Case Title: Shaker Hts. v. Mosely

Citation: 2007-Ohio-2072

Docket Number: 20052411

State: ohio

Court: Ohio Supreme Court

Date: 2007-05-16T00:00:00Z

Document:
[Cite as Shaker Hts. v. Mosely, 113 Ohio St.3d 329, 2007-Ohio-2072.] 
 
 
THE CITY OF SHAKER HEIGHTS, APPELLEE, v. MOSELY, APPELLANT. 
[Cite as Shaker Hts. v. Mosely, 113 Ohio St.3d 329, 2007-Ohio-2072.] 
Criminal law – Lesser included offenses – Minor misdemeanor disorderly conduct 
under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is lesser included offense of domestic violence 
under R.C. 2919.25(C). 
(No. 2005-2411—Submitted December 13, 2006—Decided May 16, 2007.) 
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County,  
No. 85227, 2005-Ohio-5433. 
__________________ 
SYLLABUS OF THE COURT 
Minor misdemeanor disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is a lesser 
included offense of domestic violence under Shaker Heights Codified 
Ordinance 737.14(c) and R.C. 2919.25(C).  (State v. Deem (1988), 40 
Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294, applied.) 
__________________ 
LUNDBERG STRATTON, J. 
I. Introduction 
{¶ 1} The question before the court is whether minor misdemeanor 
disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is a lesser included offense of 
domestic violence under Shaker Heights Codified Ordinances (“S.H.C.O.”) 
737.14(c) and R.C. 2919.25(C).  We hold that it is and therefore affirm the 
judgment of the court of appeals. 
II. Facts and Procedural History 
{¶ 2} Several years ago, appellant, Ervin B. Mosely Jr., and the victim, 
Ayana Al-Jeleel, had a son.  Al-Jeleel had residential custody of their son, but 
Mosely had visitation rights.  Recently, while playing with his then four-year-old 
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son, Mosely noticed welt marks on his back and legs.  Mosely called Al-Jeleel 
and accused her of abusing their son.  Al-Jeleel testified that during the call, 
Mosley threatened to cause her bodily harm or to kill her.  Mosely denied 
threatening any harm.   
{¶ 3} Appellee, the city of Shaker Heights, charged Mosely with 
domestic violence in violation of S.H.C.O. 737.14(c).  The trial judge found him 
not guilty of domestic violence, but guilty of the lesser included offense of 
persistent disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1), a fourth-degree 
misdemeanor. 
{¶ 4} The Eighth District Court of Appeals held that the trial court erred 
in holding that persistent disorderly conduct is a lesser included offense of 
domestic violence.  However, the court of appeals did conclude that minor 
misdemeanor disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is a lesser included 
offense of domestic violence.  Accordingly, the court modified Mosely’s 
conviction to minor misdemeanor disorderly conduct and remanded the case to 
the trial court for resentencing. 
{¶ 5} This cause is now before this court pursuant to our acceptance of 
Mosely’s discretionary appeal. 
III. Analysis 
{¶ 6} Mosely alleges that minor misdemeanor disorderly conduct is not a 
lesser included offense of domestic violence.  Our first step is to examine the 
ordinance and statutes involved.  The city charged Mosely with violating 
S.H.C.O. 737.14(c), which states, “No person, by threat of force, shall knowingly 
cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause 
imminent physical harm to the family or household member.”  Because this 
language is identical to that found in R.C. 2919.25(C), our analysis herein will 
apply to this provision as well. 
January Term, 2007 
3 
{¶ 7} “Disorderly conduct” is defined in various ways under R.C. 
2917.11.1  The court of appeals found Mosely guilty of disorderly conduct under 
R.C. 2917.11 (A)(1), which provides:   
                                                          
 
1.   
{¶ a}      R.C. 2917.11 provides:  
{¶ b} 
“(A) No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to 
another by doing any of the following: 
{¶ c} 
“(1) Engaging in fighting, in threatening harm to persons or property, or in 
violent or turbulent behavior; 
{¶ d} 
“(2) Making unreasonable noise or an offensively coarse utterance, gesture, or 
display or communicating unwarranted and grossly abusive language to any person; 
{¶ e} 
“(3) Insulting, taunting, or challenging another, under circumstances in which 
that conduct is likely to provoke a violent response; 
{¶ f} 
“(4) Hindering or preventing the movement of persons on a public street, road, 
highway, or right-of-way, or to, from, within, or upon public or private property, so as to interfere 
with the rights of others, and by any act that serves no lawful and reasonable purpose of the 
offender; 
{¶ g} 
“(5) Creating a condition that is physically offensive to persons or that presents 
a risk of physical harm to persons or property, by any act that serves no lawful and reasonable 
purpose of the offender. 
{¶ h} 
“(B) No person, while voluntarily intoxicated, shall do either of the following: 
{¶ i} 
“(1) In a public place or in the presence of two or more persons, engage in 
conduct likely to be offensive or to cause inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm to persons of 
ordinary sensibilities, which conduct the offender, if the offender were not intoxicated, should 
know is likely to have that effect on others; 
{¶ j} 
“(2) Engage in conduct or create a condition that presents a risk of physical 
harm to the offender or another, or to the property of another. 
{¶ k} 
“(C) Violation of any statute or ordinance of which an element is operating a 
motor vehicle, locomotive, watercraft, aircraft, or other vehicle while under the influence of 
alcohol or any drug of abuse, is not a violation of division (B) of this section. 
{¶ l} 
“(D) If a person appears to an ordinary observer to be intoxicated, it is probable 
cause to believe that person is voluntarily intoxicated for purposes of division (B) of this section. 
{¶ m} 
“(E)(1) Whoever violates this section is guilty of disorderly conduct. 
{¶ n} 
“(2) Except as otherwise provided in division (E)(3) of this section, disorderly 
conduct is a minor misdemeanor. 
{¶ o} 
“(3) Disorderly conduct is a misdemeanor of the fourth degree if any of the 
following applies: 
{¶ p} 
“(a) The offender persists in disorderly conduct after reasonable warning or 
request to desist. 
{¶ q} 
“(b) The offense is committed in the vicinity of a school or in a school safety 
zone. 
{¶ r} 
“(c) The offense is committed in the presence of any law enforcement officer, 
firefighter, rescuer, medical person, emergency medical services person, or other authorized 
person who is engaged in the person’s duties at the scene of a fire, accident, disaster, riot, or 
emergency of any kind. 
{¶ s} 
“(d) The offense is committed in the presence of any emergency facility person 
who is engaged in the person’s duties in an emergency facility. 
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{¶ 8} “No person shall recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance, or 
alarm to another,” by “[e]ngaging in fighting, in threatening harm to persons or 
property, or in violent or turbulent behavior.”  Disorderly conduct is a minor 
misdemeanor, unless the offender engages in certain additional conduct, such as 
ignoring a request to cease and desist, in which case the offense becomes a fourth-
degree misdemeanor.  See R.C. 2917.11(E)(1), (2), and (3). 
{¶ 9} We now look to the test for determining when an offense may be a 
lesser included offense of the charged offense. 
A. The Deem Test 
{¶ 10} 
Ohio law permits a trier of fact to consider three types of lesser 
offenses when determining a defendant’s guilt: “(1) attempts to commit the crime 
charged, if such an attempt is an offense at law; (2) inferior degrees of the 
indicted offense; or (3) lesser included offenses.”  State v. Deem (1988), 40 Ohio 
St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294, paragraph one of the syllabus, construing R.C. 
2945.74 and Ohio Crim.R. 31(C).  In this case, we are concerned with lesser 
included offenses only.  “An offense may be a lesser included offense of another 
if (i) the offense carries a lesser penalty than the other; (ii) the greater offense 
cannot, as statutorily defined, ever be committed without the lesser offense, as 
statutorily defined, also being committed; and (iii) some element of the greater 
offense is not required to prove the commission of the lesser offense.”  Id. at 
paragraph three of the syllabus. 
                                                                                                                                                              
 
{¶ t} 
“(F) As used in this section: 
{¶ u} 
“(1) ‘Emergency medical services person’ is the singular of ‘emergency medical 
services personnel’ as defined in section 2133.21 of the Revised Code. 
{¶ v} 
“(2) ‘Emergency facility person’ is the singular of ‘emergency facility 
personnel’ as defined in section 2909.04 of the Revised Code.    
{¶ w} 
“(3) ‘Emergency facility’ has the same meaning as in section 2909.04 of the 
Revised Code.   
{¶ x} 
“(4) ‘Committed in the vicinity of a school’ has the same meaning as in section 
2925.01 of the Revised Code.” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January Term, 2007 
5 
{¶ 11} 
In determining whether an offense is a lesser included offense of 
the charged offense, “ ‘the evidence presented in a particular case is irrelevant to 
the determination of whether an offense, as statutorily defined, is necessarily 
included in a greater offense.’ ”  State v. Barnes (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 26, 759 
N.E.2d 1240, quoting State v. Kidder (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 279, 282, 513 N.E.2d 
311; see, also, State v. Koss (1990), 49 Ohio St.3d 213, 218-219, 551 N.E.2d 970.  
However, the evidence in a particular case is relevant in determining whether a 
trial judge should instruct the jury on the lesser included offense.  If the evidence 
is such that a jury could reasonably find the defendant not guilty of the charged 
offense, but could convict the defendant of the lesser included offense, then the 
judge should instruct the jury on the lesser offense.  State v. Shane (1992), 63 
Ohio St.3d 630, 632-633, 590 N.E.2d 272. 
{¶ 12} 
Both parties and the court of appeals have noted that the 
appellate districts are divided on whether disorderly conduct, as a minor 
misdemeanor, is a lesser included offense of domestic violence.  Indeed, the 
Third, Fourth, Fifth, Eleventh, and Twelfth District Courts of Appeals have held 
that disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11 is a lesser included offense of 
domestic violence under R.C. 2919.25(A) or (B).  See State v. Stuber (3d Dist. 
1990), 71 Ohio App.3d 86, 593 N.E.2d 48; State v. Wilhelm (Aug. 5, 1996), 4th 
Dist. No. 95CA2123, 1996 WL 447957; State v. Hunt (Mar. 18, 1996), 5th Dist. 
No. 95CA0226, 1996 WL 132268; State v. Kutnar (Sept. 30, 1999), 11th Dist. 
No. 98-L-117, 1999 WL 960943; and State v. Burgess (12th Dist. 1992), 79 Ohio 
App.3d 584, 607 N.E.2d 918.  But the Second and Seventh District Courts of 
Appeals have held that it is not.  See State v. Schaefer (Apr. 28, 2000), 2nd Dist. 
No. 99 CA 88, 2000 WL 492094, and State v. Blasdell, 155 Ohio App.3d 423, 
2003-Ohio-6392, 801 N.E.2d 853 (7th Dist.).  The disagreement in these cases 
arises from the second prong of the Deem test regarding lesser included offenses, 
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i.e., whether commission of the greater offense always also results in the 
commission of the lesser included offense. 
{¶ 13} 
We now proceed to apply Deem to determine whether minor 
misdemeanor disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is a lesser included 
offense of domestic violence under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and R.C. 2919.25(C).  
Because the second prong of the Deem test is the disputed issue in this case, we 
will address it last. 
1.  Disorderly Conduct Carries a Lesser Penalty 
{¶ 14} 
The court of appeals modified Mosely’s conviction from 
persistent disorderly conduct, a fourth-degree misdemeanor under R.C. 
2917.11(E)(3)(a), to disorderly conduct, a minor misdemeanor.  See R.C. 
2917.11(E)(2).  Domestic violence under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) is a first-degree 
misdemeanor, and under R.C. 2919.25(C) it ranges from being a fourth-degree 
misdemeanor to a first-degree misdemeanor, depending on the defendant’s 
criminal history.2  Thus, disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A) provides a 
lesser penalty than does domestic violence under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and R.C. 
2919.25(C).  Therefore, disorderly conduct satisfies the first prong of the Deem 
test. 
2.  Domestic Violence Requires an Additional Element 
{¶ 15} 
Domestic violence must be committed against “a family or 
household member.”  S.H.C.O. 737.14(c); R.C. 2919.25(C).  Disorderly conduct 
does not require that there be any type of relationship between the perpetrator and 
the victim.  See R.C. 2917.11.  Therefore, under the domestic-violence provisions 
herein, the element that the victim must be “a family or household member” is not 
                                                          
 
2.  Domestic violence under R.C. 2919.25(C) is a fourth-degree misdemeanor.  R.C. 
2919.25(D)(2).  If the offender has a prior domestic-violence conviction, then domestic violence 
under this subsection is elevated to a second-degree misdemeanor.  R.C. 2919.25(D)(3).  Finally, 
if the offender has two or more domestic-violence convictions, then domestic violence under this 
subsection is elevated to a first-degree misdemeanor.  R.C. 2919.25(D)(4).       
January Term, 2007 
7 
required to prove the offense of disorderly conduct.  Thus, disorderly conduct 
satisfies the third prong of the Deem test. 
3.  Committing Domestic Violence Always Results in 
Committing Disorderly Conduct 
{¶ 16} 
Mosely makes two arguments why committing domestic 
violence does not always result in committing disorderly conduct.  His first 
argument is that it is possible for an offender to commit domestic violence, i.e., 
cause or attempt to cause physical harm without also causing “inconvenience, 
annoyance, or alarm to the victim.”  The cases that have adopted this reasoning 
cite a scenario in which the perpetrator throws an object at the victim who is not 
looking at the perpetrator, but misses the target, and thus the victim suffers no 
inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm.  State v. Blasdell, 155 Ohio App.3d 423, 
2003-Ohio-6392, 801 N.E.2d 853, ¶ 21, citing State v. Schaefer, Greene App. No. 
99 CA 88, 2000 WL 492094. 
{¶ 17} 
 We find both Schaefer and Blasdell distinguishable because in 
those cases, the state charged the defendant with domestic violence under R.C. 
2919.25(A), which provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly cause or attempt to 
cause physical harm to a family or household member.”  In the instant case, the 
city charged Mosely under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c), which provides that “[n]o person, 
by threat of force, shall knowingly cause a family or household member to believe 
that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family member or 
household member.”  (Emphasis added.)  See, also, R.C. 2919.25(C) (with 
identical language).  Pursuant to this language, the family member must be aware 
of the offender’s threat and of the offender’s intent to cause him or her imminent 
harm.  Thus, under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and R.C. 2919.25(C), an offender cannot 
“by threat of force * * * knowingly cause a family or household member to 
believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or 
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household member” without also recklessly causing the family or household 
member “inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm.”  R.C. 2917.11(A)(1). 
{¶ 18} 
Relying on the reasoning in State v. Neal (Sept. 1, 1998), 10th 
Dist. No. 97APA12-1676, 1998 WL 614628, Mosely also argues that committing 
domestic violence never results in committing disorderly conduct because the 
elements of the two crimes differ in nature.  In Neal, the court held that disorderly 
conduct was not a lesser included offense of assault.  The court reasoned that 
annoyance and alarm are “mental states and therefore, are not part of the concept 
of physical harm set forth in the assault statute.”  Id.  Relying on Neal, and 
likening assault to domestic violence, Mosely argues that committing domestic 
violence will never result in the offender also committing disorderly conduct. 
{¶ 19} 
We conclude that distinguishing between the “physical” elements 
of domestic violence under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and the “mental” elements of 
disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is immaterial for purposes of the 
Deem analysis.  The second prong of the Deem test merely states that an offense 
is lesser included if “the greater offense cannot, as statutorily defined, ever be 
committed without the lesser offense, as statutorily defined, also being 
committed.”  Deem, 40 Ohio St.3d 205, 533 N.E.2d 294, at paragraph three of the 
syllabus.  Thus, we agree with the court in State v. Burgess, which stated that “ ‘ 
“it is not significant that the common elements of these two offenses were not 
stated in identical language in the statutes, because these common elements are 
implicit in the conduct that constitutes the offenses.” ’ ” Burgess, 79 Ohio App.3d 
at 588, 607 N.E.2d 918, quoting State v. Amos (Jan. 15, 1988), Lake App. No. 12-
088, 1988 WL 4622, quoting State v. Roberts (1982), 7 Ohio App.3d 253, 255, 7 
OBR 333, 455 N.E.2d 508.  Thus, if a person commits an act, even a physical 
one, against a victim, and that act causes the victim to experience inconvenience, 
annoyance, or alarm, then the second prong in Deem is satisfied irrespective of 
the differing nature of the elements of the crimes at issue.  Accordingly, we hold 
January Term, 2007 
9 
that domestic violence cannot be committed under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and R.C. 
2919.25(C) without disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) also being 
committed.  As a result, disorderly conduct satisfies the second prong of the Deem 
test. 
{¶ 20} 
Thus, disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) satisfies all 
three prongs of the Deem test.  Accordingly, we hold that minor misdemeanor 
disorderly conduct under R.C. 2917.11(A)(1) is a lesser included offense of 
domestic violence under S.H.C.O. 737.14(c) and R.C. 2919.25(C). 
IV. Conclusion 
{¶ 21} 
In the instant case, only three witnesses were called at trial: 
Mosely, Al-Jeleel, and Rita Pearson, Mosely’s fiancée.  Al-Jeleel testified that 
Mosely had called her at work and accused her of physically abusing their son, 
Ervin.  She testified: “[Mosely] called me a bitch.  He said, I’m going to F you up 
because [Ervin] has marks on him, and I was not able to tell him where the marks 
came from.  He told me that he was going to kill me.”  Al-Jeleel testified that 
Mosley’s call caused her to fear for her safety.  Nevertheless, Al-Jeleel told 
Mosely that she would be over to pick up their son the next day.  In fact, Al-Jeleel 
did pick up her son from Mosely the next day without being assaulted. 
{¶ 22} 
Mosely admitted that he was upset and that he used an 
“unpleasant tone” during his conversation with Al-Jeleel.  However, he denied 
threatening Al-Jeleel with physical harm or death.  He also testified that, 
subsequent to the call, he continued to visit Al-Jeleel’s home periodically.  
Pearson, who was Mosely’s fiancée, essentially corroborated his testimony. 
{¶ 23} 
From this evidence, we conclude that it is possible that a trier of 
fact could find Mosely not guilty of threatening Al-Jeleel to the degree that she 
believed that Mosely was going to cause her imminent harm, but guilty of 
threatening her to the extent that he recklessly caused Al-Jeleel inconvenience, 
annoyance, or alarm.  As a result, we hold that a trier of fact could conclude that 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO 
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there was insufficient evidence to support a domestic-violence conviction, but 
sufficient evidence to support disorderly-conduct conviction.  Shane, 63 Ohio 
St.3d at 632-633, 590 N.E.2d 272.  Thus, the court of appeals did not err in 
modifying Mosely’s conviction to disorderly conduct. 
{¶ 24} 
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals. 
Judgment affirmed. 
 
MOYER, C.J., SADLER, PFEIFER, O’CONNOR, O’DONNELL and LANZINGER, 
JJ., concur. 
 
LISA SADLER, J., of the Tenth Appellate District, was assigned to sit for 
RESNICK, J., whose term ended on January 1, 2007. 
 
CUPP, J., whose term began on January 2, 2007, did not participate in the 
consideration or decision of this case. 
__________________ 
 
C. Randolph Keller, Shaker Heights Chief Prosecuting Attorney, for 
appellee. 
 
Christopher R. Fortunato, for appellant. 
______________________