Case Title: Pisack v. BC Towing, Inc.

Citation: 

Docket Number: 

State: new-jersey

Court: New Jersey Supreme Court

Date: 2020-01-16T00:00:00Z

Document:
SYLLABUS

This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office of the
Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the
Court. In the interest of brevity, portions of an opinion may not have been summarized.

              Bernice Pisack v. B&C Towing, Inc. (A-17/18-18) (081492)

Argued October 24, 2019 -- Decided January 16, 2020

LaVECCHIA, J., writing for the Court.

       This appeal concerns consolidated putative class actions brought by plaintiffs
whose vehicles were towed at the direction of local police and without plaintiffs’ consent.
Each plaintiff was charged for the non-consensual tow by a privately owned towing
company that had a contract with the respective local government to perform that towing
service. Plaintiffs brought suit challenging those charges in three class actions with
common legal claims. Plaintiffs alleged that the fees imposed by the private companies
violated the Predatory Towing Prevention Act (Towing Act), the Consumer Fraud Act
(CFA), and the Truth-in-Consumer Contract, Warranty and Notice Act (TCCWNA).

       One class action was dismissed on summary judgment and the other was allowed
to proceed only as an individual case. Plaintiffs appealed. The Appellate Division
reversed in a consolidated opinion.  455 N.J. Super. 225, 231-32 (App. Div. 2018).

       The Appellate Division’s decision explained that the Towing Act does not require
a preliminary exhaustion of administrative remedies prior to filing a complaint in
Superior Court, id. at 242; it considered and rejected the argument that defendants have
derivative immunity under the Tort Claims Act (TCA) because the private towing
companies were directed by the local police to tow plaintiffs’ vehicles, id. at 244; it
emphasized that the Towing Act expressly contemplates a CFA action, id. at 245; and it
addressed the pivotal question whether the pre-2018 Towing Act limited the types of
services for which a towing company can charge a fee and held that towing charges must
be consistent with the limitations provided by the Act and its regulations, id. at 245-47.

       In that last holding, the Appellate Division carefully reviewed and relied on the
then-current language of the Towing Act, which required the Director to “establish a
schedule of private property and other non-consensual towing and related storage
services for which a towing company may charge a service fee.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-14(a)
(2018). The Act then provided that it is “an unlawful practice for [a]towing company that
provides non-consensual towing services . . . [t]o charge a fee for a private property or
other non-consensual towing or related storage service not listed on [that] schedule of
services . . . except as may be permitted by the director by regulation.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-
                                            1
16(f)(1). The Director’s implementing regulations reinforced that command by providing
that “[a] towing company shall not charge any fee for private property towing or other
non[-]consensual towing and related storage services not included in [the Director’s
schedule].” N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.4(e). Given that statutory and regulatory language, the
Appellate Division reached the indisputable conclusion that “if a service is not listed on
the Director’s schedule, a towing company cannot charge for that service.”  455 N.J.
Super. at 247.

       Finally, the Appellate Division addressed whether any of plaintiffs’ asserted
claims can be pursued as class actions, holding that, depending on the facts developed
post-discovery, violations of the Towing Act and the CFA, as well as the TCCWNA, may
be challenged in a class action. Id. at 250.

        The defendant towing companies filed motions for leave to appeal to challenge the
Appellate Division’s decision, which the Court granted.  236 N.J. 24, 25 (2018);  235 N.J. 477 (2018). Those defendants now not only dispute the determinations listed above, but
also assert that amendments made to the Towing Act after the Appellate Division issued
its decision should be applied retroactively and would essentially resolve these disputes.

HELD: The 2018 legislation amending the Towing Act does not have retroactive effect,
and the Court agrees with the Appellate Division’s construction of the pre-2018 Act. The
Court affirms the Appellate Division’s thorough and thoughtful decision as to exhaustion
of administrative remedies, derivative immunity, and the remand as to the Towing Act
and CFA claims, all substantially for the reasons expressed in Judge Gilson’s opinion.
The Court separately addresses whether plaintiffs can pursue claims under the TCCWNA
and finds that plaintiffs are unable to state a claim under that statute. The Court therefore
reverses the judgment of the Appellate Division on that issue but affirms as to all others.

1. In 2008, the Legislature enacted the Towing Act, codified at  N.J.S.A. 56:13-7 to -23.
The Court reviews key provisions of that act as it existed at the time of the trial court and
Appellate Division decisions. After the Appellate Division rendered its decision, the
Legislature amended the Towing Act, see L. 2018, c. 165. Among the amendments
effected by the 2018 legislation, the Legislature added a new subsection to  N.J.S.A.
56:13-16, which provides in pertinent part that no provision of the Towing Act should be
interpreted to prevent towing companies “from charging fees for non-consensual towing
or related storage services in accordance with a duly-authorized fee schedule established
by a municipality or other political subdivision of this State with respect to a vehicle that
has been subject to non-consensual towing authorized by a law enforcement officer of
this State or the political subdivision.” L. 2018, c. 165, § 3(i) (codified at  N.J.S.A. 56:13-
16(i). The new section 16(i) took effect after the events that gave rise to this appeal.
(pp. 5-10)

                                              2
2. Three scenarios justify retroactive application of a legislative amendment: (1) when
the Legislature expresses its intent that the law apply retroactively, either expressly or
implicitly; (2) when an amendment is curative; or (3) when the expectations of the parties
so warrant. (pp. 10-11)

3. Here, the Legislature did not state that the 2018 amendments to the Towing Act would
have retroactive effect. Rather, the Legislature provided that the 2018 amendatory
legislation “shall take effect immediately.” L. 2018, c. 165, § 5. Those words bespeak an
intent contrary to, and not supportive of, retroactive application. Defendants point to
language in a Statement that accompanied the bill when introduced, which mirrored the
language of the bill and described it as clarifying. Case law has consistently recognized
that an amendment may be treated as curative provided it does not establish different or
new standards but rather is designed to reaffirm and clarify the existing standards. The
2018 legislation incorporating the new subsection (i) substantially changed the Towing
Act in a major way. Prior to the amendment, it was unlawful for a towing company to
charge a fee not included within the Director’s schedule.  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(f)(1) (2017).
After the amendment, towing companies may charge fees not included in the Director’s
schedule if the fee is authorized by a municipal ordinance.  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(i) (2018).
With that significant change, the Legislature substantively deviated from its prior
approach in the Towing Act; the amendment therefore cannot be considered curative.
Finally, the evidence and briefing submitted to the trial court and Appellate Division
indicated that all parties expected the issues in this appeal to be governed by the prior
version of  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16. The 2018 legislation amending the Towing Act does not
have retroactive effect and has no application in the present matter. (pp. 11-15)

4. After reviewing the procedural history of the consolidated cases, the Court affirms the
determinations detailed in the “Held” paragraph above. (pp. 15-21)

5. The Court addresses separately the Appellate Division’s determination that the
TCCWNA provides a cause of action for vehicle owners who received towing bills with
prohibited charges. Pisack,  455 N.J. Super. at 249. To assert a claim under the
TCCWNA, a plaintiff must establish: first, that the defendant was a seller, lessor,
creditor, lender or bailee or assignee; second, that the defendant offered or entered into a
written consumer contract or gave or displayed any written consumer warranty, notice or
sign; third, that at the time that the written consumer contract is signed or the written
consumer warranty, notice or sign is displayed, that writing contains a provision that
violates any clearly established legal right of a consumer or responsibility of a seller,
lessor, creditor, lender or bailee as established by state or federal law; and finally, that the
plaintiff is an aggrieved consumer. (pp. 21-24)

6. With respect to the first element, the owners of vehicles subjected to non-consensual
towing clearly were not buying, leasing, or borrowing any money, property, or services
from the towing companies. The Appellate Division agreed but found that the companies
                                               3
are “bailees” under the Act when they “take a vehicle.” Id. at 248. Here, no contract
existed between the vehicle owners and the towing companies when the companies towed
the vehicles, and it seems far from clear that a non-consensual or involuntary bailment is
what the Legislature had in mind for purposes of authorizing a TCCWNA action that is
premised on the idea that it is a consumer contract remedy. For bailment to constitute a
contract for purposes of a TCCWNA claim, the Legislature likely intended contractual
bailments for purposes of the TCCWNA, if at all. And, as for the second element of a
TCCWNA claim, the only writing exchanged between the plaintiffs and the towing
companies was the list of charges, which was provided after the plaintiffs paid to retrieve
their vehicles. The Court cannot accept that such after-the-fact “bills” constituted a
contract or notice to plaintiffs when plaintiffs had already paid the amount demanded to
recover their cars. That could not constitute a “meeting of the minds.” Given the
contractual underpinning of the consumer remedy that the TCCWNA is designed to
accomplish, that cause of action is ill-suited as a vehicle for plaintiffs to assert claims
relating to their non-consensual relationship with the towing companies. The Court finds
that plaintiffs are able to establish the final two elements of a TCCWNA claim but that
they failed to establish elements one and two. Plaintiffs therefore cannot state a cause of
action under the TCCWNA. The Court reverses the portion of the Appellate Division’s
judgment reinstating plaintiffs’ TCCWNA claims. (pp. 24-31)

    The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED IN PART and
REVERSED IN PART.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES ALBIN, PATTERSON,
FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and TIMPONE join in JUSTICE
LaVECCHIA’s opinion.

                                            4
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    A-17/
18 September Term 2018
                081492

  Bernice Pisack, on behalf of herself
   and all others similarly situated,

         Plaintiff-Respondent,

                   v.

         B & C Towing, Inc.,

         Defendant-Appellant,

                  and

        Marie J. Cavalchire and
        Alan Anthony Young,

              Defendants,

                  and

         B & C Towing, Inc.,

   Defendant-Third-Party Plaintiff,

                   v.

         The City of Newark,

        Third-Party Defendant.

Eptisam Pellegrino, on behalf of herself
    and all others similarly situated,

                   1
             Plaintiff-Respondent,

                       v.

         Nick’s Towing Service, Inc.,

             Defendant-Appellant,

                      and

        Nicholas Testa and Susan Testa,

                   Defendants.

   Christopher Walker, on behalf of himself
       and all others similarly situated,

                    Plaintiff,

                       v.

    All Points Automotive & Towing, Inc.,

                   Defendant,

                       and

               Thomas Locicero,

                   Defendant.

      On appeal from the Superior Court,
Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at
     455 N.J. Super. 225 (App. Div. 2018).

    Argued                           Decided
October 24, 2019                 January 16, 2020

                        2
 Gabriel H. Halpern argued the cause for appellant B & C
 Towing, Inc. (Pinilis Halpern, attorneys; Gabriel H.
 Halpern, on the briefs).

 Jeremy B. Stein argued the cause for appellants Nick’s
 Towing Service, Inc. (Hartmann Doherty Rosa Berman &
 Bulbulia, attorneys; Jeremy B. Stein and Paul S. Doherty,
 III, on the briefs).

 Andrew R. Wolf argued the cause for respondents
 Bernice Pisack and Eptisam Pellegrino (The Wolf Law
 Firm, The Law Office of Christopher J. McGinn, and
 Law Office of Edwyn D. Macelus, attorneys; Andrew R.
 Wolf, David J. DiSabato, Lisa R. Bouckenooghe,
 Christopher J. McGinn, and Edwyn D. Macelus, on the
 briefs).

 Matthew J. Giacobbe argued the cause for amicus curiae
 Garden State Towing Association (Cleary Giacobbe
 Alfieri Jacobs, attorneys; Matthew J. Giacobbe and
 Jessica V. Henry, on the briefs).

 Isabella R. Pitt, Deputy Attorney General, submitted a
 brief on behalf of amicus curiae Attorney General of New
 Jersey (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney;
 Jason W. Rockwell, Assistant Attorney General, of
 counsel, and Isabella R. Pitt, on the brief).

 Michael R. McDonald submitted a brief on behalf of
 amicus curiae Tumino’s Towing, Inc. (Gibbons,
 attorneys; Michael R. McDonald and Caroline E. Oks, on
 the brief).

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA delivered the opinion of the Court.

                           3
      This appeal concerns consolidated putative class actions challenging the

fees charged in connection with the non-consensual towing of vehicles at the

direction of local police. 1 The putative class plaintiffs brought lawsuits against

the towing companies that had municipal contracts to provide the towing

services. These consolidated actions involve a common set of facts. None of

the named plaintiffs consented to the towing of their vehicles. Each had his or

her vehicle towed at the direction of local police. And, each plaintiff was

charged for the non-consensual tow by a privately owned towing company that

had a contract with the respective local government to perform that towing

service.

      In addition to a common set of basic facts, the actions asserted common

legal claims. Plaintiffs alleged that the fees imposed by the private companies

violated the Predatory Towing Prevention Act (Towing Act or the Act),

 N.J.S.A. 56:13-7 to -23, the Consumer Fraud Act (CFA),  N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -

211, and the Truth-in-Consumer Contract, Warranty and Notice Act

(TCCWNA),  N.J.S.A. 56:12-14 to -18.

1
  There were initially three actions that were separately considered at the trial
court level and consolidated before the Appellate Division into a single
opinion. One action, captioned as Walker v. All Points Automotive & Towing,
Inc., has not been appealed to this Court.
                                        4
      Defendants not only dispute plaintiffs’ ability to pursue their causes of

action but assert that amendments made to the Towing Act after the Appellate

Division issued its decision should be applied retroactively and would

essentially resolve these disputes.

      Because the Towing Act lies at the center of this appeal, we begin by

reviewing that Act and the amendments thereto and by determining which

version of the legislation applies in this case.

                                         I.

      We first summarize the Towing Act, in the form in which it existed

when these causes of action arose; we then turn to the recent legislative

amendment of that Act and consider whether the amendments apply

retroactively, as defendants urge, or prospectively.

                                         A.

      In 2008, the Legislature enacted the Towing Act, L. 2007, c. 193

(codified at  N.J.S.A. 56:13-7 to -23), for the stated purpose “to create a

coordinated, comprehensive framework to establish and enforce minimum

standards for tow truck operators,”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-8(e) (2008). 2 The

 2
  The Legislature has since changed all references to “tow truck operators” to
“towing companies.” See L. 2018, c. 165. At the same time, the Legislature
also changed the use of the word “consumer” in the Towing Act to “person.”
Ibid. In this discussion, we adhere to the terminology of the version of the
Towing Act in effect at the time these causes of action arose.
                                        5
Legislature found that prior regulation of towing and towing companies was

“fragmented among various State agencies and local governments,” was

“inconsistent or inadequate,” and provided “insufficient recourse . . . under the

law.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-8(d). In addition, the Legislature found that some

towing companies engaged in predatory practices such as “charging

unwarranted or excessive fees.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-8(a), (b). In particular, the

Legislature found companies were “overcharging consumers for towing

services provided under circumstances where the consumer ha[d] no

meaningful opportunity to withhold consent.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-8(b).

Accordingly, the Legislature enacted the Towing Act, stating, as it was

advancing this reform legislation, its intent to stop “predatory towing, where a

vehicle is removed without the owner’s notice or consent and the owner is

charged an exorbitant fee for the vehicle’s return.” A. Consumer Affairs

Comm. Statement to A. 4053 1 (May 17, 2007).

      As enacted in 2008 and, where noted, amended by the Legislature in

2009, the Towing Act requires the Director of the Division of Consumer

Affairs (Director) to “establish a schedule of private property and other non -

consensual towing and related storage services for which a towing company

may charge a service fee.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-14(a). The Act instructs the

Director to “specify services that are ancillary to and included as part of basic

                                        6
. . . towing services for which no fees in addition to the basic towing service

fee may be charged.” Ibid. And, the Act renders it unlawful for towing

companies “[t]o charge a fee for private property or other non-consensual

towing or related storage service not listed on the schedule of services for

which a fee may be charged as established by the director except as may be

permitted by the director by regulation.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(f)(1).
3 The

 3
  The quoted language reflects the 2009 amendment to the Towing Act. See
L. 2009, c. 39, § 6. The original 2008 version stated:

            It shall be an unlawful practice for any towing company
            . . . [t]o charge any fee other than any applicable
            contract rate or, in the absence of an applicable contract
            rate, the lesser of the rate set forth in an applicable
            schedule of fees or other charges established by
            municipal ordinance adopted pursuant to section 1 of L.
            1979, c. 101 ([ N.J.S.A.] 40:48-2.49) or the rate
            specified in the towing company’s tariff on file with the
            director, or to charge a fee in an amount or for a service
            not listed on the tariff on file with the director at the
            time except as may be permitted by the director by
            regulation. Nothing in this section shall preclude a
            towing company, acting on behalf of a club or
            association, from charging members of the club or
            association a fee at a rate established by contract
            between the towing company and the club or
            association which is lower than the rate specified in the
            towing company’s tariff on file with the director,
            provided that membership in such club or association is

                                        7
Towing Act makes breach of its provisions a violation of the CFA.  N.J.S.A.

56:13-21(a). In addition to remedies available under the CFA, the Towing Act

provides that “the director may order a towing company that has billed a

consumer for any non[-]consensual towing or related storage an amount

determined by the director to be unreasonable to reimburse the consumer for

the excess cost with interest.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-21(b).4

      As required by  N.J.S.A. 56:13-14(a), the Director promulgated a

schedule of permitted fees for non-consensual towing and related storage

services. See N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.4. Plaintiffs allege that, in violation of the

Towing Act, the towing company defendants here charged them fees that were

            generally available to the public and that such rates are
            filed with the director pursuant to section 8 of this act.

            [L. 2007, c. 193, § 10.]

4
 The quoted language here also reflects the 2009 amendment. See L. 2009, c.
39, § 10. The 2008 version stated:
            In addition to any penalties or other remedies provided
            in L. 1960, c. 39 ([N.J.S.A.] 56:8–1 et seq.), the director
            may order a towing company that has billed a consumer
            or insurer an amount in excess of the fee specified in its
            filed tariff for the service provided to reimburse the
            consumer or insurer for the excess cost with interest.

            [L. 2007, c. 193, § 15.]

                                        8
authorized by municipal ordinance but were outside the schedule established

by the Director. Thus, this appeal springs from the conflict between what

defendants charged and what appears in the Director’s schedule.

      The trial courts and Appellate Division addressed plaintiffs’ claims in

each of the individual matters based on the law in effect at the time under the

Towing Act and the Director’s regulations promulgated pursuant to his

authority under that Act.

                                       B.

      After the Appellate Division rendered its decision in Pisack v. B&C

Towing, Inc.,  455 N.J. Super. 225 (App. Div. 2018), however, the Legislature

amended the Towing Act, see L. 2018, c. 165.

                                       1.

      Among the amendments effected by the 2018 legislation, the Legislature

added a new subsection to  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16, which provides in pertinent part:

            Nothing contained in any provision of the [Towing Act]
            shall be construed to prevent a towing company from
            charging a reasonable fee for storage of a vehicle that
            has been subject to non-consensual towing authorized
            by a law enforcement officer of this State or by any
            political subdivision of this State. Nothing contained
            in any provision of the [Towing Act] shall be construed
            to prevent a towing company from charging fees for
            non-consensual towing or related storage services in
            accordance with a duly-authorized fee schedule
            established by a municipality or other political
            subdivision of this State with respect to a vehicle that
                                       9
            has been subject to non-consensual towing authorized
            by a law enforcement officer of this State or the
            political subdivision, and there shall be a rebuttable
            presumption that fees charged in accordance with a fee
            schedule are not unreasonable or excessive.

            [L. 2018, c. 165, § 3(i) (codified at  N.J.S.A. 56:13-
            16(i)) (emphasis added).]

The amendatory legislation stated that it would “take effect immediately,” L.

2018, c. 165, § 5; it therefore became effective when signed into law on

December 20, 2018.

      Defendants contend that the new section explicitly permits the practices

challenged here, that is, the charging of “fees for non-consensual towing or

related storage services in accordance with a duly-authorized fee schedule.”

We turn first to their contention that the new section 16(i) should govern here,

even though it took effect after the events that gave rise to this appeal.

                                        2.

      “Settled rules of statutory construction favor prospective rather than

retroactive application of new legislation.” James v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co.,  216 N.J. 552, 563 (2014). In determining whether a statute applies retroactively, a

court’s analysis will focus on “whether the Legislature intended to give the

statute retroactive application.” Ibid. (quoting In re D.C.,  146 N.J. 31, 50

(1992)). We recognize three scenarios that justify retroactive application of a

                                        10
legislative amendment: “(1) when the Legislature expresses its intent that the

law apply retroactively, either expressly or implicitly; (2) when an amendment

is curative; or (3) when the expectations of the parties so warrant.” Ibid.

      Here, the Legislature did not state that the 2018 amendments to the

Towing Act would have retroactive effect. Rather, the Legislature provided

that the 2018 amendatory legislation “shall take effect immediately.” L. 2018,

c. 165, § 5. Those “words bespeak an intent contrary to, and not supportive of,

retroactive application.” Cruz v. Cent. Jersey Landscaping, Inc.,  195 N.J. 33,

48 (2008); accord Johnson v. Roselle EZ Quick LLC,  226 N.J. 370, 389

(2016).

      Still, defendants maintain that the 2018 legislation should be given

retroactive effect because it was intended to be curative, and they point to the

language in a Statement that accompanied the bill when introduced:

            The bill also clarifies that the Act does not prevent
            towing companies from charging a reasonable fee for
            storage of a vehicle that has been subject to non-
            consensual towing authorized by a law enforcement
            officer of this State or by a political subdivision if the
            law enforcement officer or an agent or employee of the
            political subdivision initiates, directs, orders, or
            requests the non-consensual towing of the vehicle. The
            bill further clarifies that the Act does not prevent
            towing companies from charging fees set forth in a
            duly-authorized fee schedule established by a
            municipality or other political subdivision of the State
            for non-consensual towing of a vehicle or related
            storage fees when such service is authorized by a law
                                       11
            enforcement officer or a political subdivision. The bill
            establishes a rebuttable presumption that fees charged
            in accordance with such a fee schedule are not
            unreasonable or excessive.

            [Sponsor’s Statement to A. 4782 6 (L. 2018, c. 165);
            accord A. Appropriations Comm. Statement to A. 4782
            (L. 2018, c. 165).]

Essentially, that language mirrors the language of the bill and describes it as

clarifying. However, defendants’ reliance on the verb “clarifies” as dispositive

of curative status is simply misplaced and is legally insufficient to satisfy the

meaning of a curative amendment entitled to retroactive effect.

      A statutory provision can be curative if it is “designed to 'remedy a

perceived imperfection in or misapplication of the statute.’” James,  216 N.J.

at 564 (quoting Schiavo v. John F. Kennedy Hosp.,  258 N.J. Super. 380, 386

(App. Div. 1992)); see also Ardan v. Bd. of Review,  231 N.J. 589, 611 (2018).

That said, amendatory legislation is deemed curative “if it does 'not alter the

act in any substantial way, but merely clarifie[s] the legislative intent behind

the [previous] act.’” James,  216 N.J. at 564 (alterations in original) (quoting

2nd Roc-Jersey Assocs. v. Town of Morristown,  158 N.J. 581, 605 (1999)).

Case law has consistently recognized that an amendment may be treated as

curative provided it “do[es] not establish different or new standards” but rather

is “designed to reaffirm and clarify the existing standards.” See D.C.,  146 N.J.

at 51. Our Court recently noted that “a legislative amendment is not
                                        12
considered 'curative’ merely because the Legislature has altered a statute so

that it better serves public policy objectives.” Ardan,  231 N.J. at 612 (first

citing James,  216 N.J. at 572; then citing Johnson,  226 N.J. at 391-92).

      The 2018 legislation incorporating the new subsection (i) substantially

changed the Towing Act in a major way. Prior thereto, the Act’s plain

language restricted the imposition of fees for non-consensual towing and

related services to those fees included in the schedule the Director was

required to promulgate. With the pre-2018 version of the Towing Act, the

Legislature expressly and unambiguously provided that it is unlawful “[t]o

charge a fee for a private property or other non-consensual towing or related

storage service not listed on the schedule of services for which a fee may be

charged as established by the director except as may be permitted by the

director by regulation.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(f)(1). Now, the 2018 amendatory

language qualifies that provision, stating that a towing company may charge

“fees for non-consensual towing or related storage services in accordance with

a duly-authorized fee schedule established by a municipality or other political

subdivision of this State.” L. 2018, c. 165, § 10(i) (codified at  N.J.S.A. 56:13-

16(i)).

      The difference between the two iterations of the law is stark. Prior to

the amendment, it was unlawful for a towing company to charge a fee not

                                        13
included within the Director’s schedule.  N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(f)(1) (2017).

After the amendment, towing companies may charge fees not included in the

Director’s schedule if the fee is authorized by a municipal ordinance.  N.J.S.A.

56:13-16(i) (2018). With that significant change, the Legislature substantively

deviated from its prior approach in the Towing Act; the amendment therefore

cannot be considered curative. The descriptor “clarifying” on which

defendants seek to rely, moreover, is insufficient on its own to render the

amendment curative: the substantial change we have detailed here cannot

become something less than it is by use of the descriptor “clarifying” when

describing the amendment.

      Finally, retroactive application of the 2018 amendments is not warranted

based upon the parties’ expectations in this matter. The evidence and briefing

submitted to the trial court and Appellate Division indicated that all parties

expected the issues in this appeal to be governed by the prior version of

 N.J.S.A. 56:13-16, which provided that the Director’s schedule controls the

universe of permitted fees for non-consensual towing and related storage

services. See Ardan,  231 N.J. at 613. The “expectations of the parties” do not

come into play on the retroactivity here. See ibid.

                                       14
      Accordingly, we conclude that the 2018 legislation amending the

Towing Act does not have retroactive effect and has no application in the

present matter.

                                       II.

      We turn now to briefly summarize the facts and procedural histories as

they were addressed by the Appellate Division in its consolidated opinion

involving these three matters.

                                       A.

      In Pisack v. B&C Towing, Inc., the Newark police contacted defendant

B&C Towing, Inc. (B&C), to tow plaintiff Pisack’s illegally parked vehicle.

 455 N.J. Super. at 234. Although the vehicle belonged to plaintiff, her son was

the primary driver, and he was the one who had parked it illegally. Ibid.

Plaintiff’s son retrieved the vehicle from B&C and paid the fee. Ibid. B&C

charged $152.45 for the non-consensual service. Ibid. After plaintiff’s son

paid the fee, defendant provided him with an invoice that itemized the charges

for towing, labor, an administrative fee, storage, and tax. Ibid.

      Plaintiff filed a verified complaint in Superior Court against B&C,

alleging that the $50.00 administrative fee -- $25.00 of which was required by

the contract between the City of Newark and B&C, and $25.00 of which was

permitted by a city ordinance -- violated the Towing Act. Ibid. In addition,

                                       15
plaintiff included consumer claims under the CFA and the TCCWNA. She

also filed for class certification. Id. at 235.

        Following an unsuccessful motion to dismiss by defendant and ensuing

discovery phase, the matter proceeded on cross-motions for summary

judgment, with the court granting defendant summary judgment and

dismissing plaintiff’s complaint. Ibid. The motion court reasoned as follows:

Plaintiff is not entitled to sue under the TCCWNA because she had no

contractual relationship with defendant. Ibid. Next, the Towing Act requires

exhaustion of administrative remedies prior to bringing an action under the Act

in Superior Court, which plaintiff failed to do. Ibid. Third, defendant has

derivative immunity from suit under the Tort Claims Act (TCA)5 because the

towing company was performing the functions as directed by the police. Ibid.

Finally, with respect to the fees charged by defendant, all were authorized by a

city ordinance. Ibid. As the motion court explained, “N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.5

provides that a fee for non-consensual towing will be presumed unreasonable

[only] if it exceeds the maximum amount that may be charged for the service

according to a schedule of fees set forth in municipal ordinance.”

        In Pellegrino v. Nick’s Towing Services, Inc., plaintiff Pellegrino was

involved in a motor vehicle accident, after which her vehicle was towed at

 5 N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 12-3.
                                         16
police direction by defendant Nick’s Towing Services, Inc. Id. at 235.

Pellegrino was charged and paid $448.36 for that tow. Ibid. Defendant later

mailed her an invoice listing a flatbed/towing charge, yard charge,

crash/collision wrap charge, credit card surcharge, administrative fee, sweep

roadway/clean up charge, storage fee, and tax. Ibid.

      Pellegrino filed a verified complaint on behalf of herself and others

similarly situated, alleging that the charges in the invoice violated the Towing

Act. She also brought claims under the CFA and TCCWNA. Id. at 235-36.

Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon

which relief may be granted pursuant to Rule 4:6-2(e). The court denied that

motion but also held that plaintiff may pursue her action only individually and

not on behalf of a class. Id. at 236. Contrary to the court’s ruling on Pisack’s

complaint, the motion court here did not regard Pellegrino’s failure to exhaust

administrative remedies as preventing her from bringing an action in court.

See ibid.

      A third matter was consolidated in the appeal before the Appellate

Division. Id. at 232. In Walker v. All Points Automotive & Towing, Inc., a

member of the River Edge Police Department directed that Walker’s vehicle be

towed after discovering Walker’s vehicle registration had expired. Id. at 232-

33. Defendant All Points Automotive & Towing, Inc. towed the vehicle to its

                                       17
storage yard and charged Walker $290.85 for the non-consensual services,

which included, among other charges, $35.00 for an administrative fee

permitted by local ordinance. Id. at 233.

      Walker filed a verified complaint against defendant, alleging that the

administrative fee violated the Towing Act and that the invoice presented by

defendant violated the TCCWNA. Walker’s complaint was dismissed on

summary judgment. 6 Ibid.

                                      B.

      In a consolidated opinion, the Appellate Division reversed all three

motion court orders and remanded for further proceedings. Id. at 231-32. We

granted motions for leave to appeal filed by defendants B&C Towing and

Nick’s Towing.  236 N.J. 24, 25 (2018);  235 N.J. 477 (2018). No petition was

filed in the Walker matter.

      The Appellate Division’s consolidated opinion addressed numerous

common issues presented in the matters that comprised the appeal: it

6
  The Walker motion court concluded that the Towing Act requires exhaustion
of administrative remedies and that plaintiff failed to attempt to resolve the
present matter with the Director before filing his complaint. The court also
determined that defendant acted lawfully when imposing a charge consistent
with local ordinance because the court did not view the Towing Act as
preempting municipal ordinances that impose local fees for non-consensual
towing.

                                      18
explained that the Towing Act does not require a preliminary exhaustion of

administrative remedies prior to filing a complaint in Superior Court, Pisack,

 455 N.J. Super. at 242; it considered and rejected the argument that defendants

have derivative immunity under the TCA because the private towing

companies were directed by the local police to tow plaintiffs’ vehicles, id. at

244; it emphasized that the Towing Act expressly contemplates a CFA action,

id. at 245; and it addressed the pivotal question whether the pre-2018 Towing

Act limited the types of services for which a towing company can charge a fee

and held that towing charges must be consistent with the limitations provided

by the Act and its regulations, id. at 245-47.

      In that last, and core, component of its holding, the Appellate Division

carefully reviewed and relied on the plain language of the pre-2018 version of

the Towing Act, which required the Director to “establish a schedule of private

property and other non-consensual towing and related storage services for

which a towing company may charge a service fee.”  N.J.S.A. 56:13-14(a).

The Act then provided that it is

            an unlawful practice for any private towing company or
            any other towing company that provides non-
            consensual towing services . . . [t]o charge a fee for a
            private property or other non-consensual towing or
            related storage service not listed on the schedule of
            services for which a fee may be charged as established

                                        19
            by the director except as may be permitted by the
            director by regulation.

            [N.J.S.A. 56:13-16(f)(1).]

The Director’s implementing regulations reinforced that command by

providing that “[a] towing company shall not charge any fee for private

property towing or other non[-]consensual towing and related storage services

not included in [the Director’s schedule].” N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.4(e). Given

that statutory and regulatory language, the Appellate Division reached the

indisputable conclusion that “if a service is not listed on the Director’s

schedule, a towing company cannot charge for that service.” Pisack,  455 N.J.

Super. at 247. That sound interpretation of the plain language of the pre-2018

Towing Act is perfectly congruent with our reading of that legislation in

connection with our analysis of the retroactivity of the 2018 amendments to

the Act.

      Finally, the Appellate Division addressed whether any of plaintiffs’

asserted claims can be pursued as class actions, holding that, depending on the

facts developed post-discovery, violations of the Towing Act and the CFA, as

well as the TCCWNA, may be challenged in a class action. Id. at 250.

      We affirm the thorough and thoughtful decision of the Appellate

Division authored by Judge Gilson as to those issues, including the remand as

                                         20
to the Towing Act and CFA claims, substantially for the reasons expressed in

the Appellate Division opinion. We address separately the Appellate

Division’s discussion of whether plaintiffs can pursue claims under the

TCCWNA.

                                          III.

                                          A.

      The Appellate Division held that the TCCWNA provides a cause of

action for vehicle owners who received towing bills with prohibited charges.

Id. at 249.

      The TCCWNA provides that

              [n]o seller, lessor, creditor, lender or bailee shall in the
              course of his business offer to any consumer or
              prospective consumer or enter into any written
              consumer contract or give or display any written
              consumer warranty, notice or sign after the effective
              date of this act which includes any provision that
              violates any clearly established legal right of a
              consumer or responsibility of a seller, lessor, creditor,
              lender or bailee as established by State or Federal law
              at the time the offer is made or the consumer contract
              is signed or the warranty, notice or sign is given or
              displayed.

              [N.J.S.A. 56:12-15.]

That provision further defines a consumer as “any individual who buys, leases,

borrows, or bails any money, property or service which is primarily for

personal, family or household purposes.” Ibid.
                                          21
      The Appellate Division first concluded that vehicle owners are

consumers within the meaning of the TCCWNA. Pisack,  455 N.J. Super. at
 247. The court reasoned that vehicle owners are defined as consumers under

the Towing Act, and that the Towing Act and the TCCWNA should be

construed consistently. Id. at 247-48. According to the court, both the Towing

Act and TCCWNA are remedial legislation intended to protect consumers and,

as such, it is “logical to give consistent construction to terms used in both

statutes.” Id. at 248. Further, the court reasoned that a vehicle owner is a

consumer under the TCCWNA because such owners bail their vehicles to the

towing companies. Ibid. While acknowledging that bailment is generally

established by contract, the court noted that a formal contract is not needed.

Ibid. Thus, “when towing companies take a vehicle, they are doing so as

bailees.” Ibid. Therefore, vehicle owners are consumers under the

TCCWNA, which defines consumers as individuals who, inter alia, bail

property. Ibid.

      Second, the appellate court concluded that the bills issued by the towing

companies constitute consumer contracts or notices within the meaning of the

TCCWNA. Id. at 249. The court reasoned that the TCCWNA is entitled to

broad construction given its remedial purpose and, as such, a writing need not

be a formal contract, warranty, notice, or sign to fall under the TCCWNA’s

                                        22
reach. Id. at 248-49. Further, the court reasoned that the bills and invoices

given to vehicle owners are required to complete the consumer transaction

because the Towing Act regulations (1) assume that the towing companies will

issue a bill for non-consensual towing services and (2) require towing

companies to keep the invoices for such non-consensual towing services for

three years. Id. at 249 (citing N.J.A.C. 13:45A-31.4(i) to (k); N.J.A.C.

13:45A-31.9(a)(1)).

      Finally, the court concluded that the prohibited charges billed by the

towing companies “are the type of deceptive consumer transaction that the

Legislature aimed to prevent under the TCCWNA.” Ibid. The court reasoned

that the inclusion of such prohibited charges in the bill deceived the vehicle

owners into thinking that such charges are enforceable. Ibid. However, the

charges were not permitted by the Towing Act and, therefore, violated a

clearly established right or responsibility under the TCCWNA. Ibid.

                                       B.

      We begin our review of this issue by examining the fundaments of a

TCCWNA action in order to assist our determination of whether the statute

was contemplated for use in this type of circumstance.

      The Legislature enacted the TCCWNA “to prevent deceptive practices in

consumer contracts.” Dugan v. TGI Fridays, Inc.,  231 N.J. 24, 68 (2017)

                                       23
(quoting Kent Motor Cars, Inc. v. Reynolds & Reynolds Co.,  207 N.J. 428,

457 (2011)); see also Spade v. Select Comfort Co.,  232 N.J. 504, 515 (2018).

      To assert a claim under the TCCWNA, a plaintiff must establish

            first, that the defendant was a “seller, lessor, creditor,
            lender or bailee or assignee of any of the aforesaid”;
            second, that the defendant offered or entered into a
            “written consumer contract or [gave] or display[ed] any
            written consumer warranty, notice or sign”; third, that
            at the time that the written consumer contract is signed
            or the written consumer warranty, notice or sign is
            displayed, that writing contains a provision that
            “violates any clearly established legal right of a
            consumer or responsibility of a seller, lessor, creditor,
            lender or bailee” as established by State or Federal law;
            and finally, that the plaintiff is an “aggrieved
            consumer.”

            [Spade,  232 N.J. at 516 (alterations in original)
            (quoting  N.J.S.A. 56:12-15, -17).]

      The TCCWNA issue in this appeal turns on whether plaintiffs can satisfy

the first two elements. If plaintiffs can establish those two elements, we do not

view the third or fourth elements as impediments. That said, we are

unpersuaded that plaintiffs satisfy the first two elements necessary for a

TCCWNA claim.

      With respect to the first element, the owners of vehicles subjected to

non-consensual towing clearly were not buying, leasing, or borrowing any

money, property, or services from the towing companies. It would distort the

ordinary usage of such terms to view these defendant towing companies as
                                       24
sellers, lessors, creditors, or lenders. The Appellate Division agreed but found

that the companies are “bailees” under the Act when they “take a vehicle.”

Pisack,  455 N.J. Super. at 248.

      “The elements of 'bailment’ are delivery of personal property by one

person to another in trust for a specific purpose, acceptance of such delivery,

and express or implied agreement to carry out the trust and return of the

property to the bailor.” 7 Mattson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co.,  124 F. Supp. 3d 381,

393 (D.N.J. 2015) (quoting Sgro v. Getty Petroleum Corp.,