Case Title: Rodgers v. Carter

Citation: 146 S.E.2d 806, 266 N.C. 564

Docket Number: 

State: north-carolina

Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

Date: 1966-03-02T00:00:00Z

Document:
146 S.E.2d 806 (1966) 266 N.C. 564 Boley RODGERS, Administrator of the Estate of Shirley Faye Rodgers, Deceased, v. James Monroe CARTER and Sophia Beacham Jackson. No. 31. Supreme Court of North Carolina. March 2, 1966. *809 R. L. Coburn, Williamston, for plaintiff. Rodman & Rodman, Washington, N. C., for defendants. LAKE, Justice. Upon the issue of negligence, which the jury answered in favor of the defendants, the trial judge instructed the jury: The court then reviewed the contentions of the parties with reference to the existence of a sudden emergency. The question now to be considered is as to whether the evidence was such as to justify any instruction upon this doctrine of sudden emergency. We conclude that it was not and that the injection of the doctrine into the charge was prejudicial to the plaintiff. *810 The doctrine of sudden emergency is simply that one confronted with an emergency is not liable for an injury resulting from his acting as a reasonable man might act in such an emergency. If he does so, he is not liable for failure to follow a course which calm, detached reflection at a later date would recognize to have been a wiser choice. As Cardozo, J. said of one acting in such a situation, in Wagner v. International Ry. Co., 232 N.Y. 176, 182, 133 N.E. 437, 438, 19 A.L.R. 1: That one was faced with an emergency before the injury occurred does not, however, necessarily shield him from liability. He must still act, after being confronted with the emergency, as a reasonable person so confronted would then act. The emergency is merely a fact to be taken into account in determining whether he has acted as a reasonable man so situated would have done. The extent to which it will excuse a departure from the care and judgment which would be required under normal circumstances will, therefore, vary with the suddenness with which the emergency developed, the seriousness of the threatened damage and other circumstances calculated to excite and confuse. The doctrine of sudden emergency, moreover, relates solely to the appraisal of conduct occurring after the emergency is observed. An emergency does not necessarily break the chain of causation so as to absolve one from liability for prior negligent conduct. The rule is well summarized in the American Law Institute's Restatement of the Law of Torts, 2d Ed., § 296, where it is said: In Brunson v. Gainey, 245 N.C. 152, 95 S.E.2d 514, the trial court charged the jury on the doctrine of sudden emergency in an action for wrongful death of a three year old child killed while running across the road in front of the defendant's car. A new trial was granted, this Court saying through Rodman, J.: In Harper & James, the Law of Torts, § 16.11, there is the following statement concerning the doctrine of sudden emergency: The defendant's own evidence is that these two little six year old girls were standing for three or four minutes some eight feet from the pavement. Though the road was straight and his vision unobstructed for seven-tenths of a mile, Carter did not see the children until he was approximately 250 feet from them, at which time he observed the child now deceased standing with her back to him. The other child was facing him. He was then driving 55 miles per hour. He did not blow his horn and did not reduce his speed until he saw the child run into the road, at which time he applied his brakes and tried to avoid her by turning to his left. After the child ran into the road Carter could not have turned to his right, so as to pass behind the running child, without endangering her companion who remained on the shoulder of the road. The skid marks left by his tires indicate that he applied his brakes as soon as the child went upon the road. Thus, it cannot be said that Carter failed to act as a reasonable man would have done after the emergency arose or became acute, but the plaintiff's case does not rest upon any such contention. The plaintiff's contention is that Carter was negligent before the child ran upon the road and that this negligence continued in its causal effect, with no break in the chain of causation by an intervening, unforeseeable event. The cases in our reports involving small children struck by automobiles upon the streets and highways are as varied in their factual situations as are the impulses and instantaneous reactions of children. Consequently, they vary in ultimate results. While the principles of law, concerning the care required of a motorist who sees, or ought to see, a small child on or near the highway, are constant, their application is difficult because the facts vary from case to case. Precautions which reasonable care demands of a motorist driving at 55 miles per hour toward a six year old child standing upon the shoulder of the road with her back to the approaching automobile, may be more than is reasonable to require of a motorist driving 40 miles per hour toward a twelve year old child standing on the shoulder and looking in the motorist's direction. When the small child is accompanied by and is apparently in the care of one much older, the situation confronting the motorist is substantially different from that which confronts him when two very young children are alone in or near the road. See Brewer v. Green, 254 N.C. 615, 119 S.E.2d 610. A still different situation is presented by the child who darts out from a place of concealment, such as one who runs from behind another vehicle into the path of a motorist. See Brinson v. Mabry, 251 N.C. 435, 111 S.E.2d 540. The presence of a very young child on the shoulder of a highway is, in itself, a danger signal to the oncoming motorist, who must thereupon take such precautions as are reasonable under all of *812 the circumstances. See Price v. Burton, 155 Va. 229, 154 S.E. 499; Walker v. Jarnevich (La.App.), 102 So. 2d 770; Paschka v. Carsten, 231 Iowa 1185, 3 N.W.2d 542; Shearman & Redfield, Negligence, § 24, Supplement; 7 Am.Jur.2d, Automobile & Highway Traffic, §§ 441, 449, 450. It is ordinarily a question for the jury as to whether the motorist has responded to such danger signal as a reasonable man confronted with such a signal would have done. The rule by which the jury should be guided in its deliberation is thus stated by Sharp, J. in Wainwright v. Miller, 259 N.C. 379, 130 S.E.2d 652: The learned judge who presided at the trial of this action so instructed the jury, but he added to these instructions the above quoted remarks concerning the doctrine of sudden emergency, which were not applicable in view of the evidence presented and could well have confused the jury as to the principle by which they were to be guided in reaching their verdict. For recent decisions of this Court to the effect that the doctrine of sudden emergency has no application to a situation such as is presented upon the present record, see: Boykin v. Bissette, 260 N.C. 295, 132 S.E.2d 616; Ennis v. Dupree, 258 N.C. 141, 128 S.E.2d 231; Rodgers v. Thompson, 256 N.C. 265, 123 S.E.2d 785. Since the child was only six years of age, her running into the road could not be deemed contributory negligence and is not pleaded as such by the defendant. Neither could it be an intervening act which would break the chain of causation so as to relieve the defendant from liability for his prior negligence, if any. The act of another, intervening between the negligence of a defendant and the injury, does not break the chain of causation if such act could reasonably have been anticipated by the defendant. Moore v. Beard-Laney, Inc., 263 N.C. 601, 139 S.E.2d 879; Riddle v. Artis, 243 N.C. 668, 91 S.E.2d 894; Beach v. Patton, 208 N.C. 134, 179 S.E. 446; Harton v. Forest City Tel. Co., 141 N.C. 455, 54 S.E. 299. It is precisely because one may reasonably foresee and anticipate that a six year old child standing on the shoulder of a highway may suddenly dart into the path of an oncoming vehicle that the law imposes upon the driver the above mentioned duty of vigilance, warning and control of his vehicle. New trial. MOORE, J., not sitting. BOBBITT, Justice (concurring in result). As I understand it, the Court holds no instruction as to sudden emergency should have been given because defendants' evidence discloses as a matter of law that his negligence was a proximate cause of the sudden emergency. If this be true, plaintiff would be entitled to a peremptory instruction in his favor on the negligence issue. In my opinion, whether defendants' negligence was a proximate cause of the sudden emergency should be submitted to and determined by the jury. In this respect, I dissent from the views expressed in the Court's opinion. Since I am of the opinion the instructions given as to sudden emergency did not *813 sufficiently apply the law to the facts in evidence, I vote for a new trial on that ground. SHARP, J. and RODMAN, Emergency Judge, join in this concurring opinion.