Case Title: Kenneth Cole v. Gladys Esquibel Auto accident - personal injury

Citation: 

Docket Number: 33502

State: idaho

Court: Idaho Supreme Court (civil)

Date: 2008-03-27T00:00:00Z

Document:
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 
 
Docket No. 33502 
 
KENNETH COLE,                   
                                 
           Plaintiff-Respondent, 
                                 
 v.                              
                                 
 GLADYS ESQUIBEL,                
                                 
           Defendant-Appellant,  
                                 
 and                             
                                 
 DOES I-V,                       
                                 
           Defendants.           
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Boise, February 2008 Term 
 
2008 Opinion No. 38  
 
Filed: March 27, 2008 
 
Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk 
 
 
 
Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District of the State of Idaho, 
in and for Cassia County.  The Hon. Monte B. Carlson, District Judge. 
 
The judgment of the district court is modified. 
 
 Saetrum Law Offices, Boise, for appellant.  Jeffrey Harr argued. 
 
 Johnson & Lundgreen, PC, Boise, for respondent.  Scott L. Lundgreen argued. 
 
 
 
EISMANN, Chief Justice. 
 
This is an appeal from the district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial and/or a 
remittitur on the ground that the evidence did not support the jury’s award of future medical 
expenses.  We modify the judgment to the amount of future medical expenses supported by the 
evidence. 
  
I.  FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 
 
On November 14, 2002, Kenneth Cole was injured in an automobile accident caused by 
the negligence of Gladys Esquibel.  Cole suffered soft tissue injuries and a fractured neck.  He 
filed this action on October 27, 2004, and the case was tried to a jury in May 2006.  It found that 
the accident was caused solely by Esquibel’s negligence, and it awarded Cole economic damages 
in the sum of $40,000 and non-economic damages in the sum of $125,000.  The only economic 
damages submitted to the jury were Cole’s past and future medical expenses. 
 
Esquibel filed a motion for a new trial and/or a remittitur challenging the award of both 
economic and non-economic damages.  She alleged, among other things, that the evidence was 
insufficient to justify the award of damages for future medical expenses.  The district court 
denied the motion, and Esquibel timely appealed. 
 
II.  ISSUES ON APPEAL 
1. Did the district court err in denying the motion for a new trial and/or remittitur? 
2. Is either party entitled to an award of attorney fees on appeal? 
 
III.  ANALYSIS 
A.  Did the District Court Err in Denying the Motion for a New Trial and/or Remittitur? 
 
The jury awarded Cole $40,000 in non-economic damages.  The only non-economic 
damages submitted to the jury were Cole’s past and future medical expenses.  He presented 
evidence that he had incurred medical expenses totaling $16,745.68 prior to trial.  In addition, his 
neurosurgeon testified that Cole should have additional x-rays and a CAT scan of his neck, 
which the evidence showed would cost at least $2,000.  Thus, there was direct evidence that 
Cole’s non-economic damages totaled $18,745.68. 
 
There was no testimony that he needed any specific medical care in the future.  Since the 
accident, Cole has continued to have headaches and pain in his neck and chest.  The 
uncontroverted medical testimony was that his pain would continue and would worsen over time.  
Cole testified that he takes over-the-counter medications for the headaches, but he did not offer 
any evidence regarding the cost of such medications.  There was no medical testimony stating 
that Cole would need treatment in the future for his ongoing pain. 
 
In denying the motion the district court reasoned as follows: 
 
The jury could have looked at his past medical expenses ($16,745.68) and 
concluded that in the next 20 years (the jury was instructed that the life 
expectancy of a male the age of Mr. Cole was 20 years) he would need a 
significant amount of money to treat his pain.  After all, he spent $16,745.68 in 
the 41 months prior to trial, equaling over $400.00 per month ($16,745.68 divided 
 
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by 41 months).  In the next twenty years (240 months) he would need $96.89 per 
month ($23,254.32 divided by 240 months).  
 
 
The award of economic damages must be based upon proof, not upon speculation or 
conjecture.  Horner v. Sani-Top, Inc., 143 Idaho 230, 237, 141 P.3d 1099, 1106 (2006).  For an 
award of future damages to be sustained, the plaintiff must prove them with reasonable certainty.  
Id. 
The district court’s reasoning for upholding the award was faulty.  The medical expenses 
totaling $16,745.68 that Cole incurred were not regular, ongoing medical expenses incurred for 
the treatment of his pain.  There is no evidence from which one could infer that he would be 
reasonably certain to incur similar expenses in the future.  Other than the treatment of his 
fractured neck, the medical care to alleviate his pain consisted of chiropractic care from January 
14 through June 23, 2003; physical therapy from January 27 through June 4, 2003; physical 
therapy from January 25 through February 22, 2006; and prescription pain medications last 
received in October 2004. 
 
The medical testimony from Cole’s chiropractor, neurosurgeon, and physician was that 
approximately six months of chiropractic care was reasonable.  He received slightly over five 
months of chiropractic care that ended about three years prior to trial.  There was no testimony 
that he would need chiropractic care in the future to help alleviate his pain.  Likewise, there is no 
basis for inferring that the chiropractic care would be an ongoing medical expense. 
 
Cole received physical therapy in 2003 and again in 2006, which helped his pain.  The 
physical therapist who provided the treatment in 2006 wrote Cole’s physician a letter dated 
February 22, 2006.  In it, he stated that Cole had made very good progress and should be 
discharged to a home exercise and treatment program because “he has demonstrated the ability to 
essentially manage his pain independently.”  Cole was discharged, and there was no testimony 
regarding the need for more physical therapy in the future.  Likewise, there is no basis for 
inferring that he would need such therapy. 
 
Cole also received prescription pain medications, but stopped doing so in 2004.  There 
was no evidence from which one could infer that he would need prescription pain medications in 
the future.  Even if, as predicted, his condition worsens, it would be merely speculation as to 
whether he would receive prescription medications for the pain, when he would begin doing so, 
what medications he would take, or how much they would cost. 
 
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Cole argues that Bailey v. Sanford, 139 Idaho 744, 86 P.3d 458 (2004), supports the 
jury’s award of economic damages.  The Bailey case was an action to recover damages for 
injuries received in a traffic accident.  As a result of the traffic accident, Bailey would have back 
pain the rest of her life.  The defendant argued on appeal that the trial court erred in including 
future medical expenses in the jury instruction outlining the measure of damages.  In rejecting 
that argument, this Court stated: 
Sanford’s argument also appears to disregard the itemized medical 
treatment bills submitted to the jury in Exhibits 13 and 14.  These bills included 
physical therapy, exercise, and Pilates instruction Virginia Bailey received after 
the accident, and would continue to receive as long as she suffered back pain.  A 
reasonable view of this evidence supports the trial court’s decision to submit 
Instruction No. 20 instructing the jury to consider awarding future medical 
expenses to Virginia Bailey. 
 
139 Idaho at 751, 86 P.3d at 465.  There is a significant difference between the Bailey case and 
this one.  Bailey incurred medical expenses for physical therapy, exercise, and Pilates instruction 
prior to trial, “and would continue to receive [such treatment] as long as she suffered back pain.”  
Id.  The evidence in this case did not show that Cole would continue to receive chiropractic care, 
physical therapy, or prescription medications as long as he continued to suffer pain.  In fact, the 
evidence was to the contrary.       
 
“When considering an appeal from a district court’s ruling on a motion for new trial 
based on sufficiency of the evidence, this Court applies the abuse of discretion standard.”  Griff, 
Inc. v. Curry Bean Co., Inc., 138 Idaho 315, 322, 63 P.3d 441, 448 (2003).  “To determine 
whether a trial court has abused its discretion, this Court considers whether it correctly perceived 
the issue as discretionary, whether it acted within the boundaries of its discretion and 
consistently with applicable legal standards, and whether it reached its decision by an exercise of 
reason.”  Reed v. Reed, 137 Idaho 53, 57, 44 P.3d 1108, 1112 (2002). 
 
In this case, the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial 
and/or a remittitur.  The decision was not consistent with applicable legal standards in that there 
was no evidence supporting an award of past and future medical expenses that exceeded the sum 
of $18,745.68.  The district court’s reasoning was faulty.  It is not sufficient simply to infer that 
the average monthly expenditure for medical care prior to trial would continue for the next 
 
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twenty years.  The facts of this case would not support such an inference for any of Cole’s 
medical expenses. 
 
The issue is the appropriate remedy.  There is no reason to believe that the jury in a new 
trial on damages would award Cole less than $18,745.68 in economic damages.  The district 
court found that a new trial would not change the outcome in this case.  In her motion, Esquibel 
asserted that the jury’s award of non-economic damages were excessive, appearing to have been 
given under the influence of passion and/or prejudice; that the jury ignored or misunderstood the 
jury instructions in making that award, and that the evidence was insufficient to support the 
award.  She has not argued that an award of $18,745.68 would appear to have been given under 
the influence of passion or prejudice, would indicate that the jury ignored or misunderstood the 
jury instructions, or would be unsupported by the evidence.  Under the circumstances of this 
case, we believe that the appropriate remedy is to reduce the judgment for economic damages to 
the amount supported by the evidence, the sum of $18,745.68. 
 
The judgment entered in this case was in the amount of $165,000.00.  The amount 
supported by the evidence is $143,745.68 ($125,000 in non-economic damages plus $18,745.68 
in economic damages).  We therefore direct the district court to reduce the judgment to that 
amount. 
 
B.  Is Either Party Entitled to an Award of Attorney Fees on Appeal? 
 
Both parties seek an award of attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Code § 12-121.  
Attorney fees can be awarded on appeal under that statute only if the appeal was brought or 
defended frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation.  Gustaves v. Gustaves, 138 Idaho 64, 
57 P.3d 775 (2002).  Cole did not prevail on this appeal, and we do not find that he defended the 
appeal frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation.  We therefore decline to award attorney 
fees on appeal. 
 
IV.  CONCLUSION 
 
The district court is directed to reduce the amount of the judgment in this case to 
$143,745.68.  We award costs on appeal to appellant. 
 
 
Justices BURDICK, J. JONES, W. JONES and  HORTON  CONCUR.