Case Title: League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Committee

Citation: 2022-Ohio-1235

Docket Number: 

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2022-04-14T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 
League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-
1235.] 
 
 
 
NOTICE 
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports.  Readers are requested to 
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 
the opinion is published. 
 
 
SLIP OPINION NO. 2022-OHIO-1235 
LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF OHIO ET AL. v. OHIO REDISTRICTING 
COMMISSION ET AL. 
BENNETT ET AL. v. OHIO REDISTRICTING COMMISSION ET AL. 
OHIO ORGANIZING COLLABORATIVE ET AL. v. OHIO REDISTRICTING 
COMMISSION ET AL. 
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 
may be cited as League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., 
Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-1235.] 
Redistricting—Original actions under Ohio Constitution, Article XI—The Ohio 
Redistricting Commission’s third revised plan violates Article XI, Sections 
6(A) and 6(B) of the Ohio Constitution—Third revised plan is invalid—The 
Ohio Redistricting Commission shall be reconstituted, convene, and draft 
and adopt an entirely new plan in conformity with the Ohio Constitution. 
(Nos. 2021-1193, 2021-1198, and 2021-1210—Submitted April 8, 2022—
Decided April 14, 2022.) 
ORIGINAL ACTIONS filed pursuant to Ohio Constitution, Article XI, Section 9. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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_________________ 
Per Curiam. 
I. INTRODUCTION 
{¶ 1} For the fourth time, we are called upon to consider the validity of a 
General Assembly–district plan adopted by respondent Ohio Redistricting 
Commission.  The commission adopted three General Assembly–district plans 
between September 2021 and February 2022.  We invalidated each of those plans 
because they did not comply with Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B) of the Ohio 
Constitution.  See League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., 
___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 2 (“League I”); League of 
Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-
342, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 67-68 (“League II”); League of Women Voters of Ohio v. 
Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___,  
¶ 2 (“League III”).  Each time, we ordered the commission to be reconstituted and to 
adopt a new plan in conformity with the Ohio Constitution.  League I at ¶ 138; League 
II at ¶ 67; League III at ¶ 44.  In League III, we ordered the commission to draft and 
adopt an entirely new General Assembly–district plan by March 28, 2022.  League 
III at ¶ 44-45. 
{¶ 2} The commission adopted its fourth plan—the “third revised plan”—on 
March 28.  Petitioners1 have filed objections to that plan, arguing that it violates the 
standards of Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B).  We hold that petitioners have 
shown beyond a reasonable doubt that the third revised plan violates Article XI, 
 
1.  Petitioners in Supreme Court case No. 2021-1193 are the League of Women Voters of Ohio, the 
A. Philip Randolph Institute of Ohio, and six individual voters: Tom Harry, Tracy Beavers, Valerie 
Lee, Iris Meltzer, Sherry Rose, and Bonnie Bishop.  Petitioners in Supreme Court case No. 2021-
1198 are ten individual voters: Bria Bennett, Regina C. Adams, Kathleen M. Brinkman, Martha 
Clark, Susanne L. Dyke, Carrie Kubicki, Meryl Neiman, Holly Oyster, Constance Rubin, and 
Everett Totty.  Petitioners in Supreme Court case No. 2021-1210 are the Ohio Organizing 
Collaborative, the Ohio chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, the Ohio 
Environmental Council, and six individual voters: Pierrette Talley, Samuel Gresham Jr., Ahmad 
Aboukar, Mikayla Lee, Prentiss Haney, and Crystal Bryant. 
January Term, 2022 
 
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Sections 6(A) and 6(B).  We again order the commission to be reconstituted and to 
adopt a new plan in conformity with the Ohio Constitution.  We decline to order 
the other remedies that petitioners seek in their objections. 
II. BACKGROUND 
A. The commission retains independent map drawers 
{¶ 3} In League III, we noted, “The commission has adopted three plans so 
far, but it still has not drafted one.”  (Emphasis sic.)  Id. at ¶ 25.  The previous plans 
had been drafted by staff members of the offices of respondents President of the 
Senate Matt Huffman and Speaker of the House Robert Cupp, who controlled the 
process and did not allow the Democratic members of the commission to participate 
in the creation of the plans.  Id. at ¶ 25, 27, 30.  We said that “[t]he commission should 
retain an independent map drawer—who answers to all commission members, not 
only to the Republican legislative leaders—to draft a plan through a transparent 
process.”  Id. at ¶ 30.  We also said that “the drafting should occur in public and the 
commissioners should convene frequent meetings to demonstrate their bipartisan 
efforts to reach a constitutional plan within the time set by this court.”  Id. at ¶ 44. 
{¶ 4} On March 18, two days after we decided League III, __ Ohio St.3d __, 
2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost issued a 
memorandum to the commission proposing a framework for complying with our 
decision.  In it, the attorney general noted our language in League III suggesting that 
the commission “should” retain an independent map drawer.  The attorney general 
recognized that we “used ‘should’ and not ‘shall’ ” but nevertheless advised the 
commission that “it would be wise to treat this suggestion with the degree of 
deference one might pay to the suggestions of one’s spouse.”  Accordingly, the 
attorney general recommended hiring a “bipartisan duo” of consultants whose 
“charge should be simply to produce a map that complies with the Ohio Constitution 
and the orders of the Ohio Supreme Court.” 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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{¶ 5} In response to League III, the commission met on Saturday, March 19, 
and discussed different options for going forward.  Its ideas included (1) having the 
map drawers for the Republican and Democratic legislative caucuses—which 
included Ray DiRossi and Blake Springhetti, who are employees of the Republican 
legislative caucuses, and Chris Glassburn, who is a consultant retained by the 
Democratic legislative caucuses—work together to draw a new district plan, (2) 
hiring mediators or independent map drawers, including the two suggested by the 
attorney general,2 or (3) combining those approaches.  The commission delegated to 
its cochairs, respondents House Speaker Cupp, who is a Republican commission 
member, and Senator Vernon Sykes, who is a Democratic commission member, the 
task of recommending independent map drawers and mediators.  The commission 
also decided that in the interim, the map drawers for the legislative caucuses and staff 
for each commission member would meet to discuss how they could work with 
independent map drawers.  Thus, it became clear to anyone following the 
commission’s proceedings that the commission had accepted this court’s and the 
attorney general’s recommendations to engage independent map drawers to craft a 
General Assembly–district plan. 
{¶ 6} At the commission’s next meeting, on Monday, March 21, Senator 
Sykes recommended Dr. Michael McDonald, a professor at the University of Florida, 
to serve as an independent map drawer.  House Speaker Cupp recommended Dr. 
Douglas Johnson, the president of National Demographics Corporation, to serve as 
 
2.  The attorney general’s March 18 memorandum to the commission stated that he had already 
retained two consultants who had collaborated to produce maps for the state of Virginia and were 
prepared “to go to work immediately” for the commission.  The duo consisted of Sean Trende, a 
Republican analyst with the political-news website RealClearPolitics, and Bernie Grofman, a 
Democratic professor of political science at the University of California at Irvine.  Respondent House 
Minority Leader Allison Russo expressed concern that Trende had served as a consultant for 
respondents in this litigation.  But after speaking with Grofman and Trende, Leader Russo and Senator 
Sykes were in favor of the commission’s engaging them, as suggested by the attorney general.  
However, Senate President Huffman later indicated that the two experts either were not available or 
were unwilling to travel to Ohio to complete the work. 
January Term, 2022 
 
5
the other independent map drawer.  Both individuals had previously consulted on 
redistricting issues in other states.  The commission unanimously voted to approve 
the hiring of Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson as independent map drawers.  The 
commission agreed to pay Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson each at an hourly rate of 
$450, plus their related expenses, capped at $49,000 each. 
B. The commission meets daily and livestreams the map-drawing process 
1. The March 22 meeting 
{¶ 7} On Tuesday, March 22, the commission decided on a daily meeting 
schedule through Saturday, March 27.  The commission then unanimously approved 
retaining two mediators employed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth 
Circuit.  The commission members discussed instructions for the independent map 
drawers—who would be arriving the following day—but could not come to an 
agreement regarding the instructions and decided to continue that discussion at the 
next meeting. 
2. The March 23 meeting 
{¶ 8} Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson appeared at the Wednesday, March 23 
meeting and introduced themselves to the commission.  The commission members 
engaged in a lengthy discussion about written instructions for the independent map 
drawers and adopted 24 “Ground Rules.”  Among other things, the rules specified 
that the independent map drawers were to draft the district plan at the commission’s 
direction and in conformity with Article XI and this court’s prior decisions, draft an 
entirely new plan without considering prior plan proposals or previous work product, 
and provide regular updates to the commission at its scheduled meetings.  The rules 
also provided a process for resolving any disputes between Dr. McDonald and Dr. 
Johnson, including mediation if the commission were unable to unanimously resolve 
the dispute.  In addition, the rules specified that all map drawing would occur in a 
designated room at the statehouse and would be livestreamed by the Ohio Channel.  
The commission members were expected to provide feedback and guidance to the 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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map drawers at commission meetings.  Also, each commission member and their 
staff would have unlimited access to the map drawers, so long as the map drawers 
were not separately contacted. 
3. The March 24 meeting 
{¶ 9} The independent map drawers began working on Thursday, March 24.  
Their workroom was livestreamed so that the public could observe the process.  
During the March 24 commission meeting, Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson updated 
the commission on their progress, which, after some technical delays, had included 
drafting potential House districts in Franklin County.  The map drawers sought 
guidance from the commission on a few issues, including how it wanted them to 
define a “toss up” district.  Although several commission members opined on how 
they would define such a district, the commission did not reach an agreement.  
Senator Sykes said that the commission would get back to the independent map 
drawers on that issue.  Near the end of the meeting, Senator Sykes noted that 
livestreaming the map-drawing process and the commission’s open discussion about 
map-drawing principles were “historic” for Ohio and the nation. 
4. The March 25 meeting 
{¶ 10} On Friday, March 25, the independent map drawers presented to the 
commission preliminary draft maps of potential House districts in Franklin and 
Union Counties; Cuyahoga, Lake, and Summit Counties; and Hamilton County.  The 
map drawers acknowledged that they had not yet started on Senate maps.  Some of 
the commission members had questions and comments for the map drawers.  For 
example, respondent Auditor of State Keith Faber expressed concerns about the 
shapes of the districts in the maps and said that the map drawers should focus not 
only on Article XI, Section 6(B)’s “mystery ratio”—i.e., the proportionality 
standard—but also on Article XI’s other requirements, including Section 6(C)’s 
compactness requirement.  Both map drawers indicated that they hoped to have 
complete drafts to the commission by Saturday afternoon. 
January Term, 2022 
 
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5. The March 26 meeting 
{¶ 11} At the Saturday, March 26 meeting, the independent map drawers 
reported that they had created two sketches of district plans for the commission’s 
consideration.  One of the sketches included both a House map and a Senate map, 
while the second sketch included only a House map.  Dr. McDonald said that both 
sketches were proportional—meaning that the House maps had 45 Democratic-
leaning House seats and 54 Republican-leaning House seats. 
{¶ 12} Senate President Huffman moved the commission to insert the 
addresses of the 33 Senate members into the maps and requested that the map drawers 
consider those addresses in the map-drawing process.  Senate President Huffman 
acknowledged that such considerations were not constitutionally required but 
explained why he thought they were important.  Specifically, he noted that 16 current 
senators are in midterm and are therefore constitutionally entitled to serve out their 
terms; the goal, he said, should be to ensure that those senators continue to reside in 
the districts they represent.  He further said that for the 17 remaining Senate seats, 11 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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senators are seeking reelection and had already filed candidacy petitions.3 4  It should 
also be a commission goal, Senate President Huffman said, to draw those senators 
into a district in which they can seek reelection—i.e., not into a district currently 
represented by a senator in midterm. 
{¶ 13} Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo objected to adding 
incumbents’ addresses to the maps, and House Minority Leader Russo cited this 
court’s observation in League III that protecting incumbents is not grounded in 
Article XI.  See ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 37-38.  
But Auditor Faber said that there is value in incumbency and that although protecting 
incumbents is not a “primary constitutional factor,” the map drawers should avoid 
placing incumbents together “where [they] can.”  House Speaker Cupp agreed that 
the map drawers should make every effort to avoid drawing incumbents together 
when it was possible to do so without violating other constitutional requirements.  
The commission members agreed to take the issue to mediation. 
 
3.  However, by this time, respondent Secretary of State Frank LaRose had already issued Directive 
No. 2022-31, dated March 23, 2022, instructing the boards of elections as follows: “Candidates’ 
petitions for Ohio House, Ohio Senate, or State Central Committee were certified based on the 
February 24, 2022 General Assembly district plan.  Due to the Supreme Court’s decision in [League 
III], by operation of law, a board’s decision to certify or reject those candidates’ petitions for the 
May 3, 2022 Primary Election is null and void.  Board members must acknowledge this on the 
record at their next board meeting.”  (Emphasis added.)  Secretary of State Directive No. 2022-31, 
at 2, Instruction III: “Consequence for Certified Candidates for Ohio House, Ohio Senate, and State 
Central Committee.” 
Secretary of State directives are issued pursuant to R.C. 3501.05(B) and 3501.053, and 
boards of elections are legally bound to carry out elections consistently with these directives.  R.C. 
3501.11(E).  Thus, Senate President Huffman’s suggestion that the map drawers should aim to 
protect incumbent senators who had already filed petitions was baseless.  These senators’ 
candidacies had already been invalidated by another member of the redistricting commission—the 
secretary of state—because their petitions had been filed in districts determined to be 
unconstitutional by this court. 
 
4.  Further, consideration of already-filed petitions for districts deemed unconstitutional was, in 
effect, a violation of the “Ground Rules” for the independent map drawers, which prohibited them 
from including or considering General Assembly–district plans or proposals created before March 
23, 2022. 
January Term, 2022 
 
9
{¶ 14} The independent map drawers sought guidance from the commission 
on several issues.  They again asked for clarification about how to define a toss-up 
district for purposes of determining whether there is a disparity in the number of such 
districts between the two political parties.  After some discussion, the commission 
agreed to add that issue to the mediation list.  At one point in the meeting, Dr. Johnson 
said that in their “quest to get as close to symmetry” as possible, they were “kind of 
blowing through compactness.”  He asked what balance they were supposed to strike 
between symmetry and compactness.  Auditor Faber again cautioned the map 
drawers not to focus solely on Article XI, Section 6(B) but to also comply with 
Sections 6(A) and 6(C).  In the end, the commission members expressed that it was 
difficult to answer the map drawers’ questions without having a complete and 
consolidated district plan before them. 
6. The March 27 meeting 
{¶ 15} On March 27—one day before this court’s deadline for submitting a 
new plan—Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson presented three district plans to the 
commission: two drafted by Dr. McDonald and a third drafted by Dr. Johnson.  They 
indicated that they had not yet had the chance to consolidate their ideas into one 
unified proposal and that they were still seeking the commission’s guidance on 
outstanding issues.  Dr. Johnson again noted a trade-off between achieving symmetry 
of toss-up districts and drawing compact districts and expressed his preliminary 
belief that creating more Republican-leaning toss-up districts would lead to a less 
compact plan.  Dr. McDonald disagreed and said that there was no trade-off, noting 
that his sketch achieved exact symmetry of toss-up districts and was more compact 
than Dr. Johnson’s.  But in response to questions from Auditor Faber about splitting 
cities into multiple House districts, Dr. McDonald acknowledged that the “puzzle 
pieces don’t fit together very well” and that “the geography is extremely challenging 
in Ohio.” 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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{¶ 16} After lengthy discussion and a recess, some commission members 
offered suggestions in response to the map drawers’ questions about which counties 
should be paired together.  But the commission did not decide any issue by a formal 
vote.  Several members indicated that they needed more information and did not want 
to vote on how certain areas should be drawn without understanding the ramifications 
for other parts of the state. 
{¶ 17} In addition, House Speaker Cupp advised the map drawers that the 
commission had reached a mediated resolution about the issue of considering 
incumbents.  Senate President Huffman read a mediation agreement that provided 
the following:  
  
Upon completion of the independent map drawers’ merger of 
their independent versions of the House and Senate maps and prior to 
any presentation to the Commission, the independent map drawers 
shall consider the residence locations of non-term limited House and 
Senate incumbents, and Senate incumbents in mid-term, in drafting a 
Commission 
map, 
and 
where 
possible 
without 
violating 
constitutional principles, avoid pairing incumbents and also drawing 
districts such that Senators protected under Section 5 of Article 11 no 
longer live in the district they represent. 
Incumbents will be identified as House or Senate and no other 
identifying information shall be used. 
 
The commission unanimously adopted the mediation agreement.  But later in the 
meeting, Senate President Huffman and Senator Sykes disagreed about its meaning. 
C. Senate President Huffman proposes an alternative plan 
{¶ 18} The commission next met on the morning of Monday, March 28.  Dr. 
McDonald and Dr. Johnson reported that they had merged their maps to create a 
January Term, 2022 
 
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unified proposed district plan.  The plan, they said, was proportional for both the 
House and the Senate.  With respect to the symmetry of toss-up districts, the plan had 
three Democratic-leaning and three Republican-leaning House districts with vote 
shares between 50 and 52 percent and two Democratic-leaning and zero Republican-
leaning Senate districts with a vote share between 50 and 52 percent.  They also 
reported that Dr. McDonald had started cleaning up splits of cities and townships and 
that Dr. Johnson had finished importing incumbents’ addresses into their system.  
They planned to consider the incumbency issues next. 
{¶ 19} The commission met again in the late afternoon that day.  Dr. Johnson 
reported that they had adjusted most of the House map—except in northeast Ohio—
to avoid incumbent pairings.  They had not yet tackled the incumbency issues in the 
Senate, however, and said they would need a couple more hours.  Dr. Johnson said 
that they were moving as fast as they could but that it was a slow process and that 
Ohio has “some of the most complicated geographic challenges, certainly the most 
strict geographic rules and also the most complicated Senate rules.”  Around 5:00 
p.m., Dr. McDonald left the meeting—and the statehouse—so that he could return to 
Florida for a professional commitment. 
{¶ 20} House Speaker Cupp and Auditor Faber expressed concerns about the 
independent map drawers’ plan.  Auditor Faber asked several questions about the 
compactness of the plan and noted that the map drawers had adopted the “hub and 
spoke model” by dividing the urban core of cities into different districts and drawing 
them with suburbs to create Democratic districts.  Dr. Johnson acknowledged that 
“to hit that magic number, it involves a lot more work to draw those Democratic 
seats.” 
{¶ 21} Senate President Huffman also expressed concerns about the plan, 
stating that as of 5:00 p.m. on the day of the deadline, the map drawers had not yet 
produced a Senate map.  He noted that after the commission adopted a plan, staff 
would need time to complete several administrative tasks; he said that to meet this 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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court’s midnight deadline, the commission would need to adopt a plan no later than 
10:30 p.m.  Considering the approaching deadline, Senate President Huffman said 
that the commission needed a “failsafe.”  He introduced a motion that would allow 
Dr. Johnson to continue working on the independent map drawers’ plan but also 
permit the Republican and Democratic legislative-caucus map drawers to jointly with 
Dr. Johnson or independently revise the commission’s second revised plan so that 
the commission could timely comply with this court’s order.  Senate President 
Huffman emphasized that the commission must “have a product to vote on.”  In his 
words, “if we’re not going to land the plane * * * it would be nice to have a parachute.  
And that’s what the motion is intended to do.” 
{¶ 22} Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo objected to the 
motion, citing the resources the commission had invested in the independent map 
drawers and noting that the map drawers were almost finished.  House Minority 
Leader Russo opined that this court would rather have the commission finish its job 
than submit another unconstitutional plan.  She suggested that the commission take 
the issue to mediation.  Senate President Huffman, however, did not believe that 
mediation would be productive.  Senator Sykes inquired about requesting an 
extension of time from this court, but Senate President Huffman and House Speaker 
Cupp said that League III prohibited any requests for extensions of time.  The 
commission approved Senate President Huffman’s motion by a vote of five to two, 
along party lines.  The commission agreed to meet again at 9:00 p.m. 
D. The commission adopts a district plan drawn by Republican-caucus staff 
{¶ 23} When the commission reconvened, Dr. Johnson reported that he had 
not yet finished the Senate map.  He again said that the “Senate rules are extremely 
complex,” that he had hit “roadblocks” necessitating changes to the House map, and 
that he needed at least another 45 minutes to finish.  Senate President Huffman said 
that his staff had identified some improper splits in the independent map drawers’ 
House map, including one in a Cleveland Heights district.  Fixing the problem, Senate 
January Term, 2022 
 
13 
President Huffman said, would cause the district to exceed the population 
requirements, which in turn would have “rippling effects” throughout northeast Ohio.  
Dr. Johnson responded that he was trying to “race through and get a map” and that 
he intended to run a few reports at the end of the process that would hopefully catch 
those errors but that he had not yet reached that step.  Dr. Johnson also indicated that 
Auditor Faber had given him some larger-scale edits but that he would not have 
sufficient time to incorporate those changes before the deadline. 
{¶ 24} House Speaker Cupp said that it was not feasible at that point to expect 
the independent map drawers to produce a complete and constitutional plan by this 
court’s deadline.  Therefore, he moved that the commission adopt his new proposal, 
which had just been distributed to the members.  He said that compared to the second 
revised plan, his proposal improved the “symmetry measures” by reducing the 
number of Democratic-leaning toss-up districts by two in the House and by one in 
the Senate.  And he said that the proposed plan was drawn in the livestreamed public 
workroom earlier that day. 
{¶ 25} House Minority Leader Russo and Senator Sykes opposed the motion.  
House Minority Leader Russo called the motion a “farce,” noted that the plan had 
again been drawn by only one party, and said that she had not been provided any 
information about the partisan leanings of the districts or symmetry of the toss-up 
districts.  She also disputed House Speaker Cupp’s claim that Springhetti had 
prepared the map in the livestreamed public workroom: “Mr. Springhetti sat in the 
map room for about 45 minutes, clicked his mouse around a few times and called that 
public and transparency.  That’s not public and transparency.  This map was drawn 
long before this evening.  I guarantee it.”  Senator Sykes added that instead of trying 
to assist the independent map drawers to cross the finish line, the “majority” had 
withdrawn from the process and then hijacked it.  In response to questioning from 
House Minority Leader Russo, Auditor Faber, respondent Governor Mike DeWine, 
respondent Secretary of State Frank LaRose, and Senator Sykes acknowledged that 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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they had not seen House Speaker Cupp’s proposal before it was distributed to all the 
commission members during the meeting. 
{¶ 26} House Minority Leader Russo requested a recess to review House 
Speaker Cupp’s proposal, but Senate President Huffman said that because it was 
already after 10:00 p.m., the commission needed to pass a plan to comply with this 
court’s deadline.  He further noted that Dr. Johnson had not yet completed a final 
Senate map and that Dr. Johnson admitted that he would not have time to include any 
amendments to his proposal by the midnight deadline.  House Minority Leader Russo 
requested that the commission file an emergency motion in this court for a 12-hour 
extension of time.  The commission, however, voted four to three to adopt House 
Speaker Cupp’s plan—i.e., the third revised plan—as its final General Assembly–
district plan.  Because both Democratic members of the commission voted against 
the plan, the plan did not have the bipartisan support required by Article XI, Section 
8(B) of the Ohio Constitution to remain in effect for ten years.  Therefore, the plan 
would remain in effect for no more than four years.  See Ohio Constitution, Article 
XI, Section 8(C)(1)(a). 
{¶ 27} Senate President Huffman distributed the commission statement 
required by Article XI, Section 8(C)(2) of the Ohio Constitution.  The statement said 
that the commission had gone to great lengths to comply with this court’s decisions 
but that the independent map drawers were unable to produce a plan by the court’s 
deadline.  The statement further noted that to comply with the court’s deadline, the 
commission had instructed staff to prepare a “modification” of the second revised 
plan that “more closely complies” with the court’s decisions than did the second 
revised plan.  The statement noted that the commission believed that the third revised 
plan met “strict proportionality” and “improved upon the number of asymmetric 
districts” identified in League III. 
E. Senator Sykes moves to adopt the independent map drawers’ plan 
January Term, 2022 
 
15 
{¶ 28} The commission recessed to allow its members to review Senate 
President Huffman’s Section 8(C)(2) statement and for Senator Sykes and House 
Minority Leader Russo to prepare their own statement.  Upon reconvening, Senator 
Sykes moved the commission to adopt Dr. Johnson’s plan, which Senator Sykes 
claimed had been completed.  As part of his motion, Senator Sykes also requested 
that the commission refrain from dissolving for up to four weeks so that it could 
improve Dr. Johnson’s plan.  House Minority Leader Russo acknowledged that some 
commission members may have concerns about voting on a district plan without 
having an opportunity to review it.  But she noted that the commission had just 
adopted a plan that was similarly distributed immediately before the commission’s 
vote.  In response, Senate President Huffman said that the third revised plan included 
“only minor changes” from the second revised plan and that the commission 
members were therefore familiar with “probably 97 percent” of the third revised plan. 
{¶ 29} Other commission members also commented on the independent map 
drawers’ work.  House Speaker Cupp said that he noticed “some egregious 
compactness issues” in Dr. Johnson’s plan.  Governor DeWine indicated that 
although the independent map drawers had established proportionality and had 
created a similar number of toss-up districts, the independent map drawers’ plan had 
a “compact district problem” with more split cities and fewer competitive districts.  
Governor DeWine noted that competitive districts was a goal of the constitutional 
amendment.  Auditor Faber praised the work of the independent map drawers and 
emphasized the difficulty of their task given the short amount of time that they had.  
But he said that they could not incorporate his suggestions, that their plan appeared 
to unnecessarily split cities, and that they had engaged in cracking and packing to 
create more Democratic districts.  The commission voted five to two against adopting 
Dr. Johnson’s plan. 
{¶ 30} Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo submitted their 
separate statement, which said that the third revised plan had been drawn in secret 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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“in a bunker at the Bureau of Worker Compensation building,”5 that they had 
received the plan only minutes before voting on it, and that it was merely a “tweaked 
version” of the second revised plan, which this court had invalidated.  Auditor Faber 
also voted against adopting the third revised plan but did not concur in the statement 
of Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo. 
{¶ 31} On March 29, the commission notified this court that it had adopted a 
fourth General Assembly–district plan. 
F. Petitioners file objections 
{¶ 32} On April 1, petitioners filed objections to the third revised plan, 
primarily criticizing the commission’s process in adopting the third revised plan and 
arguing that the plan violates Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B).6  With their 
objections, petitioners collectively submitted three new expert reports.  Some of the 
petitioners ask this court to issue additional remedies, including ordering the 
implementation of a specific General Assembly–district plan—such as the plan 
prepared by the independent map drawers—for the 2022 election. 
{¶ 33} Respondents filed four separate responses to petitioners’ objections.  
Senate President Huffman, House Speaker Cupp, Governor DeWine, and Secretary 
LaRose opposed petitioners’ objections.  Senate President Huffman and House 
Speaker Cupp submitted an affidavit from Dr. Johnson, who averred that his work 
had been “highly constrained” by Ohio’s complex geography and constitutional rules 
and the limited window of time in which to draw the maps.  He further stated that 
 
5.  Earlier during the March 28 commission meeting, Senator Sykes noted the absence of the 
Republican-caucus map drawers—i.e., DiRossi and Springhetti—who had been instructed to assist the 
independent map drawers.  In response, Senate President Huffman indicated that DiRossi was ill and 
was working at the “BWC Building” on March 28.  Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo 
believed that DiRossi had drafted the plan that the commission ultimately adopted. 
6.  The petitioners in all three cases also filed motions on March 29 for an order directing respondents 
to show cause why they should not be held in contempt.  Petitioners argue, among other things, that 
the commission violated this court’s order in League III by failing to adopt an entirely new General 
Assembly–district plan.  We dispose of these motions in separate entries announced today. 
 
January Term, 2022 
 
17 
although he had made every effort to comply with Article XI’s line-drawing 
requirements, he had not had time to conduct a detailed review or run reports to 
confirm whether the plan complied with Article XI.  And he noted that his final plan 
included a portion of northeast Ohio that was drawn by Glassburn prior to March 23, 
2022,7 and a configuration for Mahoning County to which Republican commission 
members had objected but that Dr. Johnson had run out of time to fix.  Dr. Johnson 
also acknowledged that he had run out of time to include revisions requested by 
commission members or to even allow the commission members or their staff to 
review the plan. 
{¶ 34} Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo filed responses to 
the objections that align with petitioners’ positions.  They also submitted their own 
affidavits as well as an affidavit from Glassburn.  Senator Sykes stated in his affidavit 
that when the independent map drawers proposed maps that were proportional and 
symmetrical, Republican commissioners seemed “rattle[d]” and started to impede 
and discredit the process by complaining about compactness and the double-bunking 
of incumbents (i.e., placing two incumbents in the same district).  House Minority 
Leader Russo averred that after the independent map drawers had made progress and 
sought guidance from the commission, her Republican colleagues refused to give it.  
She also averred that any double-bunking that had occurred in the map drawers’ 
initial drafts was inadvertent—because they did not have incumbent information—
all of which was the byproduct of drawing a constitutional map. 
{¶ 35} Glassburn averred that in his opinion, the final plan submitted by Dr. 
Johnson complies with Article XI and its proportionality and symmetry 
requirements.  He further averred that the independent map drawers’ plan is more 
compact than the third revised plan and that to the extent that there are any technical 
 
7.  The “Ground Rules” for the independent map drawers prohibited them from including or 
considering General Assembly–district plans or proposals created before March 23, 2022. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
18 
flaws in the independently drawn plan, they could be easily remedied.  Glassburn 
found no reason why the commission would need “more than a single day” to review 
the independent map drawers’ plan and fix any technical flaws. 
III. ANALYSIS 
A. The burden and standard of proof 
{¶ 36} A district plan adopted by the commission is presumptively 
constitutional.  League I, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___, at  
¶ 76.  Petitioners therefore have the burden of proving that the third revised plan 
violates the Constitution.  Id. at ¶ 76-77.  They must prove factual issues beyond a 
reasonable doubt.  Id.  We do not defer to the commission’s legal interpretations.  Id. 
at ¶ 80. 
B. Article XI, Section 6(A) 
{¶ 37} Article XI, Section 6(A) of the Ohio Constitution provides that the 
commission must attempt to meet the standard that “[n]o general assembly district 
plan shall be drawn primarily to favor or disfavor a political party.”  Section 6(A) 
“requires this court to discern the map drawers’ intent.”  League I at ¶ 116. 
1. The process leading to the third revised plan 
{¶ 38} In League III, this court found that substantial and compelling 
evidence showed that the process leading to the adoption of the second revised plan 
was evidence of an intent to draw a General Assembly–district plan that favored the 
Republican Party at the expense of the Democratic Party.  ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-
Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 24-32.  That evidence included the following: (1) 
staff members of Senate President Huffman and House Speaker Cupp (rather than 
the commission members) drew the second revised plan, (2) the Democratic 
members of the commission had no opportunity to provide input and no meaningful 
opportunity to discuss or review the second revised plan or to propose amendments 
once it was presented to the commission, and (3) the map-drawing process was 
controlled by the Republican-legislative staffs.  Id. at ¶ 25, 27.  In League II, this 
January Term, 2022 
 
19 
court found that the commission’s choice to start with an invalidated plan “and 
change it as little as possible” was “tantamount to an intent to preserve as much 
partisan favoritism as could be salvaged from the invalidated plan.”  ___ Ohio St.3d 
___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 38.  The same could be said here. 
{¶ 39} In this case, the evidence shows that the commission began to heed 
our suggestions in League III, consistent with the recommendations of the attorney 
general’s March 18 memorandum to the commission, and that it made significant 
changes to its process.  The commission retained independent map drawers and 
mediators, held meetings almost daily, ensured that the map drawers had a neutral 
set of written instructions, and allowed the public to observe the map-drawing 
process.  Senator Sykes described these efforts as “historic” for Ohio and the nation.  
But what began as a “historic” process devolved into the same one-sided partisan 
map-drawing process that led us to invalidate the previous three plans. 
{¶ 40} Although the commission retained independent map drawers and held 
frequent meetings throughout the 12-day map-redrawing period, the commission 
ultimately readopted a modified version of the second revised plan that we 
invalidated in League III.  The evidence suggests that Springhetti, a staff member for 
the Republican legislative caucus, modified the second revised plan in one afternoon 
to produce the third revised plan.  Neither Senator Sykes, House Minority Leader 
Russo, nor their staff had an opportunity to provide input concerning the creation of 
the third revised plan or a meaningful opportunity to review the proposal or provide 
amendments to it once it was presented to the commission.  Instead, the Democratic 
commission members were forced to vote on the plan within minutes of receiving it, 
even though they had not been provided any documents showing the partisan leaning 
of the plan’s districts.  Further, Senator Sykes’s and House Minority Leader Russo’s 
requests for a recess were rebuffed, as were their requests to seek an extension of this 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
20 
court’s deadline.8  The Democratic commission members were once again excluded 
from the process of creating what the commission adopted as its third revised plan.  
And as in League III, the record indicates that the statewide-officeholder members of 
the commission did not participate in drawing the third revised plan: they stated that 
they had not seen a copy of the plan until it was distributed to all the members. 
{¶ 41} Moreover, the third revised plan suffers from a similar fundamental 
flaw that we found obstructed the constitutionality of the plan we invalidated in 
League II.  In League II, we found that the principal drawers of the first revised plan 
“started with the same plan we invalidated and then merely adjusted certain districts 
just enough so that they could nominally be classified as ‘Democratic-leaning.’ ”  ___ 
Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 36.  We observed that the 
commission’s choice to start from an unconstitutional plan and “change it as little as 
possible” was “tantamount to an intent to preserve as much partisan favoritism as 
could be salvaged from the invalidated plan.”  Id. at ¶ 38. 
{¶ 42} Despite our admonition in League II, the commission’s self-described 
“parachute” was to have Springhetti use an invalidated plan and tweak it a bit.  The 
third revised plan is no more than a modification of the second revised plan and, as 
admitted by Senate President Huffman, includes “only minor changes” from its 
predecessor.  As before, the commission did not adopt a plan using a process that 
Article XI and this court’s prior decisions require. 
{¶ 43} We also discern intent of partisan favoritism from the timeline that led 
to the commission’s decision to scrap the work of the independent map drawers in 
 
8.  Senate President Huffman and House Speaker Cupp took the position that our decision in League 
III forbade the commission from seeking an extension of time for adopting a plan and filing it with 
the secretary of state.  They cited language in League III indicating that “the clerk of this court shall 
refuse to file any requests or stipulations for extension of time.”  League III at ¶ 47.  In isolation, 
paragraph 47 of League III supported the refusal to seek an extension of time to allow Dr. McDonald 
and Dr. Johnson to complete their work.  However, it is not proper to read paragraph 47 in isolation; 
it should be read in context.  And in the paragraph prior to paragraph 47, we stated that untimely 
filings “under this paragraph” were prohibited.  Id. at ¶ 46.  Paragraphs 46 and 47 refer to only the 
timeline for objections to the plan and responses to the objections.  See id. 
January Term, 2022 
 
21 
favor of a plan that included minimal changes to one already invalidated as 
unconstitutional.  Particularly, the evidence shows that on the final day before the 
commission adopted its third revised plan, some members of the commission 
blocked, rather than facilitated, Dr. McDonald’s and Dr. Johnson’s efforts to finish 
their work.  The timeline of events demonstrates convincingly that the commission—
or at least some members of the commission—when faced with one or more plans 
that closely matched constitutional requirements in the form of Dr. McDonald’s and 
Dr. Johnson’s plans, reverted to partisan considerations when time was running short, 
even though the potential for successful completion was high. 
{¶ 44} In Dr. Johnson’s words, it became clear on March 28 that he and Dr. 
McDonald “were not going to finish a map before the Court’s midnight deadline 
without more direct guidance from the Commission members’ staff.”  This became 
apparent despite the fact that on March 27, Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson presented 
three district plans to the commission and sought the commission’s guidance on 
outstanding issues to enable them to merge their ideas with the commission’s into a 
final plan.  As time for completion grew shorter, the commission failed to provide 
the guidance that Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson needed, hindering their ability to 
complete their work. 
{¶ 45} Particularly problematic was Senate President Huffman’s last-minute 
insistence that the independent map drawers consider the residence locations of non-
term-limited and mid-term House and Senate incumbents in drafting a plan.  The 
commission instructed the independent map drawers to consider incumbent 
residences “and where possible without violating constitutional principles, avoid 
pairing incumbents.”  Although this instruction was not necessarily inconsistent with 
this court’s admonitions in League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ 
N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 37, because it required the map drawers to consider incumbency 
only “where possible,” the timing of it pulled the rug out from under the independent 
map drawers.  Rather than including the instruction in the March 23 “Ground Rules,” 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
22 
this new criterion was imposed on March 27—one day before the deadline and after 
the independent map drawers had already completed separate drafts of potential 
district plans without consideration of incumbents’ addresses.  This belated 
instruction added to the map drawers’ difficulty in finalizing their work in sufficient 
time for the commission to review it and file it with the secretary of state.  Contrary 
to our admonitions in League III, the commission’s last-minute incumbency-
protection instruction to the independent map drawers effectively prioritized 
protecting incumbents over the requirements of Article XI, Section 6. 
{¶ 46} Although the commission appeared to be engaging in a more 
collaborative process in drafting a legislative map, the final day leading up to the 
adoption of the third revised plan revealed anything but that.  Rather than helping the 
independent map drawers finish their work on a plan, the commission instead chose 
to modify a previously invalidated plan.  That plan was prepared by a member of the 
Republican legislative caucus’s staff, and the Democratic commission members and 
the statewide-officeholder commission members were effectively prevented from 
participating in preparing the plan.  These facts indicate beyond a reasonable doubt 
an intent to favor the Republican Party at the expense of the Democratic Party in the 
commission’s fourth try at drafting the General Assembly–district plan. 
2. The third revised plan’s substantive noncompliance with Article XI, Section 6(A) 
{¶ 47} In League III, we noted that the second revised plan contained 19 
districts in which the Democratic vote share was between 50 and 52 percent with no 
comparably competitive Republican-leaning districts, resulting in the conclusion that 
“the 54 percent seat share for Republicans is a floor while the 46 percent share for 
Democrats is a ceiling—an observation similar to the one [this court] found 
persuasive in League II.”  League III at ¶ 32.  We found that “[t]he remarkably one-
sided distribution of toss-up districts is evidence of an intentionally biased map  
* * *.”  Id. at ¶ 33. 
January Term, 2022 
 
23 
{¶ 48} In League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, 
we found that this unequal distribution of highly competitive or “toss up” districts 
led to partisan asymmetry such that with a 50 percent statewide vote share, 
Republicans would win 53 percent of the House seats and that with the same share, 
Democrats would win approximately 44 percent of the House seats.  Id. at ¶ 33.  We 
noted Dr. Rodden’s calculation that a 5 percent uniform swing in Republicans’ favor 
would net them up to 23 additional seats, while a 5 percent uniform swing in 
Democrats’ favor would net them, at most, two additional seats.  Id.  As we did in 
League II, this court in League III found that the “monolithically disparate” quality 
of partisan favoritism in the second revised plan overwhelmingly demonstrated that 
the plan’s drafters intended to favor the Republican Party and disfavor the 
Democratic Party.  Id. at ¶ 34. 
{¶ 49} As discussed above, the third revised plan is merely the second revised 
plan with just a few alterations.  Even Senate President Huffman described it as 
“probably 97 percent” of the previous map.  Two of petitioners’ experts, Dr. Michael 
Latner and Dr. Christopher Warshaw, calculate that regarding the House, only 451 
census blocks out of more than 276,000 were assigned to a different district in the 
third revised plan, affecting only 0.265 percent of the total population.  As Dr. Latner 
explains, “[o]therwise, the Second and Third Revised Plans are identical, which 
explains their similar performance.”  Dr. Warshaw calculates that regarding the 
Senate, only 270 census blocks out of more than 276,000 were assigned to a different 
district in the third revised plan, affecting only 0.2 percent of the total population.  
Thus, 31 of 33 Senate districts and 92 of 99 House districts are the same in the third 
revised plan as they were in the second revised plan.  Another of petitioners’ experts, 
Dr. Jonathan Rodden, explains that only a few district boundaries were moved in the 
Worthington/Upper Arlington area and in the Canton area, which shifted a few 
Democratic districts from just under a 52 percent Democratic vote share to just over 
a 52 percent Democratic vote share. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
24 
{¶ 50} The third revised plan is materially identical to the invalidated second 
revised plan on the measures this court looked to in League III.  The two plans contain 
a nearly identical one-sided distribution of toss-up districts.  The overall number of 
toss-up districts has been reduced from 26 to 23, but all those districts are 
Democratic-leaning districts and there are no similarly competitive Republican-
leaning districts.  The third revised plan is also asymmetrical in the same way that 
the second revised plan was.  Dr. Latner calculates that with a 50 percent statewide 
vote share, Republicans would win 53 percent of the House seats while Democrats 
would win 44 percent—the same as his analysis of the second revised plan, see 
League III at ¶ 33. 
{¶ 51} Dr. Latner further observed: 
 
A small two percentage point shift in the electorate in favor of 
Republicans would be expected to wipe out 17 Democratic House 
seats and 6 Democratic Senate seats, giving Republicans 72% percent 
of House seats and 73% percent of Senate seats—a supermajority in 
both chambers.  Equivalent shifts among voters in favor of Democrats 
would not yield any additional seats * * *.” 
 
(Emphasis deleted.)  He further opined that, as before, the plan is structured to create 
a floor for Republicans and a ceiling for Democrats: “[S]imilar to the First and 
Second Revised Plans, the Third Revised Plan performs like a ‘winner-take-all’ 
gerrymander but with only a one-way ratchet in favor of Republicans.”  In League 
III, this court found such a structure to be persuasive evidence of an Article XI, 
Section 6(A) violation.  __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __, at ¶ 32. 
{¶ 52} Senate President Huffman and House Speaker Cupp point out that the 
third revised plan improves upon the second revised plan.  While this may be true, 
the improvement falls short of landing in constitutional territory.  Dr. Latner notes, 
January Term, 2022 
 
25 
“Compared to the Second Revised Plan, the number of seats where Democrats win 5 
percent or more than their statewide vote average has increased by one, slightly 
improving symmetry, but consistent with each of the Commission’s plans, 
Republicans maintain a substantial, and statistically significant, advantage.”  
Similarly, regarding the Senate, the results mirror those of the second revised plan, 
with no more than marginal improvement in some sectors.  The aggregate asymmetry 
in the assignment of toss-up districts remains strong evidence of an intentionally 
biased plan, as does the partisan asymmetry of the plan itself. 
{¶ 53} Senate President Huffman and House Speaker Cupp argue that the 
third revised plan performs similarly to the rejected independent map drawers’ plan 
in the event of a hypothetical 5 percent swing in either party’s favor.  They further 
argue that the independent map drawers’ plan was not a commission-drawn plan, 
because the commission members did not have the opportunity to propose 
amendments.  But they fail to explain how their assertions about the independent map 
drawers’ plan relates to a Section 6(A) analysis or even how their actions and 
arguments negate the evidence of partisan intent with respect to the plan the 
commission actually adopted.  Indeed, we found a Section 6(A) violation in League 
III without reference to or comparison with any of the proposed alternative plans.  
See id. at ¶ 24-37. 
{¶ 54} Senate President Huffman and House Speaker Cupp also criticize the 
independent map drawers’ plan for what they call “hub and spoke” districts, “where 
the map drawer slices into an urban core and ‘spokes’ the district out of the urban 
core into a rural or suburban area.”  They assert that these districts are noncompact 
and demonstrate that the third revised plan’s “supposed asymmetry * * * is not 
unreasonable and that to achieve ‘better’ symmetry cities must be carved up like a 
pizza.”  But they cite no evidence or authority for the proposition that the “hub and 
spoke” districts they describe are not compact.  And petitioners have submitted 
evidence showing that the independent map drawers’ plan has better scores for 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
26 
compactness under three different measures (Reock, Polsby-Popper, and 
Area/Convex Hull) than the third revised plan.  Further, the independent map 
drawers’ plan splits the same number of counties and fewer voting precincts than the 
third revised plan.  Thus, petitioners have offered unrebutted evidence that the third 
revised plan is less compact than the independent map drawers’ plan. 
{¶ 55} In sum, the third revised plan has not materially changed from the 
invalidated second revised plan.  The evidence supports the finding that the third 
revised plan violates Article XI, Section 6(A), just as we found with regard to the 
second revised plan in League III. 
C. Article XI, Section 6(B) 
{¶ 56} Article XI, Section 6(B) of the Ohio Constitution requires the 
commission to attempt to draw a district plan to meet the constitutional requirement 
that “[t]he statewide proportion of districts whose voters, based on statewide state 
and federal partisan general election results during the last ten years, favor each 
political party shall correspond closely to the statewide preferences of the voters of 
Ohio.”  The statewide preferences of Ohio’s voters “are 54 percent in favor of the 
Republican Party and 46 percent in favor of the Democratic Party.”  League II, __ 
Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-342, __ N.E.3d __, at ¶ 64. 
{¶ 57} In League II, this court held that if the term “favor” is to be applied 
equally to both parties, “the quality and degree of favoritism in each party’s allocated 
districts” may not be “grossly disparate.”  Id. at ¶ 61.  We explained that while 
Section 6(B) does not “prohibit[] the creation of competitive districts,” to give effect 
to the term “favor,” such districts “must either be excluded from the proportionality 
assessment or be allocated to each party in close proportion to its statewide vote 
share.”  Id. at ¶ 62.  We held that the revised plan at issue in League II violated Section 
6(B), in part because that plan contained 12 competitive House districts with 
Democratic vote shares between 50 and 51 percent that the commission had counted 
January Term, 2022 
 
27 
as Democratic districts, id. at ¶ 61, yet the plan contained zero such districts with 
similar Republican vote shares that were counted as Republican districts, id. 
{¶ 58} In League III, this court held that the second revised plan violated 
Section 6(B) because it contained 26 districts (19 House districts and 7 Senate 
districts) with Democratic vote shares between 50 and 52 percent that the 
commission had counted as Democratic districts and zero such districts with similar 
Republican vote shares that were counted as Republican districts.  __ Ohio St.3d __, 
2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __, at ¶ 39, 42.  We concluded that the 26 “so-called 
Democratic-leaning districts” did not “favor” the Democratic party and were instead 
“competitive” districts that must be excluded from the proportionality assessment.  
Id. at ¶ 41-42.  In the second revised plan, 67.9 percent of the noncompetitive districts 
favored Republicans and 32.1 percent favored Democrats—leading us to conclude 
that the plan’s allocation of districts favoring each political party did not closely 
correspond to the statewide preferences of the voters.  Id. at ¶ 42. 
{¶ 59} The third revised plan contains 23 districts (17 House districts and 6 
Senate districts) with Democratic vote shares between 50 and 52 percent—three 
fewer than did the second revised plan.  As before, the third revised plan contains 
zero districts with a Republican vote share between 50 and 52 percent.  For the 
reasons explained in League III, see id. at ¶ 40-42, these 23 competitive districts 
should be excluded from the proportionality assessment.  Therefore, in the third 
revised plan, 66.1 percent of the noncompetitive districts favor Republicans and 33.9 
percent favor Democrats.  The third revised plan’s slight improvement over the 
second revised plan still leaves it far short of close correspondence with the statewide 
preferences of the voters.  Indeed, this disproportionality is still greater than the 
original plan that we invalidated in League I, in which 64.4 percent of the districts 
favored the Republican Party.  See __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-65, __ N.E.3d __, 
at ¶ 105. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
28 
{¶ 60} In reaching the conclusion in League III that the second revised plan’s 
Democratic-leaning districts with vote shares under 52 percent were, in reality, 
“competitive districts,” we considered evidence showing that these 26 competitive 
districts “represent[ed] the foundation of a politically asymmetric plan,” in that a two-
point statewide swing in the Republican Party’s favor would result in that party 
winning 74 percent of the House seats and 79 percent of the Senate seats under the 
second revised plan, while the same two-point swing in the Democratic Party’s favor 
would result in no seat gains for that party in either chamber.  League III at ¶ 41.  We 
find the same for the third revised plan: a statewide swing of 2 percent in the 
Republican Party’s favor would sweep all the competitive districts into its column, 
while a similar swing in favor of the Democratic Party would earn it no additional 
seats. 
{¶ 61} In their response to petitioners’ objections, Senate President Huffman 
and House Speaker Cupp compare each party’s seat share in the third revised plan 
and the independent map drawers’ plan in the event of a 5 percent statewide vote 
swing in each party’s favor.  Their argument appears to be that the numbers look 
similar for both plans, so the asymmetry of the plans is similar.  But Senate President 
Huffman and House Speaker Cupp fail to articulate how this comparison of the 
adopted plan with a nonadopted plan relates to the requirements of Article XI, Section 
6(B).  In other words, they do not explain how their analysis counters the conclusion 
that the third revised plan’s 23 districts with Democratic vote shares between 50 and 
52 percent do not actually “favor” the Democratic party in light of the plan’s 
allocation of zero such districts to the Republican Party. 
{¶ 62} The third revised plan violates Article XI, Section 6(B) of the Ohio 
Constitution for the same reasons that the second revised plan did. 
D. Remedies 
{¶ 63} Because the commission and its third revised plan did not and do not 
comply with Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B), we declare the third revised plan 
January Term, 2022 
 
29 
invalid.  See Ohio Constitution, Article XI, Section 9(B).  We order that the 
commission be reconstituted and adopt a General Assembly–district plan that 
complies with the Ohio Constitution.  See id.  In their objections, however, petitioners 
ask this court to do more than simply invalidate the third revised plan and order the 
commission to adopt a new plan that complies with the Ohio Constitution.  We deny 
petitioners’ requests for additional or alternative relief submitted with their 
objections. 
1. Adoption of an alternative plan 
{¶ 64} The petitioners in Bennett v. Ohio Redistricting Comm. (Supreme 
Court case No. 2021-1198) and the petitioners in Ohio Organizing Collaborative v. 
Ohio Redistricting Comm. (Supreme Court case No. 2021-1210) (“OOC petitioners”) 
ask this court to itself adopt a plan—either the independent map drawers’ plan or Dr. 
Rodden’s latest plan (referred to previously as “the Rodden III plan”).  We decline 
to do so because we lack the constitutional authority to grant that relief.  The Ohio 
Constitution expressly forbids this court from “order[ing], in any circumstance, the 
implementation or enforcement of any general assembly district plan that has not 
been approved by the commission in the manner prescribed by this article.”  Article 
XI, Section 9(D)(1); see also Article XI, Section 9(D)(2) (“No court shall order the 
commission to adopt a particular general assembly district plan or to draw a particular 
district”). 
{¶ 65} The Bennett petitioners acknowledge that Article XI, Section 9(D) 
prohibits the relief they are seeking, but they argue that “the facts have changed and 
now stand far beyond what Article XI contemplates.”  They argue that Section 9(D) 
“must bend in this moment.”  Yet they offer weak legal support for this assertion.  
Instead, they assert that it would be better for an Ohio court—as opposed to a federal 
court—to implement a plan and that doing so “will do the least violence to Ohio’s 
constitutional structure.”  But we cannot disregard Section 9(D) simply to avoid the 
possibility that a federal court may take action under federal law.  And as a matter of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
30 
comity, a federal court imposing a remedy under federal law would be mindful of the 
reality that we have declared that all four maps adopted by the commission violate 
the Ohio Constitution. 
{¶ 66} The OOC petitioners take a slightly different approach: they argue that 
this court should enforce the federal Constitution by adopting a General Assembly–
district plan.  Put another way, they ask us to disregard the Ohio Constitution to 
vindicate the federal Constitution.  But there is not a basis for this court to grant relief 
under the OOC petitioners’ theory.  For one thing, no petitioner has asserted a claim 
arising under the federal Constitution.  And further, such a claim would conflict with 
the Ohio Constitution’s conferred standing in original jurisdiction that appears in 
Article IV, Section 2(B)(1), which defines this court’s original jurisdiction.  Our 
original jurisdiction under Article XI, Section 9(A) of the Ohio Constitution applies 
only to cases arising under Article XI.  See Ohio Constitution, Article XI, Section 
9(A) (“The supreme court of Ohio shall have exclusive, original jurisdiction in all 
cases arising under this article” [emphasis added]).  Finally, even if we were to 
entertain such a federal claim, the OOC petitioners have failed to sufficiently 
articulate the nature of the federal claim that might properly be before this court. 
{¶ 67} The remedies suggested by the Bennett and OOC petitioners are 
based on their belief that a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for 
the Southern District of Ohio in Gonidakis v. Ohio Redistricting Comm, S.D.Ohio 
case No. 2:22-cv-0773, will order the implementation of a General Assembly plan 
by April 20, 2022.  They are concerned that the federal court may implement a plan 
that we have already found unconstitutional, at least for the 2022 election cycle.  
According to the Bennett petitioners, questioning by the three-judge panel in 
Gonidakis during a March 30 preliminary-injunction hearing “made clear” that if 
the federal court does impose a plan, the options it is considering include the second 
revised plan that we declared invalid in League III, the third revised plan that we 
January Term, 2022 
 
31 
declare invalid today, the district plan that was in place from 2011 to 2020, and 
other plans presented to that court. 
{¶ 68} We are mindful of representations made by or on behalf of the 
secretary of state in the pending Gonidakis federal court proceedings that a district 
plan must be in place by April 20 for the last possible primary-election date for the 
2022 election, August 2, to be feasible.  However, we fail to see how this contention 
should motivate us—or the federal court for that matter—to adopt a plan for the 2022 
state legislative elections by April 20.  It is unclear as to why August 2, 2022, is the 
last available date for a primary election in Ohio.9 We note that several states will 
have primary elections on August 16, 2022, or later, including four states that will 
have their primary elections in September.  National Conference of State 
Legislatures, 2022 State Primary Election Dates and Filing Deadlines (Apr. 4, 
2022), 
https://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/2022-state-
primary-election-dates-and-filing-deadlines.aspx 
(accessed 
Apr. 
12, 
2022) 
[https://perma.cc/Y73V-2TSB].  Thus, on the record before us, the so-called April 
20 “deadline” for implementing a General Assembly–district plan appears to be an 
artificial deadline that is based on a speculative, potential primary-election date for 
state legislative races. 
{¶ 69} While the commission has yet to adopt a constitutionally valid plan 
in time for the May 3 primary election,10 sufficient time remains for the commission 
to perform its constitutional duty to adopt a valid General Assembly–district plan 
for use in the 2022 election cycle, including a primary election.  Any suggestion 
that the federal court could—much less that it should—set an August 2 primary-
election date as a remedy in the federal-court litigation strikes us as a dubious 
 
9.  August 2, 2022, is a date authorized for special elections, as provided in R.C. 3501.01(D). 
 
10.  The May 3 primary is proceeding for statewide, congressional, and local offices. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
32 
proposition at best.  The authority for setting the date for a primary election belongs 
to the General Assembly, not to the Ohio Supreme Court, the secretary of state, or 
a federal court.  See R.C. 3501.40 and 3501.01(E)(1).  Principles of federalism and 
comity cut against a federal court ordering the date of a primary election for purely 
state offices due to a dispute over the validity of state legislative maps under the 
state constitution.  Even when federal constitutional questions have been at issue in 
legislative-redistricting cases, the United States Supreme Court “has required 
federal judges to defer consideration of disputes involving redistricting where the 
State, through its legislative or judicial branch, has begun to address that highly 
political task itself.”  (Emphasis sic.)  Growe v. Emison, 507 U.S. 25, 33, 113 S.Ct. 
1075, 122 L.Ed.2d 388 (1993).  In this case, the commission and this court have 
been addressing the task within the framework of Article XI of the Ohio 
Constitution. 
{¶ 70} While the process has proved challenging for the commission, as 
evidenced by four legislative plans falling short of Article XI’s requirements, the 
difficulty of the task is not a reason for federal-court intervention.  In this case, 
there is a clear and viable path forward to having a constitutionally valid General 
Assembly–district plan in place for the 2022 election cycle.  As set forth in detail 
below, the independent map drawers retained by the commission after League III 
started the commission down what could be a viable path of a General Assembly–
district plan that complies with Article XI of the Ohio Constitution.  Under these 
circumstances, we think it appropriate for the federal court to “stay[] its hand” in 
recognition of the principle that “[t]he power of the judiciary of a State to require 
valid reapportionment * * * has not only been recognized by [the United States 
Supreme] Court but appropriate action by the States in such cases has been 
specifically encouraged,” Scott v. Germano, 381 U.S. 407, 409, 85 S.Ct. 1525, 14 
L.Ed.2d 477 (1965). 
January Term, 2022 
 
33 
{¶ 71} For these reasons, we decline to order the additional remedies that 
the Bennett and OOC petitioners request. 
2. Validation of an alternative plan 
{¶ 72} Senator Sykes and House Minority Leader Russo ask us to declare that 
the independent map drawers’ plan is presumptively constitutional.  There is also no 
constitutional basis for this court to grant that remedy.  Article XI, Section 9(A) 
grants this court jurisdiction in cases arising under Article XI, and Section 9(B) 
contemplates that we may determine the constitutional validity of a “general 
assembly district plan made by the Ohio redistricting commission.”  (Emphasis 
added.)  While the independent map drawers’ plan may be the closest yet to meeting 
the Ohio Constitution’s requirements, Article XI does not authorize this court to 
address the validity of a district plan in the absence of it being lawfully presented to 
this court for such a determination. 
{¶ 73} We also note that by the admission of one of the plan’s primary 
drafters, Dr. Johnson, that plan is not yet fully completed.  According to Dr. 
Johnson, certain potential constitutional defects cannot be identified without 
running reports that he did not have time to complete before the commission’s 
deadline for adopting the third revised plan. 
E. Possible approach for the commission 
{¶ 74} Though we do not have the power under Article XI to validate the 
independent map drawers’ plan, we are also mindful of the secretary of state’s 
position—taken in the federal-court litigation—that a General Assembly–district 
plan must be in place by April 20 for the last possible primary-election date for the 
2022 election cycle, August 2, to be feasible.  No matter what the primary date is to 
be, time is of  the essence. With time in mind, it appears that the most efficient way 
for the commission to proceed may well be  to continue working with Dr. McDonald 
and Dr. Johnson to complete the plan on which they have made considerable 
progress—if they are willing and available and if the commission has the authority 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
34 
to timely retain them for additional work.  By certain measures, their plan—though 
incomplete—is on track to being constitutionally compliant. 
{¶ 75} The independent map drawers acknowledge that the process of 
finalizing their plan is incomplete.  Although they have stated that they tried to 
comply with all provisions of the Constitution, no one has yet verified that their 
plan fully complies with Article XI, Sections 2, 3, 4, and 7.  Nor have the 
independent map drawers had an opportunity to address or incorporate any of the 
commission’s requests for amendments.  With that caveat, there is evidence that 
the independent map drawers’ plan—in its current form—outperforms the third 
revised plan on measures of partisan symmetry and on the distribution of 
competitive districts.  For example, the independent map drawers’ plan contains 
three House districts with a Democratic vote share between 50 and 52 percent and 
three House districts with a Republican vote share between 50 and 52 percent—an 
equal number—whereas the third revised plan contains 17 such Democratic House 
districts but zero such Republican House districts.  Regarding the Senate, the 
independent map drawers’ plan has two Democratic seats in that competitive range 
whereas the third revised plan has six such seats.  Neither plan has any Republican 
Senate seats in that range. 
{¶ 76} Moreover, Dr. Rodden’s analysis indicates that the independent map 
drawers’ plan outperforms the third revised plan on a number of other metrics:  the 
plan achieves partisan proportionality that closely corresponds to statewide voter 
preferences, splits fewer voting precincts, and is more compact as a whole.  Dr. 
Rodden’s analysis also cuts against a consistent theme of respondents throughout this 
litigation—that the commission’s prior maps were necessitated by Ohio’s political 
geography.  Dr. Rodden explained that the independent map drawers’ plan helps to 
confirm that this was not the case.  In other words, the plan on which Dr. McDonald 
and Dr. Johnson performed considerable work appears on track to achieve what 
respondents have consistently argued is impossible due to Ohio’s political 
January Term, 2022 
 
35 
“geography” by which Republican and Democratic voters are distributed throughout 
the state. 
{¶ 77} Regardless of the availability of Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson to 
complete their work on the plan they were preparing, the commission should continue 
the course it began when it followed our and the attorney general’s recommendations 
to engage independent map drawers.  Even if the commission is unable to engage Dr. 
McDonald and Dr. Johnson, the commission has a head start toward a complete and 
possibly constitutionally compliant plan.  Dr. McDonald and Dr. Johnson produced 
an almost completed set of General Assembly–district maps for which the 
commission agreed to pay them nearly $100,000.  To completely abandon that work 
seems like a waste of resources and taxpayer dollars and could take us further away 
from the constitutionally required goal of a fair district plan.  Just as in League III, 
when we recommended that the commission take certain steps to ensure a 
constitutional process, we now likewise express the view that the commission should 
use the independent map drawers’ work thus far as a starting point for the next plan. 
IV. CONCLUSION 
{¶ 78} We sustain petitioners’ objections to the third revised plan under 
Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B) of the Ohio Constitution and invalidate the third 
revised plan in its entirety.  We further order the commission to be reconstituted, to 
convene, and to draft and adopt an entirely new General Assembly–district plan 
that meets the requirements of the Ohio Constitution, including Article XI, Sections 
6(A) and 6(B) as we have explained those provisions in each of our four decisions 
in these cases.  As we suggested in League III, to promote transparency and increase 
public trust, the drafting of the plan is best accomplished in public view with 
frequent meetings to demonstrate the commission’s bipartisan efforts to reach a 
constitutional plan.  See __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __, at ¶ 44. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
36 
{¶ 79} We further order the commission to file the district plan with the 
secretary of state by 9:00 a.m. on May 6, 2022, and to file it with this court by noon 
on the same date.  We retain jurisdiction for the purpose of reviewing the new plan. 
{¶ 80} Petitioners shall file objections, if any, to the new plan by 9:00 a.m., 
three days after the new plan is filed in this court.  Respondents shall file responses 
by 9:00 a.m., three days after the objections are filed.  If the deadline for objections 
or responses falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday, then the objections or 
responses shall be filed by 9:00 a.m. on the next business day.  Petitioners shall not 
file a reply or any motion for leave to file a reply.  The clerk of the court shall refuse 
to accept any filings under this paragraph that are untimely or prohibited. 
{¶ 81} No requests or stipulations for extension of time for the objections 
or responses shall be filed, and the clerk shall refuse to file any requests or 
stipulations for extension of time.  For good cause shown, the commission may file 
a motion for extension of time to file the district plan with the secretary of state.  
And for the reasons explained above, we deny petitioners’ requests for additional 
relief. 
Objections sustained  
and alternative or additional relief denied. 
O’CONNOR, C.J., and STEWART and BRUNNER, JJ., concur. 
DONNELLY, J., concurs, with an opinion. 
KENNEDY, J., dissents, with an opinion. 
FISCHER, J., dissents, with an opinion and joins paragraphs 151-152 and 
157-158 of Justice DeWine’s dissenting opinion. 
DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by KENNEDY, J. 
_________________ 
 
DONNELLY, J., concurring. 
{¶ 82} I join the majority opinion in full.  I write separately only to make 
some additional observations. 
January Term, 2022 
 
37 
{¶ 83} In League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., 
__ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 30, we suggested that “[t]he 
[Ohio Redistricting Commission] should retain an independent map drawer—who 
answers to all commission members, not only to the Republican legislative 
leaders—to draft a plan through a transparent process.”  The commission 
commendably seemed to heed our suggestion by retaining two independent map 
drawers, at public expense, whose map drawing was viewable by livestream to 
promote transparency and increase public trust in the redistricting process. 
{¶ 84} But just when the independent map drawers were perilously close to 
showing that the difficult was achievable by drawing a General Assembly–district 
plan that satisfied the proportionality requirements of Article XI, Section 6(B) of 
the Ohio Constitution without partisan asymmetry that violated Article XI, Section 
6(A), the commission’s majority-party members summarily pulled the plug on that 
process.  Discarding the independent map drawers’ work product, and to the shock 
of many, commission member and respondent President of the Senate Matt 
Huffman revealed a plan that had been prepared by majority-party staffers within 
days of the deadline that cosmetically tweaked the invalidated second revised plan.  
He then laid the third revised plan before the commission less than two hours before 
the expiration of its deadline for adopting a new plan. 
{¶ 85} The independent map drawers’ efforts were apparently little more 
than a sideshow—yet more fodder in this political sport.  In 2018, commission 
member and respondent Secretary of State Frank LaRose, who was then a state 
senator, co-authored an article calling for substantive changes to the way that state- 
and federal-legislative districts are drawn.  He was correct when he acknowledged 
at that time that “[a]lthough both parties have been guilty of unfairly reconfiguring 
districts to their benefit, Republicans have taken the heat in recent years for 
prominent gerrymandering cases.”  LaRose & Olsen, The Supreme Court didn’t act 
on  gerrymandering, so it’s up to state legislators to stop doing it, NBC News (June 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
38 
18, 
2018), 
https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/supreme-court-didn-t-act-
gerrymandering-so-it-s-state-ncna884501 [https://perma.cc/M7U7-2NUP].11  He 
further stated, “Take it from us two Republican state legislators: Even if our party 
benefitted, it’s still wrong.  By gerrymandering districts, we send the message that 
winning elections is more important than finding effective policy solutions for all 
citizens.  And when that happens, we lose the trust and confidence of the people we 
were elected to represent.”  Id.  And he concluded the article by stating, “It’s time 
to end gerrymandering—which protects party politics at the expense of the 
American people—and allow true democracy to flourish.”  Id. 
{¶ 86} Yet, since the adoption of the constitutional reforms mandated by 
Article XI, these cases have regrettably confirmed that relatively little has changed 
in how legislative-district plans are drawn.  The design of legislative districts 
remains firmly in the grip of the majority party’s legislative politicians to the 
exclusion of all others.  The Ohio Redistricting Commission is independent in 
theory only.  Indeed, the commission’s plans in these cases have consistently been 
drafted by the majority party’s political staffers to the exclusion of the minority 
party and at times even to the virtual exclusion of the majority-party commission 
members in order to maintain dominance by the majority party.  The revised plans 
were based largely on plans that we previously declared invalid and were withheld 
until the majority party’s then-newest plan was revealed and perfunctorily adopted 
at the 11th hour with no time for review or discussion.  Yet Secretary of State 
LaRose’s current stance is not to reexamine the flawed process used to generate 
district plans but to remain open to the prospect of impeaching a judicial officer 
who dared to have the temerity to support and defend the constitutional reforms 
 
11.  Indeed, as we said in Adams v. DeWine, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-89, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 2, 
partisan gerrymandering, “by whichever political party has control to draw geographic boundaries 
for elected state and congressional offices” to strategically exaggerate the power of the majority 
party’s voters while diminishing the power of the minority party’s voters, perverts representative 
democracy. 
January Term, 2022 
 
39 
that Ohioans—like LaRose when he was a state senator—celebrated over partisan 
tribal politics that value political power over all else.  See Schladen, LaRose would 
“be fine with” chief justice’s impeachment over redistricting rulings (Apr. 1, 2022), 
https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2022/04/01/larose-would-be-fine-with-chief-
justices-impeachment-over-redistricting-rulings/ [https://perma.cc/YXC8-JBLY]. 
{¶ 87} What appeared to be the start of a transparent redistricting process 
when the two independent map drawers were engaged by the commission became 
transparent only in the sense that it exposed the falsehood that some of the 
commission members had fulfilled their obligations under the Ohio Constitution.  
As to that, Ohioans are still watching and waiting. 
_________________ 
KENNEDY, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 88} The measure of power is its limits.  Respecting the limits of power 
is essential to our American form of government.  Anything less is an affront to it. 
{¶ 89} The essential characteristic of our government—the separation of 
powers—is part of the woven fabric of the Ohio Constitution.  See S. Euclid v. 
Jemison, 28 Ohio St.3d 157, 158-159, 503 N.E.2d 136 (1986).  At their core, the 
issues in these cases concern that basic concept. 
{¶ 90} In yet another wiping-egg-from-its-face moment, the majority 
retreats from its edicts in League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting 
Comm., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __ (“League III”), to explain 
that when it set out the steps the commission “should” take, it did not mean that the 
commission must take those steps, and it now admits to petitioners in these cases 
that this court does not have the power to tell the commission how to perform its 
constitutional duties.  All the majority can do is “suggest” steps the commission 
could take.  I agree that the Ohio Constitution does not give this court the power to 
tell respondent Ohio Redistricting Commission, an independent constitutional 
body, whom to hire, how to do its work, or who should draw a redistricting plan.  
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
40 
Article XI, Section 9(B) of the Ohio Constitution merely provides that if a map is 
invalidated, the redistricting commission is reconstituted pursuant to Article XI, 
Section 1.  And nothing in Section 9(B) or Section 1 gives this court power to 
control the work of the commission. 
{¶ 91} By recognizing this limitation, the majority takes one step forward 
but two steps back, because it continues to ignore the limitations of its power by 
redefining its power under Section 9.  The plain, limiting language of Section 
9(D)(3) provides that this court cannot invalidate a plan without a predicate 
violation of the objective map-drawing requirements of Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7.  By 
adhering to its view of unlimited power, the majority keeps bringing us back to 
September 2021—the time when these redistricting cases were first filed; we are 
stuck in a time loop, like the characters in the movie Groundhog Day.  The movie, 
of course, was comedic entertainment, but the outcome of these cases is anything 
but that for the people of this state.  The majority’s continued denial of the limitation 
of this court’s power may end up costing the taxpayers millions of dollars—money 
that is being consumed by the never-ending cycle of map drawing, litigation, and 
now, two primaries, one on May 3 and the other perhaps on August 2, all ordained 
by the majority’s overreach.  The state is still without functional House and Senate 
districts, and its voters have no idea when a primary will take place for General 
Assembly offices. 
{¶ 92} Because the Ohio Constitution does not give this court the power to 
tell the commission how it “should” exercise its power and perform its work, I agree 
with the majority that this court cannot hold it in contempt.  I disagree, however, 
with the majority’s determination that this court may continue to exercise judicial 
power over these redistricting cases pursuant to Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B), 
and I dissent from its judgment invalidating yet another plan. 
 
 
January Term, 2022 
 
41 
The Commission Cannot Be Held in Contempt 
{¶ 93} The majority tries to walk back the imperative language it used in its 
March 16 decision, which stated that the commission “should” hire an independent 
map-drawing expert, convene frequent meetings to draw the maps in public, and 
adopt a plan prepared by the commission as a whole.  League III, __ Ohio St.3d __, 
2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __ at ¶ 30, 44.  It now frames these directives as mere 
suggestions or recommendations, even though the word “should” expresses a duty 
or obligation, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2104 (2002).  The 
majority also attempts to shift responsibility for its overreach onto Ohio Attorney 
General Dave Yost, noting that he suggested treating the court’s directions “with 
the degree of deference one might pay to the suggestions of one’s spouse.” 
{¶ 94} But regardless of how the majority characterizes its prior opinion, 
this court does not have the power to hold the commission or its members in 
contempt.  This court recently explained in Toledo v. State, 154 Ohio St.3d 41, 
2018-Ohio-2358, 110 N.E.3d 1257, that “ ‘[t]he power of contempt is inherent in a 
court, such power being necessary to the exercise of judicial functions.’ ”  Id. at ¶ 
22, quoting Denovchek v. Trumbull Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 36 Ohio St.3d 14, 15, 520 
N.E.2d 1362 (1988).  The primary interest at stake in a contempt proceeding is the 
court’s “ ‘authority and proper functioning,’ ” id., quoting Denovchek at 16, so a 
litigant may be held in contempt of court for conduct that “ ‘ “brings the 
administration of justice into disrespect, or which tends to embarrass, impede or 
obstruct a court in the performance of its functions,” ’ ” id., quoting Denovchek at 
15, quoting Windham Bank v. Tomaszczyk, 27 Ohio St.2d 55, 271 N.E.2d 815 
(1971), paragraph one of the syllabus. 
{¶ 95} Our decision in Toledo continued, stating that “ ‘[i]f a valid 
restrictive order has been issued, a court has the statutory and inherent power to 
entertain contempt proceedings and punish disobedience of that order.’ ”  Id. at ¶ 
23, quoting Planned Parenthood Assn. of Cincinnati, Inc. v. Project Jericho, 52 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
42 
Ohio St.3d 56, 61, 556 N.E.2d 157 (1990).  “But a court order cannot be enforced 
in contempt unless the order was ‘clear and definite, unambiguous, and not subject 
to dual interpretations.’ ”  Id., quoting State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Hunter, 
138 Ohio St.3d 51, 2013-Ohio-5614, 3 N.E.3d 179, at ¶ 25. 
{¶ 96} This court had no authority to tell the commission whom to hire or 
how to do its work; therefore, it follows that the court cannot hold the commission 
in contempt.  Redistricting is a legislative process, Wilson v. Kasich, 134 Ohio St.3d 
221, 2012-Ohio-5367, 981 N.E.2d 814, ¶ 20, and “the great heritage of the common 
law and the principles of free government” provide the basis for legislative 
immunity and, by extension, immunity to others when exercising a legislative 
function, Bigelow v. Brumley, 138 Ohio St. 574, 582, 37 N.E.2d 584 (1941).  Article 
XI gives the responsibility for drafting and adopting a General Assembly–district 
plan to the Ohio Redistricting Commission, an independent constitutional body, so 
its members are not subject to personal liability or personal incarceration as 
punishment for contempt for actions taken while engaged in the legislative process 
of redistricting, see id. at 583-584.  As we explained in Hicksville v. Blakeslee, 
“[t]hat legislative officers are not liable personally for their legislative acts is so 
elementary, so fundamentally sound, and has been so universally accepted, that but 
few cases can be found where the doctrine has been questioned and judicially 
declared.”  103 Ohio St. 508, 517, 134 N.E. 445 (1921). 
{¶ 97} Adherence to the defined roles of each branch is essential to the 
functioning of our representative democracy.  Therefore, maintaining respect for 
the enumerated powers granted expressly to the commission precludes this court 
from interfering with the exercise of those powers or attempting to supervise the 
commission’s work through the threat of contempt.  In DeRolph v. State, the court’s 
reasoning that “it is not the function of the judiciary to supervise or participate in 
the legislative and executive process” applies equally to the commission, an 
independent constitutional body exercising the legislative power.  78 Ohio St.3d 
January Term, 2022 
 
43 
419, 420, 678 N.E.2d 886 (1997).  It is therefore only after the commission has 
completed its work and adopted a General Assembly–district plan that this court 
has any power to review it.  See Toledo at ¶ 29.  Even then, the court may not 
invalidate the plan unless it is inconsistent with the Constitution.  See id.  “The 
separation-of-powers doctrine * * * precludes the judiciary from asserting control 
over ‘the performance of duties that are purely legislative in character and over 
which such legislative bodies have exclusive control.’ ”  Toledo, 154 Ohio St.3d 
41, 2018-Ohio-2358, 110 N.E.3d 1257, at ¶ 27, quoting State ex rel. Grendell v. 
Davidson, 86 Ohio St.3d 629, 633, 716 N.E.2d 704 (1999). 
{¶ 98} For these reasons, the commission cannot be held in contempt for 
submitting a redistricting plan that did not come from the independent map drawers, 
because this court had no power to order the commission to hire the independent 
map drawers and to yield its constitutional power to them. 
A Standalone Violation of Section 6 Is Not Actionable 
{¶ 99} Seemingly, the majority eschews the limitations on this court’s 
power established in Article XI, Section 9, because since the beginning of these 
cases, the majority has construed Article XI broadly as granting this court the power 
to invalidate a General Assembly plan for any reason. 
{¶ 100} No one disputes that this court’s authority to review a General 
Assembly–district plan comes from Section 9.  However, Section 9(A) says only 
that this court has subject-matter jurisdiction over all cases arising under Article 
XI, and Section 9(B) does not contain any additional grant of power.  And contrary 
to its declaration in League I that it may invalidate a district plan for any reason, 
the majority now recognizes that the court’s power of review is not unlimited, 
because Sections 9(D)(1) and (D)(2) “expressly forbid,” majority opinion at ¶ 64, 
this court from adopting the plans drawn by the commission’s independent map 
drawers or by experts who have prepared alternative plans. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
44 
{¶ 101} Under Article XI, Section 9(D)(3), “[i]f the supreme court of Ohio 
determines that a general assembly district plan adopted by the commission does 
not comply with the requirements of Section 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 of this article,” it may 
invalidate a district plan in whole or in part, depending on the violation.  And 
because Article XI, Section 9(D) limits the available remedies to a plan that fails to 
comply with Article XI, Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7, petitioners’ claims asserted in this 
litigation—that the plans adopted by the commission violate Sections 6(A) and 
6(B)—have failed to state a claim for relief.  This court has no power to invalidate 
a plan simply because it violates Section 6. 
Alternative Remedies 
{¶ 102} Petitioners ask this court to adopt the incomplete redistricting plan 
drawn by the commission’s independent map drawers.  However, this plan has not 
yet been judged in the crucible of cross-examination, and the majority admits that 
“no one has yet verified that their plan fully complies with Article XI, Sections 2, 
3, 4, and 7,” majority opinion at ¶ 75.  The majority dismisses respondents Senate 
President Matthew Huffman and Speaker of the House Robert Cupp’s concern that 
the independent map drawers achieved a more proportional division by slicing 
heavily Democratic urban areas and joining (or “spoking”) those slices with 
Republican-leaning areas in rural or suburban areas.  The majority then contends 
that there is “no evidence” that this method of drawing districts results in less 
compact districts.  Id. at ¶ __.  However, Dr. Michael Barber, an associate professor 
of political science at Brigham Young University, explained early on in this 
litigation that this method of drawing districts “requires intentional gerrymandering 
and violates Article XI’s neutral map-making requirements” by dividing more 
government units than allowed by Article XI, Section 3(D)(3).  League of Women 
Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, 
___ N.E.3d ___ (“League II”), ¶ 124-127 (Kennedy and DeWine, JJ., dissenting).  
Sections 6(A) and 6(B) provide that the commission must attempt to adopt a plan 
January Term, 2022 
 
45 
that neither favors nor disfavors a political party and that corresponds closely to the 
statewide preferences of Ohio voters.  However, as Dr. Barber’s report explains, 
Ohio’s political geography makes that practically impossible. 
How Did We Get Here? 
{¶ 103} This is the fourth time that petitioners have challenged the validity 
of a General Assembly–district plan adopted by the commission, and a majority of 
this court has invalidated each plan for not complying with Article XI, Sections 
6(A) and 6(B) of the Ohio Constitution.  See League of Women Voters of Ohio v. 
Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___,  
¶ 2 (“League I”); League II at ¶ 68; League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-
789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 2. 
{¶ 104} This history is summarized in the following charts: 
 
 
League I, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-65, __ N.E.3d __ 
January 12, 2022 
 
Commission’s Redistricting 
Plan 
Petitioners’ Challenges 
Majority’s Holding 
Majority’s Order 
Plan favors Republicans: 
 House: 62-to-37 margin 
 Senate: 23-to-10 margin 
 
 Court may invalidate a plan 
for stand-alone violations of 
Section 6 
 Plan violates Section 6(B) 
because proportional political 
leaning of the districts within 
the plan does not correspond 
closely to the statewide 
preferences of Ohio voters 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) 
because it was drawn 
primarily to favor the 
majority party of the General 
Assembly and disfavor the 
minority party  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Commission did not “attempt” to 
comply with Section 6(A) or 6(B) 
 The statewide preference of Ohio 
voters over the prior ten years was 
such that 54 percent of Ohio voters 
voted in favor of Republican 
candidates and 46 percent in favor 
of Democratic candidates, and the 
plan did not closely correspond with 
those preferences 
 Plan violates Section 6(B) because 
the commission had not shown that 
a more proportionate plan was not 
possible 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) because 
the commission as a whole had not 
drafted the plan, it had not hired 
independent map drawers, and one 
party had controlled the map-
drawing software 
 
 Reconstitute 
commission to adopt 
a plan in conformity 
with the Ohio 
Constitution within 
ten days 
 Court retains 
jurisdiction to review 
the plan for 
compliance with the 
majority’s order 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
46 
 
League II, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-342, __ N.E.3d __ 
February 7, 2022 
 
Commission’s Redistricting 
Plan 
Petitioners’ Challenges 
Majority’s Holding 
Majority’s Order 
Plan favors Republicans: 
 House: 57-to-42 margin 
 Senate: 20-to-13 margin 
 
 Revised plan violates Sections 
6(A) and 6(B) 
 Commission violated Section 
6(A) by drawing nominally 
Democratic-leaning districts 
 The process the commission 
followed created the 
appearance of partisanship: 
(1) the commission did not 
draw the maps as a body; 
instead, the maps were drawn 
by the same Republican 
staffers; and (2) the 
commission failed to hold 
public hearings 
 Commission violated Section 
6(B) because the number of 
toss-up districts favors 
Republicans 
 
 To closely correspond with the 
statewide preferences of Ohio voters 
under Section 6(B), a plan must 
match a 54-46 ratio, which is a 
“foundational ratio created not by 
this court or by any particular 
political party but instead etched by 
the voters of Ohio into our 
Constitution,” League II at ¶ 64 
 Plan violates Section 6(B) because 
it achieved proportionality by 
drawing all close seats in 
Democratic-leaning areas and not in 
Republican-leaning ones, resulting 
in partisan asymmetry 
 Districts with 51 percent or less 
Democratic lean are not districts 
that favor Democrats 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) because 
the drawing process showed the 
intent to favor the Republican party: 
(1) the commission did not redraw 
the map from scratch, (2) the 
commission failed to hold frequent 
public meetings, and (3) the plan 
was drafted by partisan staffers 
 
 Court orders the 
commission to draft a 
new map from scratch 
 Toss-up districts must 
be excluded from the 
proportionality 
assessment or allocated 
to each party in close 
proportionality to its 
statewide vote share 
 Commission must 
adopt a plan by 
February 17, 2022 
 Clerk of this court to 
“refuse to file any 
requests or stipulations 
for extension of time” 
 
 
January Term, 2022 
 
47 
 
 
League III, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2022-Ohio-789, __ N.E.3d __ 
March 16, 2022 
 
Commission’s Redistricting 
Plan 
Petitioners’ Challenges 
Majority’s Holding 
Majority’s Order 
Plan favors Republicans: 
 House: 54-to-45 margin 
 Senate: 18-to-15 margin 
 
 
Commission failed to adopt a 
new plan by February 17, 2022, 
and petitioners request that it be 
ordered to show cause why it 
should not be held in contempt. 
 
After the commission filed its 
plan, the chief justice continues 
the hearing on the show-cause 
order. 
 
Petitioners argue that the third 
revised plan violates Section 
6(A) because  
 19 Democratic-leaning House 
districts favor Democrats by 
two points or less 
 plan was drafted in private by 
Republican staffers 
 
Petitioners contend that the plan 
violates Section 6(B) because the 
26 competitive Democratic-
leaning districts could be won by 
Republicans if the election 
favored them by two points. 
 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) because 
the commission did not follow the 
process that Article XI requires 
 Commission did not draft the plan; 
instead, the plan was drawn by 
Republican staffers 
 Majority-party members of the 
commission excluded the minority-
party members from participating 
in the plan’s creation 
 Districts with a sub-52-percent 
Democratic lean allocated to the 
Democratic Party under the second 
revised plan are “competitive” 
districts and, under the court’s 
holding in League II, must be 
excluded when assessing the plan’s 
overall proportionality 
 
. 
 Commission should 
retain an independent 
map drawer 
answerable to all 
commission members 
 Drafting should occur 
in public 
 Commission should 
convene frequent 
meetings 
 Plan must be filed by 
March 28 
 Clerk of this court 
“shall refuse to file any 
requests or stipulations 
for extension of time,” 
League III at ¶ 47 
 
 
 
League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., __ Ohio St.3d __ 2022-Ohio-__, __ N.E.3d 
__ 
April 14, 2022 
Commission’s Redistricting 
Plan 
Petitioners’ Challenges 
Majority’s Holding 
Majority’s Order 
Plan favors Republicans: 
 House: 54-to-45 margin 
 Senate: 18-to-15 margin 
 Number of sub-52-percent 
Democratic-leaning 
districts reduced by two in 
House and by one in 
Senate 
 
Petitioners renew their motions 
to hold the commission in 
contempt and object to the third 
revised plan: 
 Plan fails to comply with the 
court’s order to hire an 
independent map drawer, to 
draw the map in public as the 
commission, and to draw a 
proportional map without 
seeking to favor a party 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) for 
the same reasons plan in 
League III did 
 Plan also violates Section 
6(B), because all competitive 
seats have been drawn to lean 
Democratic 
 
 
 Plan violates Section 6(A) because 
it was not drafted and adopted by 
the commission but, rather, 
modified the prior invalid plan; the 
plan remains disproportional 
because all districts labeled as 
competitive lean Democratic 
 There remains an aggregate 
asymmetry in the assignment of 
toss-up districts, demonstrating 
partisan bias under Section 6(A) 
 Too many districts that were 
counted as Democratic districts are 
instead tossups, and that lack of 
proportionality violates Section 
6(B) 
 
 Adopt a new plan by 
May 6  
 Suggests drafting best 
accomplished in 
frequent public 
meetings to promote 
transparency and 
increase public trust 
 Recommends that 
commission use the 
independent map 
makers’ work  from 
latest attempt as 
starting point 
 Court retains 
jurisdiction 
 “For good cause 
shown, the 
commission may file a 
motion for extension 
of time to file the 
district plan with the 
secretary of state,” 
majority opinion, ¶ 81 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
48 
{¶ 105} These charts show how we have gotten to this point, but this flow 
chart shows how the Constitution envisioned the redistricting process:
 
January Term, 2022 
 
49 
{¶ 106} We are far afield from this roadmap, and Ohio is now stuck in a 
proverbial “time loop” because the Constitution does not contemplate the outsized 
role in redistricting that the majority has assumed for itself.  Article XI includes an 
impasse procedure that governs when the partisan officeholders who make up the 
commission are at a stalemate.  The result is a map that stays in place for four years.  
The Constitution did not anticipate the majority’s claim to power under Article XI, 
Section 9, and therefore, no procedure applies when a majority of this court and the 
commission are at loggerheads.  Instead, the process endlessly repeats itself.  That 
is where we are. 
Conclusion 
{¶ 107} The complaints in these cases allege that the General Assembly–
district plan adopted by the commission is unconstitutional, because the 
commission failed to comply with Article XI, Sections 6(A) and 6(B) of the Ohio 
Constitution. The majority continues relying on its overreach of power to invalidate 
the plan based solely on a stand-alone violation of Section 6(A) or 6(B).  Now, after 
months have passed and thousands of taxpayer dollars have been spent, we are right 
back to where we were on September 21, 2021, without any end in sight.  With two 
separate primaries looming, the taxpayers are looking at spending millions more.  
Had we adhered to this court’s power to invalidate a district plan only if it violates 
Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7, the complaints would have been dismissed and the people 
of Ohio would have been able to vote in all races on May 3, 2022. 
_________________ 
FISCHER, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 108} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion’s decision to 
sustain petitioners’ objections to the latest General Assembly–district plan. 
 
 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
50 
I.  The majority opinion’s approach creates problems by running afoul of the 
Ohio Constitution 
{¶ 109} As noted in my previous separate opinions, all three complaints in 
these cases allege that this matter is governed by the impasse procedures set forth 
in Article XI, Section 8 of the Ohio Constitution.  See League of Women Voters of 
Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d 
___, ¶ 280 (“League I”) (Fischer, J., dissenting); League of Women Voters of Ohio 
v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___, 
¶ 152 (“League II”) (Fischer, J., dissenting); League of Women Voters of Ohio v. 
Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, 
¶ 195 (“League III”) (Fischer, J., dissenting).  This court can neither ignore nor 
change those allegations, and these are the same allegations that form the basis of 
the challenges to the current plan in these cases.  But, yet again, the majority opinion 
does not take those uncontradicted allegations into account—all to the detriment of 
Ohio and its citizens. 
{¶ 110} Accordingly, once again, the majority opinion fails to follow the 
words of the Ohio Constitution.  See League III at ¶ 151 (Fischer, J., dissenting).  
In doing so, as more fully explained below, the majority opinion undermines, 
undercuts, and guts the entire structure of Article XI.  See League II at ¶ 151 
(Fischer, J., dissenting).  And it is this subversion of the wording of Article XI that 
is the reason the majority opinion today continues to create more and more 
problems for Ohio. 
{¶ 111} By eliminating the “stick” of a possible four-year plan, as specified 
in the Ohio Constitution in Article XI, Section 8(C)(1)(a), while maintaining only 
the “carrot” of a ten-year plan, today’s majority opinion tells, as it effectively has 
repeatedly told, the minority-party members of respondent Ohio Redistricting 
Commission to never agree, i.e., never, ever reach a compromise with the majority-
party members, because if the minority party does not get everything that it desires, 
January Term, 2022 
 
51 
then the minority group can just go back to court again and again and again until 
the minority party gets exactly what it desires.  And that is exactly what is 
happening here. 
{¶ 112} Without the continuing “threat” of the four-year plan as a “stick” 
to prod compromise, the majority opinion destroys Article XI’s very foundation 
and makes it mere dust.  And the essence of that “dust” is then the “whims” or 
current “feelings” of what a plan should be in the mind of a majority of this court.  
The Ohio Constitution, and Article XI in particular, do not support this type of 
decision. 
{¶ 113} Thus, we have yet another majority opinion declaring a plan of the 
commission unconstitutional—as there is no reason for any minority-party member 
of the commission to come to a compromise with the majority-party members of 
the commission, contrary to what Article XI, Section 8 of the Ohio Constitution 
specified when it was approved by more than 70 percent of Ohio voters in 2015.  
See League I, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 313 
(Fischer, J., dissenting), citing Ohio Secretary of State, Statewide Issue History, 
https://www.ohiosos.gov/elections/election-results-and-data/historical-election-
comparisons/statewide-issue-history/ 
(accessed 
Jan. 
2, 
2022) 
[https://perma.cc/CK6W-2KUC].  If the majority opinions in these cases had not 
undercut the Ohio Constitution by ignoring the constitutional text of Section 8, as 
explained again below and in my prior separate opinions in these cases, then the 
state of Ohio would have had a four-year General Assembly–district plan months 
ago, no problems setting election dates, no threat of a federal court taking over the 
drawing of Ohio’s House and Senate district lines, no extraconstitutional orders in 
majority opinions in these cases, no motions for show-cause orders, and certainly 
no continuing constitutional crisis. 
{¶ 114} One might argue that I overreached when using the word 
“generations” in my first dissent in these cases, League I at ¶ 351 (Fischer, J., 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
52 
dissenting) (“[t]he resulting lack of the citizens’ support will harm the judicial 
branch of Ohio’s government for generations”), and that perhaps I should have used 
the phrase “for many years to come” instead.  Nevertheless, my prediction of 
problems to come to Ohio because of the majority opinions disregarding the text of 
Article XI, Section 8, unfortunately has come true, although I wish I had been 
wrong.  But the list of problems set forth in the paragraph above is directly—and 
undeniably—caused by the majority opinions not following the wording of the 
Constitution. 
II.  The structure of Article XI, Section 8 
{¶ 115} As I have said before, see id. at ¶ 282-286 (Fischer, J., dissenting); 
League II, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 152 (Fischer, 
J., dissenting), Article XI, Section 8(C)(1)(a) specifies that a four-year plan—and 
all the adopted plans have been four-year plans—is in effect for two election cycles 
(four years), without exception, unlike the six-year plan in the same part of Article 
XI and the ten-year plan in Article XI, Section 8(B): 
 
(B) If the commission adopts a final general assembly 
district plan in accordance with division (A)(3) of this section by the 
vote required to adopt a plan under division (B)(3) of Section 1 of 
this article, the plan shall take effect upon filing with the secretary 
of state and shall remain effective until the next year ending in the 
numeral one, except as provided in Section 9 of this article. 
(C)(1)(a) Except as otherwise provided in division (C)(1)(b) 
of this section, if the commission adopts a final general assembly 
district plan in accordance with division (A)(3) of this section by a 
simple majority vote of the commission, and not by the vote required 
to adopt a plan under division (B)(3) of Section 1 of this article, the 
plan shall take effect upon filing with the secretary of state and shall 
January Term, 2022 
 
53 
remain effective until two general elections for the house of 
representatives have occurred under the plan. 
(b) If the commission adopts a final general assembly district 
plan in accordance with division (A)(3) of this section by a simple 
majority vote of the commission, and not by the vote required to 
adopt a plan under division (B) of Section 1 of this article, and that 
plan is adopted to replace a plan that ceased to be effective under 
division (C)(1)(a) of this section before a year ending in the numeral 
one, the plan adopted under this division shall take effect upon filing 
with the secretary of state and shall remain effective until a year 
ending in the numeral one, except as provided in Section 9 of this 
article. 
 
(Emphasis added.)  I emphasize, once again, see League I at ¶ 286 (Fischer, J., 
dissenting); League II at ¶ 152 (Fischer, J., dissenting), that Section 8(C)(1)(a) 
contains no exception providing that the effectiveness of a four-year plan is subject 
to Article XI, Section 9. 
III.  The majority opinion continues to head in the wrong direction 
{¶ 116} As a further “bad consequence” of ignoring this wording, the 
majority opinions have either wrongfully ordered or improperly “advised” the Ohio 
Redistricting Commission to take particular actions, and this court has no authority 
to do either of those things.  See League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, 
___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 30 (“[t]he commission should retain an independent map 
drawer” [emphasis added]); id. at ¶ 44 (“the drafting should occur in public and the 
commissioners should convene frequent meetings to demonstrate their bipartisan 
efforts to reach a constitutional plan within the time set by this court” [emphasis 
added]). 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
54 
{¶ 117} If this “should” language of the League III majority opinion stating 
that the commission should/must follow certain procedures in drafting a plan 
constituted an order of this court, then it was an order of dubious enforceability, as 
the Ohio Supreme Court has no authority under the Ohio Constitution to demand 
another state constitutional entity, especially one acting in a legislative capacity, to 
do anything.  See State ex rel. State v. Lewis, 99 Ohio St.3d 97, 2003-Ohio-2476, 
789 N.E.2d 195, ¶ 34, quoting DeRolph v. State, 78 Ohio St.3d 419, 422, 678 
N.E.2d 886 (1997) (Moyer, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) 
(“ ‘Typically, when a Supreme Court declares a legislative act to be 
unconstitutional it does not order the legislative body to enact new legislation.  Nor 
does it remand the case to a trial court with an order to retain jurisdiction over the 
consequent act of the legislative authority, including jurisdiction to rule upon the 
constitutionality of the new legislation’ ”); Toledo v. State, 154 Ohio St.3d 41, 
2018-Ohio-2358, 110 N.E.3d 1257, ¶ 2 (a court cannot order the legislature not to 
enact specific legislation, as the legislature has exclusive authority over duties that 
are purely legislative in nature). 
{¶ 118} And 
if 
the 
majority 
opinions’ 
wordings 
were 
merely 
“recommendations” or “advisory,” in any way, then the majority opinions—like 
today’s version—constitute unconstitutional advisory opinions, in absolute 
disregard of longstanding and repeated caselaw of this court.  See, e.g., State ex rel. 
White v. Kilbane Koch, 96 Ohio St.3d 395, 2002-Ohio-4848, 775 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 18 
(“Our conclusion comports with our well-settled precedent that we will not indulge 
in advisory opinions”), citing State ex rel. Baldzicki v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of 
Elections, 90 Ohio St.3d 238, 242, 736 N.E.2d 893 (2000); Egan v. Natl. Distillers 
& Chem. Corp., 25 Ohio St.3d 176, 495 N.E.2d 904 (1986), syllabus (“it is well-
settled that this court will not indulge in advisory opinions”).  And as today’s 
majority opinion, id. at ¶ 39, and concurring opinion, id. at ¶ 83 (Donnelly, J., 
concurring), indicate, if the “should” language was advisory and/or merely 
January Term, 2022 
 
55 
suggestive, then this court must later consider whether petitioners’ motions for 
show-cause orders/contempt violate Civ.R. 11.  Members of this court have had to 
spend substantial time reviewing those baseless and unnecessary motions. 
{¶ 119} Either extraconstitutional action from these majority opinions is the 
result—and an outward and obvious sign or symbol—of this court far exceeding its 
role in Ohio’s government, violating the separation of powers inherent in the Ohio 
Constitution, see Cleveland Bar Assn. v. Picklo, 96 Ohio St.3d 195, 2002-Ohio-
3995, 772 N.E.2d 1187, ¶ 4, quoting S. Euclid v. Jemison, 28 Ohio St.3d 157, 158-
159, 503 N.E.2d 136 (1986), citing State v. Warner, 55 Ohio St.3d 31, 43-44, 564 
N.E.2d 18 (1990); State ex rel. Atty. Gen. v. Harmon, 31 Ohio St. 250 (1877), and 
thus undermining the rule of law in this state—a mistaken and problematic role for 
this court, which must always act to support the rule of law. 
{¶ 120} This 
latest 
majority 
opinion 
takes 
the 
extraconstitutional/unconstitutional approach a step further by conducting an 
approving advisory review of the independent map drawers’ incomplete plan, 
which the map drawers have not even reviewed to verify whether it complies with 
the Ohio Constitution, as acknowledged in the majority opinion.  See majority 
opinion at ¶ 70.  Again, this advisory review contravenes longstanding precedent 
from this court.  See Egan at syllabus (“it is well-settled that this court will not 
indulge in advisory opinions”); Miner v. Witt, 82 Ohio St. 237, 238, 92 N.E.21 
(1910), quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653, 16 S.Ct. 132, 40 L.Ed. 293 
(1895) (“ ‘The duty of this court, as of every other judicial tribunal, is to decide 
actual controversies by a judgment which can be carried into effect, and not to give 
opinions upon moot questions or abstract propositions * * *’ ”). 
{¶ 121} Not only does the majority opinion conduct an advisory review, but 
it also tries to “signal” to the commission what type of redistricting plan it demands, 
see majority opinion at ¶ 69-74, because the court knows that it cannot directly 
create a plan under Article XI.  Article XI, Section 9(D)(1) and (D)(2).  And this 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
56 
court cannot indirectly do, via signaling, what it cannot do directly.  See Suon v. 
Mong, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-879, 2018-Ohio-4187, ¶ 16; State v. Jamison, 
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23211, 2010-Ohio-965, ¶ 37; Tarr v. Walter, 7th Dist. 
Jefferson No. 01 JE 7, 2002-Ohio-3188, ¶ 31. 
IV.  Once again, the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard has not been met 
{¶ 122} I also point out that petitioners once again fail to prove anything 
beyond a reasonable doubt, which is the applicable standard in these cases.  League 
III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 153-154 (Fischer, J., 
dissenting), citing League I, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___, 
at ¶ 339-340 (Fischer, J., dissenting), citing Wilson v. Kasich, 134 Ohio St.3d 221, 
2012-Ohio-5367, 981 N.E.2d 814, ¶ 20. 
{¶ 123} As an initial example, Dr. Douglas Johnson’s affidavit, as even 
today’s majority opinion notes, majority opinion at ¶ 33, shows that the independent 
map drawers were constrained by Ohio’s geography, Constitution, and time 
limitations.  And one of the map drawers had to leave at the last minute.  And the 
so-called independent maps have obvious constitutional problems, which Dr. 
Johnson acknowledged still needed to be resolved.  It should be emphasized that 
the commission members did not have an opportunity to incorporate their own 
amendments into Dr. Johnson’s work.  Moreover, the “independence” of this map 
is dubious, as Dr. Johnson acknowledged that he used a portion of a map of 
northeast Ohio that was drawn by Chris Glassburn, a consultant who had been 
retained by the Democratic legislative caucuses.  Thus, any evidentiary analysis in 
the majority opinion as to the maps that were submitted is wrongful, improper, and 
unconstitutional under our caselaw as well as Article XI. 
{¶ 124} As a second example, the majority opinion attempts to rely on Dr. 
Michael Latner’s concept of a “2 percentage” change in future voting.  Majority 
opinion at ¶ 51.  This is, at best, pure speculation because the shift of 2 percentage 
points may not be equally distributed as current voting patterns occur, just like the 
January Term, 2022 
 
57 
geographic distribution of Ohio voters is “all over the place,” as recognized by Dr. 
Michael McDonald, and no one may reasonably predict how local issues, especially 
local tax-increase issues and other local initiatives and referenda, can “tweak” the 
whereabouts of changes in locations of voter turnout.  Moreover, the record 
includes contrary viewpoints on this subject, i.e., under a 5 percent future vote-
change concept. 
{¶ 125} Now, both concepts are speculative, at best, and based on in futuro 
concepts that are inadmissible under Ohio’s Rules of Evidence.  Neither should be 
accepted by this court without proper cross-examination. 
{¶ 126} But even if not speculative and somehow admissible, both theories 
would then apply to this court’s analysis.  And if those pushing the 2 percent 
concept have the burden to show unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt, 
then those submitting the 5 percent contrary authority negate the evidence 
supposedly amounting to proof beyond a reasonable doubt.  In addition, while the 
majority opinion relies on the assertion that the map drawers were nearly finished 
with completing a map when commission members decided to move forward with 
an alternative approach, see majority opinion at ¶ 23, no one has offered an 
explanation why it took until April 12 for a so-called independent map to be filed 
with this court, see April 12, 2022 Notice of Filing, case No. 2021-1198.  Once 
again, just like the prior majority opinions, the majority opinion here touts the 
proper standard of evidence but then refuses to actually enforce that standard.  See 
League I, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 343 (Fischer, 
J., dissenting); League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at 
¶ 154 (Fischer, J., dissenting). 
V.  Conclusion 
{¶ 127} The majority opinions in these cases continue to harm this court, 
the Ohio Constitution, and all citizens of this great state.  These opinions have 
placed this state on an unconstitutional path.  While this latest majority opinion asks 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
58 
the federal court to stay its hand, in reality, it may take federal intervention to place 
Ohio back “enroute” because the extraconstitutional—and thus unconstitutional—
analysis embraced in the majority opinions prevents a return to Ohio’s actual 
constitutional road.  See League II, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ 
N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 151 (Fischer, J., dissenting).  By ignoring its constitutional 
limitations, usurping authority it lacks, and violating the separation-of-powers 
doctrine inherent in the Ohio Constitution, Picklo, 96 Ohio St.3d 195, 2002-Ohio-
3995, 772 N.E.2d 1187, at ¶ 4, the majority opinions in these cases have gotten this 
court stuck in the mud.  If the federal court does not tow this court out of that mud, 
these cases may be relitigated and relitigated, over and over, all year. 
{¶ 128} For these reasons, in the hope of saving this honorable court from 
future misadventures like these, I respectfully dissent.  See Lewis, 99 Ohio St.3d 
97, 2003-Ohio-2476, 789 N.E.2d 195, at ¶ 32-33 (once a legislative act has been 
declared unconstitutional, the duty lies with the legislative branch to remedy that 
unconstitutional act and the courts should refrain from exercising further 
jurisdiction). 
_________________ 
DEWINE, J., dissenting. 
{¶ 129} It’s déjà vu all over again.12  For the fourth time, the majority holds 
that a map enacted by the Ohio Redistricting Commission violates the Ohio 
Constitution.  That’s what it says, anyway.  But if anything is clear at this point, it 
is that the majority has long ago forsaken any concern about the actual words of the 
Constitution—it simply demands a General Assembly–district plan that achieves 
its policy goals. 
{¶ 130} With each iteration of these cases, it becomes more evident that a 
rogue majority is simply exercising raw political power.  No one should be 
 
12. Yogi Berra. 
January Term, 2022 
 
59 
deceived.  The document that the majority issues today may be in the “form of a 
judicial opinion,” Bostock v. Clayton Cty., __ U.S. __, __, 140 S.Ct. 1731, 1754, 
207 L.Ed.2d 218 (2020) (Alito, J., dissenting), but what the majority does today is 
legislate, not adjudicate. 
{¶ 131} A more comprehensive discussion of how the majority has gone 
astray is provided in the dissenting opinions in the previous decisions in these cases.  
See League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d 
___, 2022-Ohio-65, ___ N.E.3d ___; League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio 
Redistricting Comm., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___ 
(“League II”); League of Women Voters of Ohio v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., ___ 
Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___ (“League III”).  For today, I will 
make just a few points. 
I.  We have a mess on our hands because this court has ignored the 
constitutional limits on its authority 
{¶ 132} Ohio will have two primary elections this year, costing taxpayers 
an estimated extra $20 to $25 million.  Candidates and voters still have no idea 
which candidates will be running in which districts.  And a federal court is weighing 
whether it needs to step in and save us from ourselves. 
{¶ 133} All of this was easily avoidable.  The Ohio Constitution explicitly 
provides that “if the supreme court of Ohio determines that a general assembly 
district plan adopted by the commission does not comply with the requirements of 
Section 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 of this article,” this court may order the commission to 
reconvene and adopt a new map.  (Emphasis supplied.)  Article XI, Section 9(D)(3).  
The alleged violations here—related to statewide proportionality and excessive 
partisanship—are all premised on Section 6.  There is nothing in the Constitution 
that gives this court authority to order the commission to create a new district plan 
based on violations of Section 6.  Rather, if Republicans and Democrats fail to 
cooperate and adopt a plan that both political parties consider fair, the Ohio 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
60 
Constitution provides a nonjudicial remedy: a plan that lasts only four years instead 
of ten.  See id. at Section 8(C)(1)(a). 
{¶ 134} It may be that the architects of the General Assembly–redistricting 
amendment were overly optimistic.  Perhaps the threat of a plan lasting only four 
years was not the stick it was thought to be to induce partisan political actors to 
cooperate.  But that is the remedy provided by the Constitution—this court has no 
authority to make up one of its own.  And now Ohio’s citizens are paying in 
electoral chaos the price of this court’s overreach. 
II.  The majority’s extraconstitutional hostility toward competitive districts 
{¶ 135} The Constitution says that the commission “shall attempt to draw a 
general assembly district plan” in which “[t]he statewide proportion of districts 
whose voters, based on statewide state and federal partisan general election results 
during the last ten years, favor each political party shall correspond closely to the 
statewide preferences of the voters of Ohio.”  Article XI, Section 6(B).  Without 
question, the commission not only attempted to meet, but actually met, this 
standard.  Both the third and now the fourth enacted plans contain districts that 
precisely achieve this metric, with 54 Republican-leaning House districts and 45 
Democratic-leaning House districts and an 18-to-15 ratio in the Senate. 
{¶ 136} The majority, though, has created a new standard—“partisan 
symmetry,” majority opinion, ¶ 75—found nowhere in the Constitution.  It says 
that competitive districts “ ‘must either be excluded from the proportionality 
assessment or be allocated to each party in close proportion to its statewide vote 
share.’ ”  Id. at ¶ 57, quoting League II, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ 
N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 62.  But why?  And how?  There is certainly no basis for this 
requirement in the text of the Constitution.  And no one has shown that it is even 
possible to meet this judge-crafted standard. 
{¶ 137} Indeed, the “independent map drawers” that the commission hired 
on the majority’s instructions, League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ 
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N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 30 (“The commission should retain an independent map drawer”), 
didn’t do much better at achieving this extraconstitutional metric than the 
commission.  Not only did the independent map drawers fail to complete their work 
by this court’s deadline, but they made only modest gains in reducing partisan 
asymmetry.  For example, in finding the third enacted plan unconstitutional, the 
majority relied on expert testimony that “a 5 percent uniform swing in favor of the 
Republican Party across all [House] districts would result in up to 23 additional 
Republican seats, while the same swing in favor of the Democratic Party would 
result in a gain of, at most, two seats.”  Id. at ¶ 33.  Under the incomplete plan drawn 
by the independent map drawers, a 5 percent Republican swing would result in 21 
additional Republican seats while the same swing in favor of the Democratic Party 
would result in only 6 additional Democratic seats. 
{¶ 138} And the limited progress the independent map drawers made 
toward the majority’s made-up partisan-symmetry benchmark came at the expense 
of constitutional requirements governing compactness and keeping political 
subdivisions intact.  Dr. Douglas Johnson, one of the independent map drawers, 
explained that in their “quest to get as close to symmetry” as possible, they were 
“kind of blowing through compactness.” 
{¶ 139} As Speaker of the House Robert Cupp and President of the Senate 
Matt Huffman point out, the independent map drawers used a “hub and spoke” 
approach to draw districts in urban and suburban areas so that cities are carved up 
like slices of a pizza.  The majority doesn’t dispute this characterization.  (How 
could it?)  Rather, it says respondents “cite no evidence or authority for the 
proposition that the ‘hub and spoke’ districts they describe are not compact.”  
Majority opinion at ¶ 54.  No evidence?  How about a simple eyeball test?  Take a 
gander at a few examples of the independent map drawers’ work in Cincinnati, 
Akron, and Dayton: 
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{¶ 140} The Constitution requires that district boundaries be created “using 
the boundaries of counties, municipal corporations, and townships.”  Article XI, 
Section 7.  And the commission “shall attempt” to draw districts that are “compact.”  
Section 6(C).  Does anyone really believe that slicing up metropolitan areas like a 
pizza with no concern for political-subdivision boundaries meets these 
requirements?  Of course not.  But that’s exactly the process the majority has foisted 
upon the commission. 
{¶ 141} The work of the independent map drawers proves the lie of the 
majority’s premise.  As every expert in this case—including the independent map 
drawers—to opine on the issue has acknowledged, the political geography of Ohio 
makes it nearly impossible to meet the majority’s requirement to achieve partisan 
symmetry in the makeup of competitive districts.  See League III, ___ Ohio St.3d 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
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___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 90 (Kennedy and DeWine, JJ., 
dissenting).  The majority’s answer is to require the commission to reverse-
gerrymander (or hire map drawers who will)—that is, carve up Ohio’s metropolitan 
areas like a pie to maximize the number of solidly Democratic districts.  In doing 
so, it commands exactly what the Constitution forbids: gerrymandering. 
{¶ 142} The majority turns the language of Article XI, Section 6(A)—“[n]o 
general assembly district plan shall be drawn primarily to disfavor or favor a 
political party”—on its head.  It orders the commission to draw maps with a single 
objective: overcoming Ohio’s political geography through the creation of safe 
districts that guarantee Democratic wins.  That may meet the policy objectives of 
some, but it has no basis in the text of the Ohio Constitution. 
III.  This court has no authority to direct the commission’s work 
or to advise its duties 
{¶ 143} Likely fearing that an activist court would do exactly what the 
majority has done, the drafters of the redistricting amendment placed sharp limits 
on this court’s authority.  In its first sentence, the amendment commands that the 
redistricting commission “shall be responsible for the redistricting of this state for 
the general assembly.”  (Emphasis supplied.)  Article XI, Section 1(A).  And in a 
belt-and-suspenders approach, it provides further: “No court shall order, in any 
circumstance, the implementation or enforcement of any general assembly district 
plan that has not been approved by the commission in the manner prescribed by 
this article.”  (Emphasis supplied.)  Id. at Section 9(D)(1).  And if that weren’t 
enough to get the point across, the amendment adds that “[n]o court shall order the 
commission to adopt a particular general assembly district plan or to draw a 
particular district.”  Id. at Section 9(D)(2).  Further, this court may order the 
commission to revise or draw a new map only for certain violations of objective 
standards.  See id. at Section 9(D)(3).  (The majority, of course, has long since 
blown past this last restraint.) 
January Term, 2022 
 
65 
{¶ 144} Despite these limits, the majority has repeatedly attempted to 
micromanage the commission’s work, imposing requirements found nowhere in the 
Constitution.  For example, one of the reasons the court gave in League III for 
finding the plan unconstitutional was a purported violation of Article XI, Section 
1(C), which provides: “The commission shall draft the proposed plan in the manner 
prescribed in this article.”  According to the majority, “the commission has adopted 
three plans so far, but it still has not drafted one.”  (Emphasis deleted.)  League III, 
___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 25.  Thus, the majority 
directed the commission to “retain an independent map drawer” and ordered the 
commission to produce a new map within 12 days.  Id. at ¶ 30, 45. 
{¶ 145} Heeding the majority’s admonition, the commission hired two 
independent map drawers.  It’s hard to see how a map drafted by independent map 
drawers would any more comply with the majority’s requirement that the plan be 
drafted by the commission than the previous plans that were drafted by staff and 
adopted by a majority vote of the commission.  After all, neither would be drafted 
collectively by the commission.  But the commission nonetheless did what it was 
told.  And while the independent map drawers made substantial progress in drafting 
a plan, they were not able to comply with the arbitrary 12-day deadline this court 
had set. 
{¶ 146} One might think that the majority would have learned a lesson 
about imposing arbitrary deadlines on an independent constitutional body.  
Apparently not.  Instead, it engages in a remarkable bit of revisionist history.  The 
majority acknowledges that the independent map drawers were unable to meet this 
court’s deadline.  But instead of recognizing the failure of its attempt to 
micromanage the commission’s work, it faults the commission for not asking for 
an extension of the deadline.  And it goes so far as to claim that Senate President 
Huffman and House Speaker Cupp misread League III when they told the 
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commission that this court had said that no requests for an extension would be 
entertained. 
{¶ 147} But that is exactly what League III provided.  Paragraph 45 of 
League III, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-789, ___ N.E.3d ___, ordered the 
commission to file the district plan with the secretary of state no later than March 
28 and with this court by 9:00 the next morning.  Paragraph 46 ordered objections 
to be filed no more than three days later.  And paragraph 47 provided that “[n]o 
requests or stipulations for extension of time shall be filed, and the clerk of this 
court shall refuse to file any requests or stipulations for extension of time.”  The 
majority now says that “it is not proper to read paragraph 47 in isolation; it should 
be read in context.  And in the paragraph prior to paragraph 47, we stated that 
untimely filings ‘under this paragraph’ were prohibited.”  Majority opinion at ¶ 40, 
fn. 8.  That’s nonsense.  If paragraph 47 was meant to be a continuation of paragraph 
46, there would have been no need to make it a separate paragraph at all.  By making 
paragraph 47’s no-extensions order into a separate paragraph and placing it 
immediately after the two paragraphs setting deadlines, it is clear that the court 
meant no extensions would be granted.  Period. 
IV.  The majority’s cavalier approach to Ohio election law and the duties of Ohio’s 
election officials 
{¶ 148} The majority spends a good portion of its opinion practically 
begging a federal court not to intervene and clean up the mess that the majority has 
created.  At the same time, though, the majority inspires little confidence that it will 
allow the state of Ohio to conduct an orderly election.  To the contrary, it cavalierly 
treats Ohio’s statutory framework for elections as an unnecessary nuisance and 
disregards the complexities of holding multiple elections in a short time frame. 
{¶ 149} In addition to the regular May primary in non-presidential-election 
years and the November general election, R.C. 3501.01(E)(1) and (A), Ohio law 
provides that a special election may be held on the first Tuesday after the first 
January Term, 2022 
 
67 
Monday in August, R.C. 3501.01(D).  The majority, though, treats the statutorily 
prescribed special date as a mere suggestion:  
 
We are mindful of representations made by or on behalf of 
the secretary of state in the pending Gonidakis federal-court 
proceedings that a district plan must be in place by April 20 for the 
last possible primary-election date for the 2022 election, August 2, to 
be feasible.  However, we fail to see how this contention should 
motivate us—or the federal court for that matter—to adopt a plan for 
the 2022 state legislative elections by April 20.  It is unclear as to 
why August 2, 2022, is the last available date for a primary election 
in Ohio.  We note that several states have primary elections on 
August 16, 2022, or later, including four states that will have their 
primary elections in September.  Thus, on the record before us, the 
so-called April 20 “deadline” for implementing a General 
Assembly–district plan appears to be an artificial deadline that is 
based on a speculative, potential primary-election date for state 
legislative races. 
 
(Emphasis supplied; footnote and citation omitted.)  Majority opinion at ¶ 68, citing 
Gonidakis v. Ohio Redistricting Comm., S.D.Ohio case No. 2:22-cv-0773.  Wow.  
Take a minute to unpack what the majority has just said. 
{¶ 150} Start with the majority’s assertion that this court shouldn’t be 
“motivated” by deadlines based on election dates established by statute.  That right 
there pretty much sums up the majority’s attitude about the other—supposedly 
coequal—branches of government.  The legislature’s considered judgment about 
when to hold elections matters not; there is no reason to bother the court with such 
frivolities.  But see R.C. 3501.40 (“no public official shall cause an election to be 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
68 
conducted other than in the time, place, and manner prescribed by the Revised 
Code”). 
{¶ 151} Next, consider the majority’s characterization of the secretary of 
state’s representation that to hold an orderly election, districts must be finalized by 
April 20.  The majority brushes this off as “an artificial deadline that is based on a 
speculative, potential primary-election date for state legislative races.”  Majority 
opinion at ¶ 68.  What possibly is the basis for this claim by the majority?  The 
majority hasn’t asked for any evidence on this point from the secretary of state, the 
“chief election officer of the state,” R.C. 3501.04.  And the only thing the majority 
points to in support of its bluster is the fact that a few other states—which 
presumably have different election systems and laws—hold later elections. 
{¶ 152} Indeed, the majority does not even try to account for the myriad 
laws that govern elections in Ohio and the constraints that they impose on the 
timing of elections.  For example, under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens 
Absentee Voting Act, 52 U.S.C. 20302, overseas ballots must be printed and 
prepared 46 days before the primary election.  R.C. 3509.01(B)(1); R.C. 
3511.04(B).  After the primary election is held, there is a 20-day period in which 
overseas ballots may be received.  2022 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 11, Section 5(B)(1).  
Provisional ballots may not be opened until 7 days after an election, see R.C. 
3505.183, and the election results are not certified until 21 days after the election.  
2022 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 11, Section 5(D).  And, of course, general-election ballots 
cannot be prepared until the primary election results are certified and it is 
determined who the candidates are.  Under federal law, overseas general-election 
ballots must be printed and mailed 45 days before the general election.  52 U.S.C. 
20302(a)(8)(A); see also R.C. 3511.04(B) (46 days).  Early voting begins 29 days 
before the general election.  See R.C. 3509.01(B). 
{¶ 153} Then there are the practical difficulties in holding another primary 
election close in time to the general election.  Ohio had some 3,563 polling places 
January Term, 2022 
 
69 
in 2020.13  Poll workers need to be recruited, hired, and trained to staff these 
locations.  R.C. 3501.27(B) and (D).  Ballots need to be printed.  See generally R.C. 
3505.08; R.C. 3505.13.  Voting machines need to be programmed.  See R.C. 
3506.14.  Presumably, a good number of localities will hold an August special 
election as provided by statute.  See R.C. 3501.01(D).  These localities will face the 
additional challenges inherent in holding three separate elections within a four-
month period. 
{¶ 154} (And let’s not forget why we have elections in the first place.  The 
voters are entitled to the information they need to make meaningful choices.  That 
entails some period of time in which voters and candidates know the district lines 
so candidates can campaign and voters can assess the candidates.) 
{¶ 155} To be fair, I can’t say with certainty that what the majority suggests 
is impossible.  But the majority cannot fairly say that it is possible.  We are judges, 
after all, not election officials.  We have no institutional expertise in the mechanics 
of holding elections.  And the person who does—Ohio’s secretary of state—has 
made clear that he thinks April 20 is the drop-dead date for holding an orderly 
election.  There is nothing in the record before us that would suggest that that is 
untrue.  This court is no better qualified to dispute the administrative calculus of 
Ohio’s chief election official than is the secretary of state to tell this court the 
meaning of the Ohio Constitution.  See majority opinion at ¶ 36 (“We do not defer 
to the commission’s legal interpretations”). 
{¶ 156} At this juncture, though, the majority’s dismissive attitude toward 
the practical concerns of holding an orderly election should hardly come as a 
 
13. See U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Election Administration and Voting Survey 2020 
Comprehensive Report, available at https://www.eac.gov/sites/default/files/document_library/files 
/2020_EAVS_Report_Final_508c.pdf#page=29 (accessed Apr. 14, 2022) [https://perma.cc/TN9T-
G4R2] and Election Administration and Voting Survey 2020 Datasets Version 1.1, available at 
https://www.eac.gov/research-and-data/datasets-codebooks-and-surveys (accessed Apr. 14, 2022) 
[https://perma.cc/AX9A-XV6X]. 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
70 
surprise.  Throughout this litigation, the majority has shown little concern for the 
realities facing the commission and election officials.  On the first three go-rounds, 
this court gave the commission ten, ten, and twelve days, respectively, to adopt a 
new plan.  In contrast, the court allowed itself a leisurely 111 days to review the 
first enacted plan, 13 days to review the second enacted plan, 16 days to review the 
third enacted plan, and now 13 days to review the fourth plan.  Today, the majority 
is a little more generous in the time it gives the commission to draft a new plan.  
But that “generosity” comes late—perhaps too late—in the game. 
{¶ 157} Furthermore, the majority has made the commission’s task 
considerably more difficult by prohibiting it from using a previously invalidated 
plan as a starting point.  See id. at ¶ 78 (“We further order * * * that the commission 
draft and adopt an entirely new General Assembly–district plan”); see also League 
II, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-342, ___ N.E.3d ___, at ¶ 38.  In the eyes of the 
majority, issuing a revised plan that is “no more than a modification” of a 
previously invalidated plan, majority opinion at ¶ 42, is “ ‘tantamount to an intent 
to preserve as much partisan favoritism as could be salvaged from the invalidated 
plan,’ ” id. at ¶ 41, quoting League II at ¶ 38.  Why on earth should that be the case?  
Isn’t it conceivable that a few tweaks could fix a close-but-not-quite-good-enough 
plan?  Nonetheless, it seems that the commission has only two options that will 
satisfy the majority: either try to fix the independent map drawers’ slice-and-dice 
plan or start entirely from scratch.  What basis for that is there in the Constitution? 
{¶ 158} Indeed, it is amazing that despite prohibiting the commission from 
working off its previous plan, the majority has no qualms about strongly suggesting 
that the commission work from the independent map drawers’ plan—a plan that 
has never been adopted or subjected to adversarial testing.  The majority tells the 
commission that it “appears that the most efficient” course is for the independent 
map drawers to continue to work on the map and it provides various other guidance 
about how the commission should proceed.  Majority opinion at ¶ 74.  This court, 
January Term, 2022 
 
71 
however, is forbidden from “order[ing] the commission to adopt a particular 
general assembly district plan.”  Article XI, Section 9(D)(2).  In defiant disregard 
of that proscription, the majority prejudges a plan yet to be adopted and strongly 
implies that any alternative will be frowned upon.  The majority’s insistence on 
telling the commission how to do its job is simply more evidence of how far away 
the majority has gotten from its own. 
V.  Conclusion 
{¶ 159} This court’s job is to adhere to the text of the Constitution.  It is not 
to impose extraconstitutional standards on the commission in an attempt to achieve 
political outcomes that the court finds desirable.  And it is not to micromanage a 
task that the Constitution entrusts solely to the commission. 
{¶ 160} If it is really true that history repeats itself, first as tragedy then as 
farce, we are now comfortably in the farce stage.  The fourth enacted plan complies 
with all constitutional standards.  It is long past time for the majority to 
acknowledge as much and put an end to the chaos it has created.  Because the 
majority does not, I respectfully dissent. 
KENNEDY, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion. 
FISCHER, J., concurs in paragraphs 151-152 and paragraphs 157-158 of the 
foregoing opinion. 
_________________ 
ACLU of Ohio Foundation, Inc., Freda J. Levenson, and David J. Carey; 
American Civil Liberties Union, Alora Thomas, and Julie A. Ebenstein; and 
Covington & Burling, L.L.P., Robert D. Fram, Donald Brown, Joshua González, 
Juliana Goldrosen, David Denuyl, Alexander Thomson, Anupam Sharma, and Yale 
Fu, for petitioners in Supreme Court case No. 2021-1193. 
McTigue, Colombo & Clinger, L.L.C., Donald J. McTigue, and Derek S. 
Clinger; and Elias Law Group, L.L.P., Abha Khanna, Ben Stafford, Jyoti Jasrasaria, 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
 
 
 
72 
Spencer W. Klein, Harleen K. Gambhir, and Raisa M. Cramer, for petitioners in 
Supreme Court case No. 2021-1198. 
Reed Smith, L.L.P., Peter M. Ellis, M. Patrick Yingling, Brian A. 
Sutherland, Ben R. Fliegel, Brad A. Funari, and Danielle L. Stewart; and Brennan 
Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, Alicia L. Bannon, Yurij 
Rudensky, and Harry Isaiah Black, for petitioners in Supreme Court case No. 2021-
1210. 
Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Organ Law, L.L.P., Erik J. Clark, and 
Ashley T. Merino, special counsel to Attorney General Dave Yost, for respondent 
Ohio Redistricting Commission. 
Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Zeiger, Tigges & Little, L.L.P., John W. 
Zeiger, Marion H. Little Jr., and Christopher J. Hogan, special counsel to Attorney 
General Dave Yost, for respondent Ohio Governor Mike DeWine. 
Dave Yost, Attorney General, Jonathan D. Blanton, Deputy Attorney 
General, Michael J. Hendershot, Deputy Solicitor, and Julie M. Pfeiffer and 
Michael A. Walton, Assistant Attorneys General; and Dickinson Wright, P.L.L.C., 
David A. Lockshaw Jr., Terrence O’Donnell, and Manuel D. Cardona, for 
respondent Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose. 
Bricker & Eckler, L.L.P., Brodi J. Conover, and Anne Marie Sferra, for 
respondent Auditor of State Keith Faber. 
Dave Yost, Ohio Attorney General, and Taft, Stettinius & Hollister, L.L.P., 
W. Stuart Dornette, Beth A. Bryan, and Philip D. Williamson, and Nelson, Mullins, 
Riley & Scarborough, L.L.P., Phillip J. Strach, Thomas A. Farr, John E. Branch III, 
and Alyssa M. Riggins, special counsel to Attorney General Dave Yost, for 
respondents Senate President Matt Huffman and Speaker of the House Robert 
Cupp. 
January Term, 2022 
 
73 
 
Cooper & Elliott, L.L.C., C. Benjamin Cooper, Charles H. Cooper Jr., and 
Chelsea C. Weaver, for respondents Senator Vernon Sykes and House Minority 
Leader Allison Russo. 
_________________