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hippocrates

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PubmedNext_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:unable to grow on glucose under anaerobic condition. mutant to operate the PP pathway as the sole glycolytic route, was unsuccessful. , could be successfully co-produced at high yields close to their theoretical maximums.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The strains developed in this study should be applicable for the production of other biofuels and biochemicals, which requires supply of excessive reducing power under anaerobic conditions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Use of information and communication technology such as smart phone, smart watch, smart glass and portable health monitoring devices for healthcare services has made Mobile Health (mHealth) an emerging research area. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is considered as a leading cause of death world wide and an increasing number of people die prematurely due to CHD. Under such circumstances, there is a growing demand for a reliable cardiac monitoring system to catch the intermittent abnormalities and detect critical cardiac behaviors which lead to sudden death. Use of mobile devices to collect Electrocardiography (ECG), Seismocardiography (SCG) data and efficient analysis of those data can monitor a patient's cardiac activities for early warning. This paper presents a novel cardiac data acquisition method and combined analysis of Electrocardiography (ECG) and multi channel Seismocardiography (SCG) data. An early warning system is implemented to monitor the cardiac activities of a person and accuracy assessment of the early warning system is conducted for the ECG data only.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The assessment shows 88% accuracy and effectiveness of our proposed analysis, which implies the viability and applicability of the proposed early warning system." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:gene. Both GC1 lineages accumulated resistance to newer antibiotics through various genetic mechanisms, including the acquisition of plasmids and transposons or mutations in chromosomal genes. Our data show that GC1 has diversified into multiple successful extensively antibiotic-resistant subclones that differ in their surface structures.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This has important implications for all avenues of control, including epidemiological tracking, antimicrobial therapy and vaccination." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The current study describes a new support system for fine focusing and near-perfect astigmatism correction for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The signal-to-noise ratio of a series of SEM images obtained from fast scan rates (TV scan) was adopted as a new metric for evaluating focus. Measured signal-to-noise ratio values were converted to an acoustic signal (sound wave frequency) using digital image processing techniques, enabling the SEM user to evaluate image focus using the auditory modality. Accurate focusing and correcting astigmatism in general-purpose SEM is traditionally time-consuming and difficult. The proposed system may substantially reduce the required operation time for fine focusing. Moreover, the system is relatively immune to noise, successfully supporting focus and astigmatism correction with very noisy SEM images.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our proposed focus support system may be helpful for general-purpose SEM observation of a variety of specimens under a wide range of operating conditions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:< 0.01) increased in exposed mice compared to controls. Similarly, macrophages in BAL fluid were significantly elevated in exposed mice, but not neutrophils.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "All animals exposed to CNT and euthanized immediately after exposure had changes in the lung tissues showing acute inflammation and injury; however these pathological changes resolved two weeks after the exposure." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:expresses a single dynamin-related protein that functions in membrane trafficking, and is considered to play a similar role to Dyn-1 and Dyn-2 during scission of endocytic vesicles at the plasma membrane. Large parts of the dynamin protein are highly conserved across species and this has enabled us in this study to select a number of disease causing mutations and to generate equivalent mutations in Vps1. We have then studied these mutants using both cellular and biochemical assays to ascertain functions of the protein that have been affected by the changes. Specifically, we demonstrate that the Vps1-G397R mutation (Dyn-2 G358R) disrupts protein oligomerization, Vps1-A447T (Dyn-1 A408T) affects the scission stage of endocytosis, while Vps1-R298L (Dyn-1 R256L) affects lipid binding specificity and possibly an early stage in endocytosis.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, we consider that the yeast model will potentially provide an avenue for rapid analysis of new dynamin mutations in order to understand the underlying mechanisms that they disrupt." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To analyze prioritized outcomes, Buyse (2010) and Pocock et al. (2012) proposed the win loss approach. In this paper, we first study the relationship between the win loss approach and the traditional survival analysis on the time to the first event. We then propose the weighted win loss statistics to improve the efficiency of the unweighted methods. A closed-form variance estimator of the weighted win loss statistics is derived to facilitate hypothesis testing and study design. We also calculated the contribution index to better interpret the results of the weighted win loss approach. Simulation studies and real data analysis demonstrated the characteristics of the proposed statistics.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The popularity of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has led to an increasing number of studies on the development and evaluation of enantioselective CEC systems. Herein, a novel, simple, and economical method for the preparation of chiral stationary phases for enantioselective open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) was reported for the first time. This novel capillary column was fabricated through layer-by-layer self-assembly of GNPs on a 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS)-modified fused-silica capillary and subsequent surface functionalization of the GNPs through self-assembly of thiols β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD). With this method, monolayer and multilayer GNPs film capillary columns were prepared and evaluated using meptazinol and its three intermediate enantiomers as templates. Consequently, the three-layer GNPs capillary column was found to exhibit favorable enantioseparation performance. Factors that influence the chiral separation resolution were examined. Under the optimized conditions, enantioselectivity was obtained for meptazinol and its three intermediate enantiomers (intermediates Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) in less than 20min with resolutions of 2.05, 0.36, 1.67, 1.53, respectively. The proposed column revealed adequate repeatability concerning run-to-run and day-to-day. In brief, these results confirmed the use of GNPs as the electrochromatographic support can enhance the phase ratio of OTC column in capillary electrochromatography (CEC).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Then, this proposed method was well validated with good linearity (≥0.999), recovery (92.0-94.5%) and repeatability, and was successfully used for enantioseparation of meptazinol in spiked urine samples, which indicated the new column's potential usage in biological analysis." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:High resolution scanning Hall probe microscopy has been used to directly visualise the superconducting vortex behavior in hybrid structures consisting of a square array of micrometer-sized Py ferromagnetic disks covered by a superconducting Nb thin film. At remanence the disks exist in almost fully flux-closed magnetic vortex states, but the observed cloverleaf-like stray fields indicate the presence of weak in-plane anisotropy. Micromagnetic simulations suggest that the most likely origin is an unintentional shape anisotropy. We have studied the pinning of added free superconducting vortices as a function of the magnetisation state of the disks, and identified a range of different phenomena arising from competing energy contributions. We have also observed clear differences in the pinning landscape when the superconductor and the ferromagnet are electron ically coupled or insulated by a thin dielectric layer, with an indication of non-trivial vortex-vortex interactions. We demonstrate a complete reconfiguration of the vortex pinning potential when the magnetisation of the disks evolves from the vortex-like state to an onion-like one under an in-plane magnetic field.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions and could form the basis of novel superconducting devices based on reconfigurable vortex pinning sites." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Few studies have assessed autotitrating positive airway pressure (autoPAP) for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. We aimed to review our use of autoPAP for initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in children, and compare autoPAP-derived treatment pressures to CPAP treatment pressure determined by attended polysomnography (PSG). Retrospective review of children initiated on autoPAP from 2013 to 2015. Mean autoPAP pressure (AutoMean pressure) and average device pressure ≤ 90% of time (Auto90 pressure) were taken from downloaded data and compared to the recommended treatment pressure following titration PSG (PSG pressure). < .001), with the significant difference lying between AutoMean and the other two pressures. PSG pressure was greater than or equal to the AutoMean pressure in all cases, and greater than or equal to the Auto90 pressure in 20 out of 26 cases (77%). AutoPAP is a safe and effective means of initiating CPAP in children.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "AutoMean and Auto90 pressures are usually below treatment pressure determined by titration PSG." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This study aimed to identify appropriate development and testing strategies for mobile health applications for cancer survivors. In January of 2016, we conducted a PubMed search for mobile applications for cancer survivors. A total of 32 articles were selected for inclusion, including 13 review articles, and 19 articles describing an mHealth application or intervention. We assessed mobile app development and testing strategies and standards as described in these articles. We identified seven elements of patient empowerment applications for cancer survivors, strategies for application development that take advantage of smartphone capabilities, issues for consideration in developing new applications, and steps for creating user-centered mobile health applications that provide meaningful value for cancer survivors. However, few mobile health apps implemented empowerment elements, underwent rigorous design approaches, or included assessment of use in the cancer survivor population. There is tremendous potential for mobile health apps to benefit cancer survivors. However, there are specific issues for consideration in developing new applications and steps for creating user-centered applications which are not routinely used. This diminishes the value for the cancer survivor population but could be easily addressed through standardized development and testing procedures.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Smartphone applications have the potential to improve the cancer survivorship experience, but users should look for evidence that the application was appropriately developed and tested." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Invasive species are increasing in number, extent and impact worldwide. Effective invasion management has thus become a core socio-ecological challenge. To tackle this challenge, integrating spatial-temporal dynamics of invasion processes with modelling approaches is a promising approach. The inclusion of dynamic processes in such modelling frameworks (i.e. dynamic or hybrid models, here defined as models that integrate both dynamic and static approaches) adds an explicit temporal dimension to the study and management of invasions, enabling the prediction of invasions and optimisation of multi-scale management and governance. However, the extent to which dynamic approaches have been used for that purpose is under-investigated. Based on a literature review, we examined the extent to which dynamic modelling has been used to address invasions worldwide. We then evaluated how the use of dynamic modelling has evolved through time in the scope of invasive species management. The results suggest that modelling, in particular dynamic modelling, has been increasingly applied to biological invasions, especially to support management decisions at local scales. Also, the combination of dynamic and static modelling approaches (hybrid models with a spatially explicit output) can be especially effective, not only to support management at early invasion stages (from prevention to early detection), but also to improve the monitoring of invasion processes and impact assessment.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Further development and testing of such hybrid models may well be regarded as a priority for future research aiming to improve the management of invasions across scales." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Pereskia aculeata is a Cactaceae plant with valuable nutritional properties, including terrific amounts of protein, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. However, P. aculeata is reported to contain antinutrients and alkaloids in its leaves. In addition, in a study on growth and development, Wistar rats fed with P. aculeata and casein as protein source grew less than the control group (fed with casein only). Therefore, in this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the oral acute toxicity of P. aculeata in rats and also the cytotoxicity behavior of the plant on lettuce seeds. The acute toxicity research was carried out using dried P. aculeata ethanolic extract, in three different doses, administered by gavage to 24 female Wistar rats. The rats were then examined for signs of toxicity, food intake, body weight, and fecal excretion fluctuations, as well as histopathological alterations, using eight different body tissues. The acute toxicity study did not show any difference among the groups in either clinical evaluation or histopathological analyses. For the cytotoxicity study, dried P. aculeata ethanolic extract was applied on lettuce seeds in five different concentrations. These seeds were evaluated for germination, root and shoot length, and mitotic index. The results show that P. aculeata extract affects lettuce root and shoot growth, but not germination or mitotic index. In conclusion, the acute toxicity on rats and the cytogenotoxicity on lettuce of P.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "aculeata are neglectable, validating the potential of this plant to be used as a functional food." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The rapidly growing world population has a greatly increasing demand for plant biomass, thus creating a great interest in the development of methods to enhance the growth and biomass accumulation of crop species. In this study, we used zinc finger artificial transcription factor (ZF-ATF)-mediated genome interrogation to manipulate the growth characteristics and biomass of Arabidopsis plants. We describe the construction of two collections of Arabidopsis lines expressing fusions of three zinc fingers (3F) to the transcriptional repressor motif EAR (3F-EAR) or the transcriptional activator VP16 (3F-VP16), and the characterization of their growth characteristics. In total, six different 3F-ATF lines with a consistent increase in rosette surface area (RSA) of up to 55% were isolated. For two lines we demonstrated that 3F-ATF constructs function as dominant in trans acting causative agents for an increase in RSA and biomass, and for five larger plant lines we have investigated 3F-ATF induced transcriptomic changes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results indicate that genome interrogation can be used as a powerful tool for the manipulation of plant growth and biomass and that it might supply novel cues for the discovery of genes and pathways involved in these properties." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "TE with FibroScan can be safely performed in patients with PM or ICD." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Deficits in the recognition of negative emotions emerge before clinical diagnosis in Huntington's disease (HD). To address emotion recognition deficits, which have been shown in schizophrenia to be improved by computerized training, we conducted a study of the feasibility and efficacy of computerized training of emotion recognition in HD. We randomly assigned 22 individuals with premanifest or early symptomatic HD to the training or control group. The training group used a self-guided online training program, MicroExpression Training Tool (METT), twice weekly for 4 weeks. All participants completed measures of emotion recognition at baseline and post-training time-points. Participants in the training group also completed training adherence measures. Participants in the training group completed seven of the eight sessions on average. Results showed a significant group by time interaction, indicating that METT training was associated with improved accuracy in emotion recognition. Although sample size was small, our study demonstrates that emotion recognition remediation using the METT is feasible in terms of training adherence. The evidence also suggests METT may be effective in premanifest or early-symptomatic HD, opening up a potential new avenue for intervention. Further study with a larger sample size is needed to replicate these findings, and to characterize the durability and generalizability of these improvements, and their impact on functional outcomes in HD.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "(JINS, 2017, 23, 314-321)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:tools for cell type-specific manipulations now permits the functional interrogation of different features of sleep/wake state regulation: initiation, maintenance, and structural organization.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "We will specifically focus on recent studies examining the roles of wake-promoting neuronal populations." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This work presents a technique for the chirality (n, m) assignment of semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes by solving a set of empirical equations of the tight binding model parameters. The empirical equations of the nearest neighbor hopping parameters, relating the term (2n, m) with the first and second optical transition energies of the semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes, are also proposed. They provide almost the same level of accuracy for lower and higher diameter nanotubes. An algorithm is presented to determine the chiral index (n, m) of any unknown semiconducting tube by solving these empirical equations using values of radial breathing mode frequency and the first or second optical transition energy from resonant Raman spectroscopy. In this paper, the chirality of 55 semiconducting nanotubes is assigned using the first and second optical transition energies.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Unlike the existing methods of chirality assignment, this technique does not require graphical comparison or pattern recognition between existing experimental and theoretical Kataura plot." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Depression is of significant global concern. Despite a range of effective treatment options it is estimated that around one in five diagnosed with an acute depressive episode continue to experience enduring symptoms for more than 2 years. There is evidence for effectiveness of individual music therapy for depression. However, no studies have as yet looked at a group intervention within an NHS context. This study aims to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial of group music therapy for patients with long-term depression (symptom durations of 1 year or longer) within the community. This is a single-centre randomised controlled feasibility trial of group music therapy versus wait-list control with a nested process evaluation. Thirty participants will be randomised with unbalanced allocation (20 to receive the intervention immediately, 10 as wait-list controls). Group music therapy will be offered three times per week in a community centre with a focus on songwriting. Data will be collected post-intervention, 3 and 6 months after the intervention finishes. We will examine the feasibility of recruitment processes including identifying the number of eligible participants, participation and retention rates and the intervention in terms of testing components, measuring adherence and estimation of the likely intervention effect. A nested process evaluation will consist of treatment fidelity analysis, exploratory analysis of process measures and end-of-participation interviews with participants and referring staff. Whilst group music therapy is an option in some community mental health settings, this will be the first study to examine group music therapy for this particular patient group. We will assess symptoms of depression, acceptability of the intervention and quality of life. We anticipate potential challenges in the recruitment and retention of participants. It is unclear whether offering the intervention three times per week will be acceptable to participants, particularly given participants' enduring symptoms and impact upon motivation. This study will provide data to inform both development of the intervention and to assess and inform the design of a full trial. ISRCTN.com, ISRCTN18164037 .\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Registered on 26 September 2016." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To study volume characteristics of the maxillary, sphenoid and frontal sinuses among healthy Caucasians adults, using computed tomography (CT) scans. A retrospective, case series study in a single academic center, CT scans of 201 consecutive adult subjects, performed between January and September 2014, were reviewed for the volume and dimensions of the paranasal sinuses. Patients with documented sinus pathology or lack of pneumatization were excluded. The study population was subdivided by gender and age (50 men age 25-64; 51 men age ≥65; 50 women age 25-64, and 50 women age ≥65). The mean volume of maxillary, sphenoid and frontal sinuses in the four groups were 12.75±4.38 cc; 4.00±1.99 cc and 2.92±2.57 cc, respectively. In both genders, older patients demonstrated a significantly lower volume of the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses (14.81±3.96 cc vs. 11.82±4.28 cc and 4.84±1.97 vs. 3.84±1.89 cc respectively; p<0.001). No age related difference was found in the frontal sinus. Males had significantly larger sinus volumes than females (p<0.001): maxillary 14.38±(4.64) vs. 12.23±(3.82) cc, sphenoid 4.74±(2.06) vs. 3.55±(1.73) cc, frontal 3.74±(2.97) vs. 3.21±(2.79) cc. No synergistic effect of age and gender was found. Volumes of the paranasal sinuses correlates with age and gender. Age related volume degeneration is expected in the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This volume reduction may influence future surgical and therapeutic approaches in the geriatric population." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis is attributed to a combination of extracellular factors and properties such as adherence and biofilm formation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different factors, additives and bovine milk compounds on S. uberis biofilm formation, as the presence of the sua gene by PCR. Additionally, extracellular DNA and the effect of DNaseI were evaluated in the biofilms yielded. Optimal biofilm development was observed when the pH was adjusted to 7.0 and 37 °C. Additives as glucose and lactose reduced biofilm formation as bovine milk compounds tested. PCR assay showed that not all the isolates yielded sua gene. Extrachromosomal ADN was found in cell-free supernatants, suggesting that DNA released spontaneously to the medium.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The results contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in biofilm production of this important pathogen associated with mastitis in order to promote the design of new therapeutic approaches." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:How molecules in solution form crystal nuclei, which then grow into large crystals, is a poorly understood phenomenon. The classical mechanism of homogeneous crystal nucleation proceeds via the spontaneous random aggregation of species from liquid or solution. However, a non-classical mechanism suggests the formation of an amorphous dense phase that reorders to form stable crystal nuclei. So far it has remained an experimental challenge to observe the formation of crystal nuclei from five to thirty molecules. Here, using polyoxometallates, we show that the formation of small crystal nuclei is observable by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. We observe both classical and non-classical nucleation processes, depending on the identity of the cation present. The experiments verify theoretical studies that suggest non-classical nucleation is the lower of the two energy pathways.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The arrangement in just a seven-molecule proto-crystal matches the order found by X-ray diffraction of a single bulk crystal, which demonstrates that the same structure was formed in each case." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This case series demonstrates considerable success for treatment of molluscum contagiosum with a dilute povidone-iodine preparation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The treatment was well-tolerated, with minimal side effects." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The aim was to investigate the impact of PPARG and APOE gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and additional gene- gene interaction on late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk based on Chinese Han population. A total of 928 participants (466 males, 462 females), with a mean age of 81.3 ± 16.4 years old, were included in the study, including 460 LOAD patients and 468 normal controls participants. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between SNP and LOAD risk and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analysis the gene-gene interaction. Logistic regression analysis showed that LOAD risk was significantly higher in carriers of G allele of the rs405509 polymorphism than those with AA (AG+ GG versus AA, adjusted OR (95%CI) =1.54(1.20-1.89), and higher in carriers of G allele of the rs1805192 polymorphism than those with CC (CG+ GG versus CC, adjusted OR (95%CI) =1.32(1.16-2.43). We also found that there was a potential gene-gene interaction between rs405509 and rs1805192. Participants with AG or GG of rs405509 and CG or GG of rs1805192 genotype have the highest AD risk, compared to participants with AA of rs405509 and CC of rs1805192 genotype, OR (95%CI) was 2.62(1.64 -3.58), after covariates adjustment.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "G allele of the rs405509 of APOE and G allele of the rs1805192 of PPAR G polymorphism were associated with increased LOAD risk, and participants with AG or GG of rs405509 and CG or GG of rs1805192 genotype have the highest AD risk." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:As well known, signet-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a rare histological subtype of colorectal adenocarcinoma, which has been associated with poor prognosis and resistant to non-surgery therapy compared with common adenocarcinoma. In this study, we assessed the effect of preoperative radiotherapy (PRT) for locally advanced rectal SRCC in a large patient group from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER, 1988-2011) database. SRCC was found in 0.9% (n = 622) rectal cancer (RC) patients in our study. In the PRT setting, SRCC had significantly worse cancer-specific survival than mucinous adenocarcinoma and nonmucinous adenocarcinoma patients (log-rank, P < 0.001). In terms of SRCC, stage III RC patients benefited from PRT (log-rank, P < 0.001) while stage II did not (P = 0.095). The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that PRT was an independent benefit factor in stage III rectal SRCC patients (HR, 0.611; 95% CI, 0.407-0.919; P = 0.018). In conclusion, SRCC was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in stage III RC patients, but not in stage II. In the PRT setting of locally advanced RC, SRCC patients had significantly worse prognosis.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "PRT was an independent prognostic factor associated with improved survival in stage III rectal SRCC." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Biological invasions are a major threat to the world's biota and are considered a major cause of biodiversity loss. Therefore, world marine policy has recognized the need for more marine protected areas (MPAs) as a major tool for biodiversity conservation. The present work experimentally evaluated how protected communities from an offshore island can face the settlement and/or expansion of nonindigenous species (NIS). First, NIS colonization success in marine protected and marina communities was compared by deploying PVC settling plates at the Garajau MPA and Funchal marina (SW Madeira Island). Then, the settling plates from the MPA were transferred to Funchal marina to test their resistance to NIS invasion under high levels of NIS pressure. Results indicated that the structure and composition of fouling communities from the MPA differed from those collected in the marina.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Interestingly, communities from the protected area showed lower NIS colonization success, suggesting some degree of biotic resistance against NIS invasion." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Autologous breast reconstructions have grown in popularity because of their durability, aesthetic outcomes, symmetry, increase in external beam radiotherapy use, and potential aesthetic enhancement at the donor site. Increasing patient expectations for predictable high aesthetic outcomes with minimal complications or need for further procedures has been met by refinement in the use of flaps. The authors' microsurgical breast reconstruction center aims to provide this while delivering efficient service.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The deep inferior epigastric flaps form 85% and transverse upper gracilis and profunda artery perforator flaps account for 10%; lumbar artery perforator flaps are a new addition to the authors' armamentarium." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Baumeister et al. depart from self-theories that contrast the psychology of the group with the psychology of the individual by considering how differentiated identities further collective interests.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In concert with Deviance Regulation Theory, their framework offers a foundation for predicting the reward and punishment contingencies that will help groups function as more than the sum of their parts." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole administered PO with or without food to red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensus) and whether any observed variability could be explained by measured covariates to inform dose adjustments. ANIMALS 7 adult red-tailed hawks. PROCEDURES In a crossover study design, hawks were randomly assigned to first receive voriconazole (15 mg/kg, PO) injected into a dead mouse (n = 3; fed birds) or without food (4; unfed birds). Sixteen days later, treatments were reversed. Blood samples were collected at various points to measure plasma voriconazole concentrations by ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and fit to a compartmental model through nonlinear mixed-effects regression, with feeding status and body weight investigated as covariates. RESULTS Voriconazole was well absorbed, with quantifiable plasma concentrations up to 24 hours after administration. Mean plasma half-life was approximately 2 hours in fed and unfed birds. Administration of the voriconazole in food delayed absorption, resulting in a significant delay in time to maximum plasma concentration. The final compartmental model included a categorical covariate to account for this lag in absorption as well as body weight as a covariate of total body clearance (relative to unknown bioavailability). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A single dose of voriconazole (15 mg/kg) administered PO to red-tailed hawks resulted in mean plasma voriconazole concentrations greater than the targeted value (1 μg/mL).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Additional studies with larger sample sizes and multidose regimens are required before the model developed here can be applied in clinical settings." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:nanoparticles via glutaraldehyde cross-linking, achieving a wider pH range as 6-8 and also a better thermal stability at 60 °C. Meanwhile, the immobilized ω-TA could be successfully reused for 13 times in biotransformation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results therefore indicated that the immobilized ω-TA with high stability might be readily utilized in industrial purposes." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a progressive kidney disease resulting as a complication of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the disease progression and economic burden of DN among commercially insured patients with type 2 diabetes in the USA. The research design was a retrospective observational study based on healthcare claims data. The Truven MarketScan Databases (2004-2014) were queried for adults with type 2 diabetes with at least one urine albumin test (index, randomly selected) after diagnosis and at least one test after the index. On the basis of the index test, patients were classified into normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, or macroalbuminuria groups. Nephropathy-related treatment use was measured in the 6 months after the index, disease progression was assessed from the index to the end of data availability, and annual all-cause and nephropathy-related costs and healthcare resource use (HRU) were assessed up to 2 years from the index. Outcomes were compared between any two groups, controlling for baseline demographics. A total of 23,235 patients were identified and classified into normoalbuminuria (N = 18,409), microalbuminuria (N = 3863), or macroalbuminuria (N = 963) groups. Patients with albuminuria were more likely to be older, male, and have a higher burden of baseline comorbidities and HRU. Within 6 months following the index, 12-20% of patients with albuminuria were not treated with any relevant recommended treatment. Compared to the normoalbuminuria group, patients with macroalbuminuria had a significantly greater risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44), and both albuminuria groups were more likely to require dialysis (HR = 4.23 and 40.14 for micro- and macroalbuminuria, respectively; all p < 0.05). Annual all-cause (2016 US dollars, $3580 and $12,830 higher for micro- and macroalbuminuria vs. normoalbuminuria, respectively) and nephropathy-related ($362 and $3716) costs increased significantly with increasing nephropathy severity, consistent with the trend in increased HRU. Diabetic nephropathy may be undertreated or inappropriately treated. It was also associated with significantly higher costs, HRU, and risk of disease progression among commercially insured patients with type 2 diabetes in the USA.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:). Another potential explanation could be differences in water transport across the choroid plexus (CP) epithelia, and thus we furthermore investigated expression profiles of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and Na/K ATPase. and serum retinol were measured in serum samples. The CPs were isolated, and target messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. (P=0.16) did not differ between the two groups. Both AQP1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in the CP of the obese rats compared to lean rats (P=0.0422 and P=0.0281). There was no difference in Na/K ATPase mRNA or protein levels (P=0.2688 and P=0.1304). levels or retinol metabolism. This indicates that the increase in ICP might be related to increased AQP1 levels in CP.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Although further studies are warranted, obese Zucker rats could potentially model some aspects of the IIH pathophysiology." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Concentrated breeding effort to produce various body structures and behaviors of dogs to suit human demand has inadvertently produced unwanted traits and diseases that accompany the morphological and behavioral phenotypes. We explored the relationship between pelvic conformation and canine hip dysplasia (HD) because purebred dogs which are predisposed, or not, to HD share common morphologic features, respectively. Thirteen unique bilateral anatomical features of the pelvis were measured on 392 dogs of 51 breeds and 95 mixed breed dogs. Principal components (PCs) were derived to describe pelvic morphology. Dogs were genotyped at ~183,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and their hip conformation was measured by the Norberg angle and angle of inclination between the femoral neck and diaphysis. complex. Associations with the remaining PCs did not reach genome wide significance. was associated with the overall size of the pelvis and sex is related to pelvic size. Ilial/ischial proportion is genetically controlled and the closest candidate gene is thiamine-dependent and affects birth weight and development of the nervous system. Dogs with larger pelves tend to have smaller NAs consistent with increased tendency toward HD in large breed dogs.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Based on the current study, pelvic shape alone was not strongly associated with canine hip dysplasia." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In the early 20th century, Europe and the Ottoman Empire as a whole experienced a large number of epidemic diseases, and several wars. During World War I (WW1) a general mobilization of the medical services under Ottoman Empire rule was enacted. However, shortages of food and water, unfavourable weather and poor sanitary conditions resulted in numerous diseases at the battle fronts. Indeed, during the Ottoman-Russian war on the Eastern Front, the Turks suffered massive loss of life.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This article therefore emphasises that during WW1, such loss of life in the Ottoman Army on the Eastern Front, which was one of the key fronts of the war, was mainly due to epidemic diseases rather than battles." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Placenta percreta is a very rare, but extremely life-threatening obstetrical pathology for the mother and the child, especially in the cases when it is not diagnosed before the birth and when it results in massive bleeding and a dramatic deterioration of condition. It is extremely important to diagnose this pathology as early as possible and plan further optimal care of patients in order to minimize life-threatening complications. The paper presents an illustrated clinical case of placenta percreta determined before the birth. Features of visual diagnostics are discussed. A 32-year-old pregnant woman with a history of two caesarean deliveries arrived at the tertiary level hospital at 22 weeks of gestation due to abdomen pain. Placenta previa was diagnosed and ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging suggesting placenta percreta were seen. On the 32nd week, the planned caesarean hysterectomy was performed. The balloon catheters to occlude the internal iliac arteries and minimize bleeding during the surgery were used. Antenatal diagnosis of placenta percreta is especially important. Methods of visual diagnostics are complementary. The optimal surgical approach during caesarean hysterectomy remains controversial.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "In the case of the slow oozing without a clearly identified source of bleeding after hysterectomy and internal iliac arteries balloons deflation, ligation of one of the internal iliac arteriescan be reasonable to avoid residual haemorrhage and relaparotomy." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:We model theoretically a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) covered by a superconductor and demonstrate that topological superconducting channels are formed when stripes of the superconducting layer are removed. As a consequence, Majorana bound states (MBSs) are created at the ends of the stripes. We calculate the topological invariant and energy gap of a single stripe, using realistic values for an InAs 2DEG proximitized by an epitaxial Al layer. We show that the topological gap is enhanced when the structure is made asymmetric. This can be achieved either by imposing a phase difference (by driving a supercurrent or using a magnetic-flux loop) over the strip or by replacing one superconductor by a metallic gate. Both strategies also enable control over the MBS splitting, thereby facilitating braiding and readout schemes based on controlled fusion of MBSs.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Finally, we outline how a network of Majorana stripes can be designed." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:At the 2016 State of the Science meeting, clinicians and burn survivors met to discuss the advances in scar prevention, evaluation and treatment. While emerging evidence exists to support pressure garment treatment of scars and the use of silicone gel, further research is necessary to better delineate indications duration and efficacy of established therapies and to develop and test badly needed new treatments. More accurate and objective assessment of burn depth would assist in the prevention and identification of wounds requiring customized surgery. Laser treatment of scar while rapidly gaining popularity, still lacks high quality evidence as to its efficacy.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The psychological impact of burn scars on the recovering patient is poorly appreciated and increased interaction with our patients is needed to more fully understand and address the impact on health related quality of life of their burn scars." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The basal-A subtype of triple-negative breast cancer is characterized by high levels of ΔNp63. Various functions have been proposed for p63 in breast cancer initiation and growth, and p63 mediates chemotherapeutic response in a subset of triple-negative breast cancers. We investigated the signaling pathways that are controlled by ΔNp63 in basal-A triple-negative breast cancer. Human basal-A triple-negative breast cancer cell lines with ΔNp63α induction or inhibition were studied, along with primary human triple-negative breast cancer tissues. Proteomic, phospho-kinase array, mRNA measurements, and immunohistochemistry were employed. Global phosphoproteomics identified increased EGFR phosphorylation in MDA-MB-468 cells expressing ΔNp63α. ΔNp63α expression increased EGFR mRNA, total EGFR protein, and phospho-EGFR(Y1086), whereas silencing endogenous ΔNp63 in HCC1806 cells reduced both total and phospho-EGFR levels and inhibited the ability of EGF to activate EGFR. EGFR pathway gene expression analysis indicated that ΔNp63 alters EGFR-regulated genes involved in cell adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis. Addition of EGF or neutralizing EGFR antibodies demonstrated that EGFR activation is responsible for ΔNp63-mediated loss of cellular adhesion. Finally, immunohistochemical staining showed that p63-positive triple-negative breast cancers were more likely to express high levels of EGFR than p63-negative cancers, corroborated by in silico analysis of gene expression profiling data.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These data identify EGFR as a major target for ΔNp63 regulation that influences cancer cell adhesion in basal-like triple-negative breast cancer." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) negatively regulates the activity of the p53 protein and plays a vital role in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence mediated by p53. Nutlin-3, an antagonist of MDM2, is frequently used in anti-cancer studies. In many human tumors, nutlin-3 stabilizes p53 status and enhances p53 expression in cells with wild-type p53. However, the effect of nutlin-3 combined with radiotherapy on esophageal squamous cancer (ESCC) has not been reported. In this study, we examined whether nutlin-3 increases the radiosensitivity of ESCC in vitro and in vivo.We chose two cell lines, ECA-109 (wild-type p53) and TE-13 (p53 mutated), for the following experiments. Cell proliferation and clonogenic survival experiments showed that nutlin-3 inhibits the cell growth and colony formation of ECA-109 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the apoptosis rate of ECA-109 cells co-treated with nutlin-3 and irradiation(IR) was significantly increased compared with cells treated with irradiation or nutlin-3 alone. Western blotting detected the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in ECA-109 cells in response to nutlin-3 and irradiation. These effects were not evident in TE-13 cells. Xenograft mouse models indicated that nutlin-3 suppresses tumor growth and promotes radiosensitivity in the ESCC cell line ECA-109 in vivo. We have demonstrated that co-treatment of nutlin-3 with irradiation can significantly inhibit the growth and improve the radiosensitivity of ESCC cells with wild-type p53.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The study suggests that nutlin-3 may be a potent therapeutic agent in conjunction with radiotherapy in ESCC." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:O moiety from the protonated molecular ion by in-source dissociation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to successfully ionize and analyze steroids as TMS derivatives using ESI coupled with GC. The present system has enabled the ionization of TMS derivatives under ESI conditions and this method has potential as a novel ionization tool.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "It is also useful for the simultaneous analysis of steroids as TMS derivatives." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In China, the medium dosage of glucocorticoid is the most common initial treatment in patients with SLE.Prednisone 2.5-5 mg/d was the most common choicefor maintenance therapy.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Currently, the proportion of glucocorticoid withdrawal remains low in SLE patients achieving remission." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Periodization is a core concept in training. Recently, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, but theoretical criticisms have arisen with regard to how such research has been conducted. The purpose of the study was to review comprehensively the conceptual and methodological issues surrounding empirical research on periodization in training with human subjects. A search was conducted late in February 2016 on Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Forty-two randomized or randomized controlled trials were retrieved. Problems emerged in three domains: (a) Conceptually, periodization and variation were applied differently in research, while no empirical research tested predictions concerning direction, timing or magnitude of the adaptations; (b) Study design: More than 95% of papers investigated the 'physical' factor (mainly strength). Research on long-term effects was absent (no study lasted more than nine months). Controlling for confounding factors such as nutrition, supplementation and medication was largely ignored; (c) Data analysis was biased as dispersion in responsiveness was ignored when discussing the findings.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Overall, research on periodization fails to analyze the conceptual premises proposed by these approaches." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1177/1758834016659825.]." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:To explore the effects of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharide (Cj-LPS) on axonal injury in the spinal cord. Wistar rats were divided into the control (NC) group, model group (Cj-LPS), and LPS antibody group (Anti-LPS). Rats in the NC group were injected with a mixture of normal saline and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) while those in Cj-LPS group were injected with Cj-LPS, composed of LPS, CFA, and saline. Rats were sacrificed at 4th week and 6th week after injection, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed on the spinal cord sections. Real time-reverse transcription(RT-PCR) was used to detect mRNA expression of the axonal nutrition factor neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) with its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC) and axon inhibitory factor of NogoA/NgR (Nogo receptor). The results indicated that Cj-LPS induce axonal injury in the rat spinal cord, decreased the mRNA expression of the axonal nutrition factor NT-3/TrkC, and increased the mRNA expression of the inhibitory factor NogoA/NgR.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "However, anti-LPS ameliorated axonal injury in the rat spinal cord induced by Cj-LPS." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Adaptation plays a key role in visual information processing, and investigations on the adaptation across different visual regions will be helpful to understand how information is processed dynamically along the visual streams. Recent studies have found the enhanced adaptation effects in the early visual system (from LGN to V1) and the dorsal stream (from V1 to MT). However, it remains unclear how adaptation effect propagates along the form/orientation stream in the visual system. In this study, we compared the orientation and direction adaptation evoked by drifting gratings and stationary flashing gratings, as well as moving random dots, in areas 17 and 21a simultaneously of cats. Recorded by single-unit and intrinsic signal optical imaging, induced by both top-up and biased adaptation protocols, the orientation adaptation effect was greater in response decline and preferred orientation shifts in area 21a compared to area 17. However, for the direction adaptation, no difference was observed between these two areas.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results suggest the feature-specific propagation of the adaptation effect along the visual stream." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The hematopoietic Ets-domain transcription factor PU.1/SPI1 orchestrates myeloid, B- and T-cell development, and also supports hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Although PU.1 is a renowned tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease characterized by an accumulation of immature blast cells, comprehensive studies analyzing the role of PU.1 during cell death responses in AML treatment are missing. Modulating PU.1 expression in AML cells, we found that PU.1 supports tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis via two mechanisms: (a) by repressing NF-κB activity via a novel direct PU.1-RelA/p65 protein-protein interaction, and (b) by directly inducing TRAIL receptor DR5 expression. Thus, expression of NF-κB-regulated antiapoptotic genes was sustained in PU.1-depleted AML cells upon TRAIL treatment and DR5 levels were decreased. Last, PU.1 deficiency significantly increased AML cell resistance to anthracycline treatment.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Altogether, these results reveal a new facet of PU.1's tumor suppressor function during antileukemic therapies." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Esophageal variceal bleeding is one of the most severe complications of liver cirrhosis, with high mortality. However, there is no established scoring system for short-term mortality in patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and the Child-Pugh score for predicting short-term and hospital mortality in patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. A total of 47 patients with esophageal variceal bleeding were studied between September 2009 and March 2015. The GBS, the MELD score, and the Child-Pugh score were assessed for their ability to predict 1- and 6-week mortality rates using a receiver operating characteristic curve. The 1- and 6-week mortality rates were 17.0 and 31.9%, respectively. The median GBS, MELD, and Child-Pugh scores were 13 (range: 4-19), 10 (range: 0-34), and 9 (range: 5-13), respectively. The GBS was superior to both the MELD and the Child-Pugh scores for prediction of 1-week mortality [area under the curve=0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.66-0.98) vs. 0.71 (0.47-0.96) and 0.72 (0.53-0.91)]. The MELD score was superior to both the Child-Pugh score and the GBS for prediction of 6-week mortality [area under the curve=0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.69-0.97) vs. 0.69 (0.52-0.85) and 0.67 (0.50-0.83)]. For 1-week mortality, the GBS was superior to the Child-Pugh and the MELD scores in patients with esophageal variceal bleeding.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "However, for 6-week mortality, the MELD score was superior in patients with esophageal variceal bleeding." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The nature and characteristics of self-directed learning (SDL) by physicians has been transformed with the growth in digital, social, and mobile technologies (DSMTs). Although these technologies present opportunities for greater \"just-in-time\" information seeking, there are issues for ensuring effective and efficient usage to compliment one's repertoire for continuous learning. The purpose of this study was to explore the SDL experiences of rural physicians and the potential of DSMTs for supporting their continuing professional development (CPD). Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of rural physicians. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using NVivo analytical software and thematic analysis. Fourteen (N = 14) interviews were conducted and key thematic categories that emerged included key triggers, methods of undertaking SDL, barriers, and supports. Methods and resources for undertaking SDL have evolved considerably, and rural physicians report greater usage of mobile phones, tablets, and laptop computers for updating their knowledge and skills and in responding to patient questions/problems. Mobile technologies, and some social media, can serve as \"triggers\" in instigating SDL and a greater usage of DSMTs, particularly at \"point of care,\" may result in higher levels of SDL. Social media is met with some scrutiny and ambivalence, mainly because of the \"credibility\" of information and risks associated with digital professionalism. DSMTs are growing in popularity as a key resource to support SDL for rural physicians. Mobile technologies are enabling greater \"point-of-care\" learning and more efficient information seeking. Effective use of DSMTs for SDL has implications for enhancing just-in-time learning and quality of care. Increasing use of DSMTs and their new effect on SDL raises the need for reflection on conceptualizations of the SDL process.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The \"digital age\" has implications for our CPD credit systems and the roles of CPD providers in supporting SDL using DSMTs." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The autonomic nervous system involves the genesis of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). Previous studies demonstrated that heart rate (HR) dependency of idiopathic PVCs has different autonomic mechanisms. Recently, the bisoprolol patch, a novel transdermal β1-blocker formulation containing bisoprolol, became clinically available. We examined the efficacy of the bisoprolol patch for treating frequent PVCs in patients without structural heart disease (SHD) regarding the HR dependency of PVCs. This prospective study included 44 consecutive patients without SHD (25 men, mean age, 63.6±12.3 years) with PVC counts≥3000 beats as measured by 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms (ECGs). PVCs were divided into positive HR-dependent PVCs (P-PVCs) and non-positive HR-dependent PVCs (NP-PVCs) based on the relationship between the hourly PVC density and hourly mean HR. A bisoprolol patch was administered once daily at a dose of 4mg. The 24-hour Holter ECGs were performed before and 1 month after the initiation of the therapy. In 44 patients, there were 24 P-PVCs and 20 NP-PVCs. The bisoprolol patch reduced the PVC count significantly (from 16,563±10,056 to 7892±8817 beats/24hours, p<0.001) in the P-PVC group, while the PVC count did not change significantly (from 16,409±9571 to 13,476±12,191beats/24hours, p=0.34) in the NP-PVC group. Moreover, in the P-PVC group, the patients with mean HRs ≥80 beats/minute had a significantly higher percent improvement in the PVC count than those with mean HRs <80 beats/minute (p=0.0080). The bisoprolol patch resulted in a significant reduction in the PVC count from baseline during each time period for the changes within a 24-hour period in the P-PVC group. The transdermal bisoprolol patch was effective for a PVC reduction in patients with P-PVCs, particularly in those with faster mean HRs.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Furthermore, it demonstrated a stable PVC-reducing effect during the 24-hour period in the P-PVC group." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attack with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is one of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias where neurovascular compression was detected in neuroimaging in recent years. We report two cases, a 52-year-old adult and a 69-year-old elderly patient with short-lasting and recurrent headache combined with cranial autonomic features. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance (MR) tractography of both patients outlined structural changes of the trigeminal nerve revealing neurovascular compression. Pain and autonomic symptoms were completely relieved in the 52-year-old patient who underwent microvascular decompression surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first time in the literature where MR tractography revealed structural changes in the trigeminal nerve secondary to neurovascular compression in SUNCT patients. We suggest that in SUNCT patients high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or DTI-MR tractography should be performed to exclude neurovascular compression. We propose that the compression of the trigeminal nerve could generate SUNCT symptoms and the posterior hypothalamus could be activated secondarily.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "With this point of view, trigeminal neuralgia and SUNCT could represent the different features of the neurovascular compression spectrum." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Pancreatic neoplasms are usually characterized by ductal, acinar, or endocrine differentiation. Mixed exocrine and endocrine pancreatic tumours are extremely rare. Here, we report a case of pancreatic mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma (MAEC) with multiple synchronous liver metastases that were treated with surgery and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) that later recurred in the stomach. A 45-year-old female with severe anaemia was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a hypervascular tumour, 17 cm in diameter, that was in the tail of the pancreas. In addition, there were multiple hypervascular tumours in the liver. She underwent a distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy after the liver metastases were treated with TACE. Pathology confirmed that the pancreatic tumour was MAEC. After 4.5 years, a follow-up CT showed a hypervascular tumour at the upper part of the stomach. Gastric endoscopy showed a big tumefactive lesion with surface irregularities, gastric erosion, and multiple dilated vessels in the fornix and greater curvature of the stomach. She underwent a proximal gastrectomy and survived 7 years and 2 months after the start of the treatment. This is the first report of a metastatic stomach tumour from pancreatic MAEC, which was successfully treated with a multidisciplinary approach.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Additionally, we review the literature and discuss the treatment of MAEC." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Intrathoracic neurofibromas are relatively uncommon in patients with neurofibromatosis. They are usually asymptomatic and may be discovered incidentally. We present the case of a 51-year-old, African American man with neurofibromatosis type 1 who underwent coronary revascularization. Intraoperatively, numerous neurofibromas were discovered, one of which was attached to the left internal mammary artery. The procedure was uncomplicated despite the challenging intraoperative findings.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Special considerations in the management of patients with neurofibromatosis undergoing cardiac surgery are discussed, including risks, preoperative imaging and the importance of excision of suspicious tumors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Microscopic polyangiitis is an uncommon systemic vasculitis of varying severity that is associated with myeloperoxidase (MPO) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic (p-ANCA) antibodies. The most commonly affected organs are the lungs and kidneys. We report on a very unusual case of microscopic polyangiitis presenting with severe mesenteric ischemia in addition to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and acute renal failure. The patient was initially diagnosed with acute pancreatitis at an outside facility given his severe abdominal pain and elevated pancreatic enzymes. Further investigations after transfer to our facility determined that the patient was actually suffering from a severe exacerbation of previously diagnosed microscopic polyangiitis. He quickly developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) necessitating intubation and acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis. He subsequently developed mesenteric ischemia and bowel necrosis resulting in emergent laparotomy and extensive small bowel resection. Physicians need to be aware that microscopic polyangiitis can very rarely present with severe involvement of the abdominal viscera and mesenteric vessels.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Severe disease necessitates the use of high dose IV steroids, rituximab or cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange (PLEX)." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Phthalate exposure may reduce intellectual development in young children. In 2011, numerous Taiwanese children had been reported to have consumed phthalate-tainted products. We investigated the effects of phthalate exposure on the intellectual development of these children after the 2011 Taiwan di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) episode. ) of each participant before the 2011 DEHP episode. Demographic information, consumption of phthalate-tainted products, and maternal education, of each participant were obtained using a questionnaire. We used the Wechsler intelligence evaluation tools for assessing the children's and maternal intelligence quotient. adjustment. It revealed that the effect of past high-DEHP exposure on verbal-related neurodevelopment of younger child are more sensitive.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to DEHP and DnBP affects intellectual development in preschool and school-aged children, particularly their language learning or expression ability." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Whether circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can be used as an indicator of treatment response in breast cancer (BC) needs to be clarified. We addressed this issue by a meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBase and Cochrane library databases were searched in June 2016. Effect measures were estimated as pooled risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR) or mean difference by fixed- or random-effect models, according to heterogeneity of included studies. In total, 50 studies with 6712 patients were recruited. Overall analysis showed that there was a significant reduction of CTC-positive rate (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.61-0.76, P < 0.00001) after treatment. Subgroup analyses revealed that neoadjuvant treatment, adjuvant treatment, metastatic treatment or combination therapy could reduce the CTC-positive rate, but surgery could not; moreover, the reduction was only found in HER2+ or HER2- patients but not in the triple-negative ones. Reduction of CTC-positive rate was associated with lower probability of disease progression (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33-0.89, P = 0.01) and longer overall survival period (mean difference = 11.61 months, 95% CI: 8.63-14.59, P < 0.00001) as well as longer progression-free survival period (mean difference = 5.07 months, 95% CI: 2.70-7.44, P < 0.0001).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "These results demonstrate that CTC status can serve as an indicator to monitor the effectiveness of treatments and guide subsequent therapies in BC." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:yeast cells, their expression of pattern recognition receptors and their ability to produce cytokines. was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cells were incubated with specific fluorochrome-labeled antibodies for TLR2 and 4, βGR and MR and also evaluated by flow cytometry. Monocytes were cultured with ATF, and culture supernatants were collected for analysis of in vitro cytokine production by ELISA (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12 and IL-10). by monocytes and this was associated with enhanced expression of TLR2 and TLR4, while no effect was observed on βGR or MR. Moreover, expression of TLR4 and TLR2 was associated with higher levels of in vitro production of TNF-α and IL-1, respectively. Production of IL-10 was also increased by ATF treatment, but we found no association between its production and the expression of Toll-like receptors.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": " polysaccharides affect human monocytes probably through the modulation of Toll-like receptors." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Adolescents exposed to maltreatment have an elevated risk of deliberate self-harm (DSH). The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinally the effects of the number, timing, and type of maltreatment allegations on adolescent risk of having a DSH-related hospital admission, using linked data in Western Australia. A total of 351,372 children born between 1986 and 2000 were followed from birth up to the year 2010. Cox regression models were utilized, while controlling for a range of psychosocial covariates. Compared to children without allegations of maltreatment, children with unsubstantiated allegations only (aHR=1.04, 95%CI: 1.00-1.08, p<.01) and children with a substantiated allegation (aHR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.06-1.15, p<.001) all had significantly increased risk of DSH in adolescence. Among children with a substantiated allegation of maltreatment, the greater the number of allegations, the longer the exposure to maltreatment, and the more types of maltreatment experienced by a child, the higher the child's risk of DSH. However, this dose-response pattern was not found among children with unsubstantiated allegations only.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This study calls for the early identification of children who are vulnerable to maltreatment, the better identification of the duration and severity of maltreatment experiences, and the provision of continued care and support, to reduce the child's DSH risk in adolescence." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The addition of rituximab to standard chemotherapy has significantly improved survival in patients with lymphoma. Recently, maintenance therapy with rituximab has been shown to prevent relapse and provide survival benefits for patients with follicular or mantle cell lymphoma. However, the effects of rituximab in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remain unclear. Two new studies involving rituximab in the treatment of DLBCL were performed this past year. We performed a meta analysis to evaluate the effects of rituximab maintenance treatment of patients with DLBCL. Several databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were reviewed for relevant randomized controlled trials published prior to May, 2016. Two reviewers assessed the quality of the included studies and extracted data independently. The hazard ratios (HRs) for time-to-event data and relative risks (RRs) for the other data were pooled and estimated. Totally 5 studies including 1740 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. Compared to the observation group, patients who received rituximab maintenance therapy had significantly improved event-free survival (EFS) (HR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.98) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54-0.94). However, there was no statistically significant difference in overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.27-1.29). A subgroup analysis suggested that male patients may benefit from rituximab maintenance therapy with a better EFS (HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34-0.82-), while this advantage was not observed in female patients (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.64-1.52). Rituximab maintenance may provide survival benefits beyond that afforded by first- and second-line chemotherapy alone, especially in male patients. However, maintenance rituximab treatment may cause more adverse events.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "It is recommended that both survival benefits and adverse events should be taken into consideration when making treatment decisions." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The asymmetric reaction is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. While a large number of efficient molecular catalysts have been developed and applied, recently, supramolecular and nanostructured catalysts have been attracting interest. In this Minireview, we focus on self-assembled chiral nanostructures and review their possibility and feasibility as enantioselective catalysts. The design concept and the requirement of the chiral scaffold as the catalysts are discussed. Based on the chirality and catalytic performance of the building molecules and the supramolecular nanostructures, the nanocatalyst is divided into chiral nanostructure driven (CND) and chiral nanostructure enhanced (CNE) enantioselective catalysts. Then, several typical self-assembled chiral nanostructures such as nanocages, nanotubes, nanorods, micelles and vesicles are selected as the chiral scaffold and their catalytic behaviors for the asymmetric reactions were demonstrated.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Finally, the future developments of the field are also discussed." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Most people who make the transition to maintenance dialysis therapy are treated with a fixed dose thrice-weekly hemodialysis regimen without considering their residual kidney function (RKF). The RKF provides effective and naturally continuous clearance of both small and middle molecules, plays a major role in metabolic homeostasis, nutritional status, and cardiovascular health, and aids in fluid management. The RKF is associated with better patient survival and greater health-related quality of life, although these effects may be confounded by patient comorbidities. Preservation of the RKF requires a careful approach, including regular monitoring, avoidance of nephrotoxins, gentle control of blood pressure to avoid intradialytic hypotension, and an individualized dialysis prescription including the consideration of incremental hemodialysis. There is currently no standardized method for applying incremental hemodialysis in practice. Infrequent (once- to twice-weekly) hemodialysis regimens are often used arbitrarily, without knowing which patients would benefit the most from them or how to escalate the dialysis dose as RKF declines over time. The recently heightened interest in incremental hemodialysis has been hindered by the current limitations of the urea kinetic models (UKM) which tend to overestimate the dialysis dose required in the presence of substantial RKF. This is due to an erroneous extrapolation of the equivalence between renal urea clearance (Kru) and dialyser urea clearance (Kd), correctly assumed by the UKM, to the clinical domain. In this context, each ml/min of Kd clears the urea from the blood just as 1 ml/min of Kru does. By no means should such kinetic equivalence imply that 1 ml/min of Kd is clinically equivalent to 1 ml/min of urea clearance provided by the native kidneys. A recent paper by Casino and Basile suggested a variable target model (VTM) as opposed to the fixed model, because the VTM gives more clinical weight to the RKF and allows less frequent hemodialysis treatments at lower RKF.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "The potentially important clinical and financial implications of incremental hemodialysis render it highly promising and warrant randomized controlled trials." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:In the healthcare sector, we often come across the burnout syndrome. It is an occupational syndrome which causes, physical and emotional exhaustion. More information is needed on the dangers of burnout and how often it occurs in healthcare. The purpose of this study was to investigate burnout and factors associated with the syndrome among nurses working with people that are mentally challenged. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, among 180 nurses working in public health centers for the disabled in multiple regions of Greece. A self-administered questionnaire with questions about socio-demographic and work-related characteristics was used, as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) for burnout assessment. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed.  0.047). Marital status, daily routine and relationships with supervisors were significantly related with emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment and professional experience with higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Reason for professional selection was an independent predictor for depersonalization and personal accomplishment, with those that have selected the nursing profession randomly or because of the fear of unemployment having higher scores. Moderate relationships with colleagues was an independent predictor for all burnout dimensions. Nurses working in services for people with intellectual disabilities in Greece show increased burnout levels. Burnout can be prevented by offering more opportunities for professional advancement and education, new ways to provide supervisor support, provide incentives for nurses to initiate or participate in innovative programs.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Specific training on conflict resolution, collaboration, reinforcement and stress coping techniques must be implemented." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Tumors invading the sacrum and/or ilium often represent incurable metastatic disease, and treatment is targeted toward palliation of symptoms and control of pain. As systemic opioid therapy is frequently inadequate and limited by side effects, a variety of interventional techniques are available to better optimize analgesia. Using six patients as a paradigm for interventional approaches to pain relief, we present a therapeutic algorithm for treating sacroiliac tumor-related pain in the oncologic population. We describe the use of ultrasound-guided proximal sacroiliac joint corticosteroid injection, sacroiliac lateral branch radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous sacroplasty, and implantable neuraxial drug delivery devices to treat malignant sacroiliac pain in six patients. Pre- and postprocedure numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores, duration of pain relief, and postprocedure pain medication requirements were studied for each patient. Each patient had marked improvement in their pain based on an average postprocedure NRS difference of six points. The average duration of pain relief was eight months. In all cases, opioid requirements decreased after the intervention. Depending on tumor location, burden of disease, and patient preference, patients suffering from metastatic disease to the sacrum may find benefit from use of ultrasound-guided proximal sacroiliac joint corticosteroid injection, sacroiliac lateral branch radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous sacroplasty, dorsal column stimulator leads, and/or implantable neuraxial drug delivery devices.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "We provide a paradigm for treatment in this patient population." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Mn can decrease the rats corpus striatum activities of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase, effect level of active calmodulin in relation to dose of Mn, to a certain extent, taurine could regulate activities of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase and improve the level of active calmodulin." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase (Kl-β-Gal) is one of the most important enzymes in the dairy industry. The poor stability of this enzyme limits its use in the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and other applications requiring high operational temperature. To obtain thermoresistant variants, a rational mutagenesis strategy by introducing disulphide bonds in the interface between the enzyme subunits was used. Two improved mutants, R116C/T270C and R116C/T270C/G818C, had increased half-lives at 45 °C compared to Kl-β-Gal (2.2 and 6.8 fold increases, respectively). Likewise, Tm values of R116C/T270C and R116C/T270C/G818C were 2.4 and 8.5 °C, respectively, higher than Kl-β-Gal Tm. Enrichment in enzymatically active oligomeric forms in these mutant variants also increased their catalytic efficiency, due to the reinforcement of the interface contacts. In this way, using an artificial substrate (p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside), the Vmax values of the mutants were ~1.4 (R116C/T270C) and 2 (R116C/T270C/G818C) fold higher than that of native Kl-β-Gal. Using the natural substrate (lactose) the Vmax for R116C/T270C/G818C almost doubled the Vmax for Kl-β-Gal.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Validation of these mutant variants of the enzyme for their use in applications that depend on prolonged incubations at high temperatures was achieved at the laboratory scale by monitoring their catalytic activity in GOS synthesis." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Recently, Sofosbuvir was launched in India at affordable cost. We conducted a real-life study to determine the efficacy and safety of Sofosbuvir plus Ribavirin, with and without peginterferon-alfa 2a, in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 3, the commonest genotype in South Asia. This study included data of CHC patients from 11 sites in northern India between March 2015 and December 2015 (n = 1203). Patients with CHC genotype 3 (n = 931), who were treated with either Sofosbuvir 400 mg plus weight-based Ribavirin, daily ×24 weeks (n = 432) (dual therapy), or Peginterferon-α2a 180 mcg weekly, Sofosbuvir 400 mg plus weight-based Ribavirin, daily ×12 weeks (n = 499) (triple therapy) were included for analysis. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving sustained viral response at 12 weeks post-therapy. The overall SVR rates were 91 and 92% in the dual and triple therapy arms, respectively. The SVR rates in treatment experienced were 67 and 74% versus 93 and 96% in naïve patients, on the dual and triple therapy arms, respectively. The SVR rates of cirrhotics were 73 and 75% on the dual and triple treatment arms, respectively. The SVR rates were low in the experienced cirrhotic patients: 44% (dual therapy) and 58% (triple therapy). Common adverse events were fatigue, headache, and myalgia. Both dual and triple therapy regimes resulted in SVR rates of >95% in CHC genotype 3 who were naive non-cirrhotics.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "However, the SVR rates were low in treatment-experienced cirrhotics." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:of the muffin crust decreased to (0.700).\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This study validates a typical commercial muffin baking process utilizing an oven temperature of 190.6°C for at least 17min as an effective kill-step in reducing a Salmonella serovar population by ≥5logCFU/g." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:, tau, and phosphorylated tau in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with dementia. The recommendations were developed by a multidisciplinary working group based on the available evidence and consensus from focused discussions for (i) identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as the cause of dementia, (ii) prediction of rate of decline, (iii) cost-effectiveness, and (iv) interpretation of results. The working group found sufficient evidence to support a recommendation to use CSF AD biomarkers as a supplement to clinical evaluation, particularly in uncertain and atypical cases, to identify or exclude AD as the cause of dementia. Because of insufficient evidence, it was uncertain whether CSF AD biomarkers outperform imaging biomarkers.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Operational recommendations for the interpretation of ambiguous CSF biomarker results were also provided." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:The use of contralateral risk reducing mastectomy (CRRM) is indicated in women affected by breast cancer, who are at high risk of developing a contralateral breast cancer, particularly women with genetic mutation of BRCA1, BRCA2 and P53. However we should consider that the genes described above account for only 20-30% of the excess familiar risk. What is contralaterally indicated when genetic assessment results negative for mutation in a young patient with unilateral breast cancer? Is it ethically correct to remove a contralateral \"healthy\" breast? CRRM rates continue to rise all over the world although CRRM seems not to improve overall survival in women with unilateral sporadic breast cancer. The decision to pursue CRRM as part of treatment in women who have a low-to-moderate risk of developing a secondary cancer in the contralateral breast should consider both breast cancer individual-features and patients preferences, but should be not supported by the surgeon and avoided as first approach with the exception of women highly worried about cancer.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Prospective studies are needed to identify cohorts of patients most likely to benefit from CRRM." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:P NCs was directly observed by annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, which revealed a phosphorus-rich outermost atomic layer.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Combined experimental and computational studies suggest that surface phosphorus plays a crucial role in determining the robust catalyst properties." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This study investigated the N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential of various dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions in biologically treated municipal wastewater by UF fractionation, XAD-8 resin adsorption isolation, and excitation and emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. Removal of various NDMA precursor fractions was also analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of traditional water treatment processes (coagulation, adsorption, and coagulation-adsorption). Results showed that NDMA were mainly formed by low molecular weight (MW) fractions (<30 kDa) and hydrophilic fractions (HiS) in biologically treated municipal wastewater. Integrated coagulation-adsorption treatments showed the highest reduction capacity for NDMA formation potential (57%), followed by isolated adsorption treatment (50%) and isolated coagulation treatment (28%). The powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process could reduce the high MW precursors (>30 kDa) by 48%, which was higher than other treatments. In contrast, the highest uptake (66%) of low MW precursors (<30 kDa) was achieved by the coagulation-adsorption process. All treatments preferentially removed the hydrophobic acids (HoA) fraction compared to other fractions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Coagulation could remove more fulvic acid-like substances and adsorption could remove more microbial by-products and aromatic proteins." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. Accumulating evidence suggests the crucial role of central nervous system in the development and maintenance of FD. In particular, periaqueductal gray (PAG) has demonstrated an important role in modulation of pain and emotion, which may be related to FD. However, the study of the PAG in FD is still limited. This study aimed to assess intrinsic connectivity of the PAG in FD patients. Resting-state functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 66 FD patients and 42 healthy controls (HCs). Functional connectivity analysis was performed to investigate the PAG connectivity pattern differences between the patients and HCs. We then examined the relationships between functional connectivity within the PAG networks and FD symptoms. Compared to HCs, patients had increased PAG connectivity with the insula, and decreased PAG connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and hippocampus/parahippocampus (HIPP/paraHIPP). There were positive correlations between disease duration and PAG connectivity with the putamen and supplementary motor area (SMA), and positive correlations between symptom severity and PAG connectivity with the insula. FD patients with high level of anxiety and depression had altered PAG connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), precuneus, dlPFC and caudate, compared to other patients. These findings indicate that abnormal intrinsic network of the PAG might be associated with abnormality of pain processing and disruption of emotion processing in FD patients.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our study further complements neuroimaging findings about FD." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:It has been well documented that the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are associated with outcomes for patients with gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and acute heart failure. Inflammation may be the hidden factor that explains the correlation between NLP, PLR, and these diseases. However, to date, the data concerning NLR, PLR, and its association with inflammation are lacking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), thus, our aim to discuss whether NLR and PLR are associated with RA. Patients with RA and healthy individuals were included according to the determined criteria, and laboratory indicators were measured. PLR and NLR were significantly higher in RA patients compared with healthy controls (3.20±2.06 vs. 1.56±0.47, P<0.01; 192.85±101.78 vs. 103.49±28.68, P<0.01). When leukocytes, neutrophil percentage, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and rheumatoid factor (RF) were considered as confounders (crude model), our results indicated that ESR and RF were correlated to RA. Of note, ESR, RF, and PLR were associated with RA after further adjustment based on crude model for PLR and NLR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis showed that PLR values higher than >115.7 evaluated RA with a sensitivity of 82.5%, a specificity of 74.8% and area under the curve ( AUC ) of 0.847.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Our results suggest that PLR is associated with RA, and PLR may be an underlying indicator indicating the chronic subclinical inflammation in patients with RA." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Harmful algal blooms produce paralytic shellfish toxins that accumulate in the tissues of filter feeding shellfish. Ingestion of these toxic shellfish can cause a serious and potentially fatal condition known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The coast of British Columbia is routinely monitored for shellfish toxicity, and this study uses data from the monitoring program to identify spatiotemporal patterns in shellfish toxicity events and their relationships with environmental variables. The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium produces the most potent paralytic shellfish toxin, saxitoxin (STX). Data on all STX measurements were obtained from 49 different shellfish monitoring sites along the coast of British Columbia for 2002-2012, and monthly toxicity events were identified. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis to group sites that had events in similar areas with similar timing. Machine learning techniques were used to model the complex relationships between toxicity events and environmental variables in each group. The Strait of Georgia and the west coast of Vancouver Island had unique toxicity regimes. Out of the seven environmental variables used, toxicity in each cluster could be described by multivariable models including monthly sea surface temperature, air temperature, sea surface salinity, freshwater discharge, upwelling, and photosynthetically active radiation. The sea surface salinity and freshwater discharge variables produced the strongest univariate models for both geographic areas. Applying these methods in coastal regions could allow for the prediction of shellfish toxicity events by environmental conditions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This has the potential to optimize biotoxin monitoring, improve public health surveillance, and engage the shellfish industry in helping to reduce the risk of PSP." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:This paper reviews the current progress in mathematical modeling of anti-reflective subwavelength structures. Methods covered include effective medium theory (EMT), finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), transfer matrix method (TMM), the Fourier modal method (FMM)/rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) and the finite element method (FEM). Time-based solutions to Maxwell's equations, such as FDTD, have the benefits of calculating reflectance for multiple wavelengths of light per simulation, but are computationally intensive. Space-discretized methods such as FDTD and FEM output field strength results over the whole geometry and are capable of modeling arbitrary shapes. Frequency-based solutions such as RCWA/FMM and FEM model one wavelength per simulation and are thus able to handle dispersion for regular geometries. Analytical approaches such as TMM are appropriate for very simple thin films. Initial disadvantages such as neglect of dispersion (FDTD), inaccuracy in TM polarization (RCWA), inability to model aperiodic gratings (RCWA), and inaccuracy with metallic materials (FDTD) have been overcome by most modern software.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "All rigorous numerical methods have accurately predicted the broadband reflection of ideal, graded-index anti-reflective subwavelength structures; ideal structures are tapered nanostructures with periods smaller than the wavelengths of light of interest and lengths that are at least a large portion of the wavelengths considered." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been shown to cause changes in carotid artery duplex-derived flow velocity waveforms; however, possible effects on lower extremity arterial duplex (LEAD) findings have not been characterized. We sought to characterize LEAD findings in patients with LVADs to establish a basis for vascular laboratory interpretation of LEAD in patients with LVADs. Retrospective single institution review of all patients with LEAD performed after LVAD implantation from 2003 to 2014. Peak systolic velocity (PSVs) of common femoral (CFA), superficial femoral (SFA), popliteal, and posterior tibial arteries (PTA) in asymptomatic extremities in patients with LVADs were compared to a control group of patients at our institution without LVADs who underwent LEAD for nonischemic indications. Arterial brachial index (ABIs) and CFA waveform acceleration times (ATs) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were also measured. There were 248 LVAD patients, 29 had LEAD of at least 1 lower extremity (34 extremities, 22 asymptomatic, and 12 symptomatic) during the study period and 136 control limbs. Mean PSVs (cm/s) in the control CFA, mid SFA, popliteal, and PTA were 137 ± 4.8, 104.2 ± 4.5, 65.2 ± 2.8, and 64.6 ±3.2. Mean PSVs were significantly decreased in the LVAD patients: 49.5 ± 4.9, 40.6 ± 3.7, 27.2 ± 2.2, and 25.5 ± 2.3, P < 0.001 for each comparison. Average ABI for control limbs was 0.91 ± 0.05 compared to 1.17 ± 0.35 in LVAD extremities (P < 0.001). Mean CFA AT was 97 ms in the controls and 207 ms in LVAD patients, P < 0.001. Mean CFA EDV was 14.7 cm/s in the controls and 18.6 cm/s in the LVAD patients, P = 0.011. This is the first study characterizing LEAD in lower extremity arteries in LVAD patients. PSV is significantly decreased throughout lower extremity vessels, and common femoral artery acceleration time increased.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Results can serve as a basis for identifying normal LEAD findings in LVAD patients." } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to generate the subsequent sentence in a piece of biomedical literature based on the existing content.\n###\nInput:for photodynamic consumption. Under the well-controlled hypoxic condition, we test its efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "This method can be successfully used for destroying cancer cells in hypoxic condition." } ]