Case Title: Smith v. Leis

Citation: 2005-Ohio-5125

Docket Number: 20041104

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2005-10-12T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Cite as Smith v. Leis, 106 Ohio St.3d 309, 2005-Ohio-5125.] 
 
 
 
SMITH, APPELLANT, v. LEIS, SHERIFF, APPELLEE. 
[Cite as Smith v. Leis, 106 Ohio St.3d 309, 2005-Ohio-5125.] 
Criminal law — Bail — Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution, as amended — 
Cash-only bond unconstitutional under “sufficient securities” clause — 
Cash-only bond not authorized by Crim.R. 46 or R.C. 2937.222. 
(No. 2004-1104 ─ Submitted June 15, 2005 ─ Decided October 12, 2005.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County, No. C-040273. 
____________________ 
SYLLABUS OF THE COURT 
Cash-only bail is unconstitutional under Section 9, Article I of the Ohio 
Constitution and is not authorized by either Crim.R. 46 or R.C. 2937.222.  
(State ex rel. Jones v. Hendon (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 115, 609 N.E.2d 541, 
and State ex rel. Baker v. Troutman (1990), 50 Ohio St.3d 270, 553 
N.E.2d 1053, approved and followed.) 
__________________ 
 
LANZINGER, J. 
{¶ 1} This is a direct appeal from a judgment dismissing a petition for a 
writ of habeas corpus that challenges the imposition of a preconviction, cash-only 
bond.  We hold that the appellant, Garey Smith, is not entitled to the requested 
writ, because he has now been convicted.  Nevertheless, while this case is moot as 
to Smith, the issue raised is properly before us because we find that it is of great 
public or general interest.  After due consideration, we hold that cash-only bail is 
unconstitutional under Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution and is not 
authorized by either Crim.R. 46 or R.C. 2937.222. 
{¶ 2} On May 16, 2001, Smith was arrested for the shooting of four 
individuals and his bond was set at $250,000.  One of the victims died, and three 
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were seriously wounded.  Smith was indicted on one count of aggravated murder 
with a death-penalty specification, three counts of attempted murder, six counts of 
felonious assault with firearm specifications, and one count of having a weapon 
while under a disability. 
{¶ 3} Smith claimed that he had shot one of the victims accidentally and 
shot the other three, including the one who died, in self-defense.  The jury found 
Smith guilty of the lesser included offense of murder, two counts of attempted 
murder, six counts of felonious assault with accompanying firearm specifications, 
and having a weapon while under a disability.  The Hamilton County Court of 
Common Pleas sentenced Smith to an aggregate prison term of 47 years to life.  
He appealed. 
{¶ 4} The Court of Appeals for Hamilton County reversed and remanded 
the cause for a new trial because the trial court had denied Smith his constitutional 
right to self-representation.  State v. Smith, Hamilton App. No. C-020610, 2004-
Ohio-250, 2004 WL 102285. 
{¶ 5} On remand, Smith was returned to the custody of appellee, 
Hamilton County Sheriff Simon Leis Jr., pending his appearance at a bond 
hearing in the common pleas court.  At the hearing, the state argued that Smith 
was a “very, very dangerous man” because the undisputed evidence established 
that he had shot four people, one fatally. 
{¶ 6} The common pleas court stated, “As far as the bond, this is no 
longer a death penalty situation, so I do have to set a bond.”  The court noted that 
the charges were extremely serious, that Smith had previously been convicted of 
having a weapon while under a disability as well as many of the charged offenses, 
and that his prison term was 47 years to life.  The court concluded that based on 
these facts, Smith would have a great reason to flee if he were to be released on 
bond: 
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{¶ 7} “If you’re convicted of this again, technically, we can say that you 
will not live outside of prison the rest of your life.  So you do have reason to run.  
Not saying that you would, but you certainly have a reason to at this point.”  The 
court concluded by setting Smith’s bond at “$1,000,000 straight, cash only.” 
{¶ 8} Smith filed a motion to reduce the bond as being excessive.  This 
motion was denied.  Smith also filed a petition in the court of appeals for a writ of 
habeas corpus to grant him relief with issuance of a reasonable bond.  Sheriff 
Leis’s motion to dismiss the petition was granted. 
{¶ 9} Now in his appeal as of right, Smith asserts that the court of 
appeals erred in dismissing his habeas corpus petition because his million-dollar, 
cash-only bond violated Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution and was also 
not authorized by Crim.R. 46. 
{¶ 10} On January 26, 2005, we appointed counsel for Smith and invited 
an amicus brief from the Attorney General.  Smith v. Leis, 104 Ohio St.3d 1459, 
2005-Ohio-204, 821 N.E.2d 576.  We ordered the parties and the State Solicitor, 
on behalf of the Attorney General, to brief the question “Is a cash-only bond 
authorized under the amended versions of Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution, 
Crim.R. 46, and R.C. 2937.222?  See State ex rel. Jones v. Hendon (1993), 66 
Ohio St.3d 115, 609 N.E.2d 541, and State ex rel. Baker v. Troutman (1990), 50 
Ohio St.3d 270, 553 N.E.2d 1053.”  Id. 
{¶ 11} Smith’s case is now before us; however, we will consider the issue 
of mootness before consideration of the merits. 
Mootness 
{¶ 12} In October 2004, following the parties’ submission of their initial 
briefs, the state retried Smith.  A jury convicted him of several of the originally 
charged offenses but could not reach a verdict on others.  Smith was sentenced 
accordingly and is currently incarcerated. 
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{¶ 13} The state argues that because Smith has now been convicted and 
imprisoned after retrial, his claims concerning pretrial bail are now moot.  The 
state correctly observes that Smith is no longer entitled to the requested writ of 
habeas corpus.  “[H]abeas corpus in Ohio is generally appropriate in the criminal 
context only if the petitioner is entitled to immediate release from prison or some 
other type of physical confinement.”  State ex rel. Smirnoff v. Greene (1998), 84 
Ohio St.3d 165, 167, 702 N.E.2d 423.  Following conviction, any error regarding 
pretrial bail is generally moot.  State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-
6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 39.  Therefore, Smith is not entitled to extraordinary 
relief in habeas corpus. 
{¶ 14} Nonetheless, although Smith is not entitled to the writ, the 
mootness of his appeal does not affect its reviewability insofar as it challenges the 
trial court’s imposition of cash-only bail.  “ ‘Although a case may be moot with 
respect to one of the litigants, this court may hear the appeal where there remains 
a debatable constitutional question to resolve, or where the matter appealed is one 
of great public or general interest.’ ”  State ex rel. White v. Kilbane Koch, 96 Ohio 
St.3d 395, 2002-Ohio-4848, 775 N.E.2d 508, ¶ 16, quoting Franchise Developers, 
Inc. v. Cincinnati (1987), 30 Ohio St.3d 28, 30 OBR 33, 505 N.E.2d 966, 
paragraph one of the syllabus. 
{¶ 15} This appeal presents a properly debatable constitutional issue, i.e., 
whether Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, as amended, authorizes 
cash-only bail.  This issue is of great public or general interest because it affects 
the types of bail that trial courts are authorized to grant in criminal cases 
throughout the state.  See State v. Brooks (Minn.2000), 604 N.W.2d 345, 348 
(“cash only bail is an important public issue of statewide significance upon which 
this court should rule”); State v. Briggs (Iowa 2003), 666 N.W.2d 573, 576 
(“Questions resting on the nature and propriety of cash only bail are of a pressing 
public interest. The imposition of cash only bail is a regular occurrence in our 
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district courts.  The constitutional implications of this form of bail are of great 
relevance for members of the public, the bar, and the judiciary.  The need to 
provide guidance on this issue is manifest”). 
{¶ 16} As illustrated in Smith’s case, cash-only preconviction bail is 
frequently effective for too brief a period to be fully litigated before its 
expiration.1  See, e.g., Brooks, 604 N.W.2d at 348 (“Most pretrial bail issues are, 
by definition, short-lived and failure to decide this issue could have a continuing 
adverse impact on those defendants who are unable to post cash only bail”); 
Briggs, 666 N.W.2d at 576-577 (“in the absence of authoritative guidance, it is 
highly likely this issue will recur, potentially resulting in varied and inconsistent 
interpretations of important constitutional provisions”). 
{¶ 17} Therefore, because this appeal presents a constitutional question of 
great public interest, its mootness is no bar to our consideration of the merits of 
Smith’s claims. 
Propriety of Cash-Only Pretrial Bail Before 1998 Amendment to  
Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution, 1998 Amendment to  
Crim.R. 46, and 1999 Enactment of R.C. 2937.222 
{¶ 18} In 1802, Ohio’s first Constitution provided in Section 12, Article 
VIII, that “all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital 
offenses, where the proof is evident or the presumption great” and provided in 
Section 13, Article VIII that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be required.”  See, also, 
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution (“Excessive bail shall not be 
required”). 
                                                 
1.  This case does not appear, however, to fall within this mootness exception, which also requires 
that the case be capable of repetition, yet evading review.  See State v. Tuomala, 104 Ohio St.3d 
93, 2004-Ohio-6239, 818 N.E.2d 272, ¶ 7.  That exception further requires  “a reasonable 
expectation that the same complaining party will be subject to the same action again.”  (Emphasis 
added.)  State ex rel. Calvary v. Upper Arlington (2000), 89 Ohio St.3d 229, 231, 729 N.E.2d 
1182.  With his lengthy criminal sentence, it is unlikely that Smith again will be subject to the 
same cash-only preconviction bail.  
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{¶ 19} The 1851 Ohio Constitution moved the bail provisions to Section 
9, Article I: 
{¶ 20} “All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for 
capital offences where the proof is evident, or the presumption great.  Excessive 
bail shall not be required; nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual 
punishments inflicted.”  The 1851 version of Section 9, Article I remained 
effective until January 1, 1998.  1997 Sub.H.J.Res. No. 5, 147 Ohio Laws, Part 
IV, 9014, 9016. 
{¶ 21} To implement the bail provisions of Section 9, Article I, we 
adopted Crim.R. 46 in 1973, which provided before its most recent amendment on 
July 1, 1998: 
{¶ 22} “(A) Purpose of and right to bail.  The purpose of bail is to ensure 
that the defendant appears at all stages of the criminal proceedings.  All persons 
are entitled to bail, except in capital cases where the proof is evident or the 
presumption great. 
{¶ 23} “* * * 
{¶ 24} “(C) Preconviction release in serious offense cases. Any person 
who is entitled to release under division (A) of this rule shall be released on 
personal recognizance or upon the execution of an unsecured appearance bond in 
an amount specified by the judge or magistrate, unless the judge or magistrate 
determines that release will not ensure the appearance of the person as required.  
Where a judge or magistrate so determines, he or she, either in lieu of or in 
addition to the preferred methods of release stated above, shall impose any of the 
following conditions of release that will reasonably ensure the appearance of the 
person for trial or, if no single condition ensures appearance, any combination of 
the following conditions: 
{¶ 25} “* * * 
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{¶ 26} “(4) Require the execution of bail bond with sufficient solvent 
sureties, the execution of a bond secured by real estate in the county, or the 
deposit of cash or the securities allowed by law in lieu of a bond.”  See 69 Ohio 
St.3d CXXXV (effective July 1, 1994). 
{¶ 27} The General Assembly, for its part, enacted R.C. 2937.22, which 
explains that bail “may take any of the following forms: 
{¶ 28} “(A) The deposit of cash by the accused or by some other person 
for him; 
{¶ 29} “(B) The deposit by the accused or by some other person for him 
in form of bonds of the United States, this state, or any political subdivision 
thereof in a face amount equal to the sum set by the court or magistrate.  In case 
of bonds not negotiable by delivery such bonds shall be properly endorsed for 
transfer. 
{¶ 30} “(C) The written undertaking by one or more persons to forfeit the 
sum of money set by the court or magistrate, if the accused is in default for 
appearance, which shall be known as a recognizance.”  128 Ohio Laws 108 
(effective January 1, 1960). 
{¶ 31} A writ of habeas corpus was granted to compel a trial court judge 
to set a reasonable preconviction bail for an accused charged with noncapital 
offenses in Locke v. Jenkins (1969), 20 Ohio St.2d 45, 49 O.O.2d 304, 253 N.E.2d 
757.  We recognized that the “right to bail under [Section 9, Article I of the Ohio 
Constitution] is absolute, the only exception being for capital offenses” and that 
“[t]here is no discretion in the trial court in such matters.”  Id. at 46, 49 O.O.2d 
304, 253 N.E.2d 757. 
{¶ 32} We also granted a writ of mandamus to compel a court of common 
pleas to change its bail bond form, which required sureties to consent to forfeiture 
of deposited cash or securities to pay fines and costs assessed upon conviction and 
unsatisfied by the defendant. State ex rel. Baker v. Troutman (1990), 50 Ohio 
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St.3d 270, 553 N.E.2d 1053. We held that by requiring use of the bond deposit to 
pay unsatisfied fees and costs, the procedure set forth in the form constituted 
excessive bail prohibited by Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution “because 
it placed limiting conditions on bail that were unrelated to appearance of the 
accused.”  Id. at 272, 553 N.E.2d 1053.  We held that the constitutional right to 
“nonexcessive bail on approval of sufficient sureties” was absolute, citing Locke 
v. Jenkins, 20 Ohio St.2d 45, 49 O.O.2d 304, 253 N.E.2d 757.  (Emphasis added.)  
Baker at 271, 553 N.E.2d 1053. 
{¶ 33} Later, we reaffirmed Baker and Locke by finding that the “[a]ll 
persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties” clause of Section 9, Article I as 
applied to noncapital cases “guarantee[d] an accused an absolute right to bail in 
such cases * * * and to have a surety post bail on his behalf.”  We held that bail 
bondsmen were entitled to a writ of mandamus to compel a trial court clerk to 
accept surety bonds where “cash only” bonds were set. State ex rel. Jones v. 
Hendon (1993), 66 Ohio St.3d 115, 118, 609 N.E.2d 541. 
{¶ 34} After finding in Jones that Section 9, Article I was silent as to the 
forms that bail may take and that Crim.R. 46(C) vested discretion in the judge to 
impose any of the rule’s five conditions to ensure an accused’s appearance, we 
examined the fourth condition, former Crim.R. 46(C)(4), under which the court 
may “[r]equire the execution of bail bond with sufficient solvent sureties, the 
execution of a bond secured by real estate in the county, or the deposit of cash or 
the securities allowed by law in lieu thereof.”   See former Civ.R. 46(C)(4), 52 
Ohio St.3d liv (effective July 1, 1990). We concluded that once a judge had 
chosen the bond amount there was no legitimate purpose in further specifying the 
form of the bond which may be posted: 
{¶ 35} “Indeed, the only apparent purpose in requiring a ‘cash only’ bond 
to the exclusion of the other forms provided in [former] Crim.R. 46(C)(4) is to 
restrict the accused’s access to a surety and, thus, to detain the accused in 
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violation of Section 9, Article I.  We found such a practice inappropriate in State 
ex rel. Baker v. Troutman, supra, and reaffirm that finding here. 
{¶ 36} “Accordingly, we find that where a judge imposes a bond as a 
condition of release under Crim.R. 46(C)(4), the judge’s discretion is limited to 
setting the amount of the bond.  Once that amount is set, and the accused 
exercises his constitutional right to enlist a surety to post bail on his behalf, that 
being one of the options set forth in Crim.R. 46(C)(4), the clerk of courts must 
accept a surety bond to secure the defendant’s release, provided the sureties 
thereon are otherwise sufficient and solvent.”  (Emphasis added.)  Id. at 118, 609 
N.E.2d 541. 
{¶ 37} Therefore, pursuant to Jones and Baker, before the amendment to 
Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution, which became effective January 1, 
1998, an accused such as Smith who was charged with a noncapital offense had 
an absolute constitutional right to bail by sufficient sureties.  Consequently, then, 
a cash-only requirement for bail was unconstitutional. 
1998 Amendment to Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution,  
1998 Amendment to Crim.R. 46, and1999 Enactment of R.C. 2937.222 
{¶ 38} In 1997, the General Assembly proposed an amendment to Section 
9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution “to permit a court to not grant bail in certain 
circumstances to persons who allegedly commit a felony and also pose a 
substantial risk of serious physical harm to others or to the community.”  1997 
Sub.H.J.Res. No. 5, 147 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 9014.  The amendment was adopted 
by Ohio voters in the November 4, 1997 general election and took effect January 
1, 1998.  Id. at 9016. 
{¶ 39} Section 9, Article I, with the amendment italicized, now provides: 
{¶ 40} “All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for a 
person who is charged with a capital offense where the proof is evident or the 
presumption great, and except for a person who is charged with a felony where 
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the proof is evident or the presumption great and where the person poses a 
substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person or to the community.  
Where a person is charged with any offense for which the person may be 
incarcerated, the court may determine at any time the type, amount, and 
conditions of bail.  Excessive bail shall not be required; nor excessive fines 
imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
{¶ 41} “The general assembly shall fix by law standards to determine 
whether a person who is charged with a felony where proof is evident or the 
presumption great poses a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person 
or to the community.  Procedures for establishing the amount and conditions of 
bail shall be established pursuant to Article IV, Section 5(B) of the Constitution of 
the state of Ohio.” 
{¶ 42} Pursuant to the constitutional amendment, the General Assembly 
enacted R.C. 2937.222, effective July 29, 1999, which provides for a hearing to 
determine whether certain accused felons should be denied bail and which 
specifies the evidence the trial court must consider in making that determination. 
{¶ 43} In addition, we amended Crim.R. 46, effective July 1, 1998, to 
specify the following types and amounts of bail and amendments to an initial 
bond order: 
{¶ 44} “(A) Types and amounts of bail 
{¶ 45} “Any person who is entitled to release shall be released upon one 
or more of the following types of bail in the amount set by the courts: 
{¶ 46} “(1) The personal recognizance of the accused or an unsecured bail 
bond; 
{¶ 47} “(2) A bail bond secured by the deposit of ten percent of the 
amount of the bond in cash.  Ninety percent of the deposit shall be returned upon 
compliance with all conditions of the bond; 
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{¶ 48} “(3) A surety bond, a bond secured by real estate or securities as 
allowed by law, or the deposit of cash, at the option of the defendant. 
{¶ 49} “* * *  
{¶ 50} “(E) Amendments 
{¶ 51} “A court, at any time, may order additional or different types, 
amounts, or conditions of bail.”  (Emphasis added.) 
{¶ 52} The parties to this case have briefed the impact of these 
amendments and newly enacted provisions upon the court’s previous holdings in 
Baker and Jones that an accused charged with a noncapital offense has an 
absolute constitutional right to bail by sufficient sureties. 
1998 Amendment to Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution 
{¶ 53} Smith asserts that cash-only bond or bail violates Section 9, Article 
I of the Ohio Constitution.  The state counters that the 1998 amendment to 
Section 9, Article I gives courts greater authority to determine the types, amounts, 
and conditions of bail and empowers those courts to grant cash-only bonds as a 
type of bail. 
{¶ 54} Initially, we must determine whether it is necessary to address the 
constitutional issue.  The Attorney General asserts that because this case can be 
resolved based upon Crim.R. 46, we need not reach the constitutional question, 
correctly observing that courts decide constitutional issues only when absolutely 
necessary.  See State ex rel. Essig v. Blackwell, 103 Ohio St.3d 481, 2004-Ohio-
5586, 817 N.E.2d 5, ¶ 34, quoting State ex rel. DeBrosse v. Cool (1999), 87 Ohio 
St.3d 1, 7, 716 N.E.2d 1114. 
{¶ 55} Smith, however specifically raises the constitutionality of cash-
only bail orders, and the state expressly claims that the amended constitutional 
provision permits cash-only bail.  The Constitution will prevail over the rule if, as 
the state asserts, Section 9, Article I empowers courts to grant cash-only bail even 
if Crim.R. 46 prohibits this type of bail. See State ex rel. Ohio Roundtable, Inc. v. 
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Taft (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 643, 644, 670 N.E.2d 231, citing State ex rel. Huebner 
v. W. Jefferson Village Council (1995), 75 Ohio St.3d 381, 383-384, 662 N.E.2d 
339 (“reaffirming [the] principle that [a] subordinate authority must always yield 
to [a] contrary paramount authority, i.e., the Ohio Constitution”).  This 
constitutional issue is the preeminent reason why this case, while moot as to 
Smith, may be heard on its merits. 
{¶ 56} Furthermore, our statement in Jones, 66 Ohio St.3d at 118, 609 
N.E.2d 541, that “Section 9, Article I is silent as to the forms which bail may 
take” does not mean that Crim.R. 46, rather than the Ohio Constitution, is 
conclusive.  Otherwise, our holding in Jones that a cash-only bond violated an 
accused’s Section 9, Article I constitutional right to sufficient sureties would have 
been unnecessary.  Id.  As Smith persuasively contends, “The constitutional 
provision obviously does not prescribe which of various types of bail or bond may 
be imposed ─ but it does mandate that defendants have access to sufficient 
sureties.”   Thus we will address the constitutional issue. 
{¶ 57} We must analyze the 1998 amendment to determine whether  
Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution was modified to abrogate the 
constitutional prohibition against cash-only bail recognized by this court in Jones.  
“Generally speaking, in construing the Constitution, we apply the same rules of 
construction that we apply in construing statutes.”  State v. Jackson, 102 Ohio 
St.3d 380, 2004-Ohio-3206, 811 N.E.2d 68, ¶ 14; Miami Cty. v. Dayton (1915), 
92 Ohio St. 215, 223, 110 N.E. 726. 
{¶ 58} The rules of statutory construction when applied to Section 9, 
Article I, as amended, lead us to conclude that the Ohio Constitution still prohibits 
cash-only bail. 
{¶ 59} First, notwithstanding the state’s arguments to the contrary, the 
new sentence in the 1998 amendment permitting courts to “determine at any time 
the type, amount, and conditions of bail” does not warrant a different construction 
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of the “sufficient sureties” provision.  “ ‘Where provisions of the Constitution 
address the same subject matter, they must be read in pari materia and 
harmonized if possible.’ ”  State ex rel. Toledo v. Lucas Cty. Bd. of Elections 
(2002), 95 Ohio St.3d 73, 78, 765 N.E.2d 854, quoting Toledo Edison Co. v. 
Bryan (2000), 90 Ohio St.3d 288, 292, 737 N.E.2d 529.  That is, “ ‘[i]t is our duty 
to give a construction to the Constitution as will make it consistent with itself, and 
will harmonize and give effect to all its various provisions.’ ”  State ex rel. Taylor 
v. French (1917), 96 Ohio St. 172, 189, 117 N.E. 173, quoting Hill v. Higdon 
(1855), 5 Ohio St. 243, 248, 1855 WL 70. 
{¶ 60} Construing the clause “[a]ll persons shall be bailable by sufficient 
sureties” in conjunction with the clause that grants courts authority to “determine 
at any time the type, amount, and conditions of bail,” it is evident that the latter 
sentence does not authorize bail that would violate an accused’s access to a 
surety.  Adopting the state’s contrary interpretation would not give effect to the 
“sufficient sureties” clause and would render it nugatory.  This could not have 
been the intent of the General Assembly in proposing the amendment or the 
electorate in passing it.  See State ex rel. Thompson v. Spon (1998), 83 Ohio St.3d 
551, 554, 700 N.E.2d 1281, quoting State v. Wilson (1997), 77 Ohio St.3d 334, 
336, 673 N.E.2d 1347 (“ ‘In reviewing a statute, a court cannot pick out one 
sentence and disassociate it from the context, but must look to the four corners of 
the enactment to determine the intent of the enacting body’ ”). 
{¶ 61} The Attorney General similarly concedes that “the constitutional 
amendment, by providing for outright denial of bail, further strengthens the case 
against achieving a de facto denial of bail without satisfying the rules for a true 
denial of bail.”  The Attorney General further concludes that the intent of the 
constitutional amendment was merely to increase those categories of persons to 
whom bail may be denied entirely, and not to restrict an accused’s constitutional 
right of access to a surety. 
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{¶ 62} Second, Section 9, Article I unambiguously provides that all 
persons charged with an offense “shall be bailable by sufficient sureties.”  There 
are two exceptions to this general rule.  The first is for a person charged with a 
capital offense when the proof is evident or the presumption great, and the second 
is for a person charged with a felony when the proof is evident or the presumption 
great and who poses a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person or to 
the community.  In construing this language, we “read words and phrases in 
context according to the rules of grammar and common usage.”  State ex rel. Lee 
v. Karnes, 103 Ohio St.3d 559, 2004-Ohio-5718, 817 N.E.2d 76, ¶ 23.  It is a 
“well-established rule that ‘when it is used in a statute, the word “shall” denotes 
that compliance with the commands of that statute is mandatory.’ ”  (Emphasis 
sic.)  State ex rel. Adams v. Aluchem, Inc., 104 Ohio St.3d 640, 2004-Ohio-6891, 
821 N.E.2d 547, ¶ 12, quoting Dept. of Liquor Control v. Sons of Italy Lodge 
0917 (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 532, 534, 605 N.E.2d 368.  A “surety” is “[a] person 
who is primarily liable for the payment of another’s debt or the performance of 
another’s obligation.”  Black’s Law Dictionary (8 Ed.2004) 1482.2   
{¶ 63} Third, this construction of Section 9, Article I is consistent with 
our precedent in Baker and Jones which construed the term “sufficient sureties” 
before the 1998 amendment. We presume that when it proposed the 1998 
amendment to Section 9, Article I, the General Assembly intended that Jones and 
Baker remain viable precedent. See, e.g., State ex rel. Besser v. Ohio State Univ. 
(2000), 87 Ohio St.3d 535, 539, 721 N.E.2d 1044 (“There is also no evidence that 
the General Assembly intended its 1996 repeal of R.C. 1333.51 as part of 
Am.Sub.S.B. No. 2 to represent a departure from long-standing precedent 
exempting trade secrets from disclosure under R.C. 149.43”). 
                                                 
2.  Although the state suggested for the first time at oral argument that cash could constitute a 
surety, we find no support for this novel proposition, which is contrary to the ordinary definition 
of surety. 
 
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15 
{¶ 64} Fourth, even if the meaning of Section 9, Article I were 
ambiguous, the stated purpose of the amendment indicates that the General 
Assembly did not intend to overrule precedent by permitting cash-only bail.  “If 
the meaning of a provision cannot be ascertained by its plain language, a court 
may look to the purpose of the provision to determine its meaning.”  Jackson, 102 
Ohio St.3d 380, 2004-Ohio-3206, 811 N.E.2d 68, ¶ 14.  As mentioned, the 
amendment’s stated purpose was to authorize courts to deny bail in more 
circumstances, i.e., to accused felons who pose a substantial risk of serious 
physical harm to others or to the community.  147 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 9014.  As 
one commentator noted, the 1998 amendment was “[p]romoted as an ‘anti-crime’ 
measure * * * [to] reduce[] the constitutional right to bail for persons charged 
with a felony.”3  Baldwin’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated, 1997 Editor’s 
Comment to Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution.  Thus, the amendment to 
Section 9, Article I was designed to expand the types of offenses and 
circumstances under which bail could be denied, not to limit an accused’s access 
to a surety once bail is granted. 
{¶ 65} Fifth, courts of other jurisdictions have reached similar conclusions 
in either holding or observing that cash-only bail orders violate the constitutional 
right of certain accused persons to be “bailable by sufficient sureties.”  Brooks, 
604 N.W.2d at 354 (“Article I, Section 7 of the Minnesota Constitution prohibits a 
court from setting a monetary bail amount that can be satisfied only by a cash 
deposit in the full amount of bail set by the court, * * * thereby restricting [the 
accused’s] right to post bail by providing alternative forms of sufficient surety”); 
State v. Rodriguez (Mont.1981), 192 Mont. 411, 418-419, 628 P.2d 280 (“A cash 
                                                 
3.  “Proponents [of the amendment] envisioned that bail would be denied to violent offenders such 
as persons charged with drug-related crimes who threaten witnesses, repeat drunk drivers, and 
individuals facing felony domestic relations charges.”  Baldwin’s Ohio Revised Code Annotated, 
1997 Editor’s Comment to Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution. 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
16 
bail requirement may also effectively undermine the constitutional guarantee of 
bail by ‘sufficient sureties’ ”); Lewis Bail Bond Co. v. Madison Cty. Gen. Sessions 
Court (Nov. 12, 1997), Tenn.App. No. C-97-62, 1997 WL 711137,  *5 (“If the 
judge were held to have discretion to require a cash-only bond, he would also 
arguably have the power, for instance, to demand that a defendant put up 
qualifying real estate in order to secure his release.  If a particular defendant had 
no qualifying real estate, such a requirement could effectively detain the accused 
in violation of Article I, § 15 of the Tennessee Constitution * * * which provide[s] 
that ‘all defendants shall be bailable by sufficient sureties’ ”); State v. Golden 
(La.App.1989), 546 So.2d 501, 503 (“The inherent power of a court cannot be 
exercised to supersede the express constitutional mandate that before or during 
trial a person shall be bailable by sufficient surety”)  (emphasis sic); but, cf., State 
v. Briggs (Iowa 2003), 666 N.W.2d 573, 583 (Iowa’s constitutional requirement 
that all persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties does not preclude cash-only 
bond, but “if the accused shows that the bail determination absolutely bars his or 
her utilization of a surety of some form, a court is constitutionally bound to 
accommodate 
the 
accused’s 
predicament”); 
Ex 
Parte 
Singleton 
(Ala.Crim.App.2004), 902 So.2d 132 (following Briggs case).  See, also, Buro, 
Bail — Defining Sufficient Sureties —  The Constitutionality of Cash-Only Bail:  
State v. Briggs, 666 N.W.2d 573 (Iowa 2003) (2004), 35 Rutgers L.J. 1407, 1408 
(criticizing the Iowa Supreme Court decision in Briggs because it “neither 
interpreted [Iowa’s sufficient-sureties] clause in accordance with its common 
meaning, nor did it give substantial weight to the historical development of bail”). 
{¶ 66} Therefore, given the language of Section 9, Article I of the Ohio 
Constitution, the explicit purpose of the 1998 amendment, the lack of a contrary 
unambiguous intent by the General Assembly or the electorate to depart from the 
court’s precedent construing Section 9, Article I, and persuasive precedent from 
other jurisdictions considering this issue, we hold that  Baker and Jones remain 
January Term, 2005 
17 
good law and that Section 9, Article I prohibits cash-only bail because it infringes 
upon an accused’s constitutional right to bail by sufficient sureties. 
1998 Amendment to Crim.R. 46 
{¶ 67} Smith next asserts that the trial court’s imposition of a cash-only 
bond also violates Crim.R. 46, as amended in 1998.  The Attorney General agrees 
with Smith.  The state counters that Crim.R. 46(E) authorized the trial court’s 
cash-only bail order.  For the following reasons, Smith and the Attorney General 
are correct. 
{¶ 68} First, Crim.R. 46(E) must be construed in accordance with Crim.R. 
46(A), which defines the three types of bonds permitted.  Crim.R. 46(E) ─ much 
like the 1998 amendment to Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution ─ 
provides that courts, “at any time, may order additional or different types, 
amounts, or conditions of bail.”  But Crim.R. 46(E) is captioned “Amendments.” 
In Smith’s case it is uncontroverted that bail was never amended.  Crim.R. 46(A) 
lists the possible types of bail, including “[a] surety bond, a bond secured by real 
estate or securities as allowed by law, or the deposit of cash, at the option of the 
defendant.”  (Emphasis added.)  Thus, even under amended Crim.R. 46(E), trial 
courts are not authorized to impose a cash-only condition on bail or bond;  they 
are authorized to change the type of bond (i.e., those listed in Crim.R. 46(A)) at 
any time.  It is the choice of the defendant to post cash as a deposit to secure the 
bond posted under Crim.R. 46(A)(3). 
{¶ 69} As the Attorney General cogently notes, the rule amendment gives 
a trial court “greater discretion in the factors it may consider in seeking bail and 
the conditions of bail it may impose, but not the types of bail it may order,” and a 
“cash-only bond is a type of bail ─ not a condition or factor of bail ─ and 
therefore must fall under subsection (A) to be permissible.”  (Emphasis sic.)  
Consequently, the different types of bail referred to in Crim.R. 46(E) are those 
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18 
mentioned in Crim.R. 46(A).  A contrary construction would not give due effect 
to Crim.R. 46(A). 
{¶ 70} Second, the purpose of the 1998 amendment to Crim.R. 46 was to 
reorganize the rule in accordance with the constitutional amendment to Section 9, 
Article I.  Staff Notes to 1998 Amendment to Crim.R. 46.  The amendment 
reflected that a court determining bail could consider imposing conditions relating 
to both appearance and public safety.  Instead, “the only apparent purpose in 
requiring a ‘cash only’ bond to the exclusion of the other forms provided in 
Crim.R. 46[] is to restrict the accused’s access to a surety and, thus, to detain the 
accused in violation of Section 9, Article I.”  Jones, 66 Ohio St.3d at 118, 609 
N.E.2d 541. 
{¶ 71} Third, if we had intended to authorize cash-only bail when we 
amended Crim.R. 46, we would have so provided with appropriate language.  See 
Yakima v. Mollett (2003), 115 Wash.App. 604, 610, 63 P.3d 177 (Washington 
rule of criminal procedure held not to authorize cash-only bail to the exclusion of 
a bond because “[i]f the rule drafters intended to authorize ‘cash only’ bail, they 
could have easily set it out as a discrete condition of release”). 
{¶ 72} Fourth, and most important, even had Crim.R. 46 expressly 
permitted cash-only bail, it would have violated the sufficient-sureties clause of 
Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution. 
{¶ 73} Therefore, the amendment to Crim.R. 46 did not empower the trial 
court to order a cash-only bond for Smith. 
R.C. 2937.222 
{¶ 74} The parties have also briefed the impact of the enactment of R.C. 
2937.222 on the propriety of cash-only bail.  As Smith and the Attorney General 
rightly assert, R.C. 2937.222 is inapplicable because it concerns only the 
procedure that must be followed before a trial court can deny bail to a person 
charged with a noncapital felony offense.  The trial court did not attempt to follow 
January Term, 2005 
19 
that procedure in Smith’s case, because it had decided to grant bail, and the state 
does not rely on R.C. 2937.222 to support its position.  The state never proved the 
exception to the constitutional requirement of sufficient sureties, for a hearing 
under R.C. 2937.222 is required to do so. 
{¶ 75} The constitutional amendment manifestly envisions this hearing by 
specifying that the “general assembly shall fix by law standards to determine 
whether a person who is charged with a felony where the proof is evident or the 
presumption great poses a substantial risk of serious physical harm to any person 
or to the community.”  Section 9, Article I, Ohio Constitution.  The General 
Assembly complied by enacting R.C. 2937.222(A), which authorizes a hearing to 
make the required determination “[o]n the motion of the prosecuting attorney or 
on the judge’s own motion.”  At this hearing, Smith would have been entitled to 
be represented by counsel and, if he was indigent, to have counsel appointed for 
him.  Id.  Smith would have had “an opportunity to testify, to present witnesses 
and other information, and to cross-examine witnesses who appear at the 
hearing.”  Id. The state would have had the “burden of proving that the proof is 
evident or the presumption great that the accused committed the offense with 
which the accused is charged, of proving that the accused poses a substantial risk 
of serious physical harm to any person or to the community, and of proving that 
no release conditions will reasonably assure the safety of that person and the 
community.”  Id.  If the trial court then determined that the state had proved these 
elements by clear and convincing evidence, it could deny bail.  R.C. 2937.222(B).  
In making that determination, the trial court would consider all available 
information regarding: 
{¶ 76} “(1) The nature and circumstances of the offense charged, 
including whether the offense is an offense of violence or involves alcohol or a 
drug of abuse; 
{¶ 77} “(2) The weight of the evidence against the accused; 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
20 
{¶ 78} “(3) The history and characteristics of the accused, including, but 
not limited to, both of the following: 
{¶ 79} “(a) The character, physical and mental condition, family ties, 
employment, financial resources, length of residence in the community, 
community ties, past conduct, history relating to drug or alcohol abuse, and 
criminal history of the accused; 
{¶ 80} “(b) Whether, at the time of the current alleged offense or at the 
time of the arrest of the accused, the accused was on probation, parole, post-
release control, or other release pending trial, sentencing, appeal, or completion of 
sentence for the commission of an offense under the laws of this state, another 
state, or the United States or under a municipal ordinance. 
{¶ 81} “(4) The nature and seriousness of the danger to any person or the 
community that would be posed by the person’s release.” 
{¶ 82} Although the matter is moot with respect to Smith himself, it 
appears from the record in this case that relevant evidence could have been 
introduced at an R.C. 2937.222 hearing.  Smith was charged with several violent 
crimes, and it was undisputed that he shot four people.  If convicted on retrial, 
Smith was facing a lengthy incarceration and would have spent the rest of his life 
in prison.  At his initial trial, conviction on some of these charges had led to an 
aggregate prison term of 47 years to life.  In summary, it appears that the trial 
court would not have abused its discretion in denying bail pending Smith’s retrial, 
assuming it had held the proper statutory hearing. 
Conclusion 
{¶ 83} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the issue of the propriety of 
cash-only bail, while moot as to Smith, is properly before us for consideration and 
that, in accordance with Baker and Jones, cash-only bail violates both Section 9, 
Article I of the Ohio Constitution and Crim.R. 46, as amended.  Nevertheless, 
because Smith has now been convicted and sentenced, he is no longer entitled to 
January Term, 2005 
21 
the requested writ of habeas corpus.  Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the 
court of appeals dismissing Smith’s habeas corpus petition. 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
MOYER, C.J., PFEIFER and O’CONNOR, JJ., concur. 
 
RESNICK, LUNDBERG STRATTON and O’DONNELL, JJ., concur in part and 
dissent in part. 
__________________ 
 
LUNDBERG STRATTON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. 
{¶ 84} Although I agree with the majority’s determination that this matter 
is not moot because it is capable of repetition yet evades review, I disagree with 
the conclusion that cash-only bail violates the Ohio Constitution.  In my view, the 
plain language of the Constitution allows cash-only bonds.  The majority’s 
interpretation of the provisions at issue in this case improperly limits judicial 
discretion in fashioning appropriate types and amounts of bail.  Therefore, I 
respectfully dissent. 
{¶ 85} In my view, the primary purpose of bail under Section 9, Article I 
of the Ohio Constitution is to ensure the defendant’s appearance and submission 
to the judgment of the court.  See Ex Parte Milburn (1835), 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 704, 
710, 9 L.Ed. 280 (“A recognizance of bail, in a criminal case, is taken to secure 
the due attendance of the party accused”); Reynolds v. United States (1959), 80 
S.Ct. 30, 32, 4 L.Ed.2d 46 (Douglas, Circuit Justice) (“The purpose of bail is to 
insure the defendant’s appearance and submission to the judgment of the court”).  
I believe that with today’s decision we are moving away from the intention of the 
framers of our Constitution. 
{¶ 86} With a November 1997 vote, the people of the state of Ohio 
amended Section 9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution to read: “Where a person is 
charged with any offense for which the person may be incarcerated, the court may 
determine at any time the type, amount, and conditions of bail.”  As the majority 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
22 
notes, this court then modified Crim.R. 46 in light of this constitutional 
amendment to allow “[a] court, at any time, [to] order additional or different 
types, amounts, or conditions of bail.”  The General Assembly also responded to 
the amendment by enacting R.C. 2937.222, which details the procedure a judge 
must use in denying bail to a person charged with a noncapital offense, but 
remains silent as to permissible types or amounts of bail. 
{¶ 87} The linchpin of the majority’s analysis is that Section 9’s 
“sufficient sureties” clause — “[a]ll persons shall be bailable by sufficient 
sureties” — provides that, with certain exceptions not at issue here, an accused 
has a right to be bailed out by “ ‘[a] person who is primarily liable for the 
payment of another’s debt or the performance of another’s obligation,’ ” quoting 
the definition of “surety” in Black’s Law Dictionary (8 Ed.2004) 1482.  With 
“surety” defined in this manner, the majority concludes that the only way to give 
effect to Section 9’s language permitting a court to “determine at any time the 
type, amount, and conditions of bail” is to prohibit a court from imposing any 
type of bail that does not allow a third party to assume the accused’s bail 
obligation. 
{¶ 88} In my view, the majority’s use of Black’s Law Dictionary to define 
the term “surety” too narrowly circumscribes the “sufficient sureties” clause, 
which, rather than specifically associating the bailing process with commercial 
bonding or some other secured transaction, merely provides the judge discretion 
in ensuring that the accused will appear for hearing.  Indeed, both Section 9 and 
Crim.R. 46(E) demonstrate this principle by authorizing courts to determine “at 
any time” the type, amount, or conditions of bail. 
{¶ 89} Moreover, the majority’s construction of Section 9 renders 
superfluous the provisions in R.C. 2937.22 and Crim.R. 46 that allow a judge to 
impose a cash-only bond.  See R.C. 2937.22(A), granting judges the authority to 
impose bail through “[t]he deposit of cash by the accused or by some other person 
January Term, 2005 
23 
for him,” and Crim.R. 46, which characterizes “the deposit of cash, at the option 
of the defendant” as a permissible type of bail.  In other words, the majority’s 
view of the “sufficient sureties” clause necessarily prevents the operation of these 
sections, since a court is prohibited from imposing any type of bail that does not 
allow a third party to assume the accused’s bail obligation.  Nothing in the Ohio 
Constitution, the Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure, or the Ohio Revised Code 
suggests, as the majority has concluded, that a judge may not set a cash-only 
bond. 
{¶ 90}  Recently, the Iowa Supreme Court reviewed this very issue, 
noting that the Iowa Constitution’s “sufficient sureties” clause “was likely 
patterned on several state constitutions [including Ohio’s] that included sufficient 
sureties clauses drafted before commercial bonding emerged.”  (Emphasis sic.)  
State v. Briggs (Iowa 2003), 666 N.W.2d 573, 583, fn. 6.  After an exhaustive 
historical analysis, the Iowa Supreme Court concluded that personal, monetary, 
and property sureties were all more well-known methods of securing a bond when 
the Iowa Constitution was adopted—more than 40 years after the Ohio 
Constitution became effective in 1802.  Id. at 583.  Therefore, the Briggs court 
concluded, the core purpose of the sufficient-sureties clause “was to guarantee a 
bailable individual access to a surety of some form.  However, * * * the framers 
did not intend that such access be unfettered or tied specifically to a commercial 
bonding process.”  Id. at 581-582.  Accordingly, the Briggs court held that 
imposing a cash-only bond does not violate Iowa’s sufficient sureties clause.  Id. 
at 583. 
{¶ 91} Likewise, with respect to our Constitution, drafted even earlier 
than Iowa’s, it seems implausible that the framers intended Ohio’s “sufficient 
sureties” clause to favor newly emerging methods of surety—commercial 
bonding and other secured transactions—to the exclusion of a traditional cash-
only surety method.  See id. at 583, where the Briggs court determined that 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
24 
“[w]hile it is possible that our framers had both traditional and commercialized 
surety in mind when drafting the sufficient sureties clause, we do not believe the 
traditional form of surety had been fully eclipsed nor was the commercial form 
truly ascendant.  At most, our framers had both forms in mind.  To conclude the 
sufficient sureties clause extends an unfettered right to a commercial bail 
bondsmen [sic] contradicts the language of our constitution as well as historical 
reality.”  (Footnote omitted.) 
{¶ 92} The primary purpose of bail is to ensure that the accused will be 
present at trial, and interpreting the “sufficient sureties” clause to provide for 
multiple bond forms satisfies this purpose.  The majority’s interpretation of the 
clause, therefore, both overlooks its historical context and erodes the courts’ 
ability to ensure that the accused will return for trial. 
{¶ 93} The language of our newly amended Constitution is clear.  Section 
9, Article I of the Ohio Constitution reads: “Where a person is charged with any 
offense for which the person may be incarcerated, the court may determine at any 
time the type, amount, and conditions of bail.”  Accordingly, because Section 9, 
Article I explicitly provides that “the court may determine at any time the type, 
amount, and conditions of bail,” and because I believe that the founders intended 
the “sufficient sureties” clause to confer discretion upon courts in administering 
the bailing process, I would hold that the imposition of a cash-only bond does not 
violate the Ohio Constitution.  And, since neither the Ohio Revised Code nor the 
Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure prohibit cash-only bonds, I respectfully dissent 
and would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. 
 
RESNICK and O’DONNELL, JJ., concur in the foregoing opinion. 
__________________ 
 
Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, L.L.P., and Pierre H. Bergeron, for appellant. 
 
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith 
Anton Lapp, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 
January Term, 2005 
25 
 
Jim Petro, Attorney General, Douglas R. Cole, State Solicitor, Stephen P. 
Carney, Senior Deputy Solicitor, and Peter M. Thomas and Chelsea S. Rice, 
Assistant Solicitors, for Attorney General of Ohio. 
 
Richard A. Magnus, urging reversal for amicus curiae, Ohio Association 
of Criminal Defense Lawyers. 
______________________