Case Title: Richardson v. Terry

Citation: 893 So. 2d 277

Docket Number: 1011702

State: alabama

Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Date: 2004-03-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
893 So. 2d 277 (2004)
Ed RICHARDSON, individually and as superintendent of the Alabama Department of Education; et al.
v.
Karen TERRY et al.
1011702.

Supreme Court of Alabama.
March 19, 2004.
Rehearing Denied June 11, 2004.
*278 William H. Pryor, Jr., atty. gen., and Michael R. White, deputy atty. gen., and Anita L. Kelly, asst. atty. gen., Alabama Department of Education; Carl Johnson and Whit Colvin of Bishop, Colvin, Johnson & Kent, Birmingham; and Joe L. Tucker, Jr., Birmingham, for appellants.
Charles Norton, Alabama Education Association; Sam Heldman of Gardner, Middlebrooks, Gibbons & Kittrell, Washington, D.C.; and Candis A. McGowan of John D. Saxon, P.C., Birmingham, for appellees.
JOHNSTONE, Justice.
The defendants Ed Richardson, in his individual capacity and as superintendent of the Alabama Department of Education ("the State Superintendent"); the Alabama Department of Education; Wayland Blake, in his individual capacity and as the chief financial officer of the Bessemer School System ("the chief financial officer"); Marvin Taylor, Sr., in his individual capacity and as a financial officer of the Bessemer School System; Marvin Taylor, Jr., in his individual capacity and as a financial officer of the Bessemer School System; Michael Taylor, in his individual capacity and as a financial officer of the Bessemer School System; Alan Stevens, in his individual capacity and as the chief administrative officer of the Bessemer School System; and the Bessemer Board of Education ("the Bessemer Board") appeal summary judgments for the plaintiffs Karen Terry, Tarus Lyons, Maggie McCall, Jerry Dismuke, and Yohance Prioleau. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
In March 2000, the Bessemer Board requested that the State Board of Education assume control over the finances of the Bessemer Board. The State Board of Education authorized the State Superintendent to appoint a chief financial officer for the Bessemer School System under § 16-6B-4, Ala.Code 1975, and the State Superintendent appointed Blake to that position.
At a regularly scheduled meeting of the Bessemer Board on May 15, 2001, the following occurred:
The Bessemer Board then voted to approve the recommended personnel changes. These recommended changes consisted of transferring James Jones, Terry, and Lyons, who were tenured teachers, and non-renewing Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau, who were nontenured teachers. The tenured teachers were notified that the Bessemer Board had voted to transfer them, and the nontenured teachers were notified that the Bessemer Board had voted to non-renew them.
Jones and Terry then contested their putative transfers in accordance with § 16-24-6, Ala.Code 1975, by filing a written demand for a hearing before the Bessemer Board.[1] At the hearing convened by the Bessemer Board on the contests filed by Jones and Terry, counsel for Jones and Terry informed the Bessemer Board that Jones and Terry intended to sue the Bessemer Board for a judgment declaring that the putative transfers of Jones and Terry were void because the local superintendent had not recommended the transfers as required by § 16-24-5, Ala.Code 1975. The Bessemer Board then voted to suspend the hearing pending that judicial determination.
Thereafter, Jones, Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau sued the defendants on the theory that these putative employment actions were unlawful.[2] The tenured teachers claimed that they could not be validly transferred without the transfer being recommended by the superintendent of the Bessemer School System because § 16-24-5, Ala.Code 1975, provides that school boards can transfer tenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the local superintendent. The nontenured teachers claimed that they could not be validly non-renewed without the non-renewals being recommended by the Bessemer superintendent because the Bessemer Board had customarily non-renewed nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the Bessemer superintendent. The nontenured teachers asserted that this custom constituted a "policy" of the Bessemer Board and that the deviation from this custom by the Bessemer Board constituted a violation of the requirement of § 16-1-30, Ala.Code 1975, that amendments to certain policies of local boards of education be made only after first consulting with the professional organization of the school employees.
Jones, Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau moved for summary judgments on their claims of unlawful employment action, and the defendants cross-moved for summary judgments on those claims. As grounds for their cross-motions *280 for summary judgments, the defendants asserted that (1) the putative transfers of the tenured teachers were valid because § 16-6B-4 authorizes a chief financial officer appointed by the State Superintendent to recommend transfers of tenured teachers, (2) the putative transfers of the tenured teachers were valid because the tenured teachers' failure to appeal their transfers to the State Tenure Commission in accordance with § 16-24-7, Ala.Code 1975, waived their claims that the transfers were invalid, and (3) the putative non-renewals of the nontenured teachers were valid because § 16-24-12, Ala.Code 1975, the statute governing non-renewal of nontenured teachers, does not require that the local superintendent recommend the non-renewal.
Entering summary judgments for Jones, Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau on their claims of unlawful employment action[3] and denying summary judgments for the defendants on those claims, the trial court held that both the putative transfers of the tenured teachers and the putative non-renewals of the nontenured teachers were void because they lacked the recommendation of the local superintendent. The trial court held also that the tenured teachers had not waived their claims by failing to appeal the putative transfers to the State Tenure Commission. In holding that the putative transfers of the tenured teachers were void, the trial court reasoned that the local superintendent's recommendation was required for the putative transfers by § 16-24-5. In holding that the tenured teachers had not waived their claims by failing to appeal their transfers to the State Tenure Commission, the trial court reasoned that the Bessemer Board had not made an appealable "decision" within the meaning of § 16-24-7 because the Bessemer Board had suspended the hearing on the contests filed by Jones and Terry before a final "decision" was made on the transfers. In holding that the putative non-renewals of the nontenured teachers were void, the trial court reasoned that the Bessemer superintendent's recommendation was required for the putative non-renewals of the nontenured teachers because the Bessemer Board, by customarily non-renewing nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the Bessemer superintendent, had adopted a policy that could not be amended without consulting with the professional organization of the nontenured teachers in accordance with § 16-1-30. The trial court made the summary judgments for Jones,[4] Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau on their claims of unlawful employment action final judgments in accordance with Rule 54(b), Ala. R. Civ. P.
This appeal raises these issues: (1) whether § 16-24-5 allowed the transfers of the tenured teachers without the recommendation of the local superintendent but upon the recommendation of the chief financial officer appointed by the State Superintendent pursuant to § 16-6B-4 (2) *281 whether the tenured teachers waived their claims that their transfers were invalid by failing to appeal to the State Tenure Commission in accordance with § 16-24-7, and (3) whether § 16-1-30(b) required that the Bessemer Board consult with the professional organization of the nontenured teachers before it deviated from the custom of non-renewing nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the Bessemer superintendent.
Bruce v. Cole, 854 So. 2d 47, 54 (Ala.2003).
The party moving for summary judgment bears "`the burden of production, i.e., the burden of making a prima facie showing that he is entitled to summary judgment.'" Ex parte General Motors Corp., 769 So. 2d 903, 909 (Ala.1999) (quoting Berner v. Caldwell, 543 So. 2d 686, 691 (Ala.1989) (Houston, J., concurring specially)).
General Motors, 769 So. 2d  at 909 (quoting Berner, 543 So. 2d  at 691 (Houston, J., concurring specially)). If the movant meets his burden of production by making a prima facie showing that he is entitled to summary judgment, "then the burden shifts to the nonmovant to rebut the prima facie showing of the movant." Lucas v. Alfa Mut. Ins. Co., 622 So. 2d 907, 909 (Ala.1993).
Id.
Waiver is an affirmative defense. See Rule 8(c), Ala. R. Civ. P.
Section 16-24-5 provides:
(Emphasis added.)
Section 16-24-6 provides, in pertinent part:
Section 16-24-7 provides, in pertinent part:
(Emphasis added.)
Section 16-6B-4 provides, in pertinent part:
Section 16-4-8 provides:
Section 16-4-4 provides, in pertinent part:
Section 16-3-11 provides, in pertinent part:
Section 16-24-12 provides:
Section 16-1-30(b) provides:
In DeKalb County LP Gas Co. v. Suburban Gas, 729 So. 2d 270, 275-76 (Ala.1998), this Court stated:
*284 In Ex parte E.J.M., 829 So. 2d 105, 108-09 (Ala.2001), this Court stated:
The defendants primarily argue that the putative transfers of the tenured teachers were valid because § 16-6B-4 authorizes a chief financial officer appointed by the State Superintendent "to manage the fiscal operation of the local board of education," which, the defendants argue, necessarily would include the authority to recommend transfers of tenured teachers since personnel decisions have a profound effect on the financial condition of a local board. However, § 16-24-5, the statute specifically governing the transfers of tenured teachers, plainly and unambiguously requires transfers of tenured teachers to be recommended by the local superintendent while § 16-6B-4 does not specifically authorize tenured teachers to be transferred upon the recommendation of a chief financial officer appointed by the State Superintendent without the recommendation of the local superintendent. Because § 16-24-5 is plain and unambiguous in requiring that a transfer of a tenured teacher be recommended by the local superintendent and because § 16-24-5 is specific in governing the transfer of tenured teachers while § 16-6B-4 is general in governing the appointment and authority of a chief financial officer, we must give effect to the plain and unambiguous language of § 16-24-5 and hold that the transfers of the tenured teachers, Terry and Lyons, were void because they were not recommended by the local superintendent as required by § 16-24-5. DeKalb County LP Gas Co., 729 So. 2d  at 275-76, and Ex parte E.J.M., 829 So. 2d  at 108-09.
The defendants alternatively argue that §§ 16-4-4, 16-4-8, and 16-3-11 confer broad general powers on the State Superintendent to supervise and to control the operation of the public schools and that these broad general powers would necessarily include the authority to recommend the transfer of tenured teachers or to authorize a chief financial officer to recommend the transfer of tenured teachers without the recommendation of the local superintendent. Again, however, § 16-24-5, the statute specifically governing the transfer of tenured teachers, plainly and unambiguously requires transfers of tenured teachers to be recommended by the local superintendent while §§ 16-4-4, 16-4-8, and 16-3-11 do not specifically authorize transfers of tenured teachers to be recommended by the State Superintendent or a chief financial officer instead of the local superintendent. Thus, again, because § 16-24-5 is plain and unambiguous in requiring that a transfer of a tenured teacher be recommended by the local superintendent and because § 16-24-5 is specific in governing the transfer of tenured teachers while §§ 16-4-4, 16-4-8, and 16-3-11 are general in governing the authority of the State Superintendent, we must give effect to the plain and unambiguous language of § 16-24-5 and hold that the transfers of the tenured teachers, Terry and Lyons, were void because they were not recommended by the local superintendent as required by § 16-24-5. DeKalb *285 County LP Gas Co., 729 So. 2d  at 275-76, and Ex parte E.J.M., 829 So. 2d  at 108-09.
The defendants argue that the tenured teachers waived their claims that their putative transfers were invalid because the tenured teachers did not appeal the putative transfers to the State Tenure Commission under § 16-24-7. Because waiver is an affirmative defense, the defendants bore the "the burden of production, i.e., the burden of making a prima facie showing that [they were] entitled to summary judgment" based on this defense. Ex parte General Motors, 769 So. 2d  at 909 (quoting Berner, 543 So. 2d  at 691 (Houston, J., concurring specially)). Establishing such a prima facie case required that the defendants first establish that the Bessemer Board had made a "decision" to transfer the tenured teachers because § 16-24-7 provides a right of appeal only from a "decision."
Reading § 16-24-7 in pari materia with §§ 16-24-5 and 16-24-6 reveals that, if a tenured teacher contests a putative transfer by filing a written demand for a hearing with the employing board in accordance with § 16-24-6, the putative transfer does not become an appealable "decision" under § 16-24-7 until the employing board renders a decision on the contest. The undisputed evidence affirmatively established that Terry contested the putative transfer by filing a written demand for a hearing with the Bessemer Board, that the Bessemer Board held a hearing on Terry's contest, and that the Bessemer Board suspended a decision on Terry's contest pending a judicial determination whether the putative transfers were valid. The defendants failed to produce any evidence establishing that Lyons did not contest his putative transfer under § 16-24-6 or that the Bessemer Board did not suspend a decision on such a contest. Thus, the undisputed evidence established that the Bessemer Board had not rendered a "decision" on Terry's putative transfer that was appealable under § 16-24-7, and the defendants did not meet their burden of producing evidence establishing that the Bessemer Board made a "decision" on Lyons's putative transfer that was appealable under § 16-24-7. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied the defendants' summary judgments based on their affirmative defense of waiver.
The nontenured teachers bore the burden of making a prima facie showing that they were entitled to summary judgments on their claims that their putative non-renewals were invalid because the local superintendent did not recommend them. While § 16-24-12, the statute specifically governing the non-renewal of nontenured teachers, does not require that the local superintendent recommend such non-renewals, the nontenured teachers argue that they met this burden by establishing (1) that the custom of the Bessemer Board of non-renewing nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the local superintendent constituted a "policy" of the Bessemer Board within the meaning of § 16-1-30(b); (2) that, under § 16-1-30(b), the Bessemer Board could deviate from this "policy" only if it first amended this practice in consultation with the professional organization of the nontenured teachers; and (3) that the Bessemer Board had not amended this "policy" in accordance *286 with § 16-1-30(b) before it voted to non-renew the nontenured teachers in violation of this "policy."
Section 16-1-30(b) provides that local boards of education shall "establish a written educational policy for the board of education and its employees and shall prescribe rules and regulations for the conduct and management of the schools"; that, "[b]efore adopting the written policies, the board shall ... consult with the applicable local employees' professional organization"; that the "written policies, rules, and regulations, so established, adopted, or promulgated shall be made available to all persons affected and employed by the board"; and that "[a]ny amendments to the policies, rules, and regulations shall be developed in the same manner and furnished to the affected persons employed by the board within 20 days after adoption." (Emphasis added.) The only evidence that the nontenured teachers produced that tended to prove that the Bessemer Board had established, adopted, or promulgated a written policy, rule, or regulation that nontenured teachers could be non-renewed only upon the recommendation of the local superintendent was evidence that the Bessemer Board had engaged in an unwritten custom of non-renewing nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the local superintendent. This did not constitute substantial evidence of a written policy, rule, or regulation established, adopted, or promulgated in accordance with § 16-1-30(b). Accordingly, the nontenured teachers failed to establish a prima facie case that the Bessemer Board could not deviate from its unwritten custom of non-renewing nontenured teachers only upon the recommendation of the local superintendent without first amending the custom in consultation with the professional organization of the nontenured teachers under § 16-1-30(b). Therefore, the trial court erred in entering summary judgments for the nontenured teachers on their claims that their putative non-renewals were invalid.
We affirm the summary judgments for the tenured teachers, Terry and Lyons. We reverse the summary judgments for the nontenured teachers, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau, and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED.
HOUSTON, SEE, LYONS, BROWN, HARWOOD, WOODALL, and STUART, JJ., concur.
[1]  The record does not disclose whether Lyons contested his putative transfer in this manner.
[2]  Jones, Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, Prioleau and another teacher, Jean Ross, also alleged claims for unpaid pay increases. However, those claims were severed from the unlawful-employment-action claims of Jones, Terry, Lyons, Dismuke, McCall, and Prioleau. Because the summary judgments that are the subject of this appeal adjudicated only the unlawful-employment-action claims, the severed claims for unpaid pay increases are not before us.
[3]  The relief granted by the summary judgments for the plaintiffs on their claims of unlawful employment action is against the defendants in their official capacities only. After this appeal was filed, Ed Richardson was appointed interim president of Auburn University. Rule 43, Ala. R.App. P., provides that, "[w]hen a public officer is a party to an appeal ... in that officer's official capacity, and during its pendency ... ceases to hold office, ... the public officer's successor is automatically substituted as a party."
[4]  Although the defendants appealed the summary judgment for Jones, Jones and the defendants subsequently filed a stipulation for dismissal, with prejudice, of Jones's claims and thereby rendered the appeal of the summary judgment for Jones moot.