Case Title: In re H.A.J.

Citation: 

Docket Number: 127A20

State: north-carolina

Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

Date: 2021-03-19T00:00:00Z

Document:
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA 
2021-NCSC-26 
No. 127A20 
Filed 19 March 2021 
IN THE MATTER OF: H.A.J. and B.N.J. 
 
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from an order entered on 14 
January 2020 by Judge Hal Harrison in District Court, Madison County. This matter 
was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 11 February 2021 but 
determined on the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of 
the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. 
 
Law Offices of Jamie A. Stokes, PLLC, by Jamie A. Stokes, for petitioner-
appellee Madison County Department of Social Services. 
 
Michelle FormyDuval Lynch, for appellee Guardian ad Litem. 
 
Deputy Parent Defender Annick Lenoir-Peek for respondent-appellant mother. 
 
 
EARLS, Justice. 
 
¶ 1 
 
Respondent, the mother of the juveniles H.A.J. and B.N.J. (“Holden” and 
“Bella”)1, appeals from the trial court’s orders eliminating reunification as a 
permanent plan and terminating her parental rights. After careful review, we affirm 
the trial court’s orders.  
I. 
Background 
                                            
1 Pseudonyms are used in this opinion to protect the juveniles’ identity and for ease of 
reading. 
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¶ 2 
 
On 14 August 2018, the Haywood County Department of Social Services (DSS) 
received a report alleging that Holden and Bella were being left alone while 
respondent-mother visited Mr. Scott2, with whom she was in a relationship. The 
report further alleged that Mr. Scott, who was in the hospital receiving treatment for 
abscesses due to intravenous drug use, had “gotten [respondent-mother] ‘hooked’ on 
Methamphetamine.” Haywood County DSS contacted Madison County DSS seeking 
assistance, and Madison County DSS contacted the Madison County Sheriff’s Office 
for assistance in locating Holden and Bella. 
¶ 3 
 
On or around 6 September 2018, the Madison County Sheriff’s Office located 
Holden and Bella in Hot Springs, North Carolina, and notified Madison County DSS. 
Madison County DSS interviewed Holden and Bella, and the juveniles revealed they 
had been hiding and fleeing from law enforcement and DSS for multiple days to avoid 
being removed from respondent-mother’s care. Holden and Bella disclosed that they 
had witnessed respondent-mother and Mr. Scott “shooting drugs with needles in their 
bodies.” The juveniles also stated they had witnessed Mr. Scott “striking the 
respondent mother, slinging her on the bed[,] and the respondent mother screaming 
for [Holden and Bella] to call 911.” Respondent-mother admitted to intravenous drug 
use and domestic violence between herself and Mr. Scott, including one occasion 
where Mr. Scott attempted to choke her in bed. Accordingly, on 7 September 2018, 
                                            
2 Also a pseudonym, used in this opinion to preserve confidentiality. 
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Madison County DSS filed petitions alleging that Holden and Bella were neglected 
and dependent juveniles and obtained nonsecure custody. 
¶ 4 
 
Following a hearing held on 15 October 2018, the trial court entered an order 
on 7 November 2018 adjudicating Holden and Bella neglected juveniles. The trial 
court entered an interim disposition order in which it placed the juveniles in the legal 
and physical custody of Madison County DSS and granted respondent-mother weekly 
supervised visitation. On 26 November 2018, the trial court entered a disposition 
order in which it set the permanent plan for the juveniles as reunification with a 
concurrent plan of guardianship. The trial court ordered respondent-mother to 
comply with the requirements of her DSS case plan, which included: (1) completing 
the Children in the Middle Parenting Course and Seeking Safety classes; (2) having 
no contact with Mr. Scott; (3) attending a substance abuse intensive outpatient 
treatment program (SAIOP); (4) a medical evaluation; and (5) random drug screens. 
¶ 5 
 
The trial court held a review hearing on 21 February 2019. In an order entered 
on 21 March 2019, the trial court found that respondent-mother: (1) had resolved 
pending criminal charges by pleading guilty to breaking and entering, and was placed 
on probation; (2) had a positive screen for alcohol; (3) had participated in a domestic 
violence class but had not received an assessment; (4) had completed the Children in 
the Middle Parenting Course but not the Seeking Safety class; and (5) needed to 
complete SAIOP and submit to random drug and alcohol screening. The trial court 
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also found that Holden and Bella were doing well in their foster care placements but 
had some behavioral issues. 
¶ 6 
 
A permanency planning review hearing was held on 4 April 2019. The trial 
court found as fact that: (1) respondent-mother had not yet secured housing; (2) she 
had completed SAIOP and intermediate treatment was recommended; (3) despite 
treatment, respondent-mother continued to have issues with alcohol consumption; (4) 
respondent-mother had not yet completed the Seeking Safety class; and (5) 
respondent-mother had not yet received a domestic violence assessment. The trial 
court further found as fact that Bella was experiencing behavioral issues that were 
the result of prior trauma. Consequently, the trial court directed that respondent-
mother’s visitation with Bella “occur as therapeutically recommended.” 
¶ 7 
 
The trial court held another permanency planning review hearing on 16 May 
2019. On the day of the hearing, the attorney for DSS requested a change in the 
permanent plan for Holden and Bella to adoption with a concurrent plan of 
guardianship, and the attorney for the guardian ad litem concurred. Respondent-
mother objected to the requested change, citing a lack of notice and due process 
concerns because DSS and the guardian ad litem had recently filed reports in which 
they had not recommended such a change. The trial court directed DSS to proceed. 
¶ 8 
 
The trial court entered an order from the hearing on 8 August 2019. In the 
permanency planning review order, the trial court found that since the last hearing 
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respondent-mother: (1) had not yet secured or maintained independent housing, had 
been kicked out of her prior residence, and was residing with her parents; (2) had 
missed scheduled visitations in April 2019 and on Mother’s Day 2019; (3) was 
continuing to use alcohol in violation of a prior court order and had received a recent 
DWI charge which remained pending; (4) was currently on probation for breaking 
and entering; (5) did not have stable transportation; (6) had completed over ninety 
hours of SAIOP but had not participated in an aftercare program as recommended; 
(7) was substituting alcohol for methamphetamine use; (8) had not obtained a 
domestic violence assessment; and (9) had not started the Seeking Safety course. The 
trial court further found that the juveniles remained in licensed foster care and were 
doing well in their placement and in school. The trial court determined that the 
return of the juveniles to their home within six months was not likely and that further 
efforts at achieving reunification would be futile or inconsistent with the juveniles’ 
need for a safe, permanent home within a reasonable period. Accordingly, the trial 
court relieved DSS of further reunification efforts and changed the permanent plan 
for the juveniles to adoption with a concurrent plan of guardianship. Respondent-
mother filed notice to preserve her right to appeal. 
¶ 9 
 
On 28 June 2019, DSS filed petitions to terminate respondent’s parental 
rights.  On 14 January 2020, the trial court entered an order in which it determined 
that grounds existed to terminate respondent’s parental rights to both juveniles due 
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to neglect. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) (2019). The trial court further concluded it was 
in Holden’s and Bella’s best interests that respondent’s parental rights be 
terminated. Accordingly, the trial court terminated respondent’s parental rights.3  
Respondent-mother appeals. 
II. 
Permanency Planning Review Order 
¶ 10 
 
Respondent-mother first argues the trial court erred by denying her motion to 
continue the 16 May 2019 permanency planning review hearing. Respondent-mother 
contends that she relied on the representations made by DSS and the guardian ad 
litem in their written reports and was not provided sufficient notice that they would 
be requesting a change in the juveniles’ permanent plan at the hearing. Respondent-
mother argues that had she been aware that their recommendations would be 
changing, she would have had an opportunity to present evidence as to why 
reunification efforts should continue. Therefore, respondent-mother argues the trial 
court violated her constitutional right to due process. 
¶ 11 
 
“Ordinarily, a motion to continue is addressed to the discretion of the trial 
court, and absent a gross abuse of that discretion, the trial court’s ruling is not subject 
to review.” In re A.L.S., 374 N.C. 515, 516–17 (2020) (quoting State v. Walls, 342 N.C. 
1, 24 (1995)). “However, if ‘a motion to continue is based on a constitutional right, 
                                            
3 The district court’s order also terminated the parental rights of the juveniles’ fathers, 
including unknown fathers, but the fathers did not appeal and are not a party to the 
proceedings before this Court. 
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then the motion presents a question of law which is fully reviewable on appeal.’ ” In 
re S.M., 375 N.C. 673, 679 (2020). “To establish that the trial court’s failure to give 
additional time to prepare constituted a constitutional violation, [the] [respondent-
mother] must show ‘how [her] case would have been better prepared had the 
continuance been granted or that [s]he was materially prejudiced by the denial of 
h[er] motion.’ ” State v. McCullers, 341 N.C. 19, 31 (1995) (quoting State v. Covington, 
317 N.C. 127, 130 (1986)). 
¶ 12 
 
Here, the record demonstrates, and respondent-mother acknowledges in her 
brief, that the hearing was designated as a permanency planning hearing. Thus, 
respondent-mother was on notice that the trial court could change the permanent 
plan for the juveniles. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(a) (2019) (“At any permanency 
planning hearing pursuant to G.S. 7B-906.1, the court shall adopt one or more of the 
following permanent plans the court finds is in the juvenile’s best interests: (1) 
Reunification[;] (2) Adoption[;] (3) Guardianship[;] (4) Custody to a relative or other 
suitable person[;] (5) Another Planned Permanent Living Arrangement (APPLA)[; or] 
(6) Reinstatement of parental rights[.]”) (emphasis added). Although respondent-
mother argues that DSS and the guardian ad litem should be required to give notice 
of a change in recommendations in advance of the permanency planning hearing, 
such notice is not required by Chapter 7B. Furthermore, even if respondent-mother 
had been notified of the change in recommendations, as the Court of Appeals has 
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observed, “North Carolina caselaw is replete with situations where the trial court 
declines to follow a DSS recommendation.” In re Rholetter, 162 N.C. App. 653, 664 
(2004).  
¶ 13 
 
We further note that after learning at the hearing that DSS and the guardian 
ad litem were seeking a change in the permanent plan for the juveniles, respondent-
mother objected to the change in plan. While respondent-mother objected to the trial 
court changing the permanent plan for the juveniles at the hearing, the record does 
not reflect that counsel asked for the hearing to be continued. Even if we construe 
respondent-mother’s objection as a request for a continuance, there is no evidence in 
the transcript demonstrating how respondent-mother was materially prejudiced by 
denial of the motion. See In re A.L.S., 374 N.C. 515, 518 (2020) (concluding that 
respondent-mother failed to demonstrate prejudice where her “counsel offered only a 
vague description of the son’s expected testimony and did not tender an affidavit or 
other offer of proof to demonstrate its significance.”); see also In re D.Q.W., 167 N.C. 
App. 38, 41 (2004) (concluding there was no prejudice where respondent did not 
explain why his counsel had inadequate time to prepare for the hearing; what 
specifically his counsel hoped to accomplish during the continuance; or how 
preparation would have been more complete had the continuance motion been 
granted). Respondent-mother also fails to identify in her brief any evidence, defenses, 
or testimony she was unable to present. Given the nature of a permanency planning 
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hearing, as defined by statute, respondent was on notice that she needed to present 
all evidence relevant to her arguments concerning the proper disposition. Therefore, 
based upon the record before us, we conclude respondent-mother has failed to 
demonstrate prejudice. She has not demonstrated how her case would have been 
better prepared, or a different result obtained, had a continuance been granted. In 
these circumstances, the trial court did not err by proceeding with the hearing and 
respondent-mother’s due process rights were not violated. 
¶ 14 
 
We next consider respondent-mother’s arguments that the trial court erred by 
failing to make the factual findings required by N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2 when eliminating 
reunification with respondent-mother from the juveniles’ permanent plan. This 
Court’s review of a permanency planning review order “is limited to whether there is 
competent evidence in the record to support the findings [of fact] and whether the 
findings support the conclusions of law.” In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. 165, 168 (2013) 
(quoting In re P.O., 207 N.C. App. 35, 41 (2010)). “The trial court’s findings of fact are 
conclusive on appeal if supported by any competent evidence.” Id. (citing In re P.O., 
207 N.C. App. at 41). “At a permanency planning hearing, ‘[r]eunification shall be a 
primary or secondary plan unless,’ inter alia, ‘the court makes written findings that 
reunification efforts clearly would be unsuccessful or would be inconsistent with the 
juvenile’s health or safety.’ ” In re J.H., 373 N.C. 264, 267 (2020) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 
7B-906.2(b) (2019)). When making such a determination, the trial court must make 
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written findings “which shall demonstrate the degree of success or failure toward 
reunification,” including: 
(1) Whether the parent is making adequate progress 
within a reasonable period of time under the plan. 
(2) Whether the parent is actively participating in or 
cooperating with the plan, the department, and the 
guardian ad litem for the juvenile. 
(3) Whether the parent remains available to the court, the 
department, and the guardian ad litem for the juvenile. 
(4) Whether the parent is acting in a manner inconsistent 
with the health or safety of the juvenile. 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(d) (2019). While “use of the actual statutory language [is] the 
best practice, the statute does not demand a verbatim recitation of its language.” In 
re L.M.T., 367 N.C. at 167. Instead, “the order must make clear that the trial court 
considered the evidence in light of whether reunification would be futile or would be 
inconsistent with the juvenile’s health, safety, and need for a safe, permanent home 
within a reasonable period of time.” Id. at 167–68 (cleaned up). 
¶ 15 
 
Here, despite respondent-mother’s claims to the contrary, the trial court made 
written findings of fact in accordance with N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(d). The trial court 
found the following as fact: 
6. That the Court has received testimony from Bethany 
Wyatt (Madison County DSS); the respondent mother; and 
has considered the DSS Report; the GAL Report; and other 
documentation; that since these matters were last 
reviewed, the juveniles have remained placed in licensed 
foster care in Madison County; are doing well in placement 
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and school; referrals for therapy have been made; the 
respondent mother has not secured or maintained 
independent housing; currently resides with her parents; 
testified she was kicked out of her prior residence in March, 
2019; missed scheduled visitation on 04/05/19; missed 
scheduled Mother’s Day visitation; continues to use alcohol 
in violation of the prior Court Order; received a recent DWI 
charge that remains pending (0.15 on breathalyzer); is 
currently on probation for Breaking and Entering 
conviction; does not have stable transportation; previously 
completed over 90 hours of SAIOP at RHA but has not 
participated in the aftercare program as recommended; 
states that she has recently re-engaged in that therapy but 
the Court finds the documentation she has provided on this 
issue is not credible and the Court gives no weight to same; 
is now substituting alcohol for methamphetamine use; has 
not obtained a DV assessment (the respondent mother 
testified she has had difficulty finding a provider for this 
service although being ordered to do so since the 
dispositional hearing); states she has completed DV 
coursework; the Court does not find the same satisfies the 
requirement of the DV assessment and treatment; has not 
started the Seeking Safety course; has not completed the 
TRACES peer support program; . . . that the barrier to 
implementing the permanent plan remains [respondent-
mother’s] failure to complete [her] DSS case plan 
requirements[.] 
7. That this matter came on for permanency planning 
hearing. . . [and] that the [c]ourt has considered all the 
evidence, including the progress made and the current 
barriers to implementing the designated permanent plan 
of reunification. 
. . . . 
9. That the return of the juveniles to the home of 
[respondent-mother] immediately or within six months is 
not likely; that reunification is no longer the appropriate 
permanent plan for the juveniles[.] 
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. . . .  
11. That the following services have been provided by the 
Petitioner to prevent or eliminate the need for placement 
of the juveniles and to place the juveniles in a timely 
manner in accordance with the permanent plan: 
facilitation of visits for respondent mother; referral to RHA 
for respondent mother; [and] coordination with respondent 
mother and case planning activities[.] 
12. That reasonable efforts have been made by the 
Petitioner to prevent or eliminate the need for placement 
of the juveniles but the return of the juveniles to the home 
of the respondent parents is contrary to their welfare and 
best interests at this time. 
13. That further reasonable efforts [to] prevent or 
eliminate the need for placement of the juvenile[s] are no 
longer required as the same would be clearly futile or 
inconsistent with the juveniles’ need for a safe, permanent 
home within a reasonable period of time and are no longer 
required.  
Respondent-mother does not claim that these findings are unsupported by the 
evidence, and we are bound by them on appeal. See In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407 
(2019) (stating that “[f]indings of fact not challenged by respondent are deemed 
supported by competent evidence and are binding on appeal.”). Based on these 
findings of fact, the trial court relieved DSS of further reunification efforts and 
removed reunification from the juveniles’ permanent plan.  
¶ 16 
 
The trial court’s findings of fact establish that it addressed each of the factors 
specified in N.C.G.S. § 906.2(d). Finding of fact number 6 sets forth numerous details 
demonstrating that respondent-mother had not been making adequate progress or 
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actively participating in her case plan and had been acting in a manner inconsistent 
with the juveniles’ health or safety. The trial court found as fact that respondent-
mother had failed to maintain stable housing and transportation; had continued 
using alcohol in violation of prior court orders and as a substitute for 
methamphetamine use; had missed scheduled visitations; was recently charged with 
DWI and was on probation for a breaking and entering conviction; and had failed to 
provide documentation regarding her participation in substance abuse aftercare 
treatment and domestic violence counseling. Cf. N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(d)(1), (4) (2019). 
The trial court further found that the barrier to implementing the permanent plan of 
reunification was respondent-mother’s failure to complete her case plan 
requirements. Cf. N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(d)(2) (2019). The trial court’s additional 
findings, including the trial court’s summation of respondent-mother’s testimony, and 
its finding that DSS coordinated with respondent-mother when providing services 
aimed at eliminating the need for placement, demonstrated that respondent-mother 
remained available to the trial court and DSS. Cf. N.C.G.S. § 7B-906.2(d)(3) (2019). 
While the trial court’s findings did not use the precise statutory language, the 
findings did address the necessary statutory factors “by showing ‘that the trial court 
considered the evidence in light of whether reunification would be futile or would be 
inconsistent with the juvenile’s health, safety, and need for a safe, permanent home 
within a reasonable period of time[.]’ ” In re L.E.W., 375 N.C. 124, 133 (2020) (quoting 
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In re L.M.T., 367 N.C. at 167–68). Therefore, we reject respondent-mother’s argument 
that the trial court failed to make sufficient findings of fact when eliminating 
reunification from the juveniles’ permanent plan, and we affirm the trial court’s 
permanency planning review order.  
III. 
Termination Order 
¶ 17 
 
Respondent-mother next contends that the trial court erred in concluding that 
grounds existed to terminate her parental rights. “Our Juvenile Code provides for a 
two-step process for termination of parental rights proceedings consisting of an 
adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage.” In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 94 (2020) 
(citing N.C.G.S. §§ 7B-1109, -1110 (2019)). “At the adjudicatory stage, the petitioner 
bears the burden of proving by ‘clear, cogent, and convincing evidence’ the existence 
of one or more grounds for termination under section 7B-1111(a) of the General 
Statutes.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. 3, 5–6 (2019) (quoting N.C.G.S. § 7B-1109(f) (2019)). 
We review a trial court’s adjudication of grounds to terminate parental rights “to 
determine whether the findings are supported by clear, cogent and convincing 
evidence and the findings support the conclusions of law.” In re E.H.P., 372 N.C. 388, 
392 (2019) (quoting In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111 (1984)). “The trial court’s 
conclusions of law are reviewable de novo on appeal.” In re C.B.C., 373 N.C. 16, 19, 
(2019). 
¶ 18 
 
The sole ground found by the trial court to support termination of respondent-
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mother’s parental rights was neglect. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1). A trial court may 
terminate parental rights pursuant to this statutory ground where it concludes the 
parent has neglected the juvenile within the meaning of N.C.G.S. § 7B-101. Id. A 
neglected juvenile is defined, in pertinent part, as a juvenile “whose parent, guardian, 
custodian, or caretaker does not provide proper care, supervision, or discipline; . . . or 
who lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile’s welfare . . . .” N.C.G.S. § 7B-
101(15) (2019). In some circumstances, the trial court may terminate a parent’s rights 
based on neglect that is currently occurring at the time of the termination hearing. 
See, e.g., In re K.C.T., 375 N.C. 592, 599–600 (2020) (“[T]his Court has recognized 
that the neglect ground can support termination . . . if a parent is presently neglecting 
their child by abandonment.”). However, in other instances, the fact that “a child has 
not been in the custody of the parent for a significant period of time prior to the 
termination hearing” would make “requiring the petitioner in such circumstances to 
show that the child is currently neglected by the parent . . . impossible.” In re N.D.A., 
373 N.C. 71, 80 (2019). In this situation, “evidence of neglect by a parent prior to 
losing custody of a child—including an adjudication of such neglect—is admissible in 
subsequent proceedings to terminate parental rights[,]” but “[t]he trial court must 
also consider any evidence of changed conditions in light of the evidence of prior 
neglect and the probability of a repetition of neglect.” In re Ballard, 311 N.C. 708, 715 
(1984). After weighing this evidence, the court may find the neglect ground if it 
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concludes the evidence demonstrates “a likelihood of future neglect by the parent.” In 
re R.L.D., 375 N.C. 838, 841 (2020). Thus, even in the absence of current neglect, the 
trial court may adjudicate neglect as a ground for termination based upon its 
consideration of any evidence of past neglect and its determination that there is a 
likelihood of future neglect if the child is returned to the parent. Id. at 841, n.3.  In 
doing so, the trial court must consider evidence of changed circumstances that may 
have occurred between the period of prior neglect and the time of the termination 
hearing.  In re Z.V.A., 373 N.C. 207, 212 (2019) (citing Ballard, 311 N.C. at 715).  
¶ 19 
 
Here, the juveniles were adjudicated neglected on 7 November 2018. The trial 
court also found as fact in its termination order that DSS received a report regarding 
respondent-mother and the juveniles, and during their first interview with 
respondent-mother “[s]he admitted to intravenous drug use, methamphetamine use, 
and domestic violence between she and [Mr. Scott]. She also admitted that [Mr. Scott] 
attempted to choke her in bed on one occasion.” The trial court further found as fact 
that respondent-mother was given the opportunity to work toward reunification with 
the juveniles through compliance with a DSS case plan, but that she failed to comply.  
The trial court made the following findings of fact concerning respondent-mother’s 
compliance with her case plan and concerning its determination that there would be 
a repetition of neglect should the juveniles be returned to respondent-mother’s care:  
24. At the time of the [May 16, 2019 permanency planning] 
hearing, the respondent mother had still not secured 
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independent housing; had missed scheduled visitations 
with the juveniles five times from September 2018 until the 
court date; was using alcohol; had been charged with 
Driving While Impaired (DWI) in May of 2019 with a blood 
alcohol concentration of 0.15, eight (8) months after the 
children came into the care of the Petitioner’s custody; was 
placed on probation for Felony Breaking and Entering 
stemming from an incident in December of 2018; had not 
completed substance abuse treatment but was engaged 
with intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment 
(“IOP”) and was providing negative urine drug screens to 
her provider; and had not gotten her domestic violence 
assessment, but completed domestic violence coursework 
on November 15, 2018. She had also completed the 
Children in the Middle parenting class on November 1, 
2018. The respondent mother was unable to complete the 
Seeking Safety course due to a lack of funding to pay for 
the class. 
25. By March 29, 2019, [respondent-mother] completed 
over 100 hours of IOP. She subsequently relapsed and was 
charged with her DWI offense in May of 2019. She then 
completed 36 hours of intermediate substance abuse 
treatment as recommended aftercare, ending on August 19, 
2019. The respondent mother provided negative urine drug 
screens through the substance abuse provider. 
. . . .  
27. The respondent mother was on felony probation with a 
6 to 17-month suspended sentence at the time she was 
charged with her pending DWI and was ordered not to 
consume alcohol as a probationary condition. She now has 
a pending felony probation violation as a result. The 
respondent mother was also engaged in substance abuse 
treatment for nine hours per week through RHA at the 
time of her DWI offense. The respondent mother testified 
that she does not currently have a driver’s license and she 
anticipated she will lose her license once convicted of the 
DWI. Per the testimony of the respondent mother’s 
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probation officer, except for the violation relating to her 
pending DWI and possession of alcohol, the respondent 
mother is otherwise fully compliant and has provided 
consistent negative urine drug screens. 
28. Since coming into the Petitioner’s custody on 
September 7, 2018, the juvenile [Holden] has made 
disclosures of a long pattern of alcohol and substance abuse 
by the respondent mother as well as patterns of domestic 
violence in his presence between the respondent mother 
and her multiple romantic partners throughout his 
childhood. In addition to the initial disclosures regarding 
[Mr. Scott], [Holden] has described observing the 
respondent mother and [Bella’s putative father, R.M.] 
getting drunk and fighting all the time, the respondent 
mother breaking a bottle over [R.M.’s] head, [R.M.] beating 
[Holden] with a belt with spikes, and receiving a beating 
from [R.M.] during an argument about eating beans that 
was so bad that [Holden] can no longer eat beans. The 
respondent mother acknowledged that [R.M.] did beat 
[Holden] because of beans and testified that this incident 
triggered her to leave [R.M.]. 
29. Both juveniles have been admitted for inpatient 
psychiatric treatment at Copestone since coming into the 
Petitioner’s custody, in part as a result of behaviors 
exhibited in reaction to the respondent mother and the 
situations she has exposed them to. 
30. The respondent mother . . . came to Copestone in April 
2019 when [Bella] was being assessed for admission. While 
at the hospital, a social worker from [DSS] smelled alcohol 
on the respondent mother and requested that she submit 
to a breathalyzer. The respondent mother agreed, then 
stated she was going to the restroom and left the premises 
without submitting to a breathalyzer and without waiting 
to see if [Bella] was going to be admitted. The following 
day, she acknowledged to [a] social work supervisor [ ] that 
she had been drinking. 
31. The respondent mother [ ] has admitted to employees 
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of the Petitioner that she replaced methamphetamine with 
alcohol after [DSS] took custody of the juveniles. 
32. [Bella] was diagnosed with Static Encephalopathy, 
alcohol exposed, following testing by the Olsen Huff 
Center, which was caused by the respondent mother 
consuming alcohol while pregnant with [Bella]. The 
diagnosis indicates that [Bella] has suffered irreversible 
brain damage and will have life-long effects due to her 
exposure to substances while in utero. 
33. [Holden] has been increasingly struggling with 
negative behaviors since coming into the custody of the 
Petitioner 
on 
September 
6, 
2018. 
He 
has 
had 
uncontrollable fits of crying and yelling; has run away from 
placement providers and had to be returned by law 
enforcement; and has had to be transported to a children’s 
crisis center and a psychiatric inpatient unit due to his 
behaviors.  
. . . .  
35. [Holden] has increasingly resisted visiting with the 
respondent mother. He initially claimed sickness on his 
visitation days with the respondent mother and missed 
multiple visits from July until September 2019. At his last 
visit with the respondent mother in September 2019, he 
became extremely upset and engaged in self-harming 
behaviors including beating his head into the wall until he 
had to be taken outside and the visit ceased. He has 
directly stated to the respondent mother that he never 
wants to live with her and he blames her for the things she 
has put him through.  
36. With the consent of all parties, the [c]ourt interviewed 
[Holden] in chambers . . . . [Holden] stated and the [c]ourt 
finds that [Holden] does not want to return to the custody 
of the respondent mother due to the experiences she has 
put him through. 
37. [Bella] participates in therapy . . . weekly. The therapist 
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does not support returning [Bella] to the care of respondent 
mother [ ] due to the behaviors exhibited by the juvenile 
and 
the 
unreliable 
environment 
provided 
by 
the 
respondent mother.  
38. While the [c]ourt acknowledges that the respondent 
mother has made some progress on her case plan tasks, 
much of this progress occurred subsequent to the filing of 
the Petitions to terminate her parental rights in these 
causes. The respondent mother completed her domestic 
violence education classes prior to having an assessment of 
her level of need, and she has not completed additional 
classes after her assessment despite the assessment 
stating she is at high risk.  
39. While the [c]ourt recognizes the respondent mother’s 
recent participation in substance abuse treatment, her 
long-standing history of substance abuse and domestic 
violence with multiple partners in the presence of the 
children, her delayed participation in any meaningful 
treatment, her prior relapse while participating in similar 
services, the traumatic effects and impact on the children 
from her behaviors, and the diagnoses, behaviors, and 
wishes of the children all demonstrate the juveniles’ 
continued neglect and the strong likelihood of neglect if 
returned to the respondent mother’s custody. 
To the extent these findings of fact are not challenged by respondent-mother, they 
are binding on appeal.  See In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. at 407. 
¶ 20 
 
Although respondent-mother does not argue that finding of fact 31 is 
unsupported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence, she nonetheless contends the 
trial court’s “concerns” about her substitution of alcohol for her prior drug use are 
unsupported.  A review of the record shows that there is a factual basis for the trial 
court’s concerns. 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
¶ 21 
 
The record is replete with instances of respondent-mother’s abuse of alcohol, 
both in the short-term and long-term. The trial court found that when Bella was being 
considered for admission to Copestone in April 2019, respondent-mother arrived 
smelling of alcohol, and despite agreeing to take a breathalyzer test, she left without 
taking one. Additionally, respondent-mother was arrested for DWI in May 2019, 
which also constituted a violation of the term of her probation requiring that she 
abstain from alcohol use. Holden also disclosed that respondent-mother had “a long 
pattern” of alcohol abuse. Furthermore, the trial court found that respondent-
mother’s history of alcohol abuse had a direct and deleterious impact on Bella. Bella 
was diagnosed with static encephalopathy, alcohol exposed, and suffered irreversible 
brain damage due to respondent-mother consuming alcohol while she was pregnant 
with Bella. Thus, the trial court could reasonably infer that respondent-mother had 
merely replaced her abuse of drugs with alcohol abuse. See In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 
835, 843 (2016) (stating that it is the trial court’s duty to consider all the evidence, 
pass upon the credibility of the witnesses, and determine the reasonable inferences 
to be drawn therefrom). 
¶ 22 
 
Respondent-mother additionally argues that the trial court relied solely on 
past circumstances and mistakenly discounted evidence of progress occurring after 
the filing of the petition to terminate her parental rights. Respondent-mother asserts 
that while she did not complete all aspects of her case plan, at the time of the 
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termination hearing she had made sufficient progress towards being able to care for 
Holden and Bella.  
¶ 23 
 
It is apparent from the trial court’s findings of fact that when determining 
whether there would be a likelihood of future neglect, the trial court placed heavy 
emphasis on incidents occurring prior to the filing of the petition to terminate 
respondent-mother’s parental rights in June 2019. However, despite respondent-
mother’s arguments to the contrary, the trial court also specifically stated that it 
considered respondent-mother’s “recent participation in substance abuse treatment” 
when determining that there likely would be a repetition of neglect. The trial court 
ultimately determined, however, that respondent-mother’s last-minute progress was 
insufficient to outweigh her long-standing history of alcohol and substance abuse and 
domestic violence, as well as the impact these behaviors had on Holden and Bella. In 
these circumstances, we conclude that it was not error for the trial court to find that 
there likely would be a repetition of neglect in the future should Holden and Bella be 
returned to respondent-mother’s care. See In re O.W.D.A., 375 N.C. 645, 653–54 
(2020) (stating that “evidence of changed conditions must be considered in light of the 
history of neglect by the parents and the probability of a repetition of neglect,” and 
although a respondent may have made some recent, minimal progress, “the trial court 
was within its authority to weigh the evidence and determine that these eleventh-
hour efforts did not outweigh the evidence of his persistent failures to make 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
improvements . . . and to conclude that there was a probability of repetition of 
neglect[.]”). Accordingly, we hold that grounds existed pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1111(a)(1) to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights. 
¶ 24 
 
We next consider respondent-mother’s argument that the trial court erred by 
finding that it was in Holden’s and Bella’s best interests to terminate her parental 
rights. If the trial court finds grounds to terminate parental rights under N.C.G.S. 
§ 7B-1111(a), it proceeds to the dispositional stage where it must “determine whether 
terminating the parent’s rights is in the juvenile’s best interest” based on the 
following factors:  
(1) The age of the juvenile. 
(2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile. 
(3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in 
the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the 
juvenile. 
(4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent. 
(5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and 
the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or 
other permanent placement. 
(6) Any relevant consideration. 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (2019).  
¶ 25 
 
Here, the trial court made separate findings of fact addressing each juvenile’s 
date of birth and then made the following findings concerning the factors set forth in 
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a):  
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54. The juveniles’ permanent plan has been designated [as] 
adoption, and there is a strong likelihood of adoption due 
to the age of the juveniles. Termination of the [respondent-
mother’s] parental rights would assist the Petitioner in 
achieving permanency for the juveniles and would 
eliminate this barrier to implementing the juveniles’ 
permanent plan. 
55. [Bella] has a bond with the Respondent Mother. [Bella] 
enjoys her visits with the Respondent Mother. 
56. [Holden] is not bonded to the Respondent Mother and 
continues to actively resist having any contact with her, 
with his last visit occurring [in] July 2019. 
57. The minor children were placed in a new foster home 
together on August 13, 2019. They remained in the same 
foster home until October 18, 2019, when [Holden] was 
removed to a separate home due to his behaviors. They now 
reside in separate foster homes, neither of which are pre-
adoptive placements. 
58. [DSS] is actively attempting to locate a new foster home 
for both children that will adopt them together, but no such 
home has been identified as of yet. 
59. [Bella] was involuntarily committed into the Copestone 
mental health unit of Mission Hospital in April 2019, due 
to her behavior. 
60. [Holden] was involuntarily committed into the 
Copestone mental health unit of Mission Hospital on July 
26, 2019, due to his behavior. His hospitalization lasted for 
two weeks. 
We review the trial court’s dispositional findings of fact to determine whether they 
are supported by competent evidence. In re K.N.K., 374 N.C. 50, 57 (2020). 
Dispositional findings not challenged by respondent-mother are “binding on appeal.” 
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In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. 432, 437 (2019).  
¶ 26 
 
Respondent-mother contends that while the trial court “nominally” addressed 
the statutory factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110, the findings were “pro forma” 
and did not address the substance of the statutory requirements. Respondent-mother 
asserts that consideration of Holden’s and Bella’s best interests weigh strongly 
against termination of her parental rights. Respondent-mother cites the strong bond 
that she had with Bella, the trial court’s failure to consider whether Holden would 
consent to adoption, and the fact that neither juvenile was in a pre-adoptive 
placement. Respondent-mother cites In re J.A.O., 166 N.C. App. 222, 227 (2004) to 
support her contention that the trial court should not have terminated her parental 
rights because Holden and Bella were not adoptable.  
¶ 27 
 
However, in this case, the trial court’s findings of fact were not merely “pro 
forma.” The trial court did not simply recite the statutory factors but considered them 
along with the facts of this case. For example, the trial court noted that Holden did 
not have a bond with respondent-mother and “actively resists having any contact with 
her.” The trial court also found that Bella did have a bond with respondent-mother 
and enjoyed her visits with her. Furthermore, while the trial court found that there 
was a strong likelihood of adoption and termination would aid in achieving 
permanency, the trial court also recognized that the juveniles were not in pre-
adoptive placements and were residing in separate foster homes, while noting that 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
DSS was attempting to locate a new foster home that would adopt both juveniles 
together. Thus, respondent-mother’s contention that the trial court only nominally 
addressed the statutory factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110 is without merit. 
¶ 28 
 
Second, although respondent-mother does not challenge the trial court’s 
finding of fact 54 that there was a strong likelihood of adoption as being unsupported 
by the evidence, she nonetheless argues that adoption would be difficult, noting the 
juveniles’ multiple disrupted foster placements, the fact that no pre-adoptive home 
has been identified, and the fact that both juveniles had been involuntarily committed 
for being a danger to themselves and others. Respondent-mother also contends that 
the trial court failed to consider whether Holden would consent to adoption. See 
N.C.G.S. § 48-3-601(1) (2019) (providing that a minor over the age of twelve must 
consent to adoption unless consent is not required under N.C.G.S. § 48-3-603). 
However, even if we agreed with respondent-mother’s contentions regarding the 
adoptability of the juveniles, this factor alone is not dispositive.  We have stated that 
“the trial court need not find a likelihood of adoption in order to terminate parental 
rights.” In re C.B., 375 N.C. 556, 562 (2020); see also In re A.R.A., 373 N.C. 190, 200 
(2019) (“[T]he absence of an adoptive placement for a juvenile at the time of the 
termination hearing is not a bar to terminating parental rights.” (alteration in 
original) (quoting In re D.H., 232 N.C. App. 217, 223 (2014))).  
¶ 29 
 
Furthermore, In re J.A.O., cited by respondent-mother, is readily 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
distinguishable from the instant case. In In re J.A.O., the juvenile had “a history of 
being verbally and physically aggressive and threatening, and he ha[d] been 
diagnosed with bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, pervasive 
developmental disorder, borderline intellectual functioning, non-insulin dependent 
diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.” In re J.A.O. 166 N.C. App. at 228.  The juvenile 
had “been placed in foster care since the age of eighteen months and ha[d] been 
shuffled through nineteen treatment centers over the last fourteen years.” Id. at 227.   
As a result, the guardian ad litem argued at trial that the juvenile was unlikely to be 
a candidate for adoption and that termination was not in the juvenile’s best interests 
because it would “cut him off from any family that he might have.” Id. at 228.  Despite 
this evidence, and despite finding that there was only a “small ‘possibility’ ” that the 
juvenile would be adopted, the trial court concluded that it was in the juvenile’s best 
interests to terminate the mother’s parental rights. Id. On appeal, the Court of 
Appeals reversed. The Court of Appeals balanced the minimal possibilities of 
adoption “against the stabilizing influence, and the sense of identity, that some 
continuing legal relationship with natural relatives may ultimately bring” and 
determined that rendering J.A.O. a legal orphan was not in his best interests. Id.  
¶ 30 
 
Here, the juveniles have only been in foster care for thirteen months, as 
opposed to the many years that J.A.O. spent being “shuffled” through various 
treatment centers. Id. at 227. Additionally, while the guardian ad litem in J.A.O. 
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argued that the juvenile was unlikely to be adopted and termination was not in his 
best interests, the guardian ad litem here stated in its report that “there is potential 
for both children to be successfully adopted” and advocated for termination to achieve 
permanence for Holden and Bella. A social worker likewise testified that she had 
“every hope . . . that [Holden and Bella] can be adopted together.”  Furthermore, while 
Bella did have physiological issues and both juveniles had behavioral issues that 
required their involuntary commitment, there is no indication that their issues were 
as serious as those experienced by the juvenile in J.A.O. Id. at 228. We note that a 
social worker testified that Holden had been moved to a new foster home and “is doing 
great and [has] no behavior problems. He loves it there and he gets along great with 
the foster dad.” Moreover, as noted previously, Bella’s physiological issues and both 
juveniles’ behavioral issues can be directly attributable to respondent-mother. 
Consequently, respondent-mother’s argument concerning the likelihood of the 
juveniles’ adoption and the significance of that consideration in the best interests’ 
determination is unavailing. 
¶ 31 
 
Third, respondent-mother does not challenge the trial court’s dispositional 
finding that Holden was not bonded to her as being unsupported by the evidence.  
Respondent-mother instead argues that a “more accurate finding would be that he 
was angry with his mother. If he wasn’t bonded, he wouldn’t have been angry – he 
wouldn’t have cared.” However, a social worker testified that Holden “blames his 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
mom for everything that he’s already been through and that he hates her and doesn’t 
want to live with her.” Based on this evidence, the trial court could reasonably infer 
that Holden had no bond with respondent-mother. See In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. at 843 
(stating that it is the trial judge’s duty to consider all the evidence, pass upon the 
credibility of the witnesses, and determine the reasonable inferences to be drawn 
therefrom). 
¶ 32 
 
Additionally, while respondent-mother may have maintained a bond with 
Bella, this Court has repeatedly recognized that “the bond between parent and child 
is just one of the factors to be considered under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a), and the trial 
court is permitted to give greater weight to other factors.” In re Z.L.W., 372 N.C. at 
437. This Court concluded in In re Z.L.W. that, based on the trial court’s consideration 
of the other statutory factors and given the respondent’s lack of progress on his case 
plan, “the trial court’s determination that other factors outweighed [the] respondent’s 
strong bond with [the juveniles] was not manifestly unsupported by reason.” Id. at 
438. 
¶ 33 
 
Similarly, here, it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to determine 
that other factors outweighed respondent-mother’s bond with Bella. There was 
evidence to show that Bella is likely to be adopted, and that termination of 
respondent-mother’s parental rights was necessary to achieve permanence. 
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly considered the statutory factors 
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Opinion of the Court 
 
 
 
set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) and did not abuse its discretion by determining 
that termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of 
the juveniles. 
IV. 
Conclusion 
¶ 34 
 
The trial court did not err by failing to grant respondent-mother a continuance 
of the 16 May 2019 permanency planning review hearing and the trial court made 
sufficient findings of fact when eliminating reunification from the juveniles’ 
permanent plan. Furthermore, the trial court properly concluded that grounds 
existed to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1111(a)(1). Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by determining that 
termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of the 
juveniles. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s orders.  
AFFIRMED.