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20 | In this lesson we'll go over some important determiners in Estonian.
Determiners are a class of words that span over several types of words, such as pronouns and adjectives, which are used to specify nouns. These primarily act like adjectives in general, and include words like ''my'', ''this'', ''every'', ''no'', ''each'', as well as question determiners that can be used to begin interrogative sentences and specify nouns in declarative sentences, such as ''what'', ''which'' and ''who''.
The following words are included in this lesson, but are not Determiners because they are standalone words. However, some may be composed of determiners.
Nominative Nouns preceded by an ordinal determiner (1st, 2nd, 3rd, first, last, every etc.) are written in the Nominative. The determiner (e.g. number) will decline along with the noun in all other cases.
The Accusative case (III) marks the partitive in Estonian, and the partitive is used when talking about several (plural) of something (preceded by a cardinal determiner). In this case, the Nominative becomes the Accusative, but all other cases remain the same: |
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function result = newtroot (fname, x)
delta = tol = sqrt (eps);
maxit = 200;
fx = feval (fname, x);
for i = 1:maxit
if (abs (fx) < tol)
result = x;
return;
else
fx_new = feval (fname, x + delta);
deriv = (fx_new - fx) / delta;
x = x - fx / deriv;
fx = fx_new;
endif
endfor
result = x;
endfunction
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32 | p ãå¥çŽ æ°ãa ã p ã§å²ãåããªãæ°ãx^2 \equiv a \pmod{p} ãšãããšãã«è§£ãæã€ãæããªãã«ãããã£ãŠ a ã p ã®å¹³æ¹å°äœãå¹³æ¹éå°äœ ãšããã
a \not\equiv 0 ã®ãšã a ãå¹³æ¹å°äœãéå°äœã«ãããã£ãŠ
\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = 1, \, -1 ãšããããŸãã䟿å®äž \left(\frac{kp}{p}\right)=0 ãšããããããã«ãžã£ã³ãã«èšå·ãšåŒã¶ã
ãããã£ãŠ \left(\frac{a}{p}\right) 㯠a ã®å±ããå°äœé¡ã«ã®ã¿äŸåããããã㊠\left(\frac{a}{p}\right)=-1 ãªãã° kp+a ã®åœ¢ã®å¹³æ¹æ°ã¯ååšããªãã
äŸ \left(\frac{2}{3}\right)=\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)=\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)=-1, \left(\frac{4}{5}\right)=1 ã§ããã
è£é¡ 1
r ã p ã®åå§æ ¹ãšãããå®ç 2.3.4 ãã x^2 \equiv a \pmod{p} ã解ãæã€ã®ãš {\rm Ind}_r \, a ã (2, p-1) = 2 ã§å²ãåãããšããã®ã¯åå€ã§ããããããã£ãŠ
\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = (-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, a}.
a \equiv a' \pmod{p} ãªãã° \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = \left( \frac{a'}{p} \right)
蚌æ
ååã®æšç§»æ§ããŸãã¯è£é¡ 1 ã«ãã£ãŠæçœã
\left( \frac{abc\cdots}{p} \right) = \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) \left( \frac{b}{p} \right) \left( \frac{c}{p} \right) \cdots
蚌æ
è£é¡ 1 ãã \left( \frac{abc\cdots}{p} \right) = (-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, abc\cdots}
å®ç 2.3.4 ãã ãããã¯
(-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, a \ + {\rm Ind}_r \ b \ + {\rm Ind}_r \, c \ + \cdots} (-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, a} \ (-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, b} \ =(-1)^{{\rm Ind}_r \, c} \cdots
ã«çãããããã§åã³è£é¡ 1 ãããããã¯
= \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) \left( \frac{b}{p} \right) \left( \frac{c}{p} \right) \cdots
ã«çããã
\pmod{p}
蚌æ 1
å®ç 2.3.4 ãã x^2 \equiv a \pmod{p} ã解ãæã€ãã€ãŸã \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = 1 ã®ãšãã
f = \frac{p-1}{(2, p-1)}, \ \ a^f \equiv 1 \pmod{p}.
\equiv 1 \pmod{p}
ãããã£ãŠ \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) \equiv 1 \pmod{p}.
éã« \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = -1 ãã€ãŸã x^2 \equiv a \pmod{p} ã解ãæããªããšããåã³å®ç 2.3.4 ãã
\not\equiv 1 \pmod{p}. ãã®ãšããã§ã«ããŒã®å°å®çãã
)^2 = a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{p}.
\equiv -1 \equiv \left( \frac{a}{p} \right) \pmod{p}.
以äžããå®çã¯èšŒæãããã
蚌æ 2
å®ç 1.8 ãããA = \{ 0, a, 2a, \cdots , (p-1)a \} ã¯å°äœç³»ããªãã®ã§ããã®äžã®ä»»æã®æ° r ã«ã€ã㊠rs \equiv a \pmod{p} ãšãªã s \in A ããã äžã€ååšãããããã r ã®é
å¶ãšåŒã¶ããšã«ããã
ãã㧠\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = 1 ã®ãšã r ã x^2 \equiv a \pmod{p} ã®è§£ãšããã°ãr ã®é
å¶ã¯ããèªèº«ã§ããããŸãã
(p-r)^2 = p^2 - 2pr + r^2 \equiv r^2 \pmod{p} ãã p-r ãæ¹çšåŒã®è§£ã§ããããã®ãšã r = p-r ãšãããš p = 2r ãšãªããå¥çŽ æ°ã§ãããšããä»®å®ã«åããããããã£ãŠ r \neq p-r.
ååæ¹çšåŒã®åºæ¬å®çãããäžã®æ¹çšåŒã®è§£ãæºãããã®ãããªãã¡é
å¶ãèªèº«ã§ãããã®ã¯ r, p-r ã®2ã€ã§ãããä»ã® p-3 åã®æ°ã¯2åãã€é
å¶ããã£ãŠããããã®ç©ã¯
\pmod{p}
ã§ããããã
\begin{align}
\\
\\
\pmod{p}. \\
\end{align}
\pmod{p}
次㫠\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = -1 ã®ãšãã¯äžã® r, p-r ã®ãããªæ°ã¯ãªãã®ã§é
å¶ã \frac{p-1}{2} ãã¢ã§ããŠ
\pmod{p}
a = 1 ã¯èªæã«åã«å±ãã®ã§ (p-1)! \equiv -1 \pmod{p}ïŒããªãã¡ãŠã£ã«ãœã³ã®å®çïŒããããã£ãŠã
\equiv 1 \pmod{p}
\equiv -1 \pmod{p}
ããããªã€ã©ãŒã®èŠæºã§ããã
p, q ãçžç°ãªãå¥çŽ æ°ãšãããšãã«
2, 3 ããããã第äžè£å
æ³åã第äºè£å
æ³åãšããããŸãã¯ããããã®æå³ã説æããã
1 ã¯ãp, q ã®ã©ã¡ããã 4n + 1 ã®åœ¢ã®ãšã \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) = \left( \frac{q}{p} \right) ã§ãã©ã¡ããšã 4n + 3 ã®åœ¢ã®ãšãã«éã \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) = - \left( \frac{q}{p} \right) ã§ããããšããæå³ã§ããã
2 ã¯ãx^2 \equiv -1 \pmod{p} ã«è§£ããã \iff p \equiv 1 \pmod{4}
3 ã¯ãp = 8n + 1, \, 8n + 7 ã®ãšã \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) = 1 ã§ãp = 8n + 3, \, 8n + 5 ã®ãšã \left( \frac{p}{q} \right) = -1 ã§ãããã€ãŸã x^2 \equiv 2 \pmod{p} ã«è§£ããã \iff p \equiv 1, 7 \pmod{8}.
蚌æ
2 ãã蚌æããã
\pmod{p}.
.
ããŠã3 ã§ããããããã«ã¯ã¬ãŠã¹ã®è£é¡ãçšããã
\gcd (a, p) = 1 ã®ãšããA = \left\{ a, 2a, 3a, \cdots , \frac{p-1}{2} a \right\} ããããã p ã§å²ã£ããšãã®äœãã \frac{p}{2} ãã倧ããæ°ã n åãã£ããšãã
\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = (-1)^n.
蚌æ
ããæ°ã p ã§å²ã£ãäœãã \frac{p}{2} ããã倧ãããªãã°ããããã p ãåŒããš -\frac{p}{2} ããã倧ããè² ã®äœããåŸããã€ãŸãã絶察æå°å°äœã§ãããäžã® n ãšããã®ã¯è² ã®çµ¶å¯Ÿæå°å°äœã®åæ°ã§ããã
A ã®ä»»æã®2ã€ã®æ° ax, ay \ (x \neq y) ã«ã€ããŠã
(a, p) = 1, \ \frac{1-p}{2} \leqq x \pm y \leqq \frac{p+1}{2} ã§ãããx \pm y \neq 0 ãããA ã®äžã«ã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿæå°å°äœãšããŠçãããã®ããŸã絶察æå°å°äœãšããŠç¬Šå·ãéãªãã®ãååšããªããããªãã¡å
šäœãšããŠç¬Šå·ãç¡èŠããã°
\left\{ 1, 2, 3, \cdots , \frac{p-1}{2} \right\} ã«ååã§ããã®ãã¡è² ã®æ°ã®åæ°ã n ã§ããããããã£ãŠ
a \cdot 2a \cdot 3a \cdots \frac{p-1}{2}a \equiv (-1)^n\cdot 1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 \cdots \frac{p-1}{2}
ã ãã 1, 2, ..., \frac{p-1}{2} ã¯ãããã p ãšäºãã«çŽ ãªã®ã§
\equiv (-1)^n
ãåŸãããªã€ã©ãŒã®èŠæºã«ãã£ãŠ
\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) \equiv (-1)^n \pmod{p}.
ã©ã¡ãã \pm 1 ã«çãããp ã¯å¥çŽ æ°ãªã®ã§
\left( \frac{a}{p} \right) = (-1)^n.
ã㊠3 ã®èšŒæã ãã
2, 4, 6, \cdots , p-1
ã®äžã§ \frac{p}{2} ããå€ããã®ã®åæ°ã n ã§ããã
(i) p = 8n + 1 ã®ãšã
\frac{p}{2} = 4n + \frac{1}{2}, \ p-1 = 8n ãªã®ã§ããã®éã«ããå¶æ°ã®æ°ã¯ \frac{8n-4n}{2} = 2n ã§ããã\left( \frac{2}{p} \right) = (-1)^{2n} = 1
= 1 ã§ã
.
(ii) p = 8n + 3 ã®ãšã
\frac{p}{2} = 4n + \frac{3}{2}, \ p-1 = 8n + 2 ãªã®ã§ããã®éã«ããå¶æ°ã®æ°ã¯ \frac{(8n + 2) - (4n + 2)}{2} + 1 = 2n + 1 ã§ããã\left( \frac{2}{p} \right) = (-1)^{2n + 1} = -1.
= -1 ã§ã
.
(iii) p = 8n + 5 ã®ãšã
\frac{p}{2} = 4n + \frac{5}{2}, \ p-1 = 8n + 4 ãªã®ã§ããã®éã«ããå¶æ°ã®æ°ã¯ \frac{(8n+4) - (4n + 2)}{2} = 2n+1 ã§ããã\left( \frac{2}{p} \right) = (-1)^{2n + 1} = -1.
= -1 ã§ã
.
(iv) p = 8n + 7 ã®ãšã
\frac{p}{2} = 4n + \frac{7}{2}, \ p-1 = 8n + 6 ãªã®ã§ããã®éã«ããå¶æ°ã®æ°ã¯ \frac{(8n+4) - (4n + 4)}{2} = 2n ã§ããã\left( \frac{2}{p} \right) = (-1)^{2n} = -1.
= -1 ã§ã
.
以äžã«ãã 3 ã蚌æãããã
æåŸã«çžäºæ³åã§ããããåçæŽæ°è«/å¹³æ¹å°äœã®çžäºæ³åã®èšŒæã«è²ãã
äŸ 1 \left(\frac{31}{103}\right) ãæ±ããã
çžäºæ³åãã
\left(\frac{31}{103}\right)=(-1)^{15\cdot 51} \left(\frac{103}{31}\right)=-\left(\frac{10}{31}\right)=-\left(\frac{2}{31}\right)\left(\frac{5}{31}\right)
ãšãªããããã§ã第äºè£å
æ³åãšçžäºæ³åãçšããŠ
\left(\frac{2}{31}\right)=1, \left(\frac{5}{31}\right)=\left(\frac{31}{5}\right)=\left(\frac{1}{5}\right)=1
ãåŸããã
\left(\frac{31}{103}\right)=-1
ãšãããã
äŸ 2 p ãå¥çŽ æ°ã®ãšã
\left(\frac{5}{p}\right) = \left(\frac{p}{5}\right) =
\begin{cases} 1 (p\equiv 1, 4\pmod{5}), \\ -1 (p\equiv 2, 3\pmod{5}) \end{cases}
ãæãç«ã€ã |
33 | Cã»IVLIIã»CAESARISã»COMMENTARIORVMã»BELLIã»GALLICI
LIBERã»QVARTVS
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åæããã¹ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ã¬ãªã¢æŠèš/泚解線#åæããã¹ããåç
§ã 6.  Â
1Qua consuetudine cognita Caesar, ne graviori bello occurreret, maturius quam consuerat ad exercitum proficiscitur. Â Â 2Eo cum venisset, ea quae fore suspicatus erat facta cognovit: Â Â 3missas legationes ab non nullis civitatibus ad Germanos invitatosque eos uti ab Rheno discederent, omniaque quae postulassent ab se fore parata. Â Â 4Qua spe adducti Germani latius vagabantur et in finis Eburonum et Condrusorum, qui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant. Â Â 5Principibus Galliae evocatis, Caesar ea quae cognoverat dissimulanda sibi existimavit, eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit.
----
ããã¹ãåŒçšã«ã€ããŠã®æ³šèš
æŽåœ¢ããã¹ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ã¬ãªã¢æŠèš/泚解線#å¡äŸãåç
§ã VI.  Â
â QuÄ cÅnsuÄtÅ«dine cognitÄ Caesar, nÄ graviÅrÄ« bellÅ occurreret, mÄtÅ«rius quam cÅnsuerat ad exercitum proficÄ«scitur.   â¡EÅ cum vÄnisset, ea quae fore suspicÄtus erat facta cognÅvit:   â¢missÄs lÄgÄtiÅnÄs ab nÅn nÅ«llÄ«s cÄ«vitÄtibus ad GermÄnÅs invÄ«tÄtÅsque eÅs utÄ« ab RhÄnÅ discÄderent, omniaque quae postulÄssent ab sÄ fore parÄta.   â£QuÄ spÄ adductÄ« GermÄnÄ« lÄtius vagÄbantur et in fÄ«nÄs EbÅ«rÅnum et CondrÅ«sÅrum, quÄ« sunt TrÄverÅrum clientÄs, pervÄnerant.   â€Principibus Galliae ÄvocÄtÄ«s, Caesar ea quae cognoverat dissimulanda sibi exÄ«stimÄvit, eÅrumque animÄ«s permulsÄ«s et cÅnfirmÄtÄ«s equitÄtÅ«que imperÄtÅ bellum cum GermÄnÄ«s gerere cÅnstituit.
----
泚èš
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66 | Perl4ãŸã§ã¯ãå
šãŠã®å€æ°ã¯åçã§åäžã®ã°ããŒãã«ãªåå空éã«ååšããŠããŸããã
ããã¯äžåºŠ BASIC ãšåãç¶æ³ã§ãèå¥åã®è¡çªã®åé¿ãããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®å€§ããªããŒãã§ããã
ãã®åé¡ã解決ããããã«Perl5ã§ã¯
ãå°å
¥ãããŸããã
ã°ããŒãã«å€æ°ã¯ãåå空éã®äžéšãšã¿ãªããããå®å
šä¿®é£Ÿåœ¢åŒã( ''fully qualified form'' )ã§ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããŸãã
éã«ãã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãå€æ°ã¯ããã®ã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã®äžéšãšã¿ãªããããå®å
šä¿®é£Ÿåœ¢åŒããæã¡ãŸããã
å®å
šä¿®é£Ÿåœ¢åŒ:åå空é::èå¥å
Perl ã®åå空éã¯ãããã±ãŒãžããšåŒã°ããpackage 宣èšã¯å€æ°ãééå®åçåã®åã«ã©ã®åå空éãä»ãããã決ããŸãã
package 宣èšã®ã¹ã³ãŒãã¯å®£èšã«äŒŽããããã¯ããããã¯ã䌎ããªãå Žåã¯æ¬¡ã®package 宣èšãŸã§ã§ãã
package 宣èšãå«ãã³ãŒã:
use v5.20.0;
say "default package name is @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}";
package PKG0 {
sub f { say "I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
}
say "In @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}";
package PKG1;
sub f { say "I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
say "In @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}";
package main;
sub f { say "I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
&PKG0::f;
&PKG1::f;
&main::f;
&::f;
&f
å®è¡çµæ:
default package name is main
default package name is main
In main
In PKG1
I'm PKG0
I'm PKG1
I'm main
I'm main
I'm main
__PACKAGE__ ã§ããã®äœçœ®ã®ããã±ãŒãžåãåç
§ã§ããŸãã
ãããã¬ãã«ã®ããã±ãŒãžåã¯ãmain ã§ãã
package PKG0 ã¯ãããããã¯ã䌎ã£ãŠå®£èšãããŠããã®ã§ããããã¯ãæãããš main ããã±ãŒãžã«æ»ããŸãã
package PKG1 ã¯ãããããã¯ã䌎ãã宣èšãããŠããã®ã§ã次㮠package 宣èšãŸã§ã PKG0 ããã±ãŒãžã§ãã
&PKG0::fã§ãPKG0ããã±ãŒãžã®fãã &PKG1::fã§ãPKG1ããã±ãŒãžã®fãã
&main::fã&::fãããã¯&fã§ãmainããã±ãŒãžã®fãåç
§ãããŸãã
ourã§å®£èšãããå€æ°ã¯ãããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ã§ããããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ã¯ã°ããŒãã«å€æ°ã§ãããããã±ãŒãžã«å±ããŠããŸãã
our宣èšã®å Žæã®ã¹ã³ãŒãã§ããåçŽãªååã§ã®åç
§ã¯ã§ããŸãããã::ãã€ãã£ãå®å
šä¿®é£Ÿåœ¢åŒã§ããã°ãourã®ã¹ã³ãŒãã®å€ãããåç
§ã§ããŸãã
our 宣èšãå«ãã³ãŒã:
use v5.20.0;
our $x = "default package name is @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}";
package PKG0 {
our $x = "I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}"
}
package PKG1;
our $x = "I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}";
package main;
print < $PKG0::x
$\PKG1::x --> $PKG1::x
$\main::x --> $main::x
$\::x --> $::x
$\x --> $x
EOS
å®è¡çµæ:
PKG0::x --> I'm PKG0
PKG1::x --> I'm PKG1
main::x --> default package name is main
x --> I'm PKG1
æåŸã ãæå€ã§ãããPKG1 ã® our $x ã®ã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã¯å°œããŠããªãã®ã§ãmain::x ãæŒã眮ã㊠PKG1::x ãåç
§ãããŸãã
PerlããAWK ã® BEGIN, END ã®ããã«ç¹å®ã®ã¿ã€ãã³ã°ã§å®è¡ãããã³ãŒããããã¯ãå®çŸ©ã§ããŸãã
ç¹æ®ã³ãŒããããã¯ã¯ããµãã«ãŒãã³ãšå€èŠ³ã¯äŒŒãŠããŸãããåãããã±ãŒãžã«ïŒã€ä»¥äžå®çŸ©ããããšãã§ããŸãããŸããçŽæ¥åŒåºãããšã¯ã§ããŸããã
ïŒã€ã®ã©ã®ã³ãŒããããã¯ã§å®è¡ãããŠãããã¯ã${^GLOBAL_PHASE} ã§åç
§ã§ããŸãã
BEGINã³ãŒããããã¯ã¯ãããŒã¹ãã端ããå®è¡ãããŸãã
BEGINãšåæ§ã§ãã
UNITCHECKãããã¯ã¯ããããå®çŸ©ãããŠããããã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããçŽåŸã«å®è¡ãããŸãã
ã¡ã€ã³ããã°ã©ã ãã¡ã€ã«ãšãããããŒãããåã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã¯ã³ã³ãã€ã«åäœã§ãããæååè©äŸ¡ãæ£èŠè¡šçŸå
ã® (?{ }) æ§æã䜿çšããŠã³ã³ãã€ã«ãããã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã³ãŒããdo FILEãrequire FILEã®åŒã³åºããã³ãã³ãã©ã€ã³äžã®-eã¹ã€ããã®åŸã®ã³ãŒããåæ§ã§ãã
CHECK ã³ãŒããããã¯ã¯ãæåã® Perl ã³ã³ãã€ã«ãã§ãŒãºçµäºçŽåŸã å®è¡æãéå§ããçŽåã«ãLIFO é ã§å®è¡ãããŸãã
CHECK ã³ãŒããããã¯ã¯ Perl ã³ã³ãã€ã©ã¹ã€ãŒããããã°ã©ã ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã« ç¶æ
ãä¿åããããã«äœ¿ãããŸãã
INIT ãããã¯ã¯ Perl ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ãå®è¡ãéå§ããçŽåã«ããå
å
¥ãå
åºãã (FIFO) é ã§å®è¡ãããŸãã
ENDã³ãŒããããã¯ã¯ã§ããã ãé
ããperlãããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãçµãã£ãåŸãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããªã¿ãŒãçµäºããçŽåã«å®è¡ãããŸãã
ããšããdieé¢æ°ã®çµæãšããŠçµäºããå Žåã§ãåæ§ã§ãã
ããããexecã«ãã£ãŠä»ã®ããã°ã©ã ã«é·ç§»ããå Žåã¯å®è¡ãããŸããã
ããã«ããã³ããªã³ã°ãããŠããªãã·ã°ãã«ã«ããã¢ããŒãã®å Žåãå®è¡ãããŸããã
(å¯èœã§ããã°)èªåã§ãã©ããããªããã°ãªããŸããã
1ã€ã®ãã¡ã€ã«ã«è€æ°ã®ENDãããã¯ããã£ãŠãããããã¯å®çŸ©ã®éé ã§å®è¡ãããŸãã
ã€ãŸããLIFO(Last In, First Out)ã§ãã
ENDãããã¯ã¯ãperlã-cã¹ã€ããä»ãã§å®è¡ãããšãããã³ã³ãã€ã«ã«å€±æãããšãã«ã¯å®è¡ãããŸããã
ENDãšåæ§ã§ãã
æ§æ:
use ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å [ èå¥å ];
ãã©ã°ãã¯ãPerl ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã«æãå®è¡æã®åäœã«åœ±é¿ãäžããã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã§ãã
strict ã warnings ã®ããã«ãPerl ã®ã³ã³ãã€ã«æãå®è¡æã®åäœã«åœ±é¿ãäžããã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã§ãã
Perl 5.10 ããã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒããã©ã°ããå®çŸ©ã§ããããã«ãªããŸããã
strictãã©ã°ããæå¹ã«ãããšã宣èšæžã¿ã§ãªãã°ããŒãã«å€æ°ãã·ã³ããªãã¯ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãªã©å±éºãªãã®ã®äœ¿çšãçŠæ¢ããŸããããããåºçŸããæç¹ã§äŸå€ãçºçãããããã°ã©ã ãçµäºããŸãã
use v5.12 以é㯠strict ã[https://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/5.12.1/perl5120delta.pod#Unicode32improvements æé»ã®strict]ãã£ãã©ã«ãã§æå¹ã§ãã
use strict;
use ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å;ãšãããšãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã䜿çšããããšãã§ããŸãã察矩èªã¯no ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å;ã§ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãäžäœ¿çšã«ããŸãã
use strict;
{
no strict 'refs'; # ãã®ãããã¯ã®äžã§ã¯ã·ã³ããªãã¯ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ã䜿çšå¯èœã«ãã
}
strictãã©ã°ãã¯ã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒããæã€ã®ã§ããã®ããã«ãããã¯å
ã§ã®ã¿ç¡å¹ã«ãããšããããšãã§ããŸãã
{{ã³ã©ã |$a ãš $b|2=$a ãš $b ã¯ãsort() ã䜿ããšãã®ç¹å¥ãªããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ã§ãã
ãã®ç¹æ®æ§ã®ããã$a ãš $b 㯠"strict 'vars'" ãã©ã°ãã䜿çšããŠãã"use vars" ã "our()" ã䜿ã£ãŠå®£èšããå¿
èŠã¯ãããŸããã
sort() æ¯èŒãããã¯ãé¢æ°ã§äœ¿çšãããå Žåã¯ããmy $aãããmy $bãã§ã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã«ããªãããã«ããŸãããã
Perlã®ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®ææ¬ã§ãå€æ°ã®äŸã« $a ã $b ã䜿ã£ãŠããå Žåãçè
ã¯ç¹å¥ãªããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ã§ããããšã«æãè³ã£ãŠããªãããšã«ãªããŸãã
use warnings;
ã§ãèŠåã®æ©èœãè¿œå ã§ããŸãã
ããã¯perlã® -w ã¹ã€ãããšåãã§ãç¡æå³ãªæŒç®ãæªå®çŸ©ã®å€æ°ã®äœ¿çšãäžåºŠã䜿çšãããŠããªãå€æ°ãªã©ã«å¯ŸããèŠåãæå¹ã«ããŸãã
use v5.36 以éã¯ãwarnings ããã£ãã©ã«ãã§æå¹ã§ã[https://perldoc.jp/docs/perl/5.36.0/perl5360delta.pod#use32v5.36 use v5.36]
èŠåããã ãã§ãããã°ã©ã ã¯ç¶è¡ãããŸãã
ã¯ã³ã©ã€ããŒãæžãæšãŠã®ã¹ã¯ãªãããäœæããæ以å€ã¯ãstrictãã©ã°ããšå
±ã«åžžã«æå¹ã«ããããšãæšå¥šãããŸãã
perlã«æšæºã§å梱ãããŠããã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®ããšãæšæºã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãšãããŸããæšæºã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ä»¥å€ã®ã©ã€ãã©ãªã¯ãCPANãªã©ããå
¥æããŸãã
æšæºã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®äžèŠ§ãšãµããŒãããŒãžã§ã³ã®äžèŠ§ã衚瀺ããã³ãŒã:
use v5.30.0;
use warnings;
use Module::CoreList;
my $version = '5.030000';
my $modules = $Module::CoreList::version{$version};
print <
å®è¡çµæ:
Modules in perl 5.030000:
Amiga::ARexx
Amiga::Exec
AnyDBM_File
App::Cpan
App::Prove
App::Prove::State
App::Prove::State::Result
App::Prove::State::Result::Test
Archive::Tar
Archive::Tar::Constant
Archive::Tar::File
Attribute::Handlers
AutoLoader
AutoSplit
B
B::Concise
B::Deparse
B::Op_private
B::Showlex
B::Terse
B::Xref
Benchmark
CPAN
CPAN::Author
CPAN::Bundle
CPAN::CacheMgr
CPAN::Complete
CPAN::Debug
CPAN::DeferredCode
CPAN::Distribution
CPAN::Distroprefs
CPAN::Distrostatus
CPAN::Exception::RecursiveDependency
CPAN::Exception::blocked_urllist
CPAN::Exception::yaml_not_installed
CPAN::Exception::yaml_process_error
CPAN::FTP
CPAN::FTP::netrc
CPAN::FirstTime
CPAN::HTTP::Client
CPAN::HTTP::Credentials
CPAN::HandleConfig
CPAN::Index
CPAN::InfoObj
CPAN::Kwalify
CPAN::LWP::UserAgent
CPAN::Meta
CPAN::Meta::Converter
CPAN::Meta::Feature
CPAN::Meta::History
CPAN::Meta::Merge
CPAN::Meta::Prereqs
CPAN::Meta::Requirements
CPAN::Meta::Spec
CPAN::Meta::Validator
CPAN::Meta::YAML
CPAN::Mirrors
CPAN::Module
CPAN::Nox
CPAN::Plugin
CPAN::Plugin::Specfile
CPAN::Prompt
CPAN::Queue
CPAN::Shell
CPAN::Tarzip
CPAN::URL
CPAN::Version
Carp
Carp::Heavy
Class::Struct
Compress::Raw::Bzip2
Compress::Raw::Zlib
Compress::Zlib
Config
Config::Extensions
Config::Perl::V
Cwd
DB
DBM_Filter
DBM_Filter::compress
DBM_Filter::encode
DBM_Filter::int32
DBM_Filter::null
DBM_Filter::utf8
DB_File
Data::Dumper
Devel::PPPort
Devel::Peek
Devel::SelfStubber
Digest
Digest::MD5
Digest::SHA
Digest::base
Digest::file
DirHandle
Dumpvalue
DynaLoader
Encode
Encode::Alias
Encode::Byte
Encode::CJKConstants
Encode::CN
Encode::CN::HZ
Encode::Config
Encode::EBCDIC
Encode::Encoder
Encode::Encoding
Encode::GSM0338
Encode::Guess
Encode::JP
Encode::JP::H2Z
Encode::JP::JIS7
Encode::KR
Encode::KR::2022_KR
Encode::MIME::Header
Encode::MIME::Header::ISO_2022_JP
Encode::MIME::Name
Encode::Symbol
Encode::TW
Encode::Unicode
Encode::Unicode::UTF7
English
Env
Errno
Exporter
Exporter::Heavy
ExtUtils::CBuilder
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Base
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Unix
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::VMS
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows::BCC
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows::GCC
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::Windows::MSVC
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::aix
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::android
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::cygwin
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::darwin
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::dec_osf
ExtUtils::CBuilder::Platform::os2
ExtUtils::Command
ExtUtils::Command::MM
ExtUtils::Constant
ExtUtils::Constant::Base
ExtUtils::Constant::ProxySubs
ExtUtils::Constant::Utils
ExtUtils::Constant::XS
ExtUtils::Embed
ExtUtils::Install
ExtUtils::Installed
ExtUtils::Liblist
ExtUtils::Liblist::Kid
ExtUtils::MM
ExtUtils::MM_AIX
ExtUtils::MM_Any
ExtUtils::MM_BeOS
ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
ExtUtils::MM_DOS
ExtUtils::MM_Darwin
ExtUtils::MM_MacOS
ExtUtils::MM_NW5
ExtUtils::MM_OS2
ExtUtils::MM_QNX
ExtUtils::MM_UWIN
ExtUtils::MM_Unix
ExtUtils::MM_VMS
ExtUtils::MM_VOS
ExtUtils::MM_Win32
ExtUtils::MM_Win95
ExtUtils::MY
ExtUtils::MakeMaker
ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Config
ExtUtils::MakeMaker::Locale
ExtUtils::MakeMaker::version
ExtUtils::MakeMaker::version::regex
ExtUtils::Manifest
ExtUtils::Miniperl
ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
ExtUtils::Mksymlists
ExtUtils::Packlist
ExtUtils::ParseXS
ExtUtils::ParseXS::Constants
ExtUtils::ParseXS::CountLines
ExtUtils::ParseXS::Eval
ExtUtils::ParseXS::Utilities
ExtUtils::Typemaps
ExtUtils::Typemaps::Cmd
ExtUtils::Typemaps::InputMap
ExtUtils::Typemaps::OutputMap
ExtUtils::Typemaps::Type
ExtUtils::XSSymSet
ExtUtils::testlib
Fatal
Fcntl
FileCache
FileHandle
Filter::Simple
Filter::Util::Call
FindBin
GDBM_File
Getopt::Long
Getopt::Std
HTTP::Tiny
Hash::Util
Hash::Util::FieldHash
I18N::Collate
I18N::LangTags
I18N::LangTags::Detect
I18N::LangTags::List
I18N::Langinfo
IO
IO::Compress::Adapter::Bzip2
IO::Compress::Adapter::Deflate
IO::Compress::Adapter::Identity
IO::Compress::Base
IO::Compress::Base::Common
IO::Compress::Bzip2
IO::Compress::Deflate
IO::Compress::Gzip
IO::Compress::Gzip::Constants
IO::Compress::RawDeflate
IO::Compress::Zip
IO::Compress::Zip::Constants
IO::Compress::Zlib::Constants
IO::Compress::Zlib::Extra
IO::Dir
IO::File
IO::Handle
IO::Pipe
IO::Poll
IO::Seekable
IO::Select
IO::Socket
IO::Socket::INET
IO::Socket::IP
IO::Socket::UNIX
IO::Uncompress::Adapter::Bunzip2
IO::Uncompress::Adapter::Identity
IO::Uncompress::Adapter::Inflate
IO::Uncompress::AnyInflate
IO::Uncompress::AnyUncompress
IO::Uncompress::Base
IO::Uncompress::Bunzip2
IO::Uncompress::Gunzip
IO::Uncompress::Inflate
IO::Uncompress::RawInflate
IO::Uncompress::Unzip
IO::Zlib
IPC::Cmd
IPC::Msg
IPC::Open2
IPC::Open3
IPC::Semaphore
IPC::SharedMem
IPC::SysV
JSON::PP
JSON::PP::Boolean
List::Util
List::Util::XS
Locale::Maketext
Locale::Maketext::Guts
Locale::Maketext::GutsLoader
Locale::Maketext::Simple
MIME::Base64
MIME::QuotedPrint
Math::BigFloat
Math::BigFloat::Trace
Math::BigInt
Math::BigInt::Calc
Math::BigInt::FastCalc
Math::BigInt::Lib
Math::BigInt::Trace
Math::BigRat
Math::Complex
Math::Trig
Memoize
Memoize::AnyDBM_File
Memoize::Expire
Memoize::ExpireFile
Memoize::ExpireTest
Memoize::NDBM_File
Memoize::SDBM_File
Memoize::Storable
Module::CoreList
Module::CoreList::Utils
Module::Load
Module::Load::Conditional
Module::Loaded
Module::Metadata
Moped::Msg
NDBM_File
NEXT
Net::Cmd
Net::Config
Net::Domain
Net::FTP
Net::FTP::A
Net::FTP::E
Net::FTP::I
Net::FTP::L
Net::FTP::dataconn
Net::NNTP
Net::Netrc
Net::POP3
Net::Ping
Net::SMTP
Net::Time
Net::hostent
Net::netent
Net::protoent
Net::servent
O
ODBM_File
OS2::DLL
OS2::ExtAttr
OS2::PrfDB
OS2::Process
OS2::REXX
Opcode
POSIX
Params::Check
Parse::CPAN::Meta
Perl::OSType
PerlIO
PerlIO::encoding
PerlIO::mmap
PerlIO::scalar
PerlIO::via
PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint
Pod::Checker
Pod::Escapes
Pod::Find
Pod::Functions
Pod::Functions::Functions
Pod::Html
Pod::InputObjects
Pod::Man
Pod::ParseLink
Pod::ParseUtils
Pod::Parser
Pod::Perldoc
Pod::Perldoc::BaseTo
Pod::Perldoc::GetOptsOO
Pod::Perldoc::ToANSI
Pod::Perldoc::ToChecker
Pod::Perldoc::ToMan
Pod::Perldoc::ToNroff
Pod::Perldoc::ToPod
Pod::Perldoc::ToRtf
Pod::Perldoc::ToTerm
Pod::Perldoc::ToText
Pod::Perldoc::ToTk
Pod::Perldoc::ToXml
Pod::PlainText
Pod::Select
Pod::Simple
Pod::Simple::BlackBox
Pod::Simple::Checker
Pod::Simple::Debug
Pod::Simple::DumpAsText
Pod::Simple::DumpAsXML
Pod::Simple::HTML
Pod::Simple::HTMLBatch
Pod::Simple::HTMLLegacy
Pod::Simple::LinkSection
Pod::Simple::Methody
Pod::Simple::Progress
Pod::Simple::PullParser
Pod::Simple::PullParserEndToken
Pod::Simple::PullParserStartToken
Pod::Simple::PullParserTextToken
Pod::Simple::PullParserToken
Pod::Simple::RTF
Pod::Simple::Search
Pod::Simple::SimpleTree
Pod::Simple::Text
Pod::Simple::TextContent
Pod::Simple::TiedOutFH
Pod::Simple::Transcode
Pod::Simple::TranscodeDumb
Pod::Simple::TranscodeSmart
Pod::Simple::XHTML
Pod::Simple::XMLOutStream
Pod::Text
Pod::Text::Color
Pod::Text::Overstrike
Pod::Text::Termcap
Pod::Usage
SDBM_File
Safe
Scalar::Util
Search::Dict
SelectSaver
SelfLoader
Socket
Storable
Sub::Util
Symbol
Sys::Hostname
Sys::Syslog
Sys::Syslog::Win32
TAP::Base
TAP::Formatter::Base
TAP::Formatter::Color
TAP::Formatter::Console
TAP::Formatter::Console::ParallelSession
TAP::Formatter::Console::Session
TAP::Formatter::File
TAP::Formatter::File::Session
TAP::Formatter::Session
TAP::Harness
TAP::Harness::Env
TAP::Object
TAP::Parser
TAP::Parser::Aggregator
TAP::Parser::Grammar
TAP::Parser::Iterator
TAP::Parser::Iterator::Array
TAP::Parser::Iterator::Process
TAP::Parser::Iterator::Stream
TAP::Parser::IteratorFactory
TAP::Parser::Multiplexer
TAP::Parser::Result
TAP::Parser::Result::Bailout
TAP::Parser::Result::Comment
TAP::Parser::Result::Plan
TAP::Parser::Result::Pragma
TAP::Parser::Result::Test
TAP::Parser::Result::Unknown
TAP::Parser::Result::Version
TAP::Parser::Result::YAML
TAP::Parser::ResultFactory
TAP::Parser::Scheduler
TAP::Parser::Scheduler::Job
TAP::Parser::Scheduler::Spinner
TAP::Parser::Source
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Executable
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::File
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Handle
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::Perl
TAP::Parser::SourceHandler::RawTAP
TAP::Parser::YAMLish::Reader
TAP::Parser::YAMLish::Writer
Term::ANSIColor
Term::Cap
Term::Complete
Term::ReadLine
Test
Test2
Test2::API
Test2::API::Breakage
Test2::API::Context
Test2::API::Instance
Test2::API::Stack
Test2::Event
Test2::Event::Bail
Test2::Event::Diag
Test2::Event::Encoding
Test2::Event::Exception
Test2::Event::Fail
Test2::Event::Generic
Test2::Event::Note
Test2::Event::Ok
Test2::Event::Pass
Test2::Event::Plan
Test2::Event::Skip
Test2::Event::Subtest
Test2::Event::TAP::Version
Test2::Event::V2
Test2::Event::Waiting
Test2::EventFacet
Test2::EventFacet::About
Test2::EventFacet::Amnesty
Test2::EventFacet::Assert
Test2::EventFacet::Control
Test2::EventFacet::Error
Test2::EventFacet::Hub
Test2::EventFacet::Info
Test2::EventFacet::Info::Table
Test2::EventFacet::Meta
Test2::EventFacet::Parent
Test2::EventFacet::Plan
Test2::EventFacet::Render
Test2::EventFacet::Trace
Test2::Formatter
Test2::Formatter::TAP
Test2::Hub
Test2::Hub::Interceptor
Test2::Hub::Interceptor::Terminator
Test2::Hub::Subtest
Test2::IPC
Test2::IPC::Driver
Test2::IPC::Driver::Files
Test2::Tools::Tiny
Test2::Util
Test2::Util::ExternalMeta
Test2::Util::Facets2Legacy
Test2::Util::HashBase
Test2::Util::Trace
Test::Builder
Test::Builder::Formatter
Test::Builder::IO::Scalar
Test::Builder::Module
Test::Builder::Tester
Test::Builder::Tester::Color
Test::Builder::TodoDiag
Test::Harness
Test::More
Test::Simple
Test::Tester
Test::Tester::Capture
Test::Tester::CaptureRunner
Test::Tester::Delegate
Test::use::ok
Text::Abbrev
Text::Balanced
Text::ParseWords
Text::Tabs
Text::Wrap
Thread
Thread::Queue
Thread::Semaphore
Tie::Array
Tie::File
Tie::Handle
Tie::Hash
Tie::Hash::NamedCapture
Tie::Memoize
Tie::RefHash
Tie::Scalar
Tie::StdHandle
Tie::SubstrHash
Time::HiRes
Time::Local
Time::Piece
Time::Seconds
Time::gmtime
Time::localtime
Time::tm
UNIVERSAL
Unicode
Unicode::Collate
Unicode::Collate::CJK::Big5
Unicode::Collate::CJK::GB2312
Unicode::Collate::CJK::JISX0208
Unicode::Collate::CJK::Korean
Unicode::Collate::CJK::Pinyin
Unicode::Collate::CJK::Stroke
Unicode::Collate::CJK::Zhuyin
Unicode::Collate::Locale
Unicode::Normalize
Unicode::UCD
User::grent
User::pwent
VMS::DCLsym
VMS::Filespec
VMS::Stdio
Win32
Win32API::File
Win32API::File::inc::ExtUtils::Myconst2perl
Win32CORE
XS::APItest
XS::Typemap
XSLoader
_charnames
attributes
autodie
autodie::Scope::Guard
autodie::Scope::GuardStack
autodie::Util
autodie::exception
autodie::exception::system
autodie::hints
autodie::skip
autouse
base
bigint
bignum
bigrat
blib
bytes
charnames
constant
deprecate
diagnostics
encoding
encoding::warnings
experimental
feature
fields
filetest
if
integer
less
lib
locale
meta_notation
mro
ok
open
ops
overload
overload::numbers
overloading
parent
perlfaq
re
sigtrap
sort
strict
subs
threads
threads::shared
unicore::Name
utf8
vars
version
version::regex
vmsish
warnings
warnings::register
version in Module::CoreList::version:
5
5.000
5.001
5.002
5.00307
5.004
5.00405
5.005
5.00503
5.00504
5.006
5.006000
5.006001
5.006002
5.007003
5.008
5.008000
5.008001
5.008002
5.008003
5.008004
5.008005
5.008006
5.008007
5.008008
5.008009
5.009
5.009000
5.009001
5.009002
5.009003
5.009004
5.009005
5.01
5.010000
5.010001
5.011
5.011000
5.011001
5.011002
5.011003
5.011004
5.011005
5.012
5.012000
5.012001
5.012002
5.012003
5.012004
5.012005
5.013
5.013000
5.013001
5.013002
5.013003
5.013004
5.013005
5.013006
5.013007
5.013008
5.013009
5.01301
5.013010
5.013011
5.014
5.014000
5.014001
5.014002
5.014003
5.014004
5.015
5.015000
5.015001
5.015002
5.015003
5.015004
5.015005
5.015006
5.015007
5.015008
5.015009
5.016
5.016000
5.016001
5.016002
5.016003
5.017
5.017000
5.017001
5.017002
5.017003
5.017004
5.017005
5.017006
5.017007
5.017008
5.017009
5.01701
5.017010
5.017011
5.018
5.018000
5.018001
5.018002
5.018003
5.018004
5.019
5.019000
5.019001
5.019002
5.019003
5.019004
5.019005
5.019006
5.019007
5.019008
5.019009
5.01901
5.019010
5.019011
5.02
5.020000
5.020001
5.020002
5.020003
5.021
5.021000
5.021001
5.021002
5.021003
5.021004
5.021005
5.021006
5.021007
5.021008
5.021009
5.02101
5.021010
5.021011
5.022
5.022000
5.022001
5.022002
5.022003
5.022004
5.023
5.023000
5.023001
5.023002
5.023003
5.023004
5.023005
5.023006
5.023007
5.023008
5.023009
5.024
5.024000
5.024001
5.024002
5.024003
5.024004
5.025
5.025000
5.025001
5.025002
5.025003
5.025004
5.025005
5.025006
5.025007
5.025008
5.025009
5.02501
5.025010
5.025011
5.025012
5.026
5.026000
5.026001
5.026002
5.026003
5.027
5.027000
5.027001
5.027002
5.027003
5.027004
5.027005
5.027006
5.027007
5.027008
5.027009
5.02701
5.027010
5.027011
5.028
5.028000
5.028001
5.028002
5.029
5.029000
5.029001
5.029002
5.029003
5.029004
5.029005
5.029006
5.029007
5.029008
5.029009
5.02901
5.029010
5.03
5.030000
CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) ãšã¯ãPerlã®ã©ã€ãã©ãªãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ããã®ä»ã®ã¹ã¯ãªãããªã©ãéããäžççãªã¢ãŒã«ã€ããããã¯ãŒã¯ã§ããæšæºã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®CPAN.pmã§ã¯ãã·ã§ã«ããcpanã³ãã³ãã䜿ã£ãŠCPANã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãã€ã³ã¹ããŒã«ããã€ã³ã¿ãã§ãŒã¹ãæäŸããŠããŸãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/bPlXiz8VwrxUm1rsCrTy-g?language=perl lib/Category/Example.pm]:
package Category::Example {
use v5.30.0;
BEGIN {
require Exporter;
# ããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ãã¯ã®ããã®ããŒãžã§ã³
our $VERSION = 1.00;
# Exporterãç¶æ¿ããŠé¢æ°ãšå€æ°ããšã¯ã¹ããŒããã
our @ISA = qw(Exporter);
# ããã©ã«ãã§ãšã¯ã¹ããŒããããé¢æ°ãšå€æ°
our @EXPORT = qw(func1 func2);
# ãªãã·ã§ã³ã§ãšã¯ã¹ããŒãå¯èœãªé¢æ°ãšå€æ°
our @EXPORT_OK = qw($Var1 %Hashit func3);
}
# ãšã¯ã¹ããŒããããããã±ãŒãžã®ã°ããŒãã«èå¥å
our $Var1 = '';
our %Hashit = ();
# ãšã¯ã¹ããŒããããªãããã±ãŒãžã®ã°ããŒãã«èå¥å
# ïŒãããã¯ã$Category::Example::stuffãšããŠãŸã ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹å¯èœã§ãïŒ
our @more = ();
our $stuff = 'stuff';
# ãã¡ã€ã«ãã©ã€ããŒãã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¯ããããã䜿çšããé¢æ°ã®åã«ãããã«çœ®ãããŸãã
my $priv_var = '';
my %secret_hash = ();
# ããã§ã¯ããã¡ã€ã«ã»ãã©ã€ããŒãé¢æ°ãã¯ããŒãžã£ãšããŠã
# $priv_func->() ãšããŠåŒã³åºããŠããŸãã
my $priv_func = sub {
...
};
# ãšã¯ã¹ããŒããããŠããé¢æ°ã®å®è£
ã
sub func1 { return "func1" }
sub func2 { return "func2" }
# ããã¯ãšã¯ã¹ããŒããããŸãããã
# Some::Module::func3() ãšããŠçŽæ¥åŒã³åºãããšãã§ããŸãã
sub func3 { return "func3" }
END { } # ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®ã¯ãªãŒã³ã¢ããã³ãŒãïŒã°ããŒãã«ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒïŒã
}
1; # true ãè¿ãããšãå¿ããªãã§ãã ããã
[https://paiza.io/projects/bPlXiz8VwrxUm1rsCrTy-g?language=perl Main.pl]:
use v5.30.0;
use lib './lib';
use Category::Example;
say func1;
say func2;
say Category::Example::func3;
ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåã§ãªãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å®è£
ã®äŸã§ãã
ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã®æ¡åŒµå㯠.pm ïŒPerl ModulesïŒã§ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«éå±€ã®åºåã :: ããã¡ã€ã«ã·ã¹ãã ã®ãã£ã¬ã¯ãã»ãã¬ãŒã¿ãŒã«çœ®ãæãããã®ããã¹ã«ãªããŸãã: ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã¯ package ãšããŠå®è£
ããŸãã
ã³ã³ãã€ã«åäœãè¶
ããŠèå¥åããšãã¹ããŒãããã«ã¯ Exporter ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã䜿ããŸãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/WXHHrK0-SPuCAUShpitAmQ?language=perl lib/Point.pm]:
package Point {
use v5.30.0;
use feature 'signatures';
no warnings "experimental::signatures";
use POSIX qw[hypot];
BEGIN {
our @VERSION = "1.2.0";
}
sub new ( $class, $x = 0.0, $y = 0.0 ) {
bless { x => $x, y => $y, }, $class;
}
use overload
'""' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) {"Point($self->{x}, $self->{y})"},
'abs' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) { POSIX::hypot( $self->{x}, $self->{y} ) };
sub abs ($self) { POSIX::hypot( $self->{x}, $self->{y} ) }
sub angle ($self) { atan2( $self->{x}, $self->{y} ) }
}
if ( $0 eq __FILE__ ) {
my $pt = Point->new( 6.0, 8.0 );
print <abs(): @{[ $pt->abs() ]}
\$pt->angle(): @{[ $pt->angle() ]}
EOS
}
1;
[https://paiza.io/projects/WXHHrK0-SPuCAUShpitAmQ?language=perl Main.pl]:
use v5.30.0;
use lib q(./lib);
use Point;
my $pt = Point->new( 3.0, 4.0 );
print <abs: @{[ $pt->abs ]}
\$pt->angle(): @{[ $pt->angle() ]}
EOS
å®è¡çµæ:
@Point::VERSION: 1.2.0
$pt: Point(3, 4)
abs $pt: 5
$pt->abs: 5
$pt->angle(): 0.643501108793284
ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«å®è£
ã®äŸã§ãã
abs ã¯ãåé
æŒç®åã§ãããã®ã§ã¡ãœããçãšæŒç®åçã®ïŒã€ãçšæããŸããã
package ãã¯ã©ã¹ãšããŠäœ¿ã£ãŠããã®ã§ãExporter ã®åºçªã¯ãªããå®å
šä¿®é£Ÿåœ¢åŒãåºæ¬ã«ãªããŸãã
åŒåºãå
ã®ããã±ãŒãžïŒå
žåçã«ã¯ main::ïŒã®åå空éãæ±æããªãã®ãããã§ãã
use overload '""' => sub($self, $p, $q) { "Point($self->{x}, $self->{y})" };ã¯ãæåååæŒç®åãæŒç®åãªãŒããŒããŒãããŠããŸãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/RdUMmvpiW1lZFkZgeczcrA?language=perl çŽäº€åº§æšç³»ã®ïŒç¹ãè¡šãã¯ã©ã¹] Point:
use v5.30.0;
use feature 'signatures';
no warnings "experimental::signatures";
use POSIX ();
package Point {
BEGIN {
our @VERSION = '1.2.0';
}
sub new : prototype($$$) ( $class, $x = 0.0, $y = 0.0 ) {
bless { x => $x, y => $y, }, $class;
}
use overload
'""' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) {"Point($self->{x}, $self->{y})"},
'abs' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) { POSIX::hypot @$self{qw(x y)} };
sub abs : prototype($) ($self) { POSIX::hypot @$self{qw(x y)} }
sub angle ($self) { atan2 $self->{x}, $self->{y} }
}
package main {
my $pt = Point->new( 3.0, 4.0 );
print <abs(): @{[ $pt->abs() ]}
\$pt->angle(): @{[ $pt->angle() ]}
\$pt->{x}: @{[ $pt->{x} ]}
\$pt->{y}: @{[ $pt->{y} ]}
\@\$pt{qw(x y)}: @{[ @$pt{qw(x y)} ]}
EOS
}
å®è¡çµæ:
@Point::VERSION: 1.2.0
$pt: Point(3, 4)
abs $pt: 5
$pt->abs(): 5
$pt->angle(): 0.643501108793284
$pt->{x}: 3
$pt->{y}: 4
@$pt{qw(x y)}: 3 4
ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãªããžã§ã¯ããè¿ããµãã«ãŒãã³ã§ããä»ã®å€ãã®èšèªãšåããååã«ã¯ new ã䜿ããŸãã
ä»ã®ååã§ããããŒã¿æ§é ãã¯ã©ã¹ã« bless ãè¿ããµãã«ãŒãã³ã¯å
šãŠã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ãã
ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®å®çŸ©:
sub new : prototype($$$) ( $class, $x = 0.0, $y = 0.0 ) {
bless { x => $x, y => $y, }, $class;
}
éã·ã°ããã£ãŒã§ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®å®çŸ©:
sub new {
my $class = shift;
bless { x => shift // 0.0, y => shift // 0.0, }, $class;
}
ãšãæžããŸãã
ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®åŒåºã:
my $pt = Point->new(3.0, 4.0);
Point ãé ãã第äžåŒæ°ãšããŠæž¡ãããŸãã
éæ¥ãªããžã§ã¯ãææ³:
my $pt = new Point(3.0, 4.0);
ããã¯ãéæ¥ãªããžã§ã¯ãææ³( indirect object notation )ãšããæ§æã§ãããv5.36ã§å»æ¢ãããŸããã
çµèŸŒã¿é¢æ°blessã¯ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®äžæ žã§ã第äžåŒæ°ïŒå
žåçã«ã¯ $self ãšããååã®ããã·ã¥ïŒãšã第äºåŒæ°ã®ïŒå
žåçã«ã¯ $class ãšèšãååã®ããã±ãŒãžïŒãçµã³ã€ããã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹ïŒã¯ã©ã¹ãå®äœåãããªããžã§ã¯ãïŒãæ»å€ãšããŸããbless ã®æ»å€ã䜿ã£ãŠã¡ãœãããã¡ã³ããŒãåç
§ããŸãã
ãªããžã§ã¯ãã®å
éšæ§é $self ã¯ãå
žåçã«ã¯ããã·ã¥ã䜿ãããŸãããããã¯ããã·ã¥ã¯ããŒïŒååïŒã«ãã£ãŠå€ãåãåºãããšãã§ããããã¡ã³ããŒãè¡šçŸããã®ã«é©ããŠããããã§ãã
ã»ãã®ããŒã¿æ§é ãé
åã»ã¹ã«ã©ãŒã»ãã¡ã€ã«ãã³ãã«ãªã©ãå
éšæ§é ã«ããããšããããŸãã
ã¯ã©ã¹ã®å®£èšã¯package宣èšã«ãã£ãŠè¡ããŸããããã¯ã©ã€ãã©ãªã»ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãããã±ãŒãžã宣èšããã®ãšææ³çã«ã¯å
šãåãã§ãã
ã¡ãœããã®å®çŸ©ã¯é¢æ°å®çŸ©ãšåãsubã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸããã¡ãœããã¯ç¬¬äžåŒæ°ã«ãªããžã§ã¯ãïŒæ
£ç¿ãšã㊠$self ã®ååã䜿ãããŸãïŒãæž¡ããããµãã«ãŒãã³ã§ãã
$pt->abs()
ã·ã°ããã£ãŒç:
sub abs($self) { POSIX::hypot($self->{x}, $self->{y}) }
ã®ããã«å®çŸ©ãããŸãã
éã·ã°ããã£ãŒç:
sub abs {
my $self = shift;
POSIX::hypot($self->{x}, $self->{y})
}
bless ã§ããã±ãŒãžãšçµã¶ä»ããããããŒã¿æ§é ã«ããã·ã¥ã䜿ã£ãå ŽåãããŒãååãšããã¡ã³ããŒå€æ°ãšããŠæ¯èããŸãã
$pt->{x}
$pt->{y}
ã®ããã«ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ã§åç
§ããŸãã
Perlã§ã¯ãããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ãã¯ã©ã¹å€æ°ã«çžåœããŸãã
$Point::VERSION
ã®ããã«ãããã±ãŒãžå
ã§our宣èšãããå€æ°ïŒããã±ãŒãžå€æ°ïŒã¯ã¯ã©ã¹å€æ°ãšããŠæ¯èããŸãã
ãªããžã§ã¯ããžã®æåŸã®åç
§ããªããªããšããã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ç Žæ£ãããŸãã
ã¬ãã·ã«ã«ã¹ã«ã©ãŒå€æ°ïŒ1ã€ã ãïŒã«ãªããžã§ã¯ããžã®åç
§ãæçžãããŠããå Žåããã®å€æ°ãã¹ã³ãŒããåºããšãã«ãªããžã§ã¯ããç Žæ£ãããŸãã
ããã±ãŒãžã°ããŒãã«å€æ°ã«ãªããžã§ã¯ããžã®åç
§ãæçžãããŠããå ŽåãïŒãã®å€æ°ã«å¥ã®å€ãå
¥ãã§ãããªéãïŒããã°ã©ã çµäºãŸã§ãªããžã§ã¯ãã¯ç Žæ£ãããŸããã
ãã®ãªããžã§ã¯ãããç Žæ£ãããããµãã«ãŒãã³ããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã§ãã
ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãDESTROY ãšèšãååã§ãïŒnew ãšç°ãªãåå㯠DESTROY åºå®ã§ãïŒã
DESTROY ã¡ãœããã¯ãã€ã§ãåŒã³åºãããšãã§ããã®ã§ã DESTROY ã¡ãœããã§è¡ãäœãã«ãã£ãŠèšå®ããããããããªãã°ããŒãã«ãªã¹ããŒã¿ã¹å€æ°ãããŒã«ã«åããªããã°ãããŸããã
ãã®ãããDESTROYã®ããããŒã°ã¯äžã®ãããªãã®ã«ãªããŸãã
sub DESTROY($self) {
local($., $@, $!, $^E, $?);
...;
}
ãªããžã§ã¯ãæåããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã§ã¯ãæ¢åã®ã¯ã©ã¹ããæ§è³ªã®éšåçã«ç°ãªãã¯ã©ã¹ã掟çãããããšãç¶æ¿ãšãããŸãã
åºåºã¯ã©ã¹
ããŒã¹ã¯ã©ã¹
掟çã¯ã©ã¹
ãã©ã€ããã¯ã©ã¹
$pt->abs();
ãšãããšããPerlã¯$ptå±ããã¯ã©ã¹ïŒïŒããã±ãŒãžïŒã«absãšããååã®ã¡ãœãããæ¢ãã«ãããŸãã
ããèŠã€ãããªãã£ãå Žåã¯ã@ISAãšããç¹æ®ãªé
åã«æ ŒçŽãããŠããã¯ã©ã¹ã«absãšããååã®ã¡ãœãããæ¢ãã«ãããŸãã
@ISAã«åºåºã¯ã©ã¹ã®ååãå
¥ããŠããããšã§ãç¶æ¿ãå®çŸããããšãã§ããŸãã
@ISA ã®èŠçŽ æ°ãïŒã®ç¶æ¿ã¯åäžç¶æ¿ã§ãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/4TRjuC9BbWgTD_Yh7Q_LmA?language=perl åäžç¶æ¿]:
use v5.30.0;
use warnings;
package BaseClass {
sub new { bless {}, shift }
sub hello { say "hello I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
sub goodbye { say "goodbye I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
}
package MyClass {
BEGIN {
our @ISA = qw(BaseClass);
}
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
$self;
}
sub goodbye { say "goodbye I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
}
my $mc = MyClass->new();
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("MyClass") ? "t" : "()"]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("OtherClass") ? "t" : "()" ]});
$mc->hello();
$mc->goodbye();
å®è¡çµæ:
t
t
()
hello I'm BaseClass
goodbye I'm MyClass
@ISAã«è€æ°ã®ã¯ã©ã¹åãåæããç¶æ¿ãå€éç¶æ¿ã§ãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/RKZ-HULKwcba7KdH-uRckg?language=perl å€éç¶æ¿]:
use v5.30.0;
use warnings;
package BaseClass1 {
sub new { bless {}, shift }
sub hello { say "hello I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
sub goodbye { say "goodbye I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
}
package BaseClass2 {
sub new { bless {}, shift }
sub hello { say "hello I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
sub goodbye { say "goodbye I'm @{[ __PACKAGE__ ]}" }
}
package MyClass {
BEGIN {
our @ISA = qw(BaseClass1 BaseClass2);
}
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
$self;
}
}
my $mc = MyClass->new();
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("MyClass") ? "t" : "()"]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass1") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass2") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("OtherClass") ? "t" : "()" ]});
$mc->hello();
$mc->goodbye();
å®è¡çµæ:
t
t
t
()
hello I'm BaseClass1
goodbye I'm BaseClass1
ããã§åé¡ãªã®ã¯ãmy $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);ã§ã® SUPER 㯠BaseClass1 ã§ããïŒã€ã®åºåºã¯ã©ã¹ BaseClass2 ã¯ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãåŒã°ããŠããªãç¹ã§ãã
ãã®ã³ãŒãã§ã¯ãååºåºã¯ã©ã¹ã®ããããã£ã¯åç
§ãããŠããŸããããããããããã£ãåç
§ãããšBaseClass2ã®ã¡ãœãããæªåæåããããã£ã®åç
§ãåŒãèµ·ãããŸãã
ãšå€éç¶æ¿ã«ã¯ã¡ãœããã®åŒåºã®åªå
é 以äžã«è¶
ããªããã°ãããªãåé¡ããããŸãã
åºåºã¯ã©ã¹å士ãå
±éã®ã¯ã©ã¹ãã掟çãããŠããç¶æ¿é¢ä¿ããã€ã¢ã¢ã³ãç¶æ¿ãšåŒã³ãŸãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/qwGU966-n_MFjasf_7_Dyg?language=perl ãã€ã¢ã¢ã³ãç¶æ¿]:
use v5.30.0;
use warnings;
package BaseClass { }
package BaseClass1 {
BEGIN {
our @ISA = qw(BaseClass);
}
}
package BaseClass2 {
BEGIN {
our @ISA = qw(BaseClass);
}
}
package MyClass {
BEGIN {
our @ISA = qw(BaseClass1 BaseClass2);
}
sub new { bless {}, shift }
}
my $mc = MyClass->new();
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("MyClass") ? "t" : "()"]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass1") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass2") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("BaseClass") ? "t" : "()" ]});
say qq(@{[ $mc->isa("OtherClass") ? "t" : "()" ]});
å®è¡çµæ:
t
t
t
t
()
Perlã®å€éç¶æ¿ã§ã¯ã2ã€ä»¥äžã®ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãåŒåºãã¹ããŒããªæ¹æ³ããªãã®ã§ãçæ¹ã¯ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãçšæãããã¡ãœããã»ãããšããŠå®è£
ããããšãšãªããå®è³ªçã« Mix-in ã«ãªããŸãã
[https://paiza.io/projects/khCtr_4j0A9gAzNSXMY05Q?language=perl Mix-in]:
use v5.30.0;
use feature 'signatures';
no warnings "experimental::signatures";
package Eachable {
BEGIN {
our @VERSION = '1.0.0';
}
sub reduce ( $self, $cbr, $init = undef ) {
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
$init = $cbr->( $init, $_ );
}
return $init;
}
sub foreach ( $self, $cbr ) {
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
$cbr->(@pair);
}
undef;
}
sub map ( $self, $cbr ) {
my @result = ();
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
push @result, $cbr->(@pair);
}
return Array->new(@result);
}
sub filter ( $self, $cbr ) {
my @result = ();
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
push @result, $_ if $cbr->(@pair);
}
return Array->new(@result);
}
sub sum ( $self, $cbr = undef ) {
my $sum = 0;
my $c = 0;
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[0];
my @deltas = defined $cbr ? $cbr->(@pair) : @pair[ 1 .. 1 ];
foreach my $delta (@deltas) {
my $y = $delta - $c;
my $t = $sum + $y;
$c = ( $t - $sum ) - $y;
$sum = $t;
}
}
return $sum;
}
sub every ( $self, $cbr ) {
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
$cbr->($_) ? 0 : return 0 != 0;
}
return 0 == 0;
}
sub some ( $self, $cbr ) {
my $clone = "@{[ref $self]}"->new( $self->values() );
while ( my @pair = $clone->each() ) {
local $_ = $pair[1];
$cbr->($_) ? return 0 == 0 : 0;
}
return 0 != 0;
}
}
package Array {
BEGIN {
our @VERSION = '1.0.0';
our @ISA = qw(Eachable);
}
sub new ( $class, @ary ) {
bless \@ary, $class;
}
use overload '""' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) {"(@{[join ',', @$self ]})"};
sub push ( $self, @other ) { push @$self, @other; $self }
sub unshift ( $self, @other ) { unshift @$self, @other; $self }
sub pop ($self) { pop @$self; $self }
sub shift ($self) { shift @$self; $self }
sub keys ($self) { keys @$self; }
sub values ($self) { values @$self; }
sub each ($self) { each @$self; }
# sub splice; XXX
}
package Hash {
BEGIN {
our @VERSION = '1.0.0';
our @ISA = qw(Eachable);
}
sub new ( $class, $hash ) {
#my %self = %$hash;
#map { $self{$_} = $hash->{$_} } keys %$hash;
bless \%$hash, $class;
}
use overload '""' => sub ( $self, $p, $q ) {qq!(@{[join ',', map { "$_=>$self->{$_}" } sort keys %$self ]})!};
# XXX
sub delete ( $self, $key ) { delete %$self{$key} }
sub exists ( $self, $key ) { exists $$self{$key} }
sub keys ($self) { keys %$self }
sub values ($self) { my %clone = %$self; \%clone }
sub each ($self) { each %$self }
}
if ( $0 eq __FILE__ ) {
use Test::More tests => 35;
say "for Array:";
my $ary = Array->new( 1 .. 3 );
say 'my $ary = Array->new( 1 .. 3 );';
ok( Array->new( 1 .. 10 )->reduce( sub { my ( $x, $y ) = @_; $x + $y } ) == 55, "Array::reduce(1)" );
ok( Array->new( 1 .. 10 )->reduce( sub { my ( $x, $y ) = @_; $x + $y }, 10 ) == 65, "Array::reduce(2)" );
ok( do {
my $i;
$ary->foreach( sub { $i += $_ } );
$i == 6;
},
"Array::foreach"
);
ok( "" . $ary->map( sub { $_ * 2 } ) eq "(2,4,6)", "Array::map @{[ $ary->map(sub{$_*2}) ]}" );
ok( "" . $ary->filter( sub { $_ % 2 == 0 } ) eq "(2)", "Array::filter @{[ $ary->filter( sub { $_ % 2 == 0 } ) ]}" );
ok( "" . $ary->sum == 6, "Array::sum @{[ $ary->sum ]}" );
ok( $ary->every( sub { $_ < 10 } ), 'Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ < 10 } )' );
ok( !$ary->every( sub { $_ < 3 } ), 'Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ < 3 } )' );
ok( !$ary->every( sub { $_ == 1 } ), 'Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ == 1 } )' );
ok( !$ary->every( sub { $_ == 100 } ), 'Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ == 100 } )' );
ok( $ary->some( sub { $_ < 10 } ), 'Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ < 10 } )' );
ok( $ary->some( sub { $_ < 3 } ), 'Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ < 3 } )' );
ok( $ary->some( sub { $_ == 1 } ), 'Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ == 1 } )' );
ok( !$ary->some( sub { $_ == 100 } ), 'Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ == 100 } )' );
ok( "" . $ary eq "(1,2,3)", qq(Array::Operator "" --> $ary) );
ok( "" . $ary->push(10) eq "(1,2,3,10)", "Array::push --> $ary" );
ok( "" . $ary->push( 10, 11, 12 ) eq "(1,2,3,10,10,11,12)", "Array::push --> $ary" );
ok( "" . $ary->pop() eq "(1,2,3,10,10,11)", "Array::pop --> $ary" );
ok( "" . $ary->unshift(10) eq "(10,1,2,3,10,10,11)", "Array::unshift --> $ary" );
ok( "" . $ary->unshift( 10, 11, 12 ) eq "(10,11,12,10,1,2,3,10,10,11)", "Array::unshift --> $ary" );
ok( "" . $ary->shift() eq "(11,12,10,1,2,3,10,10,11)", "Array::shift --> $ary" );
ok( "@{[$ary->keys()]}" eq "0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8", "Array::keys @{[$ary->keys()]}" );
ok( "@{[$ary->values()]}" eq "11 12 10 1 2 3 10 10 11", "Array::values @{[$ary->values()]}" );
say 'for Hash:';
my $hash = Hash->new( { a => 2, b => 3, c => 5, d => 7 } );
ok( "@{[sort($hash->map(sub{$_*2})->values)]}" eq "10 14 4 6", "Hash::map @{[ sort($hash->map(sub{$_*2})->values) ]}" );
ok( "@{[ sort $hash->filter( sub { $_ % 2 != 0 } )->values ]}" eq "3 5 7", "Hash::filter @{[ sort $hash->filter( sub { $_ % 2 != 0 } )->values ]}" );
ok( "" . $hash->sum == 17, "Hash::sum @{[ $hash->sum ]}" );
ok( $hash->every( sub { $_ < 10 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ < 10 } )' );
ok( !$hash->every( sub { $_ < 3 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ < 3 } )' );
ok( !$hash->every( sub { $_ == 1 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ == 1 } )' );
ok( !$hash->every( sub { $_ == 100 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ == 100 } )' );
ok( $hash->some( sub { $_ < 10 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ < 10 } )' );
ok( $hash->some( sub { $_ < 3 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ < 3 } )' );
ok( $hash->some( sub { $_ == 2 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ == 2 } )' );
ok( !$hash->some( sub { $_ == 100 } ), 'Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ == 100 } )' );
ok( "" . $hash eq "(a=>2,b=>3,c=>5,d=>7)", qq(Hash::Operator "" --> $hash) );
}
å®è¡çµæ:
1..35
for Array:
my $ary = Array->new( 1 .. 3 );
ok 1 - Array::reduce(1)
ok 2 - Array::reduce(2)
ok 3 - Array::foreach
ok 4 - Array::map (2,4,6)
ok 5 - Array::filter (2)
ok 6 - Array::sum 6
ok 7 - Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ < 10 } )
ok 8 - Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ < 3 } )
ok 9 - Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ == 1 } )
ok 10 - Array::every $ary->every( sub { $_ == 100 } )
ok 11 - Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ < 10 } )
ok 12 - Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ < 3 } )
ok 13 - Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ == 1 } )
ok 14 - Array::every $ary->some( sub { $_ == 100 } )
ok 15 - Array::Operator "" --> (1,2,3)
ok 16 - Array::push --> (1,2,3,10)
ok 17 - Array::push --> (1,2,3,10,10,11,12)
ok 18 - Array::pop --> (1,2,3,10,10,11)
ok 19 - Array::unshift --> (10,1,2,3,10,10,11)
ok 20 - Array::unshift --> (10,11,12,10,1,2,3,10,10,11)
ok 21 - Array::shift --> (11,12,10,1,2,3,10,10,11)
ok 22 - Array::keys 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ok 23 - Array::values 11 12 10 1 2 3 10 10 11
for Hash:
ok 24 - Hash::map 10 14 4 6
ok 25 - Hash::filter 3 5 7
ok 26 - Hash::sum 17
ok 27 - Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ < 10 } )
ok 28 - Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ < 3 } )
ok 29 - Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ == 1 } )
ok 30 - Hash::every $hash->every( sub { $_ == 100 } )
ok 31 - Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ < 10 } )
ok 32 - Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ < 3 } )
ok 33 - Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ == 2 } )
ok 34 - Hash::every $hash->some( sub { $_ == 100 } )
ok 35 - Hash::Operator "" --> (a=>2,b=>3,c=>5,d=>7)
Array ãš Hash ã¯ãiterator ã¡ãœããã ãå®è£
ããŠãeach,mapãsumã¡ãœããã¯ãå
±éç¥å
ã® Eachable ã§å®è£
ããŠããŸãã
Eachable ã¯ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒãæããªãã¯ã©ã¹ã§ãã€ã³ã¹ã¿ã³ã¹åããããšã¯ãªãç¹°è¿ããè¡ãã¡ãœããã ããæäŸããŠããŸãã
sumã¯ãã«ãã³ã®å ç®ã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ãå®è£
ããŠããã¢ã«ãŽãªãºã ã¯ãEachableã®äžã«éããŠããŸãã
Test::Moreã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã«ããååž°ãã¹ããçšæããŸããã
ãã®ããã«ãã¡ãœããã»ãããåæããã¯ã©ã¹éã®é¢ä¿ããMix-inãšãããŸãã
( ''SUPER pseudo-class'' )ã¯ãåžžã«åºåºã¯ã©ã¹ãæããŠããŸããåºåºã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã¡ãœããã掟çã¯ã©ã¹å
ã§åŒã³åºãå Žåã«äœ¿çšããŸãã
package MyClass {
sub new {
my $class = shift;
my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
return $self;
}
}
[TODO:å€äºç¶æ¿ã®å Žåã®SUPERã®æ¯èã]
base ãã©ã°ãã¯2022幎11æçŸåšãéæšå¥šãšãã parent ãã©ã°ãã®äœ¿çšãæšå¥šãããŠããŸããå°ãªããšã base ã¯å€éç¶æ¿ã«å¯Ÿå¿ããŠããŸããã
base ãã©ã°ãã䜿ããšãåºåºã¯ã©ã¹ã®å®çŸ©ã«å¿
èŠãªuseã@ISAã®ä»£å
¥ããåºåºã¯ã©ã¹å
ã®å€æ°ãé¢æ°ã®ã€ã³ããŒããŸã§ããã¹ãŠèªåã§è¡ãããšãã§ããŸãã
package BaseClass;
package MyClass;
use base qw(BaseClass);
ãã®ã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ã¯ãbaseãããã©ãŒã¯ããŠãæºãŸã£ãŠãããŽããåãé€ãããã®ã§ãã
package BaseClass;
package MyClass;
use base qw(BaseClass1 BaseClass2);
package BaseClass;
package MyClass;
BEGIN {
require BaseClass1;
require BaseClass2;
push @ISA, qw(BaseClass1 BaseClass2)
}
ãšåãã§ãïŒèªåèªèº«ãç¶æ¿ããããšããŠãããã°ã®æ€åºã¯è¿œå ãããŠããŸãïŒã
ãã®ä»ã«ããClass::Structã®æ§ã«ã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãŒã®èªåçæãªã©ãè¡ãã¢ãžã¥ãŒã«ãªã©ãã¯ã©ã¹å®çŸ©ãè£å©ãããŠãŒãã£ãªãã£ã¯å¹Ÿã€ããããŸãããææ©ãã¯ã©ã¹ãšã¯ã©ã¹éå±€ã®æå¹æ§ãè©äŸ¡ããã®ã«ã¯äŸ¿å©ã§ãããã¯ã©ã¹èšèšãå®äºããæç¹ã§ã@ISAãçŽæ¥æäœããçŽ æŽãªã³ãŒãã«æžãæããã»ããä¿å®æ§ã¯åäžããŸãã
Rubyã«ç§»æ€ããã³ãŒãããOOPerl ã«ç§»æ€ããŸããã
[https://paiza.io/projects/rjSXt7Z0TNX-JLpPDia8Mw?language=perl å
å«ãšç¶æ¿]:
use v5.20.0;
use feature 'signatures';
no warnings "experimental::signatures";
package Point {
sub new($class, $x = 0, $y = 0) {
bless { x => $x, y => $y }, $class
}
use overload '""' => sub ($self, $p, $q) { "x:$self->{x}, y:$self->{y}" };
sub move($self, $dx = 0, $dy = 0) {
$self->{x} += $dx;
$self->{y} += $dy;
$self
}
}
package Shape {
sub new($class, $x = 0, $y = 0) {
bless { location => Point->new($x, $y) }, $class
}
use overload '""' => sub ($self, $p, $q) { "" . $self->{location} };
sub to_string($self) { "" . $self->{location} }
sub move($self, $x, $y) {
$self->{location}->move($x, $y)
}
sub area($self) { "!!! Unimplemented !!!" }
}
package Rectangle {
our @ISA = qw(Shape);
sub new($class, $x = 0, $y = 0, $width = 0, $height = 0) {
my $self = $class->SUPER::new($x, $y);
$self->{width} = $width;
$self->{height} = $height;
$self
}
use overload '""' => sub ($self, $p, $q) { "@{[ $self->SUPER::to_string() ]}, width:$self->{width}, height:$self->{height}" };
}
my $rct = Rectangle->new(12, 32, 100, 50);
print < $rct
\$rct->isa("Rectangle") --> @{[ $rct->isa("Rectangle") ? "true" : "false" ]}
\$rct->isa("Shape") --> @{[ $rct->isa("Shape") ? "true" : "false" ]}
\$rct->isa("Point") --> @{[ $rct->isa("Point") ? "true" : "false" ]}
EOS
$rct->move(11, 21);
say "\$rct --> $rct";
say "\$rct->area --> @{[ $rct->area ]}"
å®è¡çµæ:
$rct --> x:12, y:32, width:100, height:50
$rct->isa("Rectangle") --> true
$rct->isa("Shape") --> true
$rct->isa("Point") --> false
$rct --> x:23, y:53, width:100, height:50
$rct->area --> !!! Unimplemented !!!
ç¶æ¿ãšãããšãã¡ãœããããªãŒããŒã©ã€ãããã®ããŸãé ã«æµ®ãã³ãŸããã掟çã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã¡ãœããäžã§åºåºã¯ã©ã¹ã®ã¡ãœããã $self->SUPER::method(...) ã®ããã«åŒã³åºãããšãã§ããŸãã
$rct->area --> !!! Unimplemented !!! ã¯ãé¢ç©ãè¿ãã¡ãœãã area ã Rectangle ã§å®è£
ããŠããªãã®ã§ Shape ã®å®è£
æŒããã§ãã¯ã«ã©ã³ã¿ã€ã ã§ææãããæ§åã
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ãããŠãããªãŒããŒããŒããããæŒç®åã®åŒåºæ¹æ³ãããããªãã£ãã®ã§ to_string ã¡ãœãããå®çŸ©ããŠããŸãã
ã·ã³ãã«ããŒãã«ãçŽæ¥æäœããã°ã§ãããã§ãããããå°ãã·ã³ãã«ãªæ¹æ³ããããããªæ°ãããŸãã |
67 | å€ã®åã«å¯ŸããŠæå°ã®èŠæ±ãæã€æ±çšã³ã³ããã¯ã©ã¹(vector, list, stackç)ãäœæããã
ãã®èŠæ±ã¯ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãš throw ããªããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæã€ããšã®ã¿ãšãªãã
æ±çšçãªã³ã³ãããéçºããããšã¯ã(STLã®ãããª)æ¬åœã«æ±çšçãªã³ã³ããã欲ããå Žåãè€éã«ãªãããã
å T ã«å¯ŸããèŠæ±ãç·©åããããšã¯ãæ¬åœã«æ±çšçãªã³ã³ãããäœæããäžã§éµãšãªãã
å T ã«å¯ŸããèŠæ±ãå¯èœãªéãæå°ãšããããã«ãããã€ãã® C++ çã€ãã£ãªã ãååšããã
Stack ãäŸãšãããã
template
class Stack
{
int size_;
T * array_;
int top_;
public:
Stack (int size=10)
: size_(size),
array_ (new T [size]), // T ã¯ããã©ã«ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæããã°ãªããªãã
top_(0)
{ }
void push (const T & value)
{
array_[top_++] = value; // T ã¯ä»£å
¥æŒç®åãæããã°ãªããªãªãã
}
T pop ()
{
return array_[--top_]; // T ã¯ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæããã°ãªããªãããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã¯ããã§ã¯åŒã°ããªãã
}
~Stack () throw() { delete [] array_; } // T 㯠throw ããªããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæããã°ãªããªãã
};
é
åå¢çã«é¢ããåé¡ä»¥å€ãäžèšå®è£
ã¯åçŽæå¿«ã§ããã
ããããéåžžã«èªèã®çãå®è£
ã§ããã
å T ã«å¯ŸããŠå¿
èŠä»¥äžã®èŠæ±ã課ããŠããã
äžèšå®è£
ã¯ãå T ã«å¯ŸããŠä»¥äžã®æäœãå®çŸ©ãããŠããããšãèŠæ±ããã
ã¹ã¿ãã¯ã¯ãçæ³çã«ã¯ãpush ãããæ°ä»¥äžã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããçæããã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãã
åæ§ã«ãpop ããã床ã«ãstack ãã 1 ãªããžã§ã¯ãã pop ãããç Žæ£ãããã¹ãã§ããã
äžèšå®è£
ã¯ãããããæºãããŠããªãã
çç±ã®äžã€ãšããŠãå T ã®ããã©ã«ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã䜿ã£ãŠããããšãããã
ããã¯å®å
šã«äžèŠã§ããã
å®éã«ã¯ãå T ã«å¯ŸããèŠæ±ã¯ãæ±çšã³ã³ããäœæçšã€ãã£ãªã ã§ãã ''construct'' ãš ''destory'' ãçšããããšã§ã以äžã®ããã«åæžã§ããã
ãã®ç®çãéæãããããæ±çšã³ã³ããã¯ãæªåæåã®ã¡ã¢ãªãå²ãåœãŠãããšãå¯èœã§ããããã€ãåèŠçŽ ã®ãåæåãæã«äžåºŠã ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãåŒã³åºãããšãå¯èœã§ããã¹ãã§ããã
ããã¯ã以äžã® 3 ã€ã®æ±çšã³ã³ããäœæçšã€ãã£ãªã (Generic Container Idioms)ã䜿ãããšã§å¯èœãšãªãã
// é
çœ®åœ¢åŒ new(placement new)ã䜿ã£ãçæçšãã«ã
template
void construct (T1 &p, const T2 &value)
{
new (&p) T1(value); // T ã¯ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæããã°ãªããªã
}
// æ瀺çã«ãã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãåŒã³åºãç Žæ£çšãã«ã
template
void destroy (T const &t) throw ()
{
t.~T(); // T 㯠throw ããªããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæããã°ãªããªãã
}
template
class Stack
{
int size_;
T * array_;
int top_;
public:
Stack (int size=10)
: size_(size),
array_ (static_cast (::operator new (sizeof (T) * size))), // T ã¯ããã©ã«ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæã€å¿
èŠã¯ãªãã
top_(0)
{ }
void push (const T & value)
{
construct (array_[top_++], value); // T ã¯ä»£å
¥æŒç®åãæã€å¿
èŠã¯ãªãã
}
T top ()
{
return array_[top_ - 1]; // T ã¯ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãæã€ã¹ãã§ããã
}
void pop()
{
destroy (array_[--top_]); // T ã¯ç Žæ£ãããã
}
~Stack () throw()
{
std::for_each(array_, array_ + top_, destroy);
::operator delete(array_); // ã°ããŒãã«ã¹ã³ãŒãã® delete æŒç®å
}
};
class X
{
public:
X (int) {} // X ã«ããã©ã«ãã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã¯ç¡ãã
private:
X & operator = (const X &); // 代å
¥æŒç®å㯠privateã
};
int main (void)
{
Stack s; // X 㯠Stack ã«äœ¿ããïŒ
return 0;
}
new æŒç®åã¯æªåæåã®ã¡ã¢ãªãå²ãåœãŠãã
malloc ãåŒã³åºã
(蚳蚻ïŒæšæºã§ã¯ operator new ã malloc ãåŒã³åºããšãåŒã³åºããªããšãèŠå®ãããŠããªã)
ãã«ããã³ãã¬ãŒãé¢æ° construct ã¯é
眮圢åŒã® new ãåŒã³åºããçµæãåæåãããã¡ã¢ãªäžã§ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãåŒã³åºããã(蚳蚻ïŒæ£ç¢ºã«ã¯ã³ããŒã³ã³ã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ã«ãã£ãŠåæåããã)ã
ãã€ã³ã¿ p 㯠operator new ã䜿çšããããšã«ãã£ãŠå²ãåœãŠãããæªåæåã®ã¡ã¢ãªé åã® 1 ã€ãæãã
end ãåæåæžã¿èŠçŽ ã®æ«ç«¯ãäžã€è¶
ããèŠçŽ ãæãå埩åãšããŠã
end ããå²ãåœãŠæ«ç«¯ãŸã§ã®ç¯å²ãæããã€ã³ã¿ã¯ãå T ã®ãªããžã§ã¯ããæãããæªåæåã®ã¡ã¢ãªãæãã¯ãã§ããã
èŠçŽ ãã³ã³ããããåé€ãããå Žåããã®èŠçŽ ã«å¯Ÿãããã¹ãã©ã¯ã¿ãåŒã³åºãããã¹ãã§ããã
äžèšã®ããã«ããã«ãé¢æ° destroy ããã®å©ããšãªãããã
åæ§ã«ãããç¯å²ã delete ããå Žåã2 ã€ã®å埩åãåŒæ°ã«åãå¥ã®ãªãŒããŒããŒãé¢æ° destroy ãæçšã«ãªãã ããã
ãã® destory ã¯ãåºæ¬çã« 1 ã€ç®ã® destory ãã«ããç¯å²äžã®åèŠçŽ ã«å¯ŸããŠåŒã³åºãã
å
šãŠã® STL ã³ã³ããã¯äŒŒããããªææ³ãæ¡çšããŠããã
ãããã¯ããã³ãã¬ãŒããã©ã¡ãŒã¿ã®åã«å¯ŸããŠãå¯èœãªéãæå°ã®èŠæ±ããããªãã
äžæ¹ãããç¥ããã C++ ã©ã€ãã©ãªã§ãã£ãŠãããã©ã¡ã¿åãããåã«å¯ŸããŠãå¿
èŠä»¥äžã«åŒ·ãèŠæ±ã課ãã©ã€ãã©ãªãããã
ä»ã«ããã€ããæ±çšã³ã³ããäœæçšã€ãã£ãªã ã«é¢é£ããã€ãã£ãªã ãããã
[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=331173 Designing Exception Safe Generic Containers] -- Herb Sutter
More C++ Idioms/Generic Container Idioms
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ã§ãããããã§ã\phi_{12}ã¯äºæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ãæµããé»æµãçºçããç£æãªã®ã ãããäºæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ãæµããé»æµã«æ¯äŸããã¯ãã§ãããããã§ãã®æ¯äŸå®æ°ãM_{12}ãšããã°ã\phi_{12} = M_{12}I_2ã§ãããããçµå±
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ãæãç«ã€ãããã§ã2ã€ã®ã³ã€ã«ã«å¯éæ§ãããã°M_{12} = M_{21}ã§ãããããªãã¡ãäžæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ã«é»æµãæµããŠäºæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ã«çããç£æãšãåãé»æµãäºæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ã«æµãããšãã«äžæ¬¡ã³ã€ã«ã«çããç£æã¯çããããã®ãšãM_{12} = M_{21} = Mãšããã°
\phi_1 &= L_1I_1 + MI_2 \\
\phi_2 &= MI_1 + L_2I_2
\end{cases}
ãšãªãããã®''M''ãçžäºã€ã³ãã¯ã¿ã³ã¹ãšåŒã¶ãããã«å€§ããŠL_1ãL_2ããããããã®ã³ã€ã«ã®èªå·±ã€ã³ãã¯ã¿ã³ã¹ãšåŒã¶ã
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ãšããã°ã
\dot{V_1} = j\omega L_1\dot{I_1} + j\omega M\dot{I_2} & \\
\dot{V_2} = j\omega M\dot{I_1} + j\omega L_2\dot{I_2} &
\end{cases}
ãšãªãã
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