Case Title: The Florida Bar v. Taryn Xenia Temmer

Citation: 

Docket Number: SC93-886

State: florida

Court: Florida Supreme Court

Date: 1999-12-16T00:00:00Z

Document:
1 We have jurisdiction.  See art. V, § 15, Fla. Const.
Supreme Court of Florida
 
____________
No. 93,886
____________
THE FLORIDA BAR,
Complainant,
vs.
TARYN XENIA TEMMER,
Respondent.
[December 16, 1999]
PER CURIAM.
We have for review the referee's report and recommendations regarding
alleged ethical violations by attorney Taryn Xenia Temmer.1  The question in this
case is whether the referee’s recommended discipline of a ninety-day suspension
followed by three years' probation for Temmer’s drug-related misconduct has a
reasonable basis in existing caselaw where Temmer has been previously so
disciplined for similar misconduct and committed her present misconduct while still
on disciplinary probation.  We resolve this question in the negative, reject the
2 F.L.A. is the abbreviation for the Florida Lawyers Assistance, a program that "was
created to help substance-abusing attorneys overcome their addictive disorders.”  In re Norris,
581 So. 2d 578, 579 (Fla. 1991). 
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referee’s recommended discipline of a ninety-day suspension followed by three
years' probation, and instead suspend Temmer for ninety-one days (which will
require Temmer to prove rehabilitation before being reinstated to membership in
The Florida Bar) followed by three years' probation. 
FACTS
In 1994, this Court suspended Temmer for ninety days followed by three 
years' probation for disciplinary violations arising from her use of marijuana and
crack cocaine.  See Florida Bar v. Temmer, 632 So. 2d 1359 (Fla. 1994).  In so
disciplining Temmer, and as especially relevant in the present case, this Court in
1994 explicitly disapproved the referee’s recommended discipline of a ninety-one-
day suspension and proof of rehabilitation, finding in pertinent part:
The referee made findings that Temmer has not become
drug dependent and that her competence as a practicing
attorney is not at issue.  The referee also stated that he
took into consideration that Temmer sought professional
assistance for her drug use and that she has no prior
disciplinary actions.
. . . Temmer sought the assistance of a mental
health counselor to deal with her abusive relationship with
[her boyfriend] Alvaro; she contacted F.L.A.[2] and
sought the assistance of a psychiatrist specializing in
addictionology; and she also sought help from a licensed
3 Specifically, the Bar charged Temmer with violating Rules Regulating The Florida Bar 3-
4.3 (commission by a lawyer of any act that is unlawful or contrary to honesty and justice);     3-
4.4 (Bar may initiate disciplinary action regardless of whether the respondent has been tried,
acquitted, or convicted for the alleged criminal offense); 4-8.4(a) (a lawyer shall not violate or
attempt to violate the rules of professional conduct); and 4-8.4(b) (a lawyer shall not commit a
criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer
in other respects).  
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clinical social worker.  Based upon the psychiatrist's
report and the F.L.A. evaluation, F.L.A. advised the Bar
that there "does not appear to be sufficient evidence upon
which to infer a substance abuse problem", and that they
would not be further involved unless advised otherwise. 
Although Temmer did resume cocaine use during her brief
renewed relationship with Alvaro, she has not used any
drugs since January 1992 and has had no contact with
Alvaro since then.  Three mental health experts testified
that Temmer's problems are related to her personality and
relationships, and that she is not drug-dependent.  Four
unannounced urine drug screens conducted from March
1992 through May 1993 were negative.  This evidence
supports a finding of rehabilitation.
Id. at 1360-61.
Toward the end of the probationary portion of her 1994 discipline, Temmer
was arrested and criminally charged with possession of marijuana, cocaine, valium,
and drug paraphernalia.  Temmer pled not guilty and prevailed on a suppression
motion.  The criminal charges were ultimately dismissed.
The Bar nevertheless pursued disciplinary action, alleging multiple
disciplinary violations based on the facts underlying the drug arrest and the charges
arising therefrom.3  The parties ultimately entered into a joint stipulation, wherein
4 We approve without discussion the referee’s uncontested recommendation that Temmer
be found guilty as charged. 
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Temmer stipulated to those facts and admitted guilt of the Bar’s disciplinary
charges.  
At a subsequent hearing regarding the discipline to be imposed, Temmer
presented substantial mitigating evidence (discussed immediately below in the
referee’s findings of fact and mitigation).  In his report, the referee ultimately
recommended finding Temmer guilty as charged.4  As to discipline, the referee
found that
although Respondent was on disciplinary probation at the
time of this violation, she was not found guilty of any
criminal conduct in a criminal court.  Further, I find that
the Respondent voluntarily submitted herself to FLA, Inc.
for evaluation.  She further submitted to a seven-day
residential evaluation at HealthCare connection at the
recommendation of FLA, Inc.  As part of this program,
Respondent was referred to a psychiatrist for further
evaluation.  Dr. James E. Adams, the psychiatrist, testified
that Respondent was suffering from either Cyclothymic
Disorder or Bi-Polar Disease, a long-term pre-existing
psychological condition.  Dr. Adams prescribed Lithium
to treat this disorder.  Dr. Adams testified that the
likelihood of a recurrence of the substance abuse by the
Respondent is greatly diminished, if she remains on her
medications as prescribed.
I specifically find that if Respondent had been
diagnosed with Cyclothymic Disorder or Bi-Polar Disease
during the time of her first disciplinary offense in 1994,
there may have been a substantial difference in the
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treatment that was recommended.  Respondent has
complied with all other conditions of her probation.  No
clients have been harmed, and Respondent’s ability to
competently practice law was substantiated by the
testimony of judges in front of whom she has appeared,
and lawyers with whom she has worked.
In mitigation, the referee found that Temmer had personal or emotional problems;
that she had provided full and free disclosure to the disciplinary board or a
cooperative attitude toward the proceedings; that she had a physical or mental
disability or impairment; that she had interim rehabilitation; and that she showed
remorse.  In aggravation, the referee found that Temmer had been previously
disciplined (i.e., her 1994 ninety-day suspension followed by a three-year probation
for drug-related offenses).  The referee ultimately recommended that Temmer again
be suspended for ninety days, followed by three years' probation, and that she
continue treatment with F.L.A., Inc., comply with the terms of the rehabilitation
contract she had entered into with F.L.A., Inc., and pay the Bar a monitoring fee of
$100 per month.
ANALYSIS  
The Bar now petitions for review, urging that the referee’s recommended
discipline is inadequate and that this Court should instead “suspend [Temmer] for
ninety-one days based on the serious nature of [her] misconduct, The Florida
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Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions and relevant case law.”  We agree.
“Although a referee's recommended discipline is persuasive, [this Court] does
not pay the same deference to this recommendation as [it does] to the guilt
recommendation because this Court has the ultimate responsibility to determine the
appropriate sanction.”  Florida Bar v. Sweeney, 730 So. 2d 1269, 1272 (Fla. 1998). 
However, generally speaking, this Court “will not second-guess a referee's
recommended discipline as long as that discipline has a reasonable basis in existing
caselaw.”  Florida Bar v. Lecznar, 690 So. 2d 1284, 1288 (Fla. 1997).  In making
this determination, this Court considers not only caselaw but also the Florida
Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions.  See, e.g., Sweeney, 730 So. 2d at 1272
(“[W]e agree with the Bar’s contention that the referee’s recommended discipline is
inadequate in this case, and we do not find a reasonable basis for it in existing case
law or in the Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions.”).  
We find that the referee’s recommended discipline in the present case that
Temmer be suspended for ninety days followed by three years' probation does not
have “a reasonable basis in existing caselaw.”  Lecznar, 690 So. 2d at 1288.  But
for several incidental variations in probationary conditions, the present
recommended discipline is identical to Temmer’s previous discipline for similar
misconduct in 1994.  See Temmer, 632 So. 2d at 1361.  Florida Standard for
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Imposing Lawyer Sanctions 10.3 provides:
Absent the existence of aggravating factors, the
appropriate discipline for an attorney found guilty of
felonious conduct as defined by Florida State law
involving the personal use and/or possession of a
controlled substance who has sought and obtained
assistance from F.L.A., Inc., or a treatment program
approved by F.L.A., Inc., as described in paragraph one
above, would be as follows:
(a) A suspension from the practice of law for a
period of 91 days or 90 days if rehabilitation has been
proven; and
(b) A three-year period of probation, subject to
possible early termination or extension of said probation,
with a condition that the attorney enter into a
rehabilitation contract with F.L.A., Inc. prior to
reinstatement.
(Emphasis supplied.)  This Court applied this standard in Temmer’s 1994
disciplinary proceeding in explicitly rejecting the referee’s recommended discipline
of a ninety-one-day suspension and proof of rehabilitation, holding:
In light of [the] evidence and Standard 10.3(a), we
find a ninety-day suspension to be the appropriate
discipline in this case.  Thus, we disapprove the referee’s
recommended discipline of a ninety-one-day suspension
and proof of rehabilitation.  However, we agree with the
referee that a three-year probationary period is
appropriate, in light of Temmer’s history.
Temmer, 632 So. 2d at 1361.  Significantly, however, “Temmer’s history” now
includes significant aggravation–namely, Temmer’s 1994 discipline for similar
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misconduct arising from her use of marijuana and crack cocaine.  See Fla. Stds.
Imposing Law. Sancs. 9.22(a) (listing “prior disciplinary offenses” as an aggravating
factor).  Indeed, but for the substantial mitigation presented, disbarment might have
been in order here.  See Fla. Stds. Imposing Law. Sancs. 8.1(b) (“Absent
aggravating or mitigating circumstances, and upon application of the factors set out
in Standard 3.0, . . . [d]isbarment is [generally] appropriate when a lawyer . . . has
been suspended for the same or similar misconduct, and intentionally engages in
further similar acts of misconduct.”).  
While disbarment is certainly not in order here, this Court’s caselaw dictates
that Temmer’s present discipline be more severe than her previous discipline for
similar misconduct.  In Florida Bar v. Bern, 425 So. 2d 526, 527-28 (Fla. 1982), the
attorney at issue had been twice privately reprimanded and once publicly
reprimanded for misconduct arising out of solicitation and business dealings with
clients.  In rejecting the referee’s recommendation that the attorney again be
publicly reprimanded for further misconduct involving clients, this Court held:
In rendering discipline, this Court considers the
respondent's previous disciplinary history and increases
the discipline where appropriate.  The Court deals more
harshly with cumulative misconduct than it does with
isolated misconduct.  Additionally, cumulative misconduct
of a similar nature should warrant an even more severe
discipline than might dissimilar conduct.  The referee's
5 Accord, e.g., Florida Bar v. Cox, 718 So. 2d 788, 794 (Fla. 1998) (“[T]he circumstances
of these consolidated cases, coupled with [the attorney’s] prior discipline, warrant disbarment
rather than the referee’s recommended three-year suspension. . . . [The attorney’s] misconduct
with respect to several of [the present] violations involved dishonesty and misrepresentation. 
What in our view justifies disbarment is that [the attorney] has previously been disciplined for
dishonesty and misrepresentation to his law firm and clients.”); Florida Bar v. Nesmith, 707 So.
2d 331, 333 (Fla. 1998) (“In view of the serious violation for which respondent was found guilty
[i.e., failing to act with reasonable diligence and promptness] and respondent’s history of similar
violations for which he received two public reprimands, we find that the referee’s
recommendation of a public reprimand in this case is clearly erroneous.  This Court deals more
harshly with cumulative misconduct than it does with isolated acts. . . . [T]he appropriate
discipline in this case is a thirty-day suspension.”); Florida Bar v. Laing, 695 So. 2d 299, 304 (Fla.
1997) (“[W]e find the recommended discipline [i.e., a 90-day suspension] to be in conflict with
the numerous cases wherein we imposed greater discipline due to the cumulative effect of multiple
violations. . . . [W]e find a ninety-one day suspension appropriate for [the attorney’s] conduct.”);
Florida Bar v. Rolle, 661 So. 2d 296, 298 (Fla. 1995) (“We . . . find the recommended discipline
[i.e., a 6-month suspension] appropriate in light of the fact that a private reprimand has failed to
deter [the attorney] from engaging in this misconduct in the past and he is presently being
suspended for ninety-one days in another case before this Court for neglecting client business.”);
Florida Bar v. Knowles, 572 So. 2d 1373, 1375 (Fla. 1991) (“[R]epeated instances of similar
misconduct should be treated cumulatively so that a lawyer’s disciplinary history can be
considered as grounds for more serious punishment.”).
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[recommended] discipline [of a public reprimand] does
not accord with the principle of cumulative discipline. 
Considering respondent's previous history and the fact that
this involves another instance of business matters with
clients, the respondent should be suspended [for three
months and one day].
Id. at 528 (emphasis supplied) (citations omitted).5  In addition to the
cumulativeness of Temmer’s misconduct, it is relevant that she was on probation for
prior similar misconduct when she committed the present misconduct.  In disbarring
an attorney in Florida Bar v. Orta, 689 So. 2d 270 (Fla. 1997), this Court held:
[T]his Court deals more harshly with cumulative
misconduct than it does with isolated acts.  In this case,
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[the attorney, who had been previously suspended for
income tax evasion,] was found guilty in three separate
counts of multiple offenses involving dishonesty. . . . 
Moreover, [the attorney] committed these offenses while
still under suspension for similar misconduct. . . .
Despite the evidence of recent rehabilitation and
other mitigation, we are unable to overcome the fact that
[the attorney’s] current multiple violations all took place
while he was under suspension for past similar
misconduct involving dishonesty–a time when he should
have been conducting himself in the most upstanding
manner.
Id. at 273 (citation omitted) (emphasis supplied); see also Florida Bar v. Bauman,
558 So. 2d 994, 994 (Fla. 1990) (disbarring attorney for practicing law during his
six-month suspension, holding “[w]e can think of no person less likely to be
rehabilitated than someone . . . who willfully, deliberately, and continuously refuses
to abide by an order of this Court”).  That Temmer committed her present
misconduct while on probation (as opposed to while under suspension) is not
determinative–she still “should have been conducting [her]self in the most
upstanding manner.”  Orta, 689 So. 2d at 273.
Cases cited by Temmer to support the referee’s recommended discipline are
distinguishable and actually tend to support the Bar’s argument for a harsher
discipline.  Temmer relies primarily on Florida Bar v. Liroff, 582 So. 2d 1178, 1179
(Fla. 1991), in which this Court had initially privately reprimanded an attorney for
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misconduct arising from his addiction to a synthetic opiate cough syrup,
recommending that he undergo any treatment recommended by F.L.A, Inc.  Several
years later, upon the attorney’s failure to fulfill the conditions of his substance abuse
program, this Court placed him on probation for two years and thereafter until he
could demonstrate rehabilitation pursuant to an F.L.A, Inc. contract.  Id.  Finally,
upon subsequently finding that the attorney had again abused narcotic substances,
this Court held him in contempt and suspended him for sixty days, followed by a
probationary period lasting two years and thereafter until his condition was "such
that he is unlikely to continue abusing mind-impairing substances and that no threat
is posed to his clients as a result of his chemical dependency."  Id. at 1179-80.
Temmer cites Liroff for the proposition that a ninety-one-day suspension in
her case would be comparatively harsh, arguing that “after three strikes, Liroff
received a shorter non-rehabilitative suspension than that of the Respondent for her
first disciplinary action [in 1994].”  Significantly, however, Temmer’s 1994
discipline is not directly at issue here, and her argument overlooks the fact that each
progressive discipline in Liroff was more severe than the one before it and that this
Court paid particular attention to the drug-related nature of the misconduct and the
fact that the attorney at issue had violated the terms of his disciplinary probation. 
This Court in Liroff held at length:
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The standard in cases of this type is not merely that the
attorney presently suffers no addiction.  Serious
impairment--perhaps resulting in serious harm to a
client--can occur in a single episode, without the attorney
ever actually becoming addicted again.
More to the point, an attorney previously addicted
to impairing substances is under a continuing obligation to
comply with the terms of probation imposed by this Court,
including good-faith compliance with treatment programs
administered by FLA.  Even a single episode of substance
abuse is a violation of this obligation, whether or not
renewed "addiction" results.  Impaired attorneys are a
serious problem that this Court takes very seriously.
. . . .
. . . [T]he totality of this record substantially
supports the referee's conclusion that [the attorney]
violated the terms of his probation here.  In particular,
attorneys under probation should avoid ever taking a
chemical substance to which they previously have been
addicted, even if it is done "for medicinal purposes."  The
renewed use of such substances is strong evidence of a
violation of the terms of probation, especially since [the
attorney] has not demonstrated that other nonaddictive
medications were unavailable to treat his cold.  These
episodes may have been "lapses," but they are lapses that
[the attorney] was under an obligation to guard against
pursuant to the orders previously entered by this Court.
. . . .
. . . We caution Liroff that the unexcused failure to
fulfill [conditions of his suspension] will constitute a
further contempt of this Court justifying more serious
discipline.
Id. (emphasis supplied).
Temmer also relies on Florida Bar v. Pipkins, 708 So. 2d 953 (Fla. 1998), in
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which this Court rejected the referee’s recommended ninety-one-day suspension and
instead suspended an attorney for ninety days for committing several trust account
violations while serving a sixty-day suspension and an eighteen-month probation for
similar misconduct.  Again, Pipkins more supports the Bar’s position: the attorney at
issue was more severely sanctioned for cumulative misconduct committed while
under discipline–precisely what the Bar seeks here.  Several other cases cited by
Temmer involve neither previous misconduct nor violations of disciplinary terms,
and offer little guidance here.  See Florida Bar v. Levine, 498 So. 2d 941 (Fla.
1986) (public reprimand for misdemeanor cocaine conviction); Florida Bar v.
Piggee, 490 So. 2d 1260 (Fla. 1986) (sixty-day suspension for cocaine possession
where attorney had a “lack of prior criminal or disciplinary history”).
Finally, in urging that the Bar’s primary motivation in seeking a ninety-one-
day suspension is to simply punish her, Temmer cites DeBock v. State, 512 So. 2d
164, 167 (Fla. 1987), for the proposition that “bar discipline exists to protect the
public, and not to ‘punish’ the lawyer.”  However, protection of the public,
encouragement of reformation and rehabilitation, and deterrence of like conduct
from other attorneys are additionally urged by the Bar here, and are all recognized
objectives of attorney discipline.  See, e.g., Florida Bar v. Lord, 433 So. 2d 983,
986 (Fla. 1983).  Additionally, as opposed to being regarded as punishment, a
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ninety-one-day suspension requiring proof of rehabilitation would ultimately be in
Temmer’s best interests–she has all but proven rehabilitation already, and to have to
do so again at the end of her suspension will ensure that she has remained drug-free
and on the right course.  Moreover, as discussed at length above, an increased
suspension in the present case provides consistency with existing standards and
caselaw.  See  Fla. Stds. Imposing Law. Sancs. 1.3 (standards are designed to
promote “consistency in the imposition of disciplinary sanctions for the same or
similar offenses within and among jurisdictions”).
CONCLUSION
We are not unmindful of, and in fact commend Temmer for, her exhaustive
efforts toward rehabilitation.  Nor are we unmindful that, as found by the referee,
Temmer “was not found guilty of any criminal conduct in a criminal court”; that “if
[she] had been diagnosed with Cyclothymic Disorder or Bi-Polar Disease during the
time of her first disciplinary offense in 1994, there may have been a substantial
difference in the treatment that was recommended”; and that she “has complied with
all other conditions of her probation[,] . . . [n]o clients have been harmed, and [her]
ability to competently practice law was substantiated by the testimony of judges in
front of whom she has appeared, and lawyers with whom she has worked.” 
Nevertheless, as emphasized by this Court in Liroff, “[i]mpaired attorneys are a
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serious problem that this Court takes very seriously” and, as held therein, “an
attorney previously addicted to impairing substances is under a continuing obligation
to comply with the terms of probation imposed by this Court.”  582 So. 2d at 1180. 
As in Liroff, Temmer’s drug-related misconduct in the present case may have
resulted from a “lapse,” but it was a lapse “that [she] was under an obligation to
guard against pursuant to the order[] previously entered by this Court.”  Id.  
In light of the cumulative nature of Temmer’s present misconduct and the fact
that she committed same while on disciplinary probation, Temmer’s present
discipline must be more severe than her previous discipline for similar misconduct. 
We accordingly reject the referee’s recommendation that Temmer be suspended for
ninety days, and instead suspend Temmer for ninety-one days, which will require
that she prove rehabilitation before being reinstated to membership in The Florida
Bar.  We approve all other aspects of the referee’s recommended discipline.
Accordingly, Taryn Xenia Temmer is hereby suspended from the practice of
law for ninety-one days followed by three years' probation; she shall continue
treatment with F.L.A., Inc., comply with the terms of the rehabilitation contract she
entered into with F.L.A., Inc., and pay the Bar a monitoring fee of $100 per month. 
The suspension will be effective thirty days from the filing of this opinion so that
Temmer can close out her practice and protect the interests of existing clients.  If
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Temmer notifies this Court in writing that she is no longer practicing and does not
need the thirty days to protect existing clients, this Court will enter an order making
the suspension effective immediately.  Temmer shall accept no new business from
the date this opinion is filed until the suspension is completed.  Judgment is entered
for the The Florida Bar, 650 Apalachee Parkway, Tallahassee, Florida 32399, for
recovery of costs from Taryn Xenia Temmer in the amount of $920.12, for which
sum let execution issue.
It is so ordered.
HARDING, C.J., and SHAW, WELLS, ANSTEAD, PARIENTE, LEWIS and
QUINCE, JJ., concur.
THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE
EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SUSPENSION.
Original Proceeding - The Florida Bar
John F. Harkness, Jr., Executive Director, and John Anthony Boggs, Staff Counsel,
Tallahassee, Florida; and Monica Ann Frost, Assistant Staff Counsel, Tampa,
Florida,
for Complainant
Scott K. Tozian of Smith & Tozian, P.A., Tampa, Florida,
for Respondent