Case Title: Milligan v. General Oil Co. Inc.

Citation: 293 Ark. 401, 738 S.W.2d 404

Docket Number: 

State: arkansas

Court: Arkansas Supreme Court

Date: 1987-11-02T00:00:00Z

Document:
738 S.W.2d 404 (1987) 293 Ark. 401 Larry G. MILLIGAN, Appellant, v. GENERAL OIL COMPANY, INC., Appellee. No. 87-151. Supreme Court of Arkansas. November 2, 1987. Wesley J. Ketz, Jr., Batesville, for appellant. Highsmith, Gregg, Hart, Farris & Rutledge, Batesville, Wright, Lindsey & Jennings, Little Rock, for appellee. *405 HOLT, Chief Justice. At issue in this action is whether the appellee's above ground gasoline storage tanks constitute a nuisance. Appellee General Oil Company, Inc. ("General Oil") operates a convenience store/gasoline service station, in a predominantly commercial location approximately five miles south of Batesville. The business fronts on the east side of Highway U.S. 167 in the community of Southside. There are several fuel pumps placed in front of the store and four above ground gasoline storage tanks with a total capacity of 21,000 gallons located approximately fifty-seven feet behind. The storage tanks have been in their present location for at least 14 years. Appellant Larry Milligan ("Milligan") has operated a grocery store which is south of and adjacent to General Oil's location since 1983. His store also fronts Highway U.S. 167 and is located approximately eighty-one feet from General Oil's storage tanks. The ground slopes naturally downhill from the General Oil property to the grocery store property. On April 17, 1986, Milligan filed suit in Independence County Chancery Court alleging that because of numerous incidents of fuel spillage, the storage tanks constituted a private and public nuisance. He asked for a permanent injunction to abate the alleged nuisance and for damages. In his decree on February 10, 1987, the chancellor found that the storage tanks did not constitute a nuisance or warrant an injunction. The chancellor awarded Milligan $1,000.00 as compensation for damages caused by the negligence of General Oil's employees in allowing fuel to escape into the grocery store parking lot and for the time and effort Milligan expended in cleaning up debris that General Oil had washed upon his land. From the judgment of the chancery court, Milligan appeals. General Oil cross-appeals on the ground that the trial court erred in awarding $1,000.00 in damages to Milligan. Although chancery court cases are reviewed de novo on the record, the findings of the chancellor will not be set aside unless they are found to be clearly erroneous. Ark.R.Civ.P. 52(a); Rose v. Dunn, 284 Ark. 42, 679 S.W.2d 180 (1984). Since the question of the preponderance of the evidence turns to a large extent on the credibility of the witnesses, we should give deference to the chancellor. Under the circumstances, we cannot say the findings of the Chancellor were clearly erroneous. "Nuisance is defined as conduct by one landowner which unreasonably interferes with the use and enjoyment of the lands of another and includes conduct on property which disturbs the peaceful, quiet, and undisturbed use and enjoyment of nearby property." Ark. Rel. Guidance Fdn. v. R.J. Needler, 252 Ark. 194, 477 S.W.2d 821 (1972). "Equity will enjoin the conduct which culminates in a private or public nuisance where the resulting injury to the nearby property and residents, or to the public, is certain, substantial, and beyond speculation and conjecture." Id. The distinction between private and public nuisance is simply the extent of the injury, i.e. the number of persons suffering the effects of the nuisance. Id. The mere diminution in the value of property or of the business by the nuisance, without irreparable injury, will not furnish sufficient cause for equitable relief. Gus Blass Dry Goods v. Reinman, 102 Ark. 287, 143 S.W. 1087 (1912). "The nuisance must be of a consistent, recurring and permanent nature, and from such nuisance there must flow injuries causing substantial, tangible and material discomforts and inconvenience, which result in a loss of health, loss of trade, partial but substantial destruction of business or the ruin of property, and the deprivation of its use and enjoyment to a material and substantial extent, before a court of equity will interfere by injunction to restrain the maintenance of, or to abate the alleged evil." Id. It is well settled that a filling station is not a nuisance per se. See Phillips v. Adams, 228 Ark. 592, 309 S.W.2d 205 (1958); Moore v. Wallis, 191 Ark. 551, *406 86 S.W.2d 1111 (1935). It has also been held that storage of fuel does not constutite a nuisance per se. Hilliard v. Shuff, 260 La. 384, 256 So. 2d 127 (1971). However, such storage may be a nuisance if it creates a substantial likelihood of fire or explosion in the future. See Phillips v. Allingham, 38 N.M. 361, 33 P.2d 910 (1934). The mere fear or apprehension of danger from fire or explosion due to the existence of gasoline storage tanks does not, in and of itself, justify injunctive relief. Id. Since storage tanks cannot be considered a nuisance per se, the burden is upon the complaining party to show that it is a nuisance in fact by clear and satisfactory evidence. Flippin v. McCabe, 228 Ark. 495, 308 S.W.2d 824 (1958). Whether or not General Oil's storage tanks constitute a nuisance is largely a question of fact. Phillips v. Adams, supra. The chancellor held that the mere fear of apprehension of danger from fire explosion due to the existence of gasoline storage tanks without more is not sufficient to justify an injunction and that it is necessary to show a reasonable certainty that such results are actually threatened, rather than merely anticipated. We agree. The storage tanks have been in their present location for at least 14 years. Interruption to Milligan's business caused by gas spills or other activities has been infrequent and temporary in nature. Likewise, General Oil has been in substantial compliance with the rules and regulations of the State Fire Marshal's Office pertaining to above-ground storage tanks, and there is no substantial proof that General Oil's activities resulted in pollution. In short, the proof does not support the claim that General Oil was using its property in an unreasonable, unwarranted, or unlawful manner. Injunctive relief is not warranted by the circumstances. On cross-appeal General Oil contends that the chancellor erred in awarding Milligan $1,000.00 in damages in that the record is void of any evidentiary basis for the award. We likewise agree. Under our law, a party seeking damages has the burden of proving his claim, and if no proof is presented to the trial court that would enable it to fix damages in dollars and cents, the court cannot award damages. Winkle v. Grand Nat'l Bank, 267 Ark. 123, 601 S.W.2d 559 (1980). The sole testimony on the issue was from cross-appellee Milligan: The only other evidence of damages is that Milligan repaved his parking lot. However, Milligan testified that the parking lot had been there for some time and the spilled gasoline did not cause all of the problem: As can readily be seen from the above quoted testimony, the chancellor could not have fixed damages with any degree of certainty. The damages were fixed only by sheer speculation. The chancellor erred in allowing Milligan $1,000.00 in damages. Therefore, we reverse this award on cross-appeal. Affirmed in part; reversed in part. HICKMAN and HAYS, JJ., concur in part and dissent in part. GLAZE, J., agrees with majority on direct appeal but concurs with results reached on cross-appeal. PURTLE, J., dissents. PURTLE, Justice, dissenting. The majority has added insult to injury in my opinion. The facts clearly establish that the appellee oil company continues to maintain above ground oil storage facilities which do not meet the minimum safety *408 standards of the State Fire Code. State Fire Marshal Ray Carnahan testified that since 1965 the Code has required that storage tanks for flammable liquids be placed underground. Testimony indicates these tanks were placed in their present above ground location sometime between 1970 and 1973. In any event, above ground tanks are required to have a dike large enough to contain the spill of the largest tank in the compound. The present concrete block retaining wall or dike does not meet the safety requirements of the Code for above ground storage tanks. The state fire marshal, after inspecting this dike stated: "There are cracks in the mortar joints. Some of the mortar has given way or dropped outIt needs to be bigger. It also needs to be repaired so there is not any cracks in the mortar." The fire marshal has referred this matter to the attorney general for appropriate action. The local fire department has been called to the scene of these tanks at least nine times within a three year period. The danger of fire or explosion is ever present. Gasoline or diesel has overflowed onto the appellant's property several times. After one such overflow the appellant felt compelled to resurface his driveway and parking area at a cost of $4,500. The dike has constant seepage and there is trash and grass which could easily cause a fire. The public, including school children, are constantly in the area and some even sit on the dike while waiting for the bus or other things. I feel no need to set out in detail additional testimony and evidence which seems to me to compel reversal of this case. I feel confident the trial court was clearly erroneous in refusing to enjoin this nuisance which may well cause serious injuries or death or at least great property damage. The evidence was more than sufficient to support the damage award and most certainly required an injunction.