Case Title: Doe v. Pharmacia

Citation: 388 Md. 407

Docket Number: 13m/04

State: maryland

Court: Maryland Supreme Court

Date: 2005-08-11T00:00:00Z

Document:
In the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
CA-03-702-PJM 
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
Misc. No. 13
September Term, 2004
JANE DOE
v.
PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY, INC.
Bell, C.J.
Raker
Wilner
Cathell
Harrell
Battaglia
Greene,
JJ.
Opinion by Raker, J. 
Filed:   August 11, 2005
1Because in deciding that there is no duty of care on the part of Pharmacia we need
not reach the specific details that differentiate the questions certified to us today, we shall
discuss and respond to the two certified questions as one.
In this Certified Question case, pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Certification of
Questions of Law Act, Maryland Code (1974, 2002 Repl. Vol., 2004 Cum. Supp.), §§ 12-601
through 12-613 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, and Maryland Rule 8-305,
the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has certified the following
questions of Maryland law:
“(1) For purposes of a negligence cause of action, does a
commercial manufacturer of two strains of HIV (‘HIV-1’ and
‘HIV-2’), which conducts blood tests on its employees who have
been exposed to HIV while on the job, and which manufactures
test kits for HIV-1, owe a legal duty to its employees’ spouses
to exercise reasonable care in conducting testing, including
testing for both strains of the virus?”
“(2) For purposes of a negligence or negligent misrepresentation
cause of action, does a commercial manufacturer of two strains
of HIV (‘HIV-1’ and ‘HIV-2’), which conducts blood tests of its
employees who have been exposed to HIV while on the job, owe
a legal duty to its employees’ spouses to exercise reasonable
care in informing the employees of the nature of the test results,
including the fact that a ‘false positive’ test result for HIV-1
may indicate an HIV-2 infection?”
Our answer to both of these questions shall be NO.1
I.
We recite the facts as set out in the Certification Order.
2
“Jane Doe has been married to, and living as husband and wife with,
John Doe since 1971.  Between 1974 and 1991, John Doe was employed by
Pharmacia as a laboratory technician at its Montgomery County, Maryland,
viral production facility.  Pharmacia cultivated pathogens at this facility for use
in diagnostic test strips manufactured and sold by Pharmacia and others.  John
Doe’s primary job responsibilities included the daily feeding, growing, and
harvesting of pathogens for large scale propagation.  Pharmacia closed this
facility in 1991.
“In 1984, researchers discovered that the primary causative viral agent
of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (‘AIDS’) is HIV.  By 1986, two
types of HIV, designated as ‘HIV-1’ and ‘HIV-2,’ had been discovered.  The
first reported case of HIV-2 in the United States was in 1987, and there have
been few reported HIV-2 cases in the United States.  Both HIV-l and HIV-2
have the same modes of transmission and are associated with AIDS.
Compared with persons infected with HIV-1, those with HIV-2 are less
infectious early in the course of infection.
“Beginning in 1984, approximately 80% of the viral production at the
Pharmacia facility where John Doe worked was HIV-1 and HIV-2.  Pharmacia
cultivated and harvested HIV cultures on a daily basis and shipped them to
another facility for incorporation into a test for HIV antibodies.  Between 1985
3
and 1991, John Doe was exposed to high concentrations of HIV-1 and HIV-2
while on the job. 
“At some point around 1985, Pharmacia (through its agent) began
testing its employees, including John Doe, who were exposed to HIV in the
workplace every six months.  Pharmacia manufactured the test strips that were
used in this testing.  Although Pharmacia was aware of the existence of HIV-2,
commercial test kits were not available in the United States to test for an
injurious exposure to HIV-2 before 1991 because of the statistically
insignificant incidence of the virus.  Therefore, Pharmacia’s testing was
limited to detection of HIV-1.  However, Pharmacia possessed the materials,
knowledge, and capability to manufacture its own test strips to detect HIV-2.
“The testing conducted by Pharmacia consisted of a two-part protocol
whereby an initial screen (the Elisa test) would, if positive, be followed by a
confirmatory test (the Western Blot) for HIV-1.  By 1989, Pharmacia was
aware that the HIV tests being used would detect core proteins present in both
HIV-1 and HIV-2, and that while the HIV-2 proteins (among other factors)
could cause a positive result on the Elisa test, the Western blot test would
confirm only the presence of HIV-1.  Thus, as of 1989, a person infected with
HIV-2 could test positive on the Elisa test but negative on the Western blot
test.  This type of result was considered to be a ‘false positive’ for HIV-1. 
4
“John Doe consistently tested negative until 1989, when he received a
positive result on the Elisa test.  John Doe was retested, and the result was
negative.  John Doe’s subsequent tests were negative.
“Pharmacia did not counsel or warn either John Doe, Jane Doe, or its
testing agent about the potential negative ramifications of a ‘false positive’
test.  However, Pharmacia (and/or its agent) did tell John Doe after the ‘false
positive’ test that the Western Blot test failed to confirm the presence of
HIV-1; that the test result could have been caused by factors unrelated to
exposure to HIV; that the test result did not indicate that he was infected with
the virus that causes AIDS; and that the test result did not indicate a significant
risk to his health.  Neither Jane Doe nor John Doe was aware that a ‘false
positive’ test could indicate an HIV-2 infection.
“In October 2000, John Doe was admitted to the hospital where he was
found to be suffering from multiple AIDS-like conditions.  Although John Doe
tested negative for HIV-1, he tested positive for HIV-2 and was diagnosed as
having AIDS.  John Doe became infected with HIV-2 while handling the virus
as a  Pharmacia employee.  
“Upon learning that he was infected with HIV-2, John Doe immediately
informed Jane Doe.  Subsequent testing of Jane Doe revealed that she also is
infected with HIV-2.  Jane Doe was John Doe's only sexual partner and was
5
known as such by Pharmacia.  Jane Doe became infected with HIV-2 because
of unprotected marital relations with John Doe.  The Does would not have
engaged in unprotected marital relations had they been aware that John Doe
was infected with HIV-2.
“Pharmacia was aware at times pertinent to this case that HIV-2 was a
pathogen that could have significant consequences, including death for
humans, and that it could be transmitted by sexual contact and exchange of
body fluids.  Pharmacia also knew that the spread of HIV-2 between sexual
partners could be effectively prevented through behavior modification and the
use of barrier devices.  Pharmacia also learned, subsequent to the conclusion
of John Doe’s employment, that at least one co-worker of John Doe's at the
Montgomery County facility had unexpectedly become infected with one or
more lethal pathogens that had been propagated in that facility; however,
despite having this knowledge, Pharmacia did not warn the Does of any
danger.” (Citations and footnotes omitted.)
II.
Jane Doe filed a tort action in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County against
Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, Inc. (“Pharmacia”).  Pharmacia removed the case to the
United States District Court for the District of Maryland and subsequently filed a motion to
2The five causes of action grounded in negligence that Ms. Doe filed are as follows:
negligent operation of an HIV production facility; negligent failure to rule out an HIV-2
infection; negligent failure to test for HIV-2; negligent failure to warn of cross reactivity; and
negligent misrepresentation.
6
dismiss pursuant to Fed. Rule Civ. Pro. 12(b)(6).  Ms. Doe amended her complaint to allege
nine claims, including five claims sounding in negligence.2  Pharmacia moved to dismiss the
amended complaint.  Following a hearing, the District Court dismissed the complaint with
prejudice.
Doe appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.  On appeal,
Doe contended that the District Court erred in holding that under Maryland law Pharmacia
did not owe her a duty of care.  The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit certified the
questions of law to this Court.
III.
Ms. Doe argues before this Court that Pharmacia owed her a duty of care as the spouse
of an employee who had a foreseeable risk of contracting HIV from her husband.  Pharmacia
should have known, Ms. Doe contends, that Mr. Doe was or could have been infected with
the HIV Pharmacia manufactured and that he risked transmitting the disease to his wife.  Doe
also contends that Pharmacia was morally blameworthy in manufacturing a legal human
pathogen for commercial purposes and in failing to inform Mr. Doe that he was infected.
Finally, Ms. Doe claims that the interests of society in protecting public health and limiting
7
the spread of disease are furthered by imposing a duty of care on Pharmacia, the entity in a
position to prevent further contamination and spread of disease.
Pharmacia maintains that it did not owe a duty of care to Ms. Doe.  Pharmacia argues
that the relationship between it and Ms. Doe, the wife of its employee, is too attenuated for
the company to be burdened with a tort duty.  In response to Ms. Doe’s position, Pharmacia
notes that foreseeability alone is not sufficient to establish a legal duty.  Pharmacia argues
further that if it were to owe a duty of care to Ms. Doe, then it would owe a duty to an
indeterminate number of people, stretching tort duty beyond manageable bounds.
IV.
Ms. Doe’s causes of action all sound in negligence.  In Maryland, to state a claim of
negligence, a party must allege and prove facts demonstrating “(1) that the defendant was
under a duty to protect the plaintiff from injury, (2) that the defendant breached that duty, (3)
that the plaintiff suffered actual injury or loss, and (4) that the loss or injury proximately
resulted from the defendant’s breach of the duty.” Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 619,
865 A.2d 603, 611 (2005); Horridge v. Social Services, 382 Md. 170, 182, 854 A.2d 1232,
1238 (2004); Patton v. USA Rugby, 381 Md. 627, 635-36, 851 A.2d 566, 570 (2004).
Ordinarily, we begin our analysis of a negligence action with the question of whether a
legally cognizable duty exits.  Patton, 381 Md at 636, 851 A.2d at 571; Remsburg v.
Montgomery, 376 Md. 568, 582, 831 A.2d 18, 26 (2003).  The certified question raises only
8
the issue of duty, and, thus, our sole focus in this case is on whether Pharmacia had a legal
duty to protect Ms. Doe from injury or harm by exercising reasonable care in testing Mr. Doe
and by warning him of the possibility that he had contracted HIV-2.
The existence of a legal duty is a question of law, to be decided by the court.  Dehn,
384 Md. at 619-20, 865 A.2d at 611; Patton, 381 Md. at 636, 851 A.2d at 570; Hemmings
v. Pelham Wood, 375 Md. 522, 536, 826 A.2d 443, 451 (2003).  For over a century, this
Court has explained the rationale for the duty requirement as follows:
  
“[T]here can be no negligence where there is no duty that is due;
for negligence is the breach of some duty that one person owes
to another.  It is consequently relative and can have no existence
apart from some duty expressly or impliedly imposed.  In every
instance before negligence can be predicated of a given act,
back of the act must be sought and found a duty to the individual
complaining, the observance of which duty would have averted
or avoided the injury. . . .  As the duty owed varies with
circumstances and with the relation to each other of the
individuals concerned, so the alleged negligence varies, and the
act complained of never amounts to negligence in law or in fact;
if there has been no breach of duty.”
W. Va. Central R. Co. v. Fuller, 96 Md. 652, 666, 54 A. 669, 671-72 (1903); accord Patton,
381 Md. at 636, 851 A.2d at 570-71; Bobo v. State, 346 Md. 706, 714, 697 A.2d 1371, 1375
(1997); Ashburn v. Anne Arundel County, 306 Md. 617, 626-27, 510 A.2d 1078, 1083
(1986).
Duty is “an obligation, to which the law will give recognition and effect, to conform
to a particular standard of conduct toward another.”  Dehn, 384 Md. at 619, 865 A.2d at 611
(quoting W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 53 (5th ed. 1984));
9
Patton, 381 Md. at 636-37, 851 A.2d at 571 (same).  There is no set formula for the
determination of whether a duty exists.  Coates v. Southern Md. Electric, 354 Md. 499, 509,
731 A.2d 931, 936 (1999); Ashburn, 306 Md. at 627, 510 A.2d at 1083.  We have applied a
“foreseeability of harm” test, “which is based upon the recognition that duty must be limited
to avoid liability for unreasonably remote consequences.”  Coates, 354 Md at 509, 731 A.2d
at 936 (quoting Rosenblatt v. Exxon, 335 Md. 58, 77, 642 A.2d 180, 189 (1994)).  We also
have looked at the relationship of the parties.  See Dehn, 384 Md. at 619, 865 A.2d at 611
(describing duty as “based upon a relationship between the actor and the injured person”);
Coates, 354 Md. at 509, 731 A.2d at 936 (stating that the relationship of the parties is
“inherent . . . in the concept of duty”); 1 Dan B. Dobbs, The Law of Torts § 229 (2001)
(stating that “[r]elationship of the parties is so pervasively important in determining existence
and measure of duty that it often goes unmentioned”).
At its core, the determination of whether a duty exists represents a policy question of
whether the plaintiff is entitled to protection from the defendant.  See Rosenblatt, 335 Md.
at 77, 642 A.2d at 189 (stating that “ultimately, the determination of whether a duty should
be imposed is made by weighing the various policy considerations and reaching a conclusion
that the plaintiff’s interests are, or are not, entitled to legal protection against the conduct of
the defendant”); Ashburn, 306 Md. at 627, 510 A.2d at 1083 (quoting Keeton et al., supra,
at § 53 as commenting that duty “is only an expression of the sum total of those
considerations of policy which lead the law to say that the plaintiff is entitled to protection”);
10
Dobbs at § 229 (quoting Keeton et al., supra, at § 54 and stating that “duty should be
constructed by courts from building blocks of policy and justice”).  Accordingly, we have
articulated the following non-exhaustive list for balancing the policy considerations inherent
in the determination of whether a duty exists:
“the foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff, the degree of
certainty that the plaintiff suffered the injury, the closeness of
the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury
suffered, the moral blame attached to the defendant’s conduct,
the policy of preventing future harm, the extent of the burden to
the defendant and consequences to the community of imposing
a duty to exercise care with resulting liability for breach, and the
availability, cost and prevalence of insurance for the risk
involved.”
Patton, 381 Md. at 637, 851 A.2d at 571 (quoting Ashburn, 306 Md. at 627, 510 A.2d at
1083 (citations omitted)).  In cases involving personal injury, “the principal determinant of
duty becomes foreseeability.”  Jacques v. First Nat’l Bank, 307 Md. 527, 535, 515 A.2d 756,
760 (1986).
In reviewing the underlying grant of a motion to dismiss, we must assume the truth
of the well-pleaded factual allegations of the complaint, as well as the reasonable inferences
that may be drawn from those allegations.  Horridge, 382 Md. at 175, 854 A.2d at 1234-35.
Assuming the accuracy of the allegations within the complaint, Pharmacia manufactured
HIV-2.  As a laboratory technician for Pharmacia, Mr. Doe was exposed to high
concentrations of HIV-2.  It was foreseeable that Mr. Doe could contract HIV-2.  As HIV-2
11
can be transmitted through sexual relations, it should have been foreseeable to Pharmacia that
Mr. Doe’s wife could contract the virus.
That the injury to Ms. Doe may have been foreseeable does not end our inquiry.  We
have stated consistently that foreseeability alone is not sufficient to establish duty.  See Dehn,
384 Md. at 624, 865 A.2d at 614 (stating that “mere foreseeability of harm or injury is
insufficient to create a legally cognizable special relationship giving rise to a legal duty to
prevent harm”); Remsburg, 376 Md. at 583, 831 A.2d at 26 (stating that “[w]hile
foreseeability is often considered among the most important of these factors, its existence
alone does not suffice to establish a duty under Maryland law”); Valentine v. On Target, 353
Md. 544, 551, 727 A.2d 947, 950 (1999) (noting that “not all foreseeable harm gives rise to
a duty; there are other factors to consider”); Ashburn 306 Md. at 628, 510 A.2d at 1083
(stating that “[t]he fact that a result may be foreseeable does not itself impose a duty in
negligence terms”).
Neither party has identified and we could not find any Maryland case holding that an
employer has a duty to the spouse of an employee.  In Dehn v. Edgecombe, 384 Md. 606, 865
A.2d 603 (2005), a medical malpractice case, we considered a similar assertion to the one
made by Doe and held that there was no duty.  Mr. Dehn underwent a vasectomy.  According
to Mr. Dehn, his primary care physician advised him that he could resume engaging in
unprotected intercourse with his wife without fear of pregnancy, despite the fact that requisite
tests had yet to be performed.  Mrs. Dehn subsequently became pregnant and sued her
12
husband’s primary care physician, claiming that the physician had negligently counseled her
husband.  We addressed the question of “whether Maryland recognizes an independent cause
of action in a patient’s wife against a doctor who acted negligently while treating her husband
but who had no relationship or direct interaction with the wife.”  Id. at 610, 865 A.2d at 605.
We held that the doctor owed no duty of care to Mrs. Dehn, and, therefore, Mrs. Dehn
did not have an independent cause of action in negligence against the doctor.  See id. at 622,
865 A.2d at 612.  We reviewed Maryland case law on negligence involving physicians and
third parties and concluded “that although the common law does not foreclose the possibility
of imposing a duty of care in the absence of a doctor-patient relationship to a third party who
never received treatment from the doctor, it will not do so except under extraordinary
circumstances.”  Id. at 621, 865 A.2d at 612.  We quoted with approval the following
reasoning and conclusion from the opinion of the Court of Special Appeals:
“There was no direct doctor-patient relationship between Dr.
Edgecombe and Mrs. Dehn.  The two of them had never met or
spoken to each other until the day of the trial.  Dr. Edgecombe
was Mr. Dehn’s primary health care provider, not Mrs. Dehn’s.
Mr. Dehn, not Mrs. Dehn, was in the health care program that
involved Dr. Edgecombe. . . .  If a duty of care owed by Dr.
Edgecombe to Mrs. Dehn is to be found, therefore, its source
must be somewhere other than in a doctor-patient relationship
per se between the two of them.”
Id. at 622, 865 A.2d at 612-13 (quoting 152 Md. App. 657, 681, 834 A.2d 146, 159-60
(2003)).
13
We rejected the argument advanced by Mrs. Dehn that the foreseeability of harm
resulted in a special relationship sufficient to impose a duty of care in the absence of a
traditional tort duty.  See id. at 625, 865 A.2d at 614.  Dehn pointed to the foreseeability that
negligence in the care of her husband’s vasectomy would result in her pregnancy and argued
that the foreseeability was sufficient to create a duty.  We noted our case law, discussed
supra, holding that the existence of foreseeability alone is not sufficient to establish a duty.
See id.  We then noted that Dehn could not have relied on the doctor’s comments to her
husband, because the doctor had not performed the vasectomy or provided post-operative
care and the doctor had never met Mrs. Dehn prior to trial.  See id. at 626-27, 865 A.2d at
615. 
Finally, we stated our unwillingness to “impose a legal duty on Dr. Edgecombe with
regard to Mrs. Dehn based simply on his alleged awareness that Mr. Dehn was married.”  Id.
at 627, 865 A.2d at 615.  We rejected Mrs. Dehn’s position, reasoning that imposing a duty
of care to Mrs. Dehn would create an expansive new duty.  We stated as follows:
“A duty of care does not accrue purely by virtue of the marital
status of the patient alone; some greater relational nexus
between doctor and patient’s spouse must be established, if it
can be established at all, and here it was not. A duty of care to
a non-patient is not one which Maryland law is prepared to
recognize under these circumstances. The imposition of a
common law duty upon Dr. Edgecombe to the wife under these
circumstances could expand traditional tort concepts beyond
manageable bounds. The rationale for extending the duty would
apply to all potential sexual partners and expand the universe of
potential plaintiffs. . . .  Based on these rationales alone, a family
practitioner who ostensibly provides after-care following a
3Ms. Doe does not claim that a special relationship existed between Pharmacia and
herself.  We have held that there is no duty to control the conduct of a third person so as to
prevent personal harm to another, unless a “special relationship” exists between the actor and
the third person or between the actor and the person injured.  See Patton v. USA Rugby, 381
Md. 627, 637-38, 851 A.2d 566, 571 (2004); Ashburn v. Anne Arundel County, 306 Md. 617,
628, 510 A.2d 1078, 1083 (1986); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 315 (1965).  The creation
of a “special duty” through a “special relationship” between the parties can be established
either by “(1) the inherent nature of the relationship between the parties; or (2) by one party
undertaking to protect or assist the other party, and thus often inducing reliance upon the
conduct of the acting party.”  Remsburg v. Montgomery, 376 Md. 568, 589-590, 831 A.2d
18, 30 (2003).  Neither basis for a special relationship exists in this case.  First, there is no
special relationship inherent in the nature of the relationship between an employer and the
spouse of an employee.  Second, Doe does not allege that Pharmacia undertook to protect or
assist her.  Indeed, there is no indication of any interaction between Pharmacia and Ms. Doe
before Ms. Doe commenced this suit.
14
sterilization procedure performed by another physician would
owe a duty of care not just to the patient who underwent the
operation but every sexual partner the patient encounters after
the operation—a possibility the law does not countenance.”
Id. at 627, 865 A.2d at 615.  
Our reasoning in Dehn applies with equal force to the case sub judice.3  While the
present case does not involve a doctor-patient relationship, the asserted obligation of
Pharmacia is similar.  Pharmacia had the responsibility, according to Ms. Doe, to inform Mr.
Doe of the meaning of the laboratory test results for his health and the implications of the
results for his future conduct.  In this context, an employer could owe a duty to a third party
only in extraordinary circumstances.  Such extraordinary circumstances do not exist in this
case.  Ms. Doe had no relationship with Pharmacia.  There is no assertion in the complaint
that she was ever an employee of Pharmacia, that she had ever been tested for HIV or any
other disease by Pharmacia, or that she had ever had any contact with Pharmacia.
15
Doe’s proposed duty of care to her would create an expansive new duty to an
indeterminate class of people.  This Court has resisted the establishment of duties of care to
indeterminate classes of people.  See Dehn, 384 Md. at 627, 865 A.2d at 615 (stating that
“[t]he imposition of a common law duty upon Dr. Edgecombe to the wife under these
circumstances could expand traditional tort concepts beyond manageable bounds”); Walpert
v. Katz, 361 Md. 645, 671, 762 A.2d 582, 596 (2000) (concluding that the rationale for the
privity requirement in negligence cases involving economic harm is to avoid liability to an
indeterminate class); Valentine, 353 Md. at 553, 727 A.2d at 951 (stating that “[t]he class of
persons to whom a duty would be owed under these bare facts would encompass an
indeterminate class of people, known and unknown”); Village of Cross Keys v. U.S. Gypsum,
315 Md. 741, 744-45, 556 A.2d 1126, 1127 (1989) (stating that the claim of a tort duty
“generates the specter of ‘liability in an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to
an indeterminate class,’ a liability that concerned Justice Cardozo in Ultramares Corporation
v. Touche, 255 N.Y. 170, 174 N.E. 441, 444 (1931), and continues to concern courts today”).
The concern with recognizing a duty that would encompass an indeterminate class of
people is that a person ordinarily cannot foresee liability to a boundless category of people.
See Walpert, 361 Md. at 671, 762 A.2d at 596 (explaining the limitation of duty as aimed at
“limit[ing] the defendant’s risk exposure to an actually foreseeable extent, thus permitting
a defendant to control the risk to which the defendant is exposed”).  Additionally, we have
16
noted that the imposition of a duty to an indeterminate class would make tort law
unmanageable.  See Dehn, 384 Md. at 627, 865 A.2d at 615.
The imposition of a duty of care in this case would create an indeterminate class of
potential plaintiffs.  Doe portrays her proposed duty as limited to spouses.  She claims that
it was foreseeable that she would contract HIV while engaging in unprotected sex with her
husband because it is foreseeable that a husband and wife will engage in sexual relations.
Doe does not offer any legitimate reason to support a distinction between married plaintiffs
and other plaintiffs.  The rationale for imposing a duty of care to Ms. Doe could apply to all
sexual partners of employees.  See id. (declining to impose a duty of care based on the
foreseeability that spouses would engage in sexual relations because “[t]he rationale for
extending the duty would apply to all potential sexual partners and expand the universe of
potential plaintiffs”).  The potential class to whom Pharmacia would owe a duty under Doe’s
theory is even greater than all sexual partners of its employees.  It includes any person who
could have contracted HIV-2 from the employee by any means.  The law does not
countenance the imposition of such a broad and indeterminate duty of care.
In Adams v. Owens-Illinois, 119 Md. App. 395, 705 A.2d 58 (1998), the Court of
Special Appeals applied the same policy of avoiding expansive new duties to hold that an
employer owed no duty to the wife of its employee.  A woman died from asbestosis, which
she allegedly contracted from handling and washing her husband’s clothing.  The woman’s
estate sued her husband’s employer for negligence.  On appeal of an adverse jury finding, the
17
estate claimed error in the refusal of the trial court to instruct the jury on the duty of care
owed by the employer to the employee.  The intermediate appellate court affirmed, holding
that the duty of care owed to the employee was not relevant to consideration of the injury to
the wife.  Id. at 411, 705 A.2d at 66.  The court reasoned that the plaintiff’s position would
create an overly broad notion of duty.  If liability were to rest on the wife’s handling of her
husband’s clothing, the employer would owe a duty to anyone who had close contact with
its employee.  Id.
Doe emphasizes two other factors to support the imposition of a duty of care.  Doe
asserts that Pharmacia was morally blameworthy, because it manufactured a lethal human
pathogen for commercial purposes, it knew that Mr. Doe was infected, and it did not inform
him of that fact.  Ms. Doe acknowledges in her complaint that Pharmacia was engaged in the
legal production of HIV, that the pathogens produced by Pharmacia were utilized by research
entities such as the National Institute of Health, and that Mr. Doe voluntarily sought
employment at Pharmacia.  The alleged failure of Pharmacia to inform Mr. Doe of the
possibility that the “false positive” could have indicated that he was infected with HIV-2 may
support a finding of negligence against him.  It does not support moral blameworthiness or
a duty of care to Ms. Doe.
Doe argues that there is a strong public policy to avoid the spread of a highly
communicable lethal human disease and to require the people or entities that are in a position
to stop the spread of a disease to do so.  Undoubtedly, Doe has articulated a valid and
18
important public policy.  There is no indication, however, that the policy applies to this case.
According to Doe’s amended complaint, Pharmacia knew at the time it manufactured the
HIV-1 test strips that certain antibodies to conditions other than HIV, including antibodies
produced by pregnancy and other medical conditions, could cause a false positive Elisa test
result.  HIV-2 was one of a number of potential causes of a false positive.  There was no test
for HIV-2 available at the time, although, according to the allegations in the complaint,
Pharmacia could have created a test for HIV-2.  Additionally, Mr. Doe continued to have
routine HIV tests following the false positive and never again had a false positive on the
Elisa test.  Thus, according to the facts alleged in the amended complaint, this is not a case
in which an actor, such as a doctor, knew or should have known that an unsuspecting person
had or was likely to have a disease and failed to advise that person or a third party to avoid
transmission of the contagion.  See, e.g., DiMarco v. Lynch Homes–Chester County, Inc., 583
A.2d 422, 424 (Pa. 1990) (citing the public policy concern of avoiding the spread of
communicable diseases in a case concerning a physician who allegedly misadvised a patient
exposed to hepatitis as to the proper time period to abstain from sexual activity); Skillings v.
Allen, 173 N.W. 663, 664 (Minn. 1919) (citing public policy and holding that a physician had
a duty to the parents who contracted scarlet fever from their daughter after the physician
advised them that the disease was not communicable).
19
We conclude that the employer, in the circumstances of this case, owed no tort duty
to the spouse of its employee.  Accordingly, we answer the certified questions in the
negative.
CERTIFIED QUESTIONS OF LAW
ANSWERED AS SET FORTH ABOVE.
COSTS TO BE EQUALLY DIVIDED
BY THE PARTIES.