Case Title: State v. Jones

Citation: 2012-Ohio-5677

Docket Number: 2008-0525

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2012-12-06T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 
State v. Jones, Slip Opinion No. 2012-Ohio-5677.] 
 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in 
an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested 
to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 
65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or 
other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be 
made before the opinion is published. 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2012-OHIO-5677 
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. JONES, APPELLANT. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets,  
it may be cited as State v. Jones, Slip Opinion No. 2012-Ohio-5677.] 
[No. 2008-0525—Submitted July 10, 2012—Decided December 6, 2012.] 
APPEAL from the Court of Common Pleas of Summit County, 
No. CR07 04 1294. 
__________________ 
O’CONNOR, C.J. 
{¶ 1} This is a death-penalty direct appeal as of right.  A Summit County 
jury convicted appellant, Phillip L. Jones, of numerous crimes in connection with 
the murder and rape of Susan Yates and unanimously recommended that he be 
sentenced to death.  The trial court accepted that recommendation and sentenced 
Jones accordingly. 
{¶ 2} For the following reasons, we affirm Jones’s convictions and 
sentence of death. 
 
 
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BACKGROUND 
Facts and Procedural History 
{¶ 3} Jones was charged with one count of aggravated murder, one count 
of murder, and two counts of rape. 
{¶ 4} Count 1 charged Jones with the aggravated murder of Yates while 
committing rape.  The count included a death-penalty specification for 
committing, attempting to commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or 
attempting to commit rape and that Jones was the principal offender in the 
commission of the aggravated murder, R.C. 2929.04(A)(7).  Count 2 charged 
Jones with the murder of Yates.  Counts 3 and 4 charged Jones with rape.1  All 
four counts included specifications charging Jones as a repeat violent offender. 
{¶ 5} Jones pled not guilty, and the case proceeded to trial. 
The state’s case-in-chief 
The criminal investigation 
{¶ 6} At around 6:20 a.m. on April 23, 2007, Richard Wisneski was 
jogging his usual route on the paved path through Mount Peace Cemetery in 
Summit County when he discovered a woman’s body.  The body was lying face 
up on the ground next to the path and in front of some headstones.  Wisneski ran 
out of the cemetery.  After unsuccessfully attempting to flag down a motorist, 
Wisneski ran to a McDonald’s restaurant and called 911. 
{¶ 7} Police officers arrived at the cemetery shortly thereafter and quickly 
determined that the woman, later identified as Susan Marie Christian Yates, was 
dead.  Yates was wearing a brown sundress under a denim skirt and vest, a denim 
jacket, and a bra.  Her skirt was torn.  So was her bra, which had been ripped at 
                                                          
 
1 The trial court instructed the jury that Count 3 referred to vaginal rape and Count 4 referred to 
anal rape.   
 
January Term, 2012 
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the connecting fabric between the cups and was turned around on her torso.  Her 
shoes, a denim hat, and a pocketknife were on the ground near her body.  Yates’s 
face and neck had numerous bruises.  A small, plastic, glow-in-the dark cross had 
been placed over her right eye. 
{¶ 8} The police searched the scene and collected evidence, including two 
buttons that they found on the roadway, 27 and 44 feet from the body, that 
appeared to match buttons on Yates’s dress.  One of Yates’s earrings was also 
recovered from the roadway. 
{¶ 9} The police were not able to immediately identify Yates because she 
did not have any identification on her and none of the officers recognized her.  
Later that same day, Yates was identified through her fingerprints, but her name 
was not released to the media.  The next day, April 24, an article in the Akron 
Beacon Journal newspaper reported that the body of an unnamed woman was 
found in the cemetery. 
{¶ 10} Around 4:00 p.m. that day, Jones was watching the news on 
television and reading the newspaper.  Afterwards, he and his wife, Delores, had a 
conversation about the news.  Shortly thereafter, the couple walked to a nearby 
store, and Jones bought some cigarettes.  Upon returning home, Delores got in her 
car and drove to the home of her friend, Charletta Jeffries. 
{¶ 11} Delores arrived at Jeffries’s home between 4:30 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.  
Delores ran up Jeffries’s stairs and screamed, “He did it, he did it.”  Jeffries 
asked, “He, who?” and Delores replied, “My husband, Phil.”  Jeffries then asked, 
“Did what?” and Delores responded, “Murdered the woman.”  Jeffries then asked, 
“What woman?” and Delores replied, “The woman that they found in the 
cemetery.” 
{¶ 12} Delores then called the police, told them that she had information 
about the woman found at the cemetery, and asked to speak to “somebody in 
charge.” 
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{¶ 13} Shortly after the phone call, Detective Richard Morrison arrived at 
Jeffries’s home.  Delores was hyperventilating and acting “hysterical.”  Morrison 
asked Delores, “Do you have something you need to tell me?”  Delores replied, 
“My husband is the one that killed that girl in the cemetery.”  Morrison then 
asked, “How do you know this?” and Delores said, “Because he told me her name 
was Susan.  Isn’t it Susan?”   
{¶ 14} Delores also disclosed that she had arrived home on April 22 at 
around 10:30 p.m., and Jones was not there.  Delores was unable to determine 
Jones’s whereabouts, and she spent the night with her mother.  Between 7:00 and 
8:00 the next morning, Delores returned home and found Jones asleep in bed.  She 
noticed that Jones had a scratch on his shoulder and lip. 
{¶ 15} During further questioning at the police department on April 24, 
Morrison showed Delores the cross found over Yates’s eye.  Delores said that she 
did not recognize it.  Later that evening, police officers accompanied Delores to 
her home, where she collected clothing and her jewelry box before going to a 
domestic-violence shelter. 
{¶ 16} On April 25, Delores notified police that she found a glow-in-the-
dark cross in her jewelry box and that it was similar to the cross found at the 
cemetery.  Delores testified that Jones had given her the glow-in-the-dark cross in 
June 2006 and that she knew that Jones kept another glow-in-the-dark cross in his 
wallet. 
{¶ 17} Based on the information learned from Delores’s interview, the 
Akron Police Department issued a “be on the lookout” for Jones.  Thereafter, the 
police secured an arrest warrant for Jones. 
The arrest 
{¶ 18} At around 11:00 p.m. on April 24, police spotted Jones driving near 
his home and arrested him.  Jones was briefly interviewed at the police station 
January Term, 2012 
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that night and stated only, “[A]ll I’m going to say about this is that it was an 
accident.” 
{¶ 19} Investigators examined Jones’s car and took swabbings from the 
interior of the vehicle.  Subsequent testing found no evidence that the victim had 
ever been in the car. 
The autopsy 
{¶ 20} The Chief Deputy Medical Examiner for Summit County, George 
Sterbenz, M.D., conducted the autopsy on Yates.  Dr. Sterbenz noted abrasions on 
the upper chest, collar bones, neck, and jaw line.  Yates had bruising around her 
right eye and scalp and smaller abrasions over her arms, legs, feet, and back.  Dr. 
Sterbenz also noted that the “blows caused abrasions * * * all over the neck and 
jaw and over the collar bones and shoulders.”  There were “gouging” or 
“fingernail type abrasions” on her neck, right thumb, and elbow.  Petechiae, or 
“pinpoint type hemorrhages,” were found on her face and in her eyes.  Yates’s 
larynx was fractured in two places: the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage. 
{¶ 21} Dr. Sterbenz concluded that Yates died from asphyxia by 
strangulation.  He opined that Yates had been dead for six to 12 hours before her 
body was found. 
{¶ 22} Dr. Sterbenz also concluded that Yates had been sexually assaulted.  
There were extensive vaginal injuries, including bruising of the fatty and 
muscular tissues that form the deep wall of the vagina.  He opined that such 
injuries may have been caused by “a fist * * * or very large rigid foreign object.”  
He also found a wadded Kleenex or toilet-type paper inside Yates’s vagina. 
{¶ 23} There was also a significant amount of internal, deep bruising to 
the anus and rectum.  Dr. Sterbenz stated that a long and rigid object likely caused 
these injuries from the object’s having been violently “placed into the anus” and 
“jammed up into the rectum.”  A twig was also found in the fecal material inside 
the rectum about four to six inches from the anal opening. 
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{¶ 24} A toxicology screen detected the presence of cocaine and alcohol.  
Yates’s blood-serum level of alcohol was .096 percent. 
The forensic evidence 
{¶ 25} Evidence collected during the criminal investigation and the 
autopsy was sent for testing to the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and 
Investigation (“BCI”). 
{¶ 26} Dale Laux, a forensic scientist at BCI in charge of examining 
samples to identify body fluids, found sperm on the vaginal swabs taken from 
Yates.  He also detected sperm on stains found on the inside of Yates’s skirt.  No 
seminal fluid was detected on the rectal swabs or on tissue paper found near the 
body. 
{¶ 27} Laux forwarded the samples that tested positive for sperm to Stacy 
Violi, a DNA examiner at BCI, for DNA testing.  Violi concluded, “Phillip Jones 
cannot be excluded as a source of semen on the vaginal swabs and cuttings from 
the skirt.”  Violi testified, “Based on the national database provided by the 
Federal Bureau of Investigation, the expected frequency of occurrence of the 
DNA profile identified in the sperm fraction of the vaginal swabs and the cuttings 
from the skirt * * * is one in three sextillion, thirteen quintillion unrelated 
individuals.”  In other words, Violi explained that she would have to test more 
than three sextillion individuals before finding the same DNA profile.  The 
world’s population is less than seven billion people. 
{¶ 28} Violi also tested swabs obtained from the surface of Yates’s breast.  
Violi concluded that “[t]he DNA profile from the breast swabs is a mixture of at 
least two individuals.  The major DNA profile is from an unknown male.  The 
minor DNA profile is consistent with contributions from Susan Yates.”  Violi also 
tested the cross, but did not find enough DNA to make a comparison. 
 
 
January Term, 2012 
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Other acts evidence 
{¶ 29} In 1990, Jones pled guilty to two counts of attempted rape.  He was 
sentenced to an indefinite prison term of four to 15 years.  Jones served 14 years 
and two months in prison before being released in July 2004. 
{¶ 30} A victim, T.J., who was 16 years old at the time of the assault, 
testified at Jones’s capital trial about the 1990 assault.  She recalled that on the 
evening of April 16, 1990, Jones, who was a friend of T.J.’s older sister, requested 
that T.J. accompany him and some of his friends on a drive to look for T.J.’s sister 
and to attempt to buy some marijuana.  Ultimately, Jones dropped the others off at 
their homes but drove T.J. to a wooded area near a park.  Jones stopped the car 
and pulled himself close to T.J..  As T.J. tried to fight Jones off, he put his hands 
around her neck and started choking her.  T.J. opened the car door and half of her 
body fell out. 
{¶ 31} Jones exited the car from the driver’s side, took hold of T.J., and 
forced her up a hill into a wooded area.  Jones continued to choke T.J. and also 
tried to remove her clothing while he threatened her and beat her on the back and 
attempted to anally rape her. 
{¶ 32} A police car arrived and parked behind Jones’s car.  A police 
officer got out of the car and started shining lights around the area.  Jones put a 
hand over T.J.’s mouth and a hand on her throat and threatened to kill her if she 
said anything.  He then attempted to rape her anally.  After the police officer 
drove away, Jones took T.J. back to his car and choked and vaginally raped her. 
{¶ 33} Afterwards, Jones told T.J. that he would kill her if she told anyone 
what he had done.  He then drove her home and dropped her off around the corner 
from her house.  T.J. ran home and told her family what happened; her sister 
called the police.  The police arrived and interviewed T.J. and then took her to the 
hospital for treatment. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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{¶ 34} During the trial for the crimes at issue in this appeal, the state 
introduced T.J.’s medical records, which reflect her treatment at the hospital after 
the sexual assault in 1990, as well as the certified judgment entry reflecting 
Jones’s convictions for the crimes against T.J.. 
Defense case 
{¶ 35} Jones testified in his own behalf. 
{¶ 36} At the outset of his testimony, he addressed T.J.’s testimony.  Jones 
stated that he first met T.J. around November 1989.  Jones said they had had sex 
“[a]t least several, maybe four times” before the rape.  Jones claimed that the 
sexual intercourse in the park that formed the basis of the 1990 conviction had 
been consensual. 
{¶ 37} Jones said he never choked T.J. and could not have done so 
because he has limited mobility in his right arm, which he asserted had been 
shattered in late 1989 and had led to the surgical removal of the radius bone. 
{¶ 38} Jones testified that T.J. may have claimed she was raped because 
he had told her that he was not going to leave his girlfriend, Christy Harmel.  
Nevertheless, Jones explained why he had pled guilty to two counts of attempted 
rape: “[I]t was my understanding that, the plea agreement, I would be granted 
super shock probation within 18 months to two years.  But it didn’t work out that 
way.” 
{¶ 39} Jones then testified about his relationship with Yates.  Jones stated 
that he first met Yates in February or early March 2007.  Jones had taken Yates, 
who was then homeless, to his house while his wife was at work; he let her 
shower, eat, and take some cigarettes.  In late March, Jones saw Yates at a 
McDonald’s restaurant and gave her some money to buy food. 
{¶ 40} At around 8:45 p.m. on April 22, Jones was driving on Balch Street 
in Akron and saw a man hitting a woman on the sidewalk.  Jones stopped to assist 
the woman, who was defending herself with a knife.  Jones recognized the woman 
January Term, 2012 
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as Yates.  Jones broke up the fight and told Yates to get in his car.  Jones and the 
man were “tussling,” and Jones alleged that the man punched and scratched Jones.  
The man then fled the scene. 
{¶ 41} Jones returned to the car to find Yates making a “primo” cigarette 
by inserting crack cocaine into a nicotine cigarette.  Jones stated that Yates 
appeared “kind of battered” from the fight, and her skirt was ripped.  She did not 
have a purse.  Yates smoked the cigarette and said she wanted more cocaine. 
{¶ 42} Jones drove Yates to the apartment of Deitra Snodgrass because he 
thought Snodgrass might know someone who was selling crack.  Jones and Yates 
arrived at the apartment and had a short conversation with Snodgrass, but left the 
apartment without any crack.  Thereafter, Jones and Yates bought crack from a 
man on a street corner.  Jones also purchased some beer and wine at a drive-
through market.  Jones testified that he had one beer, and Yates drank the rest. 
{¶ 43} Jones and Yates decided to go to Mount Peace Cemetery to avoid 
the police, and arrived at 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. Jones had worked as a groundskeeper 
at the cemetery, and his father had been buried there the previous June. 
{¶ 44} Yates prepared three more “primo” cigarettes and smoked them.  
Jones spread a blanket on the ground, and they got on it and started kissing and 
hugging.  Yates then urinated in the street and wiped herself with tissue that she 
had in her pocket and then left it on the roadway in the cemetery. 
{¶ 45} According to Jones, he and Yates decided to have vaginal 
intercourse and did so while he was wearing a condom.  He testified that Yates 
was not wearing underwear and that she had pulled up her skirt and the dress she 
was wearing underneath.  Jones testified that they did not have anal intercourse 
and that he did not do anything to Yates’s anal area. 
{¶ 46} Jones testified that Yates told him she wanted to have “rough” sex.  
According to Jones, Yates told him to put his hands around her throat and restrain 
her breathing as she neared orgasm.  Jones placed one hand around her throat, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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while they engaged in vaginal intercourse.  At some point, he “heard like a crack, 
cracking sound or popping sound.”  Jones realized that Yates was not moving.  He 
stopped having sex with her and then noticed that the condom had broken.  He 
purportedly used CPR to try to revive Yates but was unsuccessful. 
{¶ 47} Once Jones realized that Yates was dead, he panicked because he 
“had a rape case.”  He retrieved his blanket—which was partially underneath 
Yates and partially tangled on Yates’s neck, put the blanket in the trunk, and left 
the cemetery.  Around 10:30 or 10:45 p.m., Jones arrived home.  Delores was 
home; he told her that he had been out and had broken up a fight. 
{¶ 48} On April 24, Jones read a newspaper article about the police 
finding a dead woman in Mount Peace Cemetery.  Around 4:00 p.m., Jones had a 
conversation with Delores.  Jones and Delores then walked to a nearby store to 
buy cigarettes.  After returning home, Delores left the house but Jones did not 
know where she went. 
{¶ 49} Jones then contacted his sister, Yolanda, and drove to her home.  
They talked and Jones decided to turn himself in to the police that night.  Later 
that evening, Jones drove back to his house to see if Delores had returned home.  
The police then stopped and arrested him. 
{¶ 50} Jones testified that Yates’s death was “an accident.”  Jones said, “I 
guess it * * * went too far, [I] applied too much pressure.”  Jones testified that he 
did not leave the cross that was found over Yates’s eye.  And he denied ever 
seeing the cross that his wife found in her jewelry box. 
{¶ 51} During cross-examination, the state presented a life-size doll and 
told Jones to demonstrate how he strangled Yates as he had testified on direct, 
which Jones attempted to do.  Jones also testified that he did not cause the injuries 
to Yates’s face and neck and that he had no explanation for the twig found in 
Yates’s rectum or her anal injuries, except to say that “some other guy” might 
have caused them. 
January Term, 2012 
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{¶ 52} Jones did not notify the police after he left the cemetery because he 
thought they would accuse him of intentionally killing Yates.  Jones stated that he 
threw his used condom onto the ground in the cemetery and also left some beer 
cans. 
{¶ 53} Deitra Snodgrass testified on Jones’s behalf.  She said that Jones 
and a tall, slender African American woman came to her apartment during the 
spring of 2007.  Snodgrass testified that the woman was wearing a long, “full-
length” denim skirt that was either split or ripped on the side. And the woman had 
bruises on her face and her face was swollen.  Snodgrass had a short conversation 
with them, and they left. 
{¶ 54} During cross-examination, Snodgrass conceded that she did not 
come forward until Jones’s brother, whom she referred to as “Uncle Wayne,” 
approached her approximately one week before she took the witness stand and 
told her that she might need to testify.  Snodgrass conceded that the day before 
she testified, she had told a detective that the woman’s denim skirt was short, not 
long. 
Rebuttal testimony 
{¶ 55} Dr. Sterbenz refuted Jones’s testimony.  After using the 
demonstrative doll to confirm Jones’s version of Yates’s death, Dr. Sterbenz 
explained the ways in which the physical evidence contradicted Jones’s 
testimony. 
{¶ 56} Detective Terrence Hudnall testified that the police found no wine 
bottle and no beer cans in the cemetery.  A used condom was found about 100 
yards from the body, but it was not broken. 
The verdict and sentence 
{¶ 57} The jury found Jones guilty of all counts and specifications.  Jones 
was sentenced to death for the aggravated murder of Yates.  He was sentenced to 
20 years in prison for the two rape convictions.  The court also sentenced Jones to 
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10 years in prison for the repeat-violent-offender specifications in Counts 3 and 4 
and ordered that they be served concurrently with each other, but consecutively to 
the sentence imposed in Counts 3 and 4, for a total of 30 years. 
{¶ 58} In his appeal here, Jones presents 10 propositions of law in an 
effort to reverse his convictions.  We now turn to those claims. 
ANALYSIS 
Jury selection 
{¶ 59} Excusal of death-scrupled jurors.  In proposition of law VI, Jones 
argues that the trial court improperly excused two prospective jurors for cause 
who were not unequivocally opposed to the death penalty. 
{¶ 60} A juror may be excused for cause if his views on capital 
punishment “would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties 
as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.”  Adams v. Texas, 448 
U.S. 38, 45, 100 S.Ct. 2521, 65 L.Ed.2d 581 (1980); State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio 
St.3d 416, 2006-Ohio-4853, 854 N.E.2d 150, ¶ 118.  A trial court’s resolution of a 
challenge for cause will be upheld on appeal so long as it is supported by 
substantial testimony.  State v. Wilson, 29 Ohio St.2d 203, 211, 280 N.E.2d 915 
(1972). 
Prospective juror Pan 
{¶ 61} First, Jones argues that the trial court abused its discretion by 
excusing prospective juror Pan.  Jones claims that Pan should not have been 
excused for cause because he indicated on his jury questionnaire and during voir 
dire that he could impose the death penalty. 
{¶ 62} In fact, Pan provided contradictory answers on his juror 
questionnaire and during voir dire.  Pan wrote on his questionnaire, “If there is no 
doubt, death penalty is OK!”  During initial voir dire questioning, Pan stated, “I 
mean, find guilty, was criminal, would be for the death penalty.” 
January Term, 2012 
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{¶ 63} But Pan changed his responses about his views on the death penalty 
as the questioning continued.  Pan indicated that he favored life without parole 
rather than the death penalty.  Pan explained that he had problems understanding 
some of the questions and legal terminology when he initially expressed his views 
about the death penalty.  Nevertheless, Pan indicated that he could vote for the 
death penalty in some situations.  After additional questioning, however, Pan 
stated that he would be against imposing the death penalty. 
{¶ 64} Over defense objection, the trial court excused Pan for cause and 
stated:  
 
I thought Doctor Pan has a real problem with the language 
and understanding, and clearly his testimony here is diametrically 
opposite of what he had written on his questionnaire, but it was 
clear that he did not understand what was taking place, and * * * 
based thereon he was excused having said the maximum that he 
could find a verdict for would be prison. 
 
{¶ 65} “ ‘The fact that the defense counsel was able to elicit somewhat 
contradictory viewpoints from * * * jurors during his examination does not, in 
and of itself, render the court’s judgment erroneous.’ ”  State v. Beuke, 38 Ohio 
St.3d 29, 38, 526 N.E.2d 274 (1988), quoting State v. Scott, 26 Ohio St.3d 92, 98, 
497 N.E.2d 55 (1986)  Moreover, it is the trial court’s responsibility to determine 
which answers reflect a prospective juror’s true state of mind.  See State v. Group, 
98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002-Ohio-7247, 781 N.E.2d 980, ¶ 66. 
{¶ 66} Pan’s responses to questions about the death penalty showed that 
he could not vote for the death penalty.  Additionally, Pan changed his answers 
about the death penalty because of language problems and his difficulty in 
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understanding the nature of capital proceedings.  Thus, the trial court did not 
abuse its discretion in excusing this juror. 
Prospective juror Powell 
{¶ 67} Second, Jones argues that the trial court abused its discretion in 
excusing prospective juror Powell.  Jones claims that Powell should not have been 
excused because he stated that he could vote for the death penalty under certain 
circumstances. 
{¶ 68} During voir dire, Powell stated that he would have a “real problem” 
in voting for the death penalty.  Powell stated that the only exception would be if 
“there was a videotape and confession by the individual, they were caught red-
handed * * * [o]r they requested that they be put to death, rather than spend their 
life in prison.”  Powell also stated, “I can’t imagine that I could take that step, 
especially knowing that maybe five years from now they come up with a law that 
says we are not going to do that [impose capital punishment] anymore.”  Over 
defense objection, Powell was excused for cause. 
{¶ 69} Powell expressed severe doubts about his ability to impose a death 
sentence when required by law.  Instead, Powell expressed his willingness to 
impose the death penalty only under very narrow circumstances, none of which 
were present in this case.  Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 
excusing this juror. 
{¶ 70} Because the record supports the trial court’s decision to excuse 
these prospective jurors, we reject proposition VI. 
Evidentiary issues 
{¶ 71} Demonstrative evidence. 
 In proposition of law I, Jones argues 
that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the state to use a 
demonstrative doll during its cross-examination of him and during the rebuttal 
testimony of the medical examiner, Dr. Sterbenz.   
January Term, 2012 
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{¶ 72} On direct examination, Jones testified that Yates died while they 
were having “rough” sex.  Jones stated that as the two began having sex, Yates 
asked him to place his hands around her throat in order to restrain her breathing as 
she came close to orgasm.  Defense counsel queried, “You have your hands, at 
least one or both, around her throat; is that correct?”  Jones answered, “One of 
them.”  Jones further testified that he then heard “a crack, cracking sound or 
popping sound” and noticed that Yates was not moving. 
{¶ 73} Before Jones’s cross-examination began, the prosecutor told the 
court that he anticipated calling Dr. Sterbenz as a rebuttal witness and therefore 
requested that Dr. Sterbenz be permitted to observe the state’s cross-examination 
of Jones.  The defense objected to Dr. Sterbenz’s observing Jones’s testimony.  It 
also objected to Jones’s demonstration on the doll. 
{¶ 74} As to the doll, defense counsel argued only: 
 
[W]e will object to having the State request that Mr. Jones perform 
any type of act on any type of—if I can use the phrase—  
 
The court finished defense counsel’s sentence by saying, “Demonstrative doll.”  
Defense counsel continued:  
 
A doll, all right, your Honor.  We are going to object to that.  The 
doll is no way close to the body size of Susan Yates.  And so what 
we are going to do is state an objection to this.  Your Honor, I 
don’t think it is a fair comparison; besides the doll is not alive. 
 
{¶ 75} The prosecutor responded, “I have not raised the issue of the doll 
yet.  I didn’t mention that, but actually the doll is the same size as Ms. Yates, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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approximately the same weight and height.”2  The trial court ruled, “Note the 
objection.  He may use it.”3   
{¶ 76} But the trial court sustained the objection to the state’s request for 
Dr. Sterbenz to observe Jones’s cross-examination.  The prosecutor then informed 
the court of the state’s alternative plan to convey Jones’s demonstration to the 
medical examiner: 
 
Mr. LoPrinzi (the prosecutor):  So we are clear on the 
record, I’m going to have Mr. Jones demonstrate on the dummy 
what he did, and * * * I will redemonstrate for the doctor, 
hopefully accurately.  I’ll do the best I can.  I would rather have the 
doctor see what he does, even if he’s just in for that portion. 
Mr. O’Brien (defense counsel):  It destroys the cross-
examination for our side, your Honor. 
The Court:  You will do the best you can, and if he’s not 
doing it right, they will make that clear.  The defense will make 
that clear. 
 
Use of the demonstrative doll 
{¶ 77} During cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Jones to use a life-
sized doll to demonstrate how he accidentally killed Yates, as he had described on 
direct examination.  The record is far from clear, but it does reflect that Jones left 
the witness stand and performed some type of demonstration. 
                                                          
 
2  The doll was not marked as an exhibit and is not part of this record.  In any event, Jones has 
abandoned the argument that the doll was dissimilar in size to the victim. 
 
3 Jones asserts that the prosecutor should not have been allowed to use the demonstrative doll, 
because the defense was surprised that it would be used.  Yet defense counsel never mentioned 
surprise in his objection.  And the record does not support Jones’s claim.  We disagree that 
defense counsel exhibited surprise by, in objecting to the doll’s use, stating only, “It destroys the 
cross-examination for our side * * *.”   
January Term, 2012 
17 
 
{¶ 78} The following exchange took place during the demonstration: 
 
Q (the prosecutor):  Can you show me how you grabbed 
her neck?  I assume * * * you were [lying] on top of her, correct? 
A (the defendant):  Yes, sir, I was. 
Q:  Okay.  And you used both hands to do it? 
A:  Yes, sir. 
Q:  All right.  And how hard did you do it? 
A:  I was just like applying pressure up here. 
Q:  Just like that? 
A:  Yes. 
Q:  No movement? 
A:  I was * * * having sex with her also at the time. 
Q:  I’m talking about with your hands around her neck. 
A:  Just like this. 
Q:  That was it, steady pressure, just like that? 
A:  I believe so, yes. 
* * * 
Q:  And other than what you are showing us right there, 
you did nothing else? 
A:  I was like this, and I was coming — I mean I was 
having sex, and I was putting my weight on her like that, both 
arms, like that. 
* * * 
Q:  And then you heard the pop? 
A:  Yes, sir. 
Q:  And when you heard the pop, did she stop moving? 
A:  Yes, sir. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
18 
 
* * * 
Q:  All right.  Now you can get up.  You can get up. 
The Court:  I think he can sit down. 
Mr. LoPrinzi:  Yes. 
The Court:  You can sit down, Mr. Jones. 
 
{¶ 79} At the start of Dr. Sterbenz’s rebuttal testimony, trial counsel 
objected to the prosecutor’s being allowed to attempt to replicate Jones’s 
demonstration with the doll.  The trial court overruled the objection and stated, 
“[T]he jury will remember what was produced now and determine whether it is 
the same, similar or not at all.”  The prosecutor then used the doll in framing the 
following question: 
 
Q:  Doctor, the defendant indicated he put both hands 
around her neck in this fashion, was up on both feet, over the top 
of her engaged in intercourse with all his weight pressed on her 
neck in that fashion, never did anything additional but put pressure. 
During that period of time, she was moving her arms on his 
arms, mumbling and engaging in sex, sexual activity with him or 
sex act, at which time he heard a pop in her neck area.  She 
stopped moving.  He then stopped choking her, and she was dead 
as he tried to revive her. 
 
{¶ 80} The prosecutor then asked Dr. Sterbenz “whether that scenario is 
consistent with [his] medical findings.”  Before providing his opinion, Dr. 
Sterbenz took the doll and expressed his understanding of what he had just been 
told: 
 
January Term, 2012 
19 
 
A (Dr. Sterbenz):  I’d like to clarify the circumstances or 
the terms * * * I will refer to as strangulation, for purposes of 
being very clear here, and I’m interpreting this as * * * a 
description of how the event occurred, I’m interpreting as any 
other hypothetical that I would have placed before me and asked 
my opinion[.] 
Q (the prosecutor):  That’s what we are asking. 
* * * 
The Witness:  One, can I approach the dummy? 
The Court:  You may. 
A:  What you are telling me is that the person, this 
individual is forward on — I mean, straddling this person and the 
hands are placed about the neck, gripping the neck, right and left 
hand gripping the neck. 
Also what you are telling me is that, I’m interpreting at 
least, if I’m wrong I would like to be corrected, that the hands 
other than gripping the neck and squeezing the neck, are otherwise 
static on the neck. 
Q:  That’s his testimony. 
* * * 
A:  I’m also assuming that the individual themself [sic], 
this case a dummy, is not in any way moving their hands in such a 
way to claw or grab or try to pry the hands off of her neck? 
Q:  That’s his testimony. 
A:  Okay.  And that the weight of this individual is in front 
to back direction as I am demonstrating, as I’m positioned here.  I 
mean, front to back of the dummy, pushing front, pushing straight 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
20 
 
down, not to the side or anything.  * * *  [I]t is just pushing down 
on the neck and squeezing the neck. 
Q:  That’s how it was shown. 
 
{¶ 81} Dr. Sterbenz opined that the physical evidence did not support 
Jones’s explanation about how Yates had died.  Dr. Sterbenz explained that 
“[s]imply placing hands on the neck and squeezing would not yield that type of 
pattern of injury” that Yates suffered.  He stated that the fractures of the cornu and 
hyoid bone resulted from a “violent squeezing force to the neck.”  Dr. Sterbenz 
also testified that “asphyxiation takes quite a number of minutes to occur, and 
after unconsciousness occurs, the pressure then needs to be maintained until death 
is accomplished.  And she has quite a bit of obvious petechia[e] on her face and 
eyes indicating that this is the type of pressure that occurred.” 
Applicable law 
{¶ 82} Demonstrative evidence is admissible if it satisfies the general 
standard of relevance set forth in Evid.R. 4014 and if it is substantially similar to 
the object or occurrence that it is intended to represent.  State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio 
St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 90; State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio St.3d 
543, 566, 687 N.E.2d 685 (1997).  The admission of demonstrative evidence is 
subject to Evid.R. 403.5  The trial court has discretion to determine whether 
demonstrative evidence is helpful or misleading to the trier of fact.  State v. 
Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68, 77, 717 N.E.2d 298 (1999).  A trial court’s ruling on 
the admission of demonstrative evidence is reviewed under the abuse-of-
                                                          
 
4 “ ‘ Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact 
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it 
would be without the evidence.”  Evid.R. 401. 
 
5 “Although relevant, evidence is not admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed 
by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.”  Evid.R. 
403(A).   
January Term, 2012 
21 
 
discretion standard.  State v. Herring, 94 Ohio St.3d 246, 255, 762 N.E.2d 940 
(2002).  See also Travers, Propriety of Requiring Criminal Defendant to Exhibit 
Self, or Perform Physical Act, or Participate in Demonstration, During Trial and 
in Presence of Jury, 3 A.L.R.4th 374 (1981). 
{¶ 83} We will address the two prongs of admissibility in turn. 
Relevance 
{¶ 84} The prosecutor’s use of the doll during cross-examination of Jones 
and during Dr. Sterbenz’s rebuttal testimony was relevant to Jones’s claim that he 
had accidentally killed Yates.  See State v. Landrum, 53 Ohio St.3d 107, 111, 559 
N.E.2d 710 (1990), quoting Hanoff v. State, 37 Ohio St. 178 (1881), paragraph 
one of the syllabus. 
{¶ 85} In Landrum, the defendant testified on his own behalf during his 
murder trial.  On direct examination, Landrum stated that he used a knife only to 
threaten the victim and that he did not cut the victim’s throat.  Id. at 109.  During 
cross-examination, the prosecutor handed the knife to the defendant and asked 
him to hold the knife just as he had on the night of the murder.  Id. at 110.  As an 
initial matter, we noted, “[T]he cold record does not reflect theatrics as Landrum 
claims.”  Id. at 111.  We then found no plain error in the court allowing the 
demonstration because it was relevant to impeach the defendant.  Id., quoting 
Hanoff, paragraph one of the syllabus.  In so holding, we explained, “ ‘Where 
upon a trial of an indictment the defendant offers himself as a witness, and 
testifies in his own behalf, he thereby subjects himself to the same rules, and may 
be called on to submit to the same tests as to his credibility as may legally be 
applied to other witnesses.’ ”  Id., quoting Hanoff, paragraph one of the syllabus. 
{¶ 86} Jones’s demonstration showed how he placed his hands around 
Yates’s neck, as he had described on direct examination.  But Jones’s story 
changed.  On direct examination, Jones expressly testified that he used one hand 
to restrain Yates’s breathing.  On cross-examination, Jones demonstrated that he 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
22 
 
used two hands to do so.  This discrepancy is obvious from the record and would 
have been glaring to the jurors. 
{¶ 87} Similarly, the prosecutor and Dr. Sterbenz used the doll during Dr. 
Sterbenz’s rebuttal testimony to clarify Jones’s explanation about what happened 
with Yates.  In turn, Dr. Sterbenz used autopsy photographs to explain that it was 
physically impossible for Jones to have killed Yates in the manner that he had 
demonstrated. 
{¶ 88} First, Dr. Sterbenz explained that Jones’s placing of his hands on 
Yates’s neck and squeezing would not produce the complex pattern of abrasions 
that were present on Yates’s neck.  To the contrary, Yates had upward abrasions 
that were consistent with a force “where there is twisting of one surface against 
the other, possible for skin to skin contact with very vigorous activity, but a soft 
ligature in between, such as twists of clothing about the neck is certainly another 
definite consideration.”  Dr. Sterbenz explained in contrast, “Simply placing 
hands on the neck and squeezing would not yield that type of injury.”  In addition, 
the severity of the bruising on Yates’s neck was not consistent with simply 
squeezing but rather “shows a violent act, level of force, and that is commonly 
conceived as or interpreted as violent.” 
{¶ 89} Next, Dr. Sterbenz explained that Jones’s explanation that Yates’s 
arms were not near her neck as Jones “restrained her breathing” was not credible 
because Yates’s neck had “gouging,” “fingernail type” injuries, which “speak[] to 
the concept that the victim is grasping at their neck and also clawing to try to 
move, remove whatever is the strangulation force around her neck * * *.” 
{¶ 90} Dr. Sterbenz further explained that Yates had a bruise on the left 
side of her neck that was not a mark that would be left by a hand.  “This is not a 
hand mark, this is no kind of mark that would be simply imparted by a hand 
statically squeezing the neck by any means.”  He also referenced a “big broad 
abrasion under the chin” that could not be explained by Jones’s version of events. 
January Term, 2012 
23 
 
{¶ 91} Regarding internal injuries, Dr. Sterbenz explained that there was a 
“hemorrhage along the left side of the larynx surrounding the blood vessels on the 
left side of the neck” that was inconsistent with Jones’s explanation.  Rather, that 
injury would be caused “from vigorous moving, vigorous, violent movement at 
the neck.” 
{¶ 92} Dr. Sterbenz explained that one would expect to find the thyroid 
cartilage to be fractured under Jones’s version of events—and it was.  But he 
explained that Yates’s fracture was a crack that was less than a centimeter and, 
from his professional experience with autopsy procedures, he knew that such a 
fracture would not produce a “pop.”  The medical examiner addressed each of the 
remaining fractures that he found in Yates’s neck and explained that none of them 
would produce a “pop.” 
{¶ 93} Additionally, Dr. Sterbenz pointed out that Jones had claimed that 
there was no other movement.  But the autopsy revealed large bruises on the back 
of the head that indicated that Yates’s head had been subjected to a “pounding 
action.” 
{¶ 94} Finally, Dr. Sterbenz explained that if Yates had gone limp and 
died immediately thereafter—as Jones claimed—one would expect to find some 
kind of injury to the spinal cord.  Dr. Sterbenz found no such injury.  Instead, Dr. 
Sterbenz discovered that Yates had fracturing of the larynx, which “is not going to 
result in a neurologic injury that would result in her suddenly going limp and 
sudden death.”  To further explain, Dr. Sterbenz testified that Yates died from 
strangulation relating to neck compression, which restricts the blood flow and 
which would have had to have been maintained for some time after Yates became 
unconscious.  In sum, Dr. Sterbenz found all Jones’s explanation of the 
strangulation to be inconsistent with the autopsy. 
{¶ 95} Jones’s demonstration directly aided the jury in understanding, and 
thus assessing, the credibility of his version of events.  Likewise, use of the 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
24 
 
demonstrative doll during rebuttal aided the medical examiner’s understanding of 
Jones’s explanation of the critical events and his ability to scientifically assess 
Jones’s story.  In turn, the jury was aided by Dr. Sterbenz’s opinion. 
{¶ 96} We readily conclude that the demonstrative evidence was relevant 
to Jones’s claim that he accidentally killed Yates.   
Similarity 
{¶ 97} The demonstrations were the same as or similar to the events that 
they were intended to represent.  Jones’s demonstration involved testimony about 
his own conduct.  Before providing the relevant testimony, Jones twice 
unequivocally stated that he recalled the night of Yates’s murder.  In any event, 
any dissimilarity between Jones’s demonstration on the doll and his actions with 
Yates did not give rise to unfair prejudice.  See Moore v. Texas, 154 S.W.3d 703, 
708 (Tex.App.2004) (defendant’s use of a doll during cross-examination was fair 
comparison to act in question because defendant demonstrated his own conduct). 
{¶ 98} And nothing in the record indicates that the prosecutor’s and the 
medical examiner’s use of the doll during rebuttal was different from Jones’s 
demonstration.  Indeed, Jones’s counsel lodged no objections to the accuracy of 
the replications and engaged in no cross-examination based on any alleged 
discrepancies. 
{¶ 99} Further, the trial court, which viewed the doll before ruling on its 
use, did not abuse its discretion in concluding that the demonstrative doll could be 
used because it was similar in size to the victim.  “ ‘An exhibit is not necessarily 
incompetent because it fails to show some exact thing in connection with the 
subject under investigation, provided it shows some matter bearing directly upon 
the matter under investigation, with an explanation of how it differs from that 
which is being investigated.’ ” State v. Cowans,  87 Ohio St.3d 68, 77, 717 
N.E.2d 298 (1999), citing Cleveland Provision Co. v. Hague, 20 Ohio C.C. (N.S.) 
January Term, 2012 
25 
 
34, 41 Ohio C.C. 223, affirmed, 87 Ohio St. 483, 102 N.E. 1121 (1912), and 
citing State v. Palmer, 80 Ohio St.3d 543, 564-566, 687 N.E.2d 685 (1997). 
{¶ 100} In any event, Jones no longer claims that the use of the doll was 
unfair because of its lack of similarity to the victim.  Indeed, he now concedes 
that “[t]he doll was approximately the same size of Ms. Yates.”  Thus, nothing 
shows that the trial court abused its discretion because of the doll’s alleged lack of 
similarity to the victim. 
Evid.R. 403 
Unfair prejudice 
{¶ 101} Jones contends that the use of the doll resulted in unfair prejudice 
because it improperly “focused the jury’s attention on only the cross-examination 
of Appellant, to the exclusion of the rest of the evidence.”  Jones did not raise this 
objection at trial; therefore, he has waived all but plain error.  See State v. Hale, 
119 Ohio St.3d 118, 2008-Ohio-3426, 892 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 58.  Neither plain nor 
any other error occurred. 
{¶ 102} As an initial matter we, like the court in Landrum, note that the 
cold record does not reflect the theatrics Jones claims occurred at trial.  While 
conceding that the record is “not entirely clear,” Jones suggests that “it appears 
Appellant was asked to lay [sic] on top of the doll, apply pressure to the neck with 
both hands, mimicking having sex.”6   
{¶ 103} A review of the transcript reveals that Jones was never asked to 
simulate sexual intercourse with the doll.  And there is no reason to believe that 
he, in fact, did engage in such a simulation.  We once again consider the 
following exchange for example: 
 
                                                          
 
6   At oral argument, counsel for Jones also argued that the court ordered Jones to “simulate the 
sex acts” and “the strangulation.”  The record does not reflect that the trial court issued any such 
directives to Jones.   
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
26 
 
Q (the prosecutor):  Can you show me how you grabbed 
her neck?  I assume * * * you were laying on top of her, correct? 
A (the defendant):  Yes, sir, I was. 
Q:  Okay.  And you used both hands to do it? 
A:  Yes, sir. 
Q:  All right.  And how hard did you do it? 
A:  I was just like applying pressure up here. 
Q:  Just like that? 
A:  Yes. 
Q:  No movement? 
A:  I was * * * having sex with her also at the time. 
Q:  I’m talking about with your hands around her neck. 
 
{¶ 104} This exchange reveals that the prosecuting attorney questioned 
Jones about the placement of his hands around Yates’s neck, the amount of 
pressure he applied to her neck, and the movement of his hands on her neck.  
When Jones referenced the sexual intercourse, it was the prosecuting attorney 
who actually redirected Jones to the strangulation. 
{¶ 105} Indeed, Jones’s demonstration related to the strangulation, which 
he claimed to be accidental, not to the intercourse, which he claimed to be 
consensual.  And the medical examiner’s clarifying questions and rebuttal 
testimony focused squarely on the position of Jones’s hands around Yates’s neck 
and the nature and direction of the pressure that Jones claimed to apply. 
{¶ 106} Moreover, the prosecutor used the doll only during a short 
segment of his cross-examination of Jones and the rebuttal testimony of Dr. 
Sterbenz.  The transcript of the guilt phase of the trial is more than 2,000 pages; 
the portion reflecting the use of the demonstrative doll by both witnesses totals 
January Term, 2012 
27 
 
seven pages, strongly suggesting that the demonstration was not unduly 
sensational or prolonged. 
{¶ 107} Finally, the demonstration was not per se unfairly prejudicial 
because it required Jones to leave the witness stand to conduct the demonstration.  
Prosecutors are allowed to ask the defendant during cross-examination to step 
down from the stand and demonstrate their conduct. 
{¶ 108} In State v. Harris, 2d Dist. No. 94 CA 37, 1995 WL 614348 (Oct. 
18, 1995), the defendant testified that he did not intend to kill the victim when he 
fired shots.  Id. at *5.  The prosecutor then asked the defendant during cross-
examination to step down from the stand and to demonstrate the angle at which he 
had held the gun when he fired the shots.  The prosecution also asked the 
defendant to approximate, by reference to another person involved in the 
demonstration, the distance that had existed between himself and the objects 
struck by the bullets.  Id.  The state used this demonstration to show that it was 
physically impossible for a bullet fired as the defendant demonstrated to have 
struck the objects he indicated.  Id.  In upholding the admission of the 
demonstration, the court stated, “It related directly to the veracity of Harris’s 
sworn statements and was a proper subject of cross-examination.”  Id.  We adopt 
Harris’s reasoning and likewise conclude that the demonstration here related 
directly to Jones’s veracity and was a proper subject of cross-examination. 
{¶ 109} We reject Jones’s claim that the demonstration was unfairly 
prejudicial. 
Confusion of the issues and misleading the jury 
{¶ 110} The prosecutor’s purpose in using the demonstrative doll was 
obvious and would not have confused the issues or misled the jury.  The entire 
case turned on Jones’s claim that he had accidentally killed Yates while they were 
having rough sex.  His demonstration and the prosecutor’s use of the doll during 
rebuttal was plainly for the purpose of impeaching Jones and to counter his 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
28 
 
testimony, which—if believed—would have constituted a defense to all of the 
charges contained in the indictment.   
 
{¶ 111} Based on the foregoing, we overrule proposition I. 
{¶ 112} Excited utterances by Jones’s wife.  In proposition of law II, 
Jones argues that the trial court erred in admitting his wife’s statements to Jeffries 
and Detective Morrison as excited utterances.  Jones contends that the statements 
not only did not meet the definition of excited utterance, but that their admission 
violated the spousal privilege and the Confrontation Clause.  For clarity’s sake, 
we will address Jones’s spousal-privilege claim first.7 
Spousal privilege 
{¶ 113} Spousal privilege is codified at R.C. 2945.42 and provides: 
 
Husband or wife shall not testify concerning a communication 
made by one to the other, or act done by either in the presence of 
the other, during coverture, unless the communication was made or 
act done in the known presence or hearing of a third person 
competent to be a witness, or in case of personal injury by either 
the husband or wife to the other * * *. 
 
{¶ 114} The R.C. 2945.42 privilege belongs to the nontestifying spouse.  
State v. Savage, 30 Ohio St.3d 1, 2, 506 N.E.2d 196 (1987).  “Spousal privilege 
                                                          
 
7 In light of the dissent’s mischaracterization of the presentation of witnesses, we are compelled to 
point out that, although we address Delores’s testimony first, she was the seventh witness to testify 
on behalf of the state.  Curiously, the dissent claims the following order of witnesses: Delores, 
Jeffries, Morrison.  In fact, the order was exactly the opposite.  The dissent’s misstatement was 
presumably made for dramatic effect in order to make the claim that after Delores’s testimony, 
“the jurors were left on the edges of their respective seats” awaiting testimony from Detective 
Morrison and Jeffries about the content of Jones’s statements to Delores.  It is concerning that the 
misstatement was possibly made out of a lack of familiarity with the record.  Given the interests at 
stake in this case, either is irresponsible.  As the dissent explains in another context, “the order of 
events is critical.”     
   
January Term, 2012 
29 
 
cannot be waived unilaterally and allows a defendant to prevent his or her spouse 
from testifying [as to privileged communications] unless one of the statute’s 
exceptions applies.”  State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d 55, 2007-Ohio-4837, 873 
N.E.2d 858, ¶ 55, fn. 3. 
Delores’s testimony 
{¶ 115} Before trial began, the trial court advised Jones’s wife, Delores, 
that she did not have to testify against Jones because he was her husband.  Delores 
said that she wished to testify.8  But because Jones asserted spousal privilege, the 
trial court ruled that Delores would not be allowed to testify “as to anything 
[Jones] told her relative to this matter.” 
{¶ 116} Consistent with that ruling, Delores testified during the state’s 
case-in-chief that at around 4:00 p.m. on April 24, Jones was at home reading the 
newspaper and watching the news on television.  She testified that she and Jones 
had a conversation about something that was on the news, but she did not testify 
about what they discussed.  “A little while later,” they walked to a store because 
Jones wanted to get some cigarettes. 
{¶ 117} After returning home, Delores drove to the home of her friend, 
Jeffries.  Delores testified that she was “[h]ysterical, upset, and hyperventilating.”  
Delores also testified that she arrived at Jeffries’s home and told Jeffries what her 
husband had said. 
{¶ 118} Delores and Jeffries then called the police; Delores spoke to 
someone at the detective bureau and stated that she “wanted to speak to somebody 
in charge” about the dead woman found in the cemetery.  Shortly thereafter, 
Detective Morrison arrived at Jeffries’s home, and Delores told him what Jones 
                                                          
 
8 Evid.R. 601 provides, “Every person is competent to be a witness except: * * * (B) A spouse 
testifying against the other spouse charged with a crime except when * * * (2) the testifying 
spouse elects to testify.”  Spousal competency is not an issue because Delores elected to testify.  
Indeed, Jones does not challenge Delores’s testimony on the basis of spousal competency.   
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
30 
 
had said.  Delores stated that when she talked to Morrison, she was still upset and 
scared. 
{¶ 119} Delores was not asked—and did not testify—as to the 
communication between her and Jones.  Therefore, Delores’s testimony did not 
violate Jones’s spousal privilege. 
Jeffries’s and Morrison’s testimony 
{¶ 120} Jones contends that his spousal privilege was violated by the trial 
court’s permitting Jeffries and Detective Morrison to testify that Delores had told 
them that Jones had told her that he killed the woman found in the cemetery.  We 
reject this argument because spousal privilege is wholly inapplicable to the 
testimony of a third party.  See State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122,  2009-Ohio-
6179, 920 N.E.2d 104. 
{¶ 121} In Perez, police investigators recruited the defendant’s wife to 
visit her husband in jail and “do some taped conversations.”  Id. at ¶ 108.  Perez’s 
wife agreed to allow her conversations with Perez to be recorded.  Id.  Before 
trial, Perez filed a motion to suppress the taped conversations on the ground that 
their admission would violate the marital privilege.  Perez argued that admitting 
the taped conversation was equivalent to allowing his wife to testify to the content 
of the conversation.  Id. at ¶ 112.  The trial court allowed the tapes to be played at 
trial.  Id. at ¶ 109. 
{¶ 122} We held that the admission of the taped conversations did not 
violate R.C. 2945.42 because they were not introduced by way of the defendant’s 
wife’s testimony.  Id. at ¶ 120-122.  We emphasized, “R.C. 2945.42 specifies that 
a ‘[h]usband or wife shall not testify concerning a communication made by one to 
the other * * *.’  (Emphasis added.)  Thus, on its face, the statute does no more 
than preclude a spouse from testifying to the other spouse’s statements.”  
(Emphasis sic.)  Id. at ¶ 113. 
January Term, 2012 
31 
 
{¶ 123} In so holding, we agreed with the Michigan Supreme Court’s 
analysis in People v. Fisher, 442 Mich. 560, 503 N.W.2d 50 (1993).  Perez at ¶ 
114.  In Fisher, the court held that Michigan’s spousal-privilege statute, which 
provided that one spouse could not, without the other’s consent, “ ‘be examined 
as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage’ ” did not 
apply to preclude a sentencing court’s consideration of out-of-court hearsay 
statements made by the defendant’s wife.  Id. at  568, quoting Mich.Comp.Laws 
600.2162. 
{¶ 124} Fisher had fatally stabbed the boyfriend of his estranged wife, 
Mary.  Id. at 563.  At trial, Fisher claimed that he had accidentally stabbed the 
victim when he (Fisher) came to Mary’s aid as her boyfriend was physically 
abusing her.  Id. at 564.  The jury rejected Fisher’s version of the events and 
convicted him of second-degree murder.  Id.  At sentencing, the court considered 
statements that were attributed to Mary and that were contained in the presentence 
report.  Id. at 565-566.  The report reflected, among other things, that Mary told a 
police officer that Fisher had admitted to her that he had stabbed the victim on 
purpose.  Id. at 566.  In holding that Michigan’s spousal privilege did not apply, 
Fisher concluded: 
 
 
The statute provides that neither spouse may “be 
examined” with respect to any communication made by one to the 
other during the marriage.  This phrase, “be examined,” connotes a 
narrow testimonial privilege only—a spouse’s privilege against 
being questioned as a sworn witness about the described 
communications.  In other words, the spouse must testify for the 
privilege to apply.  The introduction of the marital communication 
through other means is not precluded. 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
32 
 
Fisher at 575. 
{¶ 125} In Perez, we agreed with and relied on Fisher’s analysis in 
concluding that Ohio’s statutory spousal privilege did not apply to evidence 
introduced through a third party: 
 
“In construing a statute, we may not add or delete words.”  State v. 
Hughes (1999), 86 Ohio St.3d 424, 427, 715 N.E.2d 540.  R.C. 
2945.42 states that a “[h]usband or wife shall not testify 
concerning a communication made by one to the other * * *.”  
Like the phrase ‘be examined’ in Michigan’s statute, the word 
“testify” in R.C. 2945.42 clearly precludes the spouse’s testimony.  
Just as clearly, it does not preclude “introduction of the marital 
communication through other means.” 
 
Perez at ¶ 120, quoting Fisher, 442 Mich. at 575, 503 N.W.2d 50. 
{¶ 126} We noted that our decision was in accord with the fundamental 
principle of construing privileges narrowly.  Id. at ¶ 121 (“Privileges are to be 
construed narrowly because they impede the search for truth and contravene the 
principle that the public has a right to everyone’s evidence”); see also Trammel v. 
United States, 445 U.S. 40, 50, 100 S.Ct. 906, 63 L.Ed.2d 186 (1980). 
{¶ 127} And the Perez holding was also in accord with long-standing 
precedent.  In Hanley v. State, 5 Ohio C.D. 488, 12 Ohio C.C. 584, 1896 WL 558 
(1896), a decision of one of our appellate courts that was published more than a 
century ago, the defendant had been convicted of bigamy.  At trial, the state 
sought to introduce into evidence a letter that Hanley wrote to his first wife, 
which contained expressions that indicated that their marriage continued.  Id. at 
489.  The letter was authenticated by the marshal of Sandusky, who testified that a 
woman who claimed to be the defendant’s first wife had delivered it to him 
January Term, 2012 
33 
 
voluntarily.  Id.  Hanley unsuccessfully moved to suppress the letter on the 
ground that its admission would violate Ohio’s statutory spousal-privilege statute.  
Id. 
{¶ 128} The appellate court affirmed the use of the letter, explaining that 
the plain language of the statute “only provides that the husband or wife shall not 
testify * * *.  It does not prevent the introduction of [a spousal communication] 
into evidence.”  Id. at 491. 
{¶ 129} The court further explained that the spousal-privilege statute was 
generally understood to not provide protection to spousal communications that 
had been disclosed to a third party.  Id.  As the court wrote: 
 
[I]f either of these parties divulge these things by giving the 
written communication to another, or if that communication is 
disclosed by a robbery of the mails, or otherwise, and it gets into 
the hands of a third person, and the issue be raised, it is clear that 
that third person may, if he be a witness in the case, offer that 
communication. 
 
Id.   
{¶ 130} Resolution of Jones’s claim requires only a straightforward 
application of Perez.  Because the content of the conversation between Jones and 
Delores was not introduced by way of Delores’s testimony, R.C. 2945.42 is 
wholly inapplicable. 
Admission of out-of-court statements 
{¶ 131} We now turn our attention to the rules that apply to the admission 
of these out-of-court statements—the federal Confrontation Clause and our Rules 
of Evidence.  In doing so, we first more fully detail the relevant trial testimony. 
 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
34 
 
Jeffries’s and Morrison’s testimony 
{¶ 132} Jeffries testified that Delores arrived at her home between 4:30 
and 5:00 p.m. on April 24.  Delores immediately ran upstairs to Jeffries.  Delores 
was “upset” and “screaming.”  Jeffries noticed that Delores was wearing shoes 
even though Delores knew that the rule was no shoes inside the house.  Jeffries 
and Delores then had the following exchange: 
 
A:  I said: Delores, take your shoes off.  And that’s when 
she begins to say:  He did it, he did it. 
* * * 
Q:  And you said what now? 
A:  He, who?  And she said:  My husband, Phil.  And I 
said:  Did what?  And she said:  Murdered the woman.  And I said:  
What woman?  And she said:  The woman that they found in the 
cemetery. 
 
{¶ 133} Jeffries testified that Delores then called the police.  Delores was 
“really upset” and kept dialing the wrong number.  Morrison arrived at Jeffries’s 
home “[p]robably ten minutes” after the phone call. 
{¶ 134} Morrison testified that he had been assigned to investigate Yates’s 
murder and that another detective, Detective Urbank, called him at home around 
5:00 p.m. on April 24 and said that a woman wanted to speak with the detective 
working on the case of the dead woman found at the cemetery.  Urbank told 
Morrison that the woman was emphatic that she wanted to speak to someone 
working that day. 
January Term, 2012 
35 
 
{¶ 135} Morrison drove to Jeffries’s home immediately after the call and 
met Delores inside the house.9  Morrison described his meeting with Delores: 
 
A:  I couldn’t quite figure her out at first, she kept running 
back and forth, looking out the windows and pacing, making sure 
no one was coming.  She was hyperventilating and basically 
hysterical with me.  And basically I said:  Look, you called me.  
And that’s when I asked her:  Do you have something you need to 
tell me?  You called me out.  And she said:  My husband is the one 
that killed that girl in the cemetery. 
Mr. O’Brien (defense counsel):  Objection, hearsay. 
The Court:  Note the objection, overruled. 
Q:  And when she told you that, * * * what was your 
response? 
A:  I was as shocked as anybody.  I actually had to ask her, 
tell her to calm down:  Are you sure?  How do you know this?  
And she said:  Because he told me her name was Susan.  Isn’t it 
Susan?  Is it Susan?  
* * * 
Q:  Delores Jones tells you that her husband is the one that 
killed the woman in the cemetery, and that he told her * * * the 
woman’s name is Susan? 
A:  Yes. 
                                                          
 
9 Jeffries testified that when Detective Morrison arrived to interview Delores, Jeffries excused 
herself because she did not want to hear the discussion between Delores and Detective Morrison.  
Yet the dissent blames the majority for “ignoring the fact that Delores repeated the story to 
Detective Morrison in Jeffries’s home in the presence of Jeffries.”  (Emphasis added).  The “fact” 
relied on by the dissent is, in fact, fiction.   
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
36 
 
Q:  And you indicated previously that that information had 
not been released to the press, correct? 
A:  That was only known to us. 
 
{¶ 136} Admission of an out-of-court statement must comport with both 
constitutional dictates and evidentiary law.  Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 
36, 51, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).  Because certain testimonial 
statements are barred by the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the 
United States Constitution irrespective of their admissibility under the Rules of 
Evidence, we undertake the constitutional inquiry first.  See id.   
Crawford inquiry 
{¶ 137} The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”  Admission of an 
out-of-court statement of a witness who does not appear at trial is prohibited by 
the Confrontation Clause if the statement is testimonial unless the witness is 
unavailable and the defendant had had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the 
witness.  Crawford at 54. 
{¶ 138} At the threshold, we hold that even though Delores testified at 
trial, she was unavailable for purposes of the Confrontation Clause because Jones 
invoked the spousal privilege. 
{¶ 139} The facts of Crawford are substantially similar to those of this 
case as to the unavailability of the witness.  In Crawford, the defendant invoked 
the marital privilege to keep his wife, Sylvia, from testifying against him at trial.  
Id. at 40.  During trial, the state played the wife’s tape-recorded statement to 
police that described the offense he committed.  Id. Noting that the wife had 
admitted to facilitating the offense, the state invoked the hearsay exception for 
statements against penal interest.  Id.  Crawford countered that admitting this 
January Term, 2012 
37 
 
evidence violated his Sixth Amendment rights.  Id.  During appeals in state court, 
the state had argued that Crawford waived his right to confrontation when he 
neglected to call his wife to testify.  State v. Crawford, 147 Wash.2d. 424, 429, 54 
P.3d 656 (2002).  The Supreme Court of Washington rejected this argument and 
held that the defendant did not waive his right to confrontation when he invoked 
the marital privilege.  It reasoned that “forcing the defendant to choose between 
the marital privilege and confronting his spouse presents an untenable Hobson’s 
choice.”  Id. at 432. 
{¶ 140} The Supreme Court expressly did not reach the waiver argument 
because the state did not challenge that portion of the decision.  Crawford, 541 
U.S. at 42, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177, fn. 1.  Nevertheless, it did conclude 
that “[i]n this case, the State admitted Sylvia’s testimonial statement against 
petitioner, despite the fact that he had no opportunity to cross-examine her.  That 
alone is sufficient to make out a violation of the Sixth Amendment.”  (Emphasis 
added.)  Id. at 68. 
{¶ 141} Similarly here, the state does not argue that Jones waived his 
Sixth Amendment right to confront Delores by invoking the spousal privilege.  
See State v. Keairns, 9 Ohio St.3d 228, 460 N.E.2d 245 (1984), paragraph one of 
the syllabus (Confrontation Clause requires the prosecution, as the proponent of 
the evidence, to show unavailability of a witness).  Nor does the state argue that 
Jones had (but failed to pursue) the opportunity to cross-examine Delores while 
she was on the stand. 
{¶ 142} Consistent with Crawford, we hold that Delores was unavailable 
as a witness because Jones invoked the spousal privilege and that he had had no 
prior opportunity to cross-examine her.10  In doing so, we, as in Crawford, need 
not reach the waiver issue because it has not been asserted by the state. 
                                                          
 
10 This finding does not conflict with our holding in State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-
Ohio-6179, 920 N.E.2d 104.  In Perez, the defendant claimed that he was denied his right to 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
38 
 
{¶ 143} Thus, the admission of Delores’s statements pass constitutional 
muster only if they are nontestimonial for purposes of the Confrontation Clause.  
Accordingly, we must now determine whether Delores’s statements to Morrison 
and Jeffries were testimonial.  Doing so involves different inquiries for Morrison 
and Jeffries, because Morrison was a responding police officer. 
Statements to Morrison 
{¶ 144} In Crawford, the court explained that, whatever else the term 
“testimonial evidence” covers, “at a minimum, it applies to * * * prior testimony 
at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and to police 
interrogations.”  Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177.  
Since then, the court has expended considerable effort expounding on the 
meaning of “testimonial” in the context of police interrogation.  
 
{¶ 145} Two years after its decision in Crawford, the court revisited the 
issue in the consolidated cases of Davis v. Washington and Hammon v. Indiana, 
547 U.S. 813, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006).  In these cases, the court 
distinguished between police interrogations that concern an ongoing emergency 
and those that relate to past criminal conduct.  In considering whether the 
statements made in the context of these two different scenarios were testimonial, 
the court formulated the primary-purpose test: 
 
Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of 
police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that 
the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police 
assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.  They are testimonial 
when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such 
                                                                                                                                                               
confrontation because tape-recorded conversations between him and his wife were played during a 
police officer’s testimony rather than during his wife’s testimony.  Id. at ¶ 126.  In rejecting that 
claim, we did not address the issue of his wife’s unavailability because of spousal privilege. 
January Term, 2012 
39 
 
ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the 
interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially 
relevant to later criminal prosecution. 
 
Id. at 822. 
{¶ 146} Davis involved statements that a domestic-violence victim made 
to a 9-1-1 operator identifying her assailant and describing his whereabouts 
immediately after an assault.  Id. at 817-819.  Applying the test, the court 
determined that “the circumstances of [the 9-1-1] interrogation objectively 
indicate its primary purpose was to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing 
emergency.”  Id. at 828.  The court reasoned that “the nature of what was asked 
and answered [during the 9-1-1 call], again viewed objectively, was such that the 
elicited statements were necessary to be able to resolve the present emergency, 
rather than simply to learn (as in Crawford) what had happened in the past.”  
(Emphasis sic.)  Id. at 827.  In addition, the call “was plainly a call for help 
against bona fide physical threat” and involved “frantic answers” given “in an 
environment that was not tranquil, or even (as far as any reasonable 911 operator 
could make out) safe.”  Id.  Accordingly, the court held that these statements were 
nontestimonial.  Id. at 828. 
{¶ 147} Hammon involved a victim’s statements to police officers 
responding to a domestic-violence complaint after they had secured the scene.  Id. 
at 819-820.  The court held that these statements were testimonial and were barred 
by the Sixth Amendment.  Id. at 829-832.  The court stated that there was “no 
immediate threat” to the victim and “no emergency in progress,” because the 
police had separated the abusive husband from the wife.  Id. at 829-830.  The 
court reasoned that when the officer questioned the victim, he was “not seeking to 
determine (as in Davis) ‘what is happening’ but rather ‘what happened.’ ”  Id. at 
830.  The court concluded that “[o]bjectively viewed, the primary, if not indeed 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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the sole, purpose of the interrogation was to investigate a possible crime * * * .”  
Id. 
{¶ 148} In Michigan v. Bryant, __U.S.__, 131 S.Ct. 1143, 1156, 179 
L.Ed.2d 93 (2011), the court provided further explanation of the “ongoing 
emergency” discussed in Davis.  In Bryant, police officers responding to a 
shooting call found the victim, Anthony Covington, lying on the ground with a 
gunshot wound.  Id. at 1150.  Police officers asked Covington “ ‘what had 
happened, who had shot him, and where the shooting had occurred.’ ” Id., quoting 
People v. Bryant, 483 Mich. 132, 143, 768 N.W.2d 65 (2009).  Replying that 
“Rick” (the defendant) had shot him, Covington told the police that he had gone 
to Rick’s house and had a conversation with him through the back door.  Id.  
Covington explained that when he turned to leave, he was shot through the door 
and then drove to the gas station where the police found him.  Id.  Covington died 
within hours.  Id.  At trial, police officers who spoke with Covington testified 
about what Covington had told them.  Id.  The perpetrator was at large. 
{¶ 149} The United States Supreme Court held that Covington’s 
identification and descriptions of Bryant and the location of the shooting were 
nontestimonial statements because the primary purpose of the statements was to 
enable police to meet an ongoing emergency.  Bryant at 1166-1167.  In reaching 
its decision, the court provided further clarification of the “ongoing emergency” 
circumstance that occurs in the context of a nondomestic dispute that “extends 
beyond an initial victim to a potential threat to the responding police and the 
public at large.”  Id. at 1156. 
{¶ 150} Bryant emphasized that in assessing whether a statement is 
testimonial in such a case, the ultimate inquiry focuses on whether the primary 
purpose of the interrogation is to meet an ongoing emergency or to establish past 
events for later criminal prosecution.  Id. at 1156-1157.  In such an inquiry, a 
court must “objectively evaluate the circumstances in which the encounter 
January Term, 2012 
41 
 
occur[red] and the statements and actions of the parties.”  Id. at 1156.  The focus 
is not on the subjective or actual purpose or intent of the interrogator or the 
declarant, but on “the purpose that reasonable participants would have had” under 
the same circumstance.  Id.  The court cautioned that the focus must be on the 
perspective of the parties at the time of the interrogation, and not based on 
hindsight, for “[i]f the information the parties knew at the time of the encounter 
would lead a reasonable person to believe that there was an emergency, even if 
that belief was later proved incorrect, that is sufficient for purposes of the 
Confrontation Clause.”  Id. at 1157, fn. 8. 
{¶ 151} The court also emphasized that “whether an emergency exists and 
is ongoing is a highly context-dependent inquiry.”  Id. at 1158.  The court noted 
that “[d]omestic violence cases like Davis and Hammon often have a narrower 
zone of potential victims than cases involving threats to public safety.”  Id.  The 
court explained that “[a]n assessment of whether an emergency that threatens the 
police and public is ongoing cannot narrowly focus on whether the threat solely to 
the first victim has been neutralized because the threat to the first responders and 
public may continue.”  Id.  The court also stated that “the duration and scope of an 
emergency may depend in part on the type of weapon employed.”  Id.  In Bryant, 
the victim had been mortally wounded, the weapon was a gun, and the police had 
not known the identity of the shooter.  Under these circumstances, the shooter 
continued to pose a threat to Covington and possibly others because he was still 
on the loose.  Id. at 1166. 
{¶ 152} The court also noted, as it had in Davis, that “ ‘a conversation 
which begins as an interrogation to determine the need for emergency assistance’ 
” can “ ‘evolve into testimonial statements.’ ”  Id. at 1159, quoting Davis, 547 
U.S. at 828, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224.  The court explained: 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
42 
 
This evolution may occur if, for example, a declarant 
provides police with information that makes clear that what 
appeared to be an emergency is not or is no longer an emergency 
or that what appeared to be a public threat is actually a private 
dispute.  It could also occur if a perpetrator is disarmed, surrenders, 
is apprehended, or, as in Davis, flees with little prospect of posing 
a threat to the public.  Trial courts can determine in the first 
instance when any transition from nontestimonial to testimonial 
occurs, and exclude “the portions of any statement that have 
become testimonial * * *.” 
 
Id. at 1159, quoting Davis at 829. 
{¶ 153} The court stressed that “whether an ongoing emergency exists is 
simply one factor—albeit an important factor—that informs the ultimate inquiry 
regarding the ‘primary purpose’ of an interrogation.”  Id. at 1160. 
{¶ 154} Another factor involves the informality of the encounter, because 
“formality suggests the absence of an emergency and therefore an increased 
likelihood that the purpose of the interrogation is to ‘establish or prove past events 
potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.’ ”  Id., quoting Davis at 822.  In 
Bryant, the police encountered a “fluid and somewhat confused” situation.  Id. at 
1166.  Their questioning lacked formality because it “occurred in an exposed, 
public area, prior to the arrival of emergency medical services, and in a 
disorganized fashion.”  Id. at 1160. 
{¶ 155} The court also stated that “the statements and actions of both the 
declarant and interrogators provide objective evidence of the primary purpose of 
the interrogation.”  Id.  The court stated, “Davis requires a combined inquiry that 
accounts for both the declarant and the interrogator.  In many instances, the 
primary purpose of the interrogation will be most accurately ascertained by 
January Term, 2012 
43 
 
looking to the contents of both the questions and the answers.”  Id. at 1160-1161.  
Additionally, the court stated, “Objectively ascertaining the primary purpose of 
the interrogation by examining the statements and actions of all participants is * * 
* the approach most consistent with our past holdings.”  Id. at 1162. 
 
{¶ 156} Viewed objectively, the totality of circumstances surrounding 
Delores’s statements to Morrison demonstrate that the “primary purpose” of 
Morrison’s questioning was to obtain information about Yates’s murder.  We 
recognize that some of the facts tend to demonstrate that initially Jones appeared 
to pose a continuing threat to Delores and maybe others.  When Morrison arrived 
at Jeffries’s home, he was unsure of what he was going to encounter.  He found 
Delores, who was “hysterical” and afraid and who “kept running back and forth, 
looking out the windows and pacing, making sure no one was coming.”  
Moreover, this encounter occurred at Jeffries’s home, an informal setting, and not 
the police station. 
{¶ 157} On the other hand, Morrison was not dispatched to an active 
crime scene, unlike in Bryant and Davis.  He went to Jeffries’s home because he 
was told that a person had information about Yates’s death.  Her body had been 
found the previous day at a different location.  No gun was involved in Yates’s 
killing.  Thus, although the police were still trying to identify and apprehend an 
at-large perpetrator, Morrison’s arrival at Jeffries’s home and his contact with 
Delores did not occur in the midst of an ongoing emergency as in Davis and 
Bryant.  And they were not faced with the same type of ongoing threat as in 
Bryant.  Moreover, Morrison’s arrival at Jeffries’s home greatly reduced any 
immediate threat to Delores. 
{¶ 158} From Delores’s perspective, she called police to report that her 
husband had confessed to killing the woman found in the cemetery.  She insisted 
on speaking with “someone in charge.”  And although Delores was nervous and 
afraid, there is no indication that Jones had threatened her in any way. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
44 
 
{¶ 159} For all of these reasons, we conclude that Delores’s statements to 
Morrison were testimonial, and their admission into evidence violated the 
Confrontation Clause. 
Statements to Jeffries 
{¶ 160} Delores’s statements to Jeffries do not involve police 
interrogation.  Therefore, in order to resolve the Confrontation Clause question, 
we look to State v. Stahl, 111 Ohio St.3d 186, 2006-Ohio-5482, 855 N.E.2d 834, 
paragraph one of the syllabus, which sets for the applicable test. 
{¶ 161} In Stahl, we adopted the “objective witness test” for out-of-court 
statements made to a person who is not law enforcement.  We explained that such 
a statement is testimonial for Confrontation Clause purposes if the witness would 
have reasonably believed that her statement would be available for use at a later 
trial.  Id.  The focus is on “the expectation of the declarant at the time of making 
the statement; the intent of a questioner is relevant only if it could affect a 
reasonable declarant’s expectations.”  Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. 
{¶ 162} Delores’s statements were made to a friend after Delores arrived 
at her home.  Delores was crying and hysterical when she told Jeffries that her 
husband had told her that he killed the woman found in the cemetery.  An 
objective witness would not reasonably believe that Delores’s statements to her 
friend while in an emotional state, repeating what her husband had told her, would 
be available for later use at trial.  Indeed, Delores did not call the police until after 
she told Jeffries what Jones had told her. 
{¶ 163} Ohio courts of appeals have reached the same conclusion in 
similar situations.  See State v. Zadar, 8th Dist. No. 94698, 2011-Ohio-1060, ¶ 38 
(statements to a friend and a therapist not testimonial under “objective witness” 
test); State v. Peeples, 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 212, 2009-Ohio-1198, ¶ 31 (statement 
to a friend not testimonial because objective witness would not reasonably believe 
that the statement would later be used at trial). 
January Term, 2012 
45 
 
{¶ 164} For all of these reasons, we conclude that Delores’s statements to 
Jeffries were not testimonial, and their admission into evidence did not violate the 
Confrontation Clause. 
Admissibility under Evid.R. 803(2) 
{¶ 165} Having determined that Delores’s statement to Jeffries was not 
testimonial and therefore was not barred by the Confrontation Clause, we must 
also now decide whether the statement was admissible under our rules of 
evidence. 
{¶ 166} An excited utterance is “[a] statement relating to a startling event 
or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused 
by the event or condition.”  Evid.R. 803(2).  A four-part test is applied to 
determine the admissibility of statements as an excited utterance: 
 
(a) that there was some occurrence startling enough to 
produce a nervous excitement in the declarant, which was 
sufficient to still his reflective faculties and thereby make his 
statements and declarations the unreflective and sincere expression 
of his actual impressions and beliefs, and thus render his statement 
of declaration spontaneous and unreflective, 
(b) that the statement or declaration, even if not strictly 
contemporaneous with its exciting cause, was made before there 
had been time for such nervous excitement to lose a domination 
over his reflective faculties so that such domination continued to 
remain sufficient to make his statements and declarations the 
unreflective and sincere expression of his actual impressions and 
beliefs,  
(c) that the statement or declaration related to such startling 
occurrence or the circumstances of such starling occurrence, and  
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
46 
 
(d) that the declarant had an opportunity to observe 
personally the matters asserted in his statement or declaration. 
 
(Emphasis sic.)  Potter v. Baker, 162 Ohio St. 488, 124 N.E.2d 140 (1955), 
paragraph two of the syllabus, followed and approved in State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio 
St.3d 295, 612 N.E.2d 316 (1993), fn. 2. 
{¶ 167} First, Jones’s confession to Delores that he killed a woman was 
startling enough to produce sufficient nervous excitement to prompt Delores to 
make the excited utterance to Jeffries.  See State v. Bealer, 12th Dist. No. 
CA2002-3-056, 2003-Ohio-2114, ¶ 24 (defendant’s confession and description of 
a murder was a startling event). 
{¶ 168} Second, Delores’s statements to Jeffries were made while she was 
still under the stress of the startling occurrence, even though they were not 
contemporaneous with Jones’s confession. 
 
There is no per se amount of time after which a statement 
can no longer be considered to be an excited utterance.  The central 
requirements are that the statement must be made while the 
declarant is still under the stress of the event and the statement may 
not be a result of reflective thought. 
Therefore the passage of time between the statement and 
the event is relevant but not dispositive of the question.  “[E]ach 
case must be decided on its own circumstances, since it is patently 
futile to attempt to formulate an inelastic rule delimiting the time 
limits within which an oral utterance must be made in order that it 
be termed a spontaneous exclamation.” 
 
January Term, 2012 
47 
 
(Emphasis sic.)  Taylor at 303, quoting State v. Duncan, 53 Ohio St.2d 215, 219-
220, 373 N.E.2d 1234 (1978). 
{¶ 169} Less than an hour had elapsed between Jones’s confession and 
Delores’s utterance to Jeffries.  Delores went on a short walk with Jones and then 
drove alone to Jeffries’s home during that time.  Jeffries testified that Delores was 
highly upset and screaming when she entered Jeffries’s home.  Delores ran 
upstairs and blurted out that Jones killed the woman found in the cemetery.  Thus, 
Delores was under the influence of the startling occurrence when she made her 
excited utterance to Jeffries.  See State v. Wallace, 37 Ohio St.3d 87, 90-91, 524 
N.E.2d 466 (1988) (affirming admission of statements as excited utterance even 
though there was a 15-hour interval between startling occurrence and utterance 
and even though the declarant was unconscious for part of that time); State v. 
Baker, 137 Ohio App.3d 628, 649, 739 N.E.2d 819 (12th Dist.2000) (admitting 
testimony notwithstanding a several-hour interval between startling occurrence 
and utterance). 
{¶ 170} Jones argues that Delores’s statements were not made under the 
stress of the startling event because Delores responded to Jeffries’s questions.  
However, we have held: 
 
[T]he admission of a declaration as an excited utterance is 
not precluded by questioning which:  (1) is neither coercive nor 
leading, (2) facilitates the declarant’s expression of what is already 
the natural focus of the declarant’s thoughts, and (3) does not 
destroy the domination of the nervous excitement over the 
declarant’s reflective faculties. 
 
Wallace, paragraph two of the syllabus. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
48 
 
{¶ 171} Delores told Jeffries, “He did it, he did it” before Jeffries asked 
any questions.  Jeffries questioned Delores immediately thereafter.  This 
questioning prompted Delores to reveal that she was speaking about her husband 
and the dead woman found in the cemetery.  Jeffries’s questions to Delores were 
clarifying, not leading.  And they helped Delores express the focus of her 
thoughts.  Finally, Delores responded to these questions while she was 
“hysterical” and highly excited.  Accordingly, Delores’s statements did not lose 
their character as “excited utterances” just because she was, in part, answering 
questions. 
{¶ 172} Finally, the statements meet the third and fourth requirements of 
the Potter test.  Because these requirements are factually inextricably intertwined, 
we will address them together. 
{¶ 173} Delores’s statements related directly to the startling event, i.e., 
what Jones had told her, and Delores was with Jones when he admitted killing the 
woman who was found at the cemetery. The rationale behind Potter’s fourth 
requirement is to ensure the reliability of a declarant’s excited utterance.  Id. at 
496-498.  Delores’s presence at Jones’s confession provided the necessary 
reliability for her statements. 
{¶ 174} Jones cites State v. Smith, 97 Ohio St.3d 367, 2002-Ohio-6659, 
780 N.E.2d 221, ¶ 44, and argues that Delores did not have an opportunity to 
“personally observe the matters asserted in her statement or declaration,” as 
required by the fourth prong of the Potter test, because Delores did not witness 
Jones kill Yates or see the body in the cemetery. 
{¶ 175} But the startling event was Jones’s confession and not the murder 
itself.  For that reason, Jones’s reliance on Smith is inapposite.  Smith held that the 
declarant’s statement, “he killed my baby” did not meet Potter’s fourth 
requirement because the declarant did not witness her baby’s death.  Id. at ¶ 43-
44.  The facts also showed that the declarant’s boyfriend, the defendant, did not 
January Term, 2012 
49 
 
tell the declarant that he had killed the baby.  Id. at ¶ 4-5.  Thus, Smith is 
distinguishable because Jones, unlike Smith, told Delores that he killed Yates and 
Delores’s out-of-court statement related to that confession. 
{¶ 176} For all of these reasons, we conclude that Delores’s statements to 
Jeffries qualified as excited utterances under Evid.R. 803(2) and were therefore 
properly admitted into evidence.  But because Delores’s statements to Morrison 
were testimonial under Crawford and were improperly admitted into evidence, we 
must determine whether the error was reversible or harmless. 
Harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt 
{¶ 177} We hold that the erroneous admission of Morrison’s testimony 
relaying Delores’s out-of-court statements was harmless beyond a reasonable 
doubt in view of the remaining evidence establishing Jones’s guilt.  “A 
constitutional error can be held harmless if we determine that it was harmless 
beyond a reasonable doubt.”  State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-
791, 842 N.E.2d 996, ¶ 78, citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 
S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967). 
{¶ 178} Properly admitted evidence establishing Jones’s guilt beyond a 
reasonable doubt includes expert testimony that Jones’s DNA was found on 
vaginal swabs obtained from the victim and a stain found on the inside of Yates’s 
skirt.  The police also recovered a cross from Jones’s home that was similar to the 
cross found over Yates’s eye.  Delores’s excited utterance to Jeffries provided 
further evidence linking Jones to Yates’s murder. 
{¶ 179} Moreover, Jones admitted that he killed Yates when he testified 
on his own behalf.  He claimed that her death was an accident that occurred while 
they were having “rough” sex.  However, Dr. Sterbenz testified that Yates had 
been strangled for an extended period of time.  He found extensive bruising on 
Yates’s neck and face during the autopsy.  Dr. Sterbenz also found vaginal 
injuries that may have been caused by “a fist * * * or very large rigid foreign 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
50 
 
object.”  A twig was also found inside the victim’s rectum about four to six inches 
from the anal opening.  Finally, T.J. testified that Jones had threatened, choked, 
and raped her under similar circumstances in 1990. 
{¶ 180} Based on the foregoing, we overrule proposition II. 
{¶ 181} Evidence obtained from Jones’s wife.  In proposition of law III, 
Jones argues that the admission of a plastic cross that his wife turned over to the 
police violated his spousal privilege. 
{¶ 182} Delores told the police that she found a plastic cross in her 
jewelry box that was similar to the one that the police recovered from Yates’s eye.  
Thereafter, Delores gave her cross to the police.  During the trial, the prosecutor 
asked Delores, “And do you recall where that cross came from?  The one in your 
jewelry box, do you know where it came from?”  Delores replied, “Phillip had 
gave it to me” and that Jones had given it to her in June 2006.  Jones did not 
object to Delores’s testimony on this subject; nor did he seek its suppression. 
{¶ 183} Now, Jones argues that both Delores’s testimony that Jones gave 
her the cross and the admission of the cross itself violated R.C. 2945.42, which 
prohibits spousal testimony about any “act done by either [spouse] in the presence 
of the other.”  Jones’s failure to object waived any privilege.11  See Savage, 30 
Ohio St.3d at 3, 506 N.E.2d 196; Ruch v. State, 111 Ohio St. 580, 588, 146 N.E. 
67 (1924).  Based on the foregoing, proposition III is overruled. 
                                                          
 
11 In any event, the admission of the testimony and the cross did not violate Jones’s spousal 
privilege because Jones and Delores were not married when Jones gave Delores the cross.  Jones 
gave Delores the cross in June 2006, but they were not married until November 13, 2006.  R.C. 
2945.42 applies only to a spousal “communication made by one to the other, or act done by either 
in the presence of the other, during coverture.”  (Emphasis added.)  Coverture has been defined as 
“the condition or state of a married person, whether man or woman.”  Bentleyville v. Pisani, 100 
Ohio App.3d 515, 517, 654 N.E.2d 394 (8th Dist.1995).  Thus, R.C. 2945.42 does not cover 
communications made or acts performed prior to marriage.  See Bolen v. Humes, 94 Ohio App. 1, 
6, 114 N.E.2d 281 (5th Dist.1951); 1 Gianelli, Evidence, Section 501.23, at 406 (3d Ed.2010). 
January Term, 2012 
51 
 
{¶ 184} “Other acts” testimony.  In proposition of law IV, Jones argues 
that the trial court erred in admitting evidence that Jones had attacked and raped 
T.J. in 1990. 
{¶ 185} “Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to 
prove” a defendant’s character as to criminal propensity.  Evid.R. 404(B). “It 
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, 
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake 
or accident.”  Id.  “The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within 
the sound discretion of the trial court.”  State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 
N.E.2d 343 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. 
{¶ 186} T.J.’s testimony was admissible to prove lack of mistake or 
accident.  Jones told police after he was arrested, “[A]ll I’m going to say about 
this is that it was an accident.”  Thus, T.J.’s testimony was material because Jones 
claimed that he accidentally killed Yates, and the testimony was therefore 
properly offered by the state in its case-in-chief to prove absence of accident. 
{¶ 187} Jones argues that T.J.’s testimony was improperly admitted to 
prove identity because he “admitted to being there,” and therefore, “[i]dentity was 
not a material issue in this case.”  Because absence of mistake provided an 
independent basis for the admission of the testimony in the state’s case-in-chief, 
we need not address whether T.J.’s testimony could also be admitted during the 
state’s case-in-chief to prove identity.  But we do hold that, at the very least, 
Jones’s testimony raised identity to justify the jury’s ultimate consideration of 
T.J.’s testimony as to both identity and absence of accident. 
{¶ 188} Jones testified that when he picked up Yates, “[s]he was kind of 
battered from the fight because [another man] was kind of dwelling on her.”  
Accordingly, he claimed that he did not cause the injuries to Yates’s face and 
neck.  And Jones testified that “some other guy” was also likely responsible for 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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Yates’s anal and rectal injuries.  The presence of these injuries was central to the 
state’s case and Jones’s denying having caused them directly implicated identity. 
{¶ 189} Several common features link Yates’s murder and rape and T.J.’s 
rape.  Jones drove both women, whom he barely knew, to an isolated location.  
He then beat, choked, and vaginally raped them.  Jones attempted to anally rape 
T.J..  Similarly, Jones anally raped Yates; a twig was found inside her rectum, and 
significant bruising was found on the outer surfaces of her anus and rectum.  
Although there are some factual differences, the evidence of the first rape tends to 
show the identity of the perpetrator of the second rape.  Thus, evidence of Jones’s 
rape of T.J. meets the requirements for admissibility to show proof of identity.  
See State v. Craig, 110 Ohio St.3d 306, 2006-Ohio-4571, 853 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 44 
(defendant’s prior rape admissible to show proof of identity where “[s]everal 
common features” linked that rape to charged offenses of rape and murder). 
{¶ 190} T.J.’s testimony also helped to establish Jones's motive for 
murdering Yates to escape detection or apprehension.  See Craig at ¶ 45. After 
being raped and released, T.J. immediately notified police that Jones had raped 
her; he was convicted and was then incarcerated for 14 years.  See id.  T.J.’s 
testimony supports the state's argument that Jones killed Yates so that she could 
not notify the police that he had raped her. 
{¶ 191} Jones contends that T.J.’s testimony should not have been 
admitted because the 1990 rape and the 2007 rape-homicide were too removed in 
time.  In considering whether “other acts” evidence is too remote from the offense 
charged, we have stated:  
 
[A]lthough “other acts evidence aimed at showing an 
idiosyncratic pattern of conduct should not be so remote from the 
offense charged as to render them non-probative, logic does not 
require that they necessarily be near the offense at issue in both 
January Term, 2012 
53 
 
place and time.  * * *  The key to the probative value of such 
conduct lies in its peculiar character rather than its proximity to the 
event at issue.” 
 
Craig, 110 Ohio St.3d 306, 2006-Ohio-4571, 853 N.E.2d 621, at ¶ 46, quoting 
State v. DePina, 21 Ohio App.3d 91, 92, 486 N.E.2d 1155 (9th Dist.1984). 
{¶ 192} The 17-year separation of time, while significant, does not 
preclude the admissibility of T.J.’s testimony.  The two events present similar fact 
patterns with similar and unique features that tend to identify Jones as the person 
that raped and murdered Yates.  The length of time between the offenses is also 
less significant because Jones had been in prison for 14 of the 17 years.  
Accordingly, this argument is rejected. 
{¶ 193} Finally, Jones argues that T.J. should not have been allowed to 
testify, because her testimony ran a high risk of unfairly prejudicing the jury 
against him.  But the trial court provided the jury with the following limiting 
instruction: 
 
Evidence was received about the commission of other acts 
alleged to have been committed by the defendant in 1990 involving 
T.J..  That evidence was received only for a limited purpose.  It 
was not received, and you may not consider it, to prove the 
character of the defendant in order to show that he acted in 
conformity with that character.  If you find that the evidence of 
other acts is true and the defendant committed them, you may 
consider that evidence only for the purpose of deciding whether it 
proves:  One, the defendant’s absence of mistake or accident, 
motive, intent or purpose, opportunity, preparation or plan to 
commit the offenses charged in this trial; or, two, the identity of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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the person who committed the offenses in this trial through his 
scheme, plan or system. 
This evidence cannot be considered for any other purpose. 
 
{¶ 194} “A presumption exists that the jury has followed the instructions 
given to it by the trial court.”  State v. Murphy, 65 Ohio St.3d 554, 584, 605 
N.E.2d 884 (1992).  These instructions minimized the likelihood of any undue 
prejudice regarding the jury’s consideration of T.J.’s testimony.  In view of these 
instructions and the probative value of T.J.’s testimony, we conclude that the trial 
court did not abuse its discretion in admitting T.J.’s testimony. 
{¶ 195} Based on the foregoing, proposition IV is overruled. 
Penalty-phase issues 
{¶ 196} Prosecutorial misconduct.  In proposition of law V, Jones argues 
that the prosecutor committed misconduct by improperly cross-examining Joseph 
Dubina, a defense witness, during the penalty phase. 
{¶ 197} Dubina, the regional adminstrator of the Akron Regional Adult 
Parole Authority, testified that Senate Bill 2 was passed in 1996 and enacted 
“truth in sentencing.”  He testified that a person sentenced to life in prison without 
the possibility of parole will remain in prison until he dies.  Thus, he testified, if 
Jones receives a sentence of life without parole, he will never get out of prison.  
Trial counsel also asked Dubina the following questions: 
 
Q (defense counsel):  From time to time, we have heard the 
word commutation of sentence, or that sort of thing.  You have 
been with the parole board twenty-six years; is that correct? 
A:  Parole authority, yes. 
January Term, 2012 
55 
 
Q:  And up until—as far as you know, officially, in the last 
15 years, has any governor pardoned anybody or let them off death 
row?  
A:  No, none that I’m aware of in the last 15 years. 
 
{¶ 198} During cross-examination, the prosecutor asked Dubina about the 
commutation of sentences: 
 
Q:  Okay.  Attorney O’Brien asked you about a sentence, 
sentences being commuted.  Tell the jury what that mean[s]? 
A:  The governor has the authority to commute or pardon 
sentences that were set forth in court.  And so they have the 
authority to do that.  And also, if there is a law, change sometime 
between their sentence, when it is set and when it is finished * * * 
can change it as well. 
Q:  So if somebody is sentenced to death row, they are 
placed on death row, the governor could commute that sentence, 
correct? 
A:  Yes. 
 
{¶ 199} Over defense objection, the prosecutor asked Dubina about 
another death-row inmate: 
 
Q:  Are you aware of a defendant named Spirko, I believe 
out of Cuyahoga County who had been on death row and his 
sentence just today was commuted, just in the paper today, 
commuted by the governor? 
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A:  I have not officially heard or seen that.  I know there 
was hot media attention and a lot of issues there, but I have not— 
Q:  That wouldn’t surprise you that happened today? 
A:  No.  He has the authority to do that. 
 
{¶ 200} The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the remarks were 
improper, and if so, whether they prejudicially affected the accused’s substantial 
rights.  State v. Smith, 14 Ohio St.3d 13, 14, 470 N.E.2d 883 (1984).  The 
touchstone of the analysis “is the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the 
prosecutor.”  Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 219, 102 S.Ct. 940, 71 L.Ed.2d 78 
(1982). 
{¶ 201} Jones argues that the prosecutor’s questions about Spirko’s 
commutation were irrelevant and improper.  Evid.R. 611(B) provides, “Cross-
examination shall be permitted on all relevant matters and matters affecting 
credibility.”  Moreover, “[t]he limitation of * * * cross-examination lies within 
the sound discretion of the trial court, viewed in relation to the particular facts of 
the case.  Such exercise of discretion will not be disturbed in the absence of a 
clear showing of an abuse of discretion.”  State v. Acre, 6 Ohio St.3d 140, 145, 
451 N.E.2d 802 (1983). 
{¶ 202} The prosecutor committed no misconduct in asking about the 
Spirko commutation, because the defense opened the door to this line of cross-
examination when Dubina testified that the governor has not pardoned anyone on 
death row in the last 15 years.  See State v. Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-
Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 318.  Nevertheless, Jones claims that such cross-
examination effectively eliminated any sentencing option other than death from 
the jury’s consideration, because the jurors were left with the impression that his 
sentence could be commuted at some point in time.  We reject this argument 
because it is wholly speculative, at best.  Proposition V is overruled. 
January Term, 2012 
57 
 
{¶ 203} In proposition of law VII, Jones argues that the prosecutor 
committed misconduct during its penalty-phase opening statement in stating: 
 
What has been determined in the state of Ohio, as in some 
other states throughout the country, is that a citizen should not 
have to worry about walking down the street and being raped and 
murdered, and in this case, I would say specifically Susan Yates.  
That is why this case has such significance, because it was in 
connection, this aggravated murder was in connection with this 
rape. 
 
{¶ 204} Jones argues that the prosecutor’s remarks improperly appealed to 
the fears and passions of the jury by telling them that the death penalty was 
appropriate because citizens should be free to walk the streets and not worry 
about being raped and murdered.  But Jones failed to object to these remarks and 
thus waived all but plain error.  See State v. Wade, 53 Ohio St.2d 182, 373 N.E.2d 
1244 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus.  No plain error occurred. 
{¶ 205} “During opening statements, counsel is accorded latitude and 
allowed ‘fair comment’ on the facts to be presented at trial.”  State v. Diar, 120 
Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 145, quoting State v. 
Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 157.  The 
prosecutor’s comments portrayed what happened to Yates on the day she was 
raped and murdered.  The prosecutor’s remarks were not overly emotional and 
represented fair comment.  Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury that “[t]he 
opening statements * * * of counsel are designed to assist you.  They are not 
evidence.”  It is presumed that the jury followed the instructions of the judge.  
Diar at ¶ 145. 
{¶ 206} Based on the foregoing, we reject proposition VII. 
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58 
 
{¶ 207} Proportionality review.  In proposition of law IX, Jones argues 
that Ohio’s proportionality review is unconstitutional.  He contends that a 
meaningful proportionality review must include cases resulting in life 
imprisonment after a capital-sentencing hearing, as well as those resulting in the 
imposition of the death penalty.  However, we have consistently held that the 
proportionality review required by R.C. 2929.05(A) is satisfied by a review of 
cases in which the death penalty has been imposed.  See State v. Scott, 101 Ohio 
St.3d 31, 2004-Ohio-10, 800 N.E.2d 1133, ¶ 51; State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 
181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 23; State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 
509 N.E.2d 383 (1987), paragraph one of the syllabus.  Proposition IX is 
overruled. 
{¶ 208} Constitutionality.  In proposition of law X, Jones challenges the 
constitutionality of Ohio’s death-penalty statutes.  These claims can be summarily 
rejected.  See State v. Carter, 89 Ohio St.3d 593, 607, 734 N.E.2d 345 (2000); 
State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 473 N.E.2d 264 (1984), paragraph one of the 
syllabus. 
{¶ 209} In addition, Jones claims that Ohio’s death-penalty statutes violate 
international law and treaties to which the United States is a party.  These 
arguments lack merit.  See State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 69, 752 N.E.2d 904 
(2001); State v. Phillips, 74 Ohio St.3d 72, 103-104, 656 N.E.2d 643 (1995). 
{¶ 210} Jones also challenges the constitutionality of lethal injection.  We 
have previously rejected similar claims.  See State v. Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508, 
2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 131; Carter at 608. 
{¶ 211} Appropriateness of death sentence.  In proposition of law VIII, 
Jones argues that the death penalty is not appropriate because of the compelling 
mitigating evidence presented in his behalf.  We reject this argument for the 
reasons we explain during our independent sentence evaluation. 
 
 
January Term, 2012 
59 
 
INDEPENDENT SENTENCE EVALUATION 
{¶ 212} Having considered Jones’s propositions of law, we must now 
independently review Jones’s death sentence for appropriateness and 
proportionality as R.C. 2929.05(A) requires. 
{¶ 213} Aggravating circumstance.  The evidence at trial established 
beyond a reasonable doubt that Jones murdered Susan Yates while committing or 
attempting to commit rape, R.C. 2929.04(A)(7). 
{¶ 214} The dissent argues that there is residual doubt that Jones murdered 
Yates while committing rape. 
{¶ 215} During his testimony, Jones claimed that he did not intentionally 
murder Yates and, in so claiming, spun a tale of consensual sex gone awry.  
Initially, the dissent asserts that Yates’s death was, as Jones claimed, “possibly 
accidental.”  Eventually though, it concedes that “the jury could easily conclude, 
beyond a reasonable doubt, that Phillip Jones murdered Susan Yates * * *.”  In its 
final analysis, the dissent is unequivocal:  “There was no accident.” 
{¶ 216} But the dissent takes the bait on Jones’s claim of consensual sex 
and questions, “But was there rape?” 
{¶ 217} Tellingly, the dissent uses its next sentences to describe Yates’s 
poverty and substance abuse.  And it wonders, “[A]t some point did she draw her 
knife demanding more crack or his cash?”  The innuendo is inescapable and 
offensive.  Moreover, it was precisely Yates’s station in life—including that she 
was homeless and penniless—that Jones preyed on.  In our view, that makes the 
death penalty more appropriate, not less. 
{¶ 218} In any event, Yates’s body was the best evidence that Jones raped 
her.  And it was the best evidence that he killed her while she resisted the rape.  
Jones’s DNA was found in Yates’s badly bruised and torn vagina, which had also 
suffered injuries that were caused by a fist or “very large rigid foreign object.”  
Yates suffered similar injuries to her anus and rectum.  Moreover, the back of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
60 
 
Yates’s head had suffered a pounding action from being slammed to the ground 
repeatedly.  She clawed at her own neck trying to free her airway while Jones 
vigorously and relentlessly strangled her. 
{¶ 219} Yates’s body told the story of the unmitigated and gruesome 
events that took place in the graveyard that night.  Her body screamed the terror 
that Yates suffered: “I was killed while resisting rape.”  Jones silenced Yates’s 
voice; the dissent seeks to silence her body. 
{¶ 220} At trial, medical and forensic experts gave appropriate voice to 
Yates’s body.  Hemmed in by the overwhelming medical and forensic evidence, 
the dissent advances a completely unfounded theory: Jones abused Yates’s 
corpse.  In doing so, it questions whether the medical examiner could actually tell 
whether Yates’s injuries were postmortem, ignoring relevant testimony of the 
medical examiner on that very subject.  Bruising manifests differently before 
death than after because after death, “there is no more body reaction.” 
{¶ 221} And the dissent’s wild speculation contradicts (of all things) 
Jones’s testimony itself. 
{¶ 222} Recall that Jones’s defense was that the killing was accidental and 
the intercourse was consensual.  On that point, Jones unequivocally testified that 
he killed Yates while he was having vaginal intercourse with her.  And lest we 
forget, Jones claimed that his demonstration of the strangulation was unfairly 
prejudicial because the strangulation and the intercourse were inextricably 
intertwined, having occurred simultaneously. 
{¶ 223} But the dissent would justify setting aside Jones’s death penalty 
by dismissing the very argument that Jones has consistently advanced throughout 
this litigation.  To get there, the dissent would conveniently dismiss the 
inconvenient portions of Jones’s testimony by declaring that “at best [Jones’s 
testimony] could be only partially true.”  This statement is emblematic of the 
fundamental problem with the dissent’s reasoning—that is, it invents “facts” and 
January Term, 2012 
61 
 
ignores facts and therefore materially alters the questions before us.  And it 
refuses to apply settled law—which brings us to the bottom line: residual doubt is 
not a mitigating factor.  State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 686 N.E.2d 1112 
(1997), syllabus.  Even if it were, there is none here.   
{¶ 224} Mitigating evidence.  Against this aggravating circumstance, we 
are called upon to weigh the mitigating factors contained in R.C. 2929.04(B).  
Jones called ten mitigating witnesses and made an unsworn statement.  The 
defense also presented other documentary evidence and family photographs. 
{¶ 225} Dr. James Siddall, a clinical and forensic psychologist, evaluated 
and conducted psychological testing of Jones.  Dr. Siddall reviewed Jones’s 
educational, criminal-justice, and mental-health records and submitted a written 
report.  He noted that Jones had been incarcerated most of his life. 
{¶ 226} Jones was born May 2, 1970, and was raised in Akron.  Dr. 
Siddall testified that Jones grew up in a troubled family where there was domestic 
violence, and his parents divorced when Jones was young. 
{¶ 227} Dr. Siddall testified that Jones’s family has a history of 
psychiatric, substance-abuse, and criminal-justice problems.  Dr. Siddall stated 
that these problems have moved across the generations and began with Jones’s 
paternal and maternal grandparents.  His paternal grandfather was an alcoholic, 
engaged in domestic abuse, and died of a fatal injection of poisoned heroin.  
Jones’s maternal grandmother suffered from some form of mental instability and 
alcohol use.  She was sent to prison for murdering her boyfriend, who had raped 
and killed one of her sons.  Jones’s father committed domestic abuse and suffered 
from a learning disability.  His mother moved through foster care as a child and 
developed alcohol-related problems. 
{¶ 228} Jones attended special-education classes in the Akron public 
schools and did not adjust well to school.  He was retained in a couple of grades 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
62 
 
and was moved between schools several times.  Jones was expelled in the tenth 
grade because of truancy, disruptive behavior, and failing grades. 
{¶ 229} Jones was incarcerated several times as a juvenile.  Between 1979 
and 1988, Jones was convicted of receiving stolen property, destruction of 
property, and criminal damaging related to a series of auto thefts.  Jones was also 
convicted of petty theft and disorderly conduct.  Jones was depressed and made 
several suicide attempts during adolescence.  He attempted to hang himself when 
he was 16 and took an overdose of pills when he was 17. 
{¶ 230} As an adult in 1989, Jones was convicted of receiving stolen 
property and violating probation.  In 1990, he was convicted of two counts of 
attempted rape and served 14 years in prison.  Dr. Siddall testified that Jones had 
significant psychiatric interventions in prison.  His mood and behavior were very 
unstable, and he tried to cut himself on numerous occasions.  In 2004, Jones was 
paroled and was classified as a sexually oriented offender. 
{¶ 231} Jones used alcohol and marijuana during his youth.  Jones 
resumed using alcohol after he was paroled in 2004, but denied abusing drugs. 
{¶ 232} Jones and Delores married in November 2006.  Jones is also the 
father of a teenage son and daughter, who were born during his relationship with a 
former girlfriend. 
{¶ 233} Dr. Siddall testified that Jones’s reading ability is at the eighth-
grade level.  Results of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence test 
indicated that Jones has a full-scale IQ of 86, which places him in the low-average 
range.  Results of the Brief Neuropsychological Cognitive Examination 
(“BNCE”) were in the normal range, with the exception of one subset.  Excluding 
this subset, the BNCE results showed no evidence of neurocognitive impairment.  
Dr. Siddall reported that Jones’s “cognitive functioning including attention, 
concentration, recent and remote memory and problem solving were intact.” 
January Term, 2012 
63 
 
{¶ 234} Jones’s scores on the Structured Inventory of Malingered 
Symptomatology (“SIMS”) were “significantly elevated” and indicated “a level of 
distortion and exaggeration.”  Test results on the Minnesota Multiphasic 
Personality Inventory-2 and the Personality Assessment Inventory showed the 
same level of distortion.  According to Dr. Siddall, the distortion of these scores 
indicates that Jones may have been attempting to draw attention to his situation or 
seeking to derive the secondary benefit of talking to mental health professionals 
and to possibly receive medication. 
{¶ 235} Dr. Siddall diagnosed Jones with a mood disorder resulting from a 
“serious history of depression and mood instability * * * [that] is associated with 
repeated suicidal behaviors, gestures, [and] attempts.”  Jones was also diagnosed 
with a history of alcohol and cannabis abuse and an antisocial-personality 
disorder.  Jones has also demonstrated psychotic behavior and has reported 
hallucinations. 
{¶ 236} In summary, Dr. Siddall testified that Jones has “a chronic history 
of mental illness which has required very expansive psychiatric treatment while 
he was incarcerated and in the community.”  Jones has been repeatedly 
hospitalized and been treated with antidepressants, mood-stabilizing drugs, and 
antipsychotic medications.  Jones was also raised in a family with a long history 
of psychiatric problems, alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, and 
involvement with the criminal-justice system.  Dr. Siddall testified that these 
severe problems affect most members of Jones’s family and represent “a rather 
unusual cluster of very serious problems in a given family.”  He opined that 
“certain psychiatric problems, certain psychological problems * * * are known to 
be biologically based * * * [and were] genetically transmitted * * *  across 
generations in the Jones family.” 
{¶ 237} During cross-examination, Dr. Siddall acknowledged that a Dr. 
Stafford, a psychiatrist who treated Jones at the Oakwood Forensic Hospital, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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reported that Jones admitted that he falsely reported hearing voices.  Dr. Stafford 
concluded, “He is not psychotic at all.  His whole outlook is due to malingering 
and put on.”  Dr. Stafford’s report also stated that Jones “puts on psychosis due to 
experience with mental health professionals through the years.  He is difficult to 
differentiate because he is clever to answer vaguely.” 
{¶ 238} Henrietta Jones, the defendant’s mother, testified that the 
defendant is the youngest of her eight children.  Henrietta stated that all her 
children had problems with the law and substance abuse.  Henrietta married 
Jones’s father in 1959, divorced him in 1978, and remarried him in 1998. 
{¶ 239} Jones was born with “lazy eye.”  His siblings and the 
neighborhood kids taunted and teased him because of it.  Jones received 
corrective surgery when he was 12 years old.  Jones was a slow learner in school 
and was held back in the first and third grades.  Jones had mental health problems 
at a young age.  He drank gasoline when he was eight years old and had to have 
his stomach pumped.  Jones later tried to hang himself and was admitted for 
treatment at the Mansfield Psychiatric Hospital. 
{¶ 240} Henrietta testified that Jones’s father worked at the post office for 
37 years.  Henrietta worked at the post office also and held a variety of other jobs.  
Henrietta stated that she provided a stable home for her children and provided for 
their needs.  Jones was involved in church as a child and attended Sunday school.  
Henrietta has a very close relationship with Jones and stated, “He was very 
concerned when I get sick.  He was always there for me to take me to the doctor 
and things like that.”  Jones also had a close relationship with his father. 
{¶ 241} Yolanda White, Jones’s oldest sister, testified that Jones was 
teased and picked on when he was young because of the lazy eye.  Jones told 
White that the teasing made him feel unwanted and unloved.  Jones acted out on 
his feelings of inadequacy by attempting suicide on a couple of occasions.  White 
remembers that Jones said that he was hearing voices around this time.  Jones also 
January Term, 2012 
65 
 
did poorly in school and repeated two grades.  White does not believe that Jones 
received the help that he needed to do well in school.  White also testified that all 
her siblings have criminal records, as does she.  White has felony convictions for 
possession of crack cocaine and theft and misdemeanor convictions for 
misrepresentation. 
{¶ 242} Christy Harmel and Jones developed a relationship when they 
were both 18 years old.  They have two children, Melany Harmel and Phillip 
Jones Jr.  Before Melany’s birth and when Phillip Jr. was an infant, Jones was 
sent to prison for 14 years.  Christy took the children to visit Jones while he was 
in prison.  Jones also wrote to his children while he was in prison and provided 
them with money that he made working there.  Christy testified that Jones 
continues to touch the lives of his children by counseling them and providing 
them with positive attitudes. 
{¶ 243} Melany Harmel, who was 16 years old at the time of the trial, 
visited her father after he went to prison in 1990.  They exchanged letters and 
photographs, and she received gifts from him at Christmas.  When he was 
released from prison in 2004, Jones visited her every day.  Jones has provided her 
with fatherly advice about staying away from drugs and avoiding problems with 
boys.  Melany stated that she would continue to see Jones if he is sent to prison 
for the current offenses.  She expressed her love for Jones and said, “He is a 
wonderful person.” 
{¶ 244} Phillip Jones Jr., now 17 years old at the time of the trial, 
remembered visiting Jones in prison on a couple of occasions and talking to him 
on the phone numerous times.  After Jones’s release from prison, Phillip saw 
Jones almost every day, and they developed a good relationship.  Phillip dropped 
out of school in the ninth grade, but his father has encouraged him to stay in 
school and not do “stupid stuff.”  Phillip loves his father and will continue to be 
there for him. 
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{¶ 245} Joseph Dubina, the regional administrator of the Akron Regional 
Adult Parole Authority, testified that Senate Bill 2, passed in 1996, imposed 
“truth in sentencing.”  Therefore, he testified, a person sentenced to life in prison 
without the possibility of parole will remain in prison until he dies.  Dubina stated 
that if Jones were sentenced to life in prison without parole eligibility for 30 
years, he would not meet a parole board until 2038, when he would be 67 years 
old.  Similarly, if Jones were sentenced to life in prison without parole eligibility 
for 25 years, he would not meet a parole board sooner. 
{¶ 246} J.C. Patterson, a pastor and an employment specialist for an ex-
offender program, met Jones in 2006.  Patterson and Jones became best friends 
and studied the Bible together.  Patterson was impressed with Jones’s consistency 
and motivation.  He says that Jones is a “good person.” 
{¶ 247} David Hargrove, the pastor of the Church of God in Akron, met 
Jones at a church service.  Jones asked for prayer because he was troubled.  Jones 
later said that their prayers helped him experience relief.  Jones attended 
Hargrove’s church on a regular basis for about a year, and then his attendance 
became sporadic.  Hargrove testified that Jones is a “good guy” and should not 
receive the death penalty. 
{¶ 248} Larry Bradshaw, the pastor of the People’s Baptist Church in 
Akron, met Jones at a church service in 2004.  Jones became a member of the 
church and attended services regularly.  He noted that Jones has the credentials of 
a clergyman.  Bradshaw visited Jones after learning that he was in the county jail.  
When they would meet, Bradshaw and Jones spent most of their time discussing 
scripture.  On some occasions, Jones ministered to Bradshaw and provided him 
with encouragement. 
{¶ 249} In an unsworn statement, Jones stated that he had an abusive 
childhood.  He witnessed domestic violence on numerous occasions, and his 
family abused alcohol and drugs.  Jones also watched his siblings fight.  His 
January Term, 2012 
67 
 
oldest brother stole cars and gave Jones marijuana when he was seven years old.  
Jones’s parents divorced when he was eight.  His mother left home, and Jones was 
then raised by his aunt, his grandmother, and his father.  Jones tried to kill himself 
by drinking gasoline when he was eight years old.  Jones was born with a lazy 
eye.  He had corrective surgery, but he still has problems with his eyesight.  Jones 
also had a learning disability that was not identified until he was in the sixth 
grade. 
{¶ 250} After witnessing the abuse in his family, Jones started “acting 
out” as a teenager.  Jones spent about three years in juvenile facilities.  He tried to 
hang himself and was sent to the Mansfield Psychiatric Hospital. 
{¶ 251} Jones spent almost 15 years in prison as an adult and described 
this experience as “hell.”  Jones received 69 tickets for infractions during one year 
in prison.  He committed assaults, flooded the cells, and disrespected staff 
members.  In August 1998, Jones was stabbed in the neck during a feud with 
members of the Aryan Brotherhood and almost died.  Thereafter, Jones changed 
his behavior, and his security status in the prisons improved.  Jones tried to help 
other inmates with a negative attitude and prevent them from making the same 
mistakes that he did.  He also received credentials as a minister in the Universal 
Church in Modesto, California. 
{¶ 252} In 2004, Jones was paroled.  He had a difficult time finding 
employment because of his criminal record and was on unemployment when he 
raped and murdered Yates.  Yet Jones worked after leaving prison and was 
employed by JR Wheel for almost a year. 
{¶ 253} Jones discussed his feelings about the present charges and Yates’s 
death: 
 
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I can’t change what I did.  I wish I could.  I live with it on 
my mind every day, my right hand in God above.  I can’t bring 
back Susan.  I wish I could. 
I know it * * * was a bad thing.  I’m sorry for what I did, 
and I pray for her family and her children, and really, it is out of 
my hands now.  I did — you found me guilty, I’m convicted of it, 
and I am deeply sorry for my actions. 
  All I can do is try to continue to just keep on helping folks, 
like I helped my sister get off drugs, my mom when she became 
elderly. 
 
{¶ 254} Jones said he helped his father before he died and his mother-in-
law who is in a nursing home.  Jones also mentioned that he still loves his wife 
although he no longer has any communication with her. 
{¶ 255} Jones then made some final comments about his conviction:  
 
And, lastly, I would like to say that I am sorry for what I 
did to Susan, and I pray for her family and her children, and I pray 
to God to give them the strength to get through this, and I hope that 
they could forgive me in time for what I did but maybe they won’t. 
But I don’t have any harm against them even if they don’t.  
I’m sorry for what I did.  And I did help my sister, restore her life.  
And I found out a couple weeks ago that my sister even prayed for 
Susan’s sister out there in the hall.  And I — that made me kind of 
really happy because it was a positive ‘seed’ I ‘planted.’  I’m just 
glad it worked out like that.  That’s all I have to say. 
 
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{¶ 256} Before sentencing, Jones made the following statement in 
allocution: 
 
Your Honor, * * * this is not a murder case, I never 
planned to murder Susan * * *.  It was an accident which I told my 
wife and others from the beginning.  I could not, nor would not do 
anything so heinous to another human being.  * * * [T]he fact yet 
remains that a life has been taken.  Unfortunately, I’m responsible 
for that. 
However, I am not responsible for anything else, nor shall I 
take responsibility for * * * another’s actions, such as beating 
Susan, raping her and aggravated murder. 
* * * 
To the family of Ms. Susan Yates, I’m sorry for your loss.  
* * * I trust that God will do something positive for both families, 
Christian Yates and Jones family. 
 
Sentence evaluation 
{¶ 257} We find nothing mitigating in the nature and circumstances of the 
offense. Jones raped, battered, and murdered Susan Yates in an Akron cemetery 
and fled the scene.  These facts establish a horrific crime that lacks any mitigating 
features. 
{¶ 258} Although Jones’s character offers nothing in mitigation, we give 
some weight to Jones’s history and background.  Jones grew up in a troubled 
family where his parents fought and argued frequently.  Jones was also raised in a 
family with a history of mental-health problems, alcohol and drug abuse, and 
involvement with the criminal justice system.  Jones has a chronic history of 
mental illness, which required psychiatric treatment.  In addition, Jones had a 
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difficult childhood.  He was taunted and teased as a child because he had a lazy 
eye.  Jones had difficulty in school.  Jones was also involved in the criminal-
justice system at an early age and has spent most of his life incarcerated. 
{¶ 259} The statutory mitigating factors under R.C. 2929.04 include 
(B)(1) (victim inducement), (B)(2) (duress, coercion, or strong provocation), 
(B)(3) (mental disease or defect), (B)(4) (youth of the offender—Jones was 36 at 
the time of the offense), (B)(5) (lack of a significant criminal record), (B)(6) 
(accomplice only), and (B)(7) (any other relevant factors).  Review of the 
evidence shows that (B)(1), (B)(2), (B)(4), (B)(5), and (B)(6) do not apply. 
{¶ 260} The R.C. 2929.04(B)(3) mitigating factor is also not applicable.  
(B)(3) applies when “at the time of committing the offense, the offender, because 
of a mental disease or defect, lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the 
criminality of the offender’s conduct or to conform the offender’s conduct to the 
requirements of the law.”  No evidence was presented that Jones qualified for the 
(B)(3) factor. 
{¶ 261} But we give some weight to Jones’s history of mental problems 
and his low-average intelligence as “other” mitigating factors under R.C. 
2929.04(B)(7).  Jones has a long family history of mental problems.  Jones was 
diagnosed with a mood disorder resulting from depression.  Although we note the 
evidence that Jones demonstrated psychotic behavior and reported hallucinations, 
we also acknowledge other evidence indicating that Jones falsely reported that he 
was hearing voices and may be malingering. 
{¶ 262} We also give weight as a (B)(7) factor to testimony that Jones had 
a troubled childhood.  But see State v. Hale, 119 Ohio St.3d 118, 2008-Ohio-
3426, 892 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 265 (decisive weight seldom given to defendants with 
unstable childhoods).  We also give some weight to his history of substance 
abuse.  Jones was diagnosed with a history of alcohol and cannabis abuse.  But 
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there is no evidence that drugs and alcohol significantly reduced his ability to 
control his actions on the night of the rape and murder. 
{¶ 263} In addition, we give weight as a (B)(7) factor to testimony that 
Jones shares love and support with family members and has provided care to his 
children.  See Lang, 129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954 N.E.2d 596, at ¶ 
338. 
{¶ 264} Jones expressed remorse for Yates’s death in his unsworn 
statement.  But during allocution, Jones denied responsibility for beating, raping, 
and murdering Yates.  Jones’s denials negate any mitigating weight that we might 
otherwise give for his expressions of sorrow.  See State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 
67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 205. 
{¶ 265} Upon our independent weighing, we find that the aggravating 
circumstance clearly outweighs any mitigating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.  
Jones murdered Yates while raping her, a grave aggravating circumstance.  The 
mitigating evidence pales in comparison.  Therefore, we hold that the death 
penalty is appropriate. 
{¶ 266} We also find that the death sentence imposed in this case is not 
“excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases.”  R.C. 
2929.05(A).  The penalty is proportionate when compared to death sentences 
approved in other rape-murder cases under R.C. 2929.04(A)(7).  See Carter, 89 
Ohio St.3d at 611, 734 N.E.2d 345; State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 170-171, 
694 N.E.2d 932 (1998); and State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 404, 686 
N.E.2d 1112 (1997). 
Conclusion 
{¶ 267} We affirm Jones’s convictions and sentence of death. 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, CUPP, and MCGEE BROWN, JJ., 
concur. 
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LANZINGER, J., concurs in judgment only. 
PFEIFER, J., dissents. 
__________________ 
PFEIFER, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 268} I would reverse Jones's convictions and order a new trial.  Every 
criminal defendant is entitled to a fair trial.  It is one of the most basic tenets 
of our society and our constitutional history.  Jones did not get one.  He is not 
entitled to a perfect trial, just a fair one.  It matters not how sordid are the details 
of the crime; nor should it matter that by taking the stand, Jones probably 
undermined his own defense by weaving a tale that at best could be only partially 
true. 
{¶ 269} The majority’s upholding Jones's convictions is basically a 
lengthy and convoluted justification for intentional and needless error injected 
into the trial of Jones by the prosecutor and allowed by the trial judge.  It is one 
thing for this court to determine that the aggressive conduct of the prosecutor led 
to harmless error.  It is quite another matter when we open the door for continued 
pushing 
at 
the 
edges of the 
Rules 
of 
Evidence, 
statutory 
privilege, 
and constitutional duties by excusing, rather than rejecting, introduction of 
evidence that crosses the line. 
{¶ 270} What exactly was the state's theory of the actual events on the 
night of April 22, 2007, that led to the death of Susan Yates and the conviction of 
Phillip Jones for aggravated murder with a death-penalty specification?  One 
assumes the state had an operative and successful theory of its case, but it is not 
revealed in the majority opinion.  Rather, we are left with the details of the 
condition of Yates's dead body and a portion of Jones's explanation of what 
occurred, consensual sex, followed by rough or erotic asphyxiation and the 
possibly accidental death of Susan Yates. 
 
 
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73 
 
Fair-trial Issues 
{¶ 271} The prosecution’s use of a life-sized doll representing Susan 
Yates provided imaginative courtroom drama.  The transcript suggests that Jones 
was required to step down from the witness stand, lie on the doll, and demonstrate 
for the jury how he choked Yates while having vaginal intercourse with her.  
Having been allowed by the judge, over objection, to conduct this eye-
popping demonstration, the prosecutor wasn't finished.  The prosecutor recalled 
Dr. George Sterbenz, the medical examiner, and then lay down on the 
doll, demonstrating Jones's testimony for the doctor.  That still wasn't enough.  
Dr. Sterbenz left the witness stand, straddled the doll with his hands around the 
doll's neck, and asked the prosecutor whether he had properly understood Jones’s 
testimony.  Was this thrice-enacted demonstration prejudicial to the defendant 
Jones?  Not according to the majority. 
{¶ 272} It is at this point in the fair-trial inquiry that the prosecution's 
entire case comes into play.  Dr. Sterbenz, the medical examiner who conducted 
the autopsy of Susan Yates, concluded that she died from asphyxia by 
strangulation.  It was apparently always the view of Dr. Sterbenz that it would be 
impossible to cause Yates’s throat injuries as a side effect of choking her.  
Dr. Sterbenz postulated that the injuries to Yates's neck and throat could have 
been caused only by a violent skin-on-skin action, presumably from a head lock 
or the use of a ligature involving cloth tightened by twisting it with some object.  
He did not use the doll to demonstrate either theory.  Thus the demonstration on 
the doll forced on Jones by the state and then again staged by the prosecutor and 
by Dr. Sterbenz's during rebuttal served no purpose other than to inflame the jury.  
It was not probative of anything. 
R.C. 2945.42 Spousal Privilege and Excited Utterance 
{¶ 273} In its merit brief, the state refers to the concept of spousal 
privilege as “a relic of the common law.”  With that attitude in mind, the 
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prosecutor sought to effectively ignore R.C. 2945.42, which could have prohibited 
Jones's wife, Delores, from testifying about anything Jones had told her regarding 
the Yates matter.  As part of the state's case, Delores testified that the day Susan 
Yates's body was discovered, she and her husband had a discussion about 
something that was on the news.  She then testified that an hour or so later, she 
drove to the home of her friend Charletta Jeffries and, in an excited state, 
told Jeffries everything her husband had told her after the news program.  She 
further testified that after she unburdened herself by telling Charletta about the 
conversation she had had with her husband, she then called the police  and asked 
to speak to someone in charge about the dead woman in the cemetery.  Finally, 
Delores, describing herself as still upset, had told Detective Richard Morrison 
details that Jones had told her.  At this point, Delores left the stand and the jurors 
were left on the edges of their respective seats. 
{¶ 274} It is also at this point in the narrative that the majority offers the 
following apparently tongue-in-cheek observation: "Delores was not asked—and 
did not testify—as to the communication between her and Jones.  Therefore, 
Delores's testimony did not violate Jones's spousal privilege."  What next follows 
are several leaps of faith that not even The Flying Wallendas would attempt. 
{¶ 275} First, the majority attempts to justify the wrongly decided State v. 
Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-Ohio-6179, 920 N.E.2d 104, by discussing a 
Michigan case and a 116-year-old court of appeals case involving a letter written 
to his first wife by a defendant who was convicted of bigamy.  After this 
intriguing bit of history, the majority abruptly concludes that based on Perez,  
"R.C. 2945.42 is wholly inapplicable.”  The takeaway?  Delores can completely 
destroy the statutory spousal privilege of the defendant, her husband Phillip Jones, 
simply by telling someone, anyone really, about what he had told her. 
{¶ 276} Returning to the trial, the jury did not have to wait long to hear 
the rest of the salacious story.  Charletta Jeffries quickly informed the jury that 
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Delores had come to her home and confided that her husband had told her that he 
had murdered a woman named Susan, who had been found in the cemetery.  Soon 
thereafter, the prosecution put Detective Morrison on the stand to repeat Delores's 
account of the putative privileged conversation between herself and the defendant 
regarding Yates’s death. 
{¶ 277} The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United 
States Constitution must be addressed before the court can condone the hearsay 
testimony of Jeffries and Morrison about defendant Jones’s conversation with his 
wife.  The majority correctly determines that Delores is unavailable for purposes 
of the Confrontation Clause because Jones invoked the spousal privilege.  It 
further correctly determines that Delores's statements to Morrison were 
testimonial and that their admission into evidence violated the Confrontation 
Clause.  I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the admission was harmless 
error. 
{¶ 278} The next leap is awesome.  The majority examines Delores’s 
disclosures to Jeffries and determines that Delores "would not reasonably believe 
[her] statements to her friend * * *would be available for later use at trial."  Never 
mind that Delores had immediately thereafter summoned the police detective to 
Jeffries’s home using Jeffries’s phone.  Ignore the fact that Delores repeated the 
story to Detective Morrison in Jeffries’s home in the presence of Jeffries.  Does 
the majority actually believe that Delores Jones told Charletta Jeffries my 
husband told me that he killed that woman in the cemetery expecting such news to 
remain their little secret without police or court involvement?   No, the majority 
deftly concludes: "Delores's statements to Jeffries were not testimonial, and their 
admission into evidence did not violate the Confrontation Clause. 
{¶ 279} Just one more leap.  Hearsay.  Well, not quite.  More like hearsay 
about hearsay.  Evid.R. 802 prohibits hearsay testimony.  Evid.R. 803 defines 
specific exceptions, including the excited-utterance exception found in 802(2):  
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"A statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant 
was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition."  Did Delores 
observe an event or condition?  No.  What she reported to Jeffries was 
information that her husband had told her during what should be a statutorily 
privileged communication.  When Delores reported the conversation to 
Jeffries, Phillip Jones's words were hearsay.  When Jeffries testified, Jones’s 
words became double hearsay.  Finally, to determine that Jeffries’s testimony was 
allowable, the majority concludes that the circumstances of the death of Susan 
Yates were not the startling event; rather, the startling event was hearing Jones's 
statements.  Hence, Delores's confession about a confession is magically 
transformed from a privileged spousal conversation into an excited-utterance 
exception to the hearsay rule.  That’s pretty neat legal prestidigitation. 
Other-acts Testimony 
{¶ 280} During the trial, the state was allowed to present  T.J. to testify 
that Jones had raped her in 1990, when Jones was about 20 years old.  The state 
was also allowed to introduce T.J.'s hospital records made at the time of the 
attempted rape.  T.J.'s testimony was, of course, highly prejudicial to the 
defendant and is prohibited by Evid.R. 404 (B) (prohibiting evidence of other 
crimes).  The state argues, and the majority agrees, that T.J.'s testimony was a 
proper exception relating to proof of identity and proof of the absence of accident. 
{¶ 281} Proof of identity is a straw man.  Jones readily admitted he caused 
the death of Susan Yates.  Proof of absence of mistake or accident has little 
rational connection to Jones's 17-year-old attempted rape of T.J.  Jones claimed 
that he caused Yates’s death by accidently applying too much choking pressure on 
her 
throat 
while 
performing 
consensual 
erotic 
asphyxiation 
during 
vaginal intercourse with Yates.  The best and only evidence that Yates’s death 
was not accidental came from Dr. Sterbenz.  Jones’s conviction for attempted rape 
was far more remote in time than this court has ever allowed as an Evid.R. 404(B) 
January Term, 2012 
77 
 
exception.  It informed the jury only that Jones had attempted to rape T.J. and that 
he had choked her with his hands, not with a ligature or head lock, 17 years 
earlier.  The conclusion that the prosecutor tendered T.J.’s testimony for the 
purpose of proving Jones's bad character and criminal propensity is inescapable 
and violates Evid.R. 404(B).  Furthermore, the majority states that Jones vaginally 
raped T.J. even though Jones was convicted of attempted rape. 
Residual Doubt and Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt 
{¶ 282}  Assisted by the fair-trial infractions outlined herein, the jury 
convicted Jones on all counts and recommended that he be sentenced to death.  
Were they correct?  What actually transpired in the cemetery on April 22, 2007?  
Jones claimed that he and Susan Yates acquired some crack cocaine and beer and 
went to the cemetery, sat on a blanket, and eventually engaged in the consensual 
vaginal intercourse that escalated at the request of Yates into rough and erotic 
asphyxia sex.  According to Jones, that activity accidently led to Yates's death 
when he applied too much choking pressure.  Jones denied that he had any part in 
the vaginal and rectal damage to Susan Yates that was revealed by Dr. Sterbenz's 
autopsy. 
{¶ 283} Given the unrebutted testimony of Dr. Sterbenz regarding the 
cause of death and Jones’s confession, plus the testimony of Jeffries and 
Detective Morrison that Jones had admitted to his wife, Delores, that he had killed 
Susan, the jury could easily conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Phillip 
Jones murdered Susan Yates on the night of April 22, 2007.  There was no 
accident. 
{¶ 284} But was there a rape?  Jones testified he had known Yates for 
some time, had taken her to his home to shower when his wife was not there, and 
had given her money for food in the past.  He testified that on the evening in 
question, they had acquired crack cocaine and beer, had driven to the cemetery, 
had spread out a blanket, and had had a good time until she died.  Yates 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
78 
 
had alcohol and cocaine in her system at her death.  Because there was no 
evidence of a struggle in Jones's automobile, this part of his testimony is 
plausible.  What happened next was tragic for Susan Yates.  It would not 
be reasonable to assume that any person besides Jones was involved, but the order 
of events is critical. 
{¶ 285} At some point, Jones killed Yates.  Because Jones's testimony on 
this subject is not credible, what set him off is unknown.  Was that his plan from 
the beginning?  Nothing in his past indicates a propensity for murder.  Was the 
rough sex his idea, not hers, and did it turn to rape, then abuse, then murder to 
escape detection?  Or at some point did she draw her knife demanding more crack 
or his cash? Did a fight ensue, then murder, then, in a rage, abuse of Yates's 
corpse?  Was it possible for the medical examiner to determine whether the gross 
injuries to her vagina and rectum were post mortem?  If Jones had consensual sex 
with Yates, then murdered her, and then in a rage abused her body, there would be 
no death-eligible specification. 
{¶ 286} This dilemma, this lack of certainty about critical events in the 
unfolding of the crime, is residual doubt.  It is not often present in death-penalty 
cases.  In State v. McGuire, 80 Ohio St.3d 390, 686 N.E.2d 1112 (1997), syllabus, 
we rejected residual doubt as a reason to overturn a death sentence, a statement of 
the law with which I did not concur.  Id. at 405-406 (Pfeifer, J., concurring in 
judgment only).  These many years later, this is the first case in which I would 
find that residual doubt should result in overturning a death sentence. 
Conclusion 
What Should Happen Now? 
{¶ 287} With the exception of death-penalty cases, this court views the 
criminal-justice system from 30,000 feet.  Out of the tens of thousands of serious 
criminal cases that Ohio judges and prosecutors handle each year, we review only 
a few.  It is our responsibility to assure fairness by requiring judges to enforce the 
January Term, 2012 
79 
 
rules, statutes, and constitutional protections afforded every citizen accused of a 
crime.  As we exercise oversight of this system through case review, there has 
been a singular constant in our direction to trial judges, prosecutors, and defense 
counsel:  Do it right or do it over. 
{¶ 288} Jones did not get a fair trial.  It should be a do-over, without the 
doll, without any testimony about the privileged spousal conversations, and, 
most assuredly, without the prior-acts testimony.  To affirm will embolden 
prosecutors to increasingly follow an aggressively edgy path to assure convictions 
and to encourage judges to be accommodative with little fear of reversal. 
{¶ 289} I dissent. 
_________________ 
 
Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney, and Heaven 
DiMartino, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 
 
Nathan A. Ray and Lawrence J. Whitney, for appellant. 
________________________