384 P.3d at 401 (“identifying certain 
landmarks within a piece of property is not legally sufficient where the conveying document 
purports to convey more than that [sic] just those landmarks” (quoting Lexington Heights Dev., 
LLC v. Crandlemire, 140 Idaho 276, 283, 92 P.3d 526, 533 (2004)). Therefore, City of Kellogg is 
distinguishable.  
Geringer also contends that the district court could have determined the property to be 
conveyed by referencing external evidence. We also find this argument unpersuasive. “Idaho 
precedent is abundantly clear that extrinsic evidence is not permitted in order to determine the 
sufficiency of a property description in a document purporting to convey real property (unless that 
extrinsic evidence is specifically referenced in the document itself).” McCarty, 161 Idaho at 151, 
384 P.3d at 398.  
Here, the Offer Letter neither identifies a complete description of the quantity, identity or 
boundaries of the real property to be conveyed nor refers to extrinsic evidence that would provide 
a complete description. Geringer’s contention regarding the language “63 Townhomes identified 
as Woodside Villas” fails because this language does not reference a recorded or external 
document containing a sufficient legal description of the property to be conveyed. As a result, this 
case is also distinguishable from Tricore. 
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Finally, Geringer argues that if the property description for either the townhomes or the 
real property is sufficient, then the district court should have only dismissed the claims relating to 
the property with the insufficient description. This argument is unpersuasive given our holding 
that both property descriptions are insufficient. 
B. The district court did not err when it dismissed Geringer’s tortious interference with 
contract claims.  
The district court also determined that Geringer’s tortious interference claim failed to state 
a claim upon which relief could be granted. The district court explained that the relevant 
Respondents could not have tortiously interfered with a contract because there was no enforceable 
contract.  
Geringer argues that because the district court erred when it determined the Offer Letter 
was an unenforceable contract, the district court’s dismissal of its tortious interference claim 
should also be reversed and vacated. Alternatively, Geringer argues that if the Court determines 
the Offer Letter is voidable under the statute of frauds, the Court should reverse the district court’s 
dismissal because tortious interference claims can be based on voidable contracts.  
 
Commercial Northwest argues that Geringer’s distinction between void and voidable 
contracts is of no consequence because the Offer Letter is unenforceable “for being too vague, 
indefinite, and uncertain with respect to its essential terms.” Therefore, Commercial Northwest 
contends that Geringer’s tortious interference claim must fail. LCA and Pacific Commercial 
similarly argue that the district court’s decision was correct. 
“Tortious interference with contract has four elements: ‘(1) the existence of a contract; (2) 
knowledge of the contract on the part of the defendant; (3) intentional interference causing a breach 
of the contract; and (4) injury to the plaintiff resulting from the breach.’” Syringa Networks, LLC 
v. Idaho Dep’t of Admin., 155 Idaho 55, 64, 305 P.3d 499, 508 (2013) (quoting Bybee v. Isaac, 145 
Idaho 251, 259, 178 P.3d 616, 624 (2008)). When considering the requirement of the existence of 
a contract, “[t]his Court has held that a claim for tortious interference with a contract is available 
when a contract is voidable or unenforceable but is not available when the contract is void ab 
initio.” Silicon Int’l Ore, LLC v. Monsanto Co., 155 Idaho 538, 551, 314 P.3d 593, 606 (2013). 
The failure to satisfy the statute of frauds renders a contract voidable. Id. However, “[a] party 
cannot tortiously interfere with an agreement that is too vague and uncertain to be enforceable.” 
Id. 
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In addition to concluding that the Offer Letter did not satisfy the statute of frauds, the 
district court concluded that the Offer Letter was too vague and uncertain to be enforceable because 
it was missing essential terms for “Title Insurance,” “Prorations and Closing Costs,” “Seller’s 
Deliveries,” “Earnest Money,” “Due Diligence Contingency,” and “market specific terms.” The 
district court concluded that these terms were essential, but the Offer Letter indicated the terms 
would be provided in a future purchase and sale agreement. The district court also found additional 
terms to be material, yet unaddressed in the Offer Letter, including, “representations and 
warranties to be given by the parties (e.g., representations regarding the validity of tenant leases, 
the status of tenant rent payments, no property defects, turning over security deposits and prepaid 
rent, compliance with code requirements).” The district court concluded that the absence of 
specific provisions for these material terms rendered the Offer Letter a mere “agreement to agree.” 
Geringer contends that the district court erred in making these findings because the 
determination of whether contractual terms are material is a question of fact. Geringer argues that 
because the motion was made pursuant to I.R.C.P. 12(b)(6), the district court was limited to 
considering the evidence in the pleadings, none of which indicated that the parties considered the 
referenced terms to be material.  
 “A contract must be complete, definite and certain in all its material terms, or contain 
provisions which are capable in themselves of being reduced to certainty.” Lawrence v. Jones, 124 
Idaho 748, 750–51, 864 P.2d 194, 196–97 (Ct. App. 1993) (quoting Giacobbi Square v. PEK 
Corp., 105 Idaho 346, 348, 670 P.2d 51, 53 (1983)). The minimum requirements for a land sale 
contract include a description of the property. See Tricore, 168 Idaho at 615, 485 P.3d at 111 
(citation omitted). If the agreement is “so vague, indefinite and uncertain that the intent of the 
parties cannot be ascertained,” the agreement is unenforceable. Silicon Int’l Ore, LLC, 155 Idaho 
at 547, 314 P.3d at 602 (quoting Griffith v. Clear Lakes Trout Co., 143 Idaho 733, 737, 152 P.3d 
604, 609 (2007)).    
“When the trial court reaches the correct result by an erroneous theory, we will affirm 
the result on the correct theory.” Tricore, 168 Idaho at 621, 485 P.3d at 117 (quoting Nicholson v. 
Coeur d’Alene Placer Mining Corp., 161 Idaho 877, 881, 392 P.3d 1218, 1222 (2017)). Before the 
district court, Respondents argued the Offer Letter was unenforceable due to the vagueness and 
uncertainty of several material terms, one of which was the property description. The district court 
agreed the letter was unenforceable, but did not base its decision on the insufficiency of the 
11 
property description. Rather, the district court identified other terms that it found were material, 
but missing because the Offer Letter indicated they would be identified in a future purchase and 
sale agreement.  
We need not address Geringer’s argument that the district court erred in basing its decision 
on the other terms that it found to be material because we affirm the district court’s decision on 
alternate grounds. This Court has consistently held that the property description is an essential 
element of a land sale contract. Our analysis above concerning the insufficiency of the Offer 
Letter’s property description under the statute of frauds also establishes that the property 
description was so vague, indefinite, and uncertain that it rendered the contract unenforceable. See 
P.O. Ventures, Inc., 144 Idaho at 238, 159 P.3d at 875. We therefore affirm the district court’s 
decision that the agreement was unenforceable, albeit on a different ground than that cited in the 
district court’s decision. 
In sum, the district court did not err when it dismissed Geringer’s specific performance and 
breach of contract claims against Taunton Properties because the Offer Letter failed to satisfy the 
statute of frauds and was so vague, uncertain, and indefinite that it was unenforceable. As a result, 
there was no enforceable contract with which to tortiously interfere. We therefore affirm the 
district court’s decision dismissing Geringer’s tortious interference claim.  
C. The district court did not err when it dismissed Geringer’s civil conspiracy claim.  
Geringer argues that if this Court reversed the district court’s dismissal of Geringer’s 
tortious interference claim, then the Court should also reverse the district court’s dismissal of 
Geringer’s civil conspiracy claim.  
“A civil conspiracy that gives rise to legal remedies exists only if there is an agreement 
between two or more to accomplish an unlawful objective or to accomplish a lawful objective in 
an unlawful manner.” Tricore, 168 Idaho at 625, 485 P.3d at 121 (quoting McPheters v. Maile, 
138 Idaho 391, 395, 64 P.3d 317, 321 (2003)). “The essence of a cause of action for civil 
conspiracy is the civil wrong committed as the objective of the conspiracy, not the conspiracy 
itself.” McPheters, 138 Idaho at 395, 64 P.3d at 321 (citation omitted).  
The district court determined that because “no contract existed and therefore, no tortious 
interference could occur[,]” Geringer could not “establish the existence of a wrongful objective.” 
The district court also explained that the amended complaint failed to “allege facts supporting the 
existence of unlawful means.” 
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We find no error in the district court’s conclusions. The only “civil wrongs” referenced in 
Geringer’s complaint are the breach of contract and tortious interference with contract claims. 
Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Geringer’s breach of contract and tortious 
interference claims, there is no underlying civil wrong that could support a civil conspiracy claim. 
We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Geringer’s civil conspiracy claim.  
D. The district court did not err in awarding attorney fees.  
Geringer argues that if this Court reverses the district court’s decision dismissing its 
complaint, this Court should vacate the district court’s award of attorney fees because Taunton 
Properties would no longer be a prevailing party. Because we affirm the district court’s decision, 
Taunton Properties remains the prevailing party. We therefore affirm the district court’s order 
awarding attorney fees to Taunton Properties. 
E. We award Taunton Properties attorney fees on appeal.  
Taunton Properties requests attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-
120(3). “Idaho Code section 12-120(3) allows for an award of attorney fees to a prevailing party 
in a civil action to recover on any commercial transaction.” Buku Props., LLC v. Clark, 153 Idaho 
828, 836, 291 P.3d 1027, 1035 (2012). “The term ‘commercial transaction’ is defined to mean all 
transactions except transactions for personal or household purposes.” I.C. § 12-120(3).  “In order 
for a transaction to be commercial, each party to the transaction must enter the transaction for 
a commercial purpose.” Simono v. House, 160 Idaho 788, 792, 379 P.3d 1058, 1062 (2016) 
(quoting Carrillo v. Boise Tire Co., 152 Idaho 741, 756, 274 P.3d 1256, 1271 (2012)). A 
commercial purpose exists when a “commercial transaction comprises the gravamen of the 
lawsuit.” Id. (citation omitted). “To be the gravamen of a lawsuit, ‘(1) there must be 
a commercial transaction that is integral to the claim; and (2) the commercial transaction must be 
the basis upon which recovery is sought.’” Id. (quoting Garner v. Povey, 151 Idaho 462, 469, 259 
P.3d 608, 615 (2011)). 
The facts set forth in the amended complaint establish that a commercial transaction is the 
gravamen of the claims between Geringer and Taunton Properties. The amended complaint 
describes each party as a business entity and alleges the existence of a contract to purchase 63 
townhomes and associated real property for an amount exceeding $20 million. The amended 
complaint also references the exchange of information related to the townhome community, 
including tenant information, the rent cycle, and other financial information. The property details, 
13 
purchase price, and information exchanged indicate the purchase agreement was not for the 
“personal or household” use of Geringer, a business entity, but instead related to the purchase of 
townhomes that were used as rental properties and thus was a commercial transaction. We 
therefore award Taunton Properties its attorney fees on appeal pursuant to section 12-120(3). 
LCA and Commercial Northwest request attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-
121. A court may award attorney fees under section 12-121 when the action “was brought, pursued 
or defended frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” After reviewing the record in this 
case and the parties’ arguments, we cannot conclude that Geringer brought this suit frivolously, 
unreasonably, or without foundation. Therefore, we deny LCA’s and Commercial Northwest’s 
requests for attorney fees. 
V. 
CONCLUSION 
We affirm the district court’s orders dismissing Geringer’s complaint and awarding 
Taunton attorney fees. We also award Taunton Properties attorney fees on appeal, but deny LCA’s 
and Commercial Northwest’s requests for attorney fees. All Respondents are awarded their costs 
on appeal pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rule 40.  
Chief Justice BEVAN, and Justices BRODY, STEGNER, and MOELLER CONCUR.