Case Title: Dye v. State

Citation: 

Docket Number: 20S04-1201-CR-5

State: indiana

Court: Indiana Supreme Court

Date: 2012-07-31T00:00:00Z

Document:
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT  
 
 
 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 
Peter D. Todd 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gregory F.Zoeller 
Appellate Public Defender  
 
 
 
 
Attorney General of Indiana 
Elkhart, Indiana  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ian McLean 
Kenneth R. Martin 
 
 
 
 
 
Deputy Attorney General 
Goshen, Indiana  
 
 
 
 
 
Indianapolis, Indiana 
 
________________________________________________________________________ 
 
In the 
Indiana Supreme Court  
_________________________________ 
 
No. 20S04-1201-CR-5 
 
ANTHONY H. DYE, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appellant (Petitioner below), 
 
v. 
 
STATE OF INDIANA, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Appellee (Respondent below). 
_________________________________ 
 
Appeal from the Elkhart Superior Court 1, No. 20D01-0705-FB-00015 
The Honorable Evan S. Roberts, Judge 
_________________________________ 
 
On Petition For Rehearing  
_________________________________ 
 
March 21, 2013 
 
Rucker, Justice. 
Mar 21 2013, 9:37 am
2 
 
The State seeks rehearing of this Court’s opinion in which we determined that the 
Defendant’s sentence for unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon (“SVF”), 
which was enhanced under the general habitual offender statute, constituted an impermissible 
double enhancement.  Dye v. State, 972 N.E.2d 853 (Ind. 2012).   
 
The essential facts are these.  On May 1, 2007 the State charged Anthony H. Dye with 
unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon based on his September 10, 1988 
conviction of attempted battery with a deadly weapon.  The State also sought to have Dye’s 
sentence enhanced under the general habitual offender statute which provides that the sentence 
of a person convicted of a felony can be enhanced by up to thirty years if he or she previously 
has been convicted of two prior unrelated felonies.  See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8.  The two felonies 
on which the State relied were Dye’s 1988 conviction for possession of a handgun within 1,000 
feet of a school and his 1993 conviction for forgery.  
 
Dye pleaded guilty to the SVF charge; but filed a motion to dismiss the habitual offender 
charge contending that enhancing his sentence under the general habitual offender statute would 
constitute an impermissible double enhancement.  The trial court denied the motion and the case 
proceeded to a jury trial on the habitual offender allegation.  The jury found that Dye was a 
habitual offender; and the trial court sentenced him to 20 years imprisonment for the SVF 
conviction, enhanced by 30 years for the habitual offender adjudication.  The trial court 
suspended 15 years to probation, for an executed term of 35 years.  Dye appealed contending the 
trial court improperly denied his Batson1 challenge; the trial prosecutor improperly elicited 
details of Dye’s prior convictions; the habitual offender charge was impermissibly enhanced; and 
his sentence was inappropriate considering the nature of the offense and the character of the 
offender under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B).  In a divided opinion the Court of Appeals rejected 
Dye’s claims.  Dye v. State, 956 N.E.2d 1165 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).  In dissent Judge May 
concluded that Dye had been subject to an impermissible double enhancement.  Id. at 1173-76 
(May, J., dissenting). 
 
                                              
1 Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). 
3 
 
Dye sought transfer contesting the habitual offender adjudication, the trial court’s denial 
of his Batson challenge, and arguing his sentence was inappropriate.  Accepting transfer a 
majority of this Court concluded the trial court erred in denying Dye’s motion to dismiss the 
habitual offender allegation and vacated the 30-year enhancement the trial court had imposed 
under the general habitual offender statute.  See Dye, 972 N.E.2d at 858.2  In so doing we held in 
part “a double enhancement is improper where the underlying conviction is for unlawful 
possession of a firearm by an SVF.”  Id. (citing Mills v. State, 868 N.E.2d 446, 452 (Ind. 2007)).  
 
The State filed a timely petition for rehearing contending the Court’s decision is a 
departure from Mills in that the Court has now “held that serious violent felons who possess 
firearms cannot be punished as habitual offenders.”  Pet. for Reh’g at 1.  We grant rehearing to 
address this contention.  
 
Corey Mills was charged with (1) carrying a handgun without a license (the “handgun” 
count); (2) possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon (the “SVF” count); and being a 
habitual offender (the “habitual offender” count).  The handgun count was based on Mills’ arrest 
for possession of an unlicensed handgun.  The SVF count, which requires a prior conviction of a 
serious violent felony, was based on Mills’ 1995 conviction for voluntary manslaughter.  The 
habitual offender count, which requires two prior unrelated felony convictions, was based on that 
same 1995 voluntary manslaughter conviction and on Mills’ conviction for robbery in 1989.  
Mills v. State, 868 N.E.2d at 447.  Under the terms of a plea agreement Mills pleaded guilty to 
the SVF and habitual offender counts.  The State dismissed the handgun count.  Subject to a cap 
of twenty years, sentencing was left to the discretion of the trial court.  Before entering into the 
plea agreement, Mills had asked his attorney whether the law permitted him to be sentenced on 
the SVF count and then have an additional sentence imposed based on the habitual offender 
count.  Mills’ lawyer assured him that sentencing on both the SVF and habitual offender counts 
was permissible.  As it turns out, the Court of Appeals had ruled just the opposite in an opinion 
pre-dating Mills’ plea.  After entering into the plea agreement, but before sentencing, Mills 
                                              
2 Having reached this conclusion, the Court declared Dye’s Batson claim moot.  The Court also 
summarily affirmed that portion of the Court of Appeals opinion rejecting Dye’s Appellate Rule 7(B) 
claim.  
4 
 
sought to withdraw his guilty plea, objecting to the prospect that he would be sentenced on both 
the SVF and habitual offender counts.  The trial court denied Mills’ request and in accordance 
with the plea agreement sentenced Mills to ten years on the SVF count, enhanced by ten years on 
the habitual offender count.  Id. at 447-48. 
 
Mills did not appeal the trial court’s denial of his request to withdraw his plea.  Instead 
Mills sought post-conviction relief contending (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel 
because he had been inaccurately advised on the propriety of sentencing on both the SVF and 
habitual offender counts, and (2) his guilty plea was thus not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.  
Id. at 448.  The post-conviction court denied relief and the Court of Appeals affirmed.  On 
transfer this Court traced the legislative and case law developments on the question of when a 
trial court may impose on criminals more severe sentences than would otherwise be the case 
because they have proven to be “repeat” or “habitual” offenders.  Id. at 448-51.  Ultimately the 
Court held “a person convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon 
may not have his or her sentence enhanced under the general habitual offender statute by proof 
of the same felony used to establish that the person was a ‘serious violent felon.’”  Id.3 at 447 
(emphasis added); see also Beldon v. State, 926 N.E.2d 480, 483 (Ind. 2010) (“[A] defendant 
convicted under a progressive penalty statute ‘may not have his or her sentence enhanced under 
the general habitual offender statute by proof of the same felony’ used to elevate the underlying 
charge.”) (quoting Mills, 868 N.E.2d at 452); Dugan v. State, 976 N.E.2d 1248, 1250 (Ind. Ct. 
App. 2012) (same).  We reaffirm this holding today.  
 
In this case, Dye was charged as a serious violent felon based on a 1988 conviction for 
attempted battery with a deadly weapon.  He was also charged as a habitual offender based on a 
1988 conviction for possession of a handgun within 1,000 feet of a school, and a 1993 conviction 
for forgery.  Thus Dye’s twenty-year enhanced sentence under the general habitual offender 
                                              
3 Because Mills’ sentence was enhanced under the general habitual offender statute based in part on his 
1995 conviction for voluntary manslaughter—the same felony used to establish that he was a serious 
violent felon—the sentence ran afoul of the prohibition on double enhancements.  However Mills was not 
entitled to relief because he failed to contest the trial court’s denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty 
plea by direct appeal and was precluded from raising the issue in a post-conviction proceeding.  Id. at 452 
(citing Collins v. State, 817 N.E.2d 230, 232 (Ind. 2004)).  Thus, we affirmed the judgment of the post-
conviction court. 
5 
 
statute was not based on the “same felony” used to establish that Dye was a serious violent felon.  
On this ground Dye is not entitled to relief.  
 
However, in his petition to transfer before this Court Dye argued that he nonetheless was 
subject to an impermissible double enhancement.  We agree.  Although the habitual offender 
adjudication was not based on the same felony used to establish that Dye was a serious violent 
felon, it was based on a felony that was part of the same res gestae.   
 
The general habitual offender statute provides in pertinent part “the state may seek to 
have a person sentenced as a habitual offender for any felony by alleging . . . that the person has 
accumulated two (2) prior unrelated felony convictions.”  I.C. § 35-50-2-8(a) (emphasis added).  
As we noted nearly three decades ago—shortly after the statute was enacted—“[t]he phrase 
‘unrelated felony’ in our habitual offender statute means the predicate felony is not part of the 
res gestae of the principal offense and that the second predicate felony was committed after 
conviction of the first predicate felony.”  Beach v. State, 496 N.E.2d 43, 45 (Ind. 1986) (citing 
Erickson v. State, 438 N.E.2d 269, 273 (Ind. 1982); Connell v. State, 470 N.E.2d 701, 707-08 
(Ind. 1984)).  See also Toney v. State, 715 N.E.2d 367, 369 (Ind. 1999) (“‘Unrelated’ does not 
mean that the earlier felonies must be of a different nature, but is interpreted as [though] the 
felonies are not related . . . as part of the res gestae of the current crime.”) (internal quotation 
omitted); Beldon, 926 N.E.2d at 484 (quoting Beach, 496 N.E.2d at 45) (“‘[U]nrelated felony’ in 
our habitual offender statute means the predicate felony is not part of the res gestae of the 
principal offense.”).  
 
Although res gestae is a term regularly used in Indiana’s common law of evidence to 
denote facts that are part of the story of a particular crime, it also includes acts that are part of an 
“uninterrupted transaction.”  Swanson v. State, 666 N.E.2d 397, 398 (Ind. 1996).  And “[a] crime 
that is continuous in its purpose and objective is deemed to be a single uninterrupted 
transaction.”  Eddy v. State, 496 N.E.2d 24, 28 (Ind. 1986).  
 
The record shows that arising out of a confrontation between Dye and an officer of the 
Elkhart Police Department on March 27, 1997, Dye was charged with Count I attempted murder; 
6 
 
Count II possession of a handgun as a class C felony; Count III possession of a handgun within 
1,000 feet of a school; and Count IV attempted battery while armed with a deadly weapon.  Tr. at 
504-508.  On May 7, 1998 under cause number 20C01-9703-CF-00018 pursuant to the terms of 
a plea agreement, the State dismissed Count I and Dye pleaded guilty to Counts II thru IV.  The 
trial court sentenced Dye to an eight-year concurrent term on each count.  App. at 86-89.  All 
three offenses arose out of one incident.  Tr. at 507.  
 
As we held in Mills a person convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious 
violent felon may not have his or her sentence for that crime enhanced under the general habitual 
offender statute by proof of the same felony used to establish that the person was a serious 
violent felon.  Mills, 868 N.E.2d at 447.  Thus it is clear the State could not have relied on Dye’s 
1998 conviction of attempted battery while armed with a deadly weapon as a predicate offense 
for the habitual offender adjudication, since that was the felony on which the State based the 
SVF charge.  Rather, the State relied on another charge that arose out of and was a part of an 
“uninterrupted transaction” on which the SFV charge was based, namely Dye’s 1988 conviction 
for possession of a handgun within 1,000 feet of a school.  This result contradicts the rule of 
lenity which we described in Ross v. State, 729 N.E.2d 113 (Ind. 2000): 
 
[W]hen a conflict arises over the question of imposing a harsher 
penalty or a more lenient one, the longstanding Rule of Lenity 
should be applied. “It is a familiar principle that statutes which are 
criminal or penal in their nature or which are in derogation of a 
common-law right must be strictly construed.”  Also, “where there 
is ambiguity it must be resolved against the penalty . . . .” 
 
Id. at 116 (internal citations omitted) (superseded by statute on other grounds).  Were we to 
sanction the State’s charging decision in this case, it would amount to elevating form over 
substance.  We agree with Judge May’s observation that it is incongruous to hold that “two  
offenses . . . are so related they could not be used together for an habitual offender enhancement 
are, at the same time, so unrelated that they may support a double enhancement in the form of an 
SVF count and an habitual offender enhancement.”  Dye, 956 N.E.2d at 1175 (May, J., 
dissenting).  
 
7 
 
In sum, the State is not be permitted to support Dye's habitual offender finding with a 
conviction that arose out of the same res gestae that was the source of the conviction used to 
prove Dye was a serious violent felon. 
 
Conclusion  
 
We grant rehearing and again affirm that a person convicted of unlawful possession of a 
firearm by a serious violent felon may not have his or her sentence enhanced under the general 
habitual offender statute by proof of the same felony used to establish that the person was a 
serious violent felon.  In all other respects we reaffirm our original opinion. 
 
Dickson, C.J., and David and Rush, JJ., concur. 
Massa, J., concurs in part and dissents with separate opinion. 
 
 
Massa, Justice, concurring in part and dissenting in part. 
 
While I join my colleagues in clarifying that the original majority opinion in this matter 
did not extend Mills to situations where different prior unrelated convictions are used to establish 
an habitual offender finding and the elements of the Serious Violent Felon statute, I continue to 
dissent from the ultimate result on rehearing for reasons previously explained.  Dye v. State, 972 
N.E.2d 853, 859 (Ind. 2012) (Massa, J., dissenting).