Case Title: Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Ill. Commerce Comm'n

Citation: 2016 IL 118129

Docket Number: 118129

State: illinois

Court: Illinois Supreme Court

Date: 2016-05-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
Illinois Official Reports 
 
Supreme Court 
 
 
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 2016 IL 118129 
 
 
 
Caption in Supreme 
Court: 
 
COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY et al., Appellees, v. 
ILLINOIS COMMERCE COMMISSION et al. (Illinois Competitive 
Energy Association et al., Appellants). 
 
 
 
Docket No. 
 
118129 
 
 
 
Filed 
 
 
May 19, 2016 
 
 
 
Decision Under  
Review 
 
Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that 
court on petition for review from orders of the Illinois Commerce 
Commission. 
 
 
Judgment 
Appeal dismissed. 
Appellate court judgment vacated. 
 
Counsel on 
Appeal 
J. Timothy Eaton, John F. Kennedy and Jonathan B. Amarilio, of Taft 
Stettinius & Hollister LLP, of Chicago, and Eric Robertson, of 
Lueders Robertson and Konzen, of Granite City, for appellants. 
 
Barry Levenstam, of Jenner & Block LLP, of Chicago, and Matthew 
E. Price, of Jenner & Block LLP, of Washington, DC, for appellee 
Commonwealth Edison Company. 
 
John P. Kelliher and Thomas R. Stanton, Special Assistant Attorneys 
General, of Chicago, for appellee Illinois Commerce Commission. 
Digitally signed by 
Reporter of Decisions 
Reason: I attest to the 
accuracy and integrity 
of this document 
Date: 2016.06.24 
10:02:47 -05'00'
 
 
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Husch Blackwell LLP (Douglas F. McMeyer, of Chicago, and Kyle C. 
Barry and JoAnn T. Sandifer, of St. Louis, Missouri, of counsel), for 
appellee FutureGen Industrial Alliance, Inc. 
 
Christopher J. Townsend, Christopher N. Skey, and Adam T. 
Margolin, of Quarles & Brady LLP, of Chicago, for amicus curiae 
The Coalition of Energy Suppliers. 
 
Richard J. Prendergast and John C. Ellis, of Chicago, for 
amicus curiae The Commercial Group. 
 
 
 
Justices 
 
JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with 
opinion. 
Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Karmeier, 
Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion. 
 
 
 
OPINION 
 
¶ 1 
 
The subject of this case is the FutureGen 2.0 “clean coal” project in Illinois. The issue 
brought before this court is whether the Illinois Commerce Commission (the Commission) has 
the authority to require Commonwealth Edison and Ameren, the two largest utility companies 
in Illinois, to negotiate energy procurement from the FutureGen 2.0 power plant on behalf of 
themselves as well as the state’s smaller Area Retail Electric Suppliers (ARES). After we 
allowed the petition for leave to appeal, federal funding for the FutureGen 2.0 project was 
suspended, project development efforts were ceased, and the sourcing agreements that are the 
subject of this appeal were terminated. We dismiss this appeal as moot and vacate the 
judgment of the appellate court without expressing an opinion on the merits of the appellate 
court opinion. 
 
¶ 2 
 
 
 
 
BACKGROUND 
¶ 3 
 
FutureGen Industrial Alliance, Inc. (FutureGen Alliance) was created to research and 
develop near-zero emissions coal technology and sought to use carbon capture and storage to 
develop the world’s first near-zero emissions coal power plant. The proposed retrofitted “clean 
coal” electric energy generating facility, known as “FutureGen 2.0,” was to be located in 
Meredosia, Illinois, and scheduled to begin operating in 2017. 
¶ 4 
 
In an effort to secure private investment for FutureGen 2.0, the Commission issued an 
order finding that it has the authority to force public utility companies and privately owned and 
competitively operated ARES to purchase all of FutureGen 2.0’s electrical output over a 
20-year term. The Illinois Competitive Energy Association and Illinois Industrial Energy 
Consumers challenged the Commission’s authority to force ARES to enter into sourcing 
 
 
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agreements. On appeal, the appellate court affirmed the order of the Commission. 2014 IL App 
(1st) 130544. This court allowed the petition for leave to appeal of the Illinois Competitive 
Energy Association and Illinois Industrial Energy Consumers pursuant to Illinois Supreme 
Court Rule 315 (eff. July 1, 2013). 
¶ 5 
 
In February 2015, while the appeal was pending before this court, the United States 
Department of Energy suspended funding for the FutureGen 2.0 project. This court then issued 
an order directing the parties to file additional briefs addressing the issue of mootness and, 
later, issued an order that the parties file reports concerning the status of the FutureGen 2.0 
project. 
¶ 6 
 
FutureGen Alliance filed a supplemental brief informing this court that it had exhausted all 
administrative and legislative remedies available for restoring federal funding for the 
FutureGen 2.0 project. Consequently, the FutureGen Alliance board of directors approved a 
resolution in January 2016 ceasing all FutureGen 2.0 project development efforts. FutureGen 
Alliance’s supplemental brief also indicated its intention to terminate the sourcing agreements 
that are the subject of this appeal. 
¶ 7 
 
The Commission, FutureGen Alliance, and Commonwealth Edison filed a joint status 
report. The joint status report informed the court that the sourcing agreements that are the 
subject of this appeal were terminated and the appeal is now moot. 
¶ 8 
 
Appellants, Illinois Competitive Energy Association and Illinois Industrial Energy 
Consumers, filed their status report, agreeing that this appeal is now moot. However, 
appellants ask this court to address the substantive issues under the public interest exception to 
the mootness doctrine. 
 
¶ 9 
 
 
 
 
ANALYSIS 
¶ 10 
 
An appeal is moot if no actual controversy exists or when events have occurred that make it 
impossible for the reviewing court to render effectual relief. In re Marriage of Peters-Farrell, 
216 Ill. 2d 287, 291 (2005). “As a general rule, courts of review in Illinois do not decide moot 
questions, render advisory opinions, or consider issues where the result will not be affected 
regardless of how those issues are decided.” In re Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d 482, 491 (1998). 
“This court will not review cases merely to establish a precedent or guide future litigation.” 
Madison Park Bank v. Zagel, 91 Ill. 2d 231, 235 (1982). When a decision on the merits would 
not result in appropriate relief, such a decision would essentially be an advisory opinion. Berlin 
v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, 179 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (1997). 
¶ 11 
 
Here, after federal funding of the FutureGen 2.0 project was suspended, FutureGen 
Alliance ceased all FutureGen 2.0 project development efforts, and the sourcing agreements 
that are the subject of this appeal were terminated. Thus, events have occurred that make it 
impossible for this court to grant effectual relief, rendering this appeal moot. 
¶ 12 
 
Despite agreeing that this appeal is now moot, appellants argue that this court should 
consider the issues raised in this appeal pursuant to the public interest exception to the 
mootness doctrine. The public interest exception to the mootness doctrine permits review of an 
otherwise moot question when the magnitude or immediacy of the interests involved warrants 
action by the court. See In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. The public interest exception to 
the mootness doctrine applies only when “(1) the question presented is of a public nature; (2) 
 
 
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an authoritative determination of the question is desirable for the future guidance of public 
officers; and (3) the question is likely to recur.” In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. 
¶ 13 
 
The public interest exception is narrowly construed and requires a clear showing of each of 
its criteria. Felzak v. Hruby, 226 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (2007). If any one of the criteria is not 
established, the exception may not be invoked. In re Commitment of Hernandez, 239 Ill. 2d 
195, 202 (2010). Indeed, the public interest exception is invoked only on “rare occasions” 
when there is an extraordinary degree of public interest and concern. People ex rel. Partee v. 
Murphy, 133 Ill. 2d 402, 410 (1990) (citing People ex rel. Cairo Turf Club, Inc. v. Taylor, 2 Ill. 
2d 160, 164 (1954), and La Salle National Bank v. City of Chicago, 3 Ill. 2d 375, 380 (1954)). 
In this case, none of the criteria was established. 
¶ 14 
 
We begin by considering the first requirement for the public interest exception to the 
mootness doctrine to apply, whether “the question presented is of a public nature.” In re 
Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. The question presented in this appeal would have incidentally 
affected Illinois electric energy consumers who would ultimately have paid higher utility rates 
as a result of the sourcing agreements. Undoubtedly, Illinois electric energy consumers have an 
interest in affordable utility rates. Nevertheless, the issue in this case uniquely applies only to a 
specific group of regulated entities for a specific project. FutureGen 2.0, if it had succeeded, 
would have been the world’s first near-zero emissions coal power plant. Development of the 
FutureGen 2.0 project, however, has ceased. The sourcing agreements relating to the 
FutureGen 2.0 project were terminated. Because of the unique character of this project, any 
public nature of the question presented in this appeal ceased to exist with the termination of the 
FutureGen 2.0 project. We therefore determine that this case does not present a question of a 
public nature. Accordingly, the first criterion is not met for application of the public interest 
exception to the mootness doctrine. 
¶ 15 
 
The second requirement for the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine to apply 
is that “an authoritative determination of the question is desirable for the future guidance of 
public officers.” In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. This court “does not review cases 
merely to set precedent or guide future litigation.” Berlin v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center, 
179 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (1997). As this court recognized in In re Alfred H.H.: 
“If all that was required under this factor was that the opinion could be of value to 
future litigants, the factor would be so broad as to virtually eliminate the notion of 
mootness. Instead, the factor requires that the party asserting [justiciability] show that 
there is a ‘need to make an authorative determination for future guidance of public 
officers.’ ” In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 357-58 (2009) (quoting In re Adoption of 
Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362, 365 (1999)). 
¶ 16 
 
In deciding the need for an authoritative determination, this court looks to whether the law 
is in disarray or conflicting precedent exists. See In re Commitment of Hernandez, 239 Ill. 2d at 
202. When a case presents an issue of first impression, no conflict or disarray in the law exists. 
In re Commitment of Hernandez, 239 Ill. 2d at 203. 
¶ 17 
 
This case involves the Commission’s first application of section 1-75(d)(5) of the Illinois 
Power Agency Act (Act) (20 ILCS 3855/1-75(d)(5) (West 2008)). Section 1-75(d)(5) 
specifically addresses sourcing agreements for retrofitted clean coal electric energy facilities. 
The parties agree that this case presents an issue of first impression. Because this appeal 
involves an issue of first impression, there is no conflicting precedent regarding the 
 
 
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Commission’s authority to implement the retrofitted clean coal facility provisions of section 
1-75(d)(5) of the Act, and the law is not in disarray. We conclude that the second criterion for 
application of the public interest exception, that an authoritative determination of the question 
is desirable for the future guidance of public officers, is not met in this case. 
¶ 18 
 
The third requirement for the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine to apply is 
that “the question is likely to recur.” In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 16. Appellants’ 
argument on this factor consists of a bare claim that there is “nothing that prevents another 
retrofitted clean coal facility from invoking [the statute at issue] and proposing sourcing 
agreements to be included in a procurement plan.” 
¶ 19 
 
As we have noted, this case involves the Commission’s first application of section 
1-75(d)(5). Section 1-75(d)(5) specifically addressed sourcing agreements for retrofitted clean 
coal electric energy facilities, and FutureGen 2.0 was to be the first such facility. According to 
the Commission’s supplemental brief on the issue of mootness, no retrofitted clean coal 
facility invoked section 1-75(d)(5) before FutureGen 2.0, and none has invoked it since. 
Moreover, section 1-75(d)(5) is limited in its application to retrofitted clean coal facilities. 20 
ILCS 3855/1-75(d)(5) (West 2008). 
¶ 20 
 
Appellants have made no showing of any probability or “substantial likelihood” that the 
issue will ever recur. See In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d at 358 (finding “there is no substantial 
likelihood that the material facts that give rise to respondent’s *** claim are likely to recur 
either as to him or anyone else”). Appellants merely speculate that the question might recur. 
Due to the uniqueness of the FutureGen 2.0 project and the limited application of section 
1-75(d)(5) to retrofitted clean coal facilities, we cannot say that this issue is likely, if ever, to 
recur. We determine that the third criteria for application of the public interest exception to the 
mootness doctrine is not met. 
¶ 21 
 
For the above reasons, we conclude that this case does not meet any of the criteria for 
review under the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine. Accordingly, this appeal 
must be dismissed as moot. Felzak, 226 Ill. 2d at 393 (the public interest exception requires a 
clear showing of each of its criteria). 
¶ 22 
 
Appellants alternatively ask this court to exercise its supervisory authority to vacate the 
appellate court opinion. Because this appeal is now moot, this court will not reach the merits of 
the issue presented. As such, this court is unable to pass on the correctness of the appellate 
court’s opinion affirming the Commission’s orders. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment of 
the appellate court without expressing any view on the merits of its opinion. See Bartlow v. 
Costigan, 2014 IL 115152, ¶ 54; Felzak, 226 Ill. 2d at 394; George W. Kennedy Construction 
Co. v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 70, 77-78 (1986); First National Bank of Waukegan v. 
Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226, 236 (1983). 
¶ 23 
 
Appellants also ask this court to vacate portions of the Commission’s orders declaring that 
the agency has authority to force ARES into sourcing agreements with third parties, for the 
same reasons advanced in its argument for vacatur of the appellate court opinion. Appellants 
acknowledge that the Commission’s orders are nonprecedential. Appellants submit, however, 
that the Commission’s orders may have the same practical effect as legal precedent. According 
to appellants, “[i]t is at least reasonable to assume that in the next instance where the 
Commission seeks to expand its regulatory power over ARES, it will point to its orders in this 
case as authority for such ultra vires power.” 
 
 
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¶ 24 
 
This court has long recognized that the Commission “is not a judicial body, and its orders 
are not res judicata in later proceedings before it.” Mississippi River Fuel Corp. v. Illinois 
Commerce Comm’n, 1 Ill. 2d 509, 513 (1953). The Commission, as a regulatory body, has the 
“power to deal freely with each situation as it comes before it, regardless of how it may have 
dealt with a similar or even the same situation in a previous proceeding.” Mississippi River 
Fuel Corp. v. Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 1 Ill. 2d at 513; see also Citizens Utility Board v. 
Illinois Commerce Comm’n, 166 Ill. 2d 111, 125 (1995) (holding the Commission’s past 
precedent of allowing full recovery of statutorily imposed operating expenses “is not 
controlling, because the Commission is a legislative and not a judicial body, and generally its 
decisions are not res judicata in later proceedings before it”); United Cities Gas Co. v. Illinois 
Commerce Comm’n, 163 Ill. 2d 1, 22-23 (1994) (rejecting argument that the Commission is 
bound by its prior orders under the doctrine of res judicata). 
¶ 25 
 
Given the uniqueness of this case, it is uncertain whether the issues involved will ever 
recur. Even if they do recur, the Commission may deal with each situation as it comes before it, 
“regardless of how it may have dealt with a similar or even the same situation in a previous 
proceeding.” Mississippi River Fuel Corp., 1 Ill. 2d at 513. Accordingly, the Commission’s 
orders are not preclusive, and it is unnecessary to vacate any portion of the Commission’s 
orders. 
 
¶ 26 
 
 
 
 
CONCLUSION 
¶ 27 
 
For the reasons stated, we dismiss this appeal as moot. We vacate the judgment of the 
appellate court without expressing an opinion on its merits. 
 
¶ 28 
 
Appeal dismissed. 
¶ 29 
 
Appellate court judgment vacated.