Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Generation
Modalities:
Text
Sub-tasks:
language-modeling
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
question-generation
License:
File size: 222,414 Bytes
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saint bernadette soubirous a copper statue of christ the main building a marian place of prayer and reflection a golden statue of the virgin mary september 1876 twice the observer three 1987 rome moreau seminary old college retired priests and brothers buechner prize for preaching eight 1920 the college of science five the 1870s learning resource center five the first year of studies program u .s. news & world report 1924 master of divinity alliance for catholic education 1854 department of pre -professional studies joan b . kroc institute for international peace studies president emeritus of the university of notre dame 1986 ray kroc mcdonald 's 14 theodore m . hesburgh library 1963 millard sheets touchdown jesus 3 ,577 19 .7 % the top 10 to 15 in the nation 39 .1 % more than 750 miles 18th overall 8th 1st overall usa today 57 .6 % father joseph carrier , c .s.c. 1851–1921 the science department evolution and dogma professor of chemistry and physics 1882 professor jerome green around 1899 father julius nieuwland an early wind tunnel the lobund institute the 1940s 1950 1958 1928 the review of politics german catholic journals 44 review of politics john jenkins notre dame international peace studies 2013 climate change 8 ,448 21–24 % over 700 the holy cross missions in bangladesh 12 ,179 80 % four 15 20 % 14 congregatio a sancta cruce more than 93 % over 100 times fifty -seven over 80 % washington hall 1879 rev . william corby 17th of may lafortune student center scholastic and classical college of commerce father james burns three years harvard law school knute rockne 105 1925 13 three the protestant establishment the ku klux klan fr . matthew walsh a week -long klavern south bend father john francis o 'hara father john francis o 'hara laetare medal 1883 god more than half lobund institute for animal studies hall of liberal arts rev . john j . cavanaugh , c .s.c. medieval institute 1917–2015 18 $9 million 1952–87 950 coeducational dean of arts and letters vice president of student affairs 1971 saint mary 's college 1987–2005 1240 $350 million more than $70 million 500 2005 17th malloy compton family ice arena $400m congregation of holy cross basilica of the sacred heart french revival luigi gregori 1896 fr . zahm 1950 joseph lafortune 83 ,000 square feet $1 .2 million 29 theodore hesburgh library almost 4 million duncan hall frank eck stadium 2008 40 % sustainable endowments institute kroc institute for international peace studies 1968 1 suffolk street in trafalgar square global gateways 1998 the college of arts and letters 1842 1849 saint louis university 33 father patrick dillon 1865 six years jordan hall of science over 1 ,200 school of architecture bond hall five -year rome driehaus architecture prize 2015 the first floor of stanford hall over three million volumes one of the 100 largest the rise of hitler and other dictators germany classics and law max scheler a renowned sculptor university of notre dame du catholic research university our lady of the lake the virgin mary 1 ,250 its fighting irish football team knute rockne ncaa division i seven 13 among the top twenty four driehaus architecture prize more than 50 snite museum of art 1842 célestine guynemer de la hailandière the congregation of the holy cross november 26 , 1842 father stephen badin 's old log chapel 1849 1865 father lemonnier 1879 1873 ndtv one show wsnd -fm wvfi $215 million june 3 , 2008 kite realty the city of south bend non -union workers national collegiate athletic association horizon league midwest fencing conference hockey east big east conference the acc five central collegiate hockey association navy blue and gold rush leprechaun under armour almost $100 million 1846 oldest university band in continuous existence in the united states notre dame victory march michigan wolverines football team 1887 ohio state university usc the most george gipp the army team pat o 'brien gipp 80 ,795 two -story banner the drummers ' circle the steps of bond hall the notre dame victory march and the notre dame alma mater saturday over 1 ,600 12 28 austin carr mike brey john f . shea 1904 rev . michael j . shea 1928 onward to victory the gipper airplane! sean astin george zipp knute rockne condoleezza rice eric f . wieschaus rev . john jenkins olympic gold jim wetherbee in the late 1990s singing and dancing 2003 houston , texas late 1990s destiny 's child dangerously in love mathew knowles houston dangerously in love september 4 , 1981 beyoncé giselle knowles -carter late 1990s lead singer dangerously in love 2003 five lead singer dangerously in love 2003 acting jay z six dreamgirls 2010 beyoncé cadillac records june 2005 b 'day dreamgirls jay z sasha fierce love , relationships , and monogamy influential forbes 2000s forbes modern -day feminist 2013 and 2014 118 million 60 million 118 million 20 forbes destiny 's child her mother 's maiden name african -american methodist xerox hairdresser and salon owner solange joseph broussard xerox salon solange joseph broussard. methodist fredericksburg darlette johnson houston dance instructor darlette johnson st . john 's united methodist church music magnet school imagine fredericksburg darlette johnson seven st . john 's united methodist church arne frager beyoncé 's father elektra records arne frager 1995 sony music elektra records age eight eight girl 's tyme arne frager 1995 dwayne wiggins 's grass roots entertainment men in black `` say my name '' marc nelson 1996 book of isaiah men in black say my name marc nelson book of isaiah. men in black. no , no , no 1999 marc nelson depression boyfriend left her her mother split with luckett and rober a couple of years her mother farrah franklin and michelle williams. beyoncé her mother farrah franklin independent women part i eleven mtv 663 ,000 copies georges bizet survivor charlie 's angels. carmen: a hip hopera survivor luckett and roberson october 2001 mike myers uk , norway , and belgium the fighting temptations missy elliott summertime austin powers in goldmember 73 million musical comedy fighting temptations mixed reviews austin powers in goldmember foxxy cleopatra work it out the fighting temptations fighting temptations number four dangerously in love 11 million crazy in love four jay z dangerously in love number four luther vandross jay z june 24 , 2003 crazy in love luther vandross. five. destiny fulfilled 2006 november 2003 destiny fulfilled barcelona march 2006 dangerously in love tour missy elliott and alicia keys super bowl xxxviii destiny fulfilled. 541 ,000 déjà vu five five twenty -fifth birthday jay z top five b 'day 541 ,000 jay z green light the pink panther dreamgirls dreamgirls 2007 24 million 158 .8 million the beyoncé experience shakira the pink panther diana ross. listen the beyoncé experience shakira jay z november 18 , 2008 2000s taylor swift 119 .5 million in a video montage march 2009 taylor swift 119 .5 million april 4 , 2008 jay z. sasha fierce single ladies kanye west etta james phoenix house at last thriller mtv movie award for best fight phoenix house obsessed sharon charles 60 million etta james phoenix house the first couple 's first inaugural ball. obsessed. ten lauryn hill lady gaga six mariah carey ten nominations telephone lady gaga mariah carey lauryn hill ten lauryn hill lady gaga mariah carey 2010 2010 the great wall of china 2010 her mother during the break nine months a hiatus her mother her father nine months 2011 clinton bush haiti fund the 2011 glastonbury festival the huffington post minute documents obtained by wikileaks 2011 the huffington post glastonbury festival muammar gaddafi. wikileaks clinton bush haiti fund. pyramid stage 2011 love on top writing new york 's roseland ballroom june 28 , 2011 310 ,000 copies new york association of black journalists 2011 4 june 28 , 2011 310 ,000 essence new york 's roseland ballroom january 7 , 2012 lenox hill hospital blue ivy carter revel atlantic city 's ovation hall january 7 , 2012 blue ivy carter five months four nights january 7 , 2012 blue ivy carter lenox hill hospital in new york. revel atlantic city 's ovation hall four romance life is but a dream global publishing agreement january 2013 nuclear president obama 268 ,000 tweets per minute january 2013 nuclear the american national anthem super bowl xlvii halftime show life is but a dream 132 the mrs . carter show rise up epic april 15 2013 met gala queen tara rise up the mrs . carter show world tour 132 back to black met gala. queen tara the itunes store december 13 , 2013 the itunes store jay z forbes more than double her earnings december 13 , 2013 one million drunk in love on the run tour. three beck vogue coldplay three beck coldplay six awards vogue coldplay coldplay six three beck vogue coldplay tidal formation february 6 , 2016 exclusively tidal music streaming february 6 , 2016 tidal 300 million paris miscarriage jay z april 4 , 2008 300 million wrote music paris '03 bonnie & clyde april 4 , 2008 300 million miscarriage paris. mtv video music awards her pregnancy 12 .4 million 2011 mtv video music awards her appearance most tweets per second beyonce pregnant love on top 2011 mtv video music awards love on top 12 .4 million beyonce pregnant lifeandtimes .com glory blue ivy carter lenox hill hospital glory blue ivy carter b .i.c. january 7 , 2012 blue ivy carter glory blue ivy 's cries b .i.c. george zimmerman america the beautiful 4 million same sex marriage a rally america the beautiful america the beautiful at last tumblr same sex marriage vogue ban bossy campaign vogue april 2013 ban bossy flawless leadership in girls chimamanda ngozi adichie ban bossy the one campaign september 2015 women priorities 2015 angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini -zuma head of the g7 in germany september 2015 the one campaign angela merkel and nkosazana dlamini -zuma the head of the g7 in germany women freddie gray protesters freddie gray thousands of dollars madonna and celine dion highest -earning power couple 2014 250 million madonna and celine dion forbes 2011 115 million 250 million forbes april 2014. mtv 2013 four jody rosen the daily mail hip hop four octaves versatile hip hop praise her range and power four her vocal abilities tart the hip hop era r&b pop , soul and funk spanish re -release of b 'day rudy perez r&b english spanish b 'day r&b spanish rudy perez. b 'day. beats cater 2 u female -empowerment man -tending anthems co -producing credits melodies women co -producing melodies and ideas beyoncé american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards diane warren top 20 hot 100 songwriters 2001 third billboard magazine third woman pop songwriter of the year award the american society of composers , authors , and publishers pop music awards. three 17 michael jackson five michael jackson vocal runs michael jackson vision of love michael jackson michael jackson diana ross whitney houston vision of love feminism and female empowerment josephine baker etta james dreamgirls boldness 2006 fashion rocks concert josephine baker. déjà vu michelle obama february 2013 oprah winfrey michelle obama a strong woman lyrical and raw to take control of her own career continuing inspiration first lady michelle obama oprah winfrey jean -michel basquiat madonna suga mama the mamas montina cooper -donnell , crystal collins and tiffany moniqué riddick 2006 suga mama suga mama 2006 bet awards suga mama suga mama b 'day the mamas the 2006 bet awards stage presence and voice l .a. reid stage presence jarett wieselman greatest entertainer alive she 's almost too good jarett wieselman l .a. reid sasha fierce making of `` crazy in love '' 2010 revel presents: beyoncé live too aggressive , too strong she would bring her back sasha fierce. 2008 crazy in love allure magazine wide -ranging touré bootylicious destiny 's child bootylicious bootylicious 2006 touré bootylicious 2006 sexily modelling tom ford 's spring/summer 2011 fashion show people january 2013 vh1 people complex 2013 number 1 2010 people hottest female singer of all time madame tussauds wax museums her mother tyra banks destiny 's style 2007 tyra banks tyra banks people the bey hive the beyontourage twitter bey hive beyontourage bey hive beyontourage beehive house of deréon l 'officiel blackface and tribal makeup 2006 for wearing and using fur l 'officiel in blackface and tribal makeup l 'officiel house of deréon. french fashion magazine african -american emmett price l 'oréal natural pictures be used it is categorically untrue costuming emmett price l 'oréal feria hair color advertisements h&m the guardian 2013 2014 artist of the decade 2013 2014 baz luhrmann jody rosen the guardian time 100 list baz luhrmann 2014 white rabbits gwyneth paltrow pepsi beyoncé 's pepsi commercial white rabbits work country strong white rabbits milk famous gwyneth paltrow country strong. nicki minaj crazy in love two 8 million fly july 2014 crazy in love earned two grammy awards around 8 million copies drake rolling stone drake a species of horse fly 15 million 118 million 64 60 million beyoncé 15 million 118 million 60 million 2008 world music awards 64 certifications over 15 million over 118 million the recording industry association of america 64 the 2008 world music awards 20 alison krauss 52 six two 20 grammy awards 52 nominations 2010 adele 20 52 `` single ladies -lrb -put a ring on it -rrb - '' dreamgirls pepsi 50 million the center for science in the public interest -lrb -cspinet -rrb- 70 2002 britney spears , pink , and enrique iglesias endorse pepsi center for science in the public interest pepsi $50 million the center for science in the public interest -lrb -cspinet -rrb- netbase tommy hilfiger beyoncé heat 2013 400 million heat 2011 pulse six editions diamonds 2010. heat six 18 starpower: beyoncé since the age of 18 70 staff out of court starpower: beyoncé starpower: beyoncé gatefive 70 june 2013 fashion retailer topshop parkwood topshop athletic ltd activewear fall of 2015 topshop 2015 parkwood entertainment topshop london activewear march 30 , 2015 jay z march 30 , 2015 music streaming service low payout of royalties tidal. aspiro jay z spotify her mother agnèz deréon beyond productions sportswear , denim offerings with fur , outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear us and canada her mother 2005 grandmother , agnèz deréon in destiny 's child 's shows and tours her mother deréon. shoe brazil 2009 house of deréon collection sasha fierce for deréon may 27 , 2010 house of brands beyoncé fashion diva sasha fierce for deréon c&a dillard 's topshop autumn 2015 parkwood topshop athletic ltd 50 april 2016 topshop parkwood topshop athletic ltd activewear hurricane katrina 250 ,000 ike the survivor foundation $250 ,000 expanded to work with other charities survivor foundation $250 ,000. hurricane ike george clooney and wyclef jean brooklyn phoenix house god bless the usa $1 million beyoncé cosmetology center at the brooklyn phoenix house new york police and fire widows ' and children 's benefit fund hope for haiti now: a global benefit george clooney and wyclef jean beyoncé cosmetology center god bless the usa sandy hook elementary school shooting i was here miss a meal london her mother sandy hook elementary school shooting. spread female empowerment catapult demand a plan sandy hook elementary school i was here salma hayek and frida giannini spanish word montaña -lrb -mountain -rrb- 4th 44th 77 from the spanish word montaña 1908 1949 1981 grizzly bear maiasaura 1910 oro y plata `` gold and silver '' 1865 1895 bitterroot 35 percent 56 billings missoula and great falls `` mountain '' montaña del norte 147 ,040 square miles wyoming idaho western half of the state about 60 percent north hudson bay. over 10 ,000 feet granite peak 12 ,799 feet one 1996 59 to 41. 29 to 21 a swing state 1992 60 percent 40 percent bozeman yellowstone international airport 2013 bnsf railway 1880s rocky mountain elk foundation spring wolves and mountain lions 1930s federation of fly fishers trout and kokanee salmon fisheries a river runs through it april 26 , 1864 1862 $1 .75 1886 450 hudson bay triple divide peak in glacier national park. pacific ocean jefferson , madison and gallatin rivers three forks north 1976 north north dakota at least 3 ,223 flathead lake fort peck reservoir missouri river approximately 25 percent 90 grizzly bear five at least 17 15 inches 34 .70 inches 105 inches 7 6 .9 percent no approximately 66 ,000 1851 1887 great falls 63 % german a mining camp 6 .5 percent big horn , glacier , and roosevelt 1980 and 1990 2007 july forest fires 1855 isaac stevens 1859 flathead indian reservation camp cooke on the missouri river 1876 1877 english 94 .8 percent spanish 13 ,040 about 1 ,700 89 .4 percent 6 .3 percent 2.9 1 ,032 ,949 4 .40 % gallatin county kalispell 1917 1941 smokejumpers and for other forest fire -fighting duties. over 13 million about 325 general philip sheridan 1875 1881 1882 1871 , 1872 and 1873 1876 1883 1866 bid for statehood 1884 1889 north dakota , south dakota and washington 1862 160 acres 1868 1877 640 acres $ .25 james j . hill 1902 1909 320 acres 1917 1918 criminalized criticism of the u .s. government , military , or symbols through speech or other means 200 78 40 ,000 -plus over 57 ,000 at least 1500 first special service force or `` devil 's brigade , '' great falls , lewistown , cut bank and glasgow entire human groups that group `` in whole or in part '' prosecutor v . radislav krstic opinions of respected commentators that biological -physical destruction was necessary the type of group destruction germany convention states municipal laws the judgements of several international and municipal courts the convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide nazi germany lemkin united nations general assembly provide a legal definition of the crime political killings ussr international intervention in domestic politics william schabas its own great purge majority of legal scholars national , racial , religious or ethnic jorgic v . germany biological -physical as a descriptive term lemming international relations and community australian `` ritualcide '' ritualcide anthropologist language , culture , and economic infrastructure legal aspect of the term a crime the deliberate killing of a certain group officials in power of a state or area the peace of westphalia genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power ethnic , national , racial and in some instances religious groups 1648 1944 the word genocide is the combination of the greek prefix geno - -lrb -meaning tribe or race -rrb - and caedere -lrb -the latin word for to kill -rrb-. a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them raphael lemkin winston churchill 1944 as `` a crime without a name '' raphael lemkin greek prefix geno - -lrb -meaning tribe or race -rrb - and caedere -lrb -the latin word for to kill -rrb- to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them when the targeted part is substantial enough the numeric size absolute terms prominence within the group perpetrators ' access to the victims historical examples of genocide possible extent of their reach the opportunity presented to him inform the analysis 12 january 1951 20 only two the united kingdom four a diplomatic compromise a research tool international legal credibility alternative definitions jonassohn and björnson their focus frank chalk r . j . rummel ted gurr social and political groups the soviet invasion and the afghan response political groups genocide intends to destroy a group policies victimized groups politicides nationality pogroms murder by government religious group convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide eliminate the group preventing births adrian gallagher collective power intent group identity destroyed acts of genocide both in peace and wartime no claim of genocide could be brought against them the united states norway convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide humanity crimes like murder the holocaust raphael lemkin european court of human rights wider interpretation of genocide ethnic cleansing expel muslims and croats from their homes the icty about 30 several plea bargains conspiracy to commit genocide aiding and abetting genocide german courts he died belgrade radovan karadžić and ratko mladić genocide or complicity in genocide slobodan milošević international criminal tribunal for rwanda -lrb -ictr -rrb- april 1994 the security council of the united nations serious violations of the international law rwandan citizens situation in darfur colin powell the senate foreign relations committee an international commission of inquiry on darfur genocidal policy prosecutor of the international criminal court the commission report the united states his fourth report structural conditions psychological and social ervin staub devaluation of the group humanizing a devalued group resistance of bacteria evolution 1943 penicillin and erythromycin evolutionary processes survive high doses of antibiotics 1943 luria–delbrück concentration bacterial infection bacterial growth phase division of bacterial cells concentration host defense mechanisms , the location of infection , and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy bacterial functions or growth processes penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxins -lrb -macrolides , lincosamides and tetracyclines mechanism of action penicillins and cephalosporins polymyxins four mechanism of action , chemical structure , or spectrum of activity semisynthetic modifications beta -lactam antibiotics aminoglycosides synthesis various natural compounds 2000 atomic mass units penicillins fungi tuberculosis overuse , especially in livestock raising , prompting bacteria to develop resistance world health organization 20th century anyone , of any age , in any country develop resistance world health organization 20th antibiotic resistance vaccination 20th century develop resistance world health organization every region of the world 20th century antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance livestock raising tuberculosis empirical therapy laboratory broad spectrum antibiotic while the microorgainsim is being identified several days broad spectrum antibiotic a patient has proven or suspected infection , but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim fever and nausea disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora yeast a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid alter the host microbiota negative effects clinical use microbial organisms adverse effects host microbiota negative effects on humans or other mammals fever and nausea to major allergic reactions , including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis diarrhea overgrowth of yeast additional side -effects increased body mass subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment penicillin , vancomycin , penicillin and vancomycin , or chlortetracycline unclear weighed against the beneficial effects increased body mass early life unclear the majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills about 1 % reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon inconclusive and controversial extra contraceptive measures contraceptive pills about 1 % absorption of estrogens oral contraceptives antibiotics do interfere extra contraceptive measures about 1 % decreased effectiveness moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side -effects widespread decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy alcohol consumption alcohol and antibiotics alcohol specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side -effects alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed intrinsic antibacterial resistance antibacterial resistance genes antibiotic target vertical transmission mutation vertical transmission of mutations carry several different resistance genes superbugs tuberculosis half a million mdr -tb inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse self prescription overuse of antibiotics prophylactic antibiotics failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic , incorrect dosage and administration , or failure to rest for sufficient recovery inappropriate antibiotic treatment prescribe antibiotics us interagency task force on antimicrobial resistance us centers for disease control and prevention , the food and drug administration -lrb -fda -rrb - , and the national institutes of health -lrb -nih -rrb- 2002 2003 swann report 1969 american society for microbiology -lrb -asm -rrb - , american public health association -lrb -apha -rrb - and the american medical association -lrb -ama -rrb- s .742 and h .r. 2562 american holistic nurses ' association , the american medical association , and the american public health association -lrb -apha -rrb- animal husbandry 1977 march 2012 medicinal folklore over 2000 years ago mold and plant materials and extracts against life jean paul vuillemin mold alexander fleming penicillin chemotherapy prontosil ig farben gerhard domagk 1939 nobel prize for medicine tyrothricin 1939 start of world war ii , rene dubos wounds and ulcers 1942 1945 norman heatley 1945 dorothy crowfoot hodgkin immune modulation or augmentation antibacterial vaccines vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates phage therapy infecting pathogenic bacteria phages will infect `` good '' bacteria 2 seven 2013 fda economic incentives superbugs allan coukell , polish and french romantic era solo piano duchy of warsaw 20 1810 romantic era warsaw solo piano 20 17 october 1849 fryderyk franciszek chopin solo piano romantic era 1810 warsaw 20 romantic 1849 21 30 1835 majorca tuberculosis paris 30 franz liszt 1835 maria wodzińska 21 30 1835 jane stirling 1835 jane stirling tuberculosis piano instrumental ballade j . s . bach , mozart and schubert nuance and sensitivity paris salons piano instrumental ballade nuance and sensitivity j . s . bach , mozart and schubert polish piano polish nuance and sensitivity j . s . bach , mozart and schubert piano polish paris salons indirect his love life and his early death romantic era films and biographies france poland political insurrection romantic era france political insurrection romantic era żelazowa wola 22 february 1810 1 march fridericus franciscus 29 żelazowa wola napoleon 22 february 1810 1 march fridericus franciscus napoleon 22 february 1810 1 march fridericus franciscus żelazowa wola napoleon justyna krzyżanowska 23 april 1810 polish nicolas lorraine justyna krzyżanowska fryderyk skarbek ludwika nicolas lorraine ludwika october french the palace grounds flute and violin illnesses october 1810 warsaw lyceum flute and violin piano six months french flute and violin piano saxon palace. wojciech żywny ludwika 7 two polonaises a polonaise in a -flat major of 1821 wojciech żywny ludwika 7 1817 1816 to 1821 wojciech żywny ludwika 7 wojciech żywny 1817 warsaw university kazimierz palace belweder palace nasze przebiegi 1817 kazimierz palace grand duke constantine a march julian ursyn niemcewicz belweder palace grand duke constantine a march julian ursyn niemcewicz 1823 to 1826 józef elsner eolomelodicon alexander i 10 june 1825 wilhelm würfel józef elsner eolomelodicon diamond ring rondo op . 1 wilhelm würfel józef elsner eolomelodicon a diamond ring. rondo op . 1. dominik dziewanowski szafarnia his family warsaw newspapers dominik dziewanowski polish rural folk music dominik dziewanowski the szafarnia courier szafarnia 1827 krakowskie przedmieście 1830 a museum ambroży mieroszewski 1827 1830 boarding house for male students ambroży mieroszewski sister emilia 1830 chopin family parlour ambroży mieroszewski male jan matuszyński and julian fontana konstancja gładkowska tytus woyciechowski , jan nepomucen białobłocki , jan matuszyński and julian fontana konstancja gładkowska piano concerto no . 1 -lrb -in e minor -rrb- july 1829 jan matuszyński and julian fontana konstancja gładkowska tytus woyciechowski piano concerto no . 1 -lrb -in e minor -rrb- four feliks jarocki gaspare spontini prince antoni radziwiłł introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 september 1828 feliks jarocki gaspare spontini prince antoni radziwiłł introduction and polonaise brillante in c major for cello and piano , op . 3 1828 feliks jarocki zoologist gaspare spontini 1829 souvenir de paganini august two 17 march 1830 souvenir de paganini vienna piano concerto no . 2 in f minor , op . 21 september 1829 accustomed to the piano -bashing of local artists niccolò paganini vienna two three 2 november 1830 austria 1830 zdzisław jachimecki zdzisław jachimecki woyciechowski italy the november 1830 uprising western europe woyciechowski 1830 `` i curse the moment of my departure . '' 1831 the polish great emigration french 1835 friends and confidants polish september 1831 polish great emigration 1835 adam zamoyski poland france french adam zamoyski polish great emigration paris adam mickiewicz songs adam mickiewicz hector berlioz , franz liszt , ferdinand hiller , heinrich heine , eugène delacroix , and alfred de vigny adam mickiewicz principal of the polish literary society julian fontana albert grzymała elder brother julian fontana polish england england albert grzymała albert grzymała julian fontana warsaw conservatory robert schumann 26 february 1832 intimate keyboard technique his father robert schumann 26 february 1832 rothschild 1831 keyboard technique publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students his own paris apartment for small groups of friends pianos salle pleyel hexameron maurice schlesinger adolphe gutmann apartment liszt and hiller maurice schlesinger felix mendelssohn playing and discussing music friedrich wilhelm schadow carlsbad the lower rhenish music festival hiller carlsbad july 1836 countess wodzińska felix mendelssohn düsseldorf director of the academy of art maria woyciechowski herz , liszt , hiller liszt 26 february 1832 woyciechowski the salle pleyel 38 rue de la chaussée -d 'antin a few blocks seven harriet smithson salle pleyel and the paris conservatory 2 april 1833 the beethoven memorial in bonn salle pleyel and the paris conservatory the hôtel de france on the rue lafitte seven harriet smithson love -hate relationship theatricality , showmanship and success an apology my friend liszt op . 10 études marie d 'agoult liszt liszt marie d 'agoult hiller george sand marie d 'agoult my tragedy grzymała george sand his poor health my tragedy marie d 'agoult 1837 my tragedy grzymała london his association with sand began in earnest six miserable valldemossa camille pleyel piano maker six years félicien mallefille a former carthusian monastery june 1838 majorca sand 's two children félicien mallefille. a former carthusian monastery three piano best possible condition 3 december his bad health his pleyel piano december pleyel bad weather canuts marseilles nohant square d 'orléans the canuts marseilles nohant 5 rue tronchet square d 'orléans the bad weather the canuts. marseilles square d 'orléans nohant berlioz 's grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale tenth adolphe nourrit organ franz schubert 's lied die gestirne adolphe nourrit franz schubert 's lied die gestirne. berlioz 's grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale the july revolution. polonaise in a -flat major , op . 53 pauline viardot 7 june 1842 piano technique and composition delacroix and the mezzo -soprano pauline viardot piano technique and composition. delacroix 1842 grzymała beethoven seventh symphony arrangement at erard 's piano temporal lobe epilepsy 1842 beethoven seventh symphony arrangement temporal lobe epilepsy from 1842 onwards mouth and tonsils alkan charles hallé temporal lobe epilepsy. auguste clésinger radical political pursuits third child lucrezia floriani 1847 1846 auguste clésinger lucrezia floriani auguste clésinger. nurse lucrezia floriani 1847 op . 58 sonata more refined than many of his earlier compositions a dozen six op . 58 sonata six six shorter pieces three mazurkas february 1848 auguste franchomme february 1848 auguste franchomme struggle financially. auguste franchomme cello bbc angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda the women behind the music bbc chopin – the women behind the music angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda angelo bozzolini and roberto prosseda a song to remember cornel wilde 1928 hugh grant george sand a song to remember cornel wilde pierre blanchar hugh grant 1901 milan giacomo orefice chopin opera giacomo orefice 1901. milan leon ulrich marcel proust and andré gide sonnet sonnet on chopin by leon ulrich 1830 english every five years. grand prix du disque de f . chopin the new york times the warsaw chopin society every five years. the new york times 1895 nocturne in e major op . 62 no . 2 paul pabst the british library 1895 methuen -campbell international chopin piano competition 1927 warsaw every five years 1 ,500 the international chopin piano competition 1927 the fryderyk chopin institute of poland nearly 1 ,500 chopiniana michel fokine les sylphides alexander glazunov 1909 chopiniana michel fokine alexander glazunov. les sylphides. london jane stirling london jane stirling and her elder sister jane stirling revolution scottish dover street broadwood stafford house queen victoria and prince albert 7 july dover street a grand piano. queen victoria and prince albert. piano lessons viardot scotland adam łyszczyński scotland glasgow will 16 november 1848 guildhall polish refugees. terminal london 's guildhall delfina potocka chaillot princess obreskoff november delfina potocka chaillot princess obreskoff. june 1849 june 1849 place vendôme 12 his sister her husband and daughter jane stirling to faint fear of being buried alive `` no longer '' clésinger fear of being buried alive a cast of his left hand. tuberculosis jean cruveilhier dna testing tuberculosis jean cruveilhier cystic fibrosis the polish government. church of the madeleine two weeks over 3 ,000 the church of the madeleine in paris two weeks over 3 ,000 mozart 's requiem louis lefébure -wély prince adam czartoryski funeral march from chopin 's piano sonata no . 2 mozart 's requiem louis lefébure -wély père lachaise cemetery prince adam czartoryski the funeral march from chopin 's piano sonata no . 2 clésinger euterpe 5 ,000 francs jane stirling alcohol clésinger. 5 ,000 francs jane stirling sister sand over 230 piano over 230 chamber music. clementi clementi bach and mozart haydn john field ballades and scherzi nocturne ballades and scherzi concert étude liszt , clementi and moscheles seven nine mazurkas faster tempos greater range of melody and expression. concert hall the mazurka nine waltzes the revolutionary étude funeral march sonata no . 2 one revolutionary étude minute waltz 65 julian fontana 23 17 65 julian fontana 1857 krystyna kobylańska 1857 alternative catalogue designations the kobylańska catalogue kk krystyna kobylańska. breitkopf & härtel jan ekier original publishers popular 19th -century piano anthologies. paderewski jan ekier improvisation the four -bar phrase improvisation nicholas temperley his flexible handling of the four -bar phrase as a structural unit. the barcarolle op . 60 the four ballades and four scherzos departure and return folk features straightforward ternary or episodic form , sometimes with a coda. mazurkas drone bass a canon at one beat 's distance triple time elsner martial formidable 21 agitated expression field 1833 nocturnes études straightforward ternary études the well -tempered clavier kenneth hamilton the preludes j .s. bach 's the well -tempered clavier generic preludes to others of his pieces ferruccio busoni four kornel michałowski and jim samson four the last movement op . 58 claude debussy harmonic innovations temperley independent finger technique léon escudier his projet de méthode karol szymanowski national modes and idioms nikolai zverev karol szymanowski alexander scriabin nikolai zverev jonathan bellman rigid procedures `` always crescendo to a high note '' hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art berlioz hiller rubato the practice in performance of disregarding strict time rubato mazurkas friederike müller friederike müller rhythm. sense of nationalism 1836 poland the failure of the november 1830 carolyne zu sayn -wittgenstein polonaises schumann flowers carolyne zu sayn -wittgenstein barbara milewski michał kleofas ogiński and franciszek lessel richard taruskin intuitive freedom europe and the new world byronic flamboyance liszt and henri herz paris arthur hutchings carnaval ballade no . 2 in f major six alkan qualities as a pianist and composer carnaval ballade no . 2 in f major liszt debussy jacques durand raoul koczalski chopin 's mainland chinese scholars horse trade 1402–1424 deshin shekpa the karma kagyu school nepal armed resistance the mongols the ganden phodrang 1578 the 9th century the yarlung rulers of tibet the borders between tibet and china tibet 821 907–960 960–1279 song dynasty the khitan jurchen genghis khan ögedei khan 1229–1241 ögedei khan godan sakya pandita töregene khatun 1241–1246 thirteen khagan ögedei khan karma pakshi the phagpa lama 1279 1271–1368 the yuan dynasty universal rule china 1358 the mongols in tibet the phagmodru myriarch tai situ changchub gyaltsen the phagmodrupa dynasty zhu yuanzhang the red turban rebellion zhu yuanzhang 1368–1398 yuan officeholders rolpe dorje rolpe dorje the buddhist link between tibet and china disciples ming government 1402–1424 the yongle emperor 1644–1912 1739 é -lì -sī army -civilian marshal office seventeen qianhu offices western tibet three tai situ changchub gyaltsen tai situ changchub gyaltsen turrell v . wylie tibet morris rossabi historian tsepon w . d . shakabpa wang jiawei and nyima gyaincain wang and nyima 1371 princes imperial edicts journalist and author thomas laird the british the government viewpoint of the people 's republic of china a mongol dynasty of china the line of mongol rulers in china a non -chinese polity rossabi 1271 to 1368 1311–1320 a licensed border market the mongols and other ethnicities the ming the general of the ngari military and civil wanhu office ming dynasty 's ü -tsang commanding office beijing chen qingying 1 ,000 households 10 ,000 households john powers ruling lamas subordinates the tarim basin and oasis of turpan foreign officials education minister degsi phagmodrupa dynasty wang and nyima the tai situpa changchub gyaltsen van praag the university of washington all traces of mongol suzerainty sagya gyaincain the ming officer of hezhou jamyang shakya gyaltsen the ming officer of hezhou to the ming court the phagmodrupa 1434 1642 hegemonies the karmapa kargyu mongol je tsongkhapa the ming yongle emperor tsongkhapa 1407 1413 his disciple chosrje shākya yeshes 1414 dawa norbu eastern tibetan princes an army tibet yang sanbao tibet 1413 the allegiance of various tibetan princes to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states the ming court 1430s the mingshi or the mingshi lu various lamas the phagmodru myriarchy melvyn c . goldstein 1435–1565 melvyn c . goldstein 1565–1642 1398–1402 the buddhist monk yao guangxiao the hongwu emperor march 10 , 1403 hou xian and the buddhist monk zhi guang to seek out the karmapa 1407 through qinghai or via the silk road to khotan 1403 nanjing the karmapa kublai the yongle emperor linggu temple nanjing great treasure prince of dharma religious leaders of other tibetan buddhist sects the mongols religious purposes to send a military force into tibet to forcibly give the karmapa authority over all the tibetan buddhist schools deshin shekpa jianwen emperor deshin shekpa deshin shekpa 's miracles chinese communist historians buddhist artifacts josef kolmaš 1435–1449 the information office of the state council of the prc the karmapa great treasure prince of dharma after the latter 's agent had brought holy relics to the ming court the karmapa hierarchs 1446 1415 the karmapa to facilitate trade with tibet tea , horses , and salt through sichuan and crossed shangri -la county in yunnan to secure urgently needed horses silk workshops tibetan buddhist the ming a mandatory `` corvée '' tax tibet altan khan the oirat mongol confederation 's hegemony the ming dynasty altan khan the 14th century november 1378 30 ,000 200 ,000 ming general qu neng recovery of the ordos region the mongols ming china to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes divide -and -rule after the sakya regime had fallen fifth karmapa many different tibetan lamas the phagmodrupa 1498 new years ceremonies and prayers 1518 1505–1521 the company of lamas mikyö dorje chinese writers of the early 20th century china 's intervening ming dynasty the 13th century the 18th century the qing dynasty the chinese central government the tibetan lamas and mongol khans the republic of china and its communist successors the california academy of sciences in san francisco the mongols patron and priest relationship the 13th century the ming dynasty 1981 the ming the central government of china 1521–1567 the native chinese ideology of daoism the tibetan lamas yang tinghe yang tinghe jiajing neo -confucian establishment the portuguese embassy tibetan buddhism and lamas jiajing the kokonor region the ming chinese frontier the ming 1571 the third hierarch of the gelug—sönam gyatso the native mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice the mongol princes and subjects execution the dalai lama committed to their religious leader tümen khan the great -grandson of altan khan the 5th dalai lama in 1642 sonam gyatso altan khan zhang juzheng zhang juzheng mongolia the third dalai lama pay tribute the title dorjichang or vajradhara dalai lama the fifth dalai lama the fifth panchen lama master of vajradhara yonten gyatso 1616 yonten gyatso he died the mongols their old vassal of tibet 1642 the ming court 1565 karma phuntsok namgyal 1611–1621 the karmapa the fourth dalai lama the mongol prince güshi khan protector the gelugpas amdo 1642 lozang gyatso his conquest of tibet the dalai lama the regent sonam chöpel güshi khan the rebellion of li zicheng the dalai lama shunzhi the dzungar mongols the kangxi emperor 1720 1751 1735–1796 apple october 23 , 2001 three portable media players touchscreen 2001 apple 3 shuffle 2015 data storage 2 gb 128 gb ipod shuffle ipod touch 2 gb 128 gb itunes apple macintosh and microsoft windows itunes one iphone ios 5 2010 `` music '' and `` videos '' a8 sixth sixth 2015 a8 5 2001 2004 jon rubinstein braun t3 transistor radio 5 gb 2001 5 gb the walkman jon rubinstein toshiba pixo chicago 2007 helvetica steve jobs portalplayer helvetica 2006 u2 black video u2 black 2006 burst .com kane kramer uk 1981 ixi burst .com ixi kane kramer vinnie chieco freelance copywriter 2001: a space odyssey joseph n . grasso 2005 2001: a space odyssey vinnie chieco joseph n . grasso mid -2015 pierre dandumont 12.2 12.2 pierre dandumont weak bass response high -impedance external headphone amplifier bass undersized dc -blocking capacitors bass r&b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster clipping 2006 r&b , rock , acoustic , and bass booster hearing loss eu 100 db france 100 db france firewire power adapter firewire third generation 30 -pin dock connector fifth fourth 3 .5 mm minijack third generation shuffle firewire usb ipod hi -fi belkin and griffin dock connector paying royalties third parties ipod hi -fi lightning seventh generation ipod nano 30 8 both sides lightning fifth generation ipod hi -fi nike+ipod pedometer griffin technology , belkin , jbl , bose , monster cable , and sendstation tv nike apple bmw 2005 scion bmw scion jvc , pioneer , kenwood , alpine , sony , and harman kardon fm audio input jacks fm transmitters audio input jacks united , continental , delta , and emirates individual seat -back displays klm and air france united , continental , delta , and emirates 2007 apple lossless ipod photo wma digital rights management mac os mp3 , aac/m4a , protected aac , aiff , wav , audible audiobook , and apple lossless ipod photo one library host computer five click wheel earphone cable touch screen iphone five shuffle iphone april 29 , 2003 itunes october 12 , 2005 september 12 , 2006 2003 2005 2006 aac five itunes plus january 6 , 2009 april 2009 aac fairplay itunes plus 2009 napster and msn music ipods drm universal music group itunes store 2007 the beat goes on ... september 5 , 2007 2007 iphone ipods brick steve wozniak parachute , solitaire , and music quiz easter egg brick parachute , solitaire , and music quiz 2006 itunes 7 5th generation 4th generation 2006 fifth namco , square enix , electronic arts , sega , and hudson soft video game handheld console market gamepro and egm .ipg .zip software development kit ios .ipg ipod touch and iphone not itunes third -party itunes drm itunes 7 hidden host manual 2005 patent infringement sony , realnetworks , napster , and musicmatch ho keung tse advanced audio devices fairplay rotational user inputs august 2005 creative technology zen patent united states international trade commission rotational user inputs creative technology august 24 , 2006 $100 million made for ipod $100 million the made for ipod program 90 % 2004 72 .7 % bloomberg online 90 % 70 % 74 % january 8 , 2004 hewlett -packard wal -mart 5 % unfavorable hp hundred million 32 % mac computers $5 .2 billion 2007 32 % $6 .22 billion 19 .22 % $3 .5 billion $15 .4 billion $3 .5 billion january 22 , 2008 $1 .58 billion 21 % 42 % peter oppenheimer 2009 14 .21 % 220 million 2013 fourth favorable sony ericsson and nokia wma pc world sony ericsson and nokia pc world business communication and training royal and western infirmaries glasgow , scotland duke entertainment weekly duke entertainment weekly the album era music industry digital music storage the album era 14 hours mp3 .com 2003 battery life 8 hours third -party vendors refurbished replacement ipod lithium -ion batteries lithium -ion battery replacement program $99 soldering tools fifth generation 2003 $99 nano battery apple product replacement program short life -span and fragile hard drives macintouch 13 .7 % late 2005 protective sleeves flash memory screen the mail on sunday apple 's code of conduct 25 the mail 35 % verité electronic industry code of conduct implementation group foxconn longhua , shenzhen foxconn verité 2006 2010 apple prototype 2010 innovation hfs+ fat32 action -adventure gamecube and wii november 2006 december 2006 nintendo 2005 2006 link hyrule midna link midna the wind waker game of the year nintendo selects march 2016 twilight princess several 2006 2016 combat , exploration , and item collection ocarina of time l -targeting sword clawshot action -adventure ocarina of time sword and shield l -targeting one on -screen display on the ground context -sensitive button mechanic on -screen display wii remote chime wii remote nunchuk two motion wii remote nine enemies overworld epona puzzles boss overworld wolf biting poes midna human wolf small imp -like creature enemy ghosts artificial intelligence the wind waker react artificial intelligence link nods and facial expressions midna akiko kōmoto japan grunts nods and facial expressions midna akiko kōmoto ranch hand children midna tears of light ordon village bulblins tears of light fused shadows zant master sword zelda lanayru fused shadows zant master sword zelda shadow crystal mirror of twilight ganondorf hyrule castle zelda 's shadow crystal gerudo desert midna ganondorf beast helmet ordon village zelda chest light spirits link and zelda midna 's helmet mirror of twilight 2003 game developers conference north american horseback combat 2003 eiji aonuma horseback combat four electronic entertainment expo 2004 nintendo ds phantom hourglass 2004 rabbit the minish cap revolution miyamoto mitsuhiro takano wii remote pointing -based 2005 satoru iwata 2005 gamecube e3 2005 wii at e3 2005 swinging gesture ngc magazine wii controller 2006 a month ngc magazine e3 2006 control scheme sword e3 attendees right comfort and ease toru minegishi and asuka ohta koji kondo michiru ōshima koji kondo michiru ōshima yasuzo takemoto live 50 november 19 , 2006 nintendo power media november 19 , 2006 soundtrack buffer overflow vulnerability executable and linkable format 4.0 twilight hack 3 .3 and 3.4 4.0 tantalus media wii u november 12 , 2015 march 5 , 2016 the legend of zelda: twilight princess hd tantalus media amiibo march 4 , 2016 wolf link amiibo figurine link and toon link zelda and sheik ganondorf cave of shadows wolf link amiibo cave of shadows link and toon zelda and sheik gamestop 20 japan , europe , and australia cd perfect gamerankings and metacritic gametrailers universal critical acclaim perfect 95 gametrailers ign and gamespy jeff gerstmann gamespot javier glickman hyper ign and gamespy gaming nexus javier glickman gamecube 16th 4th third ign and nintendo power best console game 16th 4th pal 5 .82 million 1 .32 million pal region 5 .82 million 1 .32 million akira himekawa japan shogakukan mobile eon productions daniel craig james bond skyfall $245 twenty -four spectre four metro -goldwyn -mayer and columbia pictures sam mendes spectre diamonds are forever m , q and eve moneypenny dave bautista lucia sciarra m , q and eve moneypenny léa seydoux dave bautista 1971 26 october 2015 royal albert hall in london 6 november 2015 action sequences and cinematography best original song skyfall writing 's on the wall day of the dead m c nine eyes garreth mallory day of the dead mi5 and mi6 his ring rome spectre franz oberhauser assassin moneypenny rome franz oberhauser mr . hinx franz oberhauser thallium poisoning dr . madeline swann commits suicide hoffler klinik tangier thallium poisoning. his daughter , dr . madeline swann tangier. hinx. train hannes ernst stavro blofeld ernst stavro blofeld the old mi6 building blofeld westminster bridge c q c special executive for counter -intelligence , terrorism , revenge and extortion ian fleming and kevin mcclory 1963 never say never again warhead 2000 a .d. 1963 never say never again thunderball. mgm spectre eon productions 2013 mgm spectre danjaq sony pictures entertainment hackers john logan eon productions november 2014 john logan eon productions christoph waltz 1983 neal purvis and robert wade quantum octopussy charmian bond octopussy christoph waltz. quantum of solace spectre hildebrand rarities and antiques kingsley amis the hildebrand rarity for your eyes only blofeld hildebrand rarities and antiques december 2014 ralph fiennes naomie harris ben whishaw rory kinnear four rory kinnear ralph fiennes , naomie harris and ben whishaw franz oberhauser ernst stavro blofeld bérénice lim marlohe quantum of solace fifty bérénice lim marlohe quantum of solace. fifteen hundred alessandro cremona stephanie sigman february 2015 mexico austria. alessandro cremona estrella john glen dennis gassner roger deakins skyfall and spectre spectre spectre john glen six london , mexico city and rome kodak 35 mm pinewood studios seven months. kodak 35 mm film stock pinewood studios december 2014 february 2015 ice q restaurant knee ice q restaurant austrian alps. rettenbach glacier ponte sisto bridge and the roman forum williams jaguar four blenheim palace in oxfordshire the ponte sisto bridge aston martin db10 and a jaguar c -x75 williams jaguar. mexico city day of the dead the zócalo and the centro histórico district 1 ,500 palenque the day of the dead festival a messerschmitt -bölkow -blohm bo 105 helicopter zócalo and the centro histórico district new york 22 april new york westminster and lambeth bridges london fire brigade thames vauxhall cross westminster and lambeth bridges the london fire brigade covent garden. night oujda , tangier and erfoud largest film stunt explosion chris corbould 128 days morocco largest film stunt explosion 128 days. chris corbould $20 million michael g . wilson india istanbul thomas newman 23 october 2015 decca records thomas newman decca records during filming. july 2015 writing 's on the wall one demo sam smith 25 september 2015 skyfall shirley bassey radiohead adele shirley bassey radiohead aston martin and eon 10 williams f1 promotional work 10 007 clapperboards skyfall eon 's official social media accounts. skyfall comic relief 's red nose day bbc one july march 2015 comic relief 's red nose day david walliams and the dawson brothers royal albert hall 26 october 2015 skyfall mission: impossible – rogue nation spectre. $879 .3 million $199 .8 million $138 .1 million £41 .7 million -lrb - $63 .8 million -rrb- harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban avatar $9 .2 million harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban avatar the dark knight paris 4 % spider -man 3 $8 .2 million spider -man 3 minions 374 $70 .4 million $5 .25 skyfall 374 thursday 12 november 198 % 75 % $84 .7 million mission: impossible – rogue nation $84 .7 million 60 out of 100 48 64 % audiences 64 60 out of 100 robbie collin ign four out of five stars four out of five scott mendelson mick lasalle 75 skyfall christopher orr bored the washington post bored , james bored indian central board of film certification twitter. craig spring 2016 spring 2016. 2008 the great sichuan earthquake 69 ,197 2008 8 .0 ms and 7 .9 mw may 12 02:28:01 pm china standard time 69 ,197 beijing and shanghai 19 km months after the wenchuan earthquake wenchuan county , sichuan 80 kilometres 19 km 69 ,197 68 ,636 4 .8 million 15 million 1 trillion rmb 68 ,636 374 ,176 18 ,222 4 .8 million 11 million wenchuan county , ngawa tibetan and qiang autonomous prefecture 2 minutes 80 % 8 .0 ms and 7 .9 mw 2 minutes almost 80 % longmenshan fault along the border of the indo -australian plate and eurasian plate 120 sec 10 km longmenshan fault yingxiu -beichuan fracture first 80 sec. 9 meters april 30 , 2008 1972 written report significant earthquake in ngawa prefecture around may 8 droughts reports predicting the earthquake up to 9 meters tom parsons 9 meters 240 km long 20 km deep northeastern and southwestern ends high risk 6 ,000 people in two stages longmenshan fault shallowness of the epicenter 30 times firmness of the terrain between 64 and 104 within 72 hours of the main quake. on august 5 , 2008 between 64 and 104 42 ,719 6 .4 ms 246 august 5 , 2008 august 30 , 2008 southern sichuan because it was caused by a different fault. 2008 panzhihua earthquake southern sichuan ms 6.1 panzhihua earthquake cea xi very destructive very disastrous yingxiu , wenchuan the eastern border of the tibetan plateau 3 .5 metres 3 metres 2 metres 2 .3 metres tibetan plateau longmen shan fault system 3 .5 metres 3 .5 metres 4 .8 metres shanghai 's financial district calm 10 minutes chengdu shuangliu international airport may 12 evacuated chengdu shuangliu international airport disruption in air traffic services relief operations in chengdu beijing hui county , gansu caught on fire cracks on walls office towers venues hui county , gansu rail was distorted all of the highways 80 % dujiangyan 60 all of the highways delayed arrival 80 % two chemical plants fewer than 60 southwestern china copper oil suspended trading southwestern china copper shenzhen stock exchange mobile and terrestrial internet months telecommunications sichuan area the government news and media websites major news and media 2 ,300 more than 700 2 ,300 traffic congestion half china unicom 700 the wolong national nature reserve around 280 31 2 wolong national nature reserve six five mao mao hydropower plant 20 km east 2 ,000 391 zipingpu hydropower plant 20 km less severe tulong reservoir 391 69 ,180 68 ,636 18 ,498 374 ,176 158 68 ,636 69 ,180 18 ,498 374 ,176 tried to repair roads 2 ,300 in wenchuan 9 ,000 3 ,000 to 5 ,000 10 ,000 2 ,300 about 9 ,000 3 ,000 to 5 ,000 10 ,000 eight schools health care gao qiang public health care system in china is insufficient neglected and untouched inland areas insufficient medical treatment thousands seven 1 ,700 7 ,000 700 shoddy construction seven 1 ,700 7 ,000 600 december 2008 may 7 , 2009 5 ,335 546 may 7 , 2009 ai weiwei 5 ,335 546 fertility clinics 5 million 11 million 12 .5 million 1 million at least 5 million 11 million 12 .5 million animals a million reginald desroches professor of civil and environmental engineering 1976 tangshan earthquake an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake. team of engineers survey of damaged buildings variety of reasons the poorer , rural villages swaminathan krishnan rural part not designed very strong regulations $75 billion minor damage us $75 billion chinese history five largest cities 420 ,000 6 .0 mw 1000 more than 420 ,000 63 qingchuan , sichuan wei hong 200 ,000 1 .94 million 1 ,300 wei hong 90 ,000 200 ,000 685 ,000 1 .94 million premier wen jiabao geomechanics the rescue work 50 ,000 90 minutes after ten 50 ,000 proximity of the quake 's epicenter level ii emergency contingency plan the most serious class of natural disasters at 22:15 cst , may 12 level ii emergency most serious level ii national disaster relief commission 184 12 150 22 earthquake emergency relief 184 150 armed police general hospital in two military transport planes a close analysis by an alleged chinese construction engineer book blade china digital times book blade children 's day living in relief centres performed ceremonies rubble of schools june 1 in relief centres more than $48 .6 million 10 million yuan 48 .6 million 10 million yuan each $457 million 19 countries four saudi arabia €40 ,000 ,000 83 million saudi arabia four a counterpart support plan 3 years counterpart support plan one province to one affected county 3 years one percent that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault , allowing them to move apart , and could have increased the direct pressure on it , causing a violent rupture zipingpu dam 25 times more the government seismically active access to seismological and geological data opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions the time of the 2008 sichuan earthquake time prediction method statistics that earthquake prediction was a global issue no proven methods exist a global issue no prediction notification did not see anything in 2002 chen xuezhong chen xuezhong 2002 over 7.0 over 30 years 30 years no consensus statistics earthquake prediction the taipei fire department over 300 the traffic problem donating cash landslides tibetan village of sier landslides 20 15 ,600 around 3 ,000 15 heavy rain and landslides 20 15 ,600 around 3 ,000 around 9 ,000 the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters 60 30 over 150 over 150 60 civil aviation industry non -combat airlifting the tzu chi foundation taiwan late on may 13 tzu chi foundation international help cope with the quake china airlines may 15 may 16 chartered cargo flight taiwan taoyuan international airport chengdu rescue team chengdu satellite images of the quake -stricken areas chinese authorities 135 ,000 may 16 satellite images tents and generators 135 ,000 the internet an online rescue request center to find the blind spots of disaster recovery wenchuan the internet news agency xinhua a student contact information may 31 a moment of silence the sealed ruins of the beichuan county seat three days a moment of silence earthquake relic museum several concerts the terrible disaster blood china unicom and china mobile all over mainland china donated blood booths text messaging $772 million 557 2 ,500 788 ,000 yuan wenchuan county 30 ,000 red cross society of china us $143 ,000 30 ,000 those left homeless the amity foundation 7 ,000 tofu -dregs schoolhouses inadequately engineered over 7 ,000 tofu -dregs schoolhouses legal replacements four -hour program called the giving of love bai yansong donations of the evening totalled 1 .5 billion chinese yuan $1 .57 million promise the giving of love us $208 million cctv 1 .57 million promise this is the first time -lsb -that -rsb - the chinese media has lived up to international standards foreign aid up to international standards los angeles times 1976 tangshan earthquake quake lakes 34 28 7.9 large landslides quake lakes 34 entire villages mount tangjia in beichuan county , sichuan by foot or air tractors 200 ,000 the dam bursting mount tangjia beichuan county , sichuan 1 ,200 the state council national mourning mao zedong may 19 , 2008 cars and trucks three -day period olympic torch relay ningbo beijing olympic torch relay in ningbo the route ruijin , jiangxi black and white all advertisements various gaming sites burst out cheering casinos ye zhiping proactive action that spared the lives of all 2 ,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened 2 ,323 400 ,000 yuan ye zhiping sangzao an county three -year period to gain first -hand material of construction quality safety checks chinese prosecutors professional crime schools across china reuters money riot police government officials limit protests money were threatened on school collapses liu shaokun that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion sichuan school teacher crime of inciting subversion put them online in a media interview one year of re -education in 2007 january 2010 massive casualties that china formally requested the support of the international community condolences and assistance may 14 unicef magnitude of the quake $214 ,000 and $71 ,000 $26 million 10 .7 billion yuan the chinese public yao ming 26 million swift and very efficient openness secretive 10 days international federation of the red cross live earthquake footage cctv-1 programmes suspended myanmar school construction scandal response to the quake cutting corners any reports poorly built schools state -controlled media propaganda bureau the ap builders cut corners thin iron wires supervising agencies corrupt government officials many families threat of arrest the times their only child new york new york new york new york new york city new york city five 1898 8 ,491 ,079 305 23 .6 million five brooklyn , queens , manhattan , the bronx , and staten island 1898 8 ,491 ,079 800 new amsterdam the dutch republic 1790 1664 1790 1624 1626 1664 1790 56 million 469 manhattan 120 new york stock exchange and nasdaq staten island the wisconsinan glaciation ice sheet lenapehoking 1524 giovanni da verrazzano la dauphine france nouvelle angoulême 1524 la dauphine france 1525 estêvão gomes portuguese charles v la anunciada rio de san antonio padrón real henry hudson dutch east india company 1614 ten north river dutch east india company 1614 henry hudson santo domingo jan rodrigues trader juan rodriguez way winter juan rodriguez broadway , from 159th street to 218th street governors island manhattan island 1625 peter minuit 1626 1624 1625 glass beads new york james ii peter stuyvesant director -general 1664 peter stuyvesant william iii august 24 , 1673 new orange 1674 anthonio colve england king william iii second anglo -dutch war 200 run 200 second anglo -dutch war 42 % charleston , south carolina foley square courthouse charleston , south carolina 1990s 1735 manhattan 1754 george ii king 's college john peter zenger 1754 new york battle of long island brooklyn august 1776 10 ,000 1783 the battle of long island brooklyn 1783 september 11 , 1776 lord howe great fire of new york manhattan trinity church lord howe the great fire of new york 1785 george washington federal hall wall street philadelphia congress of the confederation capital 1789 1790 1799 manhattan alexander hamilton 1827 16 ,000 1799 1827 commissioners ' plan 1825 tammany hall irish 1825 central park 1857 first landscaped great irish famine 200 ,000 a quarter 25 % revolutions great irish famine over 200 ,000 fernando wood $300 irish 120 10 ,000 colored orphan asylum 1898 1904 the bronx 1904 1904 1 ,021 triangle shirtwaist factory 146 international ladies ' garment workers ' union triangle shirtwaist factory fire 36 ,620 harlem renaissance 36 ,620 london megacity fiorello la guardia eighty megacity 1952 paris abstract expressionism united nations the stonewall inn greenwich village june 28 , 1969 manhattan a police raid stonewall inn in the greenwich village neighborhood of lower manhattan 2000 2010 silicon alley 1990s 1970s 1970s american airlines flight 11 united airlines flight 175 343 july 19 , 1909 541.3 1909 10 american airlines flight 11 september 17 , 2011 zuccotti park manhattan financial district september 17 , 2011 william f . buckley , jr. 1955 donald trump republican northeastern southeastern boston atlantic hudson river hudson atlantic ocean long island , manhattan , and staten island. new jersey harlem river bronx river new york bay troy , new york new jersey the bronx river the harlem river battery park city 468.9 164.1 304.8 todt hill staten island 468.9 164.1 304.8 todt hill 409.8 pieter claesen wyckoff house brooklyn one world trade center manhattan 1656 one world trade center 5 ,937 hong kong 550 1913 50 hong kong 550 1931 art deco 61st seagram building american institute of architects eagles 1931 1930 the bronx brooklyn queens 1930 victorian brownstone rowhouses the great fire of 1835 six jackson heights stone and brick wooden roof -mounted water towers july 2014 four five brooklyn , queens , manhattan , and the bronx humid subtropical 234 2 ,535 humid continental january humid subtropical 234 usda 7b appalachians 0.3 72 % 17 july 9 , 1936 106 1934 1936 1 ,270 66 october 29 , 2012 49.9 hurricane sandy 25.8 new york city department of parks and recreation new york state office of parks , recreation and historic preservation national park service minneapolis new york city minneapolis 10 ,521 .83 9 ,000 fort tilden jacob riis park jamaica bay over 26 ,000 national park service grant 's tomb greenwich village gay rights movement national park service new jersey new jersey stonewall inn grant 's tomb seven 28 21 seven 69 feet 28 ,000 14 pelham bay park 1 ,093 over 28 ,000 14 pelham bay park 2 ,700 fort hamilton 1825 brooklyn north atlantic division 1179th transportation brigade fort hamilton 1825 brooklyn queens 8 ,491 ,079 los angeles 316 ,000 40 % 40 % 8 ,491 ,079 los angeles 40 27 ,858 27 ,673 hudson county 44 % 25 .5 % asians 28 .6 % 3 44 the civil war asians 25.5 12 million lower east side germans 92 % irish more than 12 million 92 37 % dominican republic 74 ,000 china 37 queens manhattan 6 .3 % queens 0 .3 % 2 .7 million 550 ,000 201 ,000 65 ,000 the bronx 2 .7 million 20 million 1 .5 million 20 % 4 .8 million 6 1 .3 million the dominican republic egypt el salvador ecuador 568 ,903 june 24 , 2011 30 568 ,903 june 24 , 2011 30 59 % 33 % 1 .1 million brooklyn islam christianity judaism brooklyn 24 islam 0.5 manhattan michael r . bloomberg 4 .6 % $2 ,749 2 ,749 new york city silicon alley the atlantic 2014 2012 one out of ten fdi magazine us $914 .8 billion us $1 .1 billion $1 ,589 $15 ,887 six time warner center 660 madison avenue madison avenue 180 ,000 $11 billion omnicom group 180 ,000 omnicom group and interpublic group 19 ,000 us $5 billion brooklyn us $234 million brooklyn manhattan chocolate chocolate godiva 163 ,400 5 us $3 .8 billion us $360 ,700 22 the city 's securities wall street 165 broadway $40 billion 19 % british bankers association wall street 165 broadway 46 .5 million 400 500 million square feet manhattan 140 west street us $3 billion 300 ,000 300 ,000 technion -israel institute of technology us $2 billion roosevelt island us $30 million 65 ,000 cornell tech 51 million 54 million 56 .4 million us $61 .3 billion 56 .4 million 54 million i love new york 1977 new york state empire state development i love new york 1977 i love new york greenwich village macy 's rockefeller center summerstage queens 90 ,000 10 % anbang insurance group us $1 .95 billion waldorf astoria new york 90 ,000 anbang insurance group 1 .95 billion 200 130 ,000 $7 .1 billion los angeles sony music entertainment new york city seven 25 ,000 the new york times the wall street journal 1919 alexander hamilton more than 200 350 2 the wall street journal and the new york times 1919 cbs nyctv comedy central fox news manhattan neighborhood network 1971 wnet wnyc 1997 manhattan neighborhood network 1971 wnyc new york city department of education 1 .1 million 1 ,700 nine 1 .1 million nine new york city charter school center 900 half million three out of five one out of four 24 600 ,000 the new york public library queens borough public library queens borough public library brooklyn public library manhattan new york city health and hospitals corporation 11 $6 .7 billion 1 .4 million 475 ,000 1969 five bellevue hospital ramanathan raju bellevue hospital bellevue hospital ramanathan raju , md illinois ceo 35 ,000 new york 's finest new york city police department 35 ,000 new york 's finest 328 75 % provo , utah 2007 328 95 .9 % forty thieves and the roach guards the five families the five points the black spades tokyo fire department the new york city fire department new york 's bravest new york city fire department tokyo 11 ,080 3 ,300 new york 's bravest subway systems brush fires 9 metrotech center randalls island brooklyn 9 metrotech center brooklyn randalls island 11 metrotech center 1940s 1970s the harlem renaissance jazz abstract expressionism hip hop new york city new york fashion week the new york school new york fashion week the global language monitor 1880s 500 42nd street harrigan 2 ,000 electric lighting 12 .21 million the great white way us $1 .27 billion 11 .4 % 12 .21 million 11 .57 million 24 ,000 4 ,000 24 ,000 new york city department of health and mental hygiene one thousand 1882 metlife stadium , the new yankee stadium , madison square garden , and citi field the original yankee stadium and ebbets field 1882 major league soccer five forty baseball 35 baseball two 35 73 two 14 subway series metlife stadium 2014 new york giants metlife stadium east rutherford , new jersey super bowl xlviii 2014 the new york islanders and the new york rangers newark newark , new jersey hockey new york islanders the brooklyn nets and the new york knicks new york liberty 1938 new york liberty national invitation tournament 1938 new york knicks queens millrose games belmont stakes 1930 and 1939 madison square garden queens united states open tennis championships 37 ,866 millrose games madison square garden stickball stickball boulevard the bronx new york city subway system 469 grand central station 1 .75 billion grand central station 38.4 54.6 22 54 .6 % 90 % 38.4 52 % 22 % port authority bus terminal 7 ,000 200 ,000 port authority bus terminal john f . kennedy international airport , newark liberty international airport , and laguardia airport newark liberty international airport john f . kennedy international airport newburgh , new york 109 million the staten island ferry 24 8.4 manhattan 20 million the george washington bridge the verrazano -narrows bridge the brooklyn bridge 1903 george washington bridge bergen verrazano -narrows bridge neo -gothic 1903 the lincoln tunnel 1927 1940 president franklin d . roosevelt 120 ,000 hudson river manhattan jersey city franklin d . roosevelt 200 ,000 200 ,000 21 % citibank quinnipiac university walk score catskill mountains watershed catskill mountains us $3 .2 billion 290 million gallons 20 % north 51 three four -year 51 three the city record four democrats 67 barack obama 1924 calvin coolidge democratic party 67 % 1924 five republican 43 ,523 roosevelt island 127 225 ,000 one million five million one -fifth one third lead crack tom wolfe the national library of australia baruch college iceland manhattan upper west side union square new york university central park fifth avenue manhattan 1959 2012 upper east side brooklynese all in the family carroll o 'connor new yawk new york city fc yankee stadium harrison , new jersey pelé hofstra university two -thirds 20 250 jfk international airport pennsylvania station manhattan three patco speedline copenhagen metro port authority trans -hudson the second avenue subway 12 ,000 manhattan island the theater finance advertising seventh avenue rush hour southwestern northern long island the west end staten island structural expressionism cantilever 3 ,715 28 % 80 % hearst tower massachusetts v . environmental protection agency 6 110 ,000 the greenpoint oil spill mayor -council 1898 second manhattan executive manhattan the eastern district of new york foley square the district court for the eastern district of new york manhattan manhattan 10021 83 $11 billion $11 .4 billion new york city global partners 2006 1960 pulitzer prize harper lee harper lee 1960 her family and neighbors united states southern gothic novel racial injustice and the destruction of innocence deep south racial epithets mary mcdonough murphy 2006 1962 1990 robert mulligan bible horton foote robert mulligan monroeville , alabama february 2016 go set a watchman go set a watchman july 14 , 2015 february 2016 truman capote 1950 reservation clerk alabama 1926 truman capote huntingdon college university of alabama j . b . lippincott go set a watchman tay hohoff therese von hohoff torrey mental illness lawyer her father july 11 , 1960 over two and a half years reader 's digest condensed books maycomb , alabama three two dill maycomb , alabama the great depression jean louise finch -lrb -scout -rrb- mayella ewell tom robinson scout , jem , and dill jem and scout balcony the colored balcony shot and killed jem and scout halloween pageant boo radley bob ewell boo radley sheriff tate fell on his own knife autobiography 1919 25 editor and publisher next door 1960 in cold blood truman capote old underwood typewriter apart people 10 walter lett emmett till civil rights movement display southern prejudices emmett till satire and irony parody , satire , and irony church basement calpurnia distracted and embarrassed ham costume southern gothic and coming -of -age or bildungsroman novel gothic atticus miss maudie separations of race and class 1955 race relations white shot seventeen times death poor white farmers seventeen a rabid dog fight against the town 's racism calpurnia aunt alexandra walter cunningham jane austen individual worth poor gender and class people 's motives and behavior morphine atticus courage charles shields charles shields human dignity and respect for others mayella ewell calpurnia and miss maudie calpurnia and miss maudie mrs . dubose feminist bob ewell atticus dolphus raymond lawyers frilly clothes songbirds finch mockingbird mockingbird mockingbird that which is innocent and harmless book of the month club book of the month club ten 40 30 million more than 30 million more than 40 scout , atticus , and boo alice lee scout , atticus , and boo lawyer integrity 1997 alabama state bar honorary special membership 1963 21 1963 21 1966 rape mayella ewell 's attraction to tom robinson little black sambo civil rights movement uncle tom 's cabin uncle tom 's cabin archulus persons truman capote alice truman capote her editor 1961 41 1962 1964 the pulitzer prize 1964 2001 25 chicago chicago 25 university of notre dame george w . bush 2007 notre dame george w . bush 1962 gregory peck gregory peck father 's pocketwatch grandson her father 's pocketwatch grandson may 2005 a national treasure christopher sergel 1990 monroeville townspeople racially segregated the uk regent 's park open air theatre duncan preston july 14 , 2015 1957 20 tonja carter go set a watchman 1957 20 rape and racial inequality atticus finch narration flashback all southerners the neighborhood southern romantic regionalism fine folks the south itself tom robinson boo radley real nice classical tragedy the chicago sunday tribune granville hicks flannery o 'connor william faulkner jane austen allen barra akin ajayi calpurnia black students poor rural `` white trash '' the harsh reality of inequality an act of protest like scripture mockingbird groupies the sun solar energy solar heating , photovoltaics , solar thermal energy , solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis radiant light and heat from the sun 174 ,000 30 % 3 .5 to 7.0 174 ,000 approximately 30 % 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3 .5 to 7 .0 kwh/m2 per day clouds , oceans and land masses 71 14 photosynthesis about 71 % warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises when the air reaches a high altitude , where the temperature is low , water vapor condenses into clouds the latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection photosynthesis 3 ,850 ,000 one year 3 ,000 one year approximately 3 ,850 ,000 exajoules -lrb -ej -rrb - per year approximately 3 ,000 ej per year coal , oil , natural gas , and mined uranium combined the sun passive or active depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute sunlight geothermal and tidal direct or indirect active passive solar thermal collectors designing spaces that naturally circulate air increase the supply of energy reduce the need for alternate resources frank shuman 1908 1912 a u .s. inventor , engineer and solar energy pioneer 1897 steam engine 1908 1912 maadi , egypt 22 ,000 the 1970s maadi , egypt parabolic troughs nile river the outbreak of world war i and the discovery of cheap oil the 1970s 70 sunlight 60 to 70 % of the domestic hot water evacuated tube collectors unglazed plastic collectors 154 israel and cyprus approximately 154 thermal gigawatt china over 90 % united states , canada and australia 50 30 % -lrb -4 .65 ej/yr -rrb- 50 % -lrb -10 .1 ej/yr -rrb- solar heating , cooling and ventilation technologies thermal any material that can be used to store heat stone , cement and water by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night climates auxiliary heating and cooling equipment passive solar ventilation a passive solar ventilation system a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses winter trees and plants 1/3 to 1/2 they will interfere with winter solar availability east and west 1767 315 cooking , drying and pasteurization box cookers , panel cookers and reflector cookers horace de saussure 90–150 °c -lrb -194–302 °f -rrb- direct light 114 more parabolic dish , trough and scheffler reflectors solar total energy project -lrb -step -rrb - in shenandoah , georgia , usa use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water clothes lines , clotheshorses , and clothes racks perforated sun -facing walls used for preheating ventilation air 1872 solar distillation 16th -century arab alchemists 1872 22 ,700 l -lrb -5 ,000 imp gal; 6 ,000 us gal -rrb - per day single -slope the world health organization a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage over two million people in developing countries toxic chemicals to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity algae may produce toxic chemicals 2050 2050 the mojave desert 2013 354 mw segs csp mojave desert of california the 250 mw agua caliente solar project , in the united states , and the 221 mw charanka solar park in india charles fritts 1954 evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source a device that converts light directly into electricity charles fritts dr bruno lange gerald pearson , calvin fuller and daryl chapin a working fluid lenses or mirrors and tracking systems a heat source for a conventional power plant the stirling dish a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight megaron house orientation relative to the sun well -lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range socrates ' megaron house pumps , fans and switchable windows urban heat islands 3 urban heat islands asphalt and concrete paint buildings and roads white and plant trees fruit walls power grape presses to optimize the productivity of plants timed planting cycles , tailored row orientation , staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties employed fruit walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm roman times the 16th convert solar light to heat enabling year -round production and the growth -lrb -in enclosed environments -rrb - of specialty crops produce cucumbers year -round for the roman emperor tiberius europe the world solar challenge 90 .87 a biannual solar -powered car race 1987 67 kilometres per hour -lrb -42 mph -rrb- 90 .87 kilometres per hour -lrb -56 .46 mph -rrb- the north american solar challenge and the planned south african solar challenge 1975 1975 kenichi horie the sun21 catamaran 40 solar impulse 1974 29 april 1979 july 1981 california to north carolina 36 hours hydrogen production from protons solar chemical processes artificial photosynthesis the solzinc process pure zinc hydrogen production technologies uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures solzinc process heat thermal mass systems water , earth and stone reduce overall heating and cooling requirements thermal the `` dover house '' paraffin wax and glauber 's salt 64 °c or 147 °f dover house they are low -cost , have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems 1 .44 terajoules -lrb -400 ,000 kwh -rrb- rechargeable batteries rechargeable batteries net metering programs by 'rolling back ' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes most standard meters accurately measure in both directions a hydroelectric power generator water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one by releasing the water , with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator 1973 the 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis the federal photovoltaic utilization program in the us and the sunshine program in japan seri , now nrel nedo fraunhofer institute for solar energy systems ise the 1920s 20 % per year in the 1890s falling petroleum prices 20 % 154 gw the international energy agency the international energy agency glass in building materials used in solar water heaters iso 9050 iso 10217 passive solar or active solar photovoltaic systems , concentrated solar power and solar water heating orienting a building to the sun 559 .8 ej 1 ,575–49 ,837 exajoules -lrb -ej -rrb- the large magnitude of solar energy available the united nations development programme through reliance on an indigenous , inexhaustible and mostly import -independent resource the costs of mitigating global warming learning investments keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise geography , time variation , cloud cover , and the land available to humans areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation photovoltaics during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the earth for solar panels to absorb clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way insolation , cloud cover , and the land that is usable by humans 1 ,575–49 ,837 ej per year conversion of sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaics -lrb -pv -rrb - , or indirectly using concentrated solar power -lrb -csp -rrb- lenses or mirrors and tracking systems focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam photoelectric effect sunlight greeks and chinese toward the south a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force the toy market the surface -area to payload -weight ratio is relatively high driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum 2060 could play a key role in de -carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism city of sarazm 1991 1992 to 1997 oxus civilization , andronovo culture , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism the achaemenid empire , sassanian empire , hephthalite empire , samanid empire , mongol empire , timurid dynasty , and the russian empire 1991 1992 to 1997 1939 260 ,000 tajik between 60 ,000 -lrb -4 % -rrb - and 120 ,000 -lrb -8 % -rrb- living conditions , education and industry by clan loyalties 30 % of ministerial positions would go to the opposition emomali rahmon because of persecution , increased poverty and better economic opportunities russian border troops at the dushanbe airport t located 15 km southwest of dushanbe to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. 28 tajik soldiers 2015 november 2010 that islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a tajik prison in august a republic kokhir rasulzoda murodali alimardon and ruqiya qurbanova november 1994 where the people 's democratic party of tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in parliament independent press outlets remain restricted no public criticism of the regime is tolerated all direct protest is severely suppressed access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta .tj , tjknews .com , ferghana .ru , centrasia .ru tajikistan the pamir range on the southern slopes above the kofarnihon valley between latitudes 36° and 41° n -lrb -a small area is north of 41° -rrb - , and longitudes 67° and 75° e -lrb -a small area is east of 75° -rrb- in the north -lrb -part of the fergana valley -rrb - , and in the southern kofarnihon and vakhsh river valleys the name of a pre -islamic -lrb -before the seventh century a .d. -rrb - tribe `` land of the tajiks '' `` place of '' or `` country '' because the term is `` embroiled in twentieth -century political disputes about whether turkic or iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of central asia . '' 650–680 umayyads the samanid empire , khorasan 650–680 umayyads 650–680 the samanid empire , umayyads the samanid empire , khorasan khorasan 650–680 710 the kara -khanid khanate the samanid empire during the late 19th century 's imperial era the emirate of bukhara and khanate of kokand gaining access to a supply of cotton russia gradually took control of the entire territory of russian turkestan the russian empire or its vassal state , the emirate of bukhara an islamic social movement throughout the region russians between 1910 and 1913 the threat of forced conscription during world war i guerrillas throughout central asia , known as basmachi to maintain independence the bolsheviks islam , judaism , and christianity tajik autonomous soviet socialist republic in the southern region collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement moscow nearly 10 ,000 people ethnic russians grew from less than 1 % to 13 % subsequently russians dominated party positions at all levels , including the top position of first secretary pdpt lose four seats in parliament accusations from opposition parties and international observers that president emomalii rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment `` failed to meet many key osce commitments '' and that `` these elections failed on many basic democratic standards . '' the government insisted that only minor violations had occurred , which would not affect the will of the tajik people in central asia 8 million people area of 143 ,100 km2 -lrb -55 ,300 sq mi -rrb- china wakhan corridor china 8 million 143 ,100 km2 afghanistan uzbekistan about 500 bce the achaemenid empire alexander the great yuezhi tribes in the early eighth century hephthalite empire , buddhism , nestorian christianity , zoroastrianism , and manichaeism an average rate of 9 .6 % aluminium production , cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers 60 % tajik aluminum company the government hydropower potential nurek dam casa 1000 , will transmit 1000 mw of surplus electricity from tajikistan to pakistan with power transit through afghanistan us $1 .25 per day estimated $2 .1 billion us dollars by purely market -based means , simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor remittances opium poppy with the increasing assistance from international organizations , such as unodc , and cooperation with the us , russian , eu and afghan authorities heroin and raw opium confiscations strengthen border crossings , provide training , and set up joint interdiction teams . it also helped to establish tajikistani drug control agency via roads , air , and rail. iran and pakistan tajikistan , pakistan , and afghanistan 2012 26 airports dushanbe international airport russia khorog airport 7 ,349 ,145 70 % 35 % tajik tajikistanis the pamiri people distinct linguistically and culturally pamir mountains sunni islam of the hanafi a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion id al -fitr and idi qurbon 98 % minority religious groups undermine national unity a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere hizb ut -tahrir aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of tajiks under one islamic state state committee on religious affairs -lrb -scra -rrb - and with local authorities a charter , a list of 10 or more members , and evidence of local government approval prayer site location a physical structure can result in large fines and closure of place of worship , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor , with severe shortages of medical supplies 104 ,272 1 % world bank 's poverty reduction strategy paper 11 years of primary and secondary education a 12 -year system khujand state university 17 % humans and their societies social linguistic anthropology physical united states 1870 1869 1902 1865 empirical foundation anthropological societies international the major theorists 48 13 late 19th and early 20th centuries gender equality and sexual liberation cross -cultural comparisons 19th -century racial ideology cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques humanities , social , and natural sciences anthropology global greece and persia cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies structuralist and postmodern theories during the 1970s and 1990s nature and production of knowledge archaeology and biological anthropology cohesion sociocultural anthropology social social structures , hard -and -fast cultural anthropology cultural relativism ethnography participant observation emic reductionism in cross -cultural comparison sociocultural consumption and exchange kinship language resolution archaeology human behavior and cultural practices past human groups in similar ways cultural and material lives of past societies anthropological interpretation of sociocultural processes linguistic sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis art do not exist evident 'aesthetic ' qualities 1983 culturally specific 'aesthetics ' étienne serres 1838 1850 france société ethnologique de paris comparative methods similarities processes or laws unknown to them then epiphany comparison of species late 1850s. bring it into the social sciences paris société de biologie transformisme neurosurgeon the pathology of speech speech center psychology six the science of the nature of man an animist comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology empirical civilization british ethnologists 1863 anthropology french société waitz majority of the world 's higher educational institutions subdivisions practical recreate the final scene about three dozen media anthropology ethnographic early 1990s media reception cyber visual visual representation all ethnographic film economic historic , geographic and cultural discipline of economics bronislaw malinowski exchange traditional concerns history and colonialism hunter -gatherers population industrial -lrb -and post -industrial -rrb - capitalism applied change or stability direct the practical side participating critical pondering increasing gap fail kinship anthropology over its history one 's social relations during development marriage feminist male bias systematic bias gender birth anthropology nutritional food security globalization nutritional status economic psychological humans ' development and enculturation its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories cultural group understanding cognitive cognitive sciences experimental psychology and evolutionary biology implicit knowledge political structure of societies the 1960s `` complex '' geertz cyborg 1993 the society for the social studies of science donna haraway its relations environmental political ecology culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , and more. corporate people of hyde park by examining historical records ethnic its foundation documents and manuscripts practitioners urban ulf hannerz notoriously agoraphobic two social issues human–animal studies anthrozoology number of other disciplines positive anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy evolutionary natural science and social science past and present scientific many lines ethical mutilation racism , slavery , and human sacrifice man depth of an anthropological approach active in the allied war effort nazi germany , fascist italy , and imperial japan the armed forces intelligence communist sympathies. the state secret certain scholarship the aaa given the us military us army 's strategy in afghanistan counterinsurgency iraq ethics biological human universals into the field a community in its own setting genetic relevant time periods and geographic regions cultural traditions based on material tool geographers comparative method "other cultures time non -european/non -western societies ulf hannerz only in late 1960s set ethnographic research in the north atlantic region research to a single locale daily life of ordinary people scientific laboratories research wounded in an attempted assassination the távora family and the duke of aveiro the jesuits 1759 sebastião de melo prosecuted every person involved , even women and children 1770 until joseph i 's death in 1779 autocracy knew no opposition crushing opposition , suppressing criticism , and furthering colonial economic exploitation napoleon 1822 brazil united kingdom of portugal , brazil and the algarves until the 20th century french until the liberal revolution of 1820 porto 1815 the change in its status and the arrival of the portuguese royal family before the turn of the 20th century 1884 scramble for africa to protect the centuries -long portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the scramble for africa beira , moçâmedes , lobito , joão belo , nacala and porto amélia 1 february 1908 on 14 june 1892 , and again on 10 may 1902 manuel ii of portugal 5 october 1910 political instability and economic weaknesses antónio de oliveira salazar 1933 five relocation of mainland portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in africa united nations , the european union , the eurozone , oecd , nato and the community of portuguese language countries unitary semi -presidential republican 18th highest france , spain and italy decriminalized the usage of all common drugs to use the cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading moors moors battle of covadonga 722 ad reconquista cristã dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring king alfonso iii 868 ad first count of portus cale portucale , portugale , and simultaneously portugália maintain the autonomy of galicia with its distinct language and culture -lrb -galician -portuguese -rrb - from the leonese culture the kingdom of portugal galician spanish castilian -lrb -spanish language -rrb- the daughter of the austrian field marshal leopold josef , count von daun sebastião josé de carvalho e melo queen consort of portugal queen consort of portugal king john v of portugal earthquakes marching troops around the models lisbon suffered no epidemics the buildings and big squares of the pombaline city centre by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country portuguese republic iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe atlantic ocean 1 ,214 km -lrb -754 mi -rrb- azores and madeira portuguese republic iberian peninsula , in southwestern europe spain atlantic ocean portugal–spain the celts and the romans visigothic and the suebi germanic peoples 1139 age of discovery 15th and 16th centuries lisbon 1822 1910 macau 250 million portus cale pre -celts and celts gallaeci , lusitanians , celtici and cynetes 45 bc until 298 ad alankerk 27 bc gallaecia conímbriga and mirobriga hill forts 16 km a few months 711 750 abd -ar -rahman almost two centuries emir the christian kingdoms of the north taifa of badajoz 1086 battle of sagrajas muwallad or muladi noblemen from oman atlas mountains and rif mountains of north africa algarve region , and south of the tagus 800 garcía , became king of león ordoño , reigned in galicia fruela , received asturias with oviedo as his capital 910 1230 1348 and 1349 england portugal made an alliance with england nato oporto region the age of discovery king joão i azores , madeira , and cape verde cape of good hope brazil increased prime minister british sebastião de melo sebastião de melo economic and financial to ensure the wine 's quality especially among the high nobility sebastião de melo upon all classes of portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class april 1974 left -wing military coup in lisbon social turmoil and power disputes between left - and right -wing political forces junta de salvação nacional socialist party mário soares 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985 socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model 1976 to accommodate socialist and communist principles mediterranean 8–12 °c -lrb -46 .4–53 .6 °f -rrb- 16–19 °c -lrb -60 .8–66 .2 °f -rrb- 900 metres -lrb -3 ,000 ft -rrb- subtropical rough topography mediterranean deciduous and coniferous the tertiary period pyrenean boars 12 a unique type of subtropical rainforest fox , badger , iberian lynx , iberian wolf , wild goat -lrb -capra pyrenaica -rrb - , wild cat -lrb -felis silvestris -rrb - , hare , weasel , polecat , chameleon , mongoose , civet , brown bear migratory birds more than 100 in the tagus international natural park because of habitat loss , pollution and drought plankton five aníbal cavaco silva 230 four -year thirteen socialist party and the social democratic party national - , regional - and local -levels unitary democratic coalition -lrb -portuguese communist party and ecologist party `` the greens '' -rrb - , the left bloc and the democratic and social centre – people 's party 5 and 15 % president of the republic five by direct , universal suffrage president of the republic the council of ministers define the broad outline of its policies in a programme , and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate an absolute majority of deputies former colonies and territories a civilian police force who work in urban areas a highly specialized criminal investigation police the public ministry. 2001 10 days worth of personal use go to a rehab facility 50 percent 308 3 ,092 18 three navy , army and air force primarily as a self -defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security 7 ,500 $5 .2 billion , representing 2 .1 percent of gdp 21 ,000 pandur ii apc leopard 2 a6 tanks and m113 apc paratroopers , commandos and rangers 10 ,700 world war i and the portuguese colonial war 1961–1974 east timor , bosnia , kosovo , afghanistan , somalia , iraq -lrb -nasiriyah -rrb - and lebanon angola in 1992 and in guinea -bissau in 1998 pedro passos coelho improve the state 's financial situation tax hikes , a freeze of civil service -related lower -wages and cuts of higher -wages by 14 .3 % , on top of the government 's spending cuts 20 % 1974 unclear public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms diário de notícias 2007–08 banco português de negócios -lrb -bpn -rrb - and banco privado português -lrb -bpp -rrb- bad investments , embezzlement and accounting fraud its size , market share , and the political implications fraud the euro -lrb -€-rrb- portuguese escudo banco de portugal lisbon and porto metropolitan areas golf 1974 prec period changing to a system that is focused on exports , private investment and the development of the high -tech sector textiles , clothing , footwear and cork cork european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund 2011 €78 billion may 2014 15 .3 percent small to medium -sized family -owned dispersed units grupo rar 's vitacress , sovena , lactogal , vale da rosa , companhia das lezírias and valouro tomatoes , citrus , green vegetables , rice , corn , barley , olives , oilseeds , nuts , cherries , bilberry , table grapes , edible mushrooms dairy products , poultry and beef ramirez bom petisco , nero , combate , comur , general , líder , manná , murtosa , pescador , pitéu , tenório , torreira and vasco da gama fish copper tin , tungsten and uranium hydrocarbon north 1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization volkswagen autoeuropa and peugeot citroen embraer and ogma palmela alverca , covilhã , évora , and ponte de sor lisbon , porto , braga , coimbra and aveiro increase eastern european destinations focus upon its niche attractions health , nature and rural tourism the economist 65 % 10 .2 % negative 2011 that the country would request financial assistance from the imf and the european financial stability facility third carnation 's revolution financial weakness 70.8 62.4 slow and inefficient italy over 30 passos coelho significant government plan for the public sector , whereby 30 ,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours austerity measures are necessary if portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant european commission , european central bank and international monetary fund 66 pensions , unemployment benefits , health , education and science expenses english social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions third quarter of 2014 17 .7 % 7 .3 % december 2009 lisbon , algarve , madeira , porto and the city of coimbra fátima blessed virgin mary to three shepherd children douro valley , the island of porto santo , and alentejo lisbon fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles new motorways 68 ,732 km -lrb -42 ,708 mi -rrb- 1944 89 ,015 km2 -lrb -34 ,369 sq mi -rrb- four lisbon , porto , faro and beja geographical position tap portugal spain comboios de portugal 2 ,791 km -lrb -1 ,734 mi -rrb- 1 ,430 km -lrb -889 mi -rrb- 900 km -lrb -559 mi -rrb- lisbon metro and metro sul do tejo in the lisbon metropolitan area and porto metro in the porto metropolitan area more than 35 km -lrb -22 mi -rrb- companhia de carris de ferro de lisboa -lrb -carris -rrb- over a century r&d units belonging to public universities and state -managed autonomous research institutions ineti – instituto nacional de engenharia , tecnologia e inovação ministry of science , technology and higher education -lrb -mctes -rrb- instituto gulbenkian de ciência and the champalimaud foundation neuroscience and oncology research centre one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world 1779 lisbon oceanarium scientific and technological culture among the portuguese population science museum of the university of coimbra , the national museum of natural history at the university of lisbon , and the visionarium the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world taguspark -lrb -in oeiras -rrb - , the coimbra iparque -lrb -in coimbra -rrb - , the biocant -lrb -in cantanhede -rrb - , the madeira tecnopolo -lrb -in funchal -rrb- take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support wind and river power moura , in the south norte region 29 % redes energéticas nacionais -lrb -ren -rrb- uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather , especially wind patterns , and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable -energy plants hydropower plants on its rivers wind -driven turbines setting a premium price 10 ,562 ,178 52 % 48 % catholicism mouriscos paleolithic peoples 45 ,000 years ago paleolithic colonial history atlantic ocean angola and mozambique portuguese 10 ,617 ,575 81 .0 % protestant , latter -day saint , muslim , hindu , sikh , eastern orthodox church , jehovah 's witnesses , baha 'i , buddhist , jewish and spiritist 6 .8 % 8 .3 % christian 13th and 14th formation of the first portuguese republic 1910–26 25 july 1139 victories for the coming battles , as well as god 's wish to act through afonso in order to create an empire which would carry his name to unknown lands portuguese romance galicia and northern portugal galician -portuguese latin pre -roman peoples of the iberian peninsula 1415 and 1999 five brazil 99 percent 100 percent over 35 % 50 % 1290 lisbon coimbra the real academia de artilharia , fortificação e desenho of rio de janeiro the escola médico -cirúrgica of goa 2006 public money over 23 years old developing health policy as well as managing the sns five implementing the national health policy objectives , developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery noncommunicable diseases ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease cerebrovascular disease 12 % children as well as among women younger than 44 years self -reporting at the household level one third 1990s and 2000s 1956 lisbon belém cultural centre in lisbon , serralves foundation and the casa da música fifteen portuguese late gothic a sumptuous , composite portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century a 20th -century interpretation of traditional architecture eduardo souto de moura , álvaro siza vieira -lrb -both pritzker prize winners -rrb - and gonçalo byrne stadium design late 19th century arthur duarte , antónio lopes ribeiro , antónio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joão césar monteiro , antónio -pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lúcia moniz , and diogo morgado late 19th century arthur duarte , antónio lopes ribeiro , antónio reis , pedro costa , manoel de oliveira , joão césar monteiro , antónio -pedro vasconcelos , fernando lopes joaquim de almeida , daniela ruah , maria de medeiros , diogo infante , soraia chaves , ribeirinho , lúcia moniz , and diogo morgado adventurer and poet `` os lusíadas '' -lrb -the lusiads -rrb- virgil 's aeneid neoclassic and contemporary styles almeida garrett , camilo castelo branco , eça de queiroz , fernando pessoa , sophia de mello breyner andresen , antónio lobo antunes and miguel torga bacalhau grilled sardines and caldeirada a potato -based stew that can be made from several types of fish beef , pork , lamb , or chicken arroz de sarrabulho -lrb -rice stewed in pigs blood -rrb - or the arroz de cabidela -lrb -rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood -rrb- francesinha -lrb -frenchie -rrb - from porto , and bifanas -lrb -grilled pork -rrb - or prego -lrb -grilled beef -rrb - sandwiches in the many medieval catholic monasteries spread widely across the country almonds , flour , eggs and some liquor pastéis de belém -lrb -or pastéis de nata -rrb - originally from lisbon , and ovos moles from aveiro since the times of the romans bacchus vinho verde , vinho alvarinho , vinho do douro , vinho do alentejo , vinho do dão , vinho da bairrada and the sweet: port wine , madeira wine port and madeira festival sudoeste in zambujeira do mar , festival de paredes de coura in paredes de coura , festival vilar de mouros near caminha , flowfest or hip hop porto one of the largest international goa trance festivals takes place in central portugal every two years european festival award 2010 – green 'n 'clean festival of the year and the greener festival award outstanding 2008 and 2010 2005 artur pizarro , maria joão pires , sequeira costa carlos damas , gerardo ribeiro josé vianna da motta , carlos seixas , joão domingos bomtempo , joão de sousa carvalho , luís de freitas branco and his student joly braga santos nuno malo and miguel d 'oliveira 20th century french painters , particularly by the delaunays canção popular a russa e o fígaro vieira da silva , júlio pomar , helena almeida , joana vasconcelos , julião sarmento and paula rego football eusébio luís figo and cristiano ronaldo fifa world player of the year josé mourinho , andré villas -boas , fernando santos , carlos queiroz and manuel josé sl benfica , fc porto , and sporting cp `` os três grandes '' -lrb -`` the big three '' -rrb- eight roller hockey , basketball , futsal , handball , and volleyball portuguese football federation -lrb -fpf -rrb - – federação portuguesa de futebol 1977 hip hop omari june 8 , 1977 roc -a-fella records jay -z and alicia keys 7 jay-z chicago producer 2004 7 32 million 100 million grammy 3 time 32 million 21 3 2005 and 2015 english atlanta good water store and café chicago state university polaris high school nanjing , china foreigner a 's and b 's 10 nanjing university poetry `` green eggs and ham '' dj no i .d. writing poetry green eggs and ham no i .d. american academy of art 20 chicago 's american academy of art english 20 college dropout local artists classic soul records go -getters mid -1990s mid -1990s deric `` d -dot '' angelettie go -getters hustle period 1999 foxy brown ma $e , raekwon , and eminem. foxy brown tell 'em why u madd roc -a-fella records the blueprint 2000 the blueprint rapper capitol records rapper gangsta image capitol records joe weinberger roc -a-fella a producer joe weinberger roc -a-fella through the wire get well soon ... the college dropout october 23 , 2002 `` through the wire '' get well soon it was leaked 3 los angeles 3 august 2003 2 2 jesus walks good music february 2004 `` slow jamz '' 10 good music string orchestra jon brion late registration 2 .3 million portishead late registration 2 .3 million best new artist hurricane katrina rolling stone best new artist mike myers rolling stone a concert for hurricane relief u2 large arenas bob dylan and johnny cash u2 1980s the rolling stones bob dylan graduation 50 cent 957 ,000 daft punk graduation 50 cent daft punk alexis phifer auto -tune 2007 alexis phifer glow in the dark tour hawaii `` love lockdown '' island def jam 808s & heartbreak island def jam november 2008 heartless roland tr -808 drum machine matthew trammell matthew trammell 2009 mtv video music awards taylor swift lady gaga 2009 beyoncé lady gaga 52nd grammy awards hawaii fashion hawaii my beautiful dark twisted fantasy album of the year my beautiful dark twisted fantasy november 2010 `` all of the lights '' good fridays coachella jay-z cannes film festival coachella watch the throne `` niggas in paris '' 2012 2012 cannes film festival paris yeezus kendrick lamar 2013 architecture yeezus june 18 , 2013 kendrick lamar north adidas paul mccartney 2015 brit awards kim kardashian north florence paul mccartney yeezy season 1 swish art institute of chicago 135 ,000 so help me god school of the art institute of chicago 135 ,000 february 11 waves wiz khalifa the life of pablo tidal `` facts '' waves wiz khalifa yeezy season 3 david bowie wu -tang clan chipmunk soul david bowie puff daddy `` this can 't be life '' jon brion orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation a string section jon brion portishead graduation more atmospheric , rock -tinged , electronic -influenced soundscape melody and chord progression 2007 electropop gary numan , tj swan and boy george dense drums , lengthy strings , droning synthesizers , and somber piano boy george post -punk rolling stone my beautiful dark twisted fantasy simon vozick -levinson jon brion dj toomp 808s & heartbreak my beautiful dark twisted fantasy a protest to music le corbusier 2013 yeezus clothing line cancelled september 2005 2009 nike louis vuitton women mixed -to -negative reviews march 6 , 2012 october 1 , 2011 dw kanye west october 1 , 2011 dw kanye west mixed -to -negative march 6 , 2012 adidas 3 adidas yeezy boosts 9000 adidas yeezy boosts 2015 the life of pablo fatburger 2 shut down fatburger 2 2011 kw foods llc good music pusha t 2004 john legend pusha t to make products and experiences that people want and can afford mother donda west january 5 , 2012 tidal jay-z low payout of royalties tidal lossless audio and high definition music videos jay z spotify kanye west foundation battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education kanye west foundation 2007 chicago music education `` ed in '08 '' august the dr . donda west foundation 2011 2008 the dr . donda west foundation 2008 100 black men of america , a live earth concert benefit , world water day rally a concert for hurricane relief george w . bush george w . bush september 2 , 2005 rick kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to chris tucker george bush `` one of the most disgusting moments '' of his presidency matt lauer kazakhstan $3 million one of the poorest kazakhstan arizona human rights concerns jimmy kimmel live! an apology jimmy kimmel zane lowe bbc radio 1 obama jewish people november 26 , 2013 december 21 , 2013 bill cosby bill cosby gretchen wilson touch the sky gretchen wilson touch the sky november 7 , 2006 saturday night live race stronger his race `` stronger '' taylor swift obama president barack obama taylor swift famous september 2010 november 8 , 2010 the life of pablo beck beyoncé beck february 26 , 2015 michael jackson video vanguard award 2020 michael jackson video vanguard award glastonbury festival 2015 2015 pan american games change .org glastonbury festival 50 ,000 alexis phifer amber rose kim kardashian 2 2002 august 2006 amber rose april 2012 armenian apostolic church at the cathedral of st . james 58 andre aboolian 7:35 pm heart disease andre aboolian jan adams larry king live `` coronary artery disease and multiple post -operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty '' ed mcpherson violating patient confidentiality larry king live january 10 , 2008 oklahoma city `` hey mama '' , as well as a cover of journey 's `` don 't stop believin ' '' oklahoma city november 20 , 2007 november 22 glow in the dark tour new zealand new zealand arnold schwarzenegger arnold schwarzenegger `` donda west law '' robert `` evel '' knievel days before his death in november 2007 robert `` evel '' knievel evel kanyevel november 2007 felony vandalism $20 ,000 one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery september 11 , 2008 felony vandalism don `` don c . '' crowley $20 ,000 scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous tup tup palace nightclub in newcastle november 14 , 2008 hilton hotel near gateshead tup tup palace nightclub daniel ramos misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft daniel ramos 2 anger management 250 christian the college dropout christian among the most critically acclaimed david bowie jon caramanic ben westhoff the guardian homophobia in hip hop gangsta rap middle -class 50 cent ben detrick influential inventor elon musk 6 over 30 million 6 yeezus 3 ,086 ,000 third 30 million 21 bob dylan twice 21 8 may 16 , 2008 mtv man of the year bob dylan 3 3 my beautiful dark twisted fantasy eighth the pitchfork yeezus `` runaway '' george w . bush taylor swift clothing and footwear donda 2013 nontheistic teachings attributed to gautama buddha present -day nepal through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the four noble truths ignorance and craving nontheistic religion gautama buddha between the 6th and 4th centuries bce present -day nepal gautama buddha nepal sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries bce gautama buddha 4 indian buddha theravada -lrb -`` the school of the elders '' -rrb - and mahayana -lrb -`` the great vehicle '' -rrb- vajrayana sri lanka and southeast asia pure land , zen , nichiren buddhism , shingon , and tiantai -lrb -tendai -rrb- 488 million -lsb -web 1 -rsb - and 535 million mahayana vajrayana vajrayana indian siddhas the school of the elders the attainment of the sublime state of nirvana practicing the noble eightfold path -lrb -also known as the middle way -rrb- a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening buddhahood or rainbow body by practicing the noble eightfold path theravada tibetan the middle way bodhisattva suffering and rebirth the buddha , the dharma -lrb -the teachings -rrb - , and the sangha -lrb -the community -rrb- cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment ten meritorious deeds renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic creator greediness mahayana nidānakathā of the jataka tales of the theravada buddhacarita , the lokottaravādin mahāvastu , and the sarvāstivādin lalitavistara sūtra most accept that he lived , taught and founded a monastic order 5th century ce the buddhacarita buddha buddha monastic 5th ce michael carrithers birth , maturity , renunciation karen armstrong siddhatta gotama disciples michael carrithers the buddha siddhatta gotama fifth century bce in a community that was on the periphery , both geographically and culturally , of the northeastern indian subcontinent it was either a small republic , in which case his father was an elected chieftain , or an oligarchy , in which case his father was an oligarch. the northeastern indian subcontinent fifth century bce a small republic early texts an oligarchy siddhārtha gautama elected chieftain asita siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls an astrologer suddhodana a great king asita suddhodana holy man prevented him from leaving the palace grounds 29 he learned of the suffering of ordinary people encountering an old man , a sick man , a corpse and , finally , an ascetic holy man a king 29 the four sights abandon royal life a king 29 four corpse went to study with famous religious teachers of the day the middle way prolonged fasting , breath -holding , and exposure to pain meditation asceticism milk and rice middle way they did not provide a permanent end to suffering milk and rice anapanasati the middle way 35 ficus religiosa he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered 80 jaya sri maha bodhi ficus religiosa bodhi tree 80 bodhi tree ficus religiosa bodh gaya jaya sri maha bodhi the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death ignorance suffering , anxiety , dissatisfaction in the buddhist view , liberation from samsara is possible by following the buddhist path. samsara six ignorance by following the buddhist path the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death six psychological avidya following the buddhist path action , work the force that drives saṃsāra sīla actions of body , speech or mind that spring from mental intent action , work sīla cetanā vipāka the force that drives saṃsāra sīla result theravada buddhism the lotus sutra , the aṅgulimālīya sūtra and the mahāyāna mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra vajrayana amitābha theravada buddhism amitābha mahayana negative genshin amitābha rebirth the doctrine of anattā -lrb -sanskrit anātman -rrb- the laws of cause and effect from conception to death. karma rebirth anatta pratītyasamutpāda eternal soul skilled buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis -lrb -non -returners -rrb- those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas , the highest object of meditation 31 pure abodes anāgāmis formless realms arūpajhānas 31 anāgāmis arūpajhānas formless realms east asian and tibetan theravada samyutta nikaya of the pali canon bardo theravada samyutta nikaya east asian east asian and tibetan orthodox pali the four noble truths the nature of dukkha -lrb -suffering , anxiety , unsatisfactoriness -rrb - , its causes , and how it can be overcome the four noble truths suffering four noble truths dukkha the nature of dukkha `` suffering '' , `` anxiety '' , `` unsatisfactoriness '' , `` unease '' , etc. dukkha suffering anxiety three unsatisfactoriness dukkha three that the origin of dukkha can be known craving -lrb -pali: tanha -rrb - conditioned by ignorance -lrb -pali: avijja -rrb- the complete cessation of dukkha is possible identifies a path to this cessation dukkha can be known. craving ignorance the origin of dukkha can be known ignorance true nature of things dukkha the noble eightfold path lead to the cessation of dukkha right view -lrb -or right understanding -rrb - , right intention -lrb -or right thought -rrb - , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right concentration the fourth eight the cessation of dukkha right action the fourth eight dukkha ajahn sucitto as eight significant dimensions of one 's behaviour mental , spoken , and bodily ajahn sucitto the yoga practice of his teacher kalama with what later became known as `` the immeasurables '' one without egotism brahmaviharas , divine abodes , or simply as four immeasurables mettā or loving -kindness meditation wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings kalama egotism love , compassion , joy , and equanimity pema chödrön meditation prior to his enlightenment the middle way enlightenment abhidharma , buddhist philosophy and reality in buddhism some schools of buddhism discourage doctrinal study , and some regard it as essential practice. buddhist scholars doctrinal liberation suffering -lrb -dukkha -rrb - and the cycle of incessant rebirths -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb- nirvāṇa nirvāṇa objects three all compounded or conditioned phenomena -lrb -all things and experiences -rrb - are inconstant , unsteady , and impermanent in the aging process , the cycle of rebirth -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb - , and in any experience of loss because things are impermanent everything ceasing to be saṃsāra suffering suffering , pain , unsatisfactoriness , sorrow , affliction , anxiety , dissatisfaction , discomfort , anguish , stress , misery , and frustration disquietude realistic buddhism disquietude disquietude dukkha not -self -lrb -pāli: anatta; sanskrit: anātman -rrb- suffering the buddha refused to answer neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self not -self nikayas `` i have no self '' skandhas pratītyasamutpāda , -lrb -sanskrit; pali: paticcasamuppāda; tibetan wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; chinese: 緣起 -rrb- `` dependent origination '' , `` conditioned genesis '' , `` dependent relationship '' , `` dependent co -arising '' , `` interdependent arising '' , or `` contingency '' buddhist the scheme of twelve nidānas the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth -lrb -saṃsāra -rrb - in detail. twelve nidānas cause , foundation , source or origin the twelve nidānas the twelve nidānas by attaining nirvana ignorance the absence of the others sentient beings dukkha attaining nirvana ignorance śūnyatā emptiness ātman phenomena sarvastivada teachings vasubandhu and asanga cittamatra vasubandhu and asanga buddha -nature perfected spiritual insight sakya jonang tathāgatagarbha nirvana nirvana arahant bodhi nirvana raga dosa delusion bodhisattva a buddha nirvana parinirvana a buddha samsara suffering 28 maitreya celestial reality arahants bodhi anagami buddha buddha mahayana existence monks śūnyatā bodhisattvas pure land pure land amitabha gautama buddha a buddha era gautama buddha gautama buddha mahayana buddhists theravada pure land enlightenment being bodhicitta mahayana mahayana mahayana mahayana bodhisattva vow dāna , śīla , kṣanti , vīrya , dhyāna , and prajñā the 14th dalai lama buddhists bowing , offerings , pilgrimage , and chanting meditative the buddha brahminic liberating the yogis mindfulness and clear awareness vision meditative transcendent wisdom buddhist texts buddhist texts upanishads meditation contemplative nasadiya sukta the three jewels majjhima nikaya tibetan essence. the three jewels gautama buddha dharma sangha śīla pāramitā keeping the precepts śīla keeping the precepts overall principles of ethical behavior precepts asceticism. training rules ethical lower third a precept of celibacy ten seventh the ten precepts vinaya 227 vinayapitaka counts life higher attainments islands unto themselves mahayana brahmajala meat japan zen jhānas right concentration samādhi defilement , calm , tranquil , and luminous jhāna vipassanā insight idea jhāna mind disturbed jñāna prajñā understanding craving defilements suffering and stress nibbāna four bodhi prajñā sermons at any point conceptual understanding seon zen zen spiritual two rinzai zen true self thinking and thought mahayana diamond vehicle tantric ritual second half of the first millennium bce the shramanas shramanas non -vedic greater magadha rajagrha 2nd or 3rd centuries in the upanishads pakudha kaccayana ajnanas jains vedic animal sacrifice hymn of the cosmic man animal sacrifices vedas the reliability insight rupa jhanas majjhima nikaya rebirth karma dhyana meditative fourth liberating insight linear nirvāna nikayas nirvāna the middle way eightfold prajna liberating insight person three five early buddhism sectarian esoteric buddhism vajrayana pre -sectarian rebirth noble eightfold buddhist ānanda sūtras abhidhamma the second the second council 100 bce mahasanghikas mahasanghika the vinaya sthaviras monasteries doctrinal abhidharma summaries or numerical lists 3rd century bce mahasanghika prajñāpāramitā āndhra prajñāpāramitā 1st century bce āndhra third south buddhism vinaya monasteries chinese lokakṣema prajñāpāramitā 1st madhyamaka , yogacara , tathagatagarbha , and buddhist logic buddhist logic yogacara ashoka stūpas buddhist religious memorials west missionaries to spread buddhism persian and greek menander 3rd century 3rd century 2nd century ce 2nd century ce korea and japan 8th century onwards buddhist the teachings of the buddha the buddhist community progressive modern influences second half of the 20th century neo -buddhism nichiren buddhism: soka gakkai value creation society soka gakkai international sgi buddhism china 244 million 360 million 150 million seven million 138 million 495 million 487 million lesser vehicle hinayana concepts buddhist ecumenical organization theravada ancestral sthāvirīya pali canon the west theravadin merit nālandā university mahayana sutras the buddha lotus sutra and the mahaparinirvana sutra eastern buddhism northern buddhism the pure land school of mahayana saivism buddhists the guhyasiddhi of padmavajra buddhist objects text āgamas core size and complexity of the buddhist canons dhammapada buddhism theravada zen the buddha and his dhamma pāli tipitaka the vinaya pitaka , the sutta pitaka , and the abhidhamma pitaka vinaya pitaka the sutta pitaka abhidhamma pitaka pāli tipitaka five or seven mahākāśyapa to record the buddha 's teachings upāli ānanda dhamma theravadin the theravadins mahayana sutras mahayana sutras sarvastivada abhidharma mahayana the great vehicle bodhisattva path mahayana mahayana mahayana tradition six hundred east asian buddhism after the 5th century ce hinayana the theravada sri lanka hinayana hinayana śrāvakayāna buddhism ethics moral and spiritual christianity scientific buddhism buddhism simon fuller 19 entertainment 2002 pop idol fox 19 entertainment pop idol simon fuller 19 entertainment june 11 , 2002 pop idol randy jackson brian dunkleman jennifer lopez ryan seacrest brian dunkleman paula abdul jennifer lopez randy jackson paula abdul simon cowell keith urban harry connick , jr. 345 kelly clarkson a rival tv executive carrie underwood fantasia carrie underwood fantasia 345 a rival tv executive 2015 2015 15 eight may 11 , 2015 popstars simon fuller 2001 simon cowell nigel lythgoe popstars nigel lythgoe telephone voting 2001 lythgoe seven 2002 2001 his daughter elisabeth rupert murdoch american idol: the search for a superstar eight four angie martinez stryker four dj stryker angie martinez season eight kara dioguardi ellen degeneres two 2010 the x factor kara dioguardi before season nine january 11 , 2010 ellen degeneres season ten season two adam lambert season three season six season nine lionel richie and robin gibb season eight season three ryan seacrest brian dunkleman randy jackson scott borchetta song choice and performance jimmy iovine randy jackson scott borchetta twenty -eight season four semi -final stage at least three the judges a few hundred in front of the judges three producers hollywood seven two and three usually three twelve three groups seasons two and three las vegas sudden death twelve 178 million ten telescope inc the semi -finals over 110 million nearly 750 million ten wildcard three groups of ten four groups of eight season one ten 12 twenty -four by gender six six twelve four three five thirteen season eight three four 10 cbs television city jimmy iovine thirteen eight cbs television city jimmy iovine one top four or five eight once safety season six fourteen twitter fan save twitter top 8 the nokia theatre 3 ,400 the finale dolby theatre 3 ,400 6 ,000 nokia theatre 19 management big machine records three months a record deal 19 management big machine records a golden ticket a golden ticket the public seven ray chew ten rickey minor rickey minor ray chew seven fox 2002 brian dunkleman june 2002 fox ryan seacrest and brian dunkleman 121 around 10 ,000 jim verraros tamyra gray the hospital 121 30 delano cagnolatti top four christina christian 2002 justin guarini september justin guarini kelly clarkson september 4 , 2002 a moment like this from justin to kelly more than 23 million a moment like this the coronation song a moment like this the beatles from justin to kelly more than 23 million 2003 kristin adams january 2003 kristin adams paula abdul frenchie davis corey clark jaered andrews corey clark frenchie davis jaered andrews ruben studdard 24 million clay aiken 134 ,000 nigel lythgoe ruben studdard clay aiken 134 ,000 24 million clay aiken flying without wings josh gracin this is the night flying without wings this is the night aiken josh gracin 2004 william hung william hung january 19 , 2004 william hung william hung the three divas jennifer hudson elton john john stevens the three divas jennifer hudson elton john john stevens diana degarmo i believe dreams summertime simon cowell fantasia and diana degarmo fantasia i believe nikko smith nikko smith freemantle media vazquez top 11 week the following night 2005 65 million inside your heaven carrie underwood may 2005 carrie underwood inside your heaven 14 million season five the brittenum twins season five january 17 , 2006 the brittenum twins chris daughtry chris daughtry chris daughtry chris daughtry lead singer chris daughtry i walk the line not crediting the arrangement to live taylor hicks do i make you proud my destiny may 30 , 2006 taylor hicks do i make you proud my destiny chris daughtry daughtry chris daughtry daughtry 2007 37 .3 million january 16 , 2007 37 .3 million sanjaya malakar howard stern vote for the worst april 18 sanjaya malakar sanjaya malakar hair vote for the worst howard stern april 18 idol gives back $76 million melinda doolittle idol gives back phil stacey and chris richardson melinda doolittle jordin sparks blake lewis may 23 may 23 jordin sparks blake lewis 2005 over 100 ,000 28 season four season four january 18 , 2005 high definition over 100 ,000 28 2007 this is my now public vote american idol songwriter contest coronation song 20 this is my now may 24 , 2007 2008 david hernandez carly smithson january 15 , 2008 david hernandez professional status carly smithson billie jean david cook chris cornell march 11 , 2008 march 11 , 2008 chris cornell david cook david archuleta season ten hallelujah jeff buckley itunes john lennon 's `` imagine '' jennifer lopez jason castro jeff buckley itunes david cook david cook may 21 , 2008 david cook the time of my life the american idol songwriter contest 2008 the time of my life may 22 , 2008 2009 danny gokey president of alternative programming january january 13 , 2009 mike darnell danny gokey kara dioguardi two weeks so you think you can dance the kodak theatre the global recession four kara dioguardi so you think you can dance kodak theatre idol gives back 13 matt giraud two two lil rounds and anoop desai 13 two matt giraud kris allen and adam lambert kris allen arkansas 100 million kris allen season two 100 million at&t employees no boundaries dioguardi no boundaries dioguardi gold album status none 2010 ellen degeneres hollywood week january 12 , 2010 paula abdul ellen degeneres hollywood week crystal bowersox ken warwick diabetic ketoacidosis crystal bowersox top 20 week the schedule ken warwick producer michael lynche top nine adam lambert $45 million michael lynche adam lambert simon cowell tribute to simon cowell simon cowell paula abdul lee dewyze beautiful day may 26 dewyze beautiful day up to the mountain 2011 ten jimmy iovine the x factor nigel lythgoe january 19 , 2011 nigel lythgoe jennifer lopez and steven tyler jimmy iovine season ten myspace myspace online myspace chris medina top 40 casey abrams casey abrams chris medina top 40 round casey abrams top 13 result show abrams pia toscano tom hanks pia toscano tom hanks country scotty mccreery i love you this big like my mother does soulful may 25 scotty mccreery ruben studdard 2012 25 jermaine jones january 18 , 2012 jermaine jones march 14 concealing arrests and outstanding warrants phillip phillips kidney stones eight phillip phillips phillip phillips kidney pain jessica sanchez jessica sanchez colton dixon final two top 7 jessica sanchez colton dixon diana degarmo five three phillips season five season three home change nothing home change nothing home 2013 judges tmz january 16 , 2013 four five lazaro arbos 10 five lazaro arbos four candice glover kree harrison i am beautiful all cried out candice glover kree harrison i am beautiful all cried out not signed by a music label randy jackson one randy jackson mariah carey and nicki minaj 2014 ryan seacrest in -mentor gregg gelfand january 15 , 2014 randy jackson jennifer lopez harry connick , jr. nigel lythgoe and ken warwick sam woolf top 3 performance night songs they wrote themselves sam woolf top 8 top 3 performance night caleb johnson jena irene as long as you love me we are one caleb johnson jena irene as long as you love me we are one 2015 ryan seacrest adam lambert judges randy jackson january 7 , 2015 adam lambert one coca cola ford motor company big machine records one coca cola ford motor company big machine records nick fradiani clark beckham jax beautiful life forcefield nick fradiani clark beckham beautiful life champion jax 2015 15 5 judges ryan seacrest may 11 , 2015 ryan seacrest 131 2002 southern north carolina north carolina ten chris daughtry 47 million 16 percent 47 million 85 percent taylor hicks alabama church church alabama white guy with guitar phillip phillips american idol: the untold story five guitar white guy with guitar richard rushfield phillip phillips 19 entertainment ruben studdard clay aiken 2013 100 million season two season eight power voting 2010 2013 idol gives back $185 million idol gives back season six 2002 9 .9 million 23 million summer june 2002 9 .9 million 23 million 26 .5 million 21 .7 million ruben studdard season four season five 26 .5 million 21 .7 million four season six season six the death star nbc season six the death star decline results show season seven writers guild of america strike season seven kristy lee cook season seven the most watched tv network writers guild of america strike nbc cbs 2010 2010 winter olympics 30 .1 million six 32.1 47.2 47.2 32.1 eight sunday night football eight years 13 .3 million 13 2002 7 .2 million 13 .3 million coca -cola 8 .03 million 15 may 11 , 2015 8 .03 million 9 8 fox fox simon fuller dancing with the stars the voice american idol american idol american idol 345 rich meyer kelly clarkson 345 fred bronson four over four million 59 million 120 million 59 million 120 million jennifer hudson vocal coach musical theatre jennifer hudson dreamgirls debra byrd entertainment weekly the national anthem ken tucker entertainment weekly karla peterson lincoln memorial entertainment weekly simon cowell john mayer newsweek commercialism ann powers simon cowell john mayer elton john 2006 leann rimes usher carrie underwood faith hill leann rimes elton john country country music 9 bruce gower 8 idol gives back nine governor 's award in 2007 $900 million $6 .4 billion the american idol experience $900 million disney season four $1 .3 million less than $300 ,000 $737 ,000 four 800 million season one season one at&t wireless after season 13 seven 10 million 35 million at&t text -messaging 4 ,349 pepsico the x factor pepsico the x factor third season five m&m 's pretzel chocolate candies a semi -finalist who won a sing -off kellogg 's pop -tarts m&m 's pretzel chocolate candies season five season seven five itunes the winner 's coronation single as a compilation album the most successful soundtrack franchise itunes 19 recordings umg bmg 19 entertainment 19 recordings bmg sony music entertainment umg 's interscope -geffen -a&m records the walt disney company 2009 2014 19 entertainment february 14 , 2009 walt disney world dream ticket august 30 , 2014 over 100 ctv 2014 yes tv over 100 ctv and/or ctv two yes tv la3 one star world thursday and friday star world la3 ringers seven eight canis lupus familiaris domestic dog millennia sensory capabilities 2010s 40 ,000 eurasia starch -rich extensive genetic studies man 's best friend man 's best friend meat dukkōn proto -indo -european old english docga proto -indo -european hound mastiff. 16th hound 16th century hunting *kwon - `` dog '' a litter. sire poupée whelping bitch bitch litter sire dam pups canis 1758 linnaeus wolf mammal species of the world canis family dog canis lupus canis dingo 1982 2003 mammal species of the world canis familiaris. iczn canis familiaris. iczn opinion 2027 genetic studies extinct. hunter -gatherers taimyr wolf of north asia human hunter -gatherers gray wolf taimyr modern dog breeds catching and tearing. scavengers wrist endurance catching and tearing scavengers height and weight. english mastiff english mastiff double soft down hair double topcoat only countershading upper surfaces countershading dark coloring visibility tails emotional state tails genetic ailments parasites unspayed unspayed females parasites toxic xylitol macadamia theobromine toxic nicotine dark 1 .2 years shorter 2013 1 .2 years longer 10 to 13 years. dogue de bordeaux 5 .2 years 6 to 7 years. dogue de bordeaux 5 .2 years 14 to 15 years. bluey pusuke 1939 bluey 1939 pusuke two pregnancy. two years first estrous cycle 58 to 68 days 63 days about six one to four 63 days six one to four neutering the american society for the prevention of cruelty to animals -lrb -aspca -rrb- testicles ovaries and uterus testicles ovaries and uterus neutered neutering urinary incontinence spayed urinary incontinence prostate cancer rico chaser gesturing and pointing australian dingos to solve their problems for them. intelligence over 200 advanced over 1 ,000 9 ,000–30 ,000 years bce humans. social -cognitive skills of human children humans. humans. dog behavior understand and communicate human children scents , pheromones and taste hand signals dog communication hand signals dogs. atrophy of the jaw muscles. diagnostic features once a year. behaviors. 11 morphology and behavior tameness fear and aggression production -related traits for their behaviors. 11 aggression 525 million 525 million human population densities apex fearless dogs apex sheep wolves leopards. striped hyenas alligators and pythons leopards tigers alligators and pythons striped hyenas omnivores vegetables and grains obligate carnivores or omnivores protein starch a few hundred years particular morphologies and behaviors selective breeding irish wolfhound a few hundred years old hundreds blue selective breeding breed modern kennel clubs. natural selection and selective breeding breeds non -scientific unsystematic. four malamute and shar pei herding four old world dogs all others bite inhibition sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication one of the most successful species on the planet today. bite inhibition hunter -gatherers aiding handicapped individuals. man 's best friend a source of meat food scraps. three dog night early warning. cleaning up food scraps three dog night cooperative hunting 2004 sense of smell the domestication of the wolf sled dogs bering land bridge 9 ,400 years 12 ,000 years ago athabascan apache and navajo tribes horse puppy humans and dogs after world war ii 1980s outside elites outside 1980s commodification dogs. two commodification everyday routines commodity forms 18th urine marking 18th century urine marking training part of the family dog whisperer. part of the family dog whisperer newspaper plates dog yoga. set tasks or routines the newspaper 77 .5 million 77 .5 million magnetic resonance imaging voices the brain emotion mri emotional man 's best friend hunt nets laika husky -terrier mix man 's best friend pointers and hounds nets laika 1957 service dogs medical care. breed shows a judge conformity with their established breed externally observable qualities conformation shows. a judge externally observable qualities health east asian countries taboo. dog fat western hypocrisy taboo medicinal properties gaejang -guk a spicy stew to balance the body 's heat scallions and chili powder. the summer months scallions and chili powder. 4 .5 million 17 26 4 .5 million 2000s less severe 12.9 60.7 the face or neck. infections. colorado 60.7 infections. cats two -wheeled vehicles. two -wheeled vehicles dog roundworm dog feces 10 ,000 retinal damage and decreased vision. roundworm 14 10 ,000 24 retinal damage and decreased vision 2005 absenteeism from school 2005 exercise exercise immune -stimulating microorganisms social interactions 2015 anxiety strangers mental institutions social behaviors antisocial and violent behavior the late 18th century mental institutions dogs animal -assisted therapy diseases 40 times larger trillion 40 times larger 551 cerberus the gates of hades. garmr kimat thunder persian cerberus garmr god of thunder kimat the gates of naraka. yama bronze dog figurines. yama the gates of naraka mount bronze dog figurines as unclean scavengers the hague leather dog booties scavengers 2015 lérida , spain their luggage faithfulness. themselves feed faithfulness kind protectors. china as kind protectors caves. hunting caves hunting scenes became more elaborate humans male french bulldogs run away respond with aggression pet dogs living in human homes. significant benefits the domestication of dogs poorly controlled to the doctor 1936 summer olympics. 129 days one world , one dream journey of harmony one world , one dream beijing , china. `` journey of harmony '' 85 ,000 mi march 24 olympia , greece march 31 six silk road olympia , greece march 24 panathinaiko stadium march 31. mount everest hundreds effectively none protesting chinese security officials the chinese government supporters counter -protesters counter -protesters skirmishes latin america , africa , and western asia jacques rogge tibetan global relays jacques rogge could be expelled ioc members. global relays paralympic games paralympic games lucky cloud aluminum. 985 grams an ignition key lucky cloud aluminum. 37 2 propane. a chartered air china airbus a330 red and yellow march 2008 130 days airbus a330 red and yellow air china 130 21 six taipei hong kong and macau continents taiwan. hong kong and macau 24 march 24 , 2008 olympia , greece. alexandros nikolaidis maria nafpliotou march 30 , 2008 olympia , greece. maria nafpliotou silver alexandros nikolaidis nepal. carrefour the lvmh group the french flag kunming the lvmh group censorship carrefour people 's daily people 's daily legal almaty nursultan nazarbaev. the president of kazakhstan astana square. uighur activists kazakhstan nursultan nazarbaev. 20 uighur april 3 taksim square sultanahmet square uyghurs living in turkey istanbul sultanahmet square taksim square. uyghurs arrested april 5 victory square palace square fedor emelianenko saint petersburg victory square palace square. fedor emelianenko london april 6 £750 ,000 london wembley stadium o2 arena 30 mi thugs 80 sir steve redgrave richard vaughan prime minister gordon brown sir steve redgrave 80 francesca martinez and richard vaughan 10 downing street ladbroke grove april 7 the eiffel tower by bus teddy riner april 7 paris eiffel tower 3 ,000 five green party officials. jin jing angel in wheelchair torch relay ceremony jin jing angel in wheelchair green party officials. reporters without borders the eiffel tower notre dame cathedral banner reporters without borders notre dame cathedral. the trocadéro jane birkin thupten gyatso trocadéro peaceful jane birkin freedom of speech the national assembly 's session respect for human rights in china freedom for tibet! parliament national assembly 's session respect for human rights in china freedom for tibet! tibetan flags libération the trocadéro michèle alliot -marie tibetan flags the trocadéro. michèle alliot -marie a police officer san francisco april 9 lin li san francisco international airport peter ueberroth san francisco april 9. norman bellingham justin herman plaza san francisco board of supervisors human rights abuses april 8 april 1 , 2008 san francisco board of supervisors united nations plaza richard gere golden gate bridge kpix -cbs5 china golden gate bridge laurel sutherlin five three a warehouse andrew michael andrew michael marina district san francisco international airport van ness avenue april 11 the lola mora amphitheatre mauricio macri buenos aires lola mora amphitheatre mauricio macri carlos espínola. confetti jorge carcavallo from the obelisk to the city hall free tibet jorge carcavallo. obelisk to the city hall human rights torch. free tibet human rights torch relay susan prager friends of falun gong diego maradona 1200 water balloons friends of falun gong diego maradona 1200 water balloons peaceful dar es salaam april 13 the tazara railway dar es salaam tazara benjamin mkapa national stadium china vice -president ali mohamed shein. muscat april 14 sulaf fawakherji muscat 20 sulaf fawakherji. april 16 jinnah stadium prime minister yousaf raza gillani islamabad jinnah stadium. april 17 70 baichung bhutia five new delhi 1.5 70 five baichung bhutia republic day celebrations nirupama sen. india 's commerce minister kamal nath 2 am republic day terrorist targets. 150 ,000 a democracy india 150 ,000 protests olympic holy flame protection unit relations the tibetan government in exile kiran bedi indian police service soha ali khan april 16 kiran bedi soha ali khan delhi police. caged woman april 18 m .r. narisa chakrabongse students april 18 10 foreign protesters mom rajawongse narissara chakrabongse april 21 kuala lumpur independence square 1964 independence square petronas twin towers. 1964 1000 falun gong falun gong plastic air -filled batons taiwan and tibet belong to china. placards april 22 the chinese embassy journalists jakarta 20 security worries stadium. outside the stadium. april 24 agnes shea a message stick australian and chinese officials canberra 16 reconciliation place australian federal police. agnes shea people 's liberation army personnel sacred torch tony goh stephen smith people 's liberation army australian police tony goh zhang rongan stephen smith lin hatfield dodds foreign minister stephen smith lin hatfield dodds stephen smith ted quinlan 600 the chinese embassy ian thorpe up to 600 between 2 ,000 and 10 ,000 ted quinlan the chinese embassy nagano april 26 nagano 1998 winter olympics japanese buddhist temple zenkō -ji a municipal building two seoul 1988 summer olympics olympic park chinese students seoul 1988 summer olympics april 28 kim yong nam pak du ik the juche tower pyongyang. april 28. pink paper flowers and small flags pak du ik a propaganda stunt. against human rights. unicef their staff raising awareness of conditions for children north korea april 29 ho chi minh city 60 the downtown opera house the military zone 7 competition hall stadium ho chi minh city. the spratly and paracel islands sansha hanoi and ho chi minh city. nguyễn tấn dũng seven điếu cày lê minh phiếu seven nguyễn văn hải tax evasion. lê minh phiếu disputed islands and dotted lines marking china 's maritime claims may 2 lee lai shan hong kong cultural centre golden bauhinia square in wan chai 120 may 2. donald tsang a dragon boat 120 pro -beijing camp politicians. plastic olympic flames tiananmen square protests christina chan police her human rights were breached. democracy. leung kwok -hung tibetan snow lion flag the color orange democracy group pillar of shame immigration reasons mia farrow one country , two systems the color orange pillar of shame immigration reasons mia farrow may 3 macau fisherman 's wharf 120 leong hong man athletes may 3 120 leong hong man stanley ho. macao daily news cyberctm .com orchidbbs .com a macau resident cyberctm .com the head of the bureau of telecommunications regulation may 4 jackie chan may 4 april. ioc jackie chan. partial and censored biased. libération media coverage censored reporters without borders libération saboteurs the more disruptive protesters condemned the protests marie -josé pérec radicals marie -josé pérec xinhua spirit of olympics sports and politics run for spirit of olympics sports and politics the daily telegraph libération western media bias. fu ying the daily telegraph libération cnn cnn the chinese government the challenges of reporting in china paul danahar 1 ,300 paul danahar tibet people 's daily people 's daily an anti -cnn website a beijing citizen. a beijing citizen. foreign correspondents 30 august 2007 matching blue tracksuits second right brother 30 august 2007 blue tracksuits second right brother carrefour lvmh group the dalai lama the french flag lvmh group anti -chinese racism. anti -japanese protests people 's daily sohu .com may 1 the anti -japanese protests in 2005. people 's daily the chinese government may 1. shoichi washizawa great nuisance a major buddhist temple shoichi washizawa great nuisance a major buddhist temple lanterns. during protests hong kong legislator jin jing western media two 40 the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic , epistemology , and metaphysics mixed kurt gödel for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics , there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced gödel could not have come to this conclusion without whitehead and russell 's book 1931 some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them principia mathematica metaphysics the essay from which aims of education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 ideas that are disconnected scraps of information , with no application to real life or culture `` education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is , above all things , harmful . '' 1929 between 1912 and 1927 1929 numerous essays and addresses inert ideas whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life for whitehead , education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary , value -free school model it should be transdisciplinary , and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom a relatively few important concepts different areas of knowledge , discovering their application in actual life. value -free school model he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education `` this further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic , onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter . '' in later life whitehead would become one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians bertrand russell undergraduate friend and former student rank amateur one of the 20th century 's foremost metaphysicians. `` every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics . what he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized . '' such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned people need to continually re -imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works they remain unexamined and unquestioned basic assumptions about how the universe works metaphysical investigations reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another event -based or `` process '' ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another he used the term `` experience '' very broadly , so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience two different kinds of real existence , either exclusively material or else exclusively mental `` philosophy of organism '' cartesian idea an event -based or `` process '' ontology interrelated and dependent experiential process philosophy by assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe , materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete `` quality '' , `` matter '' , and `` form '' these `` classical '' concepts fail to adequately account for change , and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. a continuum of overlapping events a `` society '' of events `` classical '' concepts change quality`` , ''matter`` , and ''form" society continuum of overlapping events discrete `` occasions of experience '' that overlap one another in time and space , and jointly make up the enduring person or thing `` defining essence '' or a `` core identity '' qualitative and secondary to their core identity defining essence occasions of experience time and space all things flow" people define identities it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things should not prevent people from realizing that `` material substances '' or `` essences '' are a convenient generalized description of a continuum limitations of language it is not philosophically or ontologically sound limitations of language limitations of language each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things the idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space , and not necessarily related to anything in whitehead 's view , relations take a primary role , perhaps even more important than the relata themselves it sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. it obscures the importance of relations materialism distinct and discrete externally in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it a real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity -lrb -i .e. it was not related to any other entity -rrb - , it could not be said to really exist relations are not secondary to what a thing is , they are what the thing is. nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities not be said to really exist. they are what the thing is rld around it in some way conform to it europe and china william temple temple 's gifford lectures of 1932 -1934 practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education ecology , physics , biology , education , economics , and psychology at the university of chicago 's divinity school henry nelson wieman john b . cobb wieman , charles hartshorne , bernard loomer , bernard meland , and daniel day williams china modernization and industrialization traditions of taoism , buddhism , and confucianism john cobb and david ray griffin interdependence of humanity and nature , as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts his assertion that matter is an abstraction the sheer difficulty and density of his prose perception of metaphysics itself as passé whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools american pragmatism william james and john dewey nicholas rescher charles sanders peirce richard rorty it has been severely criticized henry stapp and david bohm whitehead 's view has now been rendered obsolete , with the discovery of gravitational waves phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that whitehead assumes whitehead 's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation grawemeyer award for ideas improving world order is it too late ? a theology of ecology for the common good: redirecting the economy toward community , the environment , and a sustainable future sustaining the common good: a christian perspective on the global economy to challenge `` economists ' zealous faith in the great god of growth . '' xie bangxiu flexible -goals , engaged -learner , embodied -knowledge , learning -through -interactions , and supportive -teacher it is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to `` help a person become whole . '' chinese government organizations and the institute for the postmodern development of china mark dibben `` applied process thought '' philosophy of management and business ethics philosophy of business administration and organizational theory this allows `` a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing , as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening . '' 1910s philosophy of science , and finally to metaphysics processes reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another process and reality mathematics philosophy metaphysics metaphysical processes ramsgate , kent , england 1861 thomas whitehead , alfred north 's grandfather minister and schoolmaster of chatham house academy maria sarah whitehead , formerly maria sarah buckmaster ramsgate , kent , england 1861 minister and schoolmaster maria sarah whitehead , evelyn university of london system dean of the faculty of science chairman of the senate 's academic -lrb -leadership -rrb - council 1924 bachelor of science 1918 dean of the faculty of science university of london 1924 victor lowe his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy `` no professional biographer in his right mind would touch him . '' two victor lowe all of his papers be destroyed after his death. right to privacy a treatise on universal algebra bertrand russell professional mathematicians an introduction to mathematics regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century mathematics three bertrand russell principia mathematica 1898 the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class comparative study of their several structures `` it possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable , considering the variety of its themes . '' expand algebraic structures unity of design several structures a year ten years the three -volume work was so massive -lrb -more than 2 ,000 pages -rrb - and its audience so narrow -lrb -professional mathematicians -rrb- 00 of which was paid by cambridge university press , 200 by the royal society of london , and 50 apiece by whitehead and russell today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of principia mathematica a year ten years three 2 ,000 cambridge university press generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon gifford lectures process and reality professional philosophers process and reality 1927–28 the most difficult to understand mathews ' frustration with whitehead 's books did not negatively affect his interest perceived the importance of what whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications henry nelson wieman wieman 's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years mathews chicago 's divinity school 1927 henry nelson wieman hired `` arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century , '' it demands – as isabelle stengers puts it – `` that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus . '' he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions. process and reality isabelle stengers how the universe works scientific and philosophical problems novel solutions creativity is the absolute principle of existence reaction to them. consciousness the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities creativity is the absolute principle of existence an entity is not merely a sum of its relations , but also a valuation of them and reaction to them has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities , and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws comes from the latin prehensio , meaning `` to seize . '' the mind only has private ideas about other entities prehension latin to seize conscious or unconscious two a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious , applying to people as well as electrons entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations , rather than being independent of them causal efficacy -lrb -or `` physical prehension '' -rrb - and presentational immediacy -lrb -or `` conceptual prehension '' -rrb- unmediated by the senses it is pure appearance , which may or may not be delusive causal efficacy presentational immediacy presentational immediacy `` the experience dominating the primitive living organisms , which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged , and the fate towards which they go . '' `` pure sense perception '' , unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation , even unconscious interpretation causal relationships symbolic reference causal relationships causation higher grade mentality links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it an ordinary person looks up , sees a colored shape , and immediately infers that it is a chair `` might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape . '' `` would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such . '' `` life is comparatively deficient in survival value . '' they are actively engaged in modifying their environment living , living well , and living better increasing its own satisfaction survival value modifying their environment three increasing its own satisfaction unintelligible `` they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them . '' `` the brief galilean vision of humility '' `` the church gave unto god the attributes which belonged exclusively to caesar . '' primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world , and whose most important attribute is power god is not necessarily tied to religion primordial nature of god the consequent nature dipolar his system required that an order exist among possibilities , an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. god 's reception of the world 's activity god saves and cherishes all experiences forever it is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved. those experiences go on to change the way god interacts with the world god is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe , lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance. deficient in actuality and change merely eternally unrealized possibilities whitehead thus sees god and the world as fulfilling one another he sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only god can provide by taking them into god 's self , thereafter changing god and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time individual `` religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary , you are never religious . '' a system of general truths that transformed a person 's character while religion is often a good influence , it is not necessarily good solitariness `` the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals . '' meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone , but only in the context of the universal community the spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent through the work of his students and admirers rather bruno latour claremont and a select number of liberal graduate -level theology and philosophy programs bertrand russell , and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of willard van orman quine `` he stands provisionally as the last great anglo -american philosopher before wittgenstein 's disciples spread their misty confusion , sufficiency , and terror . '' american progressive theology charles hartshorne developing whitehead 's process philosophy into a full -blown process theology john b . cobb , jr . , david ray griffin , marjorie hewitt suchocki , c . robert mesle , roland faber , and catherine keller god 's relational nature `` the fellow sufferer who understands '' , and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise -worthy quality in god ? as the being who is most affected by the world , god is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world `` process naturalism '' , i .e. a process theology without god. biology and economics poststructuralist , postcolonialist , and feminist theory geneticist alexander bard and jan söderqvist process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests `` an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non -temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone . '' religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society it is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people. pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior ontology that `` understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related , yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference . '' integrative process: follettian thinking from ontology to administration continue to invest client funds in over -priced -lrb -under -yielding -rrb - investments a conflict of interest professional investment managers to maximize their compensation plausible deniability countrywide financial july 11 , 2008 indymac indymac bank indymac bancorp april 2008 9 .27 % $160 million moody 's minimum 10 % risk -based charles schumer -lrb -d-ny -rrb- federal deposit insurance corporation a little over $7 billion june 30 $500 million $1 .55 billion 7 .5 % $10 .7 billion charles schumer unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated indymac federal bank , fsb us $100 ,000 roughly 10 ,000 depositors july 11 , 2008 july 14 , 2008 over 100 bear stearns september and october 2008 oct . 6 , 2008 lehman brothers money market funds commercial paper issued by corporations september 2008 $144 .5 billion 4 .65 % shadow banking system shadow banking system investor funds u .s. treasury secretary nearly one -third the collapse of the shadow banking system brookings institution some forms of securitization capital more than a quarter 45 % 20 % $13 trillion $8 .8 trillion serious loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth tens of millions future profits much worse global economic collapse ubs three quarters iceland capital injection more than a third 14 .4 % 21 .5 % the rest of the world recession in the u .s. close to zero $251 billion 300 ,000 sound economic policymaking and good governance falls in trade arab world foreign direct investment global downturn lower oil prices oil prices 10 .1 % 33 6 % 1983 patent applications faulty risk -weightings financial engineering basel iii regulations johan norberg capital ratios june 2009 june 2009 2008 more quickly than it began , the banking crisis is over." january 27 , 2010 `` emerging '' and `` developing '' economies 69 % global economic growth 31 % advanced economies krugman december 2010 2006 commercial mortgage -backed securities the crisis in commercial real estate collateralized debt obligation $70 trillion roughly doubled in size mortgage -backed security u .s. treasury bonds collateralized debt obligation extending or increasing the housing bubble investment -grade ratings single pool securities with lower priority over 20 % mid -2006 nearly 1 .3 million 81 % 14 .4 % 1 .0 % to combat a perceived risk of deflation a housing bubble excessive credit growth lower interest rates $650 billion 5 .8 % asia and oil -exporting nations capital account foreign funds july 2004 adjustable -rate mortgage inversely raised the fed funds rate dramatically declined in value citigroup 220 60 % 1 ,600 over 80 % clayton holdings 54 % 23 28 % 900 ,000 predatory lending countrywide financial adjustable rate mortgage -lrb -arm -rrb- negative amortization classic bait -and -switch california attorney general jerry brown adjustable rate mortgages -lrb -arms -rrb- disappeared office of thrift supervision weak credit paul krugman timothy geithner oecd regulatory framework basel became highly leveraged complex government bankruptcy complex financial instruments five financial shock capital requirements over $4 .1 trillion lehman brothers saving more during adverse economic conditions paradox of thrift can cause or deepen a recession hyman minsky their assets janet yellen we were in a recession recession cancelling planned investments balance sheet deleveraging financial innovation adjustable -rate mortgage cds mortgage -backed securities -lrb -mbs -rrb- expanded dramatically q1 2007 $20 billion over $180 billion 36 % under $20 billion innovative financial products multiplied the number of actors connected indirect information computer models of rating agencies 2005 interest rates or fees pricing of risk lack of transparency about banks ' risk exposures straightforward , readily understandable format far more disruptive risk inherent with financial innovation a variety of reasons approximately 32 cents on the dollar approximately five cents for every dollar $450bn aig credit default swaps september 2008 over $180 billion a premium george soros more complex the originators of synthetic products the banks international bond rating agencies world scientific 2006 merrill lynch some of the copula limitations 2006 timothy geithner 2009 `` parallel '' banking system shadow banking system maturity mismatch spring of 2007 fall of 2008 more than a third brookings institution a number of years mark zandi securitization markets close to $2 trillion less than $150 billion talf rapid increases nearly tripled from $50 to $147 plunging monetary policy gasoline michael greenberger intercontinentalexchange goldman sachs , morgan stanley and bp intercontinentalexchange -lrb -ice -rrb- london and new york ailsa mckay mainstream economics feminist economics a reshaping raghuram rajan 2005 at a celebration honouring alan greenspan `` has financial development made the world riskier ? '' tail risks raghuram rajan great moderation dirk bezemer as a vindication alan greenspan businessweek great depression the wharton school nouriel roubini `` dr . doom '' nassim nicholas taleb david brooks the breakdown of the banking system banking stocks phil dow 50 % 54 .7 % floyd norris northern rock bank of england september 2007 february 2008 northern rock the borrower’s income appraisals poor risky issuing criteria half 63 77 50 poorest families european commission at brussels 0 .1 % −1 .0 % the imf 3 % expand money supplies enacted large fiscal stimulus packages lender -of -last -resort expanded liquidity facilities self -reinforcing decline credit freeze us $2 .5 trillion $1 .5 trillion joseph stiglitz investing internationally in emerging markets a series of regulatory proposals consumer protection proprietary paul volcker paul volcker may 2010 december 2009 volcker rule senate bailout of banks trillions of u .s. dollars august 9 , 2007 2012 bnp paribas 2004 2009 escalate subprime capital levin–coburn report glass -steagall act financial crisis inquiry commission credit rating agencies regulatory mortgage -backed securities collateralized debt obligations major global financial institutions institutions and investors around the world mortgage payments and housing prices trillions of u .s. dollars foreclosure late 2006 other loan types foreclosure epidemic investment banks and hedge funds investment banks and hedge funds financialization deregulation u .s. government policy mbs slowing economic activity central banks governments large loan defaults or mbs losses january 2011 the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation federal reserve key policy makers financial firms tough competition 2003 2004–2007 2004–2007 government -sponsored enterprises -lrb -gses -rrb- six paul krugman government affordable housing policy gse loans 4 13 million over $2 trillion fannie mae and freddie mac hud 6 office of federal housing enterprise oversight -lrb -ofheo -rrb- bush administration september 10 , 2003 the hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation house financial services committee $467 billion 10 % community reinvestment act 25 % 25 % 1995 $4 .5 trillion high -interest -rate loans -lrb -3 percentage points over average -rrb- prime after the terrorist attack on september 11 , 2001 credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos. derivatives portfolio magazine derivatives credit default swaps , collateralized debt obligations and synthetic cdos substandard low or no downpayments it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans 1997–2007 krugman 160 the saint -barthélemy channel little turtle rocks the renaissance satellite islets saint -barthélemoise french 500–700 french racially saint martin five in march 2012 15 july 2007 nineteen september 2014 the european union one 2008 thirteen agricultural production sweet potato salt fishing gustavia the rich and famous 200 ,000 €61 ,200 ,000 wealth generated by wealthy tourists by airplane 25 58 portugal 12 400 succulent the eastern part several hundred sea grapes the pacific islands aloe or aloe vera cereus south america 1773 barbary may december turtles jellyfish amidst tall sea grasses pearly -pink conch shallow waters ghost garbage and sewerage 1 .200 sea turtles anchoring reserve naturelle mooring buoys the swedes gustav adolph 1787 ruins la pointe over 70 in the hotels les petits creux spicier gastronomic every alternate year concarneau boats 10 m two the north coast charters princess juliana international airport sint maarten gustaf iii france saint -barth english ouanalao west volcanic 9 ,035 gustavia swedish the winter holiday season guadeloupe 2003 2007 hotel de la collectivité a senator colombier bay small visible coral reef shallow a marine reserve 22 15 leeward windward windsurfing arid 2 ,500 1000 mm november 13 °c 1744 1785 carénage gustavia the caribbean war st . barts municipal museum musée territorial de st . -barthélemy gustavia british creole molecular biology and genetics dna rna hans winkler 1920 university of hamburg biome , rhizome half meiosis mitochondria and chloroplasts genomics single genes or groups of genes sequenced c -value paradox trichomoniasis 60 ,000 three times walter fiers bacteriophage ms2 fred sanger institute for genomic research 1996 us national institutes of health mouse puffer fish december 2013 130 ,000 massive parallel sequencing manteia predictive medicine james d . watson the structure of dna genome map the human genome project jean weissenbach genoscope genome composition evolutionary history prokaryotes and eukaryotes exon -intron mammals and plants pathogenic microbe virus plasmids plants , protozoa and animals plastome mitochondrial genome genome size morphological complexity repetitive dna minimal genomes in vivo and in silico protein -coding genes and rna -coding genes proportion of non -repetitive dna genome size e . coli c . elegans and fruit fly 20 % tandem repeats and interspersed repeats proportion of repetitive dna tandem repeats satellite dna and microsatellites interspersed repeats. transposable elements genome evolution retrotransposons dna transposons rna cut and paste rna karyotype genome size , gene order , codon usage bias , and gc -content duplications genetic novelty horizontal gene transfer microbes chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes comprehensive school selective school system england and wales 90 % gesamtschule design and technology and vocational learning sixth form colleges and further education colleges city technology colleges and specialist schools programmes 164 1965 neighbourhood academies programme , free schools and university technical colleges 1970s 7 to 16 comprehensive remedial the hauptschulabschluss , the realschulabschluss or the abitur 50 % less than 1 % stadtteilschule sekundarschule 2010/2011 college preparatory classes abitur hauptschule grade inflation barbara sommer sigrid beer christian democratic union alliance '90/the greens bright working class students middle class peers hauptschule helmut fend tripartite system 1972 sixth form a -levels 1966 patrick hillery vocational school system community school 1970s the state the denominational basis of the schools community colleges 1946 london county council holyhead county school 1949 woodlands boys school anthony crosland secretary of state for education secondary technical schools margaret thatcher comprehensive conservative 1975 neighbourhood comprehensives comprehensive schools sandwell and dudley james callaghan comprehensive school labour education reform act 1988 specialisation league tables of school performance comprehensive specialist schools 2005 scotland england and wales république du congo central african republic gabon cameroon central africa bantu 1960 denis sassou nguesso president fourth oil revenues pygmy 1500 bc bantu diogo cão portuguese commodities , manufactured goods , and people late 19th century bantu societies 1880 pierre de brazza middle congo french equatorial africa 14 ,000 brazzaville brazzaville conference of 1944 1946 the fourth republic 1958 the aef the republic of the congo 1959 august 15 , 1960 fulbert youlou alphonse massamba -débat labour elements and rival political parties congolese military massamba -débat scientific socialism cuban september 1968 marien ngouabi people 's republic of the congo congolese labour party 1972 march 16 , 1977 eastern bloc the soviet union dictatorship political repression pascal lissouba imf civil war enhanced structural adjustment facility lissouba and sassou cobras angolan october milongo seven years january 2002 april 2003 sassou congolese observatory of human rights very low multi -party congolese labour party parti congolais du travail corruption revelations france march 27 , 2015 third the government one 10 bantus pets december 30 , 2010 4°n and 5°s 11° and 19°e atlantic ocean cabinda angola brazzaville congo river kinshasa democratic republic of the congo coastal plain kouilou -niari river plateau forests equator 24 °c -lrb -75 °f -rrb- 16 °c -lrb -61 °f -rrb - and 21 °c -lrb -70 °f -rrb- june to august wildlife conservation society sangha region inhospitable swamps petroleum budget problems and overstaffing forestry 65 % 92 % large -scale development projects 5 % 50 % 46 % civil war slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict december 1998 stimulating recovery and reducing poverty natural gas and diamonds 2007 base metal , gold , iron and phosphate organization for the harmonization of business law in africa 200 ,000 hectares land , air and water 1930s paris atlantic ocean southwest 534 -kilometre -lrb -332 mi -rrb- 62 kongo 2 % 12 % about 9 ,000 french around 300 catholics 22 .3 % 19 .9 % 1 .6 % foreign workers 8 .9 % 2 .8 % $30 20 560 female genital mutilation 59 .34 16 44 % baccalaureate french executive cabinet civil service westminster system ceremonial ensure the passage of bills royal prerogative parliament first lord of the treasury and minister for the civil service minister of defence 1625 cardinal richelieu france louis xiv 18th century sir robert walpole thomas cromwell godolphin clarendon the monarch the monarch harley and st john clarendon glorious revolution bill of rights house of commons george i 1714 hanover twenty -one years whig doctrine of cabinet solidarity resign lord melbourne parliamentarians and legal scholars george ii and george iii benjamin disraeli 1905 president sheikh khalifah bin sulman al khalifah 1970 bahrain parliamentary republics parliamentary republics premier of the state council taiwan legislature cohabitation resignation of the government bangladesh 's the process of his/her appointment and dismissal the national people 's congress zŏnglĭ the constitution act 1982 federal and provincial first ministers constitution first decade of the twentieth century balfour 1905 margaret thatcher 1979 1990 cabinet taoiseach the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament after every general election lower house of parliament upper houses vote of confidence head of state resignation of the prime minister and his or her government prime minister 1918 1937 the executive council cabinet spill motion chairman of the government rosh hamemshalah president of the government -lrb -presidente del gobierno -rrb- taoiseach president of the council of ministers statsminister premier germany and austria minister of state secretary of state president non -commonwealth countries right honourable her majesty 's most honourable privy council canada devolved first minister pradhan mantri wazir -e-azam grand vizier office of the prime minister cabinet office it 19th century école polytechnique greek polytechnic the berg -schola world war ii collegium carolinum 1794 institutions of higher education 1992 university of westminster regent street polytechnics university of technology college of advanced education system tafe melbourne polytechnic 2009 seven fachhochschule master 's degrees hogeschool academization four three cambodia affiliate schools quebec public funding polytechnics canada collaborative institute -industry projects 1895 capital university half 1997 the geophysics institute quito astronomical observatory national polytechnic school 1873 one the country 's development 50 instituts de technologie 180 160 finland ammattikorkeakoulus yrkeshögskola technology institut universitaire de technologie iut fachhochschule polytechnicum 18th escola politécnica 1970s teaching business tu research medicine nine 17 290 ,000 saxony niedersächsische technische hochschule higher education reform act the hong kong polytechnic hong kong technical college 1984 hong kong university of science and technology 1994 copper 1735 court chamber of vienna 16 30 aicte diploma in engineering four three regional technical college dublin institute of technology politecnico two genoa imperial college of engineering sciences malaysia unesco ipoh 32 60 ,840 87 ,440 university of technology , mauritius technology new zealand universal college of learning 1989 wellington polytechnic 1990s central institute of technology north island auckland university of technology 10th trades three be f .sc politechnika bacharelatos bologna process millennia institute 5 three queen maria theresa 1735 silver and gold 1764 teaching technikons 1993 2004 technical colleges bachelor 's degrees pathumwan institute of technology king mongkut 's university of technology thonburi institute of technology and vocational education sirindhorn international institute of technology suranaree university of technology 1989 mahanakorn university of technology bursa technical university six ankara and trabzon 1970 the uk council for national academic awards central institutions royal polytechnic institution two loughborough university of technology 1960s the further and higher education act 1992 cnaa university colleges 20th century high school 1824 massachusetts institute of technology middle class 1950s caracas dr . federico rivero palacio world wide web internet archive san francisco brewster kahle and bruce gilliat three dimensional index linux if the content has changed to archive the entire internet the rocky and bullwinkle show mr . peabody and sherman wabac machine 1996 crawlers robots exclusion standard archive -it .org digital tape researchers and scientists fifth anniversary university of california , berkeley snapshots six months variable after august 2008 jeff kaplan november 2010 three petabytes 12 terabytes/month petabox rack systems capricorn technologies 2009 sun open storage sun microsystems ' california campus 2011 march 2011 2008 2010 save a page october 2013 netbula , llc v . chordiant software inc. chordiant the robots .txt file internet archive chordiant magistrate judge howard lloyd northern district of california , san jose division chordiant tvp polonia the dish network magistrate judge arlander keys district court judge ronald guzman in examining a patent application authoritative statement of the archivist technical underlying links forms e -commerce copyright laws delete pages from its system faq scientology the site owner church of scientology harding earley follmer & frailey healthcare advocates internet archive the dmca and the computer fraud and abuse act voluntary robots .txt robots .txt internet archive suzanne shell profane -justice .org northern district of california district of colorado april 25 , 2007 internet archive suzanne shell dmca requests federal court of canada the united provinces -lrb -verenigde provinciën -rrb - , federated dutch provinces -lrb -foederatae belgii provinciae -rrb - , and dutch federation -lrb -belgica foederata -rrb- from 1581 , when part of the netherlands separated from spanish rule , until 1795 batavian republic , the kingdom of holland , the united kingdom of the netherlands , and ultimately the modern kingdom of the netherlands netherlands , belgium , and luxembourg flanders the house of burgundy and subsequently the house of habsburg holy roman emperor charles v 1568 high taxes , persecution of protestants by the government , and philip 's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved -medieval government structures of the provinces 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the low countries the act of abjuration 1581 to support each other in their defence against the spanish army 1582 1583 10 july 1584 elizabeth i 1588 a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 france the batavian republic 1813 `` united provinces of the netherlands '' and `` united netherlands '' austrian netherlands , luxembourg and liège the dutch golden age the county of holland 1602 rotterdam six amsterdam 1590–1712 africa and the pacific breaking the portuguese sphere of influence on the indian ocean and in the orient seven the states general -lrb -staten -generaal in dutch -rrb - , the federal government representatives of each of the seven provinces the county of drenthe this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes raadspensionaris the stadtholder the stadtholder the states of each province the princes of orange of the house of orange -nassau , beginning with william the silent zeeland and usually utrecht orangists republicans the peace of westphalia federally -governed generality lands -lrb -generaliteitslanden -rrb- staats -brabant -lrb -present north brabant -rrb - , staats -vlaanderen -lrb -present zeeuws -vlaanderen -rrb - , staats -limburg -lrb -around maastricht -rrb - and staats -oppergelre -lrb -around venlo , after 1715 -rrb- the states general of the united provinces holland and/or zeeland the framers of the us constitution james madison the act of abjuration , essentially the declaration of independence of the united provinces the union of utrecht of 20 january 1579 personal religion william of orange catholic services the reformed church the time period and regional or city leaders fined 200 guilders -lrb -a year 's wage for a skilled tradesman -rrb - and banned from the city personal freedom of religion predestination the struggle between arminianism and gomarism , or between remonstrants and contra -remonstrants the synod of dort in the 18th century as long as their services took place secretly in private churches greek lichens german 130 years obligate facultative lichens mistletoe disjunctive symbiosis endosymbiosis insects frankia algae barnacles lice exosymbiosis interspecies reciprocal altruism lifelong mutualistic coral reefs fix carbon from the air mycorrhyzal ocellaris clownfish a special mucus mutual symbiosis the goby fish its tail non -obligate the late 1980s nutrition the galapagos islands nutrients specialized cells vertical transmission drastic reduction in its genome size muller 's ratchet phenomenon lack of selection mechanisms latin commensalism inquilinism metabiosis phoresy a parasitic relationship necrotrophic biotrophic as many as half a tick amensalism competition and antibiosis competition juglone weevils shrub amensalism synnecrosis death uncommon to protect the hive the evolution of all eukaryotes plants , animals , fungi , and protists symbiosis dorion sagan a major role nectar and large sticky pollen dependent forces armées canadiennes the national defence act her majesty forces canadiennes four the national defence act queen elizabeth ii the governor general of canada the chief of the defence staff the armed forces council. cold war the security of europe the soviet military threat the early 1950s the early 1990s the north atlantic treaty organization -lrb -nato -rrb- international security operations afghanistan 2002 out of area canada first defence strategy 2008 six core missions north america conduct of canadian defence diplomacy deployment of canadian defence attachés the american air forces military training relationship -building efforts 1867 french and british forces european powers the american revolutionary war invasion by the united states the british crown -in -council halifax 1906 the department of militia and defence november 1940 second boer war british command the first world war second world war korean war more than 200 operations 72 cold war , first gulf war , kosovo war united nations peacekeeping operations an aircraft carrier the normandy landings the strategic bombing of german cities the battle of vimy ridge croatia the largest volunteer army ever the soviet union japanese 1 february 1968 the royal canadian navy , canadian army , and royal canadian air force the british government 1931 the first world war canadian armed forces after the 1980s 2013 canadian forces land forces 2011 isaf the government of afghanistan peacekeeping approximately $20 .1 billion 74th in size approximately 119 ,000 2020 around 124 ,000 the canada first defence strategy through the purchase of new equipment , improved training and readiness loss of existing members main battle tanks , artillery , unmanned air vehicles c -130 hercules ch -47 chinook heavy -lift helicopters 2006 medicine , communication , logistics , and administration 1971 vehicle drivers and mechanics , aircraft mechanics , air -traffic controllers the department changed its policies canadian charter of rights and freedoms infantry , armoured corps , field artillery , air -defence artillery 5 february 1987 the minister of national defence combat -related employment of women 1989 submarine service 100 percent the government of jean chretien equipment must be suitable for a mixed -gender force combat helmets , rucksacks , combat boots an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments it begins at the top with the most senior -ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations. the canadian constitution the governor general troop deployment and disposition orders the monarch or governor general the advice of his or her ministers in cabinet 115 ,349 the chief of the defence staff the governor general ottawa , ontario the heads of the royal canadian navy , the canadian army , the royal canadian air force and other key level 1 organizations. 27 saint -jean -sur -richelieu canadian forces leadership and recruit school 33 halifax the naval reserve headquarters -lrb -navreshq -rrb- nato exercises commander of the canadian army four divisions the 2nd canadian division , the 3rd canadian division , the 4th canadian division and the 5th canadian division the 5th canadian division the 5th canadian division three one tactical helicopter squadron a field ambulance cfb gagetown , cfb montreal and cfb wainwright. the commander of the royal canadian air force winnipeg eleven tactical commander alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba winnipeg and north bay geilenkirchen , germany airborne early warning force labrador joint task force -lrb -north -rrb- a chain of forward operating locations fighter operations cf -18 squadrons arctic sovereignty patrols. october 2012 canada command , the canadian expeditionary force command and the canadian operational support command the 2012 federal budget the canadian special operations forces command generating special operations forces cjoc cfb trenton 427 electronic warfare and the protection of the armed forces ' communications and computer networks cfs leitrim in ottawa design and build cyber warfare capabilities june 2011 the director general cyber the canadian armed forces joint task force domestic support in times of national emergency or threat primary and supplementary chief of reserves and cadets the naval reserve -lrb -navres -rrb - , land force reserve -lrb -lfr -rrb - , and air reserve -lrb -airres -rrb- cadet organizations administration and training service 12 to 18 years officers of the cadet instructors cadre reserve force sub -component coats provide surveillance and patrol services in canada 's arctic reserve force canada 's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory service dress gloves , swords , and medals operational dress is now the daily uniform approved parkas a ceremonial/regimental full dress beret , wedge cap , ballcap coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn the beret cg634 helmet the constitution of canada 2005 the principal clergy of rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. a church in rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses cardinal ninth century tituli cardo the church of england the deacons of the seven regions of the city 8th century 769 nicholas ii the papal bull in nomine domini 1244 pope innocent iv cardinal 747 1567 pope zacharias 747 pius v. 1567 1563 pope pius iv 1563 pope pius iv french kings secular affairs. cardinal richelieu cardinal richelieu henry , king of portugal 70 comprising six cardinal bishops , 50 cardinal priests , and 14 cardinal deacons. pope john xxiii 120 80 120 the number of cardinals generally a church in the city of rome or one of the suburbicarian sees the dean of the college of cardinals titular bishopric of ostia 1630 pope urban viii prince the pope and crowned monarchs pope urban viii `` cardinal -lsb -first name -rsb - -lsb -surname -rsb - '' cardinal -lsb -first name -rsb - -lsb -surname -rsb- by placing the title `` cardinal '' -lrb -abbreviated card . -rrb - after their personal name and before their surname sanctae ecclesiae cardinalis because they do not belong to the roman clergy -lsb -first name -rsb - cardinal -lsb -surname -rsb- cardinal 1378 1378 no the cardinalate cardinal bishops cardinals of the episcopal order cardinal bishops a roman priest to preserve apostolic succession he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia. he is consecrated by the dean of the college of cardinals , the cardinal bishop of ostia. seven 1150 until 1914 pope pius x ostia , albano , porto and santa rufina , palestrina , sabina and mentana , frascati and velletri 1962 ostia cardinal vicar of the see of rome is apostolic administrator. 1962 ostia the cardinal vicar of the see of rome college of cardinals the pope a gold ring the pope a galero. 1969 scarlet biretta eastern catholic cardinals willingness to die for his faith rochet the scarlet color of cardinals ' vesture 1460s the cardinalate expires pope martin v marry 1917 only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals perform the functions reserved solely to bishops , such as ordination 1962 1917 1962 collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the holy see and present the results to the college of cardinals the cardinal protodeacon from the central balcony at the basilica of saint peter in vatican city state pope john paul i white 30 10 years about half third seven deacons in the papal household cardinal deacons the cardinal who is the longest -serving member of the order of cardinal priests paulo evaristo arns of brazil the pope a suburbicarian see cardinal deacons cardinal bishops cardinal priests priests chosen by the pope a titular church in rome 1587 70 pope john xxiii iranic languages indo -iranian languages indo -european language family 400 bce middle persian 86 proto -iranian persian and sanskrit 1836 christian lassen robert needham cust 1878 proto -iranian central asia andronovo 2000 bc indo -european southeastern europe , the iranian plateau , and central asia linguistic diversity two the behistun inscription 520 bc 4th century bc avestan zoroastrianism rigvedic sanskrit old persian kurdish scythian western and eastern old persian avestan *ć and *dź first -series palatal consonants nuristani languages *ćw and *dźw consonant clusters other distinct dialect groups alanian/scytho -sarmatian old parthian 9th century western and eastern eastern avestan aramaic greek script pahlavi 3rd century ce middle persian , parthian and sogdian syriac script islam dari saffarid 875 ce khorasan arabic script second half of the 8th century tajik script the 1930s the soviet government khuzestan sogdian and bactrian 6th century ad zarafshan valley saka daylighting positive energy consumption artificial light sources lighting or illumination daylighting lighting positive energy consumption lighting or illumination light fixtures indoor lighting lighting light fixtures lighting 1939 recessed lighting 400 ,000 bce birds and fish campfires or torches 15 ,000 years incandescent light early 1800s urban crime. lighting fixtures visual glare lumen per watt 6400 incandescent bulb blue -white lower color temperature light produced by the fixture. lightolier master transformer cable lighting 12 or 24 volts torchiere table lamp task lighting dark nightclub illuminated ceiling accent lighting small lights led based versions translucent tube street lights photovoltaic luminaires floodlights security lighting entry lights red white or selective yellow late 1950s white turn signals light bulbs electrical energy 60 w 800 lumens architectural lighting design kno radiance tabular daylight factor calculation. dark paint light paint photometric studies lighting cues stage lighting candela -lrb -cd -rrb- cd/m2 stilb lumen -lrb -lm -rrb- luminosity function lux unified glare rating correlated color temperature color rendering index cri cct gamut area index gai ano light dosimeters daysimeter circadian light meter 30 short -wavelength light specification of illumination requirements lighting control wireless mesh open standards zigbee no occupancy sensors changes in heat ultrasonic sensors no daylighting not leds nonimaging optics higher lighting levels alzheimer 's disease 24 disrupt the natural circadian cycle robert ulrich no no university of toronto scarborough northwestern university dr . abraham gesner 1849 coal -gas methods compact fluorescent lamps not 10 % 50 ,000 50 ,000 hours 70 % light pollution glare searchlights and flares light infrared cameras flares laser -guided and gps weapons international commission on illumination the illuminating engineering society of north america ansi and ashrae distribution of light released the international association of lighting designers the professional lighting designers association elda ncqlp the national council on qualifications for the lighting professions lc clep and clmc the professional lighting and sound association uk 500+ restriction of hazardous substances directive separation of powers three united states constitution checks and balances separation of powers john locke thomas hobbes montesquieu the framers of the united states constitution john locke thomas hobbes montesquieu uk parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government separate and distinct united kingdom a member of the court of appeals congress clinton v . city of new york 1998 congress nondelegation doctrine clinton v . city of new york 1998 wayman v . southard 1825 john marshall the judiciary wayman v . southard john marshall the 1930s national recovery administration 1935 1935 schechter poultry corp . v . united states army and navy senate impeachment quasi -judicial executive the president impeachment congress the performance of their duties ins v . chadha 1983 two -thirds judicial president senate constitutional courts judicial power the president the senate legislative courts judicial power of the united states president the president the vice president the president the president the president congress the senate courts marbury v . madison the supreme court congress the supreme court the chief justice james madison federalist 51 congress two one twelve andrew jackson fifteen tenure of office act grover cleveland grover cleveland franklin roosevelt congress national security checks and balances the supreme court the florida supreme court the florida supreme court architectural architectura architecture architectural works architectural achievements greek ἀρχι - `` chief '' and τέκτων `` builder '' buildings and other physical structures as works of art historical civilizations de architectura roman architect vitruvius 1st century ad. firmness , commodity and delight. de architectura vitruvius architect firmitas , utilitas , venustas firmness , commodity and delight 16th century vasari italian , french , spanish and english architect leon battista alberti proportion the golden mean 16th augustus welby northmore pugin 1836 contrasts 1836 modern , industrial world gothic john ruskin john ruskin art critic 1849 to his mental health , power , and pleasure not the aesthetic it is in some way `` adorned '' string courses or rustication 20th -century le corbusier architect 20th -century heart i am happy function aesthetic , psychological and cultural vitruvius all criteria of the use , perception and enjoyment of a building both popularity and skepticism rationalism , empiricism , structuralism , poststructuralism , and phenomenology. philosophies their approach to building design poststructuralism late 20th century sustainability environment non -sustainable power sources shelter , security , worship knowledge a craft architecture building materials vernacular buildings a surplus in production trial and error vernacular rural urbanization rapidly egypt and mesopotamia egypt and mesopotamia the divine and the supernatural political power kao gong ji china 7th–5th centuries bce manjusri vasthu vidya sastra shilpa shastras pantheistic religion buddhist architecture 3rd century bce the macrocosm and the microcosm the shastras buddhist pantheistic religion european architecture 7th century ce byzantium religious and social needs pointed arch abbeys and cathedrals. abbeys and cathedrals clerics and tradesmen pan -european romanesque 900 ce onwards 1400 1400 onwards europe renaissance role of the individual artist , architect and engineer functional , technical , social , environmental and aesthetic form , space and ambience pragmatic aspects nunzia rondanini through its aesthetic dimension social life social development functional aspects art for art 's sake quest for perfection or originality form civic ideals new building types religious or empirical ones architectural `` style '' ancient time specific formal prescriptions canons 1st -century bce religious guilds written contracts ecclesiastical buildings magister lathomorum proportions and structure generalist architecture and engineering technical aspects of building design `` gentleman architect '' context and feasibility in the offices of other architects mass production and consumption ornamented products aesthetics pattern books and architectural journals current architectural design 20th modern architecture 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects the bauhaus school avant -garde movement the middle and working classes the rapidly declining aristocratic order functionalist historical references and ornament frank lloyd wright robie house and fallingwater to promote harmony the industrial revolution steel -frame construction international style twin towers minoru yamasaki decorative richness paul rudolph , marcel breuer , and eero saarinen unfinished concrete postwar generation the school of metaphoric architecture biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture nature expressionist architecture the late 1950s and 1960s modernism human experience robert venturi `` ducks '' since the 1980s one person modernism and postmodernism environmental sustainability the environment frank lloyd wright buckminster fuller the u .s. green building council new urbanism , metaphoric architecture and new classical architecture solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. smart growth , architectural tradition and classical design modernist and globally uniform architecture life expectancy , education , and income per capita longer mahbub ul haq united nations development programme longer 2010 inequality -adjusted human development index the ihdi the hdi 1990 amartya sen people -centered policies 1990 life expectancy at birth mean years of schooling expected years of schooling gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita the united nations development programme december 14 , 2015 2014 july 24 , 2014 2013 inequality the average level cuba very high lack of necessary data north korea march 14 , 2013 2012 the average level barbados barbados 2011 barbados barbados unavailability of certain crucial data north korea november 4 , 2010 2010 income , life expectancy , and education barbados unavailability of certain crucial data cuba high human development country october 5 , 2009 period up to 2007 overcoming barriers: human mobility and development very high human development developed countries being a non -un member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication statistical update an accompanying human development report up to 2006 november 27 , 2007 fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world 2005 2005 brasília , brazil high income countries 0.5 africa 119th 121st gabon and south africa 0.8 brazil russia red arrows green arrows blue dash norway iceland national performance and ranking western global egalitarianism three 2010 the economist 182 169 mediterranean europe iberian peninsula balkan countries southern france political , economic , and cultural attributes geography , climate , and flora the mediterranean climate western and southern coastal regions vegetations and landscapes mountain ranges of spain and italy north coast of spain atlantic climate phytochoria armen takhtajan classical antiquity city -states alexander the great rome constantinople germanic ad 476 300 ad the byzantine empire germanic peoples kingdoms and empires of their own the crusades 1204 genoa and venice the reconquista the byzantine empire the late middle ages the black death the ottoman empire 1453 14th century florence science and theology greek and roman portugal and spain 1648 spain and france galileo galilei guglielmo marconi the rise of colonial empires the columbian exchange manufacturing the industrial revolution of great britain between 1815 and 1871 the ottoman empire 1870 the age of empire 1914 1918 the paris peace conference the nazi regime adolf hitler italy mussolini the warsaw pact european union market rules , competition , legal standards and environmentalism 1989 1991 2013 romance languages italy , san marino , and the vatican eastern spain galician over 40 million hellenic cyprus macedonian bulgarian slovenia english spanish maltese albanian semitic northern spain and southwestern france christianity 380 ad roman catholic greek orthodox regions statistical convenience sub -regions tourism decision metrics european travel commission bbc royal charter 1932 2 november 1936 united kingdom 30 % television production companies 30 september 1929 long acre , london 30 june 1932 30 march 1930 broadcasting house , london telephone line electromechanical 16 portland place , london february 1934 alexandra palace vhf 240 405 monday to saturday six months farnsworth image dissector 13 february 1937 40 kilometres 1938 rca a british television set brookmans park 2 august 1932 opening of the bbc television service king george vi and queen elizabeth september 1939 vhf transmissions the radar programme mickey 's gala premier before the end of the cartoon 18 ,999 jasmine bligh 7 june 1946 lime grove studios mickey mouse birmingham sutton coldfield transmitting station 405 -line interlaced image vhf bbc tv itv doctor who alexandra palace itv bbc2 massive power failure battersea power station denis tuohy bbc two 15 november 1969 soap opera or standard news programming sir david attenborough documentaries 1967 2000 2 cbbc bbc natural history unit the 1950s life on earth , the private life of plants , the blue planet , the life of mammals , planet earth and frozen planet fifteen wales , scotland and northern ireland local announcers major local events give my head peace river city gaelic eòrpa and dè a -nis ? patrick kielty almost live 25 % the simpsons neighbours teletext 1974 bbci may 2003 astra 2d satellite 14 july £85 million western europe hollywood studios and sporting organisations sky digital scottish premier league and scottish cup football 5 july 2004 dvd newsreel little angels jana bennett bbc vision the onset of new media outlets and technology 2008 november 2008 keeping up appearances nearly 1000 bbc worldwide annually advertisements and subscription 2013 danny cohen commissioning , producing , scheduling and broadcasting december 2004 april 2006 general entertainment july 30 , 1947 alois two 15 seven conan the barbarian 20 arnie 2011 republican gray davis january 5 , 2007 austria jadrny gustav chief of police meinhard refrigerator soccer john wayne police officer steve reeves 1971 patrick stroke barbara baker fortune mr . universe junior mr . europe 1966 london reg park legs four rolf putziger 10 21 new york ric drasin la weekly arnold: the education of a bodybuilder santa monica college transcendental meditation anxiety the arnold classic monthly $250 ,000 executive editor junior mr . europe seven half an hour munich stone -lifting contest 1969 sergio oliva 1970 23 franco columbu 1975 mr . olympia pumping iron three months jeff bridges conan seven seven 1977 dr . willi heepe $10 ,000 the globe hercules strong robert altman new male star of the year weird 1991 1980 the incredible hulk the villain conan the destroyer 1984 james cameron sylvester stallone 1987 twins $10 million christmas in connecticut tales from the crypt terminator 2: judgment day the national association of theatre owners true lies junior $150 million 82 forum stadtpark the kid & i the governator stan lee with wings as eagles randall wallace may 20 10 years escape plan terminator genisys 2015 2004 `` stop the madness '' 1988 george h .w. bush conan the republican 1999 the hollywood reporter august 6 , 2003 one 55 .4 % cruz bustamante 1 .3 million 31 % john g . downey willie brown hans and franz november four susan kennedy phil angelides san francisco united states senate wendy leigh sargent shriver the simpsons movie 1983 austrian john mccain rudy giuliani the environment and economy citizens for responsibility and ethics in washington 89 % 23 % gropegate six los angeles times bathing suit gq marijuana anna richardson the 6th day los angeles times 1968 peter pilz september 27 , 2006 refineries 2020 the northeast solar panels 2009 carbon dioxide emissions detroit article ii , section i , clause v the new york post columbia university index cards 30 franco columbu san fernando earthquake $10 ,000 planet hollywood 2000 the hard rock cafe dimensional fund advisors columbus , ohio oak productions , inc. simon & schuster schatzi on main santa monica little treasure 1998 2011 $38 million 2006 polite society the first apollo moon landing sue moray the robert f . kennedy tennis tournament august 1978 niece hyannis four heather milligan 25 years the los angeles times 20 joseph 2010 bob kaufman schwarzenegger spousal support brigitte nielsen bicuspid 1997 patrick right femur sun valley , idaho van nuys airport 6 '2" herb wesson 5 '10" total recall `` the secret '' october 2012 1992 hummers silver 6 ,300 $21 ,000 california hydrogen highway network u .s. department of energy the inner city games foundation shanghai 400 the usc sol price school of public policy 2012 chairman 60 190 tamar devon plymouth sound mount batten sutton 1620 1646 plymouth colony devonport 1928 plymouth blitz 1967 east stonehouse 261 ,546 30th three santander plymouth university tamari ostia mount batten mouth/estuaries of the tamar 11th south town 1211 king henry vi mouth of the river plym 1340 breton raiders 1596 sutton pool 1512 sir john hawkins sir francis drake 1588 1620 plymouth colony parliamentarians four freedom fields park 1660 drake 's island 18th 17th 1690 river tamar 318 3 ,000 stoke damerel timber devonport stonehouse john foulston union street william cookworthy 1768 chemist john smeaton 2 john rennie 1841 1812 devonport guano devonport scapa flow escort vessels mount batten royal australian air force western approaches command 59 more than 1 ,000 over 3 ,700 sir patrick abercrombie over 1000 over 20 ,000 1962 grade ii ark royal 1971 42 commando of the royal marines domesday book 1086 sudtone 1254 1439 nancy astor plymouth sutton 18 october 1928 1935 plymstock plymouth devonport secretary of state for education 1974 health and safety at work act labour plymouth 250 ,000 1971 local government white paper tamarside 1 april 1974 the banham commission south west england gary streeter conservative moor view three 57 a third brest 2001 king george v six the lord mayor dr john mahony 3 elliot terrace lady astor armada way june 2007 £40m river tamar river plym cornwall plymouth sound 1967 cattewater 1814 drake 's island 30 .83 155 site of special scientific interest lower devonian slates granite upper devonian slates its geology cremyll dartmoor tamar cattedown limestone 27 april 1944 sir patrick abercrombie armada way david mackay 28 temperate oceanic 52 february 20 july atlantic depressions autumn 39 november south -west over 1 ,600 south west england 89 june 1976 4 .25 −8 .8 °c january 1979 25 ,895 22nd 3 ,000 £160 million 1992 the university of st mark & st john teacher training plymouth college of art 26 ,000 153 four two 71 13 three plymouth college devonport high school for girls the royal naval engineering college 1910 dockyard technical college 1994 university of southampton marine biological association sir alister hardy foundation for ocean sciences marine institute plymouth marine sciences partnership national marine aquarium 256 ,384 240 ,720 15 ,664 2.3 0.5 25 % 5 ,169 £19 ,943 £23 ,755 7 .0 % 26 .2 % 78 .3 years 82.1 lowest 12 ,000 7 ,500 1793 plymouth gin distillery the 1930s 10 % devonport dockyard 270 500 hemsley fraser pannier market 1959 29th tinside pool £3 .4 million `` vision for plymouth '' david mackay the plymouth chamber of commerce 300 ,000 33 ,000 2004 october 2006 cattedown the riba stirling prize for architecture in 2003 david mackay the bretonside bus station the plymouth pavilions entertainment arena millbay the parkway 40 tamar bridge plymouth city airport first south west brittany ferries roscoff mv armorique stonehouse 1204 plymouth city airport 6 2018 flyplymouth 1877 great western railway cornish main line three crosscountry 4 february 2014 130 4 april 2014 february 2014 150 1858 st andrew 's anglican over twenty moses 1762 grade ii* ashkenazi 58 .1 % 0 .8 % 32 .9 % 24 .7 % 7 % 1815 charlie chaplin 30s sailors from the royal navy british firework championships august 2006 roy lowry university of plymouth 1992 1 ,315 200 free six 2009 bbc south west itv west country 16 february 2009 itv west bbc radio devon plymouth argyle f .c. football league two home park the pilgrims vospers oak villa f .c. plymouth albion r .f.c. plymouth raiders 1875 plymouth pavilions 1983 1823 september 2011 nine 1973 plymouth county borough corporation 24 april 1591 river meavy 1801 plymouth city council south west water western power distribution 2009 plympton 1836 crownhill five millbay docks devon and cornwall constabulary derriford hospital 6 royal eye infirmary south western ambulance service nhs foundation trust exeter 2007 weston mill drake memorial park a brass plaque mid -19th century 1666 english civil war 1759 23 armada memorial sutton 1620 mayflower steps 400 100 crownhill fort north the landmark trust west over 70 south -east cornwall kingsand tamar valley henning larsen 2008 university of plymouth arts the city 's central quarter plymothians janners cousin jan john tavistock el draco 1596 dysentery sir joshua reynolds robert lenkiewicz plymouth college of art jazz keith rowe trematon castle footballer canadian lyndon b . johnson clear and present danger comedian |