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What are some weird ways I can cut my grass? | If you aren't using a lawnmower to cut your grass, here are some weird ideas to keep your grass trimmed:
- Buy a goat and leave it in your yard
- Spend all day cutting each blade with some craft scissors
- Flamethrower
- Dress up like the grim reaper and use a scythe | brainstorming |
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What are some Australian craft beer brands that I should try? | Australia has many craft breweries that produce a variety of ales and lagers. You could try Balter beer, Black Hops or Green Beacon | brainstorming |
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Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Palaeophis, Giant Tortoise | Giant Tortoise is alive, Palaeophis is extinct. | classification |
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Is Hainanese chicken rice a national dish of Singapore or Malaysia? | Hainanese chicken rice is a dish of poached chicken and seasoned rice, served with chilli sauce and usually with cucumber garnishes. It was created by immigrants from Hainan in southern China and adapted from the Hainanese dish Wenchang chicken. It is considered one of the national dishes of Singapore and is most commonly associated with Singaporean cuisine, being widely available in most food courts and hawker centres around the country. Variants of the dish can also be seen throughout Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Thailand, where it remains a culinary staple. In a debate that stretches back decades to 1965, when the two countries split, Malaysia and Singapore have both laid claim to inventing the dish. In 2009, then Malaysian Tourism Minister Ng Yen Yen said that Hainanese chicken rice was "uniquely Malaysian" and had been "hijacked" by other countries. Ng later clarified that she was misquoted on her intention to patent the foods, and that a study on the origins of the foods would be conducted "and an apology conveyed if it was wrongly claimed." In 2018, then Malaysian Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng joked that Singapore claimed "chicken rice is theirs (and) if we’re not careful, ‘char koay teow‘ will become theirs" one day. The debate has been described as an example of gastronationalism. | The answer might differ depending on who is answering your question. Hainanese chicken rice is considered one of the national dishes of Singapore being widely available in most food courts and hawker centres around the country. Variants of the dish can also be seen throughout Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia where it remains a culinary staple. | closed_qa |
What is the difference between football and soccer? | Whilst some believe that football and soccer are different sports they are in fact exactly the same game and simply differ in naming conventions. In England fans are passionate about the fact it should only be called by its historic original name. In North America however, where 'American Football' is a bigger sport and soccer is developing at pace, soccer is the go to name. | open_qa |
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Can planets in the Solar System be seen with the naked eye? | Yes, under the correct weather conditions, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Saturn and Jupiter can be seen with the naked eye. Other planets in the Solar System can only be observed with strong telescopes. Venus is the third brightest object in the sky and can be seen usually during twilight. | general_qa |
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Classify these items in my grocery bag as 'vegan' or 'not vegan'. Ground beef, almond butter, eggs, spinach, fava beans, barley, dates, milk, wild rice, cashew milk yoghurt, beef tongue, ghee, jalapenos | Ground beef - not vegan
almond butter - vegan
eggs - not vegan
spinach - vegan
fava beans - vegan
barley - vegan
dates - vegan
milk - not vegan
wild rice - vegan
cashew milk yoghurt - vegan
beef tongue - not vegan
ghee - not vegan
jalapenos - vegan | classification |
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Why might I want to stay at home on a Friday night? | - You're feeling under the weather
- The weather outside is stormy and dangerous
- All your friends are busy and can't hang out with you
- There's nothing fun going on
- It's too crowded out there
- You need to binge watch the latest show | brainstorming |
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What is Angel Falls? | Angel Falls (Spanish: Salto Ángel; Pemon language: Kerepakupai Merú meaning "waterfall of the deepest place", or Parakupá Vená, meaning "the fall from the highest point") is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's tallest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 metres (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán-tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Canaima), a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure, 979 m (3,212 ft), mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres (1,300 ft) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre-high (100 ft) plunge downstream of the talus rapids. | Angel Falls (Spanish: Salto Ángel; Pemon language: Kerepakupai Merú meaning "waterfall of the deepest place", or Parakupá Vená, meaning "the fall from the highest point") is a waterfall in Venezuela. It is the world's tallest uninterrupted waterfall, with a height of 979 metres (3,212 ft) and a plunge of 807 m (2,648 ft). The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán-tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Canaima), a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State. The height figure, 979 m (3,212 ft), mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres (1,300 ft) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30-metre-high (100 ft) plunge downstream of the talus rapids.
The falls are along a fork of the Río Kerepacupai Merú which flows into the Churún River, a tributary of the Carrao River, itself a tributary of the Orinoco River. | information_extraction |
What was the united Arab republic? | In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored. The Arab Socialist Union, a new nasserist state-party was founded in 1962. | The United Arab Republic was formed in 1958 as a sovereign union by Egypt and Syria. Later in 1959 Gaza was part of the republic but it only lasted till 1961 when Syria seceded. | summarization |
What are the stated main reasons the iAPX432 architecture failed? | Using the semiconductor technology of its day, Intel's engineers weren't able to translate the design into a very efficient first implementation. Along with the lack of optimization in a premature Ada compiler, this contributed to rather slow but expensive computer systems, performing typical benchmarks at roughly 1/4 the speed of the new 80286 chip at the same clock frequency (in early 1982). This initial performance gap to the rather low-profile and low-priced 8086 line was probably the main reason why Intel's plan to replace the latter (later known as x86) with the iAPX 432 failed. Although engineers saw ways to improve a next generation design, the iAPX 432 capability architecture had now started to be regarded more as an implementation overhead rather than as the simplifying support it was intended to be | The many features included resulted in a very complex processor that was difficult to manufacture. The complexity also resulted in a very slow and expensive processor which was not competitive in the market. The initial failure cast doubt on the entire approach taken to develop a new architecture, making further iterations to improve the processor more difficult. | summarization |
What are some important devices you would see in a kitchen? And what are they used for? | You would see the following devices:
Stove used to heat things
Oven used to bake things
Toaster to heat bread and make toast
Mixer to mix things for baking like flour, eggs etc
A refrigerator (also known as fridge) to keep things cold | general_qa |
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Explain Business Intelligence | Business intelligence (BI) comprises of the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the analysis of data and the management of business information. Business Intelligence software is responsible for ingesting business data and presenting it in user-friendly formats such as reports, dashboards, charts and graphs. | general_qa |
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Classify the movies into Thriller and Action genres.
Aks, Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya, Vadh, Farz, Angaar: The Fire | Thriller: Aks, Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya, Vadh
Action: Farz, Angaar: The Fire | classification |
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What are the most easy to keep plants? | Most evergreens are low maintenance plants. You can plant them outdoors; they grow well regardless of weather conditions and usually do not require additional watering or fertilizing. For indoor plants, peace lilies, money trees, monstera, snake plants, devil's ivy are easy to grow choices. | brainstorming |
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Determine which companies are primarily cloud-software companies and which are semiconductor companies: Intel, Google, Workday, Zscaler, AMD, NVIDIA, and Texas Instruments. | Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, and Texas Instruments are primarily semiconductor companies. Workday and Zscaler are fully cloud-software companies. Google is primarily a software company, however, they also develop custom-developed application-specific integrated circuits which are semiconductors. | classification |
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Which 3 mens tennis players have the most grand slam singles championships? | Novak Djokovic, Rafael Nadal, and Roger Federer have the most grand slam singles championships. | open_qa |
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What are the Pros and Cons of social media? | Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. Social media are great tools for making new friends or connect with old ones, can bring people together that are interested in the same topic and allow reaching a wide audience in a matter of seconds. However, the nature of social media bring in a range of potential issues. Too much time spent on social media can lead to social anxiety, depression and exposure to content that is not appropriate for the age of the user. Another potential issue is about cyberbullying, a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means which has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded. | general_qa |
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What is the best private Jesuit research university in Boston ? | Boston College (BC) is a private Jesuit research university in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Founded in 1863, the university has more than 9,300 full-time undergraduates and nearly 5,000 graduate students. Although Boston College is classified as an R1 research university, it still uses the word "college" in its name to reflect its historical position as a small liberal arts college. Its main campus is a historic district and features some of the earliest examples of collegiate gothic architecture in North America. In accordance with its Jesuit heritage, the university offers a liberal arts curriculum with a distinct emphasis on formative education and service to others.
Undergraduate admission is highly selective. The university offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its eight colleges and schools: Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences, Carroll School of Management, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Connell School of Nursing, Graduate School of Social Work, Boston College Law School, Boston College School of Theology and Ministry, Woods College of Advancing Studies.
Boston College athletic teams are the Eagles. Their colors are maroon and gold and their mascot is Baldwin the Eagle. The Eagles compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports offered by the ACC. The men's and women's ice hockey teams compete in Hockey East. Boston College's men's ice hockey team has won five national championships.
Alumni and affiliates of the university include governors, ambassadors, members of Congress, scholars, writers, medical researchers, Hollywood actors, and professional athletes. Boston College has graduated 3 Rhodes, 22 Truman, and more than 171 Fulbright scholars. Other notable alumni include a U.S. Speaker of the House, a U.S. Secretary of State, and chief executives of Fortune 500 companies. | Boston College is the best Jesuit private university in Boston. | closed_qa |
Which US state produces the most pineapples? | Hawaii | open_qa |
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Give me a list of the Adventure motorbikes that I can buy on my LAMS (Learner Approved Motorcycle Scheme) restriction, living in Australia | This is not a comprehensive list but you can use this as a starting point:
Kawasaki Versys-X 300
Kawazaki KLR650
Honda CRF300 Rally
BMW G 310 GS
KTM 390 Adventure
Honda CB500XA
Yamaha XT250
Yamaha WR250R
Suzuki V-Strom 650XT
Royal Enfield Himalayan
Suzuki DRZ400/DR650 | open_qa |
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Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Spinosaurus, Common Bottlenose Dolphin | Common Bottlenose Dolphin is alive, Spinosaurus is extinct. | classification |
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Based on this passage, what is the average number of people per family in Zangisheh? | Zangisheh (Persian: زنگيشه, also Romanized as Zangīsheh) is a village in Qarah Su Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 153, in 34 families. | I can only tell you what it was in 2006, because this is when the survey data provided is from. The average number of people per family at that time is the population divided by the number of families, or 153 / 34. | closed_qa |
Mention Taylor’s work in terms of Music videos and acting. | Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre-spanning discography, songwriting abilities and artistic reinventions have received critical praise and wide media coverage. Born in West Reading, Pennsylvania, Swift moved to Nashville at age 14 to become a country artist. She signed a songwriting deal with Sony/ATV Music Publishing in 2004 and a recording contract with Big Machine Records in 2005. Her 2006 self-titled debut album made her the first female country artist to write a U.S. platinum-certified album.
Swift's next albums, Fearless (2008) and Speak Now (2010), explored country pop. The former's "Love Story" and "You Belong with Me" were the first country songs to top the U.S. pop and all-genre airplay charts, respectively. She experimented with rock and electronic styles on Red (2012), which featured her first Billboard Hot 100 number-one song, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", and eschewed her country image in her synth-pop album, 1989 (2014), supported by chart-topping songs "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood". Media scrutiny inspired the urban-flavored Reputation (2017) and its number-one single "Look What You Made Me Do".
Exiting Big Machine, Swift signed with Republic Records in 2018 and released her seventh studio album, Lover (2019), followed by the autobiographical documentary Miss Americana (2020). She ventured into indie folk and alternative rock in her 2020 albums Folklore and Evermore, whose singles "Cardigan" and "Willow" topped the Hot 100. Swift began re-recording her first six albums after a dispute over their masters, re-releasing two in 2021—Fearless (Taylor's Version) and Red (Taylor's Version). The latter's "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" became the longest song to top the Hot 100. Her 2022 album Midnights and single "Anti-Hero" broke all-time streaming records. Swift has directed music videos and films, such as All Too Well: The Short Film (2021), and played supporting roles in others.
Having sold over 200 million records globally, Swift is one of the best-selling musicians in history. She is the most streamed woman on Spotify and the only act to have five albums open with over one million copies sold in the US. Among her accolades are 12 Grammy Awards, including three Album of the Year wins; an Emmy Award; 40 American Music Awards; 29 Billboard Music Awards; three IFPI Global Recording Artist of the Year awards; and 92 Guinness World Records. Swift has been featured in rankings such as Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time, Billboard's Greatest of All Time Artists, the Time 100 and Forbes Celebrity 100. Honored with titles such as Artist of the Decade and Woman of the Decade, Swift is an advocate for artists' rights and women's empowerment. Her music is credited with influencing a generation of singers and songwriters. | Taylor Swift has directed music videos and films, such as All Too Well: The Short Film (2021). She also played supporting roles in other ventures. | information_extraction |
How to become a millionaire? | If you want to become a millionaire you first need to make up a consistent, long-term financial plan. Ask yourself questions like what does it mean rich for you? Any particular net worth you would like to hit? Once you have the big-picture established, break it down into smaller short-term goals that are easier to achieve. Start investing earlier and identify high-margin businesses to focus on. Constantly increase your income by balancing your investments and savings. | general_qa |
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How to prepare without baking dessert recipe -Banana Pudding? | Take a casserole mold. Layer the mold's base with cookies of your choice. Slice up 1½ - 2 bananas and layer them above the cookies. The pudding mixture can be made by following the instructions on the box. Mix the tub of Cool Whip well before pouring it above the pudding mixture. Pour half of the pudding mix on the first layer of bananas and cookies. Add more bananas and cookies, followed by more pudding mixture. Repeat the process to add more layers. Use cookie crumbs and sprinkle on top. Refrigerate until serving. | brainstorming |
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Give me the list of fictional dogs in prose and poetry | Fictional dogs in prose and poetry:
- Buck, in Jack London's The Call of the Wild
- Bull's-eye, Bill Sikes' dog in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
- Ripper, Marjorie Dursley's pet dog in J.K Rowling's Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Jip (short for Gypsy), Dora Spenlow's spaniel in Charles Dickens' David Copperfield
- Jip, resident in the household of Hugh Lofting's Dr. Dolittle
- Baleia, the dog-companion that follows a poor family throughout the hardships of the 1915-drought in Brazil in Vidas secas, by Graciliano Ramos
- Quincas Borba, the dog whose name is the same as his human's in Machado de Assis' Quincas Borba
- Tentação, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Clarice Lispector
- Pingo de Ouro, Miguilim's companion in the novella Campo Geral, by João Guimarães Rosa
- Biruta, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Lygia Fagundes Telles
- Bruno Lichtenstein, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Rubem Braga
- Toto, Dorothy's dog in The Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum
- Sharik, the astray dog who undergoes a transformation surgery in Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov
- Mr. Bones, the companion dog in Timbuktu, by Paul Auster
- Randolph, a Labrador retriever and the narrator of A Dog About Town, by JF Englert | brainstorming |
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Who was the first computer programmer? | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and to have published the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first computer programmer | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) is often regarded as the first computer programmer for her work on the Analytical Engine with Charles Babbage. | closed_qa |
Are Schindler elevators safe | Schindler Holding Ltd. is a Swiss multinational company which manufactures escalators, moving walkways, and elevators worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes lifts and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial and high-rise buildings.
The company is present in over 140 countries and employs more than 66,000 people worldwide. The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India and the United States. All operations and subsidiaries of Schindler Group are organised into Schindler Holding Ltd. (German: Schindler Holding AG, French: Schindler Holding S.A.), which is publicly traded on SIX Swiss Exchange. | Schindler Holding Ltd. is a Swiss multinational company which manufactures escalators, moving walkways, and elevators worldwide, founded in Switzerland in 1874. Schindler produces, installs, maintains and modernizes lifts and escalators in many types of buildings including residential, commercial and high-rise buildings.
The company is present in over 140 countries and employs more than 66,000 people worldwide. The production facilities are located in Brazil, China, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, India and the United States. All operations and subsidiaries of Schindler Group are organised into Schindler Holding Ltd., which is publicly traded on SIX Swiss Exchange. | summarization |
Does Alaska have any professional sports teams? | There are no professional sports teams in Alaska. There are some semi-professional and minor league organizations, such as Division I collegiate sports, junior hockey teams, and college summer baseball teams. | open_qa |
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Who are the best starting MLB pitchers of all time? | There are many ways to argue who the best pitchers of all time are. Some of the criteria to consider are Cy Young Awards, ERA titles, strike out titles and records, post season success, and longevity. With these criteria heavily considered some of the best MLB pitchers of all time could be as follows.
5. Roger Clemens (The Rocket) pitched for 24 seasons and compiled accolades such as a record holding 7 Cy Young Awards, an MVP title, 5 strike out titles, 7 ERA titles, and won 2 World Series titles.
4. Pedro Martinez had the 4th highest win percentage in history, won the world series, won 3 Cy Young Awards, an MVP Award, and is one of only 4 pitchers to ever have more than 3,000 strike outs while walking fewer than 1,000.
3. Randy Johnson (The Big Unit) played for 22 MLB seasons and is the all time record holder for Wins, ranks 2nd all time for strike outs, won 5 Cy Young Awards, won The World Series.
2. Cy Young is one of the most legendary pitchers of all time and the annual award for the best pitcher in each MLB league is named after him. Some of his many accomplishments are that he is the all time leader for wins, innings pitched, and complete games.
1. Walter Johnson (The Big Train) was one of the "First Five" inaugurated into the MLB hall of fame. He is the all time leader in shut outs and was the all time leader for strikeouts for more than 55 years. He won The World Series and also is the all time leader for leading the league in strike outs 12 times. | brainstorming |
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Name a good ski mountain in Vermont | Jay Peak is an excellent mountain for skiing in VT. It sits at one of the most Northern parts of Vermont and is the Northern most ski resort in the state. Because of that, Jay Peak averages more snowfall then any other mountain in Vermont. Additionally, because of it's remote location it is also ideal for a getaway that feels like a true getaway. There is also an indoor waterpark, several excellent dining options, rock climbing wall, arcade, and a movie theater to keep the entire family entertained. Because of its proximity to Canada, you can also take a day trip to Montreal which is an added bonus. The ski conditions are also the best in Vermont which makes Jay Peak an ideal mountain for a ski vacation in Vermont | open_qa |
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Given this reference text about the history of statistics, what was the earliest publican of writing on statistics? | Formal discussions on inference date back to Arab mathematicians and cryptographers, during the Islamic Golden Age between the 8th and 13th centuries. Al-Khalil (717–786) wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages, which contains one of the first uses of permutations and combinations, to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. Al-Kindi's Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages gave a detailed description of how to use frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages, providing an early example of statistical inference for decoding. Ibn Adlan (1187–1268) later made an important contribution on the use of sample size in frequency analysis.
The earliest writing containing statistics in Europe dates back to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences. | The earliest publication containing statistics is Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills or Mortality by John Graunt. | closed_qa |
How many inhabitants of Lone Pine survived as a result of the earthquake? Tell me how you came to that conclusion. | The earthquake occurred on a Tuesday morning and leveled almost all the buildings in Lone Pine and nearby settlements. Of the estimated 250–300 inhabitants of Lone Pine, 27 are known to have perished and 52 of the 59 houses were destroyed. One report states that the main buildings were thrown down in almost every town in Inyo County. About 130 kilometers (81 mi) south of Lone Pine, at Indian Wells, adobe houses sustained cracks. Property loss has been estimated at $250,000 (equivalent to $5,654,861 in 2021). As in many earthquakes, adobe, stone and masonry structures fared worse than wooden ones which prompted the closing of nearby Camp Independence which was an adobe structure destroyed in the quake. | It is estimated that between 223 and 273 inhabitants of Lone Pine survived the earthquake.
The passage shows that there was "an estimated 250–300 inhabitants of Lone Pine" and that "27 are known to have perished". If we subtract 27 from 250, you get 223, and if we subtract 27 from 300, we get 273. Therefore, it can be estimated that the number of inhabitants that survived the earthquake is between 223 and 273. | closed_qa |
Why is Bangalore the best place to live in? | Bangalore is a favourable location to everyone mainly due to its pleasant weather. The diversity in culture, religion and language makes it very hospitable. Residents of Bangalore treats everyone with warm welcome and gives their best effort to make everyone feel comfortable here.
Bangalore being the IT hub of India hosts a lot of Companies giving wide variety of job opportunities for people from different backgrounds varying from Logistics to IT. From traditionally hosting Kadlekai Parshe, Bangalore Karga to having the best modern lifestyle of Cafe's, Pubs and Nightlife there is everything in Bangalore.
There are also lots of tourist destinations in and around Bangalore. Places like heritage City Mysore, Coorg, Chikmagalur and Bandipur are quick drives from Bangalore. One can visit Nandi hills to view the best Sunrise.
When it comes to the food, Bangalore provides food of all Cuisines. Bisibele Bath, Masala Dose, Avarebele Dose and many more dishes are famous to Bangalore. Bangalore has almost all food varieties the entire world has. | general_qa |
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What can I do with a broken stapler? | - Use the broken stapler as a paper weight
- Use the broken stapler to hold staples for a new stapler
- Use the broken stapler to hold a door ajar
- Use the broken stapler to hold paper that needs to be filed
- Use the broken stapler as a nutcracker | brainstorming |
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What are some of the differences between English and Mandarin Chinese languages? | There are quite few differences.
1. Chinese characters are hieroglyphic; English words are phonic.
2. Chinese is character based; English is word based.
3. Chinese verbs don't have tenses; English verbs do
4. Chinese characters have tones; English words don't
5. Chinese adverbs and adjectives are indistinguishable; English adverbs and adjectives are different words most of the time
6. Chinese questions are sentences with a special character added to the end; English question are sentences with a special word added to the front | brainstorming |
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In which year did the Portuguese first arrived in Brazil? | The Portuguese first arrived in Brazil in the year of 1500. | open_qa |
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In Abrahamic religions, how many major commandants did Moses receive at Mt Sinai? | Moses received ten major commandments | open_qa |
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Classify each of the following as either a city or a country: Delhi, China, Tokyo, Australia, India, Kuala Lumpur, Egypt, Morocco, Paris, London, Finland, Dubai, Angola, Chennai, Cape Town, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ecuador, Sao Paulo, Toronto, Iran, Moscow, Berlin, Slovenia, Prague, Italy, Milan, Argentina, Cuba, Cambodia, Brunei, Jakarta, Manila | The following are countries - China, Australia, India, Egypt, Morocco, Finland, Angola, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ecuador, Iran, Slovenia, Italy, Argentina, Cuba, and the Philippines
The following are cities - Delhi, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Paris, London, Dubai, Chennai, Cape Town, Sao Paulo, Toronto, Moscow, Berlin, Prague, Milan, Jakarta, and Manila | classification |
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What are the different recurring costs associated with homeownership apart from mortgage? | Apart from mortgage, first-time home owners will need to consider a variety of different costs that may catch them by surprise. Some of those are:
- Home Insurance Costs: Tends to increase if the house is in a flood-prone or fire-hazard zones
- PMI: Iff the homeowners have put down less than 20% down, then they will be subject to a Payment Mortgage Insurance(PMI), a monthly fees charged by the lending agency to cover their risk of default on the loan
- Property Taxes: The property taxes vary by state and by county. So first-time home buyers will have to be aware of the rate of taxes in the locality they are buying the house in and plan their monthly escrow payments accordingly to cover the tax bill at the end of the year
- Ongoing Maintenance and Upkeep: Depending on how old the house is and how it's maintained, plan to spend a few hundred dollars with regards to upkeep. Some could be fixed expenses like lawn mowing and upkeep services, water softenereinstallation and upkeep, water filtering systems, HVAC and so on. Although not common, it's good to plan for any eventualities | open_qa |
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How many people are needed to perform the Turing test? | The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation was a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel, such as a computer keyboard and screen, so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator could not reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine would be said to have passed the test. The test results would not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only on how closely its answers resembled those a human would give. | You need two people: one person is the conversation partner to the machine. And another, the evaluator which observes the conversation from distance unaware which side is the machine and which side is human. | summarization |
Describe 5 different uses for a stick that is 2 feet long and 1 inch in diameter. | You can measure distances with it. You can use it to point at items. You can use it as a weapon. You can light it on fire to be a source of heat and light. You can use it to hold up the hood of your car. | brainstorming |
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Which is the albino direwolf in Game of Thrones? | The direwolf, Ghost, is the albino pup and is adopted by Jon Snow | open_qa |
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How do you jump start a car? | 1. Make sure both batteries have the same voltage (they probably do unless one car is old). Don’t jump start a frozen battery (it may explode), or a battery with cracks in the casing
Keep metal objects away from the battery. If they cause a spark it could be dangerous.
2. Park the two cars facing each other, close but with enough space to walk in between.
3. Remove the keys from the ignitions, turn off lights/blinkers.
4. Disconnect all accessories (voltage spikes can damage them).
5. Clamp one of the red (positive) clamp to the positive terminal of the dead battery. If there is corrosion on the terminal, clean off or scrape the residue, and/or twist the jaws of the clamp until it cuts through the corrosion and into the metal. Make sure the black clamp of the same end isn’t touching any metal.
6. Connect the other red clamp to the positive terminal of the good battery.
7. Connect the black (negative) clamp to the negative terminal of the good battery.
8. Attach the other black clamp to an unpainted metal surface (e.g. bolt, bracket) on the engine of the car with the dead battery, at least a few inches away from the battery. If a labeled remote negative terminal is available, use it.
9. Confirm that the jumper cables are not near any moving engine parts.
10. Start the booster car, and let it idle for 5 minutes to build up a charge in the dead battery. This will take longer if the dead battery is really empty.
11. Start the car with the dead battery and let the two vehicles idle for a few minutes. If the car doesn’t start, wait a few more minutes and try again. In some instances, slightly revving the engine of the running car while charging the dead battery may help. If it still doesn’t start, it probably won’t.
12. Disconnect the jumper cables reversing the connection order, making sure no disconnected clamps touch any metal or each other
13. Drive the jump-started car for at least 20-30 minutes so it can recharge the battery
Try to keep the jumper cables with you; you may need to jump again the next time you start the car. | general_qa |
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Name some of the popular sitcoms from 1990s | Some of the popular sitcoms from 1990s are:
* Friends
* Sienfeld
* The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
* Family Matters
* The Nanny | open_qa |
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What are the most important metrics for a Sales Leader? | Pipeline, Pipeline Coverage, Salescycle time, conversion rate, MQOs, SQOs, MQLs, Quota Attainment % | brainstorming |
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What is a reporting dashboard? | A reporting dashboard is a way to show business metrics and business insights based on business data. It enables high level leadership and management to make and implement decisions that have a positive affect on a Company's revenue. These benefits include both added revenue and stopping lost revenue. Data Analyst work with Data Engineers to develop these dashboards and reporting. | open_qa |
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How do you clear a scuba mask underwater ? | If your scuba mask fills with water while you are submerged, you can clear the water by following this simple process.
1) Inhale through your mouth
2) Push the top front edge of the mask towards your face, or lightly lift the lower section from your face
3) Exhale through your nose.
By reducing the pressure on the lower portion of the mask, and exhaling through your nose, the air added to the mask will force the water out of the bottom seal. | general_qa |
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What is Fortran? | Fortran is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. | open_qa |
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Give me a list of actors who won an Oscar in the last 5 years and tell me for which movie they won it. | 1. Brendan Fraser, 2022, The Whale
2. Will Smith, 2021, King Richard
3. Anthony Hopkins, 2020, The father
4. Joaquin Phoenix, 2019, Joker
5. Rami Malek, 2018, Bohemian Rhapsody | brainstorming |
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Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Thavil, Seni rebab | Seni rabab is string, Thavil is percussion. | classification |
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Describe a plan for a road trip across Northern Italy | Begin your trip in Turin, an important centre of Piedmont with a rich cultural history and host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Next, move to Alba and visit the vineyards, taking day trips to towns such as Barolo and Barbaresco.
After this, you can continue moving east to Parma, a great place for the foodie searching for Prosciutto. Close by is Modena, home of the luxury automotive industry in Italy - Ferrari, Lamborghini, De Tomaso, Pagani and Maserati all have had (or still have) headquarters here.
Bologna is a fine place to finish your trip | creative_writing |
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What are the ways you can use Zoom? | Most people primarily use Zoom for work purposes.
But “Zoom” cemented itself as a verb in 2020 when it felt like the whole world was Zooming into virtual happy hours, birthday parties, bridal showers, memorials, yoga classes, and doctor's appointments. At first, it was a novelty — people took screenshots of their crowded Zoom calls, smiling faces raising a glass to show that even though they couldn't be physically together, they were still in it together.
Zoom is often still used for social gatherings, but less so after many users complained of "Zoom fatigue" in 2020 and the years that followed. | brainstorming |
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Extract the names of Serbian political parties mentioned in the text and put them into a bulleted list. | Serbia's electoral system was reformed in 2011, such that parliamentary mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. Milisavljević received the forty-ninth position on the Democratic Party's Choice for a Better Life list and was re-elected when the list won sixty-seven mandates. The Serbian Progressive Party and the Socialist Party of Serbia formed a new coalition government after the election, and the Democratic Party moved into opposition. In 2013, Milisavljević proposed that the government of Serbia sell its high-powered Mercedes, Audi, and BMW cars in favour of the Fiat 500L model produced in Kragujevac. This proposal received some attention in the Italian media. | * Democratic Party
* Serbian Progressive Party
* Socialist Party of Serbia | information_extraction |
Extract the dates from the following. | YouTube has been led by a CEO since its founding in 2005, and has retained this leadership model even after its acquisition by Google. The current CEO is Neal Mohan, who was appointed on February 16, 2023. | February 16, 2023 | information_extraction |
What is a Synchronous Concurrent Algorithm (SCA)? | A Synchronous Concurrent Algorithm is an algorithm consisting of a networks of modules and channels, computing and communicating in parallel, and synchronised by a global clock. There are many classes of algorithms that share these general properties such as clocked digital hardware, systolic arrays, neural networks, cellular automata and coupled map lattice dynamical systems. | general_qa |
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why is context switching bad for computer performance? | context switching, which occurs when a process is paused by the cpu and another process starts running can affect performance of a computer systems for a couple of reasons. The act of switching the context is not in itself very time consuming. The real performance hit comes from the fact that different processes have different virtual memory address spaces so all the caches in the system need to be invalidated and flushed. Since there is such a huge difference in how fast a cpu can run compared to how fast instructions and data can be retrieved from main memory, these things are cached close to the cpu in onboard caches. Even a pointer to a mapping of virtual addresses to physical addresses are cached so that memory access is faster. When a new process gets loaded by the cpu with a different address space and mapping of virtual to physical addresses, all of the data in the caches is invalid and needs to be flushed. This leaves the cpu with empty caches that have to be rebuilt from scratch for the new process, meaning there will be a big slowdown in retrieving instructions and data since these will now be coming from main memory, which is much slower than the cpu's cache. | open_qa |
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Given these two sets of instructions, will you end up at the same place if you started at the same point? First instructions: 1) Take 5 steps forward 2) Turn around 3) Take 3 steps forward. Second instructions: 1) Turn left 2) Turn left 3) Take 6 steps forward 4) Turn around 4) Take 4 steps forward. | No, you will not end up at the same place. The first set of instructions ends two steps in front of the starting point, since you go forward 5 steps then backwards 3 steps. The second set of instructions ends up two steps behind the starting point, since you turn left twice, which is the same as turning around, and then go forward 6 and backwards 4. | creative_writing |
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Please give me a bulleted list of the fundamentals of baseball | Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball that a player on the batting team, called the batter, tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team (batting team) is to hit the ball into the field of play, away from the other team's players, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called "runs". The objective of the defensive team (referred to as the fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate (the place where the player started as a batter).
The principal objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely; this generally occurs either when the batter hits the ball and reaches first base before an opponent retrieves the ball and touches the base, or when the pitcher persists in throwing the ball out of the batter's reach. Players on the batting team who reach first base without being called "out" can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner, either immediately or during teammates' turns batting. The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners "out", which forces them out of the field of play. The pitcher can get the batter out by throwing three pitches which result in strikes, while fielders can get the batter out by catching a batted ball before it touches the ground, and can get a runner out by tagging them with the ball while the runner is not touching a base.
The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding; the batting team's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs. One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning. A game is usually composed of nine innings, and the team with the greater number of runs at the end of the game wins. Most games end after the ninth inning, but if scores are tied at that point, extra innings are usually played. Baseball has no game clock, though some competitions feature pace-of-play regulations such as the pitch clock to shorten game time. | - Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding.
- The object of the game in to score more runs than the opposing team.
- Runs are score only by the batting team during their at bats. While batting you are allowed 3 outs before you will have to switch with the fielding team.
- A typical baseball game last 9 innings, but there can be extra innings added if there is a tie. | summarization |
Classify these as having wheels or not having wheels: car, plane, boat, bicycle, drone, street, motorcycle | Cars, planes, bicycles, and motorcycles typically have wheels. Boats, drones, and streets do not have wheels. | classification |
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What’s the difference between Delta Live Tables and Workflows? | These are some of the main differences between Delta Live Tables and Workflows:
- Workflows is complementary to Delta Live Tables
- Workflows is a control flow that allows end-to-end orchestration of tasks that might include one or more DLT Pipelines.
- A workflow consists of one or more tasks, which could be a Spark job, a DLT Pipeline, an ML job, some random python code, etc.
- DLT Pipelines is a data flow. You declare your data transformations, and Live Tables takes care of actually running your pipeline for you. | open_qa |
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What genre did Taylor Swift begin her career in? | Taylor Swift began her career as a country artist | open_qa |
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Tell me which of these countries has more than 1 billion population: Japan, Canada, United States, Russia, China, India | China and India | classification |
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What ingredients do i need to make sour dough bread | Main ingredient is sour dough starter. You also need flour, water and salt. | brainstorming |
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Mary is twice as old as Elizabeth. John is two years older than Elizabeth. John's and Elizabeth's ages combined equal eight. How old is Mary? Explain your reasoning. | Let's call Elizabeth's age x. We know that John is two years older than Elizabeth, and their combined ages are 8. So x + x + 2 = 8, meaning Elizabeth is 3. Mary is twice Elizabeth's age, which makes Mary 6. | general_qa |
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What is sourdough bread? | Sourdough bread does not use yeast to rise. Instead it uses a starter, which is fermented dough, as its rising agent. Hence it is classified as a naturally leavened bread. It normally takes longer for a sourdough bread to rise. Sourdough bread is more flavourful than normal bread.
The starter is created using flour, salt and water. It has to be "fed" and maintained with fresh flour for the starter to remain alive. Staters can be stored in a cooler environment in order to slow down the fermentation prices. | general_qa |
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Extract the reason why was Mark Hunt known as the King of Walk Offs | Mark Richard Hunt (born 23 March 1974) is a New Zealand former mixed martial artist and kickboxer of Samoan descent, currently living in Sydney, Australia. Hunt competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) until 2018 and was the winner of the 2001 K-1 World Grand Prix. He is known as "King of Walk-Offs" due to his popularization of walking away and stopping attacks before the referee officially ends the match. | Mark Hunt was a mixed martial artist and kickboxer who would walk away and stop his attacks before the referee officially ended the match. | information_extraction |
Who was charged in August 1902, under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder? | In August 1902, he was charged under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder - during the course of a speech against an eviction - of Major-General Devinish Meares. That December, he was found guilty and sentenced to eight months' imprisonment. After the passing of the Evicted Tenants Act, 1908, some of this holding, but not his house, was returned to him | Denis Kilbride (September 1848 – 24 October 1924) was an Irish nationalist politician, who as member of the Irish Parliamentary Party represented South Kerry (1887–1895), and North Galway (1895–1900) and South Kildare (1903–1918) as a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
He was educated at Clongowes Wood. He was evicted, along with other subtenants of the 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, was evicted from his 500-acre (2.0 km2) holding during the Luggacurran evictions, Stradbally, County Laois, in March 1887.
Kilbride's rent was 760 pounds a year, although the holding was valued at only 450. Although he was a large tenant, he and other tenants adopted the Plan of Campaign.
To raise awareness of the evictions, Kilbride travelled with William O'Brien to Canada, where the Marquess of Lansdowne was governor general, and the USA.
In August 1902, he was charged under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 with incitement to murder - during the course of a speech against an eviction - of Major-General Devinish Meares. That December, he was found guilty and sentenced to eight months' imprisonment. After the passing of the Evicted Tenants Act, 1908, some of this holding, but not his house, was returned to him.
He died at his residence in Luggacurran in 1924 aged 76 and was buried in Clopook cemetery. | information_extraction |
What are the top five things to do on a weekend trip to New York City in the winter? | 1. Visit the tree at the Rockefeller Center
2. Shop at the holiday markets such as the one in Union Square
3. Take in the sights on the Statue of Liberty cruise
4. Visit the One World Trade Center memorial
5. Watch a play on broadway | general_qa |
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Why do people like macaroni and cheese and how is it made? | Macaroni and cheese is is a popular dish across the world that is widely regarded for its flavor and textural components. Macaroni and cheese is made with cooked pasta, usually elbow macaroni, and a cheese sauce. The cheese sauce is usually made by cooking a roux, which is a mixture of butter and flour, and then adding milk. Once thickened, cheese is added to the sauce. Some macaroni and cheese is stove top, meaning that it is not baked after the cheese sauce is mixed with the macaroni. However, the best dish is sprinkled with bread crumbs and baked in the oven until the top is crispy. | general_qa |
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What is the difference between love and affection? | Friendship and love are feelings close to each other, but there is a substantial difference. Friendship is a feeling that, if genuine, can last a lifetime. Love, on the other hand, is a more complex feeling that can change with the passage of time | open_qa |
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What are some reasons not to live in far northern locations? | Generally speaking, the further north you go, the colder it gets. Living in cold weather makes many things more complicated due to the need to have sources of heat everywhere you go. Far northern locations also have more extreme amounts of daylight. This makes it hard to know when it's nighttime in the summer, and in the winter, you might not see much sunlight at all. The lack of sunlight can increase depression and makes everyday activities more challenging. It is also harder to produce food in the cold and dark. | general_qa |
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Why is it so rare to see a unseeded tennis player win a grand slam? | To raise a grand slam trophy, a player has to win 7 consecutive best of 5 set matches and in all likelihood against several top 10 players. Tennis is considered to be a demanding sport both physically and mentally. The players have to be in top shape and be ready to duel out many tough 5 set matches during the course of the slam. During grand slam matches, players can run anywhere from 3 to 4 miles with most of the movement being lateral. The top players have the distinct advantage that they have large support staff including dedicated physios and massage therapists who can get the player ready for subsequent matches. Besides, the top players have coaches who may have themselves won slams, and thus carry a wealth of experience. Sometimes players also enlist the services of data analysts who can do opponent video/data analysis to determine patterns/preferences of opponents. Such massive support staff carry a lot of payroll that most unseeded players cannot afford. For this reason, though at times we see a qualifier make it through to later stages of a slam, they will rarely ever get past quarter finals let alone win a grand slam. | creative_writing |
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How does a Husqvarna automatic lawn mower operate. | The Husqvarna Automower operates very similarly to a Roomba automated vacuum cleaner. However the main difference is that you have to lay down a wire perimeter about two inches below the lawn to guide it and it requires electrical power, usually low voltage. Once it is set up, the lawn mower can be scheduled to operate every evening on a schedule that works for you. It will cut about 1mm of grass per night and those cuttings will feed your lawn. | general_qa |
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How do you juggle? | Juggling is the act of continually throwing and catching three or more objects, usually balls. Humans juggle for entertainment, recreation, exercise, and fun. Some jugglers are professionally hired to perform at birthday parties, festivals, and events. You juggle by throwing balls from hand to hand, releasing a ball before catching another. | general_qa |
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If I give you a list of weapons, can you break them into melee and ranged. The list is knife, bow, axe, shotgun, mace, whip, rifle and cannon. | Melee weapons include the knife, axe, mace and whip. Ranged weapons include the bow, shotgun, rifle and cannon. | classification |
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Extract the years in which Ayrton Senna da Silva won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship and list them using bullets. | Ayrton Senna da Silva was a Brazilian racing driver who won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1988, 1990, and 1991. Senna is one of three Formula One drivers from Brazil to win the World Championship and won 41 Grands Prix and 65 pole positions, with the latter being the record until 2006. He died in an accident while leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, driving for the Williams team. | - 1988
- 1990
- 1991 | information_extraction |
Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what is an LLM? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. | closed_qa |
Who were the major players in the Watergate conspiracy? | The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal in the United States involving the administration of President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's persistent attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C., Watergate Office Building. | The list begins with the President of the United States, Richard Nixon. John Dean served as the Counsel to the President, and was a lead witness whose testimony blew the case wide open, naming many top presidential aides as being closely involved. H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and John Mitchell were all senior members of the administration who resigned in disgraced and were convicted. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy played major roles in the Watergate break-in.
A major figure in the conspiracy was Daniel Ellsberg, but not for any wrongdoing. Rather, he was a target of the Nixon White House, and an attempted burglary of his psychiatrist's office was just one of the illegal acts that the White House covered up. | summarization |
Give me a list of the best animals one can have for a pet, starting with the best pet first. | 1. Cat
2. Dog
3. Rabbit
4. Bird
5. Fish
6. Snake
7. Hamster
8. Gerbil
9. Guinea pig
10. Chinchilla | brainstorming |
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Have you heard of Doleshwor Mahadeva temple? | Doleshwor Mahadeva (Nepali: डोलेश्वर महादेव) is a Hindu Temple of Lord Shiva located in Suryabinayak, south eastern part of Bhaktapur District, Nepal, and is believed to be the head part of Kedarnath temple located in Uttarakhand, India.
History
For 4000 years people have been searching for the head of the Panch Kedar temples, a bull who was Shiva in reality, who assumed the shape of a bull to avoid the five Pandava brothers, the heroes of the Mahabharat. The legend goes back to the fabled battle of Kurukshetra fought between the five Pandava brothers and their cousins, the 100 Kaurava brothers, which is the pivot of the Mahabharata. Many folk legends related to the Garhwal region, Lord Shiva and the creation of the Panch Kedar temples are narrated.
A folk legend about Panch Kedar relates to the Pandavas, the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The Pandavas defeated and slayed their cousins — the Kauravas in the epic Kurukshetra war. They wished to atone for the sins of committing fratricide (gotra hatya) and Brāhmanahatya (killing of Brahmins — the priest class) during the war. Thus, they handed over the reins of their kingdom to their kin and left in search of lord Shiva and to seek his blessings. First, they went to the holy city of Varanasi (Kashi), believed to be Shiva's favourite city and known for its Kashi Vishwanath Temple. But, Shiva wanted to avoid them as he was deeply incensed by the death and dishonesty at the Kurukshetra war and was, therefore, insensitive to Pandavas' prayers. Therefore, he assumed the form of a bull (Nandi) and hid in the Garhwal region.
Not finding Shiva in Varanasi, the Pandavas went to Garhwal Himalayas. Bhima, the second of the five Pandava brothers, then standing astride two mountains started to look for Shiva. He saw a bull grazing near Guptakashi (“hidden Kashi” — the name derived from the hiding act of Shiva). Bhima immediately recognized the bull to be Shiva. Bhima caught hold of the bull by its tail and hind legs. But the bull-formed Shiva disappeared into the ground to later reappear in parts, with the hump raising in Kedarnath, the arms appearing in Tungnath, the face showing up at Rudranath, the nabhi (navel) and stomach surfacing in Madhyamaheshwar and the hair appearing in Kalpeshwar. The Pandavas pleased with this reappearance in five different forms, built temples at the five places for venerating and worshipping Shiva. The Pandavas were thus freed from their sins. It is also believed that the fore portions of Shiva appeared at Doleshwor Mahadeva Temple, Bhaktapur district Nepal.
A variant of the tale credits Bhima of not only catching the bull, but also stopping it from disappearing. Consequently, the bull was torn asunder into five parts and appeared at five locations in the Kedar Khand of Garhwal region of the Himalayas. After building the Panch Kedar Temples, the Pandavas meditated at Kedarnath for salvation, performed yagna (fire sacrifice) and then through the heavenly path called the Mahapanth (also called Swargarohini), attained heaven or salvation.[citation needed]. The Panch Kedar Temples are constructed in the North-Indian Himalayan Temple architecture with the Kedarnath, Tungnath and Madhyamaheshwar temples looking similar.
After completing the pilgrimage of Lord Shiva's darshan at the Panch Kedar Temples, it is an unwritten religious rite to visit Lord Vishnu at the Badrinath Temple, as a final affirmatory proof by the devotee that he has sought blessings of Lord Shiva.
Research and findings
The Hindu activist Bharat Jangam had been researching and claiming that Doleshwar Mahadev is the head part of Kedarnath based on the surprising links between Kedarnath and Doleshwor. The Sculptures of Shive found in both shrines are 4,000 years old. Even a stone scripture found in Doleshwor was written in Sanskrit and Old Nepalese. The priests in both shrines are selected from India's southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Both priests affix the word ‘ling’ after their names to convey their proximity to the god as his worshipper and both temples have a cluster of five Shiva shrines. The main deity of both priests is Birbhadra, a companion of Shiva, according to Hindu scriptures.
Recognition
On August 22, 2009 the head priest of Kedarnath peeth Shree 1008 Jagat Guru Bheemashankarling Shivacharya unveiled the plaque claiming that Doleswore Mahadev, located in Jangam math Bhaktapur, is the head part of Shri Kedarnath. He performed Rudra Abhishek, a special worshipping at the Doleshwor temple situated in Sipadol village of Bhaktapur district. This is also mentioned in the inscription (Sheela Lekh) at Doleshwar Mahadev. Thousands of devotees have been thronging in the Doleswor Mahadev Temple. | Yes, Doleshwor Mahadeva (Nepali: डोलेश्वर महादेव) is a Hindu Temple of Lord Shiva located in Suryabinayak, south eastern part of Bhaktapur District, Nepal | closed_qa |
How many voyages did Columbus lead to America? | Four | open_qa |
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I’m new to beer, recommend 5 beer styles to me | Here are 5 beer styles that you might enjoy:
1. Pale ale
2. Pilsner
3. West coast IPA
4. Vienna Lager
5. Stout | brainstorming |
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What is Don’t Starve Together? | Don't Starve is a survival video game developed by the Canadian indie video game developer Klei Entertainment. The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux on April 23, 2013. A PlayStation 4 port, renamed Don't Starve: Giant Edition, became available the following year (with PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 3 versions released in September 2014 and June 2015 respectively, and an Xbox One version released in August 2015). Don't Starve for iOS, renamed Don't Starve: Pocket Edition was released on July 9, 2015. An Android version was released on October 20, 2016. Downloadable content titled Reign of Giants was released on April 30, 2014, and a multiplayer standalone expansion called Don't Starve Together became free for existing users on June 3, 2015. On Steam, this game is able to be purchased with a free copy for a friend. A Nintendo Switch port came out on April 12, 2018.
The game follows a scientist named Wilson who finds himself in a dark, dreary parallel world known as the Constant and must survive as long as possible. To this end, the player must keep Wilson alive, fed, and mentally stable as he avoids a variety of surreal and supernatural enemies that will try to kill and devour him. The game's Adventure mode adds depth to the sparse plot and pits Wilson against the game's supposed antagonist, Maxwell.
Don't Starve was Klei's first foray into the survival genre. Conceived during the height of a game industry trend of dropping players into a world with few instructions and a goal of survival, the game was influenced by Minecraft which spearheaded this trend as well as by filmmaker Tim Burton. The game received positive reviews from critics, commended for its original art style, music, and variety of ways for the player to die, although its high level of difficulty and implementation of permanent death were less warmly received. | Don't Starve Together is a cooperative multiplayer survival game developed by Klei Entertainment, where up to six players can play together online or offline. Players take on the role of a band of characters in a harsh wilderness world, and must work together to keep alive, fed, and mentally stable as they avoid a variety of surreal and supernatural enemies that will try to kill and devour them. The game features a unique hand-drawn art style, as well as randomly generated worlds, providing a new experience with each playthrough. | closed_qa |
Classify each of the following as having two or four legs: human, horse, dog, cat, monkey, kangaroo, boar | Human: Two Legs
Horse: Four Legs
Dog: Four Legs
Cat: Four Legs
Monkey: Two Legs
Kangaroo: Two Legs
Boar: Four Legs | classification |
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Who invented the game of basketball? | The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. | open_qa |
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Which is better for you, red or green grapes? | In general, dark red and purple grapes are higher in antioxidants than green or white grapes. The antioxidants found in grapes can help protect your cells from free radicals, which are a natural byproduct of your body's biological processes | open_qa |
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Given a reference text about Being There, tell me when the book was published and when a film about the book was created. | Being There is a satirical novel by the Polish-born writer Jerzy Kosinski, published April 21, 1971. Set in America, the story concerns Chance, a simple gardener who unwittingly becomes a much sought-after political pundit and commentator on the vagaries of the modern world. It has been suggested that Kosinski modeled the character of Chance after a former greenhouse manager named Jerry Jarvis who became the national leader of the transcendental meditation movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s, whom Kosinski had met at the local TM Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and who embodied the calm and simple manner of Chauncy Gardiner. The Cambridge TM Center was for years located at the corner of Chauncy and Garden Streets.
A film based on the book was made in 1979; Kosinski co-wrote the film's screenplay with Robert C. Jones. | Being There was published on April 21, 1971 and a film about the book was made in 1979. | closed_qa |
Why is the traffic so bad in Seattle Tuesday through Thursday? | One possible explanations is that they are common commute days in a week. The traffic is bad in Seattle attributes to several factors: it's a major metropolitan city with almost 2 million people in the area; its geographic features that prevent building roads more extensively esp connecting segments/patches across lakes and rivers; big companies such as Boeing, Microsoft, Amazon have big footprints in Seattle and the locations of their offices spread the area can also force people to commute around in workdays. | general_qa |
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In geology, what factors determine the classification of rocks? Place the results in a bullet list | In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects. | - minerals included
- chemical composition
- way in which the rock is formed | information_extraction |
Which countries became members of NATO between the years of 1999 and 2009? | Politically, the organization sought better relations with the newly autonomous Central and Eastern European states, and diplomatic forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbours were set up during this post-Cold War period, including the Partnership for Peace and the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative in 1994, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997, and the NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council in 1998. At the 1999 Washington summit, Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined NATO, and the organization also issued new guidelines for membership with individualized "Membership Action Plans". These plans governed the addition of new alliance members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020. The election of French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 led to a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. | Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Albania, France (rejoined) | closed_qa |
When was the internet created? | The birthday of the internet is January 1, 1983. This is an important day because it gave computers and computer networks for the first time in history a way to communicate with each other. Prior to this networks were on closed loops. On this this day a new internet protocol was also created called TCP/IP. This stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. | open_qa |
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In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Clegane? | The name of House Clegane's founder is unknown. He was a kennelmaster of Casterly Rock and saved Lord Tytos Lannister from a lionness. As a reward, Lord Lannister granted the unnamed Clegane a knighthood. | open_qa |
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What are the advatages and disadvatages of commuting with bikes comparing to cars? | There are several advantages that matter a lot to me personally. Bikes are much cheaper than cars, and don't require subsequent payment for gas and insurance. Finding a parking space and paying for parking can also be a concern for cars. Commuting by bicycle for half an hour to an hour every day can relax my mind. As for the disadvantages, I can bike with caltrain/bart to commute between different cities, but it is inevitably slower than driving. Also, rainy days are very unfriendly to biking, which happens a lot these days. | general_qa |
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What are some good Indian dishes? | There are many popular Indian dishes. Tandoori chicken, chicken tikka masala, and biryani are popular main courses. Samosas and naan bread are popular side dishes. Gulab jamun is a popular dessert. | brainstorming |
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Beyond the classical states of matter, what are the modern states of matter? | Plasma: Free charged particles, usually in equal numbers, such as ions and electrons. Unlike gases, plasma may self-generate magnetic fields and electric currents and respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma is very uncommon on Earth (except for the ionosphere), although it is the most common state of matter in the universe.
Supercritical fluid: At sufficiently high temperatures and pressures, the distinction between liquid and gas disappears.
Degenerate matter: matter under very high pressure, supported by the Pauli exclusion principle.
Electron-degenerate matter: found inside white dwarf stars. Electrons remain bound to atoms but can transfer to adjacent atoms.
Neutron-degenerate matter: found in neutron stars. Vast gravitational pressure compresses atoms so strongly that the electrons are forced to combine with protons via Inverse beta decay, resulting in a super dense conglomeration of neutrons. (Normally free neutrons outside an atomic nucleus will decay with a half-life of just under fifteen minutes, but in a neutron star, as in the nucleus of an atom, other effects stabilize the neutrons.)
Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed.
Quantum spin Hall state: a theoretical phase that may pave the way for developing electronic devices that dissipate less energy and generate less heat. This is a derivation of the quantum Hall state of matter.
Bose–Einstein condensate: a phase in which a large number of bosons all inhabit the same quantum state, in effect becoming one single wave/particle. This is a low-energy phase that can only be formed in laboratory conditions and at very low temperatures. It must be close to zero kelvin, or absolute zero. Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein predicted the existence of such a state in the 1920s, but it was not observed until 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman.
Fermionic condensate: Similar to the Bose-Einstein condensate but composed of fermions, also known as Fermi-Dirac condensate. The Pauli exclusion principle prevents fermions from entering the same quantum state, but a pair of fermions can behave like a boson, and multiple such pairs can then enter the same quantum state without restriction.
Superconductivity: is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. Superconductivity is the ground state of many elemental metals.
Superfluid: A phase achieved by a few cryogenic liquids at extreme temperature at which they become able to flow without friction. A superfluid can flow up the side of an open container and down the outside. Placing a superfluid in a spinning container will result in quantized vortices.
Supersolid: similar to a superfluid, a supersolid can move without friction but retains a rigid shape.
Quantum spin liquid: A disordered state in a system of interacting quantum spins which preserves its disorder to shallow temperatures, unlike other disordered states.
String-net liquid: Atoms in this state have unstable arrangements, like a liquid, but are still consistent in the overall pattern, like a solid.
Time crystals: A state of matter where an object can have movement even at its lowest energy state.
Rydberg polaron: A state of matter that can only exist at ultra-low temperatures and consists of atoms inside of atoms.
Black superionic ice: A state of matter that can exist under very high pressure while excited by super lasers. | 1. Plasma: Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe, but it is uncommonly found on Earth. This state of matter is comprised of free charged particles, such as ions and electrons. Similar to a gaseous state, however, it may generate a magnetic field.
2. Supercritical fluid: Matter that lacks a clear distinction between being a gas and a liquid. This state is found at high temperatures and pressures.
3. Degenerative Matter: A highly dense state of matter due to very high pressures. This state of matter is naturally found in stars in their final evolutionary states.
4. Bose-Einstein condensate: A phase of matter in which a large number of bosons all inhabit the same quantum state. This phase requires temperatures near absolute zero of very low density gas.
5. Fermionic condensate: Similar to Bose-Einstein condensate, except with fermions instead of bosons.
6. Superconductivity: Certain elemental materials may achieve a ground state of superconductivity where there is no electrical resistance and magnetic flux fields are expelled. While most conductors will have reduced resistance as the temperature is lowered, superconductors will abruptly achieve zero resistance at a certain critical temperature.
7. Superfluid: Some fluids may enter this state of matter where, at extremely low temperatures, they become able to flow without friction.
8. Supersolid: Similar to a superfluid, except it can move without friction in a rigid, solid shape.
9. Quantum spin liquid: A state of matter found in certain materials related to the quantum spin. In most magnetic materials, spins tend to form patterns based on how they interact with other neighboring spins. In a quantum spin liquid, however, they remain in a disordered state, never forming a pattern that prevents it from reaching a stable, ordered state.
10. String-net liquid: Atoms in this state have a consistent overall pattern like a solid, but their arrangement is unstable.
11. Time crystals: A quantum system of particles that exhibits non-kinetic motion of particles at their lowest-energy state.
12. Rydberg polaron: An exotic state of matter created at low temperatures in which a very large atom contains other ordinary atoms between the nucleus and electrons.
13. Black superionic ice: This matter is a phase of water that exists at extremely high pressures and temperatures. | information_extraction |
Which two U.S. states don’t observe Daylight Saving Time? | Arizona and Hawaii. | open_qa |
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how to be happy everyday? | There are four "happy hormones" that can help boost your mood: Serotonin, Dopamine, Endorphins and Oxytocin.Serotonin helps balance mood and promote feelings of well-being and reward, sunlight and low-intensity outdoor exercise produces Serotonin. Endorphins is natural pain killers and helps overcome stress or discomfort. Meditation and appreciation practice harvest Endorphins in your body. Dopamine, the "feel good" hormone, stimulates a feeling of happiness, pleasure and reward. The term "runner's high" refers to Dopamine. Higher intensity exercises with a rewards system boosts Dopamine level. Last but not least is Oxytocin, it promotes social interaction and positive emotion. The level of Oxytocin becomes high in your body when bonding with babies, kids, pets or loved ones. | brainstorming |
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Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Steelpan, Krar | Krar is string, Steelpan is percussion. | classification |
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