Case Title: GREGORY MILLER V. COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY

Citation: 

Docket Number: 2018-SC-000648-MR

State: kentucky

Court: Kentucky Supreme Court

Date: 2020-02-20T00:00:00Z

Document:
NTB P R E N D E R E D : F E B R U A R Y 2 0 , 2 0 2 0 N O T T O B E P U B L IS H E D 2 0 1 8 - S C - 0 0 0 6 4 8 - M R G R E G O R Y M IL L E R A P P E L L A N T O N A P P E A L F R O M P U L A S K I C IR C U IT C O U R T V . H O N O R A B L E J E F F R E Y T H O M A S B U R D E T T E , J U D G E C A S E N O . 1 6 - C R - 0 0 5 6 5 C O M M O N W E A L T H O F K E N T U C K Y A P P E L L E E MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING A P u la s k i C o u n ty ju r y fo u n d G r e g o r y S c o tt M ille r g u ilty o f o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f J o s h u a G o d b y ; o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f A s h le y H u n t; a n d o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . F o r e a c h c o u n t o f w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t, M ille r r e c e iv e d a s e n te n c e o f fiv e y e a r s o f im p r is o n m e n t. F o r th e s in g le b u r g la r y c h a r g e , M ille r r e c e iv e d a s e n te n c e o f tw e n ty y e a r s . T h e s e n te n c e s w e r e o r d e r e d to r u n c o n s e c u tiv e ly , a n d M ille r th e r e fo r e r e c e iv e d a to ta l s e n te n c e o f th ir ty y e a r s o f im p r is o n m e n t. T h is a p p e a l fo llo w e d a s a m a tte r o f r ig h t. See K y . C o n s t. S e c tio n 1 1 0 (2 )(b ). H a v in g r e v ie w e d th e r e c o r d a n d th e a r g u m e n ts o f th e p a r tie s , w e h e r e b y a ffir m in p a r t a n d r e v e r s e in p a r t th e ju d g m e n t o f th e P u la s k i C ir c u it C o u r t a n d r e m a n d fo r fu r th e r p r o c e e d in g s c o n s is te n t w ith th is o p in io n . BACKGROUND M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n s s te m fr o m a c o n fr o n ta tio n b e tw e e n M ille r a n d J o s h u a G o d b y o n A u g u s t 1 8 , 2 0 1 6 . P r io r to th a t in c id e n t, M ille r a n d G o d b y h a d b e e n fr ie n d s . T h e fr ie n d s h ip tu r n e d s o u r , h o w e v e r , w h e n G o d b y h a d a b r ie f s e x u a l a ffa ir w ith M ille r ’s g ir lfr ie n d . G o d b y te s tifie d th a t h e “m e s s e d a r o u n d ” w ith M ille r ’s g ir lfr ie n d “a tim e o r tw o .” S e v e r a l m o n th s to o n e y e a r 1 p r io r to th e in c id e n t in q u e s tio n , M ille r c o n fr o n te d G o d b y a b o u t th e a ffa ir w h ile th e tw o w e r e a t M ille r ’s h o m e . D u r in g th a t c o n fr o n ta tio n , G o d b y p u s h e d M ille r , a n d M ille r r e tr ie v e d h is g u n a n d h it G o d b y o n th e a r m 2 a s G o d b y w a s le a v in g th e h o m e . A fte r th a t c o n fr o n ta tio n ,3 th e tw o m e n e x c h a n g e d te x t m e s s a g e s in w h ic h th e y “b a d m o u th e d ” e a c h o th e r . G o d b y d e s c r ib e d th e s e a s “c o m e o n ” a n d “c o m e g e t it” m e s s a g e s . H o w e v e r , th e tw o d id n o t s e e e a c h o th e r a g a in u n til th e A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t. M ille r d id , h o w e v e r , a p p e a r a t th e G o d b y h o m e in A p r il 2 0 1 6 , a fe w m o n th s p r io r to th e in c id e n t g iv in g r is e to th is c a s e , b u t G o d b y w a s n o t h o m e a t th e tim e . O n th a t o c c a s io n , G o d b y ’s liv e - in g ir lfr ie n d , A s h le y H u n t, w a s 1 G o d b y te s tifie d a t tr ia l th a t M ille r c o n fr o n te d h im a b o u t “s e v e n m o n th s to a y e a r ” p r io r to th e A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t th a t g a v e r is e to th is c a s e . 2 It is u n c le a r w h e th e r M ille r h it G o d b y ’s a r m w ith h is h a n d o r h is g u n . It is a ls o u n c le a r w h a t ty p e o f g u n M ille r r e tr ie v e d . 3 It is u n c le a r e x a c tly w h e n th e s e te x t m e s s a g e s w e r e e x c h a n g e d . G o d b y te s tifie d o n ly th a t th e y e x c h a n g e d th e m e s s a g e s “a fte r . . . w e g o t in th e fig h t a t h is h o u s e . ” H e la te r te s tifie d th a t, a t th e tim e o f th e A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t, h e h a d n o t h a d “a n y k in d o f c o n ta c t” w ith M ille r fo r “a lo n g tim e . ” 2 le a v in g th e h o u s e a n d w a lk in g to h e r c a r w h e n M ille r p u lle d h is c a r in b e h in d h e r . H e g o t o u t o f h is c a r a n d b e g a n w a lk in g to w a r d s h e r , w ith a h o ls te r e d p is to l o n h is s id e . A s M ille r w a lk e d to w a r d s H u n t, h e p u t h is h a n d o n th e p is to l b u t d id n o t r e m o v e it fr o m its h o ls te r . H e d id n o t th r e a te n H u n t, b u t H u n t te s tifie d th a t M ille r w a s “v e r y a g g r e s s iv e ,” a n d s h e fe lt th r e a te n e d . S h e a s k e d , “W h o a , w h a t a r e y o u d o in g ? ” to w h ic h M ille r r e p lie d , “Is J o s h h o m e ?” H u n t to ld M ille r th a t s h e w a s th e o n ly o n e th e r e , a n d h e e v e n tu a lly le ft. S h a k e n , H u n t c a lle d th e p o lic e to file a r e p o r t. N o c h a r g e s w e r e file d , h o w e v e r . H u n t te s tifie d th a t th e o ffic e r s to ld h e r th a t it w o u ld b e d iffic u lt to p r e s s c h a r g e s b e c a u s e it w o u ld b e h e r w o r d a g a in s t M ille r ’s . A fe w m o n th s la te r , in th e la te a fte r n o o n o f A u g u s t 1 8 , 2 0 1 6 , te n - y e a r - o ld B e n G o d b y , J o s h u a G o d b y ’s s o n , w a s o u ts id e h is fa th e r ’s h o u s e p r a c tic in g h is g o lf s w in g . H is fa th e r w a s in s id e th e h o m e w a tc h in g te le v is io n w ith H u n t. W h ile B e n w a s p r a c tic in g , G r e g o r y M ille r p u lle d u p to th e h o u s e , g o t o u t o f h is c a r , a n d a p p r o a c h e d B e n . B e n te s tifie d th a t, a t th a t tim e , M ille r w a s “fa m ilia r ” to h im b u t h e “d id n ’t r e a lly k n o w h is n a m e . ” M ille r c a r r ie d a 2 0 - g a u g e s h o tg u n w ith h im , a n d a c c o r d in g to B e n , h e “w a s h o ld in g it r e a d y to fir e it if h e n e e d e d to . ” M ille r a s k e d th e b o y w h e r e h is fa th e r w a s , a n d B e n s a id th a t h is fa th e r w a s in th e b a s e m e n t b e fo r e r e m e m b e r in g th a t h e w a s in h is b e d r o o m . B e n w a s in tim id a te d b y th e g u n b u t b e lie v e d th a t M ille r “m ig h t h a v e n e e d e d to ta lk to [ h is d a d ] fo r a m in u te .” B e n le d M ille r in to a s c r e e n e d - in fr o n t p o r c h o n th e h o u s e , b e lie v in g th a t M ille r w o u ld w a it th e r e w h ile B e n r e tr ie v e d h is fa th e r . B e n d id n o t in v ite M ille r 3 in to th e h o m e , a n d M ille r d id n o t a s k if h e c o u ld e n te r th e h o m e . N e v e r th e le s s , M ille r w a lk e d p a s t B e n , o p e n e d th e u n lo c k e d d o o r , a n d e n te r e d th e h o m e . M ille r w a s n o t s u r e w h e r e G o d b y ’s b e d r o o m w a s , h o w e v e r , s o B e n to o k M ille r to h is fa th e r ’s r o o m . B e n k n o c k e d a n d to ld h is fa th e r th a t s o m e o n e w a s th e r e to ta lk to h im , th e n m o v e d b e h in d M ille r . A t th is p o in t, M ille r k n o c k e d lo u d ly a n d k ic k e d th e b e d r o o m d o o r , w h ic h w a s lo c k e d . B e n te s tifie d th a t M ille r b e g a n c u r s in g a n d y e llin g a t G o d b y to c o m e o u t o f th e b e d r o o m . It is u n c le a r h o w M ille r w a s h o ld in g th e s h o tg u n o r in w h a t d ir e c tio n it w a s p o in te d . B e n te s tifie d th a t, a t th is p o in t, h e r a n fr o m th e h a llw a y to th e k itc h e n , w h e r e h e s a t d o w n , h id in g , u n s u r e w h a t to d o . G o d b y a n d H u n t h e a r d M ille r s a y , “G o d b y , I g o t y o u n o w ” a n d r e c o g n iz e d th e v o ic e a s M ille r ’s . W ith M ille r p o u n d in g o n th e b e d r o o m d o o r , G o d b y e n te r e d a b a th r o o m th a t w a s a tta c h e d to h is b e d r o o m . T h e b a th r o o m a ls o h a d a n e n tr a n c e in th e h a llw a y . G o d b y e x ite d th e b a th r o o m in to th e h a llw a y , w h e r e h e s a w M ille r s ta n d in g w ith th e s h o tg u n . It is u n c le a r w h e th e r M ille r w a s s till fa c in g th e b e d r o o m d o o r o r w h e r e h e w a s p o in tin g th e g u n w h e n G o d b y e x ite d th e a d ja c e n t b a th r o o m d o o r , b u t G o d b y te s tifie d th a t th e g u n w a s n o t p o in te d a t h im . U p o n s e e in g th e s h o tg u n , G o d b y g r a b b e d th e b a r r e l o f th e g u n a n d p u s h e d it u p . T h e g u n d is c h a r g e d , s h o o tin g s tr a ig h t in to th e c e ilin g . G o d b y w r e s tle d th e g u n fr o m M ille r ’s h a n d s a n d th r e w it a s id e . H e “m a n h a n d le d ” M ille r to th e flo o r a n d h it M ille r s e v e r a l tim e s a s M ille r p r o c la im e d th a t h e “d id n ’t d o th is ” a n d it w a s n o t h is g u n . B o th G o d b y a n d H u n t te s tifie d th a t M ille r r e p e a te d ly e x c la im e d , “W e ’r e fr ie n d s !” 4 M e a n w h ile , p r io r to th e g u n b e in g d is c h a r g e d , B e n h a d c o m e o u t o f h is h id in g s p o t in th e k itc h e n a n d w a s p e e k in g in to th e h a llw a y . H e s a w a fla s h a n d h e a r d th e g u n s h o t. H e te s tifie d th a t h e w a s s c a r e d a n d r a n o u ts id e th e h o u s e a n d a c r o s s th e s tr e e t to a n e ig h b o r ’s h o m e . A t th e tim e th e g u n d is c h a r g e d , H u n t w a s s till in th e b e d r o o m o r b a th r o o m .4 S h e th e n e x ite d th r o u g h th e b a th r o o m in to th e h a llw a y a n d s a w M ille r a n d G o d b y s tr u g g lin g o v e r th e g u n . W h e n G o d b y to o k th e g u n fr o m M ille r a n d to s s e d it a s id e , H u n t p ic k e d it u p . S till c a r r y in g th e g u n , s h e c a lle d 9 1 1 a s s h e w a lk e d a r o u n d th e h o u s e lo o k in g fo r B e n . U n s u r e o f w h e r e h e w a s , s h e w a lk e d o u t o f th e fr o n t d o o r o f th e h o u s e to lo o k fo r h im . H e r n e ig h b o r th e n in fo r m e d h e r th a t B e n w a s s a fe , a n d H u n t r e e n te r e d th e h o m e . S h e r e tu r n e d to th e h a llw a y , w h e r e G o d b y s till h a d M ille r o n th e g r o u n d . H u n t te s tifie d th a t, a t s o m e p o in t, s h e c o n s id e r e d s h o o tin g M ille r b u t c h o s e in s te a d to h it M ille r tw ic e w ith th e g u n . G o d b y a n d H u n t k e p t M ille r s u b d u e d u n til p o lic e o ffic e r s a r r iv e d . A ju r y tr ia l to o k p la c e o n A u g u s t 1 4 a n d 1 5 , 2 0 1 8 . T h e ju r y c o n v ic te d M ille r o f o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t in r e la tio n to J o s h u a G o d b y , o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t in r e la tio n to A s h le y H u n t, a n d o n e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . H e w a s s e n te n c e d to a to ta l o f th ir ty y e a r s o f im p r is o n m e n t, a n d th is a p p e a l fo llo w e d a s a m a tte r o f r ig h t. 4 It is u n c le a r fr o m H u n t’s te s tim o n y w h e th e r s h e h a d e n te r e d th e b a th r o o m b y th e tim e th e g u n d is c h a r g e d . 5 ANALYSIS M ille r a s s e r ts th e fo llo w in g e r r o r s o n a p p e a l: (1 ) th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e n y in g h is m o tio n s fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n a ll c o u n ts ; (2 ) th e tr ia l c o u r t a b u s e d its d is c r e tio n in a llo w in g te s tim o n y a b o u t a p r io r b a d a c t in v io la tio n o f K R E 4 0 4 (b ); a n d (3 ) th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e c lin in g to in s tr u c t th e ju r y o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e s o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a n d c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . F o r th e r e a s o n s s e t fo r th b e lo w , w e h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e n y in g M ille r ’s m o tio n fo r a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f A s h le y H u n t. W e fu r th e r h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e c lin in g to in s tr u c t th e ju r y o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f J o s h u a G o d b y . L a s tly , w e h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in a llo w in g th e C o m m o n w e a lth to in tr o d u c e th e c o n te s te d K R E 4 0 4 (b ) e v id e n c e , b u t th is e r r o r w a s h a r m le s s a n d d o e s n o t w a r r a n t r e v e r s a l o f th e r e m a in in g c h a r g e , b u r g la r y . In s u m , w e r e v e r s e th e fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t c o n v ic tio n s o f b o th A s h le y H u n t a n d J o s h u a G o d b y , b u t a ffir m th e fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y c o n v ic tio n . W e a d d r e s s e a c h o f th e s e c h a r g e s in tu r n . I. First-degree wanton endangerment of Ashley Hunt W e fir s t a d d r e s s M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f G o d b y ’s liv e - in g ir lfr ie n d , A s h le y H u n t. W e b e g in w ith M ille r ’s a r g u m e n t th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t s h o u ld h a v e g r a n te d h is m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th is c h a r g e . In r e v ie w in g th e tr ia l c o u r t’s r u lin g o n th is is s u e , w e a r e m in d fu l o f th e fo llo w in g : O n m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t, th e tr ia l c o u r t m u s t d r a w a ll fa ir a n d r e a s o n a b le in fe r e n c e s fr o m th e e v id e n c e in fa v o r o f th e 6 C o m m o n w e a lth . If th e e v id e n c e is s u ffic ie n t to in d u c e a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r to b e lie v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t th a t th e d e fe n d a n t is g u ilty , a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t s h o u ld n o t b e g iv e n . F o r th e p u r p o s e o f r u lin g o n th e m o tio n , th e tr ia l c o u r t m u s t a s s u m e th a t th e e v id e n c e fo r th e C o m m o n w e a lth is tr u e , b u t r e s e r v in g to th e ju r y q u e s tio n s a s to th e c r e d ib ility a n d w e ig h t to b e g iv e n to s u c h te s tim o n y . Commonwealth v. Benham, 8 1 6 S .W .2 d 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 (K y . 1 9 9 1 ). S im p ly p u t, “th e r e m u s t b e e v id e n c e o f s u b s ta n c e , a n d th e tr ia l c o u r t is e x p r e s s ly a u th o r iz e d to d ir e c t a v e r d ic t fo r th e d e fe n d a n t if th e p r o s e c u tio n p r o d u c e s n o m o r e th a n a m e r e s c in tilla o f e v id e n c e .” Id. (c itin g Commonwealth v. Sawhill, 6 6 0 S . W . 2 d 3 , 5 (K y . 1 9 8 3 )). T h u s , s o lo n g a s th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r o d u c e s m o r e th a n a m e r e s c in tilla o f e v id e n c e to s u p p o r t th e c h a r g e s , a d e fe n d a n t’s m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t s h o u ld b e d e n ie d . W h e n a n a p p e lla te c o u r t r e v ie w s th e tr ia l c o u r t’s d e c is io n to d e n y a m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t, th a t c o u r t m u s t C o n s id e r w h e th e r , “u n d e r th e e v id e n c e a s a w h o le , it w o u ld b e c le a r ly u n r e a s o n a b le fo r a ju r y to fin d g u ilt” b e c a u s e “o n ly th e n th e d e fe n d a n t is e n title d to a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o f a c q u itta l.” Id. (c itin g Sawhill, 6 6 0 S .W .2 d a t 5 ). U n d e r K e n tu c k y R e v is e d S ta tu te (“K R S ”) 5 0 8 . 0 6 0 (1 ), “[ a ] p e r s o n is g u ilty o f w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t in th e fir s t d e g r e e w h e n , u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life , h e w a n to n ly e n g a g e s in c o n d u c t w h ic h c r e a te s a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y to a n o th e r p e r s o n .” F o r p u r p o s e s o f th e K e n tu c k y P e n a l C o d e , “[ a ] p e r s o n a c ts ‘w a n to n ly ’ w ith r e s p e c t to a r e s u lt o r to a c ir c u m s ta n c e d e s c r ib e d b y a s ta tu te d e fin in g a n o ffe n s e w h e n h e is a w a r e o f a n d c o n s c io u s ly d is r e g a r d s a s u b s ta n tia l a n d u n ju s tifia b le r is k th a t th e r e s u lt w ill o c c u r o r th a t 7 th e c ir c u m s ta n c e e x is ts .” K R S 5 0 1 .0 2 0 (3 ). F u r th e r m o r e , “[ t] h e r is k m u s t b e o f s u c h n a tu r e a n d d e g r e e th a t d is r e g a r d th e r e o f c o n s titu te s a g r o s s d e v ia tio n fr o m th e s ta n d a r d o f c o n d u c t th a t a r e a s o n a b le p e r s o n w o u ld o b s e r v e in th e s itu a tio n .” Id. M ille r a r g u e s th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t s h o u ld h a v e g r a n te d h is m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f H u n t b e c a u s e s h e w a s n o t in th e h a llw a y a t th e tim e th e g u n d is c h a r g e d , th e g u n w a s n e v e r p o in te d a t h e r , a n d s h e w a s n o t in c lo s e p r o x im ity to th e g u n w h e n it d is c h a r g e d . T h u s , h e a r g u e s , n o r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t H u n t w a s e x p o s e d to c o n d u c t c r e a tin g a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju iy . O n th is p o in t, w e fin d Swan v. Commonwealth, 3 8 4 S . W . 3 d 7 7 (K y . 2 0 1 2 ) to b e in s tr u c tiv e . In Swan, tw o a r m e d m e n e n te r e d a h o m e a n d o r d e r e d its o c c u p a n ts in to th e liv in g r o o m . S e v e r a l o f th e h o m e ’s o c c u p a n ts g a th e r e d in th e liv in g r o o m , b u t o n e w o m a n , M s . L u m p k in s , s ta y e d in a b a c k b e d r o o m a n d h id u n d e r th e b e d . M e a n w h ile , in th e liv in g r o o m , th e in tr u d e r s s h o t tw o o f th e h o m e ’s o c c u p a n ts , fir e d o n e s h o t in to th e c e ilin g , a n d fir e d o n e s h o t in to th e fir e p la c e . B o th m e n w e r e c o n v ic te d o f m u ltip le c h a r g e s , in c lu d in g s e v e r a l c h a r g e s o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. O n a p p e a l, w e c o n s id e r e d w h e th e r th e tr ia l c o u r t p r o p e r ly d e n ie d o n e d e fe n d a n t’s m o tio n fo r a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t c h a r g e s . W e n o te d th a t “[ fjir in g a w e a p o n in th e im m e d ia te v ic in ity o f o th e r s is th e p r o to ty p e o f fir s t d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. T h is w o u ld in c lu d e th e fir in g o f 8 w e a p o n s in to o c c u p ie d v e h ic le s o r b u ild in g s .” Id. a t 1 0 2 (q u o tin g R o b e r t G . L a w s o n 8 5 W illia m H . F o r tu n e , Kentucky Criminal Law § 9 - 4 (b )(2 ), a t 3 8 8 n . 1 4 2 (1 9 9 8 )) (in te r n a l q u o ta tio n m a r k s o m itte d ). “T h u s , ” w e e x p la in e d , “th e p r o o f o f [ th e d e fe n d a n ts ] fir in g th e ir g u n s n e a r th e v ic tim s a s s e m b le d in th e liv in g r o o m w a s a m p le p r o o f to s u p p o r t th e fir s t- d e g r e e c o n v ic tio n s r e la te d to th o s e v ic tim s .” Id. a t 1 0 2 - 0 3 . H o w e v e r , a s to M s . L u m p k in s , w e n o te d th a t “[ n ] o e v id e n c e s h o w e d th a t a b u lle t w a s fir e d in M s . L u m p k in s ’s d ir e c tio n o r th a t [ th e d e fe n d a n t] p o in te d a g u n a t h e r . A n d u n lik e th e v ic tim s in th e fr o n t r o o m , M s . L u m p k in s w a s n o t p r e s e n t w h e n [ th e d e fe n d a n t] a n d h is c o n fe d e r a te w e r e w a v in g th e ir g u n s a r o u n d h a p h a z a r d ly a n d m a k in g th r e a ts .” Id. a t 1 0 3 . T h u s , w e e x p la in e d th a t “[ e ] v e n w h e n v ie w in g th e e v id e n c e in a lig h t m o s t fa v o r a b le to th e C o m m o n w e a lth , it is d iffic u lt to c o n c e iv e o f a n a c tu a l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y to w h ic h M s . L u m p k in s w a s e x p o s e d .” Id. F u r th e r m o r e , w h ile w e a c k n o w le d g e d th a t b u lle ts m a y r ic o c h e t, w e c o n c lu d e d th a t “[ t] h e s e lf- e v id e n t d a n g e r o f r ic o c h e tin g b u lle ts m u s t h a v e lim its .” Id. A c c o r d in g ly , w e h e ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t s h o u ld h a v e g r a n te d th e d e fe n d a n t’s m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f M s . L u m p k in s . In th e p r e s e n t c a s e , H u n t’s p o s itio n a t th e tim e th e g u n d is c h a r g e d w a s m o r e lik e M s . L u m p k in s ’s p o s itio n th a n th e o th e r v ic tim s ’ p o s itio n s in Swan. T h e e v id e n c e in d ic a te s th a t H u n t w a s in th e b e d r o o m o r b a th r o o m a t th e tim e th e g u n d is c h a r g e d ; s h e w a s n o t in th e h a llw a y . T h e r e is n o e v id e n c e th a t th e g u n w a s p o in te d to w a r d e ith e r r o o m . F u r th e r m o r e , th e g u n w a s d is c h a r g e d 9 in to th e c e ilin g o f th e h a llw a y . W h ile w e a c k n o w le d g e th a t a b u lle t m a y r ic o c h e t a n d h it s o m e o n e o u ts id e o f its in itia l tr a je c to r y , w e a r e a ls o m in d fu l o f o u r e a r lie r s ta te m e n t th a t “[ t] h e s e lf- e v id e n t d a n g e r o f r ic o c h e tin g b u lle ts m u s t h a v e lim its .” Id. In th is c a s e , th e e v id e n c e d o e s n o t in d ic a te th a t H u n t w a s in s u c h c lo s e p r o x im ity to b e e n d a n g e r e d b y th e th r e a t o f a r ic o c h e t. In s u m , H u n t w a s n o t in th e im m e d ia te v ic in ity o f th e g u n a t th e tim e it d is c h a r g e d , n o r w a s th e r e a n y e v id e n c e p r e s e n te d th a t h e r lo c a tio n in th e b e d r o o m o r b a th r o o m p u t h e r a t r is k o f a n y in ju r y o r d a n g e r fr o m th e fir in g o f th e g u n . U n d e r th e s e s p e c ific c ir c u m s ta n c e s , w e h o ld th a t n o r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t H u n t w a s e x p o s e d to c o n d u c t c r e a tin g a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y . A c c o r d in g ly , th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e n y in g M ille r ’s m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f H u n t. W e m u s t th e r e fo r e r e v e r s e a n d v a c a te th e ju d g m e n t o f th e c ir c u it c o u r t r e g a r d in g c o u n t th r e e o f th e in d ic tm e n t, fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f A s h le y H u n t. II. First-degree wanton endangerment of Joshua Godby H a v in g r e v e r s e d th e c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f H u n t, w e tu r n to M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f G o d b y . W e fir s t n o te th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r o d u c e d s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to s u r v iv e a m o tio n fo r a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f G o d b y , a n d th e r e fo r e , th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t e r r in d e n y in g th a t m o tio n . H o w e v e r , w e n e e d n o t d is c u s s th a t a n a ly s is in d e ta il, a s w e h o ld th a t th e fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t c o n v ic tio n o f G o d b y m u s t b e 1 0 r e v e r s e d fo r fa ilu r e to p r o v id e a ju r y in s tr u c tio n o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. A t th e c lo s e o f e v id e n c e , M ille r r e q u e s te d in s tr u c tio n s o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e s o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a n d c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . H o w e v e r , th e tr ia l c o u r t d e n ie d th e r e q u e s t, fin d in g th a t th e r e w a s s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to p r o v e th e c h a r g e d o ffe n s e s a n d th a t M ille r h a d n o t p u t o n a n y e v id e n c e th a t w o u ld r e q u ir e le s s e r - in c lu d e d in s tr u c tio n s . F o r th e fo llo w in g r e a s o n s , w e fin d th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e c lin in g to p r o v id e th e r e q u e s te d in s tr u c tio n o n s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t.5 W e h a v e p r e v io u s ly e x p la in e d , “It is a lw a y s th e d u ty o f a tr ia l c o u r t to in s tr u c t a ju r y o n le s s e r in c lu d e d o ffe n s e s w h e n it is s o r e q u e s te d a n d it is ju s tifie d b y th e e v id e n c e .” Martin v. Commonwealth, 5 7 1 S . W . 2 d 6 1 3 , 6 1 5 (K y . 1 9 7 8 ). W e h a v e a ls o e m p h a s iz e d th a t a d e fe n d a n t “‘is e n title d to a n in s tr u c tio n o n a n y la w fu l d e fe n s e w h ic h h e h a s , ’ in c lu d in g in s tr u c tio n s o n le s s e r in c lu d e d o ffe n s e s .” Allen v. Commonwealth, 3 3 8 S .W .3 d 2 5 2 , 2 5 5 (K y . 2 0 1 1 ) (q u o tin g Hudson v. Commonwealth, 2 0 2 S .W .3 d 1 7 , 2 0 (K y . 2 0 0 6 )). M o r e r e c e n tly , w e c la r ifie d th a t “[ a ] n in s tr u c tio n o n a le s s e r in c lu d e d o ffe n s e is r e q u ir e d o n ly if, c o n s id e r in g th e to ta lity o f th e e v id e n c e , th e ju r y m ig h t h a v e a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t a s to th e d e fe n d a n t’s g u ilt o f th e g r e a te r o ffe n s e , a n d y e t b e lie v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t th a t h e is g u ilty o f th e le s s e r o ffe n s e .” Hudson v. Commonwealth, 3 8 5 S . W . 3 d 4 1 1 , 4 1 6 (K y . 2 0 1 2 ) 5 W e a d d r e s s th e c r im in a l tr e s p a s s in s tr u c tio n b e lo w . 1 1 (q u o tin g Houston v. Commonwealth, 9 7 5 S . W . 2 d 9 2 5 , 9 2 9 (K y . 1 9 9 8 )) (in te r n a l q u o ta tio n m a r k s o m itte d ). T h u s , o n a p p e a l, th e r e v ie w in g c o u r t a s k s “w h e th e r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld a c q u it o f th e g r e a te r c h a r g e b u t c o n v ic t o f th e le s s e r .” Allen, 3 3 8 S . W . 3 d a t 2 5 5 (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). In d o in g s o , th e r e v ie w in g c o u r t s h o u ld “c o n s id e r ^ th e e v id e n c e fa v o r a b ly to th e p r o p o n e n t o f th e in s tr u c tio n .” Id. (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). In th is c a s e , th e tr ia l c o u r t c o n c lu d e d th a t le s s e r - in c lu d e d in s tr u c tio n s w e r e u n n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e M ille r h a d fa ile d to p u t o n a n y e v id e n c e to s u p p o r t th o s e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e s a n d th e r e w a s s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to p r o v e th e c h a r g e d o ffe n s e s o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a n d b u r g la r y . O n th is p o in t, w e n o te th a t th e b u r d e n to p r o v e th e e le m e n ts o f th e c h a r g e d o ffe n s e s r e s ts w ith th e C o m m o n w e a lth . See K R S 5 0 0 .0 7 0 (1 ). T h e d e fe n d a n t is n o t r e q u ir e d to p u t o n e v id e n c e to d is p r o v e a n y e le m e n t o f a n o ffe n s e in o r d e r to r e c e iv e a n in s tr u c tio n o n a le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr ia l c o u r t im p r o p e r ly c o n s id e r e d th is p o in t w h e n r u lin g o n th e in s tr u c tio n r e q u e s t. F u r th e r m o r e , th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t c o n s id e r w h e th e r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld a c q u it o n th e g r e a te r c h a r g e s a n d c o n v ic t o n th e le s s e r , a n d in s te a d c o n s id e r e d o n ly w h e th e r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld p o s s ib ly c o n v ic t o n th e g r e a te r c h a r g e s . 6 It a p p e a r s , th e n , th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t im p r o p e r ly a p p lie d th e 6 T h e tr ia l c o u r t r e c ite d th e r u le th a t “[ a ] n in s tr u c tio n o n a le s s e r in c lu d e d o ffe n s e is r e q u ir e d o n ly if, c o n s id e r in g th e to ta lity o f th e e v id e n c e , th e ju r y m ig h t h a v e a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t a s to th e d e fe n d a n t’s g u ilt o f th e g r e a te r o ffe n s e , a n d y e t b e lie v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t th a t h e is g u ilty o f th e le s s e r o ffe n s e .” Hudson, 3 8 5 S . W . 3 d a t 4 1 6 (q u o tin g Houston, 9 7 5 S . W . 2 d a t 9 2 9 ) (in te r n a l c ita tio n m a r k s o m itte d ). H o w e v e r , th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t p e r fo r m th a t a n a ly s is . 1 2 s ta n d a r d fo r c o n s id e r in g a m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t, r a th e r th a n a r e q u e s t fo r le s s e r - in c lu d e d in s tr u c tio n s . See Benham, 8 1 6 S .W .2 d a t 1 8 7 (“If th e e v id e n c e is s u ffic ie n t to in d u c e a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r to b e lie v e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t th a t th e d e fe n d a n t is g u ilty , a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t s h o u ld n o t b e g iv e n .”). A c c o r d in g ly , w e n o w tu r n to M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f G o d b y a n d a s k “w h e th e r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld a c q u it o f th e g r e a te r c h a r g e [ s ] b u t c o n v ic t o f th e le s s e r .” Allen, 3 3 8 S . W . 3 d a t 2 5 5 (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). H a v in g r e v ie w e d th e e v id e n c e a s a w h o le a n d c o n s tr u in g th a t e v id e n c e fa v o r a b ly to M ille r , w e c o n c lu d e th a t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld h a v e a c q u itte d M ille r o f th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f G o d b y b u t c o n v ic te d o n th e le s s e r in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. A s s ta te d a b o v e , fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t r e q u ir e s th a t a p e r s o n , “u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life , . . .w a n to n ly e n g a g e [ ] in c o n d u c t w h ic h c r e a te s a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju iy to a n o th e r p e r s o n .” K R S 5 0 8 . 0 6 0 (1 ). T h e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t r e q u ir e s o n ly th a t a p e r s o n “w a n to n ly e n g a g e [] in c o n d u c t w h ic h c r e a te s a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f p h y s ic a l in ju r y to a n o th e r p e r s o n .”7 K R S 5 0 8 .0 7 0 (1 ). W e h a v e p r e v io u s ly e x p la in e d , 7 S e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n i is a le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. See Combs v. Commonwealth, 6 5 2 S . W . 2 d 8 5 9 , 8 6 0 (K y . 1 9 8 3 ). 1 3 T h e d iffe r e n c e s b e tw e e n fir s t- a n d s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a r e th e m e n ta l s ta te a n d d e g r e e o f d a n g e r c r e a te d . A s to th e m e n ta l s ta te , b o th c r im e s r e q u ir e w a n to n b e h a v io r , b u t fir s t- d e g r e e a ls o r e q u ir e s “c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life ,” w h ic h h a s b e e n d e s c r ib e d a s “a g g r a v a te d w a n to n e s s .” A s to th e d a n g e r c r e a te d , fir s t- d e g r e e r e q u ir e s a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y , w h e r e a s s e c o n d - d e g r e e r e q u ir e s o n ly a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f p h y s ic a l in ju r y . Swan, 3 8 4 S .W .3 d a t 1 0 2 (in te r n a l c ita tio n s o m itte d ). T h u s , if a ju r y b e lie v e d th a t M ille r w a n to n ly e n g a g e d in c o n d u c t c r e a tin g a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f p h y s ic a l in ju r y b u t h e ld r e a s o n a b le d o u b ts a b o u t w h e th e r h e d id s o u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life o r w h e th e r h e c r e a te d a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r p h y s ic a l in ju r y , th e ju r y c o u ld a c q u it M ille r o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t b u t c o n v ic t h im o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a s to J o s h u a G o d b y . B a s e d o n th e e v id e n c e in th is c a s e , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r a c te d w a n to n ly a n d c r e a te d a s u b s ta n tia l r is k o f p h y s ic a l in ju r y to w a r d G o d b y . F o r p u r p o s e s o f th e K e n tu c k y P e n a l C o d e , “[ a ] p e r s o n a c ts ‘w a n to n ly ’ w ith r e s p e c t to a r e s u lt o r to a c ir c u m s ta n c e d e s c r ib e d b y a s ta tu te d e fin in g a n o ffe n s e w h e n h e is a w a r e o f a n d c o n s c io u s ly d is r e g a r d s a s u b s ta n tia l a n d u n ju s tifia b le r is k th a t th e r e s u lt w ill o c c u r o r th a t th e c ir c u m s ta n c e e x is ts .” K R S 5 0 1 .0 2 0 (3 ). In th is c a s e , a ju r y c o u ld r e a s o n a b ly c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r a c te d w a n to n ly in c a r r y in g a lo a d e d s h o tg u n in to G o d b y ’s h o m e , “h o ld in g it r e a d y to fir e if h e n e e d e d to .” G o d b y te s tifie d th a t M ille r w a s n o t in v ite d to G o d b y ’s h o m e a n d G o d b y w a s n o t e x p e c tin g h im . T h e e v id e n c e a ls o in d ic a te s th a t M ille r a n d G o d b y w e r e n o lo n g e r o n fr ie n d ly te r m s . A 1 4 r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r w a s a w a r e o f a n d c o n s c io u s ly d is r e g a r d e d th e r is k th a t a c o n fr o n ta tio n c o u ld o c c u r a n d th a t th e g u n c o u ld d is c h a r g e , c r e a tin g a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f p h y s ic a l in ju r y to a n o th e r p e r s o n . A r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e , h o w e v e r , th a t w h ile M ille r a c te d w a n to n ly , h e d id n o t c r e a te a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y , a s r e q u ir e d fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. Im p o r ta n tly , th e r e is n o e v id e n c e in th is c a s e th a t M ille r p o in te d th e g u n a t a n y o n e . T h is d is tin g u is h e s th is c a s e fr o m p r io r p r e c e d e n t h o ld in g th a t “th e p o in tin g o f a g u n , w h e th e r lo a d e d o r u n lo a d e d (p r o v id e d th e r e is r e a s o n to b e lie v e th e g u n m a y b e lo a d e d ) a t a n y p e r s o n c o n s titu te s c o n d u c t th a t ‘c r e a te s a s u b s ta n tia l d a n g e r o f d e a th o r s e r io u s p h y s ic a l in ju r y to a n o th e r p e r s o n ’ in v io la tio n o f K R S 5 0 8 . 0 6 0 .” Key v. Commonwealth, 8 4 0 S .W .2 d 8 2 7 , 8 2 9 (K y . A p p . 1 9 9 2 ); see also Commonwealth v. Clemons, 7 3 4 S .W .2 d 4 5 9 (K y . 1 9 8 7 ). (h o ld in g th a t th e p o in tin g o f a g u n a t a n o th e r p e r s o n is s u ffic ie n t to s a tis fy w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t c h a r g e ), Thomas v. Commonwealth, 5 6 7 S . W . 2 d 2 9 9 (K y . 1 9 7 8 ) (s a m e ). F u r th e r m o r e , in th is c a s e , it is n o t c le a r h o w th e g u n d is c h a r g e d , b u t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t it d is c h a r g e d a s a r e s u lt o f th e s tr u g g le b e tw e e n M ille r a n d G o d b y a n d n o t b e c a u s e M ille r p u lle d th e tr ig g e r . F o r e x a m p le , G o d b y te s tifie d th a t h e w a s n o t s u r e h o w th e g u n d is c h a r g e d b u t a c k n o w le d g e d th a t it c o u ld h a v e h a p p e n e d d u r in g th e s tr u g g le . In a d d itio n , th e g u n w a s n o t p o in te d in th e d ir e c tio n o f a n y p e r s o n a n d in s te a d d is c h a r g e d in to th e c e ilin g . In o th e r w o r d s , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld b e lie v e th a t th e fir in g o f 1 5 th e s h o tg u n w a s a c c id e n ta l. T h is , in tu r n , d is tin g u is h e s th e p r e s e n t m a tte r fr o m o th e r c a s e s in w h ic h th e d e fe n d a n ts w e r e fo u n d g u ilty o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a fte r in te n tio n a lly fir in g s h o ts in to c r o w d s o r to w a r d s o th e r p e o p le . See Smith v. Commonwealth, 4 1 0 S .W .3 d 1 6 0 , 1 6 6 (K y . 2 0 1 3 ); Port v. Commonwealth, 9 0 6 S .W .2 d 3 2 7 , 3 3 4 (K y . 1 9 9 5 ); Combs, 6 5 2 S . W . 2 d a t 8 6 0 - 6 1 . W ith th e s e s a m e fa c ts in m in d , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld a ls o d e c id e th a t M ille r d id n o t a c t w a n to n ly “u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life ,” a s r e q u ir e d b y K R S 5 0 8 . 0 6 0 (1 ). A g a in , it is n o t c le a r h o w th e g u n d is c h a r g e d , b u t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t it a c c id e n ta lly d is c h a r g e d d u r in g th e s tr u g g le . O n th is p o in t, w e n o te th e d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n c a r r y in g a lo a d e d s h o tg u n in to a n o th e r p e r s o n ’s h o m e a n d in te n tio n a lly fir in g a s h o tg u n in th a t p e r s o n ’s o c c u p ie d h o m e . W e b e lie v e th e la tte r c o u ld d e m o n s tr a te “e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life ,” w h ile th e fo r m e r d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r ily in d ic a te th is p a r tic u la r m e n ta l s ta te . F o r e x a m p le , in Swan, w e n o te d th a t a im le s s ly fir in g a g u n in p u b lic w o u ld c o n s titu te s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t, w h ile fir in g a g u n in th e im m e d ia te v ic in ity o f o th e r s d e m o n s tr a te s a le v e l o f w a n to n n e s s s u ffic ie n t to s a tis fy fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t. See 3 8 4 S . W . 3 d a t 1 0 2 . In b o th s c e n a r io s , h o w e v e r , th e g u n is in te n tio n a lly fir e d , w h ile in th e p r e s e n t c a s e , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t th e g u n w a s a c c id e n ta lly d is c h a r g e d d u r in g th e s tr u g g le . T h u s , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld e x a m in e th e e v id e n c e in 1 6 th is c a s e a n d d e te r m in e th a t M ille r a c te d w a n to n ly b u t n o t “u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s m a n ife s tin g e x tr e m e in d iffe r e n c e to th e v a lu e o f h u m a n life .” H a v in g c o n s id e r e d th e to ta lity o f th e e v id e n c e in th is c a s e , w e c o n c lu d e th a t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld h a v e a c q u itte d o f th e g r e a te r c h a r g e s o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t b u t c o n v ic te d M ille r o f s e c o n d - d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t a s to G o d b y . A c c o r d in g ly , th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e c lin in g to in s tr u c t th e ju r y o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e . T h is c o n s titu te s r e v e r s ib le e r r o r , a n d w e m u s t th e r e fo r e r e v e r s e th e ju d g m e n t o f th e tr ia l c o u r t a s it r e la te s to th e c o u n t o f fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f J o s h u a G o d b y . See Oakes v. Commonwealth, 3 2 0 S .W .3 d 5 0 , 5 8 (K y . 2 0 1 0 ) (e x p la in in g th a t “(t] h e fa ilu r e to g r a n t a r e q u e s t fo r a le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e in s tr u c tio n is r e v e r s ib le e r r o r ”); Commonwealth v. Swift, 2 3 7 S .W .3 d 1 9 3 , 1 9 6 (K y . 2 0 0 7 ) (e x p la in in g th a t “th e tr ia l c o u r t’s fa ilu r e to g iv e a n e c e s s a r y le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e in s tr u c tio n c a n n o t b e d e e m e d a h a r m le s s e r r o r ” (c itin g Webb v. Commonwealth, 9 0 4 S .W .2 d 2 2 6 , 2 2 9 (K y . 1 9 9 5 ))). III. First-Degree Burglary H a v in g c o n c lu d e d th a t w e m u s t r e v e r s e M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n s fo r fir s t- d e g r e e w a n to n e n d a n g e r m e n t o f b o th H u n t a n d G o d b y , w e n e x t a d d r e s s M ille r ’s r e m a in in g c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . A s w e d is c u s s b e lo w , w e fir s t c o n c lu d e th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t e r r in d e n y in g M ille r ’s m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th is c h a r g e . W e a ls o h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t e r r in d e n y in g M ille r ’s r e q u e s t fo r a n in s tr u c tio n o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . B e c a u s e th e b u r g la r y c o n v ic tio n s u r v iv e s th o s e tw o 1 7 a r g u m e n ts , w e a ls o c o n s id e r M ille r ’s K R E 4 0 4 (b ) a r g u m e n t. F o r th e r e a s o n s s e t fo r th b e lo w , w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in a d m ittin g in a p p r o p r ia te “b a d a c ts ” e v id e n c e u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (b ), b u t th a t th is e r r o r w a s h a r m le s s . W e th e r e fo r e a ffir m M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . A. The trial court did not err in denying Miller’s motion for directed verdict. W e fir s t c o n s id e r w h e th e r , “u n d e r th e e v id e n c e a s a w h o le , it w o u ld [ h a v e b e e n ] c le a r ly u n r e a s o n a b le fo r a ju r y to fin d g u ilt” o n th e c h a r g e o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y , in w h ic h c a s e M ille r w o u ld h a v e b e e n e n title d to a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o f a c q u itta l. Benham, 8 1 6 S .W .2 d a t 1 8 7 . U n d e r K R S 5 1 1 . 0 2 0 (l)(a ), “[a ] p e r s o n is g u ilty o f b u r g la r y in th e fir s t d e g r e e w h e n , w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e , h e k n o w in g ly e n te r s o r r e m a in s u n la w fu lly in a b u ild in g , a n d w h e n in e ffe c tin g e n tr y o r w h ile in th e b u ild in g o r in th e im m e d ia te flig h t th e r e fr o m , h e o r a n o th e r p a r tic ip a n t in th e c r im e . . . [ i] s a r m e d w ith e x p lo s iv e s o r a d e a d ly w e a p o n .” M ille r a r g u e s th a t a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t s h o u ld h a v e b e e n g r a n te d o n th is c h a r g e b e c a u s e th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r e s e n te d in s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to p r o v e th a t M ille r k n e w it w a s u n la w fu l fo r h im to e n te r o r r e m a in in G o d b y ’s h o m e o r , if h e e n te r e d la w fu lly , th a t h is la w fu l p r e s e n c e w a s te r m in a te d , a n d th a t M ille r in te n d e d to c o m m it a c r im e o n c e h e w a s in s id e th e h o u s e . O n th e q u e s tio n o f w h e th e r h e k n e w it w a s u n la w fu l to e n te r o r r e m a in in th e h o m e , M ille r p o in ts to th e fa c t th a t M ille r h a d v is ite d G o d b y ’s h o m e a p p r o x im a te ly te n tim e s in th e p a s t a n d h a d m e t B e n a c o u p le o f tim e s . B e n d id n o t te ll M ille r to s ta y o n th e p o r c h o r to g e t o u t o f th e h o u s e , a n d h e e v e n 1 8 g u id e d M ille r to h is fa th e r ’s b e d r o o m . W e n o te , h o w e v e r , o th e r fa c ts s u g g e s tin g th a t G o d b y e n te r e d th e h o m e u n la w fu lly . F o r e x a m p le , G o d b y te s tifie d th a t h e w a s n o t e x p e c tin g M ille r , h a d n o t in v ite d h im to th e h o m e , a n d h a d n o t s p o k e n to h im in s e v e r a l m o n th s , o th e r th a n e x c h a n g in g s o m e h e a te d te x t m e s s a g e s a fe w m o n th s p r io r . W h e n M ille r a p p r o a c h e d B e n , h e c a r r ie d a s h o tg u n a n d h e ld it in b o th h a n d s a s th o u g h h e w e r e r e a d y to fir e it. B e n , w h o w a s o n ly te n y e a r s o ld a t th e tim e o f th e in c id e n t, te s tifie d th a t h e fe lt in tim id a te d b y th e g u n . B e n a ls o te s tifie d th a t h e e x p e c te d M ille r to s ta y o n th e fr o n t p o r c h , b u t M ille r w a lk e d p a s t h im , o p e n e d th e fr o n t d o o r , a n d w a lk e d in to th e h o m e . F u r th e r m o r e , B e n te s tifie d th a t M ille r w a lk e d in to th e h o m e b u t c o u ld n o t lo c a te th e b e d r o o m ; o n ly th e n d id B e n le a d h im to h is fa th e r ’s r o o m . T h is s u g g e s ts th a t, if M ille r h a d k n o w n w h e r e th e b e d r o o m w a s , h e w o u ld h a v e g o n e th e r e h im s e lf, w ith o u t p e r m is s io n . O n th is p o in t, w e b e lie v e th e u n p u b lis h e d c a s e o f Higareda v. Commonwealth, N o . 2 0 0 8 - S C - 0 0 0 3 8 4 - M R , 2 0 0 9 W L 1 4 5 1 9 1 9 (K y . M a y 2 1 , 2 0 0 9 ) is p e r s u a s iv e . In th a t c a s e , H ig a r e d a k n o c k e d o n th e d o o r o f th e v ic tim ’s h o m e , a n d th e v ic tim ’s m in o r s ib lin g o p e n e d th e d o o r . H ig a r e d a a s k e d fo r th e v ic tim , a n d th e y o u n g b o y s a id th a t th e v ic tim w a s s le e p in g in h is b e d r o o m . W ith o u t p e r m is s io n fr o m th e c h ild , H ig a r e d a e n te r e d th e h o m e a n d , w ith a g u n s tic k in g o u t o f h is p o c k e t, p r o c e e d e d to th e v ic tim ’s b e d r o o m , w h e r e h e th r e a te n e d th e v ic tim w ith th e g u n . W e h e ld th a t th is e v id e n c e w a s s u ffic ie n t to o v e r c o m e H ig a r e d a ’s m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t. In d o in g s o , w e r e lie d o n a p u b lis h e d C o u r t o f A p p e a ls ’ o p in io n , Fletcher v. Commonwealth, 5 9 S . W . 3 d 9 2 0 1 9 (K y . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ), in w h ic h th a t c o u r t s im ila r ly u p h e ld th e d e n ia l o f a m o tio n fo r d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o f a b u r g la r y c h a r g e . In th a t c a s e , th e c o u r t n o te d th a t th e v ic tim , w h o h a d a n s w e r e d th e d o o r w h e n th e d e fe n d a n t k n o c k e d , d id n o t m a k e “a n y k in d o f u tte r a n c e , g e s tu r e o r m o v e m e n t th a t c o u ld r e a s o n a b ly c o n s titu te a n in v ita tio n , e ith e r e x p lic it o r im p lic it, to [ th e d e fe n d a n t] to e n te r th e h o m e . ” S im ila r ly , in th e p r e s e n t c a s e , th e r e is n o e v id e n c e th a t B e n in v ite d M ille r in to th e h o m e , e ith e r e x p r e s s ly o r im p lic itly b y g e s tu r e o r m o v e m e n t. A s th e fa c ts r e c ite d a b o v e d e m o n s tr a te , a ju r o r c o u ld r e a s o n a b ly fin d th a t M ille r w a s n o t a n in v ite d o r w e lc o m e g u e s t. T h u s , w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r e s e n te d s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to c o n v in c e a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r th a t M ille r k n o w in g ly e n te r e d th e h o m e u n la w fu lly . W e a ls o c o n c lu d e th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r e s e n te d s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e fo r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r to c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r in te n d e d to c o m m it a c r im e w h e n h e u n la w fu lly e n te r e d th e h o m e . F o r e x a m p le , th e r e w a s e v id e n c e th a t M ille r c a r r ie d a fir e a r m in to th e h o u s e . T h is w a s n o t a h o ls te r e d p is to l o r o th e r s m a ll fir e a r m th a t o n e m ig h t c a r r y o n th e m a t a ll tim e s . R a th e r , it w a s a lo a d e d s h o tg u n , a n d B e n te s tifie d th a t M ille r c a r r ie d it w ith b o th h a n d s , a s th o u g h h e w e r e r e a d y to fir e it. W h ile s till c a r r y in g th e g u n , M ille r k ic k e d a n d k n o c k e d lo u d ly o n G o d b y ’s b e d r o o m d o o r , s a y in g “I g o t y o u n o w .” H e c u r s e d a n d y e lle d fo r G o d b y to c o m e o u t o f th e b e d r o o m . T h e r e w a s a ls o e v id e n c e th a t M ille r a n d G o d b y h a d a fa llin g o u t a b o u t a y e a r p r io r o v e r G o d b y ’s a ffa ir w ith M ille r ’s g ir lfr ie n d . M ille r a n d G o d b y h a d n o t s e e n e a c h o th e r s in c e th a t fa llin g o u t, a n d G o d b y h a d n o t in v ite d M ille r o v e r , n o r w a s h e e x p e c tin g h im a t h is h o m e . F r o m 2 0 th is e v id e n c e , a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r e n te r e d th e h o m e w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e , n a m e ly , to th r e a te n o r h a r m G o d b y . In s u m , w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth p r e s e n te d s u ffic ie n t e v id e n c e to c a u s e a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r to fin d b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t th a t M ille r w a s g u ilty o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . T h e r e fo r e , th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t e r r in d e n y in g M ille r ’s m o tio n fo r a d ir e c te d v e r d ic t o n th is c h a r g e . B. The trial court did not err in denying Miller’s request for a criminal trespass instruction. W e n e x t c o n s id e r w h e th e r th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in d e n y in g M ille r ’s r e q u e s t fo r a ju r y in s tr u c tio n o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . In o th e r w o r d s , w e a s k “w h e th e r a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld a c q u it o f th e g r e a te r c h a r g e b u t c o n v ic t o f th e le s s e r .” Allen, 3 3 8 S .W .3 d a t 2 5 5 (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). In d o in g s o , w e “c o n s id e r [ ] th e e v id e n c e fa v o r a b ly to th e p r o p o n e n t o f th e in s tr u c tio n .” Id. (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). A s n o te d a b o v e , fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y r e q u ir e s o n e to k n o w in g ly e n te r o r r e m a in u n la w fu lly in a b u ild in g w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e , “a n d w h e n in e ffe c tin g e n tr y o r w h ile in th e b u ild in g o r in th e im m e d ia te flig h t th e r e fr o m , h e . . . [ i] s a r m e d w ith e x p lo s iv e s o r a d e a d ly w e a p o n .” K R S 5 1 1 . 0 2 0 (1 ). T h e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f c r im in a l tr e s p a s s d iffe r s fr o m fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y in th a t it r e q u ir e s o n ly th a t o n e “k n o w in g ly e n te r s o r r e m a in s u n la w fu lly in a d w e llin g .”8 K R S 5 1 1 .0 6 0 (1 ). T h u s , if a ju r y b e lie v e d th a t M ille r k n o w in g ly 8 C r im in a l tr e s p a s s is a le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . See Hunt v. Commonwealth, 3 0 4 S . W . 3 d 1 5 , 3 0 (K y . 2 0 0 9 ). 2 1 e n te r e d o r r e m a in e d u n la w fu lly in G o d b y ’s h o m e , b u t th e ju r o r s h e ld a r e a s o n a b le d o u b t a b o u t w h e th e r h e d id s o w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e , th e ju r y c o u ld a c q u it M ille r o f fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y b u t c o n v ic t h im o f c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . U n d e r th e fa c ts o f th e p r e s e n t c a s e , h o w e v e r , a ju r y c o u ld n o t r e a s o n a b ly c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r k n o w in g ly e n te r e d th e h o m e u n la w fu lly without th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e . W e r e fe r b a c k to m a n y o f th e fa c ts p r e v io u s ly m e n tio n e d : G o d b y a n d M ille r h a d n o t s p o k e n in s e v e r a l m o n th s , a n d th e ir la s t in te r a c tio n s h a d b e e n le s s th a n fr ie n d ly . M ille r h a d n o t b e e n in v ite d to G o d b y ’s h o m e a n d G o d b y w a s n o t e x p e c tin g h im . M ille r d id n o t r e c e iv e e x p r e s s p e r m is s io n to e n te r th e h o u s e fr o m B e n , n o r is th e r e a n y e v id e n c e s u g g e s tin g th a t B e n im p lic itly in v ite d M ille r in to th e h o m e , e ith e r b y g e s tu r e o r c o m m e n t. R a th e r , h e a p p r o a c h e d th e h o m e w ith a lo a d e d s h o tg u n , w h ic h h e h e ld a s th o u g h h e w e r e r e a d y to s h o o t it. H e e n te r e d th e h o m e u n in v ite d w h ile w ie ld in g th e s h o tg u n , a p p r o a c h e d G o d b y ’s b e d r o o m d o o r , k n o c k e d lo u d ly a n d k ic k e d th e d o o r , a n d y e lle d “I g o t y o u n o w .” B e n a ls o te s tifie d th a t M ille r “to ld [ G o d b y ] to c o m e o u t” a n d w a s c u r s in g . E v e n v ie w in g th e s e fa c ts in M ille r ’s fa v o r , w e h o ld th a t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld n o t c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r k n o w in g ly e n te r e d th e h o m e u n la w fu lly b u t d id n o t d o s o w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e . In o th e r w o r d s , a ju r y c o u ld n o t in te r p r e t th e e v id e n c e a n d r e a s o n a b ly c o n c lu d e th a t M ille r c o m m itte d c r im in a l tr e s p a s s , r a th e r th a n b u r g la r y . H a v in g c o n s id e r e d th e to ta lity o f th e e v id e n c e in th is c a s e , w e c o n c lu d e th a t a r e a s o n a b le ju r o r c o u ld n o t h a v e a c q u itte d o f th e g r e a te r c h a r g e o f 2 2 b u r g la r y b u t c o n v ic te d M ille r o f c r im in a l tr e s p a s s . A c c o r d in g ly , th e tr ia l c o u r t d id n o t e r r in d e c lin in g to in s tr u c t th e ju iy o n th e le s s e r - in c lu d e d o ffe n s e . C. The trial court erred in admitting evidence of the April 2016 incident, but the admission of such evidence was harmless error. M ille r a ls o a r g u e s th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t a b u s e d its d is c r e tio n in a llo w in g th e C o m m o n w e a lth to e lic it te s tim o n y a b o u t a n A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t in w h ic h M ille r a p p r o a c h e d H u n t w ith a g u n . D e fe n s e c o u n s e l w a s fir s t n o tifie d a b o u t th e C o m m o n w e a lth ’s in te n t to e lic it s u c h te s tim o n y o n th e fir s t m o r n in g o f tr ia l. D e fe n s e c o u n s e l s o u g h t a c o n tin u a n c e d u e to th e la c k o f n o tic e u n d e r K e n tu c k y R u le o f E v id e n c e (“K R E ”) 4 0 4 (c ). T h e C o m m o n w e a lth a r g u e d th a t s im ila r te s tim o n y h a d a r is e n d u r in g th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g , th e r e b y s a tis fy in g th e n o tic e r e q u ir e m e n t. T h e p r o s e c u to r a ls o a r g u e d th a t th e te s tim o n y fe ll o u ts id e th e s c o p e o f K R E 4 0 4 (b ) b e c a u s e M ille r ’s c a r r y in g o f a g u n d u r in g th e in c id e n t w a s n o t ille g a l a n d th e r e fo r e w a s n o t a “b a d a c t” u n d e r th e r u le . T h e tr ia l c o u r t o v e r r u le d th e m o tio n fo r a c o n tin u a n c e , fo u n d th a t d e fe n s e c o u n s e l h a d s u ffic ie n t n o tic e , a n d a llo w e d th e C o m m o n w e a lth to e lic it te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t. D u r in g th e C o m m o n w e a lth ’s c a s e - in - c h ie f, G o d b y te s tifie d th a t h e k n e w o f a n in c id e n t o c c u r r in g b e tw e e n M ille r a n d H u n t in A p r il 2 0 1 6 . H o w e v e r , h e te s tifie d th a t h e w a s n o t th e r e , a n d th e p r o s e c u to r d id n o t p u r s u e th a t lin e o f q u e s tio n in g fu r th e r . D e fe n s e c o u n s e l d id n o t o b je c t. D u r in g G o d b y ’s c r o s s - e x a m in a tio n , d e fe n s e c o u n s e l e lic ite d te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t. 2 3 G o d b y u ltim a te ly s a id th a t h e w a s n o t p r e s e n t fo r th e in c id e n t a n d d e fe n s e c o u n s e l w o u ld h a v e to a s k H u n t a b o u t th e d e ta ils . L a te r , H u n t te s tifie d fo r th e C o m m o n w e a lth a n d b e g a n to d is c u s s d e ta ils a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t. D e fe n s e c o u n s e l o b je c te d “o n th e s a m e g r o u n d s .” H is o b je c tio n w a s o v e r r u le d , a n d H u n t c o n tin u e d h e r te s tim o n y . S h e te s tifie d th a t, in A p r il 2 0 1 6 , s h e w a s le a v in g th e h o u s e a n d w a lk in g to h e r c a r w h e n M ille r p u lle d h is c a r in b e h in d h e r . H e g o t o u t o f h is c a r a n d b e g a n w a lk in g to w a r d s h e r , w ith a h o ls te r e d p is to l o n h is s id e . A s M ille r w a lk e d to w a r d s H u n t, h e p u t h is h a n d o n th e p is to l b u t d id n o t r e m o v e it fr o m its h o ls te r . 9 H e d id n o t th r e a te n H u n t, b u t H u n t te s tifie d th a t M ille r w a s “v e r y a g g r e s s iv e ” a n d s h e fe lt th r e a te n e d . S h e a s k e d , “W h o a , w h a t a r e y o u d o in g ? ” to w h ic h M ille r r e p lie d , “Is J o s h h o m e ?” H u n t to ld M ille r th a t s h e w a s th e o n ly o n e th e r e , a n d h e e v e n tu a lly le ft. S h a k e n , H u n t c a lle d th e p o lic e to file a r e p o r t. N o c h a r g e s w e r e file d , h o w e v e r . H u n t te s tifie d th a t th e o ffic e r s to ld h e r th a t it w o u ld b e d iffic u lt to p r e s s c h a r g e s b e c a u s e it w o u ld b e h e r w o r d a g a in s t M ille r ’s . M ille r n o w a r g u e s th a t th e te s tim o n y s h o u ld h a v e b e e n e x c lu d e d u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (b ). M o r e s p e c ific a lly , M ille r a r g u e s th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t a b u s e d its d is c r e tio n in p e r m ittin g th is te s tim o n y , in fa ilin g to lim it th e p r e ju d ic e o f th e e v id e n c e (e .g ., b y lim itin g th e e x te n t o f th e te s tim o n y o r p r o v id in g a lim itin g 9 D u r in g G o d b y ’s te s tim o n y a b o u t th is in c id e n t, h e m e n tio n e d M ille r “w a v in g ” th e p is to l b u t a ls o s ta te d th a t h e w a s n o t p r e s e n t a t th e in c id e n t a n d o n ly k n e w th e d e ta ils h e h a d h e a r d fr o m H u n t. D u r in g H u n t’s te s tim o n y , h o w e v e r , s h e c la r ifie d th a t M ille r n e v e r r e m o v e d th e p is to l fr o m its h o ls te r . 2 4 a d m o n itio n ), a n d in d e c lin in g to c o n tin u e th e tr ia l fo r la c k o f n o tic e u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (c ). F o r th e r e a s o n s s e t fo r th b e lo w , w e h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in a d m ittin g e v id e n c e o f th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t, b u t th is e r r o r w a s h a r m le s s . U n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (b ), “e v id e n c e o f o th e r c r im e s , w r o n g s , o r a c ts is n o t a d m is s ib le to p r o v e th e c h a r a c te r o f a p e r s o n in o r d e r to s h o w a c tio n in c o n fo r m ity th e r e w ith .” S u c h e v id e n c e m a y b e a d m is s ib le , h o w e v e r , “[ i] f o ffe r e d fo r s o m e o th e r p u r p o s e , s u c h a s p r o o f o f m o tiv e , o p p o r tu n ity , in te n t, p r e p a r a tio n , p la n , k n o w le d g e , id e n tity , o r a b s e n c e o f m is ta k e o r a c c id e n t.” K R E 4 0 4 (b )(1 ). It m a y a ls o b e a d m is s ib le if it is “s o in e x tr ic a b ly in te r tw in e d w ith o th e r e v id e n c e e s s e n tia l to th e c a s e th a t s e p a r a tio n o f th e tw o (2 ) c o u ld n o t b e a c c o m p lis h e d w ith o u t s e r io u s a d v e r s e e ffe c t o n th e o ffe r in g p a r ty .” K R E 4 0 4 (b )(2 ). H o w e v e r , if th e C o m m o n w e a lth in te n d s to in tr o d u c e s u c h e v id e n c e in its c a s e - in - c h ie f, “it s h a ll g iv e r e a s o n a b le p r e tr ia l n o tic e to th e d e fe n d a n t o f its in te n tio n to o ffe r s u c h e v id e n c e .” K R E 4 0 4 (c ). O n a p p e a l, w e r e v ie w th e tr ia l c o u r t’s d e c is io n to a d m it s u c h e v id e n c e fo r a n a b u s e o f d is c r e tio n . Harp v. Commonwealth, 2 6 6 S .W .3 d 8 1 3 , 8 2 2 (K y . 2 0 0 8 ). In d o in g s o , w e a r e m in d fu l th a t K R E 4 0 4 (b ) is a n e x c lu s io n a r y r u le , a n d “a n y e x c e p tio n s to th e g e n e r a l r u le th a t e v id e n c e o f p r io r b a d a c ts is in a d m is s ib le s h o u ld b e ‘c lo s e ly w a tc h e d a n d s tr ic tly e n fo r c e d b e c a u s e o f [ its ] d a n g e r o u s q u a lity a n d p r e ju d ic ia l c o n s e q u e n c e s .’” Huddleston v. Commonwealth, 5 4 2 S .W .3 d 2 3 7 , 2 4 3 (K y . 2 0 1 8 ) (q u o tin g Clark v. Commonwealth, 2 2 3 S .W .3 d 9 0 , 9 6 (K y . 2 0 0 7 )); see also Bell v. Commonwealth, 8 7 5 S .W .2 d 8 8 2 , 8 8 9 (K y . 1 9 9 4 ) (e x p la in in g th a t “tr ia l c o u r ts m u s t a p p ly [ K R E 2 5 4 0 4 (b )] c a u tio u s ly , w ith a n e y e to w a r d s e lim in a tin g e v id e n c e w h ic h is r e le v a n t o n ly a s p r o o f o f a n a c c u s e d ’s p r o p e n s ity to c o m m it a c e r ta in ty p e o f c r im e ”) . A s a th r e s h o ld m a tte r , w e m u s t a d d r e s s th e C o m m o n w e a lth ’s c o n te n tio n th a t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t is n o t a b a d a c t u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (b ). T h e C o m m o n w e a lth a r g u e s to th is C o u r t th a t th e c a r r y in g o f a g u n is n o t ille g a l a n d is th e r e fo r e n o t a b a d a c t. H o w e v e r , u n d e r th e p la in la n g u a g e o f th e r u le , K R E 4 0 4 (b ) a p p lie s to “[ o ] th e r c r im e s , w r o n g s , o r a c ts .”1 0 T h u s , th e p r io r a c t n e e d n o t b e a criminal a c t to fa ll w ith in th e s c o p e o f K R E 4 0 4 (b ). In th is c a s e , th e m e r e p o s s e s s io n o f a p e r s o n a l fir e a r m is n o t th e b a d a c t; r a th e r , th e b a d a c t is a p p r o a c h in g H u n t in a th r e a te n in g o r a g g r e s s iv e m a n n e r , w ith h is h a n d o n h is p is to l. B e c a u s e th e C o m m o n w e a lth in te n d e d to in tr o d u c e e v id e n c e o f th is p r io r b a d a c t, it w a s r e q u ir e d to p r o v id e r e a s o n a b le n o tic e u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (c ). U n d e r th a t p r o v is io n , if th e C o m m o n w e a lth in te n d s to in tr o d u c e s u c h e v id e n c e in its c a s e - in - c h ie f, “it s h a ll g iv e r e a s o n a b le p r e tr ia l n o tic e to th e d e fe n d a n t o f its in te n tio n to o ffe r s u c h e v id e n c e .” K R E 4 0 4 (c ). If th e C o m m o n w e a lth fa ils to g iv e s u c h n o tic e , th e c o u r t m a y e x c lu d e th e e v id e n c e “o r fo r g o o d c a u s e s h o w n m a y e x c u s e th e fa ilu r e to g iv e s u c h n o tic e a n d g r a n t th e d e fe n d a n t a c o n tin u a n c e o r s u c h o th e r r e m e d y a s is n e c e s s a r y to a v o id u n fa ir p r e ju d ic e c a u s e d b y s u c h fa ilu r e .” Id. H o w e v e r , in th is c a s e , th e C o m m o n w e a lth d id n o t n o tify d e fe n s e 1 0 W e a c k n o w le d g e th a t K R E 4 0 4 (b ) r e fe r e n c e s “o th e r c r im e s , w r o n g s , o r a c ts ”; it d o e s n o t u s e th e p h r a s e “b a d a c ts .” H o w e v e r , K e n tu c k y c o u r ts r e p e a te d ly r e fe r to s u c h a c ts a s “b a d a c ts .” 2 6 c o u n s e l o f its in te n t to e lic it te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t u n til th e fir s t d a y o f tr ia l. D e fe n s e c o u n s e l s o u g h t a c o n tin u a n c e d u e to th e la c k o f n o tic e , b u t th e C o m m o n w e a lth a r g u e d th a t s im ila r te s tim o n y h a d a r is e n d u r in g th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g , th e r e b y s a tis fy in g th e n o tic e r e q u ir e m e n t. T h e tr ia l c o u r t o v e r r u le d th e m o tio n fo r a c o n tin u a n c e a n d fo u n d th a t d e fe n s e c o u n s e l h a d s u ffic ie n t n o tic e . W e d is a g r e e . W e h a v e p r e v io u s ly s ta te d th a t th e p u r p o s e o f th e K R E 4 0 4 (c )’s n o tic e r e q u ir e m e n t “is to p r o v id e th e a c c u s e d w ith a n o p p o r tu n ity to c h a lle n g e th e a d m is s ib ility o f th is e v id e n c e th r o u g h a m o tio n in limine a n d to d e a l w ith r e lia b ility a n d p r e ju d ic e p r o b le m s a t tr ia l.” Bowling v Commonwealth, 9 4 2 S .W .2 d 2 9 3 , 3 0 0 (K y . 1 9 9 7 ), (q u o tin g R o b e r t G . L a w s o n , The Kentucky Evidence Law Handbook, § 2 .2 5 (3 r d E d . 1 9 9 3 ) (in te r n a l q u o ta tio n m a r k s o m itte d )), overruled on other grounds by McQueen v. Commonwealth, 3 3 9 S . W . 3 d 4 4 1 (K y . 2 0 1 1 ). F u r th e r m o r e , “w h e r e th e a c c u s e d h a s r e c e iv e d ‘a c tu a l n o tic e ’ o f th e in te n tio n to in tr o d u c e K R E 4 0 4 (b ) e v id e n c e a n d th e a c c u s e d h a s s u ffe r e d n o p r e ju d ic e , th e n o tic e r e q u ir e m e n t in K R E 4 0 4 (c ) is s a tis fie d .” Matthews v. Commonwealth, 1 6 3 S .W .3 d 1 1 , 1 9 (K y . 2 0 0 5 ) (c ita tio n s o m itte d ). In th is c a s e , th e tr ia l c o u r t r u le d th a t d e fe n s e c o u n s e l h a d p r io r n o tic e th r o u g h th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g . H o w e v e r , d e fe n s e c o u n s e l a r g u e d th a t th e o ffic e r w h o te s tifie d a t th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g h a d o n ly v a g u e ly r e fe r e n c e d a n e a r lie r in c id e n t; it w a s u n c le a r w h e th e r th e o ffic e r w a s r e fe r e n c in g th e s a m e in c id e n t; a n d H u n t n e v e r te s tifie d a b o u t th e in c id e n t d u r in g th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g . F u r th e r m o r e , th o u g h w h e n a r g u in g th is is s u e to th e tr ia l c o u r t, th e 2 7 C o m m o n w e a lth r e fe r e n c e d a d o c u m e n t (b u t n o t a p o lic e r e p o r t) th a t d e ta ils th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t, it a p p a r e n tly d id n o t p r o v id e th is d o c u m e n t in d is c o v e r y . A c c o r d in g ly , fr o m th e fa c ts a v a ila b le in th e r e c o r d , w e m u s t c o n c lu d e th a t d e fe n s e c o u n s e l d id not h a v e a c tu a l n o tic e o f th e C o m m o n w e a lth ’s in te n tio n to in tr o d u c e th e K R E 4 0 4 (b ) e v id e n c e a t tr ia l. In s te a d , th e C o m m o n w e a lth a n n o u n c e d its in te n t to in tr o d u c e th e e v id e n c e o n th e fir s t d a y o f tr ia l, a n d d e fe n s e c o u n s e l w a s fo r c e d to c h a lle n g e th e a d m is s ib ility o f th a t e v id e n c e o n th e s p o t. N o e x c u s e w a s p r o v id e d fo r th e fa ilu r e to p r o p e r ly n o tify d e fe n s e c o u n s e l. F o r th e s e r e a s o n s , w e h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t e r r e d in fin d in g th a t tim e ly n o tic e h a d b e e n p r o v id e d u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (c ) a n d in fa ilin g to c o n tin u e th e tr ia l o r p r o v id e “s u c h o th e r r e m e d y . . . to a v o id u n fa ir p r e ju d ic e ” a s p r o v id e d in K R E 4 0 4 (c ). E v e n if tim e ly n o tic e h a d b e e n p r o v id e d in th is c a s e , w e n o te th a t th e p r io r b a d a c t e v id e n c e w o u ld b e a d m is s ib le o n ly if r e le v a n t fo r s o m e p u r p o s e o th e r th a n to p r o v e M ille r ’s c r im in a l d is p o s itio n a n d , e v e n th e n , o n ly if its p r o b a tiv e v a lu e o u tw e ig h e d a n y u n d u e p r e ju d ic e . See Bell, 8 7 5 S . W . 2 d a t 8 8 9 - 9 1 . H a v in g r e v ie w e d th e r e c o r d a n d a r g u m e n ts o f c o u n s e l, w e c o n c lu d e th a t e v id e n c e o f th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t w a s n o t r e le v a n t fo r a n y o th e r p u r p o s e th a n to p r o v e M ille r ’s c r im in a l d is p o s itio n , a n d , a s s u c h , s h o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a d m itte d u n d e r K R E 4 0 4 (b ). A t tr ia l, th e C o m m o n w e a lth o n ly a r g u e d th a t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t w a s n o t e v id e n c e o f a b a d a c t. B e fo r e th is C o u r t, th e C o m m o n w e a lth m a k e s th e s a m e a r g u m e n t. It a ls o a r g u e s th a t e v id e n c e o f th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t, in 2 8 w h ic h M ille r s h o w e d u p to th e G o d b y h o m e w ith a g u n , is r e le v a n t b e c a u s e it m a d e it m o r e p r o b a b le th a t M ille r s h o w e d u p to th e h o u s e in A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 w ith a g u n . T h is is im p o r ta n t, th e C o m m o n w e a lth a r g u e s , b e c a u s e th e d e fe n s e r e p e a te d ly im p lie d th a t G o d b y a n d H u n t w e r e ly in g a b o u t th e A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 s h o o tin g in c id e n t. H o w e v e r , th is is e x a c tly th e ty p e o f p r o p e n s ity e v id e n c e th a t K R E 4 0 4 p r o h ib its . W e h a v e p r e v io u s ly e x p la in e d , “T h e p u r p o s e o f K R E 4 0 4 (b ) ‘is to p r o h ib it u n fa ir in fe r e n c e s a g a in s t a d e fe n d a n t’ b y e x c lu d in g ‘e v id e n c e o f o th e r c r im e s , w r o n g s , o r a c ts . . . to p r o v e th e c h a r a c te r o f a p e r s o n in o r d e r to s h o w a c tio n in c o n fo r m ity th e r e w ith .”’ Conrad, v. Commonwealth, 5 3 4 S . W . 3 d 7 7 9 , 7 8 1 (K y . 2 0 1 7 ) (q u o tin g Anderson v. Commonwealth, 2 3 1 S . W . 3 d 1 1 7 , 1 2 0 (K y . 2 0 0 7 ); K R E 4 0 4 (b )). H e r e , th e C o m m o n w e a lth o n ly a r g u e s th a t th e e v id e n c e w a s r e le v a n t to s h o w th a t b e c a u s e M ille r h a d p r e v io u s ly a p p e a r e d a t G o d b y ’s h o u s e w ith a g u n , it is m o r e lik e ly th a t h e d id th a t s a m e a c t a g a in o n A u g u s t 1 8 , 2 0 1 6 . In o th e r w o r d s , th e r e le v a n c e o f th is e v id e n c e is to s h o w th a t M ille r a c te d in c o n fo r m ity w ith h is p r io r b a d b e h a v io r . T h is is im p r o p e r c h a r a c te r e v id e n c e . T h e C o m m o n w e a lth d id n o t c o n te s t d e fe n s e c o u n s e l’s a s s e r tio n th a t id e n tity w a s n o t a t is s u e in th e c a s e , a n d th e r e w a s n o d is p u te th a t M ille r a n d G o d b y k n e w e a c h o th e r p r io r to A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 . E v e n if w e w e r e to v ie w th is a s a n a r g u m e n t th a t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t w a s r e le v a n t to s h o w M ille r ’s p la n o r 2 9 in te n t, 1 1 a s r e fe r e n c e d in K R E 4 0 4 (b )(1 ), th e fa c ts a v a ila b le in th e r e c o r d d o n o t s u p p o r t e ith e r th e o r y . In A p r il 2 0 1 6 , M ille r b r o u g h t a h o ls te r e d h a n d g u n to G o d b y ’s h o m e a n d n e v e r r e m o v e d it fr o m its h o ls te r . H e a s k e d if G o d b y w a s th e r e , a n d le ft a fte r b e in g to ld th a t G o d b y w a s n o t h o m e . A p p r o x im a te ly fo u r m o n th s p a s s e d w ith o u t in c id e n t. T h e n , in A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 , M ille r a r r iv e d a t G o d b y ’s h o m e w ith a s h o tg u n , w h ic h h e h e ld a s th o u g h h e w e r e r e a d y to fir e it, a n d a s k e d w h e r e G o d b y w a s b e fo r e p r o c e e d in g in to th e h o m e . A t tr ia l, th e C o m m o n w e a lth c o n c e d e d th a t it w a s n o t u s in g th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t to p r o v e th a t th e s a m e g u n w a s u s e d in b o th in c id e n ts . T h u s , th e fa c ts s u r r o u n d in g th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t a r e n o t s im ila r e n o u g h to th e fa c ts o f th e A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 s h o o tin g to d e m o n s tr a te p la n o r in te n t. U n d e r th e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , w e c a n n o t s a y th a t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t d e m o n s tr a te s M ille r ’s p la n o r in te n t to r e tu r n n e a r ly fo u r m o n th s la te r w ith a s h o tg u n to c o n fr o n t G o d b y , n o r w e c a n s a y it is r e le v a n t fo r a n y o th e r le g itim a te p u r p o s e . F u r th e r m o r e , w e r e ite r a te th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth d id n o t p r e s e n t th is a r g u m e n t to th e tr ia l c o u r t o r th is C o u r t. A s th e C o m m o n w e a lth a d m its , th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t te n d e d to s h o w th a t M ille r a c te d in c o n fo r m ity w ith th a t p r io r b a d b e h a v io r w h e n h e a r r iv e d a t th e G o d b y h o m e w ith a g u n in A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 . B a s e d o n th e lim ite d fa c ts a v a ila b le to u s in th e r e c o r d , w e c a n n o t s a y it w a s r e le v a n t fo r a n y o th e r 1 1 T h e C o m m o n w e a lth d id n o t p r e s e n t th is a r g u m e n t to th e tr ia l c o u r t o r th is C o u r t. H o w e v e r , th is C o u r t m a y a ffir m a tr ia l c o u r t’s r u lin g fo r a n y r e a s o n s u p p o r te d b y th e r e c o r d , e v e n if n o t a r g u e d b y th e p a r tie s . See Fischer v. Fischer, 1 9 7 S . W . 3 d 9 8 , 1 0 3 (K y . 2 0 0 6 ). T h u s , w e c o n s id e r th e s e a d d itio n a l a r g u m e n ts , a n d th o u g h w e u ltim a te ly fin d th e m u n c o n v in c in g , w e fe lt c o m p e lle d to d is c u s s th e m in th is o p in io n . 3 0 le g itim a te p u r p o s e , n o r w a s it in e x tr ic a b ly in te r tw in e d w ith o th e r e v id e n c e e s s e n tia l to th e c a s e . R a th e r , it w a s e v id e n c e o f a p r io r b a d a c t, u s e d to s h o w a c tio n in c o n fo r m ity w ith th a t p r io r b a d a c t. A c c o r d in g ly , w e h o ld th a t th e tr ia l c o u r t a b u s e d its d is c r e tio n in p e r m ittin g te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t. T h e a b o v e r e fe r e n c e d e r r o r w a s p r e s e r v e d b y d e fe n s e c o u n s e l’s r e p e a te d o b je c tio n s .1 2 H o w e v e r , w e fin d th a t e r r o r to b e h a r m le s s . “A p r e s e r v e d , n o n ­ c o n s titu tio n a l e r r o r is h a r m le s s ‘if o n e c a n n o t s a y , w ith fa ir a s s u r a n c e , a fte r p o n d e r in g a ll th a t h a p p e n e d w ith o u t s tr ip p in g th e e r r o n e o u s a c tio n fr o m th e w h o le , th a t th e ju d g m e n t w a s n o t s u b s ta n tia lly s w a y e d b y th e e r r o r . ’” Crossland. v. Commonwealth, 2 9 1 S .W .3 d 2 2 3 , 2 3 3 (K y . 2 0 0 9 ) (q u o tin g Kotteakos v. United States, 3 2 8 U .S . 7 5 0 , 7 6 5 (1 9 4 6 )). H o w e v e r , “[ t] h e in q u ir y c a n n o t b e m e r e ly w h e th e r th e r e w a s e n o u g h to s u p p o r t th e r e s u lt, a p a r t fr o m th e p h a s e a ffe c te d b y th e e r r o r . It is r a th e r , e v e n s o , w h e th e r th e e r r o r its e lf h a d s u b s ta n tia l in flu e n c e . If s o , o r if o n e is le ft in g r a v e d o u b t, th e c o n v ic tio n c a n n o t s ta n d .” Id. (q u o tin g Kotteakos, 3 2 8 U .S . a t 7 6 5 ) (in te r n a l q u o ta tio n m a r k s o m itte d ). W ith th is s ta n d a r d in m in d , w e h a v e r e p e a te d ly fo u n d th e e r r o n e o u s a d m is s io n o f a p r io r b a d a c t to b e h a r m le s s w h e n th e o th e r e v id e n c e o f g u ilt is s ig n ific a n t o r o v e r w h e lm in g . S e e , e.g., Baumia v. Commonwealth, 4 0 2 1 2 T h o u g h d e fe n s e c o u n s e l d id n o t o b je c t to G o d b y ’s b r ie f te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t, h e d id o b je c t to H u n t’s te s tim o n y a b o u t th a t in c id e n t. W e a ls o n o te th a t th e C o m m o n w e a lth d o e s n o t a r g u e th is is s u e w a s u n p r e s e r v e d . 3 1 S .W .3 d 5 3 0 , 5 4 4 (K y . 2 0 1 3 ); King v. Commonwealth, 2 7 6 S . W . 3 d 2 7 0 , 2 7 5 - 7 6 (K y . 2 0 0 9 ); Taylor v. Commonwealth, 2 7 6 S .W .3 d 8 0 0 , 8 1 1 (K y . 2 0 0 8 ). In th e p r e s e n t c a s e , th e ju r y h e a r d te s tim o n y a b o u t th e in itia l c o n fr o n ta tio n b e tw e e n M ille r a n d G o d b y , d u r in g w h ic h M ille r r e tr ie v e d a g u n . T h e y a ls o h e a r d a b o u t th e h e a te d “c o m e g e t it” m e s s a g e s th a t th e tw o m e n e x c h a n g e d . B e n te s tifie d a s to h o w M ille r a p p r o a c h e d th e G o d b y h o m e in A u g u s t 2 0 1 6 , c a r r y in g a lo a d e d s h o tg u n a s th o u g h h e w e r e r e a d y to fir e it a n d w a lk in g p a s t B e n in to th e h o m e , w ith o u t a n e x p lic it o r im p lic it in v ita tio n . T h e ju r y a ls o h e a r d fr o m G o d b y th a t M ille r w a s u n in v ite d a n d u n w a n te d in th e h o m e . W h e n M ille r e n te r e d th e h o m e , h e p o u n d e d o n a n d k ic k e d G o d b y ’s b e d r o o m d o o r . H e y e lle d a t G o d b y to c o m e o u t, c u r s e d , a n d s ta te d “I g o t y o u n o w .” S im p ly p u t, th e e v id e n c e th a t M ille r k n o w in g ly e n te r e d th e h o m e u n la w fu lly a n d w ith th e in te n t to c o m m it a c r im e (i.e ., th r e a te n o r h a r m G o d b y ) w a s o v e r w h e lm in g . F u r th e r m o r e , th e C o m m o n w e a lth d id n o t d is c u s s th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t d u r in g its c lo s in g a r g u m e n t, o r in o th e r w o r d s , d id n o t e m p h a s iz e th a t in c id e n t to th e ju r y . G iv e n th e s u b s ta n tia l e v id e n c e a g a in s t M ille r , w e d o n o t b e lie v e th a t th e ju r y ’s v e r d ic t w o u ld h a v e c h a n g e d if th e e v id e n c e h a d n o t b e e n a d m itte d o r if M ille r h a d s u ffic ie n t n o tic e a n d a d e q u a te tim e to p r e p a r e to c h a lle n g e th e te s tim o n y a t tr ia l. U n d e r th e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , w e c a n n o t s a y th a t th e te s tim o n y a b o u t th e A p r il 2 0 1 6 in c id e n t s u b s ta n tia lly in flu e n c e d th e o u tc o m e o f M ille r ’s c a s e . A c c o r d in g ly , th o u g h th is “b a d a c ts ” e v id e n c e w a s im p r o p e r ly a d m itte d , th is e r r o r w a s h a r m le s s a n d d o e s n o t w a r r a n t r e v e r s a l. 3 2 F in d in g n o r e v e r s ib le e r r o r , w e h e r e b y a ffir m M ille r ’s c o n v ic tio n fo r fir s t- d e g r e e b u r g la r y . CONCLUSION F o r th e r e a s o n s s e t fo r th a b o v e , w e h e r e b y r e v e r s e in p a r t a n d a ffir m in p a r t th e ju d g m e n t o f th e P u la s k i C ir c u it C o u r t. W e r e m a n d th is m a tte r to th e P u la s k i C ir c u it C o u r t to v a c a te th e ju d g m e n t o n c o u n t th r e e o f th e in d ic tm e n t a n d fo r fu r th e r p r o c e e d in g s c o n s is te n t w ith th is o p in io n . M in to n , C .J .; H u g h e s , K e lle r , N ic k e ll, V a n M e te r a n d W r ig h t, J J . , s ittin g . A ll c o n c u r . L a m b e r t, J ., n o t s ittin g . C O U N S E L F O R A P P E L L A N T : S h a n n o n R e n e e D u p r e e A s s is ta n t P u b lic A d v o c a te C O U N S E L F O R A P P E L L E E : D a n ie l J a y C a m e r o n A tto r n e y G e n e r a l o f K e n tu c k y 3 3