Case Title: Estate of Cabatit v. Canders

Citation: 

Docket Number: 2014 ME 133

State: maine

Court: Maine Supreme Court

Date: 2014-11-25T00:00:00Z

Document:
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT 
Reporter of Decisions 
Decision: 
2014 ME 133 
Docket: 
Yor-13-475 
Argued: 
May 14, 2014 
Decided: 
November 25, 2014 
 
Panel: 
SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, SILVER, MEAD, GORMAN, and JABAR, JJ. 
 
 
ESTATE OF THOMAS E. CABATIT 
 
v. 
 
STEPHEN A. CANDERS et al. 
 
 
GORMAN, J. 
[¶1]  Joseph N. Cabatit, as successor personal representative of the Estate of 
Thomas E. Cabatit, appeals from a summary judgment entered in the Superior 
Court (York County, O’Neil, J.) in favor of Stephen A. Canders and Maine Legal 
Associates, P.A. (collectively, MLA) on his claims of professional negligence and 
breach of fiduciary duty.1  Because we conclude that (1) no attorney-client 
relationship existed between MLA and Joseph in his role as successor personal 
representative of the Estate and (2) MLA did not owe any duty to Joseph as a 
nonclient, we affirm the judgment.   
                                         
1  Joseph initially filed the complaint both as personal representative of the Estate and individually as 
a beneficiary.  He does not appeal the Superior Court’s judgment as to his interest as a beneficiary, 
however, and thus we address the appeal only as to his status as personal representative. 
 
2 
I.  BACKGROUND 
[¶2]  The parties’ joint stipulated statement of material facts and the 
agreed-to record establish the following facts.  Thomas E. Cabatit died in 2005, 
survived by two sons, Jerediah Cabatit and Joseph Cabatit.  Pursuant to Thomas’s 
will, Jerediah and Joseph were given equal shares of his Estate after the payment of 
debts, taxes, and expenses.  In his will, Thomas designated his sister, Julibel 
Cabatit-Alegre, as the personal representative of the Estate.   
[¶3]  On November 15, 2005, Julibel and MLA entered into an engagement 
and fee agreement, which provided, in pertinent part, as follows:  
The 
Client, 
Julibel 
Cabatit-Alegre, 
named 
Personal 
Representative in the Will involved in the Estate listed below, retains 
the firm of MAINE LEGAL ASSOCIATES, P.A., and its attorneys, 
presently including Stephen A. Canders . . . to perform legal services 
in the following matter: 
 
1.  Scope of Legal Services  Probate of the Estate of 
Thomas E. Cabatit, late of Scarborough, Maine, not including any 
collection proceeding. . . .  Services will include . . . preparation of 
any and all necessary probate court documents, pleadings, accounts, 
inventories and other required or necessary forms, documents and 
instruments, and correspondence . . . .  No title services will be 
involved in this representation.  Litigation services and preparation 
of a federal estate tax return are not included in the scope of 
representation. 
 
MLA advised Jerediah and Joseph that it represented the personal representative, 
not the Estate.  Accordingly, Jerediah and Joseph retained an attorney to 
inventory the Estate and negotiate with Julibel.   
 
3 
[¶4]  On July 9, 2008, Jerediah and Joseph filed a petition to surcharge 
Julibel and remove her as personal representative, alleging that she had 
mismanaged the Estate.  After a contested hearing, the Cumberland County 
Probate Court (Mazziotti, J.) removed Julibel on December 28, 2010, and 
designated Joseph as the successor personal representative.  In its order, the court 
found, inter alia, that Julibel’s hourly fee as personal representative was manifestly 
excessive, that she was not entitled to reimbursement of travel expenses for a 
traveling companion on her trips from her home in the Philippines to Maine, and 
that she had failed to take possession of and administer property owned by Thomas 
in the Philippines.  The court noted that Julibel’s “excessive fees may have been 
in some respects the consequence of advice rendered to her by Stephen Canders.”  
It ordered Julibel to reimburse the Estate for the excessive fees and granted the 
petition to remove her as the personal representative of the Estate.  Throughout 
the five-plus years of this probate proceeding, Jerediah and Joseph were 
represented by non-MLA counsel and sought advice from non-MLA attorneys.  
MLA rendered legal advice solely to Julibel.2   
[¶5]  On October 28, 2011, Joseph, in his individual capacity as a 
beneficiary of his father’s Estate and also in his capacity as the personal 
                                         
2  Because Stephen Canders testified as a fact witness as part of the probate litigation, he withdrew 
from his representation of Julibel.  She retained alternate counsel for the litigation. 
 
4 
representative of the Estate, sued MLA in the Superior Court for professional 
negligence (Counts I and II) and breach of fiduciary duty (Counts III and IV), 
alleging that MLA breached duties it owed to the Estate and to Joseph as a 
beneficiary by giving Julibel improper advice concerning, inter alia, the 
reasonableness of her personal representative fees and the Estate’s obligations to 
pay taxes.  Joseph did not sue Julibel. 
[¶6]  Joseph subsequently served a notice of Canders’s deposition, in which 
he sought the production of MLA’s legal files concerning its representation of 
Julibel.  MLA moved to quash the request on the ground of attorney-client 
privilege.  On March 7, 2013, the Superior Court (O’Neil, J.), finding that the 
attorney-client relationship between MLA and Julibel was intact, granted MLA’s 
motion to quash any discovery request concerning privileged materials relating to 
MLA’s representation of Julibel.  In its order, the court acknowledged that the 
parties disputed whether MLA represented the Estate or its beneficiaries, but 
concluded, based on the parties’ pleadings and the fee agreement, that “[n]either 
the [engagement and fee] agreement, nor any actions alleged, suggest [MLA] held 
[itself] out as attorney for the Estate of Thomas Cabatit or the beneficiaries 
thereof.”  
[¶7]   MLA later filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to 
M.R. Civ. P. 56(b), asserting that it owed no duty to anyone other than Julibel.  
 
5 
The motion included a joint stipulated statement of material facts.  On 
September 16, 2013, the court granted the motion based on its determination that 
the “scope of [the] attorney-client relationship did not include a duty to the estate.”  
Joseph timely appealed. 
II.  DISCUSSION 
[¶8]  Joseph contends that the court erred as a matter of law in determining 
that MLA owed a duty of care only to Julibel.3 We review de novo the court’s 
grant of a summary judgment in favor of MLA by considering “both the evidence 
and any reasonable inferences that the evidence produces in the light most 
favorable to the party against whom the summary judgment has been granted in 
order to determine if there is a genuine issue of material fact.”  Budge v. Town of 
Millinocket, 2012 ME 122, ¶ 12, 55 A.3d 484 (quotation marks omitted).  When 
the defendant is the moving party, he must establish that there is no genuine 
dispute of fact and that the undisputed facts would entitle him to judgment as a 
matter of law.4  Connolly v. Me. Cent. R.R. Co., 2009 ME 43, ¶ 7, 969 A.2d 919.  
                                         
3  We are not persuaded by and do not separately address Joseph’s other arguments, including his 
assertion that MLA owes some duty to the “office of the personal representative.” 
 
4  Pursuant to 18-A M.R.S. § 3-715(22) (2013), a personal representative has the power to 
“[p]rosecute . . . claims, or proceedings in any jurisdiction for the protection of the estate.”  See also 
18-A M.R.S. §§ 3-712, 3-716 (2013); Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 94(1) (2012) (“A suit against a 
[personal representative] . . . to . . . redress a breach of trust or otherwise to enforce the trust may be 
maintained . . . by a . . . successor [personal representative].”).  Thus, the Probate Code confers on 
Joseph, in his capacity as personal representative, the standing to bring suit in this case.  Because he 
does not appeal that portion of the court’s judgment entered against him individually, we need not 
 
6 
It then becomes the plaintiff’s burden to make out the prima facie case and 
demonstrate that there are disputed facts.  Watt v. UniFirst Corp., 2009 ME 47, 
¶ 21, 969 A.2d 897.    
[¶9]  Whether MLA, as the attorney for the predecessor personal 
representative, may be liable to the Estate turns on whether MLA owed the Estate a 
duty of care.  See Fisherman’s Wharf Assocs. II v. Verrill & Dana, 645 A.2d 
1133, 1136 (Me. 1994); see also Brown v. Me. State Emps. Ass’n, 1997 ME 24, 
¶ 10, 690 A.2d 956; Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 51 
(2000).  Ordinarily, an attorney’s duty runs only to his client, and only the client 
may claim that the attorney has breached that duty; in general, litigants cannot 
assert the claims of third parties.  See N. E. Ins. Co. v. Young, 2011 ME 89, ¶ 11, 
26 A.3d 794.  In legal malpractice suits, therefore, except in egregious 
circumstances demonstrating such serious misdeeds as fraud, only a client with 
whom an attorney stands in privity of contract may bring a suit against the 
attorney.  See Nat’l Sav. Bank v. Ward, 100 U.S. 195, 205-06 (1879); see also 
1 Ronald E. Mallen et al., Legal Malpractice § 6:1 & n.3 (2014 ed.) (stating that 
“‘ex delicto’ liability of attorneys to third persons exists only for fraud, collusion, 
or a malicious or tortious act,” and compiling cases).   
                                                                                                                                   
evaluate Joseph’s standing to sue as a beneficiary.  See Nevin v. Union Trust Co., 1999 ME 47, ¶¶ 39-42, 
726 A.2d 694. 
 
7 
[¶10]  Although he recognizes this general principle, Joseph makes two 
arguments to support his contention that MLA’s representation of Julibel 
“included” the representation of Joseph in his capacity as her successor.  First, he 
asserts that the Probate Code’s language stating that a successor personal 
representative has the same powers and duties as his predecessor reflects a 
legislative intent to abandon the strict privity rule in instances where a successor 
personal representative sues a probate attorney for malpractice.  Second, he 
asserts that the summary judgment record reveals disputed issues of material fact 
regarding the scope of any attorney’s representation of a personal representative 
that preclude a conclusion that MLA did not owe Joseph a duty of care as a matter 
of law.  We address each argument below. 
A.  
Attorney-Client Relationship and Probate Code Provisions 
[¶11]  The interpretation of the Probate Code is a legal issue that we review 
de novo.  Estate of Hunt, 2010 ME 23, ¶ 6, 990 A.2d 544.  When interpreting a 
statute, “[w]e first look to the plain meaning of the statute, interpreting its language 
to avoid absurd, illogical or inconsistent results, and attempting to give all of its 
words meaning.”  Carrier v. Sec’y of State, 2012 ME 142, ¶ 12, 60 A.3d 1241 
(citation omitted) (quotation marks omitted).   
[¶12]  A personal representative has the power to employ an attorney “to 
advise or assist the personal representative in the performance of [her] 
 
8 
administrative duties” and to “[p]rosecute or defend claims” to protect both the 
estate and the personal representative in the performance of her duties.  
18-A M.R.S. § 3-715(21), (22) (2013).  This statutory language would undeniably 
permit a personal representative to bring a malpractice suit against the attorney she 
hired to help probate a will.  The Probate Code also expressly provides that a 
successor personal representative accepts the same powers and duties as his 
predecessor with respect to administering and distributing the estate.  
18-A M.R.S. §§ 3-613, 3-716 (2013).   
[¶13]   Joseph argues that, when read together, these provisions 
automatically give a successor personal representative the right to bring a 
malpractice action against his predecessor’s attorney.  He urges us to apply to this 
case an analysis used in Borissoff v. Taylor & Faust, in which the Supreme Court 
of California concluded that the language of California’s probate statute “strongly 
support[s] the inference that a successor fiduciary does have standing5 to sue an 
attorney retained by a predecessor fiduciary.”  93 P.3d 337, 340 (Cal. 2004).  
The decision in Borissoff, however, was based at least in part on the court’s 
determination that there was no conflict of interest between the two fiduciaries, as 
well as its concern that a “faultless fiduciary” might otherwise be sued in order to 
                                         
5  Although the court phrased its inquiry in terms of “standing,” its discussion of the privity between 
an attorney and a successor personal representative reveals that the court was actually considering issues 
surrounding duty.  Borissoff v. Taylor & Faust, 93 P.3d 337, 340-41 (Cal. 2004). 
 
9 
obtain justice for an estate.  Id. at 341, 343.  Moreover, in Borissoff, the 
allegedly negligent omissions of the attorney whom the predecessor fiduciary had 
hired occurred after that fiduciary died.  Id. at 339.   
[¶14]   The present matter is easily distinguished.  Here, there is quite 
clearly a conflict between the personal representatives; the Probate Court 
determined that Julibel was not “faultless”; and the allegedly negligent acts of 
MLA took place while Julibel was the personal representative of the Estate.  
Although the California statute at issue in Borissoff may be, in some respects, 
comparable to the Maine provisions at issue here, we are not persuaded that the 
Legislature intended that the Maine Probate Code be read so broadly as to 
automatically create a duty on the part of the personal representative’s attorney to 
all successor personal representatives, regardless of the circumstances.6 
[¶15]  Rather, whether an attorney owes a duty of care to a successor 
personal representative depends—except in limited and unusual circumstances 
discussed below—on the existence of an attorney-client relationship between the 
successor personal representative and the attorney.  See DiPietro v. Boynton, 
                                         
6  The potential for conflict and divided loyalty that we discussed in Nevin, 1999 ME 47, ¶ 41, 
726 A.2d 694, as to multiple beneficiaries also applies here; these concerns preclude us from adopting a 
bright-line rule conferring standing to a successor personal representative to sue a probate attorney solely 
because the successor assumes the responsibilities of the “office of the personal representative.”  Indeed, 
what one personal representative may perceive as a recommendation or action falling within the scope of 
the attorney’s duty to assist in properly settling and distributing the estate could be perceived by a 
successor as falling outside of that scope.  See id. 
 
10 
628 A.2d 1019, 1025 (Me. 1993) (stating that an attorney is not held liable to third 
parties for the performance of professional duties in the absence of any evidence of 
collusion); Gerber v. Peters, 584 A.2d 605, 607 (Me. 1990) (affirming a summary 
judgment in favor of a law firm defendant on the ground that no attorney-client 
relationship existed between the parties); see also 1 Ronald E. Mallen et al., Legal 
Malpractice § 7:7 & n.1 (stating that “[t]here is an abundance of authority . . . for 
the proposition that only the client can sue the attorney for a negligent act or 
omission,” and compiling cases). 
B. 
Possible Extension of Duty of Care when Client is a Personal Representative  
[¶16]  Joseph has asserted that, even if he did not establish that he was 
MLA’s client, he demonstrated that there were material issues of fact that should 
have precluded the trial court from determining, as a matter of law, that MLA 
owed him no duty of care.  Although we have not before had occasion to address 
the possible scope of an attorney’s duty of care to nonclients, this is an issue that 
arises not infrequently in this area of malpractice litigation.  Because “[s]trict 
privity, as applied in the context of estate planning mal-practice actions, is a 
minority rule in the United States,” Estate of Schneider v. Finmann, 933 N.E.2d 
718, 720 & n.1 (N.Y. 2010) (collecting cases), other jurisdictions have devised two 
methods of analyzing such a question.  We address each method and adopt the 
amalgamation of the two—the multifactor third-party beneficiary test created by 
 
11 
the Supreme Court of Washington in Trask v. Butler, 872 P.2d 1080, 1084 
(Wash. 1994)—as discussed below. 
[¶17]  The first method used by other jurisdictions is the third-party 
beneficiary theory. Pursuant to this method, the principal inquiry in determining 
whether an attorney may owe a duty of care to a nonclient is whether, in the 
absence of a contractual relationship, the attorney’s services were intended to 
benefit the nonclient: 
a nonclient may maintain a cause of action against an attorney for 
professional malpractice as an intended third-party beneficiary in 
those limited situations where the client’s sole purpose in retaining the 
attorney is to benefit the nonclient directly, and the attorney’s 
negligence instead causes the nonclient to suffer a loss. 
 
Goldberger v. Kaplan, Strangis & Kaplan, P.A., 534 N.W.2d 734, 738 (Minn. Ct. 
App. 1995); see also Trask, 872 P.2d at 1084 (“[T]he threshold question is whether 
the plaintiff is an intended beneficiary of the transaction to which the advice 
pertained.”); Neal v. Baker, 551 N.E.2d 704, 705 (Ill. App. Ct. 1990) (“A nonclient 
must prove that the primary purpose and intent of the attorney-client relationship is 
to benefit or influence the third party.”). 
 
[¶18]  The second method is the multifactor balancing test, which is an 
augmentation of the third-party beneficiary test. Pursuant to the multifactor 
balancing test, the court also considers  
 
12 
the extent to which the transaction was intended to affect the plaintiff, 
the foreseeability of harm to him, the degree of certainty that the 
plaintiff suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the 
defendant’s conduct and the injury . . . [,] the policy of preventing 
future harm . . . , [and] whether the recognition of liability . . . would 
impose an undue burden on the [legal] profession. 
 
Lucas v. Hamm, 364 P.2d 685, 687-88 (Cal. 1961); see also Goldberger, 
534 N.W.2d at 738 (discussing the connection between the Lucas balancing test 
and the third-party beneficiary theory). 
[¶19]  In Trask, the Washington court noted that the two tests, although 
created independently in separate jurisdictions, “are indistinguishable in that their 
primary inquiry focuses on the purpose for establishing the attorney-client 
relationship.”  872 P.2d at 1084.  Thus, the Trask court combined the two to 
create a “modified multi-factor balancing test” in which “the extent to which the 
transaction was intended to benefit the plaintiff” is the threshold—and potentially 
dispositive—inquiry.  Id.  Only if some minimum benefit to the plaintiff was 
intended will the court go on to consider the other factors in the test.  Id.  
 
[¶20]  In a case similar to the one before us, the Maine Superior Court 
relied on the multifactor third-party beneficiary test as set out in Trask to support 
its conclusion that an attorney for the former personal representative owed no duty 
of care to the estate.  Jensen v. Crandall, 1997 WL 34981765, at **1-4 
(Me. Super. Mar. 4, 1997).  In weighing the relevant factors, the Jensen court 
 
13 
concluded that the attorney’s services were not intended to benefit the estate.  Id. 
at *4.  Additionally, the court highlighted that the estate had an alternative means 
for redress other than filing a claim against the personal representative’s attorney 
in that “[b]eneficiaries who have been injured by the personal representative’s 
actions may recover through a claim directly against the personal representative.  
The personal representative may in turn seek redress from his attorneys to the 
extent that his failure was occasioned by their breach of duty to him.”  Id.; see 
Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 51(3)(c).  The Jensen court 
also noted that imposing a duty to nonclients on the personal representative’s 
attorney would unduly burden the legal profession because of the “potential for . . . 
unresolvable conflict” both among the beneficiaries’ competing interests and 
between the beneficiaries’ interests and the intent of the testator.  Jensen, 
1997 WL 34981765, at *4. 
[¶21]  We reiterate that the general rule is that an attorney owes a duty of 
care to only his or her client.  See, e.g., Brown, 1997 ME 24, ¶ 10, 690 A.2d 956.  
Nevertheless, in limited and rare situations, when an attorney’s actions are 
intended to benefit a third party and where policy considerations support it, we 
may recognize a duty of care by that attorney to a limited class of nonclients.  
See, e.g., Estate of Schneider, 933 N.E.2d at 720-21 (holding that a nonclient estate 
could maintain a malpractice claim against the estate-planning attorney).  An 
 
14 
attorney will never owe a duty of care to a nonclient, however, if that duty would 
conflict with the attorney’s obligations to his or her clients.  Ramsey v. Baxter 
Title Co., 2012 ME 113, ¶ 11, 54 A.3d 710 (“The court will not impose a duty of 
reasonable care on an attorney if such an independent duty would potentially 
conflict with the duty the attorney owes to his or her client.” (alteration omitted) 
(quotation marks omitted)); see Estate of Keatinge, 2002 ME 21, ¶¶ 17-18, 
789 A.2d 1271; Nevin v. Union Trust Co., 1999 ME 47, ¶ 41, 726 A.2d 694; 
see also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 51(3)(b). 
[¶22]  In light of our adoption of the multifactor third-party beneficiary 
test, we would normally remand the case to the trial court.  In this case, however, 
no remand is necessary because there are no disputed facts to be decided, and 
applying the law to the facts leads to only one conclusion.  The parties presented 
the following facts to the trial court: MLA represented only Julibel during the 
probate litigation; MLA had advised both Joseph and Jerediah that it represented 
the personal representative and not the Estate; Joseph and Jerediah retained their 
own non-MLA attorney in connection with the inventory of Thomas’s house and 
for negotiating a caretaker agreement with Julibel for that house; and Joseph and 
Jerediah retained a different non-MLA attorney with regard to their petition to 
surcharge Julibel and remove her as personal representative.  In short, Joseph and 
Jerediah were represented by non-MLA counsel for the entire probate proceeding.  
 
15 
Even when viewing the stipulated facts in the light most favorable to Joseph, we 
cannot conclude that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to the existence of 
an attorney-client relationship between MLA and Joseph in his role as the 
successor personal representative.   
[¶23]  Although, in some unusual circumstances, an attorney hired by the 
original personal representative might owe a duty of care to the personal 
representative’s successor, those circumstances are not present here.  We 
conclude that the Superior Court correctly determined that Joseph did not meet his 
burden to present prima facie evidence of an attorney-client relationship between 
MLA and himself in his capacity as the successor personal representative.   
The entry is: 
Judgment affirmed.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
On the briefs: 
 
Lee H. Bals, Esq., Marcus, Clegg & Mistretta, P.A., Portland, 
for appellant Joseph N. Cabatit 
 
James M. Bowie, Esq., and Hillary J. Bouchard, Esq., 
Thompson & Bowie, LLP, Portland, for appellees Stephen A. 
Canders and Maine Legal Associates, P.A. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16 
At oral argument: 
 
Lee H. Bals, Esq., for appellant Joseph N. Cabatit 
 
James M. Bowie, Esq., for appellees Stephen A. Canders and 
Maine Legal Associates, P.A. 
 
 
 
York County Superior Court docket number CV-2011-257 
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY