Case Title: Karamanoglu v. Gourlaouen

Citation: 

Docket Number: 2105 ME 86

State: maine

Court: Maine Supreme Court

Date: 2016-06-07T00:00:00Z

Document:
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT 
Reporter of Decisions 
Decision: 
2016 ME 86 
Docket: 
Cum-15-459 
Argued: 
March 3, 2016 
Decided: 
June 7, 2016 
 
Panel: 
SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and 
HUMPHREY, JJ. 
 
 
SELCUK KARAMANOGLU 
 
v. 
 
CATHERINE (KARAMANOGLU) GOURLAOUEN 
 
 
HJELM, J. 
[¶1]  Catherine Gourlaouen appeals, and Selcuk Karamanoglu cross-appeals, 
from a divorce judgment entered in the District Court (Portland, Eggert, J.) after it 
accepted and adopted the reports of a referee.  Gourlaouen challenges aspects of 
the judgment relating to parental rights and responsibilities, and to the 
determination of the parties’ interests in properties located in Yarmouth and 
France.  In his cross-appeal, Karamanoglu alleges that he was not given proper 
credit for contributions he made toward the purchase of the France property.  
We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings. 
I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶2]  After Karamanoglu filed a complaint for divorce in February 2014 and 
with the agreement of the parties, the court (Cadwallader, M.) appointed a referee 
 
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to address all contested issues.  See 19-A M.R.S. § 252(1)(A) (2015); M.R. 
Civ. P. 53, 119.  The referee held bifurcated hearings on the parenting and 
financial issues, and then issued separate reports containing his findings of fact and 
recommended disposition of the contested issues.  The reports included the 
following facts, which bear on the issues on appeal, are based on competent 
evidence in the record, and were adopted by the court (Eggert, J.) in its divorce 
judgment.  
[¶3]  The parties were married in Brest, France, in 2006.  They have one 
minor child, who was born in 2008.  
[¶4]  In January 2014, Gourlaouen filed a complaint for protection from 
abuse against Karamanoglu.  After a contested hearing, the District Court 
(Portland, Moskowitz, J.) issued a protection order based on findings that 
Karamanoglu had abused Gourlaouen and the child.  Under the terms of the 
protection order, Karamanoglu was limited to supervised contact with the child.  
The child’s therapist and the guardian ad litem, who was appointed during the 
divorce proceeding to represent the child’s best interest, later agreed that it was in 
the child’s best interest to have unsupervised visitation with Karamanoglu.  
Karamanoglu became engaged in counseling to learn to maintain a “strong and 
healthy relationship” with his son, and, as the referee found, was “strongly 
motivated to have a good and loving relationship with” him.  Based on evidence 
 
3 
that included the opinions of the child’s therapist and the guardian ad litem, the 
referee found that Karamanoglu does not pose a risk of harm to the child and 
recommended shared parental rights and responsibilities, including shared primary 
residence and care.   
[¶5]  The referee recommended that the parties be required “to participate in 
co-parenting counseling with a provider in private practice,” who would engage 
“with the parents individually and, if she or he thinks appropriate, together.”  The 
referee also recommended a requirement that the child continue counseling with a 
therapist but “shall not participate in mental health counseling with multiple 
providers simultaneously without the express[] knowledge and consent of 
[the child’s therapist] and the co-parenting provider.”  Additionally, the referee 
recommended a provision in the judgment requiring the parties to mediate any 
dispute regarding parenting issues before they could seek judicial recourse.   
[¶6]  In a separate report, the referee addressed property issues.  The parties 
jointly own properties in Primelin, France; Freeport; and Yarmouth.  Two days 
before the parties married, they entered into a standard French marriage contract, 
which the parties agree is valid and enforceable, and provides that the division of 
property is governed by French law.  The contract includes a “separation-of-assets 
regime,” which is commonly used in France.  Under the regime, each spouse’s 
property rights are determined by his or her respective contributions to the 
 
4 
acquisition of the property rather than by title.  Based on the contract and French 
law, the referee determined that there were several principles that were relevant to 
contested property division issues: that a spouse’s initial payment to acquire real 
property is treated as a capital contribution and is recoverable by the payor spouse, 
even if the asset decreases in value; that loan payments made over the course of 
time, in contrast, are deemed to be “contribution[s] to ordinary marital expenses,” 
and the equity resulting from those payments is presumptively divided equally 
between the spouses; and that any appreciation in the value of real property, which 
is called the profit subsistant, is allocated between the spouses in proportion to 
their financial interests as determined by their respective capital contributions and 
contributions to ordinary marital expenses. 
[¶7]  Karamanoglu and Gourlaouen supplemented the standard marriage 
contract with a clause stating that “the parties agree specifically that in the case of 
divorce, [Gourlaouen] will have to pay her husband a sum equivalent to half of the 
value of the buildings belonging to her at the time of divorce and acquired during 
the marriage.”  Because the only property that could be covered by this clause is 
the property that is located in Primelin, which was acquired in Gourlaouen’s name 
six days after the marriage, the clause has been described in this proceeding as 
“the Primelin clause.”  Despite including it in the contract, both parties asserted to 
the referee that the Primelin clause was unenforceable because, as was explained 
 
5 
by each party’s expert witness on French matrimonial law, its meaning is unclear.  
Karamanoglu paid $815,144 for Gourlaouen to acquire the Primelin property in her 
name alone.  Gourlaouen did not contribute toward its purchase.  The referee found 
that at the time of the hearing, its value was $500,000.  The referee recommended 
that the Primelin property be set aside to Gourlaouen but that in the overall 
property division Karamanoglu be credited with half of the amount he paid when 
Gourlaouen acquired it.   
[¶8]  During the marriage, the parties bought the Yarmouth property for 
$4.3 million.  Both parties made initial contributions toward the purchase price, 
although Karamanoglu’s contribution exceeded Gourlaouen’s.  The referee treated 
these initial payments as separate capital contributions of the parties.  The parties 
financed the balance of the purchase price through a loan from Karamanoglu’s 
brother.  During the marriage, the parties made payments toward the loan, which 
the referee treated as equal contributions by the parties to ordinary marital 
expenses rather than as additional capital contributions.  By the time of the hearing, 
the value of the property had increased to $5 million.  The referee quantified the 
amounts of the parties’ separate interests in the property based on their respective 
initial capital contributions, and an attribution of the loan payments that is equal 
between the parties, with the resulting shares increased proportionally by the 
profit subsistant.  Based on the referee’s recommendation, the judgment 
 
6 
establishes Karamanoglu’s and Gourlaouen’s shares of the equity in the Yarmouth 
property to be approximately $3.1 million and $1.4 million respectively. 
 
[¶9]  The referee recommended that the Yarmouth and Freeport properties 
should be set aside to Karamanoglu; that Gourlaouen be awarded the Primelin 
property; and that as an “equalization payment,” Karamanoglu pay approximately 
$1 million to Gourlaouen.  The referee also recommended that Karamanoglu be 
required to pay Gourlaouen spousal support of $3,800 per month for five years. 
[¶10]  Both parties filed objections to the referee’s reports.  After holding a 
hearing, the court denied all objections, and adopted and incorporated the 
provisions of the referee’s reports into a divorce judgment entered on August 28, 
2015.  Gourlaouen’s appeal and Karamanoglu’s cross-appeal followed. 
II.  DISCUSSION 
 
[¶11]  When—as it did here—a court accepts a referee’s report and 
incorporates its findings and conclusions into the judgment, the findings of the 
referee become the trial court’s findings, and we review those findings directly for 
clear error.  Wechsler v. Simpson, 2016 ME 21, ¶ 12, 131 A.3d 909.  Those 
“findings are entitled to very substantial deference” because of the referee’s 
opportunity to observe and assess the witnesses’ testimony.  Id. (quotation marks 
omitted).  We review the referee’s recommendations regarding parental rights and 
property division for an abuse of discretion.  Id.  Finally, we engage in a de novo 
 
7 
review of the application of law to the facts.  Warren v. Warren, 2005 ME 9, ¶ 20, 
866 A.2d 97.   
[¶12]  We first address Gourlaouen’s challenges to the portion of the 
judgment dealing with parental rights and responsibilities, and we then consider 
the parties’ challenges to the property division.   
A. 
Parental Rights and Responsibilities 
[¶13]  Gourlaouen asserts that the referee (1) erred by failing to impose 
conditions of contact between Karamanoglu and the child because of the history of 
abuse, see 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(6) (2015); (2) abused his discretion by requiring 
the parties to engage in joint counseling at the direction of a counselor, despite 
Karamanoglu’s history of domestic abuse against Gourlaouen, see 19-A M.R.S. 
§ 1653(6)(E); (3) abused his discretion by restricting the parties’ right to make 
counseling decisions for their child; and (4) abused his discretion by requiring the 
parties to mediate future disputes about parenting issues before initiating legal 
proceedings.1  We consider these contentions in turn. 
1. 
Conditions of Contact Between Karamanoglu and the Child 
[¶14]  Gourlaouen first contends that the referee erred by failing to impose 
safety-related statutory conditions of contact in his report pursuant to 19-A M.R.S. 
                                         
1  Gourlaouen makes an additional argument that the referee exceeded his authority by recommending 
an amendment to the protection order that the court issued against Karamanoglu, so that his rights of 
contact provisions in that order would be consistent with comparable provisions of the divorce judgment.  
The court has since amended the protection order, and so the issue is now moot. 
 
8 
§ 1653(6), which applies to cases involving domestic abuse.2  The judgment does 
not prescribe any conditions regulating Karamanoglu’s contact with the child, and 
in fact, without restrictions or conditions, the judgment provides for shared primary 
physical residence and shared care of the child.  The judgment does contain a 
requirement that Karamanoglu engage in co-parenting counseling, but for purposes 
of this analysis, we do not treat that condition as one that the referee deemed 
necessary for anyone’s safety.  With the resulting absence of any conditions 
governing contact between Karamanoglu and the child, Gourlaouen contends that 
the court erred by failing to comply with the statutory requirement. 
[¶15]  The introductory language of section 1653(6)3 provides that when a 
court establishes rights of parent-child contact in cases—such as this one—
                                         
2  Although Karamanoglu contends in his brief that Gourlaouen failed to preserve this issue on appeal, 
the record demonstrates otherwise. 
 
3  Title 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(6) (2015) provides: 
 
6.  Conditions of parent-child contact in cases involving domestic abuse.  The court 
shall establish conditions of parent-child contact in cases involving domestic abuse as 
follows. 
 
A. A court may award primary residence of a minor child or parent-child contact 
with a minor child to a parent who has committed domestic abuse only if the 
court finds that contact between the parent and child is in the best interest of the 
child and that adequate provision for the safety of the child and the parent who is 
a victim of domestic abuse can be made.  
 
B. In an order of parental rights and responsibilities, a court may: 
 
(1) Order an exchange of a child to occur in a protected setting; 
 
(2) Order contact to be supervised by another person or agency; 
 
9 
involving domestic abuse, “[t]he court shall establish conditions” governing that 
                                                                                                                                   
 
(3) Order the parent who has committed domestic abuse to attend and 
complete to the satisfaction of the court a domestic abuse intervention 
program or other designated counseling as a condition of the contact; 
 
(4) Order either parent to abstain from possession or consumption of 
alcohol or controlled substances, or both, during the visitation and for 
24 hours preceding the contact; 
 
(5) Order the parent who has committed domestic abuse to pay a fee to 
defray the costs of supervised contact; 
 
(6) Prohibit overnight parent-child contact; and 
 
(7) Impose any other condition that is determined necessary to provide 
for the safety of the child, the victim of domestic abuse or any other 
family or household member.  
 
C. The court may require security from the parent who has committed domestic 
abuse for the return and safety of the child. 
 
D. The court may order the address of the child and the victim to be kept 
confidential.  
 
E. The court may not order a victim of domestic abuse to attend counseling with 
the parent who has committed domestic abuse.  
 
F. If a court allows a family or household member to supervise parent-child 
contact, the court shall establish conditions to be followed during that contact. 
Conditions include but are not limited to: 
 
(1) Minimizing circumstances when the family of the parent who has 
committed domestic abuse would be supervising visits; 
 
(2) Ensuring that contact does not damage the relationship with the 
parent with whom the child has primary physical residence; 
 
(3) Ensuring the safety and well-being of the child; and 
 
(4) Requiring that supervision is provided by a person who is physically 
and mentally capable of supervising a visit and who does not have a 
criminal history or history of abuse or neglect.  
 
G. Fees set forth in this subsection incurred by the parent who has committed domestic 
abuse may not be considered as a mitigating factor reducing that parent's child support 
obligation. 
 
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contact.  (Emphasis added.)  Although the first sentence of section 1653(6) appears 
to be framed in mandatory terms, see 1 M.R.S. § 71(9-A) (2015) (stating that 
“‘[s]hall’ . . . indicate[s] a mandatory duty”), section 1653(6)(B), which is the 
specific basis for Gourlaouen’s argument, lists conditions that “a court may” 
impose.  (Emphasis added.)  In contrast to the appearance of the word “shall,” the 
Legislature’s use of the word “may” signifies that a court merely has 
“authorization or permission” to impose conditions.  1 M.R.S. § 71(9-A).   
[¶16]  The overlap between the introductory language of section 1653(6) and 
the language of section 1653(6)(B) encompasses both a mandate and mere 
permission, and creates an ambiguity that requires resolution.  “Statutory 
interpretation is a matter of law” that we review de novo.  Sunshine v. Brett, 
2014 ME 146, ¶ 13, 106 A.3d 1123 (quotation marks omitted).  When interpreting 
provisions of a statute, we “examine the plain meaning of the statutory language” 
and “construe the whole statutory scheme of which the section at issue forms a 
part” to achieve a harmonious result, which is “presumably the intent of the 
Legislature.”  Hickson v. Vescom Corp., 2014 ME 27, ¶ 15, 87 A.3d 704 (quotation 
marks omitted).   
[¶17]  The evident purpose of section 1653(6)(B) is to create a remedial 
mechanism to protect the safety of a child who has contact with an abusive parent, 
and also to protect the safety of others who have some involvement in that contact.  
 
11 
This is clear both from the nature of the conditions authorized in sections 
1653(6)(B)(1)-(6), and from the specific language found in section 1653(6)(B)(7), 
which gives a court broad discretion to impose “any other condition” that it 
determines is necessary to provide for the safety of the child and others.   
[¶18]  Here, in his findings the referee described the evolution of the nature 
of Karamanoglu’s contact with the child after the protection order was issued 
against him.  The contact was initially supervised at a visitation facility, and then 
progressed to limited unsupervised contact and later to greater amounts of 
unsupervised contact.  The referee was presented with testimony from the child’s 
therapist and the guardian ad litem that the child had not recently expressed being 
in fear of Karamanoglu, that the child looks forward to spending time with him and 
seemed comfortable with him, and that Karamanoglu is “strongly motivated to 
have a good and loving relationship with his son.”  From this evidence, the referee 
explicitly found that Karamanoglu does not pose a threat to the child’s safety or a 
risk to abscond with the child.   
[¶19]  Based on these findings, which are supported by the record, the 
referee was entitled to determine that there was no need to impose conditions to 
protect the child.  This situation illustrates that there are instances where it 
becomes unnecessary for the court to prescribe conditions and limitations on 
parent-child contact in cases involving domestic abuse, because of, for example, 
 
12 
developments that have occurred since the parent engaged in abuse, rendering any 
such conditions unnecessary.  We therefore construe section 1653(6)(B) in a way 
that does not mandate a court to impose conditions where the court is satisfied that 
contact is in the child’s best interest, see 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(6)(A), and that no 
such conditions are needed to protect the child.  This construction of section 
1653(6)(B) gives full effect to the Legislature’s use of the word “may” while 
interpreting that subsection in accordance with the legislative intent behind the 
entirety of section 1653, which is to give primary consideration to the best interest 
of children when addressing parental rights and responsibilities, see 19-A M.R.S. 
§ 1653(1) (2015).  See Hickson, 2014 ME 27, ¶ 15, 87 A.3d 704.  Further, giving 
substantial deference to the referee’s findings and conclusions, see Pearson v. 
Wendell, 2015 ME 136, ¶ 29, 125 A.3d 1149, we conclude that the referee did not 
abuse his discretion by declining to impose any such conditions here.  
2. 
Co-Parenting Counseling 
 
[¶20]  In a related argument, Gourlaouen contends that the referee erred by 
failing to impose conditions on Karamanoglu’s contact with her as provided in 
section 1653(6)(B) and, more specifically, that the referee erred by requiring her to 
engage in co-parenting counseling and giving the counselor authority to require the 
parties to participate in joint sessions.  
 
13 
[¶21]  Based on the referee’s recommendation, the judgment provides:  
The parents are directed to participate in co-parenting counseling with 
a provider in private practice.  The provider shall work with the 
parents individually and, if she or he thinks appropriate, together.  
 
(Emphasis added.)  Pursuant to 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(6)(E), however, “[t]he court 
may not order a victim of domestic abuse to attend counseling with a parent who 
has committed domestic abuse.”  Because Karamanoglu has committed domestic 
abuse against Gourlaouen, this statutory provision foreclosed the court from 
requiring Gourlaouen to participate in joint counseling sessions with him.  We 
therefore vacate that aspect of the court-ordered counseling requirement.  
[¶22]  Beyond this, Gourlaouen argues that the referee abused his discretion 
by not imposing other conditions that would apply, for example, during transfers of 
the child from one parent to the other, and that would protect her from 
Karamanoglu.  The referee found, however, that despite a history of abuse, 
Karamanoglu did not pose a risk of harm to her, and the referee did not order any 
conditions regulating Karamanoglu’s contact with her.  The referee’s findings and 
recommendations reveal a thoughtful appreciation of the effect that Karamanoglu’s 
past conduct has had on her.  Nonetheless, the evidence also supports a finding that 
Karamanoglu does not pose a present threat to her and that there is not a legitimate 
basis to be concerned about his future conduct.  Therefore, the referee did not 
 
14 
abuse his discretion by declining to impose conditions that are authorized—but not 
required—by section 1653(6)(B). 
3. 
The Child’s Medical Treatment and Mental Health Counseling 
 
[¶23]  Based on the referee’s recommendation, the judgment delegates 
authority to third parties to approve or reject the parties’ treatment decisions 
affecting their child’s medical and mental health.  With respect to medical issues, 
the judgment provides that the child “shall not be taken to providers besides his 
primary care physician or current counselor with the exception of emergency 
medical providers unless such provider is recommended by the primary care 
physician, regular counselor or the parties agree in writing.”  (Emphasis added.)  
The judgment also states that the child “shall not participate in mental health 
counseling with multiple providers simultaneously without the express[] 
knowledge and consent of [the child’s current counselor] and the co-parenting 
provider.”  (Emphasis added.)  Additionally, the judgment requires the parties to 
keep the child in counseling with the current counselor.  Gourlaouen contends that 
the referee abused his discretion by making this recommendation, which the court 
adopted, because it infringes on her fundamental liberty interest to make parenting 
decisions for the child.  
 
[¶24]  It is well established “that parents have a fundamental liberty interest 
to direct the care, custody, and control of their children.”  Pitts v. Moore, 
 
15 
2014 ME 59, ¶ 11, 90 A.3d 1169 (quotation marks omitted); see also Troxel v. 
Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65-66 (2000).  As we stated in Pitts, the right to freedom 
from state interference with the parent-child relationship is not absolute, but 
intrusion by the state is permissible only if, on strict scrutiny, it is “narrowly 
tailored to serve a compelling state interest.”  2014 ME 59, ¶ 12, 90 A.3d 1169 
(quotation marks omitted).  This, in turn, requires a showing that “there is some 
urgent reason or there are exceptional circumstances affecting the child that justify 
the intrusion.”  Id. (footnote omitted).  Consequently, state intervention into a 
parent’s liberty rights to care for a child is justified in order to prevent harm to the 
child or to ameliorate “harmful circumstances, such as a temporarily intolerable 
living situation.”  Id. ¶ 14 (quotation marks omitted). 
[¶25]  Here, the referee’s findings make clear that both parties are fit 
parents.  The referee recommended—and the court agreed—that the parties are to 
share parenting responsibilities, including shared primary residence and care of the 
child.  As the referee concluded, although both parties “have their strengths and 
limitations, it is clearly in [the child’s] interests [to] maintain a strong and 
substantial connection with each.”  These affirmative findings undermine any 
justification for depriving the parties of their right as parents to make decisions 
regarding medical and mental health intervention for their child.   
 
16 
[¶26]  The judgment, however, does just that, because it requires the parents 
to obtain approval from third parties before they can take the child to non-emergent 
medical providers or to mental health providers in addition to the child’s current 
counselor.  Further, because the judgment requires the parties to continue the 
child’s current therapy, it is the court that impermissibly interferes with the parties’ 
right to parent.   
[¶27]  Although these parents and their child may have benefitted from the 
assistance of therapists and may continue to consult with appropriate professionals 
for guidance, mandating approval of experts is an intrusion into the parties’ 
constitutionally protected right to make joint parenting decisions, and none of the 
requirements is supported by the very substantial showing necessary to justify it.  
We therefore vacate those portions of the judgment that either assign 
decision-making responsibilities concerning medical and mental health care to a 
third party or that directly require the parties to secure particular treatment for the 
child.   
4. 
Mandatory Mediation  
 
[¶28]  Gourlaouen challenges the provision of the judgment that requires the 
parties to mediate disputes about parental rights and responsibilities before either 
party may initiate a court proceeding on the dispute.  As Gourlaouen 
acknowledges, she failed to properly preserve this issue because she did not 
 
17 
present the argument during the trial court proceedings.  We therefore examine this 
aspect of the judgment for obvious error.  See Ackerman v. Yates, 2004 ME 56, 
¶ 20, 847 A.2d 418.  “Obvious error is error that constitutes such a serious injustice 
that reversal is necessary because we could not in good conscience let the 
judgment stand.”  Searles v. Fleetwood Homes of Pa., Inc., 2005 ME 94, ¶ 33, 
878 A.2d 509 (quotation marks omitted). 
 
[¶29]  The challenged provision of the judgment provides:  
In the event that a dispute arises between the parties with respect to 
any provision in this Decision, before commencing any action in 
[c]ourt, the parties shall initiate and participate in mediation 
through . . . any . . . qualified mediator selected and agreed upon by 
the parties for the purpose of resolving the dispute.  The mediation fee 
and any other related expenses will be shared equally between the 
parties. 
 
(Emphasis added.) 
[¶30]  Because this requirement subordinates the parties’ right to seek 
judicial recourse to an absolute requirement that they first participate in mediation, 
we must vacate this provision.   
[¶31]  By imposing mediation as a condition to the commencement of a 
post-judgment proceeding, the judgment materially frustrates the parties’ right of 
access to the courts in three ways.  First, it results in a pre-filing delay that, in 
certain circumstances—such as those that could affect the best interest or safety of 
a child—should not be accommodated.  See Ventrice v. Ventrice, 26 N.E.3d 1128, 
 
18 
1132 (Mass. App. Ct. 2015) (vacating a provision requiring divorced parties to 
engage in mediation prior to filing any subsequent court action).   
[¶32]  Second, particularly in a situation such as this where the parties’ 
relationship had been marked by domestic abuse, a requirement of mandatory 
mediation could “discourage or even prevent one of the parties from seeking to 
modify the divorce judgment if a material change in circumstances or the best 
interests of the parties’ . . . children so required.”  Id.   
[¶33]  Third, the condition is contrary to the legislative scheme governing 
mediation in cases with minor children.  By statute, after initiating court 
proceedings, but before a contested hearing is held in certain types of domestic 
relations cases involving minor children, the parties must proceed to mediation.  
19-A M.R.S. § 251(2) (2015).4  Despite that general requirement, the Legislature 
has recognized that there are instances where a party may be able to demonstrate 
“extraordinary cause” to dispense with that prerequisite, and upon such a showing, 
the court is authorized to waive mediation that is otherwise required.  19-A M.R.S. 
§ 251(2)(B).  In contrast, the judgment here does not allow for any exceptions to 
mandatory pre-filing mediation, based even on circumstances that may now be 
completely unforeseen and unanticipated.  Nonetheless, the judgment forecloses 
                                         
4  The Legislature recently enacted an amendment to this statute that has not yet taken effect.  
See P.L. 2015, ch. 296, §§ C-6, D-1 (effective July 1, 2016) (to be codified at 19-A M.R.S. § 251(2)). 
 
19 
either party from demonstrating to the court any reasons—based on “extraordinary 
cause” or otherwise—why it should dispense with mediation.  
[¶34]  We fully recognize the salutary purposes and benefits of mediation in 
cases involving minor children.  See 19-A M.R.S. § 1653(1)(A) (“The Legislature 
finds and declares as public policy that encouraging mediated resolutions of 
disputes between parents is in the best interest of minor children.”); see generally 
Levy, Maine Family Law § 5.1 at 5-1 to 5-3 (8th ed. 2013).  Seen in that context, 
the pre-filing mediation requirement included in the judgment represents a 
well-intentioned effort to give the parties a meaningful opportunity to resolve their 
parenting disputes in a cooperative and collaborative way.  Pursuant to section 251, 
the parties will have that opportunity if a post-judgment motion is filed.  Because, 
however, a requirement of pre-filing mediation could have an adverse effect on the 
parties’ right to free and timely access to the courts, and because it undermines the 
statutory process for a waiver of mediation, we conclude that mandatory pre-filing 
mediation constitutes obvious error, and we vacate that provision of the judgment.   
B. 
Financial Issues and Property Division 
[¶35]  Both parties argue that the referee erred as a matter of law in his 
application of the parties’ French marriage contract and French law to the Primelin 
property.  Additionally, Gourlaouen contends that the referee erred with respect to 
the Yarmouth property.  
 
20 
1. 
Primelin Property 
 
[¶36]  The parties do not dispute that French law and the French marriage 
contract control the division of property.  In determining principles of foreign law, 
the trial court may consider testimony on the matter.  See M.R. Civ. P. 44A.  At the 
hearing on financial issues, the parties presented the testimony of two experts on 
French matrimonial law.  Both experts testified that the Primelin clause contained 
in the marriage contract is unenforceable, and the parties themselves asserted the 
same conclusion in their arguments to the referee.  As one of the experts explained, 
“[i]t is absolutely impossible to understand the intention of the parties . . . when 
entering such a contract and such a clause.”  The experts also testified that the 
Primelin property should be divided according to the separation-of-assets regime 
that governs the other portions of the parties’ marriage contract.  The referee found 
that under this framework, the spouse who paid the purchase price for an asset is 
entitled to recover that amount, even if the value of the asset subsequently 
decreased. 
[¶37]  The referee found that during the marriage Karamanoglu paid 
$815,144 for Gourlaouen to acquire the Primelin property in her name.  Under the 
separation-of-assets regime, despite the potential conflict with the language of the 
parties’ contract—which both parties agree is unenforceable—Gourlaouen is 
entitled to retain ownership of the property, but Karamanoglu is entitled to recover 
 
21 
the entire purchase price he paid, even though the value of the property decreased 
to $500,000.   
 
[¶38]  Based on the referee’s recommendation, the judgment provides that 
the Primelin property is set aside to Gourlaouen, and Karamanoglu is credited with 
$407,522, which is half of the amount he paid when Gourlaouen acquired it.  
Karamanoglu argues that under the separation-of-assets regime, he was thereby not 
given full credit for the proper amount.  For her part, Gourlaouen argues that 
Karamanoglu is entitled to half of the value of the property as of the date of the 
divorce.  As Gourlaouen acknowledged at oral argument, however, that contention 
is predicated on the very clause of the contract that she urged the referee not to 
implement because she asserted that it was unenforceable, and consequently this 
argument is not persuasive.  
[¶39]  By crediting Karamanoglu with only half of the price he paid for the 
Primelin property, the referee failed to correctly apply French law to the parties’ 
marriage contract, and we must vacate that part of the judgment.5 
                                         
5  Gourlaouen makes the further argument that the referee used an incorrect exchange rate in 
calculating the amount due to Karamanoglu for his capital contribution.  Although any deviation between 
the rate the referee may have used ($1.2540/euro) and the amount that Gourlaouen claims was the actual 
rate at the time of the purchase ($1.2683/euro) does not appear to be material, we do not reach the issue 
because on remand the overall property division will be subject to the court’s reconsideration. 
 
22 
2. 
Yarmouth Property 
[¶40]  Gourlaouen asserts that the referee erred in the division of the 
Yarmouth property, arguing that pursuant to French law the equity in that property 
should be divided equally rather than in a way that gives a larger share to 
Karamanoglu.  We disagree.  
[¶41]  In his analysis of the parties’ respective claims to the equity in the 
Yarmouth property, the referee carefully identified their differing initial “capital 
contributions” toward the down payment; the amount that was paid over time after 
they purchased the property, which the referee divided equally between the parties 
as equal “contributions toward ordinary expenses”; and the proportional 
enhancements to their shares attributable to appreciation—the profit subsistant.  
The referee’s analysis was faithful to French law as explicated by the parties’ 
experts, and his conclusions were not erroneous.   
3. 
Scope of Proceedings on Remand 
[¶42]  Because of the error in the judgment affecting the role of the Primelin 
property in the overall division of the marital estate, we remand for the court to 
readdress that issue.  The elements of the property division, however, are 
interlocking, as is exemplified by the “equalization” payment that Karamanoglu 
must pay to Gourlaouen based on the overall award of marital assets and debts.  
Additionally, the determination of spousal support can be influenced by the 
 
23 
division of property.  See 19-A M.R.S. § 951-A(5)(P)(1) (2015).  Accordingly, we 
vacate all aspects of the property division and the award of spousal support so that 
on remand, the court may reconsider those issues to the extent they may be 
affected by its reconsideration of the issues regarding the Primelin property.  
See Ehret v. Ehret, 2016 ME 43, ¶ 18, --- A.3d ---. 
III.  CONCLUSION 
[¶43]  In his proposed adjudication of disputed issues, the referee took a 
thoughtful and commendable approach in an effort to assist the parties to enhance 
their ability to serve their child as better parents.  However, we must vacate the 
requirements in the judgment regarding co-parenting counseling, medical and 
mental health treatment of the child, and mandatory pre-filing mediation.  
Additionally, because the analysis of the parties’ interests in the Primelin property 
was affected by error, we vacate the provisions of the judgment affecting property 
division and spousal support, and remand for reconsideration. 
 
24 
The entry is: 
Section II(6) of the judgment is amended to delete 
any requirement that Gourlaouen attend counseling 
sessions with Karamanoglu.  Sections II(7) and 
II(8) of the judgment are amended to delete the 
requirements that the parties obtain third-party 
approval before obtaining medical and mental 
health treatment for the minor child, and requiring 
the parties to obtain particular treatment for the 
child.  Section VIII is vacated. 
 
Sections IV-VII of the judgment are vacated.  
Remanded to the District Court for further 
proceedings on those issues.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
On the briefs: 
 
Brianne M. Martin, Esq., Powers & French, P.A., Freeport, for 
appellant Catherine Karamanoglu 
 
Gene R. Libby, Esq., and Paige B. Streeter, Esq., Libby 
O’Brien Kingsley & Champion, LLC, Kennebunk, for cross-
appellant Selcuk Karamanoglu 
 
At oral argument: 
 
Jonathan Davis, Esq., Powers & French, P.A., Freeport, for 
appellant Catherine Karamanoglu 
 
Paige B. Streeter, Esq., for cross-appellant Selcuk Karamanoglu 
 
 
 
Portland District Court docket number FM-2014-100 
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLU