Case Title: State Farm Mutual Automobile Co. v. Colby

Citation: 

Docket Number: 2012-221

State: vermont

Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Date: 2013-09-13T00:00:00Z

Document:
State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Co. v. Colby and Lamotte (2012-221)
 
2013 VT 80
 
[Filed 13-Sep-2013]
 
NOTICE:  This opinion is
subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal revision
before publication in the Vermont Reports.  Readers are requested to
notify the Reporter of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@state.vt.us or by
mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109 State Street, Montpelier, Vermont
05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made before this
opinion goes to press.
 
 
2013 VT 80
 
No. 2012-221
 
State Farm Mutual Automobile
  Insurance Company
Supreme Court
 
 
 
On Appeal from
     v.
Superior Court, Essex Unit,
 
Civil Division
 
 
Seth Colby and Joan Lamotte,
  Administrator 
of the Estate of Kim Lamotte
November Term, 2012
 
 
 
 
Robert
  P. Gerety, Jr, J.
 
Robin Ober Cooley of Pierson Wadhams Quinn Yates &
Coffrin, Burlington, for 
  Plaintiff-Appellee.
 
Bruce Palmer of Downs Rachlin Martin PLLC, St. Johnsbury,
for Defendant-Appellant Colby.
 
Steven A. Adler and Daniel D. McCabe of Axelrod & Adler,
PLLC, St. Johnsbury, for
  Defendant-Appellant Lamotte.
 
 
PRESENT:  Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Burgess and
Robinson, JJ.
 
 
¶ 1.            
ROBINSON, J.   This case requires us to determine
whether the omnibus clause in a specific automobile insurance policy provides
coverage to a permittee to whom the insured owner loans the car when that first
permittee is subject to a negligent entrustment claim for loaning the car to a
second permittee.  A vehicle owner entrusted her car keys to defendant,
who in turned passed them along to another driver.  The driver was
involved in a fatal, single-car accident and the driver's estate sued defendant
for negligent entrustment.  Defendant sought coverage under the vehicle
owner's automobile insurance policy.  Defendant appeals from the trial
court's order granting summary judgment in favor of the insurer and finding that,
as a matter of law, defendant did not qualify for coverage under the
policy.  We conclude that defendant's entrustment of the vehicle to the
driver constitutes "use" under the omnibus clause of the policy and that the
undisputed evidence supports the conclusion that the named insured did not
consent to defendant's allowing the driver to drive the car, but that a
material issue of fact exists with respect to whether defendant entrusted the
car keys to driver reasonably believing that driver would not drive the
car.  Accordingly, we reverse and remand.  
¶ 2.            
The undisputed facts, considered in the light most favorable to
defendant, are as follows.  On the day of the accident, defendant, Seth
Colby, picked up decedent, Kim Lamotte, who was hitchhiking near
Lunenburg.  After they traveled to another town where Colby loaded an
edger into his truck, Colby took decedent to McDonald's in Lancaster, New
Hampshire, where decedent's girlfriend, Kelly Macie, worked.  At
McDonald's, decedent asked to borrow Macie's car.  Macie responded by
turning to Colby, whom she did not know, and asking if he had a license and if
he had been drinking.  Colby said he was licensed and sober.  Macie
gave Colby the keys without verbal restrictions on his use of the car.  Before
he took the keys, Colby heard Macie say something to decedent about some boxes
that she wanted in the trunk of her car.  Colby also heard Macie ask
decedent to bring the keys back when she was done working.  
¶ 3.            
Macie testified that she never let decedent drive her car because his
driver's license had been suspended for life due to repeated convictions for
driving under the influence; she also testified that she could tell within
moments of his arrival that he had been drinking.  Colby testified that he
did not know that decedent did not have a driver's license, and did not know
decedent had been drinking.  When she gave Colby the keys, Macie did so
with the understanding that decedent would not drive the car; Colby understood
that Macie did not want decedent to drive her car, and he took the keys with no
intention of driving the car himself. 
¶ 4.            
Somewhere between the counter where Macie gave Colby the keys and the
car, Colby handed decedent the keys.  Colby told decedent not to drive the
car, and decedent told Colby that he was not going to drive the car but was
going to listen to the car radio.  Colby then got in his truck and drove
away.  
¶ 5.            
Soon thereafter, Colby saw decedent pass him driving Macie's car.  Later
in the day, Colby saw decedent again, this time at Colby's brother's home where
Colby was unloading his truck.  Colby testified that when they talked at
that time he probably told decedent that he should not be driving and should
return the car to Macie.  Decedent drove away and, later in the afternoon,
drove off the road at high speed into a telephone pole, killing himself
instantly.  
¶ 6.            
Decedent's estate filed a wrongful death suit against Macie and Colby.[1]  Colby seeks coverage under Macie's
State Farm insurance policy.  With regard to State Farm's duty to defend
and indemnify Colby, both State Farm and Colby filed cross-motions for summary
judgment.  The trial court properly focused its analysis on the omnibus
clause of the State Farm policy that provides coverage for someone "while using
such a car if its use is within the scope of [policyholder's] consent." 
The specific question on summary judgment was whether Colby qualifies as an
insured under this provision in Macie's policy, and, therefore, qualifies for
defense and coverage.  This issue raises two separate, but related,
inquiries under the policy language: (1) whether Colby's allegedly negligent
act of giving the keys to decedent and thereby entrusting him with possession
of the car was an act undertaken "while using" the car; and (2) if so, whether
that "use" was within the scope of Macie's consent.  
¶ 7.            
The trial court reached only the first questionwhether Colby was using
the vehicleand concluded that Colby's conduct in relation to the vehicle could
not, as a matter of law, constitute "use" under the insurance policy.  The
court reaffirmed its conclusion upon motion for reconsideration.  The
trial court concluded that the term "use" is not ambiguous.  Although the
trial court acknowledged that "use" means something more than just operation,
it concluded that the term does not encompass transferring the right to control
the vehicle or giving the keys to an operator.  The trial court
accordingly denied summary judgment for Colby and granted it for State
Farm.  Colby appeals.
¶ 8.            
"We review a motion for summary judgment de novo under the same standard
of review as the trial court."  Madowitz v. Woods at Killington Owners'
Ass'n, 2010 VT 37, ¶ 9, 188 Vt. 197, 6 A.3d 1117.  Summary
judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law."  V.R.C.P. 56(a); Madowitz, 2010 VT 37, ¶ 9.  A
party seeking summary judgment must point to particular parts of the record to
support the assertion that a fact can or cannot be genuinely disputed. 
V.R.C.P. 56(c).  "Furthermore, interpretation of an insurance
policy, like other contracts, is a question of law. 
Our review is therefore nondeferential and plenary."  Coop.
Ins. Cos. v. Woodward, 2012 VT 22, ¶ 8, 191 Vt. 348, 45 A.3d 89 (citation omitted).  
¶ 9.            
Because the cross-motions for summary judgment implicate State Farm's
duty to defend, at least with respect to that duty we consider whether "the
claim against the insured might be of the type covered by the policy.' "[2]  Woodward, 2012 VT 22,
¶ 10 (quoting Garneau, 158 Vt. at 366, 610 A.2d at 134). "The most
expansive duty under insurance liability policies is the insurer's duty to
defend, but there is no duty to defend when there is no possible factual or
legal basis on which the insurer might be required to indemnify."  Id.
¶ 10.         Our
legal analysis turns on the same two questions identified by the trial
court:  Does the wrongful death claim against Colby seek recovery for his
conduct "while using" the vehicle?  If so, was his use within the scope of
Macie's authorization?  We conclude that Colby's entrustment of the car
keys to decedent amounts to "using" the car for the purposes of the applicable
policy language, but we do so with the understanding that in this case the more
significant limitation on the policy coverage arises from the requirement that
the use be "within the scope of [the named insured's] consent."  See infra,
¶¶ 24-26.  
I.
¶ 11.         We
interpret disputed terms in an insurance policy "according to their plain,
ordinary and popular meaning" and are guided by a "review [of] the language of
an insurance contract from the perspective of what a reasonably prudent person
applying for insurance would have understood it to mean."  Woodward,
2012 VT 22, ¶ 9 (quotations omitted).  "If we find ambiguity, we construe
the language in favor of coverage . . . ."  Id.

¶ 12.         The
State Farm policy does not define "while using."  Black's Law Dictionary
defines "use" as the "application or employment of something."  Black's
Law Dictionary 1577 (8th ed. 2004).  Whether, or under what circumstances,
entrustment of a car is an "application or employment" of the car is not clear
on the face of the policy.  For that reason, in addition to the reasons
described below, we conclude that the term is ambiguous.    
¶ 13.         This
Court has not addressed the specific question of whether entrustment
constitutes "use."[3] 
But see Coop. Fire Ins. Ass'n of Vt. v. Gray, 157 Vt. 380, 386, 599 A.2d 360, 363-64 (1991) (Dooley, J., concurring) ("I would hold that basic coverage
extends to a negligent entrustment or supervision action were it not excluded
by the language of the nonowned auto provision in this instance."). 
Courts from other jurisdictions that have considered the question have taken a
variety of approaches.  
¶ 14.         Some
courts have expressly or implicitly held that entrustment of a vehicle does
qualify as "use."  For example, the Supreme Judicial Court of
Massachusetts addressed whether entrustment constituted "use" for the purpose
of a homeowner's-insurance-policy exclusion.  Barnstable Cnty. Mut.
Fire Ins. Co. v. Lally, 373 N.E.2d 966 (Mass. 1978).  The court
concluded:
[T]he
terms of the policy excluding coverage in the event of "bodily injury
. . . arising out of the ownership . . . operation, (or)
use . . . of . . . any recreational motor vehicle owned by
any Insured" necessarily apply to a situation in which bodily injury is alleged
to have been caused by the negligent entrustment of a dangerous
instrumentality . . . .
 
Id. at 968-69.  Addressing a divide in the case law, the
court wrote, " negligent entrustment' as a distinct and specific cause of
action is not exclusive of, but, rather, is derived from the more general
concepts of ownership, operation, and use of a motor vehicle."  Id.
at 969 (emphasis added); see also Md. Cas. Co. v. Baker, 196 F. Supp. 234, 239 (E.D. Ky. 1961) (holding that, where insurance policy's omnibus clause
provided that any person using insured automobile with permission of named
insured was insured, son who had father's permission to use car at time he
loaned it to another driver was "an insured person" entitled to defense and
indemnity).

¶
15.        
On the other hand, some courts have held that entrustment constitutes
use only when it benefits the entrustor.  For example, in construing an
automobile liability policy, the Supreme Court of Alabama addressed whether
entrustment by a bailee can be said to be incident of ownership, maintenance,
or use of a car.  The court held that the bailee's entrustment of the car
to a third party in that case was not "use" because "the journey undertaken by
[the driver] was at her request, for her own purposes, and was not in any sense
beneficial to [the bailee]."  Dutton v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
383 So. 2d 519, 521 (Ala. 1980).  The court adopted a "benefit test" by
defining "use" with reference to whether the entrustment " served a
purpose, object or end for useful or advantageous nature.' "  Id.
(quotation omitted).  The court indicated that "use" ceases at the time
permission is given to another to use the car and no benefit is conveyed on the
entrustor.  Id. at 522 (quoting Brown v. Kennedy, 49 N.E.2d 417, 421 (Ohio App. 1942)); see also Samuels v. Am. Auto. Ins. Co., 150 F.2d 221, 223 (10th Cir. 1945) ("Where A operates B's automobile, with B's
consent and for B's purpose, benefit, or advantage, it may be said that B is
using the automobile, but, where A operates B's automobile, with B's consent,
solely for A's purposes, and in no sense for any purpose, benefit, or advantage
of B, it cannot be said that B is using the automobile."); Mid-Century Ins.
Co. v. Heritage Drug, Ltd., 3 P.3d 461 (Colo. App. 1999) (adopting benefit
test).  
¶
16.        
The dissent in Dutton, on the other hand, argued that
"entrustment" is a form of employing the car, or putting it to "use."  See
Dutton, 383 So. 2d  at 523 (Jones, J., dissenting) ("If the act of
putting the car into service by entrusting it to another is negligently done
and the entrustee negligently drives the entrusted car into another with
resultant injuries, such act of employment (the entrustment) constitutes use of
the insured vehicle.").  
¶
17.        
Other courts' interpretations are not dispositive here, but the
multiplicity of views expressed by other jurists reinforces our conclusion that
the language on its face is ambiguous.  In construing the policy language,
we draw on a range of interpretive considerations, including our longstanding
practice of construing ambiguous terms in the insurance contract in favor of
coverage, legislative policy favoring coverage for individuals injured in
accidents, the relationship between homeowner's and automobile liability
policies, the relationship of the "while using" restriction to other
limitations in the policy, and practical considerations.  
¶
18.        
An analysis of the policy language in light of these considerations
leads us to conclude that the trial court's conclusion that "use" does not
include "entrustment," at least when that entrustment does not benefit the
entrusting party, reflects an unduly narrow interpretation.  See Coop.
Fire, 157 Vt. at 386, 599 A.2d  at 364 (Dooley, J., concurring) (argument
that negligent entrustment actions are not covered because they do not arise
out of "ownership, maintenance or use' " of car involved in accident
reflects "crabbed reading of the policy") (quoting Rubins Contractors, Inc.
v. Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 821 F.2d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).
¶
19.        
We have held time and again that, although we "will not deprive the
insurer of unambiguous terms placed in the contract for its benefit," Bradford
Oil Co. v. Stonington Ins. Co, 2011 VT 108, ¶ 10, 190 Vt. 330, 54 A.3d 983 (quotation omitted), if policy language is ambiguous, "we construe the
language in favor of coverage."  Woodward, 2012 VT 22, ¶ 9;
see also Bradford Oil Co., Inc., 2011 VT 108, ¶ 10 ("[B]ecause an
insurer generally prepares insurance policies with little meaningful input from
the insured, this Court construes insurance policy language in favor of the
insured . . . ."); Pharmacists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Myer,
2010 VT 10, ¶ 10, 187 Vt. 323, 993 A.2d 413 ("We traditionally construe
uncertain or ambiguous policy language liberally in favor of the insured and
full coverage."); Am. Fid. Co. v. N. British & Mercantile Ins. Co.,
124 Vt. 271, 274, 204 A.2d 110, 112-13 (1964) ("Since these liability policies
are drafted by the insurer, it is not unreasonable, having in mind that the
policies are sold as shields against liability claims, to construe the terms of
the agreement as broad as its intended purpose, and giving its language
appropriate breadth of meaning.").
¶
20.        
This maxim of construction is consistent with and reinforces important
legislative policies.  The purpose of Vermont's compulsory automobile
liability insurance law, 23 V.S.A. §§ 800-810, is to protect the public
and ensure that liability arising from motor vehicle accidents will be
covered.  See Smith v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 2003 VT 61,
¶¶ 25-26, 175 Vt. 355, 830 A.2d 108; see also 23 V.S.A. § 800
(requiring owners and operators of motor vehicles to maintain liability
insurance policies); id. § 941 (detailing uninsured, underinsured,
and hit-and-run insurance protections for purpose of providing victim
compensation).  In arguing that negligent entrustment should be considered
to arise from the "ownership, maintenance or use" of an insured automobile
involved in an accident, Justice Dooley recognized "the Legislature's broad
policy that compensation should be available to victims of motor vehicle
accidents from those legally responsible for their injuries at least up to the
statutory liability amounts."  Coop. Fire, 157 Vt. at 386, 599 A.2d 
at 364 (Dooley, J., concurring).  In fact, Justice Dooley noted that the
compulsory insurance laws might affect the ability of carriers to exclude
certain liabilities.  Id. ("We have not had an opportunity to
consider whether the advent of compulsory insurance in Vermont affects the
ability of carriers to include particular exclusions in automobile liability
policies.  A number of courts have found particular exclusions to be so
inconsistent with compulsory insurance laws that they have invalidated them on
public policy grounds.").  
¶
21.        
The significance of our compulsory automobile liability insurance laws
is heightened in contexts where the ordinary limitations of homeowner's
insurance policies create a likely gap in coverage.  In Cooperative
Fire, this Court considered a negligent entrustment case in which we
concluded that the homeowner's insurance carrier was not liable on the basis of
an exclusion in that policy, and the automobile liability carrier was likewise
not liable on the basis of the limitations in that policy.  157 Vt. at
382-85, 599 A.2d  at 362-63.  We so held because the applicable exclusions
in both policies were clear and unambiguous.  The majority
concluded that a homeowner's policy excluding liability for entrustment of a
motor vehicle by an insured did not cover a negligent entrustment claim against
the homeowner.  In concurrence, Justice Dooley argued, "It is fair for
homeowner's carriers to leave risks associated with automobiles to automobile
insurance and to exclude all coverage in that area." [4]  Id. at 385, 599 A.2d  at
363.  
¶
22.        
To the extent that risks associated with the entrustment of motor
vehicles are commonly excluded from homeowner's policies, this places even more
pressure on automobile liability policies to fill the coverage gap in light of
the Legislature's goal of ensuring coverage for responsible parties who cause
injury in connection with automobiles.  As an Alabama Supreme Court
Justice recognized in analyzing a similar case:
Within
the broad scheme of insurance coverage afforded by Homeowner liability
insurance and Automobile liability insurance, the validity of the "automobile"
exclusion for negligent entrustment under the former requires validity of
coverage for "use of automobile" under the latter. The public policy of this
State, as expressed in the Safety-Responsibility Act, militates strongly
against a hiatus of coverage.  
 
Dutton, 383 So. 2d  at 524 (Jones, J., dissenting).
¶ 23.         A
holding that excluded negligent entrustment from the scope of the term "use,"
or that limited the situations in which negligent entrustment may be considered
"use" to a subset of entrustment cases, would create a significant risk of a
gap in coverage, especially in cases in which the party being sued for
negligent entrustmentand, therefore, in need of defense and indemnificationis
neither the owner nor the operator of the vehicle involved in an
accident.  Such a holding would have an impact far beyond the unique
circumstances of this case, and could preclude coverage in situations in which
the case for coverage may instinctively feel far more compelling than this case
given the double-entrustment in the facts, and given the rapidity with which
Colby exercised his dominion of the vehicle by entrusting it to decedent. 

¶ 24.         This
broader, bright-line construction of the term "use" is consistent with our
traditional approach to construing ambiguous insurance provisions, as well as
with important legislative policies, but it does not provide limitless coverage
for negligent entrustment claims.  The "while using" restriction does not
exist in isolation; it is paired with the requirement that the use be "within
the scope of [the named insured's] consent."  This latter requirement is
sufficient to weed out those cases where the liability for which coverage is
sought is unconnected to the actions of the insured policyholder.  If in
this case Macie had given the keys to Colby along with consent to allow decedent
to drive her car, the notion that Colby is covered by the insurance associated
with that car for an exercise of his dominion over that car that was fully
consistent with Macie's permission would not be unreasonable.  If, on the
other hand, Colby put the car to a use beyond the scope of Macie's mutually
understood consent by allowing decedent to drive it, Colby's effort to invoke
Macie's insurance policy would seem unfair.  The "scope-of-consent"
limitation, rather than the "while using" requirement, limits the availability
of Macie's liability policy to defend and indemnify a negligent entrustment
claim against a bailee of the car.  See Trs. of Net Realty Holding
Trust v. AVCO Fin. Servs. of Barre, Inc., 147 Vt. 472, 476, 520 A.2d 981,
983 (1986) ("An additional rule of construction exists in Vermont, which, given
a choice, prefers that interpretation of a contract which makes it fair and
reasonable.").     
¶ 25.         In so
holding, we reject not only the view that entrustment is not "use" across the
board, but also the position that "use" is determined with reference to the
benefits accruing to the entrustor.  In addition to potentially leaving a
gap in coverage for the permittee who gratuitously entrusts a vehicle to a
third party within the scope of the named insured's permission, the "benefit
test" requires subjective judgments about what kinds of benefits to an
entrustor do and do not qualify as cognizable benefits for the purposes of the
rule.  Some cases may be easye.g., the entrustor loans a car to another
for the purpose of running an errand for the entrustor.  See Nationwide
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Dunning, 252 F.3d 712, 717 (5th Cir. 2001) (recognizing,
under Mississippi law, that "injuries arising from the operation of the vehicle
by a third party will be covered as long as the third party uses the vehicle to
serve some purpose of the permittee").  But where the entrustment is an
act of friendshipa step in an ongoing give-and-take of generosities large and
smallhow do we measure the "benefit" to the entrustor?
¶ 26.         Moreover,
most courts that have considered whether an entrustment benefitted the initial
permittee or the named insured have done so not in the context of
considering whether the entrustment amounted to "use," but rather in the
context of considering whether the second permittee's use was within the scope
of consent of the named insured.  See, e.g., B. Glenn, Omnibus Clause
of Automobile Liability Policy as Covering Accidents Caused by Third Person Who
Is Using Car with Consent of Permittee of Named Insured, 4 A.L.R.3d 10
§§ 4-7 (1965); see also id. § 7(d) ("The omnibus clause
usually has been held to protect an original permittee whose authority from the
named insured was silent as to his right to allow others to drive or use the
automobile where its operation by the second permittee was for the benefit or
advantage of the first permittee, although not in his presence, and the use to
which it was being put was within the scope of the initial permission."). 
Many of the considerations underlying the "benefit test" are more properly and
more commonly woven into the scope-of-consent analysis.  
¶ 27.         For
all of these reasons, we find that entrustment of another with a vehicle that
one owns or controls constitutes "use" for the purpose of the omnibus clause of
an automobile liability insurance policy.[5]   

II.
¶ 28.         The
next question, then, is whether Colby's entrustment of the vehicle to decedent
was within the scope of Macie's consent.  Relying on a prior Vermont case,
Colby argues that he is entitled to a presumption that the use to which he put
the vehicle was within the scope of consent absent an express limitation of
that consent prior to the actual use, or a use that was "so far afield from the
purpose of the loan of the vehicle as to amount to, at best, a temporary
tortious conversion."  See Am. Fid. Co., 124 Vt. at 275, 204 A.2d 
at 113.
¶ 29.         In
this case, although Macie did not specifically state to Colby that he was not
to allow decedent to drive the car, there is no dispute that her entrustment of
the keys to Colby was subject to that limitation.  Colby himself
acknowledged that he understood that Macie did not want decedent to drive her
car.  Moreover, Colby testified that he told decedent when he first gave
him the keys, and later when he saw him at Colby's brother's house, that he
should not be driving.  Given this undisputed understanding, if Colby gave
decedent the keys even though he knew or should have expected that decedent
would drive the car, then his entrustment of the car to decedent exceeded the
scope of Macie's consent and Colby would not be entitled to coverage under
Macie's policy.  See, e.g., Concord Gen. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hills,
345 F. Supp. 1090, 1093-94 (D. Me. 1972) ("The law is well established that
when the named insured expressly prohibits the use of his automobile by any
person other than his permittee, a second permittee using the car solely for
his own benefit does not do so with the permission of the named insured.").[6]  
¶ 30.         If it
were undisputed that Colby expected or should have expected that decedent would
drive the car after Colby gave decedent the keys, so that Colby's entrustment
of the car to decedent went beyond the permission Macie granted Colby, that
would end our inquiry.  But in his testimony, Colby claims that he gave
the keys to decedent for the purpose of allowing decedent to load boxes and
listen to the radio in Macie's car, and with the admonition that decedent
should not drive.  This limited entrustment, Colby argues, did not exceed
the scope of Macie's consent (and, presumably, did not constitute negligent
entrustment at all, since it did not contemplate decedent's actually driving).
¶ 31.         If
Colby's testimony accurately describes his understanding when he gave the keys
to decedent, and if that understanding was reasonable, then his act of
giving the keys to decedent for the limited purpose of loading boxes into the
car and listening to the car radio might not exceed the scope of Macie's
permission.[7]
 For the purpose of our summary judgment review, we must assume that
Colby's testimony on this point is credible.  See Sabia v. Neville,
165 Vt. 515, 523, 687 A.2d 469, 474 (1996) ("In ruling on a motion for summary
judgment, it is not appropriate for us to resolve disputed issues of fact or
questions of credibility.").  However, even accepted as true, Colby's
subjective belief as to whether decedent was likely to drive the car is not
legally determinative of the question of whether his act of giving the keys to
decedent went beyond the scope of Macie's permission.  See, e.g., State
Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Martin, 869 P.2d 79, 82 (Wash. Ct. App. 1994)
(explaining that "[w]hether a party has permission is based on the objective
belief of the insured" and is not determined by the permittee's subjective
belief). 
¶ 32.         Accordingly,
the question before us is whether a reasonable factfinder could conclude on the
record before us that Colby's act of giving decedent the car keys was within
the scope of Macie's permission, when Colby believed that decedent would merely
load the car and listen to the radio but would not drive the car.  To some
extent, this inquiry turns on the reasonableness of Colby's asserted belief
that decedent would not drive the car.  The question of reasonableness is
ordinarily for the factfinder.  Morway v. Trombly, 173 Vt. 266,
275, 789 A.2d 965, 971 (2001) (noting that reasonableness is "ordinarily a
question for the jury" unless "we can know with certainty, given the record on
appeal, whether a reasonable jury would find [defendant] negligent or not"
(quotation omitted)).  However, summary judgment is appropriate if no
reasonable factfinder could find Colby's belief and, more importantly, his
actions reasonable under these circumstances.  See Martin, 869 P.2d 
at 82 (affirming summary judgment denying coverage where permittee could not
have reasonably believed that she had permission to drive car).  
¶ 33.         We
cannot conclude as a matter of law that a reasonable factfinder would
necessarily find that Colby's actions exceeded the scope of Macie's
permission.  A factfinder could conclude that Colby's expectation that
decedent would not drive was reasonable given Colby's express admonition that
he should not drive, and that Colby's entrustment of the keys to decedent for a
more limited purposeloading the car and listening to the radiodid not run
afoul of Macie's restrictions.  We will not usurp the role of the
factfinder on these points.  We leave it to the factfinder to determine
whether Colby, in fact, believed that decedent would not drive the car, whether
Colby's belief was reasonable, andthe ultimate questionwhether his act of
handing decedent the keys went beyond the scope of Macie's permission. 
See O'Brien v. Synnott, 2013 VT 33, ¶ 3, ___ Vt. ___, ___ A.3d ___
(stating that non-moving party is entitled to "the benefit of all reasonable
doubts and inferences" (quotation omitted)). 
Reversed and
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
 
 
 
FOR THE COURT:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Associate
  Justice
 

[1] 
The merits of the wrongful death action are not part of this appeal.
[2] 
The threshold issue is whether State Farm has a duty
to defend, as opposed to a duty to indemnify.  We recognize that a
conclusion with respect to the duty to indemnify might not be the same,
particularly at the end of a trial and after a determination of liability.
 See Garneau v. Curtis & Bedell, Inc., 158 Vt. 363, 366,
610 A.2d 132, 134 (1992) ("An insurer's duty to defend its insured is broader
than its duty to indemnify.").
[3]  We did consider one case very similar
to this in which a father loaned a car to his son with express instructions not
to allow anyone else to drive it.  Am. Fid. Co. v. Elkins, 125 Vt.
313, 215 A.2d 516 (1965).  The son loaned it to a third person who was in
an accident causing injury to another.  The applicable policy provided
that "insured" included the "named insured and also any person while using the
automobile . . . provided the actual use thereof is with the
permission of the named insured."  Id. at 314, 215 A.2d  at
517.  The injured party sued the driver, but also the father and son,
presumably on the ground of negligent entrustment.  This Court did not
address the question of whether the son's conduct in loaning the car to the
driver constituted "using" the vehicle, instead resolving the case on the basis
that the father's express instructions to his son not to loan out his car
negated the presumption that the son's loaning of the car was within the scope
of the father's consent.  Id. at 316, 215 A.2d  at 519.
 
[4] 
The fact that the law requires liability insurance for all automobiles, but
many potential negligent entrustment defendants do not necessarily have
liability coverage through homeowner's or renter's insurance policies, further
supports allocation of this particular risk to automobile liability versus
homeowner's liability insurance. 
[5] 
In so deciding, and in contemplation of the limitations already outlined above,
we do not conclude that mere possession of someone else's car keys, absent
other indicia of control, is automatically sufficient to constitute "use" under
the subject automobile policy language.
[6]
 We need not consider whether decedent's use was for the benefit of Macie
or Colby, as Colby makes no such claim, and the evidence would not support it.
[7]
 A factfinder might ultimately conclude that Macie's permission did not
even extend to letting decedent listen to her car radio, but for summary
judgment purposes the most we can say is undisputed on this record is that
Macie did not give Colby permission to let decedent drive her car.