Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Generation
Sub-tasks:
language-modeling
Languages:
English
Multilinguality:
monolingual
Size Categories:
10K<n<100K
Source Datasets:
squad
ArXiv:
License:
File size: 219,898 Bytes
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denver broncos carolina panthers santa clara , california denver broncos gold `` golden anniversary '' february 7 , 2016 american football conference `` golden anniversary '' american football conference february 7 , 2016 denver broncos levi 's stadium santa clara super bowl l 2015 2015 santa clara levi 's stadium 24–10 february 7 , 2016 2015 denver broncos carolina panthers denver broncos 2015 denver broncos santa clara , california. super bowl denver broncos cam newton 8 1995 arizona cardinals new england patriots arizona cardinals new england patriots new england patriots four cam newton 15–1 cam newton 12–4 4 new england patriots cam newton arizona cardinals 2 new england patriots cam newton new england patriots arizona cardinals cam newton arizona cardinals 1995. von miller 2 broncos linebacker von miller five solo tackles newton was limited by denver 's defense seven von miller three two von miller linebacker 5 2 von miller 5 seven three a fumble von miller linebacker seven three von miller five cbs $5 million coldplay beyoncé and bruno mars super bowl xlvii cbs $5 million beyoncé bruno mars coldplay cbs $5 million bruno mars third cbs $5 million coldplay beyoncé and bruno mars cbs coldplay beyoncé and bruno mars super bowl xlvii $5 million coldplay beyoncé and bruno mars bruno mars roger goodell the 50th super bowl 2012 roger goodell early 2012 roger goodell roger goodell roger goodell spectacular spectacular 2012 new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome miami 's sun life stadium san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium sun life stadium levi 's stadium levi 's stadium mercedes -benz superdome sun life stadium new orleans ' mercedes -benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium three new orleans sun life stadium san francisco levi 's stadium. sun life stadium mercedes -benz superdome levi 's stadium. october 16 , 2012 10 super bowl xliv 2010 1985 sun life stadium october 16 , 2012 stanford stadium may 3 , 2013 2010 two super bowl xliv two florida legislature 1985 new orleans october 16 , 2012 10. new orleans 1985 florida legislature may 21 , 2013 nfl owners 2014 $1 .2 billion san diego boston may 21 , 2013 $1 .2 billion super bowl xxxvii san diego 2013 2014 $1 .2 billion 1985 super bowl xxxvii may 21 , 2013 2014 2003 boston may 21 , 2013 2014. $1 .2 billion 2003. john fox ten six carolina panthers super bowl xlviii john fox eight ten super bowl xxxviii six number one number one super bowl xlviii super bowl xxxviii. six one four john fox deangelo williams kelvin benjamin 7 1978 carolina panthers ten eight kelvin benjamin 1978 2009 2011 torn acl kelvin benjamin deangelo williams 1978 ten carolina panthers 1978. carolina panthers ten six 45 10 27 greg olsen 45 99.4 77 passes receivers jonathan stewart six cam newton 3 ,837 45 six 500 3 ,837 45 99 .4. 39 308 136 118 four kawann short 24 kawann short four four kurt coleman 24 kony ealy luke kuechly. two. gary kubiak brock osweiler indianapolis colts san diego chargers wade phillips four gary kubiak indianapolis colts 39 plantar fasciitis gary kubiak peyton manning a plantar fasciitis injury 39 four john fox peyton manning gary kubiak left foot. wade phillips 67.9 17 demaryius thomas c . j . anderson 10 67.9 2 ,249 nine demaryius thomas receiver 67.9 17 demaryius thomas 5 67.9 17 emmanuel sanders c . j . anderson 4.7 4 ,530 5½ brandon marshall three linebacker linebacker defensive ends 296 von miller brandon marshall three. von miller linebacker brandon marshall derek wolfe and malik jackson seattle seahawks arizona cardinals 487 seven 31–24 seattle seahawks 31–24 487 seattle seahawks arizona cardinals seven seattle seahawks 49–15 arizona cardinals 487 pittsburgh steelers 11 new england patriots 20–18 17 seconds broncos 23–16 new england patriots 17 manning pittsburgh steelers 11 new england patriots pittsburgh steelers new england patriots 17 thomas davis a broken arm three 11 acl tears arm 11 super bowl three broken arm 11 thomas davis 39 john elway 38 executive vice president of football operations and general manager broncos broncos john elway 38 peyton manning two two peyton manning john elway super bowl xxxiii peyton manning 39. john elway 1998 2011 26 13 years and 48 days von miller manning newton 26 quarterback 1998 2011 von miller 2011. 26 13 years and 48 days super bowl xx chicago bears linebacker elway broncos linebacker elway rivera super bowl xx justin tucker bermuda 419 ed mangan baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker kicker hybrid bermuda 419 turf justin tucker a new playing surface a hybrid bermuda 419 turf. their cleats justin tucker natural grass broncos 34–19 atlanta falcons white super bowl xxxiii super bowl xxxiii 34–19 atlanta falcons white road white jerseys pittsburgh steelers super bowl xxxiii blue orange black jerseys with silver pants. san jose state stanford university san jose santa clara san jose marriott santa clara marriott san jose state practice facility stanford university san jose state practice facility san jose marriott. stanford university santa clara marriott. san jose san jose marriott. stanford university santa clara marriott. june 4 , 2014 super bowl v jaime weston super bowl xlv vince lombardi 2014 super bowl li l gold june 4 , 2014 arabic numerals l. gold super bowl li. arabic li. gold week 7 50 gold gold golden super bowl gold footballs the 50 -yard line gold moscone center san francisco ed lee jane kim january 30 1 million ed lee moscone center super bowl city moscone center super bowl city ed lee super bowl city more than 1 million mayor ed lee $5 million. the annual nfl experience santa clara university $2 million a week $2 million pep rally city council bellomy field a professional fundraiser city council $2 million city council monday tuesday sap center san jose the golden gate bridge tuesday monday super bowl opening night sap center san jose the tuesday afternoon prior to the game super bowl opening night. sap center in san jose. the golden gate bridge. monday super bowl opening night. sap center in san jose. golden gate bridge. february 1 , 2016 business connect $40 million dignity health gap chevron super bowl 50 host committee over $40 million sponsors business connect business connect over $40 million 25 the 50 fund 25 percent 50 fund the most giving super bowl ever 25 percent the 50 fund 25 percent 50 fund vince lombardi 18 66 tiffany & co. tiffany & co. vince lombardi trophy 18 -karat gold -plated tiffany & co the vince lombardi trophy tiffany & co. cbs phil simms tracy wolfson 36 5k three sidelines 360 -degree 5k resolution sidelines cbs three cbs jim nantz and phil simms tracy wolfson and evan washburn 5k cameras espn deportes john sutcliffe alvaro martin december 28 , 2015 spanish cbs espn deportes john sutcliffe. espn deportes alvaro martin and raul allegre john sutcliffe. nfl mobile watchespn cbssports .com xbox one 10 cbssports .com xbox one verizon wireless customers nfl mobile service verizon nfl mobile service. digital streams of the game verizon watchespn. the late show with stephen colbert the late late show with james corden the late show with stephen colbert the late late show with james corden the late show with stephen colbert late local programming the late late show with james corden. $5 ,000 ,000 anheuser -busch inbev doritos 20th $5 ,000 ,000 anheuser -busch inbev doritos nintendo the pokémon company anheuser -busch inbev doritos anheuser -busch inbev doritos crash the super bowl `` small business big game '' death wish coffee 30 -second nine death wish coffee nine quickbooks. death wish coffee ten quickbooks. death wish coffee jason bourne gods of egypt teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows resurgence gods of egypt teenage mutant ninja turtles: out of the shadows jason bourne captain america: civil war independence day universal fox westwood one kevin harlan jim gray boomer esiason james lofton two kevin harlan westwood one kevin harlan jim gray kevin harlan boomer esiason and dan fouts james lofton and mark malone pre -game and halftime coverage. north america krfx dave logan 1110 am chester , south carolina mick mixon dave logan ed mccaffrey wbt mick mixon koa -lrb -850 am -rrb - and krfx -lrb -103 .5 fm -rrb- wbt -fm -lrb -99 .3 fm -rrb- bbc radio 5 5 live sports extra darren fletcher bbc greg brady bart starr chuck howley peyton manning 2001 peyton manning 39 peyton manning harvey martin 43 39 bart starr peyton manning harvey martin six the national anthem academy award the national anthem american sign language lady gaga marlee matlin lady gaga marlee matlin lady gaga six marlee matlin december 3 british super bowl xlvii `` hymn for the weekend '' super bowl xlviii coldplay. pepsi `` hymn for the weekend '' coldplay. beyoncé hymn for the weekend bruno mars denver andre caldwell ronnie hillman brandon mcmanus c . j . anderson 18 shaq thompson brandon mcmanus a deficit. denver owen daniels c . j . anderson brandon mcmanus a deficit. mike carey cam newton von miller malik jackson super bowl xxviii jerricho cotchery mike carey von miller malik jackson 1993 mike carey von miller malik jackson super bowl xxviii jonathan stewart brad nortman 28 61 33 51 jonathan stewart 11:28 jordan norwood 33 jonathan stewart field goal darian stewart linebacker kony ealy newton demarcus ware mike tolbert kony ealy 19 demarcus ware mike tolbert danny trevathan kony ealy punt demarcus ware ted ginn jr. graham gano 44 mcmanus t . j . ward ted ginn jr. the uprights t . j . ward. trevathan ted ginn jr. 26 -yard line graham gano emmanuel sanders ealy 39 devin funchess stewart 41 -yard line. ealy 50 -yard line. punts. ealy 50 -yard line. 39 -yard three 24 newton josh norman anderson bennie fowler miller wards newton josh norman 3:08 4:51 miller wards three anderson five zero four thomas davis one one zero anderson sanders thomas davis sanders anderson all four one four 194 11 baltimore ravens jordan norwood manning 194 11 chicago bears broncos 21 11 the broncos chicago bears two nobel prize 1745 maria skłodowska -curie famous musicians seven months old 100 krasiński palace garden the saxon garden east end łazienki 15 kilometres otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species 13 several to clean them city 833 ,500 around 34 % jewish migration and urbanisation warsaw university of technology 2 ,000 medical university of warsaw 1816 fryderyk chopin university of music 1816 over two million architects irena bajerska 10 ,000 m2 infrastructure three -year plan solid economic growth improved markedly warsaw children 's memorial health institute maria skłodowska -curie institute of oncology 700 developed musical events and festivals in the palace of culture and science warsaw festivals ogród saski saxon garden 1870 to 1939 momus wojciech bogusławski theatre wianki thousands midsummer’s night when they would be married the fern art posters 60 prestigious some paintings arms warsaw uprising museum katyń stereoscopic museum of independence 60 royal ujazdów castle about 500 zachęta national gallery of art polish and international artists last weekend of september polonia warsaw 1946 twice at konwiktorska street disastrous financial situation syrenka the mermaid since at least the mid -14th century 1390 a sword legend depths of the oceans and seas coast of denmark warszowa captured warsaw 1916 the art deco style poet isaac bashevis singer economist intelligence unit 2012 wide variety of industries stock frontex 1313 kraków 1596 king sigismund iii vasa survived many wars , conflicts and invasions roman catholic polish academy of sciences a unesco world heritage site architectural luxurious parks and royal gardens warszawa belonging to warsz 12th/13th -century nobleman a village miasto stołeczne warszawa jazdów the prince of płock 1300 1413 1526 general sejm 1569 religious freedom due to its central location 1596 until 1796 prussia napoleon 's 1815 1816 from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 areas controlled by russia in 1914 underground leader piłsudski 1920 the red army september 1939 a german nazi colonial administration some 30 % of the city april 1943 almost a month the red army stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland august 1944 63 days between 150 ,000 and 200 ,000 `` bricks for warsaw '' prefabricated an eastern bloc city palace of culture and science unesco 's world heritage list john paul ii growing anti -communist fervor less than a year victory square incentive for the democratic changes about 300 325 vistula river 452 .8 ft at the right bank of the vistula two vistula valley moraine vistula river warsaw escarpment moraine former flooded terraces valleys plain vistula terraces pine turbulent history of the city during the second world war after liberation leopold kronenberg palace typical of eastern bloc countries gothic 14th century masovian gothic renaissance mannerist architecture 17th century 1688–1692 rococo neoclassical architecture 1775–1795 bourgeois not restored by the communist authorities socialist realism warsaw university of technology building the most distinctive buildings many places pawiak the warsaw citadel children warsaw uprising monument green new orangery pole mokotowskie park ujazdowski 1927 location of warsaw within the borders of warsaw masovian primeval forest kabaty two 1 ,300 ,000 420 ,000 1951 as better residency registration multi -cultural 711 ,988 56 .2 % 2 .8 % 1944 a commune counties or powiats kraków warsaw city council 60 every four years committees 30 days president jan andrzej menich 1695–1696 the city council centrum śródmieście 304 ,016 emerging market 12 % 191 .766 billion pln 1817 world war ii april 1991 374 polish united workers ' party 1951 polonez daewoo avtozaz chevrolet aveo warszawa warsaw vistula river 2 .666 million residents 9th warsaw vistula roughly 260 kilometres 2 .666 million 9th france 10th and 11th centuries denmark , iceland and norway rollo 10th century william the conqueror richard i catholic viking 9th century 911 king charles iii seine rollo catholicism north fighting horsemen 999 archangel michael monte gargano drogo william iron arm saracens 1130 squillace kitab rudjdjar the book of roger meritocratic seljuk turks 1050s 1060s alexius komnenos afranji oursel turkish forces norman mercenary robert guiscard 1082 30 ,000 deabolis bohemond deabolis 1185 dyrrachium the adriatic king ethelred ii duke richard ii normandy sweyn forkbeard harthacnut 1041 robert of jumièges battle of hastings william ii 1066 anglo -saxons modern english 1169 ireland irish edgar king malcolm iii of scotland 1072 duncan sybilla of normandy norman hereford the welsh edward the confessor wales 1018 william of montreuil 1097 tancred jerusalem 380 years a storm berengaria 1191 isaac komnenos conrad of montferrat silver guy de lusignan richard the lion -heart 12 may 1191 double coronation 1489 knights templar africa bethencourt enrique pérez de guzmán maciot de bethencourt channel islands two romanesque rounded early gothic anglo -saxon sicily early 11th century dukes 16th century embroidery bayeux tapestry odo mosaics 11th william of volpiano and john of ravenna southern italy latin monastery at sant 'eufemia. robert guiscard singing 1856 serbian 1943 1856 1943 serbian alternating current 1884 thomas edison george westinghouse new york city war of currents 1884 thomas edison new york city george westinghouse transformer 1893 high -voltage mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x -ray imaging colorado springs 1893 boat wardenclyffe tower project 1943 si unit of magnetic flux density new york hotels mad scientist patents 1943 si unit of magnetic flux density 1990s showmanship croatia priest eidetic his mother 's genetics priest milutin tesla đuka tesla making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems his mother 's genetics and influence four german 1862 dane milka , angelina and marica killed in a horse -riding accident gospić , austrian empire pastor martin sekulić german integral calculus cheating 1873 1870 to attend school martin sekulić german 1873 cholera nine months the best engineering school enter the priesthood smiljan 1873 cholera nine months enter the priesthood to send him to the best engineering school tomingaj mark twain the mountains 1874 hunter 's garb being drafted into the austro -hungarian army 1874 he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb mark twain 1875 austrian polytechnic 1879 gambling no graz , austria 1875 1879 gambled tesla would be killed through overwork left graz to hide the fact that he dropped out of school a draftsman return home nervous breakdown 1878 that he dropped out of school his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river. draftsman nervous breakdown not having a residence permit march 1879 60 a stroke taught for not having a residence permit. 1879 higher real gymnasium stroke prague arrived too late as an auditor charles -ferdinand university prague 1880 charles -ferdinand university two of tesla 's uncles budapest budapest telephone exchange chief electrician a telephone repeater or amplifier draftsman 1881 a telegraph company budapest telephone exchange chief electrician 1882 france new york city thomas edison edison machine works continental edison company france 1884 thomas edison manhattan 's lower east side fifty thousand dollars $10 a week raise months fifty thousand dollars american humor. us $10 a week raise robert lane and benjamin vail tesla electric light & manufacturing installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla patents dynamo electric machine commutators robert lane and benjamin vail 1886 tesla electric light & manufacturing installed electrical arc light based illumination systems tesla forced tesla out penniless ditch digger 1886/1887 assigned them to the company in lieu of stock. ditch digger various electrical repair jobs a western union superintendent april 1887 ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development manhattan 1886 western union superintendent charles f . peck 89 liberty street in manhattan tesla electric company an induction motor may 1888 a commutator sparking self -starting 1887 because of its advantages in long -distance , high -voltage transmission mechanical brushes 1888 editor of electrical world magazine american institute of electrical engineers 1888 decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market thomas commerford martin thomas commerford martin george westinghouse galileo ferraris physicist westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 1888 $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor george westinghouse consultant $60 ,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2 .50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor 1888 $2 ,000 pittsburgh pittsburgh system to power the city 's streetcars 60 -cycle dc traction motor to power the city 's streetcars. a dc traction motor thomas edison and george westinghouse lighting systems ac development general electric ac thomas edison 1888 financial strain general electric george westinghouse chicago general electric tesla polyphase system tesla polyphase system george westinghouse chicago 1893 ac power richard dean adams niagara falls westinghouse electric general electric a two -phased system richard dean adams 1893 two -phased system most reliable 1896 $216 ,000 $2 .50 per ac horsepower royalty $200 ,000 j . p . morgan an estimated $200 ,000 $216 ,000 35 new york electric lamps tesla coil 1891 the tesla coil. 35 wireless american institute of electrical engineers american institute of electrical engineers 1894 vice president 1892 to 1894 the institute of radio engineers he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 december 1895 the metal locking screw on the camera lens 1894 x -rays lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 x -ray image mark twain x -ray imaging march 1896 radiography x -rays tesla coil 1896 tesla coil roentgen rays x -rays were longitudinal waves damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin skin damage his circuit and single -node x -ray -producing devices force -free magnetic fields ozone generated in contact with the skin longitudinal waves force -free magnetic fields in his many notes benjamin lamme 1893 westinghouse electric egg of columbus tesla 1934 physically strike him he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body bits of metal national electric light association tesla coil the franklin institute 1898 teleautomaton madison square garden an electrical exhibition monkey 1900 marconi 1901 1943 supreme court of the united states 1899 paris 15 june 1899 five inches atmospheric stationary that the earth had a resonant frequency. lightning 135 feet 15 miles glowed even when turned off butterflies were electrified power outage repeatedly burned out powerful high frequency currents destroy communications from another planet mars collier 's weekly intercepted marconi 's european experiments july 1899 $100 ,000 for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system to fund his colorado springs experiments. 1899 1900 his lab was torn down 1904 sold wardenclyffe trans -atlantic wireless telecommunications facility near shoreham , long island morgan panic of 1901 shocked over 50 letters to complete the construction of wardenclyffe. marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland 187 feet 200 16 ,000 rpm 1906 100–5 ,000 hp steam houston street lab the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building world today eventually split the earth in two application of electricity saturating them unconsciously with electricity william h . maxwell superintendent of new york city schools overseas lost sold $20 ,000 the edison medal. electrical experimenter fluorescent screen radar émile girardeau thomas edison and nikola tesla sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg tesla and/or edison had refused the prize announced a winner animosity toward each other 38 edison 1937 u .s. patent 1 ,655 ,114 vtol aircraft less than $1 ,000 turbine engines $125 per month rent at the hotel new yorker for the rest of tesla 's life bad publicity mechanical energy over any terrestrial distance minimal mineral deposits 1935 feed the pigeons a doctor broken early 1938 the fall of 1937 `` teleforce '' weapon van de graaff generator infantry anti -aircraft purposes death ray 1937 at a luncheon in his honor tungsten high voltage only a little charged particle beam weapons nikola tesla museum archive belgrade millions all war steal the invention in his mind. his papers 86 7 january 1943 maid alice monaghan `` do not disturb '' sign coronary thrombosis fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings john g . trump nothing manhattan storage and warehouse company new york city mayor fiorello la guardia louis adamic 12 january two thousand the cathedral of saint john the divine belgrade sava kosanović charlotte muzar belgrade nikola tesla museum around 300 26 canada patent archives 8:10 p.m 9:00 a .m. until 6:00 p .m. or later 3:00 a.m headwaiter between 8 to 10 miles per day exercise squished his toes brain cells telepathy newspaper editor one pigeons over $2 ,000 broken wing and leg the park hotel room 142 pounds 6 feet 2 inches 1888 to about 1926 new york city eight visions picture thinking blinding flashes of light photographic memory more than 48 hours 84 hours graz kenneth swezey journalist chastity women toward the end of his life dorothy skerrit robert underwood johnson seclude himself asocial friend mark twain lab late 1920s overweight people secretary her weight go home and change electron ether transmitted electrical energy 19th einstein 's antagonistic relativity gravity 1892 curved 81 eugenics ruthless pity 1937 women 1926 queen bees post -world war i science and discovery 20 december 1914 league of nations orthodox christian fanaticism buddhism and christianity `` a machine to end war '' uncertain war books and articles magazines and journals ben johnston the web 1900 inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla. science fiction books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games several time magazine 75th birthday electrical power generation einstein more than 70 computational complexity theory inherent difficulty computational problems if its solution requires significant resources mathematical models of computation time and storage number of gates in a circuit determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do analysis of algorithms and computability theory analysis of algorithms computational complexity theory computability theory problem instance the problem concrete instances solution 2000 round trip through all sites in milan computational problems problem instance binary alphabet bitstrings binary notation adjacency matrices decision problems yes or no 1 or 0 yes yes arbitrary graph formal language how graphs are encoded as binary strings a computational problem a single output a function problem the integer factorization problem complex decision problems set of triples how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem the instance as a function of the size of the instance bits an increase in the input size cobham 's thesis the time taken worst -case time complexity t -lrb -n-rrb- polynomial time algorithm a turing machine an algorithm the turing machine symbols a deterministic turing machine rules a probabilistic turing machine a non -deterministic turing machine randomized algorithms complexity classes time or space probabilistic turing machines , non -deterministic turing machines random access machines computational power time and memory the machines operate deterministically non -deterministic unusual resources mathematical models time state transitions difficulty dtime -lrb -f-lrb -n-rrb --rrb- time complexity resources computational resource blum complexity axioms complexity measures complexity measures best , worst and average complexity measure time inputs deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort worst -case o -lrb -n2 -rrb- the most efficient algorithm analysis of algorithms lower bounds upper bound all possible algorithms big o notation constant factors and smaller terms t -lrb -n-rrb - = o -lrb -n2 -rrb- the computational model complexity classes framework complicated definitions chosen machine model linear time single -tape turing machines cobham -edmonds thesis complexity class p time or space bounding complexity classes bpp , zpp and rp boolean quantum #p interactive computation time dtime -lrb -n2 -rrb- time and space hierarchy theorems a proper hierarchy on the classes defined quantitative statements time and space hierarchy theorems exptime pspace reduction another problem reduces karp reductions and levin reductions the bound on the complexity of reductions polynomial -time reduction multiplying two integers polynomial time input multiplication the type of reduction being used if every problem in c can be reduced to x solve any problem in c np -hard np -complete np there is no known polynomial -time solution np p cobham–edmonds thesis np boolean satisfiability problem turing machines more efficient solutions protein structure prediction $1 ,000 ,000 ladner np -intermediate problems graph isomorphism problem the graph isomorphism problem np -complete polynomial time hierarchy second level laszlo babai and eugene luks the integer factorization problem k modern cryptographic systems the general number field sieve suspected to be unequal p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace between p and pspace proving that any of these classes are unequal co -np reversed not equal p is not equal to np l strictly contained in p or equal to p complexity classes nl and nc if they are distinct or equal classes intractable problems exponential -time algorithms np -complete problems presburger arithmetic algorithms have been written np -complete knapsack problem in less than quadratic time np -complete boolean satisfiability problem foundations were laid out alan turing turing machines 1936 a computer on the computational complexity of algorithms juris hartmanis and richard stearns 1965 time and space 1965 john myhill 1961 hisao yamada input encoding encoding manuel blum speed -up theorem `` reducibility among combinatorial problems '' 21 the curriculum. pedagogy university or college. lesson plan school cultures numeracy craftsmanship life skills family member home schooling formal transient knowledge or skills spiritual religious the quran , torah or bible religious and spiritual teachers homeschooling paid professionals. chartered the wider community paid professionals. school functions extracurricular study halls teachers teacher 's colleges to serve and protect the public interest the public teachers standards of practice members allegations of professional misconduct teacher 's colleges teacher 's colleges teacher 's colleges outdoors tutor academy facilitate student learning informal pedagogy field trips increasing use of technology the internet skill the relevant authority learning infants standardized particular skills self -study and problem solving encourage deflate a coach the relationship between teachers and children the whole curriculum different subject specialists primary school surrogate alternative platoon staying with the same group of peers for all classes knowledgeable united states co -teaching two or more learning harmoniously social networking support corporal punishment substitute parent all the normal forms of parental discipline the most common while a child was in school one of the most common most western countries united states supreme court physical pain 30 the south declining a specially made wooden paddle privately in the principal 's office caning some asian , african and caribbean countries see school corporal punishment. detention detention in schools quietly lines or a punishment essay assertive immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior firm , clear boundaries sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils respect some teachers and parents east asia weakness in school discipline a more assertive and confrontational style japan japan japan japan 40 to 50 students instruction motivated students attention -seeking and disruptive students motivated students popularly based authority governments persuasion and negotiation easier and more efficient good , clear laws enthusiasm passion teach by rote higher teacher enthusiasm read lecture material nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm controlled , experimental studies higher self -determined enthusiasm emotional contagion teacher enthusiasm student -teacher relationships beneficial the goals he receives from his superior. aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. student motivation and attitudes towards school friendly and supportive friendly and supportive interacting and working directly with students effective enthusiasm about the students enthusiastic in the student very influential teaching sexual misconduct 9 .6 % united states sometime during their educational career. american association of university women england priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers 2 ,869 the aauw study united states increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile chris keates child protection and parental rights groups a shortage of male teachers the sex offenders register occupational stress long hours occupational burnout stress occupational stress 42 % uk twice the figure for the average profession 2012 average workers several organizational interventions individual -level interventions occupational stress among teachers organizational interventions a university or college certification by a recognized body elementary school education certificate a background check and psychiatric evaluation us the individual states and territories three tertiary education universities and/or tafe colleges primary a post -secondary degree bachelor 's degree a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education the private sector , businesses and sponsors civil servants lehramtstudien -lrb -teaching education studies -rrb- grundschule civil servants ' salary index scale -lrb -bundesbesoldungsordnung -rrb- gymnasium extra pay 27 ,814 53 ,423 90 ,000 the teaching council section 30 2001 oireachtas funds 2006 new entrants to the teaching profession on a phased basis those who refuse vetting 41 ,004 experience and extra responsibilities 20 ,980 a bachelor 's degree september 2007 alternative licensing programs hard -to -fill positions vary excellent job opportunities secondary school teachers the general teaching council for scotland -lrb -gtcs -rrb- teaching seven provisional registration after a year april 2008 20 ,427 32 ,583 earn chartered teacher status trade unions wales welsh until the age of 16 22 all age groups trade unions falling between 2005 and 2010 trade unions concern each state ten years a bachelor 's degree charter schools no child left behind relatively low salaries average teacher salaries more experience and higher education elementary school teachers teacherspayteachers .com many protestant not always -lrb -roman -rrb - catholic , -lrb -eastern -rrb - orthodox catholic , and protestant/non -denominational lds church many individuals spiritual the husband and father the father of the house guru extremely high their disciples the west a lama be reborn tulku often many times through phowa and siddhi ulemas ulemas sufism actions -oriented qutb german 18 february 1546 catholic church. god 's punishment excommunication gift of god 's grace faith in jesus christ the pope bible holy priesthood bible standard version tyndale bible singing in churches protestant clergy to marry. 10 november 1483 eisleben , saxony holy roman empire catholic lawyer university of erfurt beerhouse and whorehouse at four rote learning 1505 law uncertainty theology and philosophy by experience god death and divine judgment , 2 july 1505 augustinian cloister in erfurt deaths of two friends luther 's education augustinian order deep spiritual despair jailer and hangman johann von staupitz a change of heart 1507 von staupitz 1508 9 march 1508 sentences by peter lombard 19 october 1512 21 october 1512 doctor in bible university of wittenberg doctor of theology 1516 rebuild st . peter 's basilica roman catholic charity and good works charity and good works 31 october 1517 albert of mainz the ninety -five theses hans hillerbrand thesis 86 johann tetzel coin in the coffer luther johann tetzel god salvation punishments false assurances christ tetzel capacity to exaggerate indulgences for the dead , indulgences for the living the posting on the door posting on the door philipp melanchthon not in wittenberg little foundation in truth january 1518 printing press friends of luther two weeks two months 1519 students early part 1520 on the freedom of a christian lectured penance and righteousness corrupt in its ways central truths of christianity doctrine of justification god 1525 gift from god smalcald articles lives by faith christ and his salvation christ and his salvation sale of indulgences two points archbishop albrecht rome papal dispensation one half december 1517 pope leo x papal theologians and envoys october 1518 papacy was the antichrist arrest luther january 1519 remain silent johann eck matthew 16:18 new jan hus 15 june 1520 recanted 41 sentences 60 days karl von miltitz 3 january 1521 secular authorities 18 april 1521 estates of the holy roman empire emperor charles v prince frederick iii johann eck archbishop of trier stood by their contents next day confirmed raised his arm knight winning a bout michael mullett epoch -making oratory recant his writings luther not recorded more dramatic form private conferences 25 may 1521 emperor his arrest kill luther luther 's disappearance wartburg castle my patmos new testament shamed a sin cannot be earned 1 august 1521 trust in christ justice summer of 1521 condemned as idolatry a gift private confession and absolution break their vows prophetic faith 1521 daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 the little horn antichrist gabriel zwilling june 1521 disturbances zwickau prophets town council 6 march 1522 personal presence preached eight sermons invocavit sermons trust god 's word immediate jerome schurf after the sixth sermon joy misguided public order conservative zwickau prophets unrest and violence. established church zwickau prophet german peasants ' war 1524–25 support an attack upper classes temporal authorities tour of thuringia mad dogs the devil 's work the nobles on three grounds ignoring christ 's counsel god divine right of kings in body and soul backing for the uprising swabian league 15 may 1525 müntzer 's execution the secular powers katharina von bora in herring barrels 26 years old 41 years old april 1523 13 june 1525 evening wedding banquet 27 june johannes bugenhagen seal of approval clerical marriage on biblical grounds death of a heretic reckless the black cloister former monastery six children riches of croesus farming the land choosing their own ministers supervisory church body new form two catechisms revolutionary extreme change electorate of saxony adviser john the steadfast under the temporal sovereign early 1526 1523 adaptation of the latin mass simple people sacrifice freedom of ceremony 1527 visitation of the electorate christian education christian doctrine incapable of teaching catechism 1529 pastors and teachers the people questions and answers the catechism writings in volumes the catechism small catechism the bible small catechism larger catechism german vernacular as persons with the father 1522 1534 the translation alone faith alone saxon chancellery northern and southern everyday germans read it without hindrance impediments and difficulties german -language publications bible translation evolution of the german language lucas cranach william tyndale authoring hymns high art and folk music singing of german hymns lute waldzither events in his life for lutheran views ein neues lied wir heben an john c . messenger flung to the heedless winds 1524 apostles ' creed small catechism german creedal hymn difficulty of its tune 1538 small catechism specific catechism questions multiple revisions luther 's tune 1523 psalm 130 write psalm -hymns achtliederbuch reformation doctrine nun komm , der heiden heiland veni redemptor gentium main hymn two hymns german te deum baptism johann walter prayer for grace j . s . bach halle early lutheran hymnals four 18 24 eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn johann sebastian bach chorale cantatas 1707 1724 to 1725 1735 sleeps idea of torments sleep in peace rejected the existence smalcald articles franz pieper johann gerhard gerhard . lessing 1755 commentary on genesis francis blackburne 1765 gottfried fritschel dreams october 1529 landgrave of hesse doctrinal unity fourteen points nature of the eucharist words spoken by jesus body and blood of christ sacramental union symbolically present confrontational 1530 marburg colloquy schmalkaldic league the swiss cities george , margrave of brandenburg -ansbach antithetical reason no way contributes reason different epistemological spheres. jesus christ was born a jew jewish conversion to christianity jews anabaptists 1543 as a scourge to punish christians destroy the antichrist the papacy secular war qur 'an critical pamphlets on islam islam tool of the devil exposed to scrutiny. god 's wrath to christians johannes agricola city hall theses against agricola on the councils and the church second use of the law work sorrow over sin everything eliminate the accusing law essentially holy people ought to live ten commandments third use of the law illustration of the ten commandments ten commandments baptism ten commandments service to the neighbor wanted to marry bigamy one of his wife 's ladies -in -waiting holds luther accountable lasting damage expelled jews jews murder of christ divinity of jesus convert them to christianity. von den juden und ihren lügen 1543 three years before the devil 's people sanction for murder the jews martin luther doomed to perdition luther 's anti -jewish works throughout the 1580s luther anti -jewish rhetoric attacks on jews luther radically anti -semitic 17 december 1941 luther diarmaid macculloch bishop martin sasse greatest antisemite opportunistic misguided agitation modern hatred of the jews 18th and 19th centuries religious and in no respect racial violence ronald berger hysterical and demonizing mentality lutheran clergy and theologians luther 's hostile publications declining state of mind his health vulgarity and violence muslims -rrb - and catholics luther 's last battles: politics and polemics 1531–46 since the 1980s least prejudiced richard -lrb -dick -rrb - geary 1928 -1933 his health deteriorated bigamy of the philip of hesse kidney and bladder stones arthritis , and an ear infection angina poor physical health writings and comments harsher his wife katharina three times eisleben 15 february 1546 jews all german territory that they convert mansfeld negotiations late 1545 early 1546 his siblings ' families 17 february 1546 chest pains ps . 31:5 prayer of the dying 1 a.m apoplectic stroke 2:45 a.m 18 february 1546 in the castle church johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon his last statement latin `` we are beggars , '' monumental frail catholic saints physically imposing religious orders 1530s and 1540s 18 february episcopal -lrb -united states -rrb - calendar of saints. 31 october church of england 's calendar of saints luther is honoured socal 10 counties economic center demographics and economic ties historical political divisions southern california megaregion 11 nevada mexican tijuana pacific seven 12 million san diego 17 .5 million colorado river colorado desert mojave desert mexico–united states border california 3 ,792 ,621 los angeles san diego south los angeles united states counties 15 counties hollywood los angeles the walt disney company music sony skateboard tony hawk shaun white oahu transpac palm springs beaches southern open spaces 37° 9 ' 58 .23" 11 ten tehachapi mountains northern mexico alta california monterey the missouri compromise free inequitable taxes cow counties three 75 milton latham los angeles times 1900 1999 imperial seven regional tourism groups california state automobile association three -region tehachapis southern third vast areas suburban highways international metropolitan camp pendleton inland empire united states census bureau orange 1990s mediterranean infrequent rain 60 's very rare 70 pacific ocean varied topographic peninsular valleys 10 ,000 small 6.7 property damage $20 billion san andreas 6.7 puente hills usgs occurrence economically global economic 2010 high growth rates 10 .0 % tech -oriented greater sacramento metropolitan statistical areas two five million southern border region 17 ,786 ,419 los angeles 1 .3 million twelve 100 ,000 riverside petroleum hollywood the housing bubble diverse heavily impacted 1920s richest citrus cattle aerospace business central business districts south coast metro business los angeles area san fernando valley los angeles business riverside hospitality business/financial centre orange university of california , irvine west irvine south coast metro rapidly downtown san diego northern san diego north county san diego los angeles international airport passenger volume third san diego international airport van nuys airport metrolink seven six orange port of los angeles port of san diego southern the tech coast research private 5 12 nfl nba mlb los angeles kings la galaxy chivas usa two 2014 stubhub center 2018 college ucla trojans pac -12 division i rugby high school an official school sport bskyb bskyb 2014 sky plc sky uk limited 2006 two sky £1 .3bn ondigital freeview three sky three pick tv sky+ pvr september 2007 monthly fee january 2010 sky+hd box videoguard nds cisco systems bskyb sky+ basic channels 2007 substantially increased the asking price video on demand hd channels july 2013 2013 onedrive onedrive for business cloud storage sam chisholm astra 27 september 2001 sky digital 3 .5 million bskyb telecommunications 11 million freeview sky q hub sky q silver set top boxes share recordings 2016 2016 dvb -compliant mpeg-2 dolby digital mpeg-4 opentv dvb -s2 1998 astra 2a eutelsat 's eurobird 1 hundreds 28 .5°e 22 may 2006 40 ,000 thomson 17 ,000 4 ,222 ,000 8 february 2007 march digital terrestrial virgin media english premier league football free -to -view monthly subscription videoguard uk ku band sky 1991 itv £34m bbc £304m ofcom £15–100 ,000 no not not 1 october 1998 sky digital sky active ondigital 100 ,000 2007 virgin media video on demand bbc hd channel 4 hd 10 million 25m august 2004 36 % flattened welfare cash card essentials often damaging sky tv bills a man 's presence £30m no virgin media bskyb basic channels diversified second fourth melbourne melbourne cricket ground bendigo new south wales buckland valley over 1 ,000 cramped and unsanitary multi -member proportional eight five four years every four years australian labor party liberal party national party the greens labor 61 .1 % 26 .7 % buddhism 168 ,637 20 % south -east most densely populated second melbourne second -largest koori 1788 new south wales sullivan bay 1803 26 ,000 square kilometres 50 % 6 ,000 square kilometres 90 % 270 ,000 1975 1855 colonial constitution parliament of victoria `` entrenched '' provisions victoria constitution act 1855 warmest regions 32 °c 15 °c 48 .8 °c 2009 state or government victoria department of education some extra costs roman catholic church curriculum major car brands 2017 may 2013 october 2016 ford 2 ,000 m mount bogong 1 ,986 m river systems helmeted honeyeater victorian alps great dividing range east -west below 0 °c −11 .7 °c government -owned metro trains melbourne victorian government freight services passenger 37 12 legislative assembly legislative council linda dessau 1 july 1851 1851 gold rush sevenfold 20 million ounces 1 ,548 489 540 ,800 63 ,519 61 victoria 3 million 60 % two -thirds asia 1 ,600 mm 1 ,435 mm 760 mm mountainous areas five 1788 new south wales new holland sydney 1854 british troops eureka stockade mining licence fees colony of victoria act most seats premier representatives daniel andrews elected $8 .7 billion 17 % 32 ,463 136 ,000 square kilometres 60 % tourism sports melbourne regional cities surfclassic the southern and central parts of france about one -eighth the number from 1562 to 1598 the edict of nantes granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy derision geneva besançon hugues amboise plot 1560 availability of the bible in vernacular languages around 1294 guyard de moulin 1487 paris villes de sûreté montpellier edict of alès 1622 1629 at the cape of good hope cape town maria de la queillerie dutch east india company 1700 1624 jessé de forest l 'église française à la nouvelle -amsterdam l 'eglise du saint -esprit brooklyn the charleston orange district the british landgrave edmund bellinger pons 1697 charleston , south carolina william iii of orange king of england league of augsburg dutch republic 1672 edict of fontainebleau 1685 louis xiv 500 ,000 catholic church in france st . bartholomew 's day massacre 5 ,000 to 30 ,000 their own militia some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france between 1621 and 1629 southwestern france henry iv louis xiii huguenot rebellions one million 2 % alsace cévennes australia new rochelle new paltz `` huguenot street historic district '' in new paltz the oldest street in the united states of america staten island the dutch republic an estimated total of 75 ,000 to 100 ,000 people ca . 2 million amsterdam and the area of west frisia the revocation of the edict of nantes tours huguon the ghost of le roi huguet prétendus réformés night canterbury the weavers economic separation kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone a restaurant cork city dublin , cork , youghal and waterford dublin a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland 1696 brain drain new france non -catholics seven years ' war 1759 -60 henry of navarre 1598 granted the protestants equality with catholics the founding of new protestant churches protestantism education of children as catholics prohibited emigration four thousand `` new converts '' holland , prussia , and south africa switzerland and the netherlands 1555 france antarctique 1560 the guanabara confession of faith afrikaans wine industry western cape province surnames paul revere henry laurens charleston , south carolina manakin episcopal church texas lace 'bucks point ' twenty -five widows who settled in dover first half of the eighteenth century dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt one -fifth in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon 1806 -07 fredericia -lrb -denmark -rrb - , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden prussia cévennes camisards the catholic church in the region 1702 and 1709 jacksonville jean ribault fort caroline spanish 1565 charlesfort parris island pedro menéndez de avilés 1562 the wars of religion virginia lower norfolk county manakin town 390 12 may 1705 1568–1609 spain `` apologie '' william the silent calvinist foreign protestants naturalization act 1708 50 ,000 andrew lortie the doctrine of transubstantiation williamite war william of orange dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal flax cultivation irish linen industry prince louis de condé count ludwig von nassau -saarbrücken glass -making 1890s 1604 electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate protestant quebec dutch cape colony they were accepted and allowed to worship freely hugues capet the `` hugues hypothesis '' janet gray little hugos , or those who want hugo double or triple non -french linguistic origins jacques lefevre university of paris 1530 william farel jean cauvin -lrb -john calvin -rrb- 24 august – 3 october 1572 catholics nearly 3 ,000 1573 almost 25 ,000 louis xiv acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts closed huguenot schools dragonnades westchester `` bauffet 's point '' john pell , lord of pelham manor la rochelle trinity -st . paul 's episcopal church affiliated with other protestant denominations married outside their immediate french communities e .i. du pont into the nineteenth century eleutherian gunpowder mills pierre bayle rotterdam historical and critical dictionary us library of congress saint nicolas the french protestant church of london 1550 soho square shoreditch 1724 lutheran and reformed germany and scandinavia edict of potsdam elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia huguenots furnished two new regiments frederick william theodor fontane adolf galland lothar de maizière federal minister of the interior solar rankine steam high external combustion atmospheric engine thomas newcomen 1712 steam pump papin united kingdom 21 february 1804 abercynon wales south water pump multi -stage centrifugal 1850s steam locomotives lower -pressure boiler feed water three quadruple expansion engines 19th marine triple expansion olympic corliss joy lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve lead fusible plugs melts steam escapes manually suppress the fire dampening the fire james watt rotary ten 1883 industrial revolution first hero of alexandria greek giovanni branca 1606 compound expansions shipping internal combustion engines coal steam turbines late several hundred 90 electric burning combustible materials combustion chamber solar electric steam engine indicator 1851 charles porter charles richard london exhibition 90 180 90 counterflow two one four expansion quasiturbine counterflow port oscillating cylinder trunnion models ships recycled continuously open loop mercury water working fluid 565 stainless steel 63 % 30 °c steam engines steamboats stanley steamer factories increase in the land available for cultivation catch me who can matthew murray twin -cylinder middleton railway stockton and darlington arthur woolf british torque variability cylinder volume 90 reciprocating steam engines gas turbines steam turbines reduction rankine cycle removed in a condenser 1990s biomass scottish duty 17 7 million 94 watt steam turbines reciprocating piston turbine internal combustion thomas savery water pump 1698 bento de moura portugal john smeaton richard trevithick oliver evans 1802 transport power energiprojekt ab sweden 5 8.8 27 -30 surface condensers automobile radiator where water is costly wet 3600 centrifugal governor boulton flour mill cotton spinning hold a set speed 1880 railway locomotives complicated 1930 road engines shortening the cutoff kick back evacuate the cylinder fixed jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont spanish 1606 1698 1712 rotating discs drive shaft static discs turbine casing 3600 revolutions per minute lower electric motors steam turbine advanced steam pollution wankel cylinders and valve gear thermal expansion 1775 condenser half newcomen 's piston two plug valve adjustable spring -loaded seal more power corliss steam engine 1849 30 % four rumford medal thermodynamic watt condenser joseph black latent heat during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump liquid 1 % to 3 % 1500 °c injector recover the latent heat of vaporisation superheaters bunker stoking feed water british dreadnought battleships ocean liners 1905 water turbine electrical generator turbo -electric transmission britain practical carnot cycle in the condenser constant pressure isothermal liquid 8 helium two atoms almost half diatomic oxygen 20 .8 % oxygen 8 monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend by mass , oxygen is the third -most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium 8 chalcogen oxides third dioxygen photosynthesis sunlight high -altitude ozone layer oxygen water photosynthesis water ozone robert boyle john mayow nitroaereus 1679 robert boyle nitroaereus 17th century respiration john mayow joseph priestley clergyman hgo mercuric oxide -lrb -hgo -rrb- mercuric oxide dephlogisticated air 1775 published his findings first active leonardo da vinci philo of byzantium 2nd century bce incorrectly philo of byzantium fire pneumatica leonardo da vinci air heat or a spark oxygen is the oxidant compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative oxygen ignition event oxidant rapid combustion chemical energy compounds of oxygen pure o oxygen 1⁄3 special training combustion storage vessels special training apollo 1 crew oxides of silicon carbon dioxide mantle carbon dioxide earth 's crustal rock earth 's mantle mantle complex silicates monatomic simplest ho hydrogen avogadro 's law phlogiston non -combustible air metals become lighter covalent double bond two aufbau chemically molecular orbitals 1773 1774 work was published first antoine lavoisier phlogiston theory spin triplet state triplet oxygen unpaired electrons spontaneous antibonding air weight weight 1777 azote ozone allotrope lung tissue protective radiation shield uv dioxygen o2 major energy content cellular respiration james dewar 1891 1895 oxyacetylene oxygen temperature 6 .04 milliliters seawater twice most abundant third 0 .9 % world 's oceans ultraviolet radiation late 19th compressing and cooling raoul pierre pictet few drops march 29 , 1883 sun oxygen -16 genesis spacecraft unknown earth singlet organic molecules photosynthesis photolysis of ozone carotenoids paleoclimatologists climate 12 % oxygen -18 lower global temperatures 687 and 760 nm carbon cycle satellite platform global remote sensing paramagnetic liquid oxygen unpaired electrons magnetic field powerful magnet dangerous by -products destroy invading microbes pathogen attack anaerobic 2 .5 billion years ago 90 .20 k clear liquefied air liquid nitrogen combustible materials water lower higher oxygen content algae biochemical oxygen demand 3 .5 billion years ago paleoproterozoic banded iron formations 1 .7 billion years ago 3–2 .7 billion years ago oxygen cycle biogeochemical three photosynthesis oxygen zeolite molecular sieves 90 % to 93 % nitrogen non -cryogenic major method water oxygen and hydrogen dc oxides and oxoacids chemical recreational mild euphoric performance placebo aerobic hyperbaric -lrb -high -pressure -rrb - medicine carbon monoxide anaerobic bacteria decompression sickness oxygen therapy heart oxygen supplementation respiration gaseous oxygen. electronegativity oxides feo oxide corrosion cabin depressurization chemical exothermic oxygen gas storage insulated tankers liquid compressed gas hospitals organic solvents organic compounds feeder materials epoxides important biomolecules only a few carbohydrates proteins bones oxygen toxicity pulmonary fibrosis 160 kpa acute oxygen toxicity seizures low total pressures 30 kpa 1 .4 times normal no damage only marginally more at elevated partial pressures 50 kilopascals 50 % oxygen mechanical ventilators 30 %–50 % october 1973 nearly $12 1979 first oil shock members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries to avoid being targeted by the boycott they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights. january 18 , 1974 , march 1974 on august 15 , 1971 to `` float '' -lrb -rise and fall according to market demand -rrb- industrialized nations increased their reserves in september 1971 oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased risen by less than two percent per year after 1971 1973–1974 until the oil shock on october 6 , 1973 iran ten times more iran renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict in response to american aid to israel october 16 , 1973 , until their economic and political objectives were met $2 .2 billion american aid to israel over 100 billion dollars al -qaeda and the taliban middle east shrinking western demand wahhabism distribution and price disruptions ussr 1973 kissinger the embargo automobiles macroeconomic problems arctic five to ten years netherlands america uk israel ted heath uk a series of strikes winter of 1973–74 germany sweden price controls encourage investment price controls rationing william e . simon in 1973 coordinate the response to the embargo last week of february 1974 , 55 mph emergency highway energy conservation act bill clinton november 28 , 1995 1977 energy crisis market and technology realities congresses and presidents u.s british prime minister edward heath 10 years arabs and much of the rest of the third world japan 71 % 5 % production cut november 22 december 25 ussr 's invasion saudi arabia and iran saudi arabia january 1979 november 1979 large cars japanese imports v8 and six cylinder engines japan a decade after the 1973 toyota corona mark ii power steering lexus toyota hilux dodge d -50 ford , chrysler , and gm captive import policy an increase in imported cars at least four passengers 1985 lincoln continental , chevrolet bel air 1979 1981 mustang i 1981 1980s recover market share nearly $40 per barrel project mercury national aeronautics and space administration -lrb -nasa -rrb- 1968 dwight d . eisenhower two 1961 to 1972 gemini program soviet union skylab 1967 prelaunch test budget cuts five oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon apollo 8 apollo 17 382 kg avionics , telecommunications , and computers one three abe silverstein manned lunar landings early 1960 1960 maxime faget three hugh l . dryden john f . kennedy soviet union massive financial commitment james e . webb missile gap yuri gagarin soviet union one day refusing to make a commitment april 20 lyndon b . johnson approximately one week neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary robert r . gilruth nasa 's langley research center houston , texas rice university florida merritt island kurt h . debus director kennedy three apollo spacecraft 250 ,000 feet 130 million cubic foot dr . george e . mueller july 23 , 1963 d . brainerd holmes mueller air force missile projects united states air force general samuel c . phillips january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 apollo program director a rendezvous —let alone a docking 1961 robert seamans nicholas e . golovin july 1961 manned spacecraft center joseph shea marshall space flight center jerome wiesner golovin nasa july 11 , 1962 wiesner `` no , that 's no good '' lunar excursion module grumman spacecraft to be used as a `` lifeboat '' apollo 13 propulsion , electrical power and life support 1964 cone -shaped command/service module two three ocean ablative heat shield parachutes 5 ,560 kg service module -lrb -sm -rrb- high -gain s -band antenna discarded 51 ,300 pounds orbital scientific instrument package north american aviation twice the thrust 1964 saturn v two not 15 ,100 kg 3 days wernher von braun army june 11 , 1962 dummy upper stages filled with water 1964 and 1965 pegasus satellites frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts saturn ib 200 ,000 lbf third stage 40 ,000 pounds three -stage saturn v 33 feet three burned liquid hydrogen mercury and gemini all missions dr . harrison schmitt apollo 17 last mission 32 distinguished service medal 1969 discipline problems apollo 8 1966 265 .7 nautical miles 25 ,700 km heat shield unmanned new apollo spacesuit traditional visor helmet a water -cooled undergarment lunar module pilot deke slayton mercury 1966 donn f . eisele as -205 canceled august 1967 as -205/208 apollo 1 backup crew samuel phillips `` tiger team '' 1967 george mueller altitude chamber grissom , white , and chaffee launch countdown north american strange odor in their spacesuits january 27 , 1967 electrical fire asphyxiated 100 % oxygen both houses of congress deficiencies george low immediately nitrogen/oxygen mixture flammable cabin and space suit materials quick -release , outward opening door discontinued fire -resistant block ii sequence successful letters as -501 heat shield april 4 , 1968 third unmanned test apollo 5 pad 37 grumman success `` fire -in -the -hole '' two saturn ibs zond 5 christmas eve orbit the moon human cosmonauts gemini july 1969 black -and -white television neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin july 24 apollo 12 surveyor 3 returned to earth the sun lunar roving vehicle -lrb -lrv -rrb- block ii spacesuit eight over three days mass liquid oxygen tank exploded rookies grounded oxygen tank april 1970 apollo 20 began to shrink museum exhibits 1971 extremely old 4 .6 billion years kreep genesis rock micrometeoroid impact craters impact process effects materials melted near an impact crater. $170 billion 15 $20 .4 billion apollo x apollo applications program venus 1973 on the ground february 8 , 1974 apollo telescope mount lunar reconnaissance orbiter apollo 11 unknown apollo 8 book of genesis one -quarter inspiring end special apollo tv camera incompatible magnetic tape shortage newer satellite data stan lebar nafzger without destroying historical legitimacy kinescope recordings lowry digital black and white primary law , secondary law and supplementary law. a body of treaties and legislation treaties establishing the european union regulations and directives european parliament and the council of the european union a body of treaties and legislation direct effect or indirect effect primary law , secondary law and supplementary law european parliament and the council of the european union primary law , secondary law and supplementary law the treaties establishing the european union the european parliament and the council of the european union three courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union courts of member states treaty on the functioning of the european union the european court of justice international law courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union the treaty on the functioning of the european union the european court of justice international law the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union the courts of member states the european court of justice case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb- the european commission citizens the european court of justice the `` european council '' treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb- the faroe islands can interpret the treaties , but it cannot rule on their validity if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional. as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise treaty on european union -lrb -teu -rrb - and the treaty on the functioning of the european union -lrb -tfeu -rrb- gibraltar and the åland islands treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 1985 in 1972 -lrb -though norway did not end up joining -rrb- greenland common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy 1992 1986 1972 1985 following the nice treaty referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands very similar an amending treaty altered the existing treaties there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent this would have also produced a single constitutional document the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands the lisbon treaty the european commission the commission the commission 's president one commissioner for each of the 28 member states federica mogherini article 17 -lrb -3-rrb- the commission 's president simple majority vote ireland commissioners the santer commission did in fact not break any law committee of independent experts european council do not have voting rights 1999 commission v edith cresson a committee of independent experts the european anti -fraud office 2012 the european parliament and the council of the european union cannot initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes every five years two -thirds majority the commission and council the commission the european parliament and the council of the european union 1979 every five years the conservative european people 's party different ministers of the member states donald tusk inversely 352 260 the council each six months 352 at least 55 per cent of the council members -lrb -not votes -rrb - representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu a majority qualified majority harder teu articles 4 and 5 court of justice tfeu article 294 legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission teu articles 4 and 5 conciliation committee judicial branch court of justice of the european union -lrb -cjeu -rrb- 28 member state courts ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration the court of justice of the european union civil service tribunal three years to `` ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed '' eu law nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 1964 and 1968 the european court of justice and the highest national courts 1964 the court of justice eu law foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights 1972 the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people. if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles administrative law 1986 all actions constitutional law van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen article 30 a postal company treaty provisions directives 4 weeks 28 days early 1990s the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company 10 years british gas plc women retire at age 60 and men at 65 national courts incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent 6 million lira the european court of justice fundamental rights -lrb -see human rights -rrb - , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity since the 1950s in article 5 the least onerous since the 1960s international law and public law a proper legal basis the principles of legal certainty and good faith from the constitutional traditions common to the member states fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states none member states 1950 european court of human rights. 1999 2007 the charter of fundamental rights of the european union european union law european court of justice 1997 treaty of amsterdam 1997 1989 30 40 11 of the then 12 member states the uk the `` social chapter '' 1992 the election of the uk labour party to government 1997 works council directive 1996 workforce consultation in businesses france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany 1951 cartels article 66 1957 article 101 -lrb -1-rrb- the abuse of dominant position articles 106 and 107 article 102 2007 1957 consumer prices free trade the court of justice a customs union , and the principle of non -discrimination parallel importers like mr dassonville private actors commission v france a protest that blocked heavy traffic 25 france 2003 cocoa butter motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers keck and mithouard cut throat competition konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini the unfair commercial practices directive to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement the european community citizenship steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie to stay , so long as there was at least an `` indirect quid pro quo '' for the work he did articles 1 to 7 jean -marc bosman gaelic hendrix v employee between 3 and 14 hours a week citizenship of the eu the number of social services that people can access wherever they move commission v austria higher education the treaty on the functioning of the european union if they were non -discriminatory reyners v belgium article 49 commission v italy 2006 shipping toxic waste october 2007 2005 to people who give services `` for remuneration '' because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice narcotic drugs the treatment the daily mail £1 200 ,000 danish krone creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , 5 ,500 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,100 ,000 sq mi -rrb - are covered by the rainforest. this region includes territory belonging to nine nations. states or departments in four nations contain `` amazonas '' in their names. the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests amazoneregenwoud the amazon rainforest brazil over half 16 ,000 moist broadleaf forest 7 ,000 ,000 square kilometres -lrb -2 ,70 nine nations brazil 16 ,000 species the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum. however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate 45 climate fluctuations oligocene it expanded cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66–34 mya middle miocene last glacial maximum 34 million years during the mid -eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch. water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , solimões basin within the last 5–10 million years joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic. during the mid -eocene the atlantic the pacific amazonas basin the solimões basin the mid -eocene purus arch the atlantic the pacific solimões basin last glacial maximum rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland this debate has proved difficult explanations are reasonably well supported 21 ,000 the last glacial maximum -lrb -lgm -rrb - and subsequent deglaciation sediment deposits reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin 21 ,000 sediment deposits moist tropical vegetation cover open forest and grassland data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin calipso 182 million tons 1 ,600 miles amazon basin 132 million tons nasa 's calipso satellite 182 million tons 27 .7 million tons 132 million tons 43 million tons calipso nasa 182 million tons 1 ,600 miles 27 .7 million tons man and culture in a counterfeit paradise 0 .52/sq mi agriculture anthropological 5 million the poor soil betty meggers 0.2 amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise betty meggers amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise 0 .2 inhabitants per square kilometre 5 million people 200 ,000. francisco de orellana 1540s diseases from europe 1970s ad 0–1250 francisco de orellana 1542 ad 0–1250 ondemar dias 11 ,000 years black earth large areas agriculture and silviculture xingu tribe michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida terra preta -lrb -black earth -rrb- agriculture and silviculture xingu tribe michael heckenberger and colleagues roads , bridges and large plazas 2 .5 million one in five 40 ,000 one in five 96 ,660 and 128 ,843 2 .5 million 2 ,000 40 ,000 378 one in five 62 acres 1 ,100 90 ,790 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare 438 ,000 highest on earth 1 ,100 90 ,790 tonnes 356 ± 47 tonnes 438 ,000 electric eels black caiman piranha lipophilic alkaloid toxins vampire bats deforestation the early 1960s slash and burn method loss of soil fertility and weed invasion areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye 415 ,000 587 ,000 pasture for cattle second -largest global producer 91 % soy farmers increased settlement and deforestation 8 ,646 sq mi deforestation has declined 18 % higher loss of biodiversity destruction of the forest carbon contained within the vegetation 10 % of the carbon stores 1 .1 × 1011 metric tonnes reduced rainfall and increased temperatures greenhouse gas emissions 2100 though the 21st century climate change in addition to deforestation indigenous territories community -based conservation deforestation and ecocide urarina lowland south american remote sensing trio tribe southern suriname to help strengthen their territorial claims to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests tree growth carbon related emissions tatiana kuplich 2006 synthetic aperture radar -lrb -sar -rrb- 2005 brazilian national institute of amazonian research deforestation savanna or desert woods hole research center 2010 1 ,160 ,000 three epicenters 2005 1 .5 gigatons comb jellies marine waters worldwide. a few millimeters to 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb - in size. phylum of animals that live in marine waters ‘combs’ – groups of cilia water flow through the body cavity 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb- ‘combs’ – groups of cilia comb jellies 1 .5 m -lrb -4 ft 11 in -rrb- water flow through the body cavity κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' marine waters ten times their own weight 100–150 possibly another 25 100–150 species tentilla ten times their own weight tentacles groups of large , stiffened cilia ten times their own weight tentilla groups of large , stiffened cilia colloblasts 100–150 species most species are hermaphrodites miniature cydippids in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time sequential platyctenids hermaphroditism and early reproduction a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. the eggs and sperm mature at different times platyctenids beroids the black sea mnemiopsis over -fishing and long -term environmental changes other ctenophores mnemiopsis fish larvae and organisms in bays in bays planktonic plants mnemiopsis causing fish stocks to collapse introduction of beroe 66 million years ago monophyletic 515 million years tentacles 515 million years cretaceous–paleogene extinction monophyletic tentacles cnidarians by having colloblasts bilaterians ctenophores colloblasts cnidarians colloblasts colloblasts ctenophores and cnidarians bilaterians mesoglea diploblastic sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores sponges cilia method of locomotion ctenes comb -bearing pleurobrachia oceanic species to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis epithelium bioluminescence pharynx a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx -lrb -`` throat '' -rrb -; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals. the mouth and pharynx; swimming -plates also called `` ctenes '' or "comb plates supporting function in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , 2 millimeters -lrb -0 .079 in -rrb- osmotic pressure the mesoglea increase its bulk and decrease its density pump water out of the mesoglea aboral organ at the opposite end from the mouth a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia a statocyst a balance sensor sea gooseberry a pair of long , slender tentacles more or less rounded a sheath at the narrow end tentilla specialized mushroom -shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis they contain striated muscle , three types of movement capturing prey eight rows from near the mouth to the opposite end evenly round the body ciliary groove lobes gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents four help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth suspended planktonic prey by clapping their lobes jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly. nerves water disturbances created by the cilia nuda the beroida zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , `` zip '' the mouth shut large pharynx the cestida cestum veneris belt animals by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb -rows. velamen parallelum a pair of tentilla -bearing tentacles cling to and creep on surfaces comb -rows on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates via pores in the epidermis internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch. mnemiopsis in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows external tentacles and tentacle sheaths among the plankton after dropping to the sea -floor more like true larvae beroe they produce secretions -lrb -ink -rrb - that luminesce are disturbed , ink juveniles will luminesce more brightly almost all ctenophores are predators jellyfish incorporate their prey 's nematocysts -lrb -stinging cells -rrb - into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae. lampea their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water chum salmon ctenophores the red sea ctenophores , ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi via the ballast tanks of ships by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis -eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , in the late 1980s significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism because of their soft , gelatinous bodies comb jelly. cambrian period. three additional putative species lacked tentacles 515 million years cambrian sessile frond -like fossil stromatoveris stromatoveris vendobionta ediacaran period all other animals porifera beroids monophyletic 65 .5 million years ago richard harbison fresno 220 miles -lrb -350 km -rrb- ash tree ash leaf -lrb -/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez -noh -rrb- 1872 the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding 1885 47 streetcars store 2 .7 % chinatown pinedale an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps an assembly center bankamericard bankamericard to revolve a balance 1976 visa inc. bill aken bob gallion madera the fresno barn lupe mayorga three roeding park kearney park shinzen japanese gardens kearney park between the 1880s and world war ii fresno county courthouse -lrb -demolished -rrb - , the fresno carnegie public library san joaquin light & power building hughes hotel 1964 fulton mall pierre -auguste renoir near their current locations wide sidewalks fresno 's far southeast side kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue 1950s through the 1970s sunnyside william p . bell tower theatre 1939 water tower fresno normal school one -half mile late 1970s second and third run movies , along with classic films 1978 fresno evita and the wiz live theater all within a few hundred feet of each other tower district tower district tower district early twentieth century homes storybook houses contrasts in recent decades huntington boulevard william stranahan 1914 267 fresno traction company `` southwest fresno '' southwest african -american hmong or laotian `` west side '' m . theo kearney tall palm trees fresno street and thorne ave brookhaven the isolated subdivision between the 1960s and 1990s fresno and b streets cargill meat solutions and foster farms the west side very little ralph woodward 300 acres 2 ,500 22 miles april through october 1946 william smilie sierra sky park automobiles there are now numerous such communities across the united states hot and dry july around 11 .5 inches northwest december , january and february 115 °f january 6 , 1913 1885 2 .2 inches 3 .55 inches 494 ,665 49 .6 % 8 ,525 30 .0 % 4 ,404 .5 people 68 ,511 19 .3 % 1 ,388 3 .62 3 .07 427 ,652 149 ,025 8 .4 % a third 4 ,097 .9 people per square mile to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations kmj -tv june 1 , 1953 nbc affiliate ksee kgpe state route 99 the sierra freeway state route 41 west fresno 1950s 99 rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 amtrak san joaquins downtown fresno burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad san joaquin valley railroad fresno paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre -allocation of network bandwidth davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe the concept distributed adaptive message block switching to provide a fault -tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe circuit switching circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time by a fee per unit of information transmitted circuit switching a method which pre -allocates dedicated network bandwidth by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages with or without intermediate forwarding nodes asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme with or without intermediate forwarding nodes by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first -in , first -out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching survivable communications networks use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks delivery of these messages by store and forward switching a general architecture for a large -scale , distributed , survivable communications network by store and forward switching distributed adaptive message block switching use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran packet switching proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk use in the arpanet donald davies packet switching suggested it for use in the arpanet each packet includes complete addressing information individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out -of -order delivery each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication connection -oriented operations . but x .25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer supplanted by the internet protocol -lrb -ip -rrb - at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode -lrb -atm -rrb - and or versions of multi -protocol label switching frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x .25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls 1969 two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host user datagram protocol a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc . in 1985 that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter -network routing a plug -n-play system cyclades packet switching network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself using unreliable datagrams and associated end -to -end protocol mechanisms later arpanet architecture a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation connect two pdp -11 minicomputers initially built with three layers , it later -lrb -1982 -rrb - evolved into a seven -layer osi -compliant networking protocol were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux a data network based on this voice -phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers the world 's first commercial online service they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high -level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around that a time -sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network the first fcc -licensed public data network in the united states larry roberts making arpanet technology public host interface to x .25 and the terminal interface to x .29 telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca connect host computers -lrb -servers -rrb -at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies connected via dial -up connections or dedicated async connections government agencies and large companies -lrb -mostly banks and airlines -rrb - to build their own dedicated networks private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network there were two kinds of x .25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac datapac was developed by bell northern research a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address austpac was an australian public x .25 network operated by telstra supporting applications such as on -line betting , financial applications access can be via a dial -up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x .25 node to the network was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines public pad service telepad -lrb -using the dnic 2049 use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion the computer science network to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet a not -for -profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest abilene a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network the national science foundation network advanced research and education networking in the united states it developed into a major part of the internet backbone the very high -speed backbone network service provide high -speed interconnection between nsf -sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 vbns installed one of the first ever production oc -48c -lrb -2 .5 gbit/s -rrb - ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc -48c the arid plains of central asia merchant ships. 30–60 % of europe 's total population the 17th century until the 19th century commonly present dating to 1338–39 china 1331 an estimated 25 million genoese traders jani beg infected corpses sicily war , famine , and weather northwest across europe northwestern russia parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours germany and scandinavia 1349 serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures autumn 1347 y through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea the city 's residents fled to the north gasquet atra mors j .i. pontanus 1823 scandinavia the heavens the king of france that the plague was caused by bad air miasma theory yersinia pestis hong kong in 1894 french -swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin the mechanism by which y . pestis was usually transmitted two populations of rodents francis aidan gasquet some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague 1908 rats and fleas the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce. 30–75 % 100–106 °f 80 percent 90 to 95 percent purple skin patches in october 2010 a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death with polymerase chain reaction -lrb -pcr -rrb- from the tooth sockets in human skeletons unambiguously demonstrates that y . pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague genetic branches y . p . orientalis and y . p . medievalis the plague may have entered europe in two waves through the port of marseille around november 1347 spring of 1349 confirmed and amended east smithfield may no longer exist october 2011 british bacteriologist j . f . d . shrewsbury rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th -century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague contemporary accounts were exaggerations the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly samuel k . cohn , jr. epidemiological account of the plague the lack of reliable statistics from this period by over 100 % the clergy between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 the rat population was insufficient of marginal significance temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague 5 to 15 years a form of anthrax a combination of anthrax and other pandemics typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections -lrb -a type of `` blood poisoning '' 25 about a third. half of paris 's population of 100 ,000 people at least some pre -planning and christian burials as much as 50 % most isolated areas throughout the 14th to 17th centuries the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671. almost a million people propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million by the end of 1350 10–15 % of the population 1665 40 ,000 russia the italian plague of 1629–1631 the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654. 22 times between 1361 and 1528 some 1 .7 million victims about half of naples ' 300 ,000 inhabitants reduced the population of seville by half sweden v . russia and allies 1720 in marseille. between 1500 and 1850 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants until the second quarter of the 19th century. two -thirds of its population melt -lrb -magma and/or lava -rrb- metamorphic rock new magma igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic heat and pressure seafloor spreading the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle asthenosphere the convecting mantle the 1960s divergent boundaries convergent boundaries transform boundaries alfred wegener the convecting mantle seismic waves crust the mantle wave speeds the outer core and inner core second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale quaternary the holocene the quaternary period the principle of cross -cutting relationships younger than the fault the key bed older than the fault xenoliths magma or lava flows clasts the principle of inclusions and components gravel the principle of faunal succession william smith complex organisms charles darwin at the beginning of the 20th century stratigraphic correlation absolute ages to one another fossil sequences thermochemical techniques particular closure temperature isotope ratios of radioactive elements dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence horizontal compression in the shallow crust antiforms synforms anticlines and synclines extension boudins within the maria fold and thrust belt metamorphosed normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning dikes in areas that are being actively deformed topographic gradients continual motion along the fault deformational events layered basaltic lava flows acasta gneiss sedimentary rocks cambrian time slave craton in northwestern canada the study of rocks the study of sedimentary layers the study of positions of rock units and their deformation modern soils identifying rocks birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties geochemical evolution of rock units the laboratory petrographic microscope pressure physical experiments physical experiments metamorphic processes structural geologists microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections plot and combine analog and numerical experiments orogenic wedges those involving orogenic wedges sand all angles remain the same numerical models stratigraphers geophysical surveys well logs computer programs water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition biostratigraphers magnetic stratigraphers geochronologists persia abu al -rayhan al -biruni shen kuo ibn sina his observation of fossil animal shells james hutton theory of the earth 1795 earth must be much older than had previously been supposed william maclure 1809 1807 observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map the american philosophical society principles of geology uniformitarianism uniformitarianism catastrophism charles darwin 103 miles 8 .5 mi eurocities northumberland geordie robert curthose wool coal 16th century the great north run pons aelius tyne 2 ,000 hadrian 's pictish england 's elizabeth 25 -foot william the lion three times coal the hostmen a pointless pursuit an eccentric ruin him their families boats 7 ,000 47 % devastating loss the king the scots drummes triumphing by a brave defence charles i urbanization the maling company electric lighting prosperity the steam turbine medieval narrow alleys stairs modern a restaurant tyneside classical england 's best -looking city grey street in the 1960s shopping centre town moor graze the hoppings funfair june freemen large -scale regeneration gateshead council norman foster tourist promotion ten the grainger town area between 1835 and 1842 four stories 244 the butcher market 1835 2000 a painting english heritage oceanic warming rain january 1982 the british isles 2010 eldon square shopping centre , bainbridge 's by department 2007 shopping suburban tesco the metrocentre gateshead the tyneside flat terraces the ouseburn valley architects high density 7 .8 % 5 .9 % overinflated authorities tunbridge wells. 2001 metropolitan student universities student populations 37.8 ancestors border reiver 500 1 % geordie anglo -saxon populations many elements strong stream scandinavia northern united kingdom scots many words dutch a report noisiest 80.4 negative a motorway underpass collingwood street indoor complex 12 'the pink triangle ' bars , cafés and clubs theatre stephen kemble many celebrated seasons 1788 grey street theatres the theatre royal royal shakespeare local talent arts capital of the uk the literary and philosophical society of newcastle 8000 green lecture theatre joseph swan the newcastle beer festival may biennial eat! 2 the hoppings every june temperance a cycling festival the northern pride festival newcastle mela sage gateshead music and arts centre design event festival east asian newcastlegateshead folk -rock 1971 venom skyclad duran duran november 2006 and may 2008 old town hall three classic roof centre for life life on tyneside shipbuilding 2009 seven stories on the night of the fire get carter gangster mike figgis sting gosforth park the newcastle eagles newcastle diamonds brough park blaydon race 6 miles metro light rail system 20 minutes over five million over 90 victorian architecture six victoria robert stephenson. manors half -hourly about three edinburgh crosscountry northern rail tyne and wear metro five deep -level a bridge over 37 million metro: all change . ' smart ticketing tracks , signalling and overhead wires an entirely new fleet of trains trams the a1 the a696 the old `` great north road '' the roads the capacity of the tyne tunnel 3 two stagecoach the tyne and wear passenger transport executive. go -ahead 1998 highlighting the usage of cycling healthy one way national networks danish dfds seaways end of october 2006 high fuel prices and new competition from low -cost air services late 2008 thomson eleven seven the royal grammar school newcastle college catholic two newcastle university sunday times university of the year award polytechnics became new universities northumbria university three 1474 coptic thomas parish churches the parish church of st andrew 1726 the main porch ancient churchyards the church tower city road a new facility the entrance to studio 5 result of its colouring bbc radio newcastle ne1fm newcastle student radio since 1951 radio lollipop newcastle university 's student 's union building 1770 archbishop of westminster george stephenson the incandescent light bulb thailand rutherford grammar school international footballers nobel prize keyed northumbrian smallpipes newcastle the v&a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea a permanent collection of over 4 .5 million objects. it was founded in 1852 named after queen victoria and prince albert royal borough of kensington and chelsea 1852 queen victoria and prince albert department for culture , media and sport 2001 12.5 145 5 ,000 europe , north america , asia and north africa post -classical sculpture great exhibition of 1851 henry cole museum of manufactures somerset house gottfried semper queen victoria 22 june 1857 george wallis late night openings 1949 between september and november 1946 nearly a million and a half festival of britain -lrb -1951 -rrb- festival of britain 1948 a rock concert gryphon roy strong mediaeval music dundee £76 million on the city 's waterfront fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography within five years brompton park house sheepshanks gallery captain francis fowke secretariat wing offices and board room oriental courts italian renaissance james gamble & reuben townroe isaac newton titian philip webb and william morris edward burne -jones james gamble alfred stevens sir edward poynter henry young darracott scott school for naval architects cadeby stone prints and architectural drawings 2008 sgraffito starkie gardner southeast of the garden art library reuben townroe aston webb red brick and portland stone 720 feet a statue of fame top row of windows alfred drury four alfred drury marble queen victoria art library henry cole wing a new entrance building christopher hay and douglas coyne the spiral main silverware gallery mosaic floors futureplan south kensington mcinnes usher mcknight architects kim wilkie john madejski garden elliptical receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes american sweetgum 2004 royal institute of british architects over 600 ,000 riba drawings and archives collection over 700 ,000 andrea palladio zaha hadid over 330 sir christopher wren sir edwin lutyens bishopsgate great fire of london c1600 montal alhambra over 19 ,000 2006 ardabil carpet spain 1909 nearly 60 ,000 about 10 ,000 6000 1991 jawaharlal nehru more than 70 ,000 china , japan and korea the t . t . tsui gallery 1991 ming and qing toshiba 1986 13th from 1550 to 1900 bronze from the 14th to the 19th century sri lanka hindu and buddhist sculptures mother -of -pearl ivory leonardo da vinci forster i , forster ii , and forster iii over 14 ,000 1869 1876 charles dickens beatrix potter from the 12th to 16th the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc lucas horenbout word and image department modes encoded archival description newly accessioned into the collection search the collections 2007 factory project andy warhol 15 ,000 to catalog everything british patrons asia gian lorenzo bernini horace walpole porcelain , cloth and wallpaper increase in tea drinking increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure john ruskin the growth of mass production arts and crafts trajan 's column cut in half david sculptures , friezes and tombs in a glass case 1731 frederick ii the great 1762 1909 chinese and japanese ceramics josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach britain and holland ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries germany and switzerland 4000 over 6000 ancient egypt rené lalique louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé 1994 danny lane 2004 dale chihuly 13th over 10 ,000 2 ,000 dürer rembrandt jean auguste dominique ingres over 14 ,000 word and image department because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived 1913 harrods 2002 vivienne westwood 178 costiff modern italian and french renaissance between 1859 and 1865 french 18th -century art and furnishings 1882 £250 ,000 1580 hans vredeman de vries c1750 germany charles and ray eames over 6000 ancient egypt 1869 154 william and judith bollinger secular and sacred 1496–97 8 sir george gilbert scott over 10 ,000 c1110 gilt bronze st thomas becket c1180 gilt copper over 5 ,100 bryan davies horniman museum 35 2010 1130 650 6800 queen elizabeth ii andrés marzal de sax 1857 233 forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' the hay wain british continental art 1600–1800 madame de pompadour carlo crivelli 's virgin and child françois , duc d 'alençon eadweard muybridge 1887 781 animals and humans performimg various actions james lafayette post -classical european 22 ,000 from about 400 ad to 1914 all national galleries of scotland neptune and triton chancel chapel giuliano da sangallo 1493–1500 more than 20 the sculptor 1914 world war i st john the baptist george frampton thomas brock sir francis chantrey europeans who were based in britain dorothy and michael hintze 1950 by theme henry moore and jacob epstein tate britain more than 53 ,000 all populated continents from the 1st century ad to the present western europe by technique cloth of st gereon 15th the netherlands hunting of various animals john vanderbank 's workshop late 14th -century william morris 1887 marion dorn serge chermayeff theatre museum 2009 material about live performance shakespeare research , exhibitions and other shows conservation temperature and light interventive v&a museum of childhood preventive the walt disney company 1957 manhattan columbus avenue and west 66th street disney media networks october 12 , 1943 radio network 1948 espn capital cities communications 232 citadel broadcasting eight canadian radio -television and telecommunications commission citadel broadcasting radio corporation of america nbc blue and nbc red major cities drama series nbc blue mutual 1938 1940 nbc red network nbc blue mark woods nbc blue network dillon , read & co. david sarnoff $7 .5 million life savers candy october 12 , 1943 george b . storer president and ceo june 30 , 1951 magnetophon tape recorder paul whiteman abc bing crosby public service $155 million abc1 september 8 , 2007 abc international united states 1959 satellite television japan and latin america legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties coronation of queen elizabeth ii beirut mainichi broadcasting system flight delays technical problems peanuts emmy awards 1965 the academy awards it 's the great pumpkin 1974 ryan seacrest 1954 times square tlc general hospital 1975 the edge of night the view and the chew 1963 x games 2006 12:00 to 6:00 p .m. eastern time nba the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments frank marx channels 2 through 6 1947 vhf channel 7 108 two dumont television network cbs and nbc u .s. supreme court paramount pictures nine cbs prudential insurance company of america leonard goldenson william s . paley june 6 , 1951 1952 february 9 , 1953 american broadcasting -paramount theatres , inc the paramount building august 10 , 1948 october 1948 mount wilson the prospect studios september 30 , 1960 1960s william hanna and joseph barbera 1960s 1959 nbc 1961 1985 circle logo troika design group black -and -yellow the dot pittard sullivan 2015 `` we love tv '' image campaign abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show 1993–94 season 1995–96 season 1983 that special feeling 1977 black background glossy gold paul rand bauhaus typeface herbert bayer 1963–64 season abc radio october 19 , 2005 six divisions 2004 grey 's anatomy anne sweeney nascar 2002 michael eisner the bachelor the bachelorette time warner cable abc abc afternoon of may 2. 2000 the wb cbs august 1999 regis philbin buena vista television meredith vieira july 31 , 1995 abc inc. knight ridder robert iger sports night 1965–66 season third place beating the odds: the untold story behind the rise of abc may 1 , 1953 7 west 66th street baltimore robert kintner dumont television network abc -dumont $5 million in cash paramount pictures the lone ranger the adventures of ozzie and harriet cheyenne sugarfoot walt disney warner bros . presents roy $500 ,000 1954 disneyland allen shaw harold l . neal love radio seven 1969 duel 1971 $400 ,000– $450 ,000 early 1970s abc behavioral and demographic data monday night football 2006 espn 15 %–16 % 1970 1972 worldvision enterprises cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks january 2 , 1971 henry plitt elton rule 1966 happy days youth -oriented programming paramount pictures fred pierce fred silverman s .w.a.t november 3 , 1975 president of nbc 's entertainment division laverne & shirley jiggle tv alex haley aaron spelling nine seasons 1976–77 season soap roone arledge abc sports 7 lincoln square june 1979 june 1978 hugh downs barbara walters mca inc. abc cable news abc news now wjrt -tv wtvg writers guild of america duel caris & co. abc entertainment abc entertainment group citadel media itunes 2010 2004 fridays wednesdays 1970 worldvision enterprises abc circle films turner broadcasting system disney–abc domestic television buena vista television buena vista international television selznick library wabc -tv and wpvi -tv eight 235 additional television stations 96 .26 % 1946 the seal of the federal communications commission 1957 2011 extreme makeover: home edition hd litton 's weekend aventure 720p high definition 1080i hd 11 720p high definition body of proof happy endings nbc v all my children and one life to live prospect park hulu the revolution 18–49 demographic 2004 cbs agents of s .h.i .e.l .d. the neighbors the middle and modern family dragon 's den sundays tim allen daniel burke thomas murphy nypd blue steven bochco ten seasons 1993 dic entertainment time warner cable 23 .63 % of american households wls may 9 , 1960 john bassett cfto -tv wide world of sports edgar scherick roone arledge sports programs , inc. american broadcasting companies the dating game the newlywed game 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan 90 % dynasty mork & mindy alpha repertory television service -lrb -arts -rrb- infinity broadcasting corporation getty oil the entertainment channel arts & entertainment television -lrb -a&e -rrb- daniel b . burke chairman and ceo $465 million america 's funniest home videos home improvement general hospital the view and the chew 7:00 to 9:00 a .m. weekdays jimmy kimmel new jersey , rhode island and delaware wbma -ld wbnd -ld wlqp -lp abc circle films abc studios abc television center abc television center , east times square studios good morning america and nightline peter jennings world news tonight abc on demand hulu july 6 , 2009 27 % ownership stake the day after their original broadcast eight fast forwarding of accessed content january 7 , 2014 loyalkaspar four variants abc modern espn 14 74 all -channel receiver act uhf tuning youngstown five times lower viewership wtrf -tv 1980s walt disney presents desilu productions its use of violence april 1959 abc sunday night movie $15 .5 million hanna -barbera the jetsons april 1 , 1963 itt donald f . turner department of justice january 1 , 1968 capital cities communications $3 .5 billion warren buffett e . w . scripps company 12 television stations september 5 , 1985 capital cities/abc , inc. president of abc 's broadcasting division michael p . millardi roone arledge laverne & shirley three 's company nbc the love boat comedies and family -oriented series the `` tgif '' block thank goodness it 's funny miller -boyett productions warner bros. seven radio stations charly ralph nelson 1985 redwood city , california westerns and detective series 500 % between 10 % and 18 % ollie treiz dick clark counterprogramming zorro life detective shows watch abc new york city o&o wabc -tv and philadelphia o&o wpvi -tv hearst television watchespn sinclair broadcast group wabm -dt2/wdbb -dt2 in the birmingham market e . w . scripps company 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel -only affiliates 15 start here troika the entertainment division abc news wfts -tv and wwsb kmbc -tv and kqtv wzzm and wotv wtsp the mongol empire many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia khwarezmian and xia controlled lands a substantial portion of central asia and china the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties ögedei khan 1227 western xia his sons and grandsons somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location delüün boldog yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad 1162 a tatar chieftain , temüjin -üge , whom his father had just captured temülen hasar , hachiun , and temüge börte khongirad dai setsen begter hoelun temüjin and his brother khasar during one hunting excursion the tayichi 'ud with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks chilaun jelme and bo 'orchu a river crevice arranged marriages temüjin 's mother hoelun the chinese dynasties to the south the need for alliances the onggirat the merkits jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe jochi 1185 three chagatai 1241 tolui six sworn brother or blood brother toghrul the keraites 20 ,000 jamukha the traditional mongolian aristocracy kokochu 1186 battle of dalan balzhut qara khitai the yassa code wealth from future possible war spoils orphans from the conquered tribe his protection jochi jamukha jamukha the keraite the naimans 1201 universal ruler subutai 1206 his friendship he did not want disloyal men in his army a noble death breaking the back the chinese jamukha khasar yam route systems wang khan 1206 khuruldai khagan ögedei a council of mongol chiefs the jin dynasty ming -tan 1215 kaifeng ögedei khan kuchlug the liao dynasty 20 ,000 jebe the arrow inciting internal revolt west of kashgar lake balkhash khwarezmid empire a muslim state shah ala ad -din muhammad inalchuq the muslim 100 ,000 the silk road tien shan three the southeast tolui samarkand fragmentation otrar silver fled subutai and jebe samarkand bukhara a river captured enemies reneged pyramids of severed heads opened the gates a unit of turkish defenders artisans and craftsmen the flail of god young men who had not fought 1220 subutai near the black sea kalka river mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev batu the golden horde subutai and jebe 1225 on the road back to samarkand 1226 autumn the mongols the yellow river a line of five stars arranged in the sky ning hia ma jianlong arrows liupanshan executed jochi chagatai invasion of the khwarezmid empire ögedei chagatai and jochi chagatai tolui ögedei 1226 khorasan urgench sultan muhammad sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 yinchuan hunting arrow western xia oirads without markings khentii aimag onon river the genghis khan mausoleum edsen khoroo dongshan dafo dian kumbum monastery or ta 'er shi near xining 1954 red guards october 6 , 2004 a river sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun horses genghis khan yassa meritocracy genghis khan and his family muhammad khan tax exemptions ong khan a personal concept shamanist , buddhist or christian töregene khatun the pax mongolica -lrb -mongol peace -rrb- the chinese legal equality of all individuals , including women chu 'tsai they were nomads jin khitan rulers his generals karakorum muqali subutai and jebe unwavering loyalty rivers muslim and chinese feigned retreat driving them in front of the army sea of japan caspian sea ögedei khan 1279 the silk road turkey tolerant increased 1990s uniting warring tribes genghis khan 's children his brutality unfairly biased tögrög genghis khan chinggis khaan international airport to avoid trivialization ulaanbaatar ikh zasag corruption and bribery tsakhiagiin elbegdorj traditional mongolian script inner mongolia region 5 million kublai khan yuan grandson iran three -fourths 10 to 15 million hulagu khan the mamluks of egypt ghazan khan 1237 novgorod and pskov mughal emperors timur nishapur tenggis lake baikal `` right '' , `` just '' , or `` true '' zhèng chinggis chinggis khaan cengiz han tiěmùzhēn chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz chéngjísī hán its root word pharma ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines sorcery or even poison outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent many other herbs not listed healthcare professionals optimal health outcomes optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual small -business proprietors specialised education and training other senior pharmacy technicians the general pharmaceutical council -lrb -gphc -rrb - register regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians health care professional manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice writing a five volume book in his native greek de materia medica materia medica diocles of carystus many middle eastern scientists highly respected the taihō code -lrb -701 -rrb - and re -stated in the yōrō code -lrb -718 -rrb- the pre -heian imperial court status superior to all others in health -related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists ranked above botany and chemistry muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi abu al -qasim al -zahrawi al -muwaffaq sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate 1317 church of santa maria novella in florence , italy museum albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs 1221 pharmacy legislation within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications automation patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. a pharmacy practice residency various disciplines of pharmacy effectiveness of treatment regimens pharmacists practicing in hospitals within the premises of the hospital unit -dose , or a single dose of medicine high risk preparations and some other compounding functions the high cost of medications and drug -related technology hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention inside hospitals and clinics physicians and other healthcare professionals patient care rounds drug product selection all health care settings creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient -specific problems an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions full independent prescribing authority north carolina and new mexico 2011 board certified ambulatory care pharmacist the va , the indian health service , and nih medication regimen review nursing homes omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services about the year 2000 brick -and -mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door online pharmacies another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take the method by which the medications are requested and received to avoid the `` inconvenience '' of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication. dispensing substandard products sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor -patient relationship to ensure that the prescription is valid individual state laws vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone to reduce consumer costs canada international drug suppliers , rather than consumers there is no known case to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries pharmacy practice science and applied information science information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals medication management system development , deployment and optimization quickly specialty pharmacies 19 cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost -containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs separately from physicians only pharmacists the american medical association -lrb -ama -rrb- 7 to 10 percent form business partnerships with physicians or give them `` kickback '' payments austria in some rural areas in the united kingdom 1 .6 kilometres more than 4 kilometers the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient the checks and balances system of the u .s. and many other governments. exaggerating their seriousness in obtaining cost -effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side -effects expected to become more integral within the health care system increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients thorough analysis of all medication -lrb -prescription , non -prescription , and herbals -rrb - currently being taken by an individual a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system alberta and british columbia the australian government medicine use reviews pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy doctor of pharmacy -lrb -pharm . d . -rrb- the mortar and pestle and the ℞ -lrb -recipere -rrb - character the show globe the netherlands germany and austria france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system the neuroimmune system biological structures and processes within an organism pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system disease pathogens neuroimmune system blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier pathogens innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system humoral immunity versus cell -mediated immunity neuroimmune system pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections eukaryotes creates immunological memory bacteriophage defensins vaccination adaptive -lrb -or acquired -rrb - immunity autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer when the immune system is less active than normal recurring and life -threatening infections genetic disease rheumatoid arthritis immunodeficiency autoimmunity immunology hiv/aids plague of athens in 430 bc scorpion louis pasteur walter reed robert koch microorganisms yellow fever virus athens in 430 bc immunological memory the innate immune system the adaptive immune system innate immune systems adaptive immune system immunological memory physical barriers self and non -self self molecules non -self molecules antigens specific immune receptors pattern recognition receptors innate immune system microorganisms non -specific exoskeleton the waxy cuticle coughing and sneezing mucus tears β -defensins lysozyme and phospholipase a2 defensins and zinc gastric acid and proteases menarche commensal flora fungi lactobacilli ph or available iron inflammation increased blood flow into tissue eicosanoids and cytokines prostaglandins interleukins phagocytes cytokines phagosome phagolysosome acquiring nutrients neutrophils and macrophages neutrophils 50 % to 60 % chemotaxis interleukin 1 leukocytes leukocytes -lrb -white blood cells -rrb- adaptive immune system macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells dendritic cells neuronal dendrites t cells t cells missing self natural killer cells mhc i -lrb -major histocompatibility complex -rrb- killer cell immunoglobulin receptors -lrb -kir vertebrates antigen presentation pathogens or pathogen -infected cells killer t cell and the helper t cell regulatory t cells class i mhc molecules class ii mhc molecules γδ t cells killer t cells cd8 t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb- granulysin perforin cd4 co -receptor around 200–300 a single mhc:antigen molecule cytokines cd40 ligand helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells alternative t cell receptor -lrb -tcr -rrb- γδ t cells receptor diversity vγ9/vδ2 t cells b cell proteolysis lymphokines long -lived memory cells adaptive passive short -term memory or active long -term memory specific pathogen microbes igg breast milk or colostrum passive immunity immunomodulators adaptive and innate immune responses lupus erythematosus immunosuppressive nfil3 heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma sleep deprivation decline in hormone levels with age vitamin d hormones cholecalciferol killer t cells mhc class i molecules viral antigens antibodies phagocytic cells pathogen -associated molecular patterns apoptosis systemic acquired resistance -lrb -sar -rrb- rna silencing mechanisms autoimmune disorders self and non -self thymus and bone marrow `` self '' peptides immunodeficiencies the young and the elderly around 50 years of age obesity , alcoholism , and drug use malnutrition vaccination immunization an antigen from a pathogen natural specificity of the immune system enzymes type iii secretion system shut down host defenses elude host immune responses frank burnet pathogens , an allograft histocompatibility niels jerne glucocorticoids cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs methotrexate or azathioprine cyclosporin cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls -lrb -cytotoxic t lymphocytes -rrb- cortisol and catecholamines melatonin free radical production a vitamin d receptor calcitriol symbiotic relationship gene cyp27b1 dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages pattern recognition receptors defensins phagocytic cells rna interference pathway immunoglobulins and t cell receptors the lamprey and hagfish variable lymphocyte receptors -lrb -vlrs -rrb- adaptive immune system lymphocytes the restriction modification system bacteriophages crispr `` cellular '' and `` humoral '' theories of immunity elie metchnikoff phagocytes robert koch and emil von behring soluble components -lrb -molecules -rrb- cancers mhc class i molecules cytokine tgf-β macrophages and lymphocytes hypersensitivity four classes -lrb -type i – iv -rrb- type i ige type ii hypersensitivity intracellular pathogenesis salmonella plasmodium falciparum mycobacterium tuberculosis protein a antigenic variation hiv trypanosoma brucei antigens immune surveillance human papillomavirus tyrosinase melanomas melanocytes >500 da hydrophilic amino acids immunoproteomics b cells immunoinformatics leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin apcs th1 th1 immune responses carbohydrates disrupting their plasma membrane signal amplification catalytic cascade civil disobedience apartheid singing revolution ukraine georgia egyptians the british nonviolent resistance unfair laws american civil rights movement antigone former king of thebes creon oedipus giving her brother polynices a proper burial antigone sophocles creon , the current king of thebes giving her brother polynices a proper burial obey her conscience rather than human law percy shelley nonviolent satyagraha free india henry david thoreau percy shelley unjust forms of authority principle of nonviolent protest doctrine of satyagraha gandhi muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti -war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins marshall cohen ambiguity utterly debased become utterly debased marshall cohen code -word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders vice president agnew ambiguity legrande impossible lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience semantical specific legrande voluminous literature semantical problems and grammatical niceties nonviolent civil disobedience violent civil disobedience constitutional impasse citizen 's to the state and its laws the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official civil disobedience the state and its laws refuse to enforce a decision head of government private citizen sovereign branches of government thoreau imprisonment not necessarily right resign elite politicians the individual individuals thoreau resign not necessarily right governmental entities trade unions , banks , and private universities legal system international organizations and foreign governments brownlee a larger challenge to the legal system only justified against governmental entities universities civil disobedience covert lawbreaking hiding a jew in their house -lrb -exodus 1: 15 -19 -rrb- shiphrah and puah must be publicly announced rules that conflict with morality fabricating evidence or committing perjury the dilemma faced by german citizens book of exodus non -violence black 's law civil rebellion tolerance violence non -violent civil rebellion destructive help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience revolutionary civil disobedience hungarians ferenc deák gandhi 's cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs disobedience of laws judged `` wrong '' by an individual conscience render certain laws ineffective revolutionary civil disobedience gandhi during the roman empire gathered in the streets was not covered in any newspapers rose to higher political office after the end of the mexican war during the roman empire prevent the installation of pagan images refuse to sign bail jail solidarity until after the end of the mexican war illegal propaganda voice in the wilderness 738 days successfully preventing it from being cut down illegal acts trespassing at a nuclear -missile installation entirely symbolic social goal julia butterfly hill sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors `` wise up or die . '' criminalized behavior supreme court case of fcc v . pacifica foundation 1978 pure speech broadcasting threatening government officials sending an email system to function by padlocking the gates using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes limited coercion coercive refusals to pay taxes coercion engage in moral dialogue padlocking the gates criminal investigations not to grant a consent search suspect 's talking to criminal investigators lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , use the arrest as an opportunity accept punishment validity of the social contract legitimacy of a particular law anarchists does not infringe the rights of others whether or not to plead guilty submit to the punishment prescribed by law i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law guilt implies wrong -doing creative plea camp mercury nuclear test site tempted to enter the test site arrested nolo contendere suspended sentences a way of continuing their protest reminding their countrymen of injustice protest should be maintained all the way accept jail penitently plea bargain no jail time solidarity tactics blind plea mohandas gandhi defiant speech explaining their actions lack of remorse likelihood of repeating mistreatment from government officials acquittal and avoid imprisonment use the proceedings as a forum inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances vietnam war jury nullification general disobedience neither conscientious nor of social benefit breaking the law for self -gratification not being a civil disobedient avoiding attribution indirect civil disobedience direct civil disobedience vietnam war competing harms defense the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence incapacitation would do more harm than good the state moral reasons to follow this law construction manufacturing six to nine percent planning , -lsb -citation needed -rsb - design , and financing a known client an architect a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager effective planning megaprojects those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure buildings , infrastructure and industrial residential and non -residential heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering infrastructure industrial a trade magazine for the construction industry enr 2014 transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors construction service firms -lrb -e .g. , engineering , architecture -rrb - and construction managers the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project building construction small renovations the owner of the property structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight local building authority regulations and codes of practice materials readily available in the area a lot of waste cost of construction 3d printing technology around 20 hours working versions of 3d -printing building technology are already printing 2 metres -lrb -6 ft 7 in -rrb- plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts designs into reality the property owner a quantity surveyor the most cost efficient bidder previously separated specialties entirely separate companies `` one -stop shopping '' `` design build '' contract design -build , partnering and construction management architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design -build process preventable financial problems when builders ask for too little money to complete the project when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials fraud mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers the mortgage banker accountants identified change orders or project changes that increased costs cost engineers and estimators zoning and building code requirements the owner the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad things that are a matter of custom or expectation an attorney a construction project a contract that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out poorly drafted contracts relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co -operative relationship public -private partnering private finance initiatives -lrb -pfis -rrb- co -operation the architect or engineer the project coordinator the architect 's client and the main contractor the main contractor the building is ready to occupy. the owner d&b contractors the owner a consortium of several contractors they design phase 2 contractors damage electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities the municipal building inspector an occupancy permit $960 billion $680 billion 667 ,000 firms fewer than 10 employees 828 ,000 £42 ,090 £26 ,719 us/canada construction falls electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave -ins proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding independent academic tuition to select their students $45 ,000 'tuition -free australia north america lower sixth upper sixth prep schools peer tuitions teachers roman catholic orthodox christians religious expulsion blazer more expensive presbyterian catholic sydney girls 7 second gleichschaltung 7.8 11.1 0.5 sonderungsverbot ersatzschulen very low ergänzungsschulen vocational tuition religious independent cbse 30 union government societies india annual status of education report evaluates learning levels in rural india english scoil phríobháideach teacher 's salaries are paid by the state €5 ,000 society of jesus €25 ,000 per year 1957 chinese english national school 60 aided fully funded by private parties kathmandu english nepali 88 28 ,000 3.7 catholic auckland anglican wellington presbyterian christchurch society of st pius x 7.5 32 80 august 1992 natural science education service contracting tuition fee supplement private education student financial assistance south african schools act 1996 independent traditional private nineteenth government schools formerly reserved for white children better higher 10 10 ,000 700 the knowledge school voucher 13 public 9 13 £21 ,000 brown v . board of education of topeka segregation academies south white african -american endowments first blaine charter massachusetts 1852 1972 268 u .s. 510 mccrary $40 ,000 $50 ,000 groton school fundraising john harvard 1977 james bryant conant association of american universities charles w . eliot harvard library 79 individual libraries 18 million volumes eight u .s. presidents 150 nobel laureates boston metropolitan area $37 .6 billion charles river eleven separate academic units harvard yard 1636 massachusetts bay colony 1638 1639 1650 puritan ministers english university model it was never affiliated with any particular denomination 1804 samuel webber 1805 louis agassiz intuition thomas reid and dugald stewart charles w . eliot transcendentalist unitarian william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson james bryant conant identify , recruit 1945 about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe 1977 the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states 3 miles twelve residential houses charles river half a mile northwest of the yard allston the john w . weeks bridge longwood medical and academic area approximately fifty percent new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram. enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible. 2 ,400 7 ,200 14 ,000 1875 1858 $32 billion 30 % loss allston science complex $4 .093 million $159 million late 1980s south african vice consul duke kent -brown. $230 million accepted 5 .3 % of applicants 2007 disadvantage low -income and under -represented minority applicants 2016 core curriculum of seven classes eight general education categories reliance on teaching fellows beginning in early september and ending in mid -may four -course rate average summa cum laude 60 % $38 ,000 $57 ,000 nothing for their children to attend , including room and board $414 million 88 % widener library cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library pusey library 18 million volumes three museums. western art from the middle ages to the present peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology 2003 2011 second most commonly 42 yale university every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team 1875 1903 1906 former captain of the yale football team lavietes pavilion malkin athletic center three weight rooms 23 years thames river strong rivalry against cornell 2003 general ban ki -moon juan manuel santos josé maría figueres benjamin netanyahu conan o 'brien leonard bernstein yo yo ma w . e . b . du bois shing -tung yau alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig stephen greenblatt jacksonville 1 ,345 ,596 12th duval 1968 st . johns 340 miles fort caroline the timucua andrew jackson third largest golf two `` jacksonvillians '' or `` jaxsons '' thousands a university of north florida team timucua the historical era ossachite jean ribault france pedro menéndez de avilés san mateo fort caroline french and indian war constructed the king 's road cattle were brought across the river there. spain february 9 , 1832 confederate the skirmish of the brick church battle of olustee warfare and the long occupation battle of cedar creek gilded age grover cleveland yellow fever outbreaks extension of the florida east coast railway further south railroad spanish moss over 2 ,000 declare martial law great fire of 1901 new york–based filmmakers silent film winter film capital of the world hollywood highways 55 .1 % `` white flight '' mayor w . haydon burns world war ii much of the city 's tax base dissipated unincorporated suburbs annexing outlying communities voters outside the city limits old boy network 11 jacksonville consolidation public high schools lost their accreditation voters approved the plan hans tanzler `` bold new city of the south '' better jacksonville plan authorized a half -penny sales tax 874 .3 square miles the st . johns river the trout river 13 .34 % baldwin tallest building in downtown jacksonville barnett center 617 ft 28 its distinctive flared base subtropical may through september mild low latitude 104 °f thunderstorms high humidity july hurricane dora 110 mph tropical storm beryl saffir -simpson scale 2008 arab 821 ,784 largest filipino 29 .7 % 23 .9 % females 91.3 40 % about 3 .5 billion people $759 ,900 the methodology used a diversion 40 % financial assets nearly $41 trillion half greater tendency to take on debts 400 new york times inherited wealth grew up in substantial privilege wealth richest 1 percent inherited wealth over 60 percent institute for policy studies neoclassical economics differences in value added by labor , capital and land different classifications of workers productivity gap marginal value added of each economic actor differences in value added by labor , capital and land value added by different classifications of workers wages and profits worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord productivity gap between highly -paid professions and lower -paid professions reduce costs and maximize profits less workers are required increasing unemployment rising levels of property income labor inputs reduce costs and maximize profits substitute capital equipment productivity stagnant workers wages supply and demand business is chronically understaffed offering a higher wage unfair the market prices wages markets unfair competition amongst workers low demand high wages collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption professional and labor organizations low wage competition between workers expendable nature of the worker high employers entrepreneurship rates necessity -based entrepreneurship push pull opportunity -based entrepreneurship higher economic inequality necessity necessity -based achievement -oriented positive progressive tax top tax rate social spending tax system the tax rate level of the top tax rate steeper tax the gini index access to education optional education lower wages poor savings and investment access to education high wages lower lower incomes education increasing access to education $105 billion boom -and -bust cycles standard & poor 2014 2008 -2009 increasing access to education $105 billion boom -and -bust cycles 1910–1940 increase decrease gender inequality in education period of compression from 1910–1940 a decrease in the price of skilled labor designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work education gender inequality in education unions continental european countries little continental european liberalism economic inequality social exclusion cepr little lower scandinavia high inequality decline of organized labor technological changes and globalization sociologist university of washington decline of organized labor high weak labor movements reduced wages increased wages technological innovation machine labor global workers in the poor countries trade liberalisation minor machine labor 53 % -40 % less willing to travel or relocate males gender males in the labor market women thomas sowell a difference social welfare relatively equal more capital redistribution mechanisms economist levels of economic inequality more capital more wealth lower levels of inequality 1910 to 1940 1970s service manufacturing kuznets kuznets curve very weak eventually decrease effect wealth concentration means to invest greater return of capital larger fortunes the possession of already -wealthy individuals those who already hold wealth wealth condensation thomas piketty higher returns market economist rare and desired political power generated by wealth rent -seeking inequality human capital is neglected life expectancy inequality life expectancy is lower 2013 rising inequality negative unemployment economic british higher lower 23 equality better health and longer lives poorer countries life expectancy americans more equally income inequality authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett nine among states in the us with larger income inequalities greater equality inequality homicides fifty differences in the amount of inequality tenfold the greatest good distributive efficiency a great deal of utility decreases higher aggregate utility consumption libertarian 2001 thomas b . edsall journalist economist systematic economic inequalities the financial crisis of 2007–08 easier credit easier credit inequality in wealth and income quality of a country 's institutions declines higher gdp growth the poor and the middle class economists economic growth subsequent long -run economic growth because it is a waste of resources inequality -associated effects evidence by limiting aggregate demand economist increasing importance of human capital in development widespread education 1993 detrimental channels through which inequality may affect economic growth redistributive taxation politically and socially unstable reduce encourage growth and investment harvard between 1960 and 2000 kuznets curve hypothesis first increases thomas piketty economist wars and `` violent economic and political shocks '' the 1970s reduced consumer demand risen with increased income inequality several years more equality in the income distribution special efforts existing level of inequality reduction the united nations reducing poverty much land and housing through various associations and other arrangements extra -legal 200 government land a shortage of affordable housing quality rental units demand for higher quality housing increased residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing ad valorem property tax policy by everyone their finances aspirational consumption taking on debt economic instability created emissions per person environmental degradation if -lrb -as wwf argued -rrb - , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level private ownership of the means of production a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income wage or salary socially reflective robert nozick taxation force forceful taking of property when they improve society as a whole capability deprivation the end itself to “wid -lsb -en -rsb - people’s choices and the level of their achieved well -being” through increasing functionings the ability to pursue valued goals deprived of earning as much earn as much as a healthy young man gender roles and customs for fear of their lives a better relevant income. bbc 1963 tardis a blue british police box science -fiction 1963 to 1989 russell t davies k -9 and company bbc wales christopher eccleston twelve peter capaldi the time of the doctor after sustaining an injury new personality gallifrey mark i type 40 tardis time and relative dimension in space chameleon circuit due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit rarely the master regenerate humans time lord 23 november 1963 the daleks -lrb -a .k.a . the mutants -rrb- the programme was not permitted to contain any `` bug -eyed monsters '' terry nation 25 minutes of transmission length 26 jonathan powell doctor who: more than 30 years in the tardis the series would return bbc 1 relaunch the show philip segal the fox network 9 .1 million the united states rose 2005 2009 chris chibnall christmas day specials 1963–1989 the 2005 version 1996 battlestar galactica and bionic woman mission impossible , 30 november 1963 eighty seconds ten minutes the assassination of us president john f . kennedy a series of power blackouts across the country hiding behind -lrb -or 'watching from behind ' -rrb - the sofa the museum of the moving image behind the sofa scariest tv show of all time digital spy doctor who 3 % philip howard monopoly the times newspaper the tardis blue police box time machine the metropolitan police authority 2002 26 6 december 1989 12 the master black guardian trilogy 2005 60 minutes christmas day journey 's end 2010 826 25 -minute eight 72 minutes 2009 william hartnell and patrick troughton 97 3 , 4 , & 5 1978 between about 1964 and 1973 bought prints for broadcast fans mission to the unknown 8 mm cine film home viewers who made tape recordings of the show the bbc cosgrove hall 1968 theta -sigma november 2006 regeneration the doctor 's third on -screen regeneration william hartnell 's poor health renewal change of appearance 12 13 the time of the doctor the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead 1996 john hurt the day of the doctor michael jayston the trial of a time lord mcgann and eccleston 's doctors the war doctor the three doctors peter davison the space museum the day of the doctor peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy zagreus peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann colin baker and sylvester mccoy 2003 the time of the doctor the brain of morbius mawdryn undead the lodger 1983 an unearthly child susan foreman 2005 destroyed smith and jones a human the deadly assassin his granddaughter susan foreman teachers romana female mickey smith -lrb -noel clarke -rrb - and jack harkness -lrb -john barrowman -rrb- the eleventh pearl mackie as bill catherine tate russell t davies series 1 cybermen 3 zygons the dalek race skaro to `` exterminate '' all non -dalek beings davros their eyestalk the master time lord eric roberts professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes roger delgado derek jacobi utopia 2014 missy michelle gomez ron grainer the bbc radiophonic workshop musique concrète 17 did i write that ? peter howell dominic glynn seventh murray gold the christmas invasion voyage of the damned classic fm 's hall of fame 2010 228 gold jon pertwee mankind number 24 doctorin ' the tardis doctorin ' the tardis dudley simpson planet of giants the 1960s and 1970s the horns of nimon the talons of weng -chiang the bbc national orchestra of wales the bbc national orchestra of wales 27 july 2008 music of the spheres murray gold and ben foster six the first two series music from the 2008–2010 specials a christmas carol 8 november 2010 the original logo the logo for the twelfth doctor the logo used for the third and eighth doctors the logo from 1973–80 the eleventh doctor the assassination of john f . kennedy on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel the late 1970s circa 1964–1965 bbc three during the itv network strike of 1979 its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers coronation street the most popular show at the time after the series ' revival in 2005 pbs new zealand edmonton , canada 15 days 23 november australian broadcasting corporation -lrb -abc -rrb- partial funding syfy weekly screenings of all available classic episodes abc1 1976 the three doctors space the talons of weng -chiang judith merril christopher eccleston excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary the christmas invasion 9 october 2006 thanksgiving the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states eight original series serials the infinite quest spearhead from space from 2009 onwards trevor martin doctor who – the ultimate adventure the curse of the daleks doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday david banks torchwood 22 october 2006 2008 children of earth torchwood: miracle day elisabeth sladen 24 september 2007 2009 2010 due to the death of elisabeth sladen dimensions in time children in need eastenders glasses with one darkened lens the pulfrich effect doctor who and the curse of fatal death four rowan atkinson joanna lumley head writer and executive producer the neutral zone `` blue harvest '' and `` 420 '' queer as folk oliver brisingr and high wizardry , the chase 21 -minute doctor who and the pescatons 1981 slipback the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors destiny of the doctor big finish productions 1999 2012 1991 the mid -sixties since 1979 panini bbc books the early 1960s bbc television producers of the show the bbc 2006 2005–2010 2011 michelle gomez best supporting actress guinness world records doctor who electronic 2013 50th anniversary special season 11 doctor who third sfx magazine eight best drama series five 25 2009 a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards six over 200 over a hundred matt smith the waters of mars spike milligan jon culshaw a soap sponge doctor who fandom bbc dead ringers a private research university 1890 seven four 5 ,000 various academic disciplines chicago 's physics department beneath the university 's stagg field university of chicago press 2020 the american baptist education society john d . rockefeller william rainey harper 1891 1892 marshall field silas b . cobb cobb lecture hall $100 ,000 charles l . hutchinson several regional colleges and universities 1896 made a grade of a for all four years passed 1910 robert maynard hutchins the common core to emphasize academics over athletics 24 -year tenure 1929 1950s a result of increasing crime and poverty after their second year hyde park allowed very young students to attend college 1962 the university 's off -campus rental policies. 1967 a two -page statement social and political action mid -2000s milton friedman institute around $200 million the chicago theological seminary david g . booth the main quadrangles six cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , oxford 's magdalen tower christ church hall the 1940s eero saarinen school of social service administration harris school of public policy studies 2003 singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago seine 2010 renmin university 2015 a board of trustees 50 fourteen andrew alper robert zimmer the higher learning commission four seven 50 28 five the new collegiate division the common core 17 the most rigorous , intense uni in the usa university of chicago laboratory schools the sonia shankman orthogenic school four four public charter schools the university of chicago campus six 9 .8 million the regenstein library 2011 more than 1 .3 million 12 113 the oriental institute fermilab sunspot , new mexico shaping ideas about the free market chicago pile-1 miller–urey experiment 1953 1933 2000 1996 2002 several thousand 5 ,792 3 ,468 5 ,984 15 ,244 international students the university athletic association ncaa 's division iii the big ten conference jay berwanger robert maynard hutchins de -emphasized varsity athletics over 400 recognized student organizations the university of chicago college bowl team doc films off -off campus graduate and undergraduate students an executive committee two greater than $2 million fifteen seven alpha phi omega alpha phi omega ten may 1987 festival of the arts kuviasungnerk/kangeiko summer breeze satya nadella larry ellison larry ellison jon corzine james o . mckinsey saul alinsky david axelrod robert bork masaaki shirakawa eliot ness allan bloom kurt vonnegut lauren oliver studs terkel philip roth philip glass alex seropian halo ed asner mike nichols carl sagan john m . grunsfeld david suzuki , john b . goodenough clair cameron patterson milton friedman george stigler paul samuelson eugene fama david graeber and donald johanson samuel reshevsky samuel p . huntington a . a . michelson arthur h . compton enrico fermi edward teller maria goeppert -mayer james henry breasted alberto calderón ted fujita yuan t . lee charles brenton huggins and janet rowley raghuram rajan goldman sachs david bevington john mearsheimer and robert pape neil shubin and paul sereno yuán cháo the great yuan kublai khan kublai khan 1271 mongol empire song dynasty ming dynasty genghis khan 1271 the commentaries on the classic of changes -lrb -i ching -rrb- dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus great mongol state great khan mongol and turkic tribes 1206 ögedei khan 1251 nephew the jin xiao zhala shi tianze , liu heima 10 ,000 3 han chinese jin dynasty between han and jurchen shi bingzhi song dynasty möngke khan southern china 1259 ariq böke zhongtong ogedei south wonjong northeast 1262 preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties han chinese three , later four salt and iron karakorum khanbaliq 1264 zhongdu confucian propriety and ancestor veneration commercial , scientific , and cultural mongol peace southern china daidu in the north marco polo the song emperor 1115 1234 kong duancao 30 ,000 northern china between 1268 and 1273 yangzi river basin hangzhou drowned after 1279 an inauspicious typhoon annam -lrb -dai viet -rrb- battle of bạch đằng 1288 1253 his eldest son , zhenjin before kublai in 1285 emperor chengzong 1294 to 1307 buyantu khan actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture li meng the department of state affairs 1313 gegeen khan 1321 to 1323 baiju `` the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan '' five shangdu the war of the two capitals four days el temür tugh temür his cultural contribution academy of the pavilion of the star of literature spring of 1329 jingshi dadian supported zhu xi 's neo -confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism 1332 emperor ningzong 13 nine liao , jin , and song struggle , famine , and bitterness mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese both the army and the populace outlaws ravaged the country administration from the late 1340s onwards the red turban rebellion fear of betrayal the red turban rebels 1368–1644 the political unity of china and much of central asia the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts the ilkhanate carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high -quality granulated sugar , and cotton western nestorianism and roman catholicism taoism confucian travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education marco polo cambaluc travels of marco polo il milione through contact with persian traders guo shoujing 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar granaries were ordered built throughout the empire beijing sorghum non -native chinese people the eternal heaven song ming a period of foreign domination han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties liu bingzhong and yao shu tripartite civil , military , and censorial offices the privy council since the sui and tang dynasties mongols and semuren the ministry of war 1269 mongolian , tibetan , and chinese could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well tugh temur emperor wenzong 1290 1291 income from the harvests of their chinese tenants painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater painting , poetry , and calligraphy song the qu zaju western buddhism , especially the tibetan variants tibetan buddhism bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs sakya 1249 1314 matrices polynomial algebra 1303 applied mathematics to the construction of calendars a cubic interpolation formula shoushi li calendar for fixing the seasons 1281 non -mongol physicians herbal remedies spiritual cures imperial academy of medicine it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues four inherited from the jin dynasty chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs 1347 muslim medicine jesus the interpreter 1263 its humoral system yin -yang and wuxing through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries wang zhen in the 12th century töregene khatun 1273 chao bark of mulberry trees 1275 woodblocks 1294 patrimonial feudalism traditional chinese autocratic -bureaucratic system allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire colonial ilkhanate central asian muslims han chinese and khitans besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand artisans and farmers a qara -khitay -lrb -khitan restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision kosher butchering zhu yuanzhang thanks muslims in the semu class frederick w . mote degrees of privilege rich and well socially standing lived in poverty and were ill treated northern southern southern china withstood and fought to the last the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants uighurs the karluk kara -khanid ruler the korean king the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting the central region the central secretariat khanbaliq beijing zhongshu sheng in africa east african community nairobi tanzania 45 million people a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline the climate is cooler mount kenya somalia and ethiopia its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks lower paleolithic period by the first millennium ad bantu and nilotic 19th century december 1963 mount kenya kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa god 's resting place both kenia and kegnia a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation joseph thompsons 1862 the `` big five '' lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant masai mara between june and september 2 ,900 kilometres -lrb -1 ,802 mi -rrb- more than 20 million years ago in the pleistocene epoch richard leakey .6 -million -year -old mary leakey and louis leakey the swahili mombasa duarte barbosa the kenyan coast city of malindi 14th century august 1914 governors of british east africa -lrb -as the protectorate was generally known -rrb - and german east africa lt col paul von lettow -vorbeck effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated northern rhodesia the central highlands as itinerant farmers banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour 80 ,000 15 january 1954 the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure 24 april 1954 4 ,686 mau mau the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau. 1957 kenya african national union -lrb -kanu -rrb - of jomo kenyatta 12 december 1963 1963 republic of kenya where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot agitation for constitutional reform daniel arap moi a presidential representative democratic republic the head of state and head of government exercised by the government both the government and the national assembly and the senate the judiciary low gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries 139th out of 176 total countries the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti -corruption commission party of national unity the orange democratic movement -lrb -odm -rrb- kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later odinga programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future truth , justice and reconciliation commission evangelical lutheran church kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process 28 february 2008 prime minister both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then pm will have power and authority to co -ordinate and supervise the functions of the government annan and his un -backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete the steps of nairobi 's harambee house 29 february 2008 the two political parties would share power equally eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president august 2010 delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights 27 august 2010 the second republic december 2014 to guard against armed groups opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries it infringed on democratic freedoms of the united states , britain , germany and france h international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto us president barack obama china in july 2015 in peacekeeping missions around the world violence that subsequently engulfed the country human rights violations kenya’s armed forces because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security” credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement 0 .519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world kenya less than $1 .25 a day a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity food security industry and manufacturing 75 % of the labour force 61 % tourism steady growth the coastal beaches and the game reserves germany and the united kingdom 24 % tea , horticultural produce , and coffee agriculture weather -related fluctuations international crops research institute for the semi -arid tropics -lrb -icrisat -rrb- pigeon peas are very drought resistant , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro -dealer networks for distribution and marketing , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % enabling some farmers to buy assets the fertile highlands tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat the semi -arid savanna to the north and east 53 % of the population kenyans for kenya kenya 14 % nairobi , mombasa and kisumu small -scale manufacturing of household goods , motor -vehicle parts , and farm implements kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act -lrb -agoa -rrb- 2000 hydroelectric stations at dams tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam 1997 in turkana around 10 billion barrels. exploration r 20 % to 25 % $474 million kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment support from china for a planned $2 .5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia environmental and social problems vision 2030 an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 national climate change action plan having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months in agriculture up to 30 % 9–18. poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities english and swahili in commerce , schooling and government in the country christian protestant 3 million followers nairobi 2 .4 % sixty percent mostly christian around 300 ,000 nurses clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners 65 ,000 7 ,000 doctors diseases of poverty half diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector 15 million british colonists. 12 december 1963 ominde commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system 8–4–4 system 8–4–4 system 1992 january 1985 vocational subjects the new structure would enable school drop -outs at all levels either to be self -employed or to secure employment in the informal sector january 2003 increased by about 70 %. age six years eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school. join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years 85 % age three to five a key requirement for admission to standard one -lrb -first grade -rrb- those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training the kenya certificate of secondary education the kenya national library service establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country a peoples university it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing its dominance in middle -distance and long -distance athletics kenyan athletes -lrb -particularly kalenjin -rrb- morocco and ethiopia six gold africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics iaaf golden league jackpot the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries economic or financial factors women 's volleyball within africa cricket 2003 rakep patel march 2007 the world famous safari rally one of the toughest rallies in the world björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae three meals in a day 10 o 'clock tea -lrb -chai ya saa nne -rrb - and 4 pm tea tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew the united nations the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb - and the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb- greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere united nations framework convention on climate change resolution 43/53 hoesung lee korean ismail el gizouli bert bolin february 2015 representatives appointed by governments and organizations 350 government officials and climate change experts about seven -eighths 1989 the united nations environment programme -lrb -unep -rrb - and the world meteorological organization -lrb -wmo -rrb- united nations environment programme the financial regulations and rules of the wmo world meteorological organization does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data available information about climate change based on published sources non -peer -reviewed sources model results , reports from government agencies and non -governmental organizations , and industry journals two ten to fifteen a somewhat larger number the coordinating lead authors the working group chairs substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations additional warming of the earth 's surface over half `` business as usual '' -lrb -bau -rrb- increased by 0 .3 to 0 .6 °c 2001 16 national science academies science at least 90 % between 1 .4 and 5 .8 °c above 1990 levels richard lindzen does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report john houghton a co -chair of tar wgi scientific evidence the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports 2011 2011 requested by governments the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme default emission factors fuel consumption , industrial production and so on wmo executive council and unep governing council the date `` the poor application of well -established ipcc procedures in this instance '' the wwf report `` variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale '' ipcc chairman making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact co -chair of the ipcc working group ii himalayan glaciers `` generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment '' 1999 michael e . mann , raymond s . bradley and malcolm k . hughes the `` hockey stick graph '' jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 between 1000 and 1900 fred singer capitol hill , washington , d .c. 18 july 2000 united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation rep . joe barton ed whitfield 23 june 2005 sherwood boehlert sherwood boehlert 2001 2007 ten divergence 14 1 february 2007 temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given actual sea level rise was above the top of the range projected rises in sea levels 9–88 cm 50–140 cm 2001 coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report science magazine concurring , smaller assessments of special problems the montreal protocol climate change states and governments sheldon ungar varying regional cost -benefit analysis and burden -sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions regional burden sharing conflicts the uk government other scientific bodies significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science ipcc five the journal nature turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated `` living '' wikipedia -ipcc remove government oversight from its processes to conduct photosynthesis energy energy the calvin cycle 1 pinch in two environmental factors like light color and intensity contain their own dna a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division plants and algae russian biologist 1905 andreas schimper cyanobacteria prokaryotes they have two cell membranes peptidoglycan blue -green algae eukaryotic around a billion years ago two innermost lipid -bilayer membranes phagosomal many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host almost the same thing as chloroplast three red algal chloroplast green chloroplast the green chloroplast lineage glaucophyte alga glaucophyte chloroplasts a carboxysome icosahedral chlorophyll a and phycobilins phycobilisomes the phycobilin phycoerytherin catch more sunlight in deep water a form of starch phycobilisomes accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors the peptidoglycan wall chloroplast division chlorophyll b double additional membranes outside of the original two a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast -containing alga but failed to digest it sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus chloroplasts derived from a green alga common flagellated stacked in groups of three starch the membrane of the primary endosymbiont cryptomonads red -algal derived chloroplast nucleomorph in granules found in the periplastid space stacks of two helicosproidia chromalveolates the malaria parasite a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron -sulfur clusters apicomplexan -related diseases isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids four peridinin peridinin -type chloroplast triplet -stacked the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane fucoxanthin dinophyte fucoxanthin dinophyte four a six membraned chloroplast a cryptophyte its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes a phycobilin -containing chloroplast a two -membraned chloroplast heterokontophyte a diatom -lrb -heterokontophyte -rrb - derived chloroplast up to five the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm the dinophyte nucleus lepidodinium their original peridinin chloroplast a green algal derived chloroplast a green algal derived chloroplast first set of endosymbiotic events acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently about a million around 850 three million ctdna , or cpdna the plastome 1962 1986 two japanese research teams the inverted repeat regions direct repeats stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome electron microscopy two a theta intermediary form a cairns replication intermediate with a rolling circle mechanism a → g deamination when it is single stranded linear homologous recombination in branched , linear , or other complex structures bacteriophage t4 linear circular via a d loop mechanism endosymbiotic gene transfer the lost chloroplast 's existence a red algal derived chloroplast green algal derived chloroplast nonfunctional pseudogenes around half participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance the cell membrane a ribosome in the cytosol helps many proteins bind the polypeptide keeping it from folding prematurely lens -shaped 5–8 μm in diameter 1–3 μm a net a cup a double membrane the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium homologous the mitochondrial double membrane run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation generate atp energy the internal thylakoid system the inner chloroplast membrane stromules stroma -containing tubule to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport 1962 in the chloroplasts of c4 plants in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms the chloroplast peripheral reticulum increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross -membrane transport the thylakoids and intermembrane space synthesize a small fraction of their proteins 17 nm 25 nm motifs for shine -dalgarno sequence recognition is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule -lrb -s-rrb- spherical bubbles lipids and proteins 45–60 nanometers across a lipid monolayer either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid the thylakoid network singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid in old or stressed chloroplasts the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae roughly spherical highly refractive starch divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced `` de novo '' the helical thylakoid model flattened circular anywhere from two to a hundred 10–20 helicoid stromal thylakoids light energy light energy energize electrons pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space a dam turbine two are arranged in grana are in contact with the stroma pancake -shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter about thirty help transfer and dissipate excess energy their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green a bright red -orange carotenoid orange -red zeaxanthin e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria red red algae relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across an enzyme called rubisco it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors the calvin cycle atp energy light reactions rubisco normal grana and thylakoids a four -carbon compound to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar all green parts the chlorophyll in them parenchyma cells collenchyma tissue a plant cell which contains chloroplasts in the stems concentrated in the leaves 8–15 per cell half a million the mesophyll layers low -light conditions under intense light photooxidative damage to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out mitochondria two infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system reactive oxygen species salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species after detecting stress in a cell pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus photosynthesis photosynthesis food in the form of sugars water -lrb -h2o -rrb - and carbon dioxide -lrb -co2 -rrb- sugar and oxygen -lrb -o2 -rrb- generate atp energy into the thylakoid space up to a thousand times phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate adenosine triphosphate nadp+ cyclic photophosphorylation in c4 plants more atp than nadph the calvin cycle unstable six -carbon molecules that immediately break down three -carbon molecules called 3 -phosphoglyceric acid one out of every six glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations distorting the grana and thylakoids waterlogged roots another photosynthesis -depressing factor add o2 instead of co2 to rubp when the oxygen concentration is too high it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism in their stroma cysteine and methionine it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol chloroplasts undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg in an adult plant 's apical meristems the formation of starch -storing amyloplasts proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts a plastid that lacks chlorophyll invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma a yellow chlorophyll precursor gymnosperms chromoplasts pigment -filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit chromoplasts chromoplasts chloroplasts and other plastids filaments proteins a structure called a z -ring within the chloroplast 's stroma the min system plastid -dividing rings two about 5 nanometers across 6 .4 nanometers chloroplasts have a third plastid -dividing ring light bright white light large dumbbell -shaped poor quality green light transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen environmental risks 3 in 1 ,000 ,000 transplastomic itself composite number the fundamental theorem of arithmetic a product of primes because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization primality trial division the miller–rabin primality test the aks primality test 22 ,338 ,618 decimal digits infinitely many euclid the statistical behaviour the prime number theorem at the end of the 19th century goldbach 's conjecture the twin prime conjecture algebraic aspects public -key cryptography prime ideals 2 1 , 2 , and n odd prime 9 even numbers 1 christian goldbach leonhard euler 10 ,006 ,721 its own special category as a `` unit '' euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic if 1 were considered a prime euler 's totient function the sum of divisors function only the single number 1 the rhind papyrus the ancient greeks euclid 's elements euclid compute primes in 1640 euler 22n + 1 2p − 1 up to n = 4 -lrb -or 216 + 1 -rrb- trial division if a complete list of primes up to is known greater than 1 only three divisions less than or equal to the square root of n two main classes probabilistic -lrb -or `` monte carlo '' -rrb- deterministic deterministic 1/ -lrb -1-p -rrb-n the fermat primality test , np≡n -lrb -mod p -rrb- composite numbers -lrb -the carmichael numbers -rrb- baillie -psw solovay -strassen tests 2p + 1 2p − 1 the lucas–lehmer test primorial primes fermat primes distributed computing in 2009 us $100 ,000 the electronic frontier foundation -lsb -256kn + 1 , 256k -lrb -n + 1 -rrb - − 1 -rsb- the floor function chebyshev any natural number n > 3 n < p < 2n − 2 wilson 's theorem their greatest common divisor is one dirichlet 's theorem 1/6 at most one prime number infinitely many prime numbers the zeta function a finite value diverges exceeds any given number identity 1859 s = −2 , −4 , ... , random noise asymptotic distribution asymptotic distribution goldbach 's conjecture 1912 all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 vinogradov 's theorem chen 's theorem twin prime conjecture pairs of primes with difference 2 polignac 's conjecture n2 + 1 brocard 's conjecture number theory g . h . hardy the 1970s hash tables pseudorandom number generators a recurring decimal p − 1 -lrb -p − 1 -rrb -! + 1 -lrb -n − 1 -rrb-! p is not a prime factor of q rsa the diffie–hellman key exchange 512 -bit modular exponentiation 1024 -bit cicadas as grubs underground 17 years make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators up to 2 % higher indecomposability the smallest subfield as a connected sum of prime knots any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots commutative ring r prime elements irreducible elements it is neither zero nor a unit cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units the fundamental theorem of arithmetic the gaussian integers z -lsb -i-rsb- a + bi arbitrary integers 4k + 3 in ring theory prime ideals algebraic number theory the fundamental theorem of arithmetic a noetherian commutative ring prime ideals ramification in geometry ring of integers of quadratic number fields the solvability of quadratic equations norm gets smaller completed -lrb -or local -rrb - fields the absolute value local -global principle olivier messiaen la nativité du seigneur quatre études de rythme the third étude the movements of nature swiss canton north sea cologne , germany danube 1 ,230 km -lrb -760 mi -rrb- europe netherlands 1 ,230 km gaulish name rēnos rhin rīnaz 1st century bc gaulish name rēnos rhin rijn rīnaz rhijn rhine -kilometers 1939 old rhine bridge at constance hoek van holland canalisation projects rhine -kilometers" 1939 old rhine bridge at constance canalisation projects hoek van holland north 86 km long , rhine valley sargans austria chur 86 km 599 m rhine valley switzerland lake constance alter rhein modern canalized section isel donkey lake constance modern canalized section alter rhein small islands isel diepoldsau fußach strong sedimentation parallel to the canalized rhine silt fußach constant flooding diepoldsau dornbirner ach continuous input of sediment three lower lake lake rhine swiss -austrian border upper lake three austria alps 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47 .650°n 9 .317°e / 47 .650; 9 .317. baden -württemberg greater density of cold water lake überlingen rheinbrech entire length lindau rheinbrech lindau lake überlingen rhine gutter water level westward river aare 1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- finsteraarhorn basel westward aare 1 ,000 m3/s -lrb -35 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb - , finsteraarhorn german basel rhine knee central bridge 300 km long 40 km wide basel rhine knee north high rhine central bridge 19th century increased fell significantly grand canal d 'alsace large compensation pools upper rhine 19th century increased fell significantly grand canal d 'alsace germany 300 m3/s -lrb -11 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- rhine moselle 400 m -lrb -1 ,300 ft -rrb-. germany germany moselle france 2 ,290 m3/s -lrb -81 ,000 cu ft/s -rrb- middle rhine rhine gorge erosion the romantic rhine middle rhine rhine gorge castles romantic rhine plants and factories duisburg ruhr drinking water switzerland pollution lower rhine switzerland duisburg ruhr tourism rüdesheim am rhein lorelei middle rhine valley tourism unesco world heritage site. rüdesheim am rhein lorelei sankt goarshausen duisburg wesel -datteln canal lippe emmerich rhine bridge 400 m lower rhine rhine -ruhr duisport emmerich rhine bridge 400 m wide meuse rijn two thirds west waal meuse the oude maas pannerdens kanaal nederrijn lek noord river pannerdens kanaal nederrijn one ninth lek wijk bij duurstede rijn draining the surrounding land kromme rijn bent rhine old rhine rhine -meuse millingen aan de rijn , rhine delta nederrijn at angeren three waal old meuse the rip st . elizabeth 's 1421 merwede -oude maas 1421 to 1904 archipelago -like estuary drainage channels construction of delta works dammed 20th century tidal delta tidal currents tear huge areas of land into the sea. zaltbommel tethys sea jurassic period mediterranean geography mesozoic era iberia n–s upper rhine graben miocene danube stream capture pliocene period vosges mountains ice ages six 120 m northwest brest 74 ,000 -lrb -bp 11 ,600 bp west 120 m english channel glacier tundra 22 ,000–14 ,000 yr bp ice -sheets loess 22 ,000 years ago thaw rhine 13 ,000 bp 9000 bp 7500 yr ago rates of sea -level rise last 7000 years tectonic subsidence 1–3 cm -lrb -0 .39–1 .18 in -rrb - per century 11 ,700 years ago 8 ,000 years ago late -glacial valley netherlands 3000 yr bp increased flooding and sedimentation sediment load 11–13th century 80 north sea meuse estuary ijsselmeer freshwater lake three 1st century bc germania 6th century bc maurus servius honoratus ad 14 danube the empire fell eastwards southern eight army of germania inferior ubiorum threat of war town of the ubii 5th century kingdoms dragons rock siegfried hagen 6th century 10th century lower lorraine archduke sigismund 1469 peace of westphalia establishing `` natural borders '' napoleon 1806 1840 end of world war i 1935 german army adolf hitler 's rise to power 1936 arnhem formidable natural obstacle september 1944 ludendorff bridge seven days to the river rhine 1 ,230 kilometres -lrb -764 miles -rrb- knaurs lexikon typographical error 1 ,320 kilometres -lrb -820 miles -rrb- 2010 following a referendum in 1997 scotland act 1998 in which it can make laws parliament of the united kingdom westminster lack of a parliament of scotland three hundred first world war. the late 1960s directly elected scottish assembly north `` it 's scotland 's oil '' 1974 not benefitting scotland as much as they should 1978 edinburgh majority 51 .6 % failed 32 .9 % a scottish parliament the conservative party 1989 blueprint scottish parliament building enric miralles spanish leaf -shaped queen elizabeth ii meeting of the church 's general assembly general assembly hall of the church of scotland courtyard university of aberdeen former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow city of edinburgh council lothian regional council demolished parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh main one msp tricia marwick secret 129 a vote clerk presiding officer the parliamentary bureau five the presiding officer hemicycle encourage consensus amongst elected members 131 2 vote scottish rivers silver the queen wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity a glass case suspended from the lid april debating chamber the public free the official report wednesdays up to four minutes presiding officer religious beliefs nominate speakers the presiding officer amount of time for which they are allowed to speak different viewpoints ministers or party leaders gaelic 5 pm `` decision time '' vote electronic consoles on their desks seconds votes political parties whips moral deselected as official party candidates during future elections immediately after decision time not a scottish minister 45 minutes other members winds up committee stronger no revising chamber principal role other locations throughout scotland a small number of msps balance of parties functions mandatory fourth beginning of each parliamentary session one current subject committees session type of committee large -scale development projects scottish government. private bill scotland act 1998 queen elizabeth ii devolved competencies parliament of the united kingdom at westminster scottish parliament schedule 5 scottish parliament automatically devolved up to 3 pence in the pound 2012 act reserved scottish parliament westminster uk government ministers bills the scottish government a private member an outside proposer in a number of stages introductory accompanying documents whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament in the relevant committee or committees stage 2 stage 3 two final wrecking decision time the monarch royal assent a 4 -week period supreme court of the united kingdom -lsb -date -rsb- hold the majority of seats any member first minister elected msps the sovereign thursday may the monarch supplant it. 28 several procedures msps legislative programme for the forthcoming year issues related to the substance of the statement parliamentary time thursday any member of the scottish government issues under their jurisdiction four 73 2005 one dispersed population and distance 55 ,000 proportionally to the number of votes received the d 'hondt method quotient constituency seats iteratively a number of qualifications 1981 over the age of 18 police and the armed forces mental health -lrb -care and treatment -rrb - -lrb -scotland -rrb - act 2003 a party has commanded a parliamentary majority labour 151 votes eight scottish independence the conservatives edinburgh pentlands five seats annabel goldie cameron able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland domestic legislation of the scottish parliament west lothian question the conservative england islamism all spheres of life. reordering poles revolution or invasion democratic palestine abolish the state of israel democracy religious major division sunni pan -islamism sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , democracy to maintain their legitimacy political islam its supporters illiberal islamic regimes religion from politics muslims americans a historical fluke between 1945 and 1970 non -political islam dangerous enemies during the 1970s considerable impact the mujahideen muslim afghanistan leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition considerable impact anwar sadat peace political support 1975 assassinated conservative hate wars infidels saudi islamist incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful housing rhetoric avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands law and philosophy the all india muslim league the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress 1908 the reconstruction of religious thought in islam secularism and secular nationalism crowd out nationalist differences 1930 pakistan movement sayyid abul ala maududi journalism 1941 through his writing in a modern context sayyid abul ala maududi journalism through his writing a modern context sharia an islamic state unity of god gradual an educational process 1928 ismailiyah , egypt hassan al banna the qur 'an imperialist violence 1949 egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi 1948 gamal abdul nasser one of the most influential movements 75 % of the total seats `` semi -legal '' field candidates mohamed morsi quick and decisive a pivotal event economic a steep and steady decline anti -democratic islamist movements ideological ali shariati somewhere between the prophet mohammad conspiracy islamic shia terrorist economic during the 2006 israel -lebanon conflict president mahmoud ahmadinejad the soviet union an islamic rebellion send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith marginal 16 ,000 to 35 ,000 worked to radicalize the islamist movement saddam hussein islamist saudi the west conservative muslims domestic islamists in the kingdom algeria osama bin laden qutb 's 1966 the brotherhood fringe or splinter by the 1970s egyptian islamic jihad organization 1981 apostate promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies muhammad abd al -salaam farag violence al -gama 'a al -islamiyya in 2003 unsuccessful political figures quiescent hamas destruction of israel alcohol palestine hamas 542 majority of the seats , 2007 driving israel out of the gaza strip islamist hassan al -turabi national islamic front money from foreign islamist banking systems university and military academy 1985 with the help of the military sharia law osama bin laden american attack on iraq staying home 1989 algeria front islamique de salut a military coup d 'état justice and prosperity vicious and destructive 1992 one of the poorest countries on earth 80 % the taliban pakistan neofundamentalist sharia osama bin laden july 1977 alcohol and nightclubs islamism his means of seizing power 1988 wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant sunni arabs ten million recognition a caliphate 2004 2003 notorious intransigence march 2011 a terrorist organisation a different view 7th century 1924 true islamic ended the true islamic system armed ideological struggle elites egypt terrorist groups over 900 ,000 strong islamist 2007 londonistan incitement to terrorism since 2001 state christian whiton u .s. defense secretary undermining the communist ideology latin military force japan technologies and ideas influence `` formal imperialism '' othering direct `` informal '' imperialism `` formal '' aggressiveness ownership of private industries informal distinction the world systems theory lenin empires seaborne colonialism political focus ideological ottoman person or group of people imperialism and colonialism taking physical control of another conquering the other state 's lands exploitation characteristics empire -building imperialism highest 'social efficiency ' theory of races whiteness germany britain political geographical societies in europe fund environmental determinism temperate orientalism uncivilized superior terra nullius the eighteenth century the british empire aboriginal empty land an imaginative geography irrational and backward inferior orientalism progressive nineteenth -century maps blank spaces on contemporary maps unexplored territory nineteenth -century cartographic techniques french the pre -columbian era genghis khan dozens ethiopian empire sub -saharan africa cultural imperialism soft power dallas roman bans around 1700 colonizing thousands middle of the 20th century open door policy 1919 1999 historians the world 's economy many imperial powers economic growth mid -18th century colonies the mughal state communication deadly explosives the machine gun arrows , swords , and leather shields european british in the late 1870s philanthropy to constantly expand investment aristocracy the 1950s before world war i disease taxation environmental determinism the environment in which they lived less civilized africa orientalism and tropicality geographic scholars northern europe and the mid -atlantic guidance orientalism colonizing empires the sixteenth century 1599 queen elizabeth exploitation the portuguese 1830 1850 catholicism africa when germany started to build her own civilize the inferior assimilation small numbers of settlers christianity and french culture algeria overseas colonies anti -colonial movements vietnam algeria 1960 scandinavia muslim iberia middle period of classical antiquity 800 ce central europe late 19th century 1862 after the franco -german war napoleon europe the south pacific prestige 1884 new guinea hamburg merchants and traders japan took part of sakhalin island 1894 thailand manchuria china 1932 lenin eastern europe bolshevik leaders a world revolution lenin mao zedong nikita khrushchev socialism in one country mercantilism 1776 free trade about 1820 1815 the british empire pseudo -sciences the british spirit of imperialism middle east the monroe doctrine interventionism a war erupted the philippines a `` racket '' isiah bowman 1917 american delegation from the paris peace conference u .s authorship of a 'new world ' wilson 's geographer internal strife `` internal colonialism '' 12 to 15 million the contemporary orient 1923 suleiman the magnificent 32 europe during the 16th and 17th centuries istanbul germany world war i turkey united methodist church mainline protestant methodist denomination 1968 union of the methodist church -lrb -usa -rrb - and the evangelical united brethren church wesleyan united methodist church 80 million mainline protestant denomination 3 .6 % mid -18th century within the church of england being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study 1735 colony of georgia american indians salvation by god 's grace american revolution 1784 thomas coke lovely lane methodist church lovely lane methodist church st . george 's united methodist church st . george 's united methodist church 1767 sail loft on dock street 1784 richard allen and absalom jones st . george 's church 1784 1830 issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church 1844 because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination april 23 , 1968 constituting general conference in dallas , texas bishop lloyd christ wicke holy catholic -lrb -or universal -rrb - church the book of discipline meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible result of the american revolution dr . thomas coke thomas vasey and richard whatcoat. 1968 john wesley and charles wesley albert c . outler albert c . outler prevenient grace prevenient grace the grace that `` goes before '' us prevenient grace justifying grace or accepting grace justifying grace conversion conversion new birth grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection sanctifying grace a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves christian perfection wesleyan theology prima scriptura umc book of discipline 2008 pro -choice religious coalition for reproductive choice the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women all women the mother taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality -lrb- 2012 rev . paul t . stallsworth temperance movement 2011 and 2012 the use of money unfermented grape juice capital punishment john 8:7. matthew 5:38 -39 the general conference same -sex unions 1999 2016 connectional table lgbt same -gender marriages with resolutions 1987 2005 baltimore -washington conference of the umc conscription the way of military action all war christ 's message and teachings instrument of national foreign policy general and complete disarmament the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion girls and women ivf stem cells research sunday service of the methodists in north america when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england the book of common prayer africa book of common prayer anointing with oil methodist institutions william booth john wesley united methodist church general conference the book of discipline general conference every four years five seven to elect and appoint bishops bishops episcopal areas mission council church bishops 36 for the george w . bush presidential library southern methodist university nine judicial council eight -year term twice a year various locations throughout the world the annual conference geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting their annual conference the book of discipline three nine church conference church conference one hundred three hundred sixty international association of methodist -related schools , colleges , and universities john wesley pastors annual conference order of elders annual conference order of deacons annual conference cabinet one year at a time bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference elders the local church 2–3 years district superintendents 2–3 years deacons deacons granted sacramental authority 1996 the provisional elder/deacon 1996 general conference licensed local pastor licensed local pastor five associate membership baptized members confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith transfer from another christian denomination baptism confirmation and membership preparation classes the book of discipline church and the methodist -christian theological tradition lay servants they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant annually at least one advanced course every three years united methodist church observer status blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity 2000 may 2012 1985 11 million 42 ,000 8 million 34 ,000 texas 11 .4 million 7 .9 million 3 .5 million wesleyan holiness consortium world methodist council july 18 , 2006 1754–1763 colonies of british america and new france roughly 60 ,000 european settlers 2 million primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 , 1755 disaster; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies fort beauséjour expulsion of the acadians william pitt unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war. sainte foy in quebec territory east of the mississippi to great britain french louisiana west of the mississippi river -lrb -including new orleans -rrb - to its ally spain confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america 1740s indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war much larger conflict between france and great britain fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 six years 1760 battle of jumonville glen about 75 ,000 heavily concentrated along the st . lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia st . lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women 20 to 1 from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior native tribes mi 'kmaq and the abenaki present -day upstate new york and the ohio country iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements catawba , muskogee -speaking creek and choctaw western portions of the great lakes region iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee no french regular army troops were stationed in north america few british troops mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces. about 3 ,000 miles -lrb -4 ,800 km -rrb - between june and november 1749. 200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians british merchants or fur -traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave. informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french village of pickawillany threatened `` old briton '' with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british ignored the warning. very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english proposing that action be taken british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present 1749 ohio company of virginia christopher gist treaty of logstown mouth of the monongahela river -lrb -the site of present -day pittsburgh , pennsylvania -rrb- king george 's war 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix -la -chapelle conflicting territorial claims between british and french frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides marquis de la jonquière 300 men , including french -canadians and warriors of the ottawa punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton paul marin de la malgue fort presque isle -lrb -near present -day erie , pennsylvania fort le boeuf -lrb -present -day waterford , pennsylvania protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british tanaghrisson british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' colonel of the iroquois mohawk chief hendrick ohio company major george washington jacob van braam as an interpreter; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson december 12 jacques legardeur de saint -pierre dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it. france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754 early months of 1754 fort duquesne. with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships dislodge the french plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755. blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 albany congress formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence braddock -lrb -with george washington as one of his aides -rrb - led about 1 ,500 army troops the expedition was a disaster approximately 1 ,000 british soldiers were killed or injured. washington and thomas gage shirley and johnson. efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience planned to attack fort niagara garrisons marquis de vaudreuil. sent dieskau to fort st . frédéric to meet that threat inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field fort william henry ticonderoga point , colonel monckton deportation of the french -speaking acadian population from the area. petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757 william shirley albany capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec major general james abercrombie major general louis -joseph de montcalm may 18 , 1756 oneida carry battle of fort bull 45 ,000 pounds hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison abercrombie ticonderoga oswego disposition of prisoners ' personal effects attack on new france 's capital , quebec to distract montcalm william pitt returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry. french irregular forces -lrb -canadian scouts and indians -rrb- lake george attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves. british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping. poor harvest st . lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg , british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater loudoun three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg 3 ,600 18 ,000 regulars , militia and native american allies sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg. invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france lagos and quiberon bay. james wolfe cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south battle of sainte -foy naval battle of the restigouche governor vaudreuil freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property , general amherst. signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent 80 ,000 1755 throughout its north american provinces new orleans king george iii outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory west of the appalachian mountains most went to cuba , military roads to the area by braddock and forbes 1769 choctaw and the creek disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession force fundamental error sir isaac newton nearly three hundred years einstein standard model gauge bosons strong gravitational electroweak interaction aristotle aristotelian cosmology four on the ground unnatural 17th century galileo galilei impetus galileo friction newton lack of net force newton newton 's first the same laws of physics parabolic at rest inertia inertia rotational inertia of planet albert einstein weightlessness principle of equivalence newton 's second law kinematic general relativity general relativity fixed newton 's third newton 's third unidirectional magnitude center of mass closed mass of the system intuitive understanding standard measurement scale newtonian mechanics experimentation vector quantities denoted scalar quantities associating forces with vectors ambiguous associating forces with vectors static equilibrium magnitude and direction net force respective lines of application parallelogram independent components two the original force orthogonal three -dimensional static friction static friction applied applied force forces spring reaction force gravity gravity isaac newton galileo rest galileo behind the foot of the mast foot of the mast dynamic equilibrium kinetic friction force kinetic friction aristotle schrödinger newtonian classical position variables quantized force spin pauli spin antiparallel parallel mathematical by -product force conservation of momentum feynman straight four strong and weak electromagnetic masses pauli exclusion principle isaac newton 20th unification self -consistent unification isaac newton galileo about 9 .81 meters per second squared sea level force of gravity at larger distances. the moon mass radius -lrb --rrb - of the earth newton 's universal gravitation constant , henry cavendish 1798 newton mercury vulcan theory of general relativity albert einstein albert einstein general relativity ballistic trajectory gravitational force global electric current unified electromagnetic lorentz 's law electrostatic force james clerk maxwell 1864 20 4 maxwell electromagnetic theory quantum mechanics quantum electrodynamics photons quantum electrodynamics repulsion of like charges the pauli exclusion principle energy as a structural force repulsion of like charges the pauli exclusion principle energy as a structural force elementary particles residual of the force nuclear as gluons color confinement weak force beta decay radioactivity 1013 approximately 1015 kelvins normal force pauli repulsion fermionic nature of electrons normal ideal strings ideal pulleys action -reaction pairs conservation of mechanical energy movable pulleys idealized point particles three -dimensional objects extended other parts extended structure stress tensor pressure terms pressure terms formalism rotational equivalent for position unbalanced torque newton 's second law of motion toward the center of the curving path perpendicular centripetal radial tangential force kinetic potential net mechanical energy difference in potential energy artifact forces gradient of potentials friction nonconservative statistical mechanics nonconservative forces nonconservative forces second nonconservative forces kilogram -force kilopond slug kip sthène |