Patent Publication Number: US-2015080826-A1

Title: Substrate comprising oligogalacturonides and disposable absorbent article comprising the substrate

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a substrate such as a nonwoven web, film, tissue, pulp and superabsorbent polymer, which comprises the oligogalacturonides. More particularly, the present invention provides a disposable absorbent article such as a diaper, a pant, an adult incontinence product, an absorbent insert for a diaper or pant, a wipe or a feminine hygiene product, such as a sanitary napkin and a panty liner and the like. The disposable absorbent article comprises the substrate having the oligogalacturonides. The present invention also provides a process for manufacturing a disposable absorbent article comprising the substrate. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Many types of disposable absorbent articles, such as diapers, have a relatively high capacity for absorbing urine and other body exudates. Disposable absorbent articles of this type generally comprise a liquid-pervious topsheet, a liquid-impervious backsheet and an absorbent core comprised between the topsheet and the backsheet. Although these types of absorbent structures may be highly efficient for the absorption of liquids, it is well recognized that long-term wear of such structures may lead to skin which is compromised in terms of being over hydrated or exposed to skin irritants commonly found in body exudates. It is generally known that skin covered by disposable absorbent articles tends to be more susceptible to skin disorders, including diaper rash, erythema (i.e., redness), heat rash, abrasion, pressure marks and loss of skin barrier function. 
     Diaper rash is the most common irritant contact dermatitis occurring on the skin of baby&#39;s diaper area. Most diaper rashes are caused by prolonged contact with the moisture, germs, enzymes, ammonia of the stool and urine. Some diaper rashes are caused by fungi infection (“The effect of antibacterial agent for  Candida albicans  inhibition of diaper rash”, Palpu Chongi Gisul, Journal of Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and paper Industry, 2001, 33(3), p. 69-74).  Candida albicans  is one of the contributors to diaper rash. 
     To address the concerns of skin disorders associated with wearing absorbent articles, the caregiver often applies skin protective products such as Vaseline®, medicated ointments, powders, etc. to the buttocks, genitals, anal and/or other regions before placing the disposable absorbent article on the wearer. This procedure usually involves the caregiver applying the skin protective to their hands, and then wiping the same on the skin of the infant. To eliminate the need for this wasteful, messy and time-consuming procedure, there have been attempts to prepare absorbent articles which contain a protective or therapeutic skin care substance on the article&#39;s topsheet. By analogy, in applying skin protective products to the wearer&#39;s skin, before placing the disposable absorbent article on the wearer, wipes comprising such skin protective products may be used. 
     Probiotic agents generally are microorganisms that confer a benefit when they grow in a particular environment, by inhibiting the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms in the same environment. The nutritional use of probiotic bacteria, especially  Lactobacillus  and  Bifidobacterium  strains, that colonize the gut has been previously disclosed (Winberg et al,  Pediatr. Nephrol.  7:509-514, 1993; Malin et al,  Ann. Nutr. Metab.  40:137-145, 1996; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,911). 
     It has been discovered that probiotic acid-producing bacteria are effective in inhibiting, preventing and/or eliminating dermal/epithelial infections by preventing the growth of dermal pathogens which grow upon use of diapers and other sanitary products. Such probiotic acid-producing bacteria were included in disposable absorbent articles. In this way, they also promote a healthy skin flora. The healthy skin flora is able to suppress harmful pathogenic microorganisms and in this way maintain and promote a healthy skin. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,435 relates to compositions and methods that are provided for inhibiting microbial infections associated with the use of sanitary products, such as diapers, bandages, sanitary napkins, tampons and the like. The invention provides a sanitary product containing an absorbent structure and an effective amount of a viable non-pathogenic lactic-acid bacteria, such as  Bacillus coagulans , or an extracellular product thereof, useful for inhibiting growth of parasites and pathogens on the epithelial tissue in contact with the sanitary product during use of the product. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,960,604 B2 refers to a process for the production of an absorbing sanitary article comprising lactic acid producing bacteria. Lactic acid producing bacteria of the  Lactobacillus  strain dominate the flora of healthy women, and most of these  Lactobacillus  bacteria have an ability to sustain the growth and reduce the pathogenicity of many uropathogens. 
     Disposable feminine care products, such as tampons and sanitary napkins, impregnated with lactic acid producing bacteria can preserve a normal flora of microorganisms in the urogenital tract of women, and thereby preventing urogenital infections, or regenerating a normal flora of microorganisms in the urogenital tract of women. Such a product is disclosed in European Patent No. EP 0 594 628. 
     However, these disposable absorbent articles require the addition of living microorganisms which may not be appealing to many consumers as it may be perceived as a risk of bacteria proliferation and potential infections. 
     There is still a need to provide a disposable absorbent article designed to deliver compositions to address skin disorders e.g. diaper rash, in order to maintain or improve skin health in regions of the wearer&#39;s body covered by disposable absorbent articles. Such disposable absorbent articles would not require intervention from the caregiver in the form of manual applications of skin care compositions. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a substrate selected from the group consisting of a nonwoven web, a film, a tissue, a pulp and a superabsorbent polymer wherein at least a portion of the substrate comprises the oligogalacturonides. The oligogalacturonides comprise a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units, wherein said monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)-glycosidic linkage, wherein the overall carbohydrate unit number is from 2 to no more than 20. 
     More particularly, the present invention provides a wipe, wherein one or more of the said substrates form at least a portion of the wipe. 
     The present invention also refers to a disposable absorbent article which is selected from the group consisting of a diaper, a pant, an adult incontinence product, an absorbent insert for a diaper or pant, and a feminine hygiene product, such as a sanitary napkin and a panty liner, the disposable absorbent article having a backsheet, a topsheet and an absorbent core between the backsheet and the topsheet, wherein one or more of the said substrates form at least a portion of the disposable absorbent article. 
     The present invention also provides a process for manufacturing a disposable absorbent article comprising the substrate. The process comprises the step of applying an amount of the oligogalacturonides to the substrate, via spraying, printing, coating, slot coating, extrusion, microencapsulation or any combination thereof. 
     The present invention is related to a spraying composition which comprises oligogalacturonides. The oligogalacturonides comprise a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units, wherein said monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)-glycosidic linkage. The overall monomeric galacturonic acid unit number is from 2 to no more than 20. The oligogalacturonides are comprised in a formulation with an amount of more than 1.5% up to 10% of all oligogalacturonides per total weight of the formulation. The formulations include waxes, lotions, lotions comprising a wax, emulsions, creams, ointments, salves, powders, suspensions, solutions, encapsulations, gels and combinations thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the present invention, it is believed that the same will be better understood from the following description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a diaper as an exemplary embodiment of an absorbent article; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definition of Terms 
     The term “absorbent article” as used herein refers to devices which absorb and contain body exudates, and, more specifically, refers to devices which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body. Typical absorbent articles of the present invention include but are not limited to diapers, adult incontinence briefs, training pants, diaper holders and liners, absorbent inserts and the like, as well as feminine hygiene products, such as sanitary napkins and panty liners, and the like. Absorbent articles also include wipes. 
     The term “absorbent insert” as used herein refer to a component of a wearable absorbent article that is adapted to contain and/or absorb urine, feces, menses or any combination thereof, and is adapted to be installable and removable as a modular unit, from an outer cover or chassis of a diaper, a pant or diaper holder. 
     The term “acquisition system” as used herein is a layer that serves several functions including receiving a surge of liquid, such as a gush of urine and serving as a temporary reservoir for the fluid until the absorbent core can absorb the liquid. The acquisition system can efficiently transport fluids over the surface of the absorbent core and also into the absorbent core, and drain substantially completely into the absorbent core in order to remain receptive for subsequent fluid loadings. 
     The term “adult incontinence product” as used herein refers to a diaper made to be worn by an adult person with a body generally larger than that of an infant or toddler. Diapers become necessary for adults with various conditions, such as incontinence, mobility impairment, or dementia. Adult incontinence products are made in various forms, including those resembling traditional child diapers, underpants, and pads resembling sanitary napkins (incontinence pads). 
     “Comprise,” “comprising” and “comprises” as used herein are open ended terms, each specifying the presence of what follows, e.g., a component, but not precluding the presence of other features, e.g., elements, steps or components known in the art, or disclosed herein. 
     The term “diaper” as used herein refers to an absorbent article that is intended to be worn by a wearer about the lower torso to absorb and contain exudates discharged from the body. Diapers may be worn by infants (e.g. babies or toddlers) or adults. They may be provided with fastening elements. 
     “Disposable” as used herein refers to describe absorbent articles which generally are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored or reused (i.e., they are intended to be discarded after a single use and, preferably, to be recycled, composted or otherwise discarded in an environmentally compatible manner). 
     “Effective amount of the oligogalacturonides” as used herein refers to an amount of the oligogalacturonides which, when applied to the substrate, will promote a healthy skin flora. 
     “Feminine hygiene product” as used herein refers to a personal care product used by women during menstruation, vaginal discharge, and other bodily functions related to the vulva. Feminine hygiene product may include sanitary napkins or towels, panty liners, tampons, menstrual cups, and feminine wipes. 
     The term “film” as used herein refers to a substantially non-fibrous sheet-like material wherein the length and width of the material far exceed the thickness of the material. Typically, films have a thickness of about 0.5 mm or less. Films used in disposable absorbent articles may be configured to be liquid impermeable and/or vapor permeable (i.e., breathable). 
     The term “formulation” as used herein refers to a composition that comprises the oligogalacturonides and further comprises additional ingredients mixed together according to a formula. For the present invention, suitable formulations include waxes, lotions, lotions comprising a wax, emulsions, creams, ointments, salves, powders, suspensions, solutions, encapsulations, gels and combinations thereof. 
     The term “immobilizing agent” as used herein refers to an agent capable of immobilizing the composition in the desired location in or on the substrate. The immobilizing agent counteracts the tendency of the composition to migrate or flow by keeping the composition primarily localized on the surface or in the region of the substrate to which the composition is applied. 
     The term “mechanical pulp fibers” as used herein refers to pulp fibers which are derived from wood. The mechanical pulp fibers retain a substantial portion of the lignin present in the unpulped wood. Preferably, greater than about 80% yield based upon the weight of the unpulped wood will be retained. One type of mechanical pulp fibers which can be used is known in the art as thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Another preferred type of mechanical pulp fibers for use in conjunction with the present invention are chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) fibers, also sometimes referred to as chemically-modified thermomechanical pulp fibers. 
     The term “microorganism” as used herein refers to a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or no cell at all (acellular). Microorganism includes bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (green algae); and animals such as plankton and the planarian. Microorganism also includes viruses. 
     The term “nonwoven web” as used herein refers to a manufactured material, web, sheet or batt of directionally or randomly oriented fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded. The fibers may be of natural or man-made origin. The fibers may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. The porous, fibrous structure of a nonwoven may be configured to be liquid permeable or impermeable, as desired. 
     The term “oligogalacturonide” as used herein refers to an oligomer which is a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units. The monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)glycosidic linkage. The overall monomeric galacturonic acid unit number is from 2 to no more than 20, or is 2, 3, 4 or 5. 
     The monomeric galacturonic acid unit is a sugar acid which is an oxidized form of galactose, generally of D-galactose, i.e. there is a carboxylic acid function at carbon position 6. 
     It is known that the oligogalacturonides are natural substances which are components of pectin, as present in e.g. carrots, apple pomaces, sugar beets and combinations thereof. It is also known that the oligogalacturonides when prepared from apple pomace may be methylated or esterified to a low extent. 
     The term “pant” as used herein refers to a disposable absorbent article having fixed edges, a waist opening and leg openings designed for infant or adult wearers. A pant-type disposable absorbent article is placed in position on the wearer by inserting the wearer&#39;s legs into the leg openings and sliding the pant-type disposable absorbent article into position about the wearer&#39;s lower torso. A pant may be preformed by any suitable technique including, but not limited to, joining together portions of the article using refastenable and/or non-refastenable bonds (e.g., seam, weld, adhesive, cohesive bond, fastener, etc.). A pant may be preformed anywhere along the circumference of the article (e.g., side fastened, front waist fastened). 
     The term “pulp” as used herein refers to a fiber obtained from a tree or plant. Comminuted wood pulp is generally referred to as absorbent cellulose fibers or as airfelt, creped cellulose wadding, chemically stiffened, modified or cross-linked cellulosic fibers as well as mechanical and semi-chemical pulps including for example, groundwood, thermomechanical pulp, chemi-mechanical pulp (CMP), chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP), neutral semi-chemical sulfite pulp (NSCS). 
     The term “substrate” as used herein refers to a material suitable for use in a disposable absorbent article. When used in a disposable absorbent article, the substrate may be comprised by, or forming, or used for manufacturing of one or more of the following: the topsheet, the absorbent core, the acquisition system, the leg cuffs, the barrier cuffs, the side flaps, the side panels and the wings of an absorbent article. Suitable materials include nonwoven webs, films, tissue, pulp, superabsorbent polymer or combinations thereof. 
     The term “Superabsorbent polymer” as used refers to substantially water-insoluble polymer that can absorb at least 5 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution. Obviously, it will absorb other aqueous liquids as well, such as urine and blood. 
     The term “Superabsorbent particulate polymer” as used herein refers to a superabsorbent polymer which is in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. 
     The term “Superabsorbent foam” as used herein refers to a superabsorbent polymer which has a structure which results when a relatively monomer-free gas or relatively monomer-free liquid is dispersed as bubbles in a liquid containing polymerizable, superabsorbent-polymer-forming reactants, followed by expansion of the bubbles and polymerization of the reactants in the liquid which surrounds the expanded bubbles. The resultant polymerized, expanded structure can be in the form of a porous solidified structure which is an aggregate of cells, the boundaries or walls of which cells comprise solid superabsorbent polymers. 
     The term “tissue” as used herein refers to sheets of paper made by a process which may comprise the steps of forming an aqueous papermaking furnish, depositing this furnish on a foraminous surface, such as a Fourdrinier wire, and removing the water from the furnish (e.g. by gravity or vacuum-assisted drainage), forming an embryonic web, transferring the embryonic web from the forming surface to a transfer surface. The web is then transferred to a fabric upon which it is through air dried to a final dryness after which it is wound upon a reel. 
     The term “web” means a material capable of being wound into a roll. Webs may be nonwovens. 
     The term “wipe” as used herein refers to a piece of material, generally nonwoven material, used to cleanse body parts. For the present invention, preferred wipe articles are used for the cleaning of the peri-anal area after defecation or for the cleansing of other body parts after a change of absorbent article. 
     Incorporation of the Oligogalacturonides in a Disposable Absorbent Article 
     The inventors have now found that the addition of oligogalacturonides in a disposable absorbent article may help to promote a healthy skin flora. 
     The oligogalacturonides are natural substances which are components of pectin, present in e.g. carrots, apple pomaces or sugar beets. 
     The oligogalacturonides can also be found in dietary fibers that may be digested by the microbial flora. The oligogalacturonides are known to be used for the production of short chain fatty acids for the development of cells in the human body. Also, the oligogalacturonides might have an anti-diarrheic effect. They do not trigger any immunogenic reactions in the human body. 
     However, hitherto, the oligogalacturonides have only been purposefully added to nutritioning as prebiotic agents. 
     A preferable way to improve the intestinal flora of bottle-fed babies is to selectively stimulate the bifidobacteria already present in the bottle-fed infant&#39;s intestine by specific non-digestible and non-absorbed oligosaccharides, i.e. prebiotics. Prebiotic agents generally are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of one or more bacteria, for instance in the colon and thereby beneficially affect the host (Gibson and Roberfroid,  J. Nutr.  125:1401-14121995). The prebiotic agents cannot be digested by harmful pathogenic microorganisms, but they act as food for probiotic (lactic acid producing) bacteria such as  Lactobacillus  and  Bifidobactierium  strains. Also, mixtures of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides have been proposed as prebiotics, e.g. in International Application No. WO 00/08948. One example is the combination of galacto-oligosaccharide with fructopolysaccharides. The bifidobacteria level in infants receiving a formula containing these prebiotics has been shown to be elevated in comparison with a standard formula (see e.g. Moro et. al. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 34:291-295, 2002). 
     It may have been presumed that including oligogalacturonides into a disposable absorbent article may interfere with the performance of the disposable absorbent articles such as the absorption capacity. However, surprisingly, the inventors have found that the addition of oligogalacturonides in a disposable absorbent article has little to no impact on the technical performance of the final product. 
     Oligogalacturonides may act either by attachment to the receptors of harmful pathogenic microorganisms and render these microorganisms harmless or as prebiotics agents for healthy skin flora able to suppress the harmful pathogenic microorganisms such as  Candida albicans.    
     When the skin of the wearer is subjected to some bodily exudates or when the skin of the wearer is weakened due to the abrasion of the absorbent article on the skin, the harmful pathogenic microorganisms have an increased ability to attach and adhere to the epithelial cells of the skin. The ability of certain microorganisms to adhere to epithelial cells is an important factor for their pathogenicity. The harmful pathogenic microorganisms invade the tissue, proliferate and produce harmful toxins. 
     The epithelial cells of the wearer&#39;s skin contain at their surface specific oligosaccharides which are short chains of carbohydrates. These chains of carbohydrates may contain Galacturonic acid-α(1→4)-Galacturonic acid. This type of oligosaccharides is able to attach to the receptors at the surface of the harmful pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to the adherence of these microorganisms onto the skin of the wearer. 
     According to the present invention, other types of oligosaccharides are provided as receptor analogs that can attach to the receptors of the harmful pathogenic microorganisms in order to render them harmless. 
     Oligogalacturonides contain the moiety Galacturonic acid-α(1→4)-Galacturonic acid which is a common domain that is recognized by a variety of microorganisms that attach to P-Fimbrien, e.g.  Klebsiella, Enterobacter Cloaceae , Salmonellab,  Yersinia  or  E. Coli  strains. 
     Oligogalacturonides which are transferred from a substrate within the disposable absorbent article, to the skin of the wearer can block adherence of the harmful pathogenic microorganisms onto the skin. 
     As a result, the disposable absorbent article comprising the oligogalacturonides can maintain or improve the skin health of the wearer in order to address the concerns of skin disorders such as diaper rash associated with wearing disposable absorbent articles. 
     It is intended that the use of the disposable absorbent article may deliver an amount of oligogalacturonides to the wearer&#39;s skin in order to maintain or improve the skin health. 
     The Substrate 
     A wide variety of materials can be used as the substrate. When the substrate is a nonwoven web, film or tissue, the following nonlimiting characteristics are desirable: (i) sufficient wet strength for use, (ii) sufficient softness, (iii) sufficient thickness, (iv) appropriate size, (v) air permeability, and (vi) hydrophilicity. 
     In the present invention, the substrate is selected from a group consisting of nonwoven web, film, tissue, pulp and superabsorbent polymer. The substrate may also include laminates comprising two or more layers of such materials. 
     When the substrate is a nonwoven web, film or tissue, the substrate may have a basis weight from 5 to 200 g/m 2 . When the substrate is comprised by, or forms one or more of the following: the topsheet, the core cover, the legs cuffs, the barrier cuffs, the side flaps and the wings of a disposable absorbent article such as, it may have for example a basis weight from 5 to 200 g/m 2 , or from 8 to 40 g/m 2 , or from 8 to 30 g/m 2 . When the substrate is used as, or in a wipe, it may for example have a basis weight from 15 to 100 g/m 2 , or from 30 to 95 g/m 2 , or from 40 to 85 g/m 2 , or from 45 to 75 g/m 2 . 
     When the disposable absorbent article includes a layer comprising pulp and/or superabsorbent polymer as the substrate(s), the basis weight of this layer may be from 50 to 800 g/m 2 , or from 100 to 600 g/m 2 , or from 200 to 500 g/m 2 . 
     1) Nonwoven 
     An example of a suitable substrate which meets the above criteria is a nonwoven web. 
     Preferred embodiments employ nonwoven webs since they are economical and readily available in a variety of materials. By “nonwoven”, it is meant that the layer is comprised of fibers which are not woven into a fabric but rather are formed into a web, sheet, mat, or pad layer. 
     The nonwoven web may comprise fibers made by nature (natural fibers), made by man (synthetic or man-made), or combinations thereof. Example natural fibers include but are not limited to: animal fibers such as wool, silk, fur, and hair; vegetable fibers such as cellulose, cotton, flax, linen, and hemp; and certain naturally occurring mineral fibers. 
     Synthetic fibers can be derived from natural fibers or not. Example synthetic fibers which are derived from natural fibers include but are not limited to rayon and lyocell, both of which are derived from cellulose, a natural polysaccharide fiber. Synthetic fibers which are not derived from natural fibers can be derived from other natural sources or from mineral sources. Example synthetic fibers derived from natural sources include but are not limited to polysaccharides such as starch. Example fibers from mineral sources include but are not limited to polyolefin fibers such as polypropylene and polyethylene fibers, which are derived from petroleum 
     Common synthetic fiber include but are not limited to nylon (polyamide), acrylic (polyacrylonitrile), aramid (aromatic polyamide), polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene), polyester, butadiene-styrene block copolymers, natural rubber, latex, and spandex (polyurethane). 
     2) Film 
     The substrate can be a film. 
     A film may comprise any known material being moisture pervious, liquid pervious or liquid impervious. For example, a film comprised by the topsheet is rather liquid pervious. An impervious film may be rendered pervious by being microporous or apertured. 
     3) Tissue 
     The present invention is applicable to tissue paper in general, including but not limited to conventionally felt-pressed tissue paper; pattern densified tissue paper such as exemplified by Sanford-Sisson (U.S. Pat. No. 3,301,746) and its progeny; and high-bulk, uncompacted tissue paper such as exemplified by Salvucci (U.S. Pat. No. 3,812,000). The tissue paper may be of a homogenous or multilayered construction; and tissue paper products made therefrom may be of a single-ply or multi-ply construction. The tissue paper preferably has a basis weight of between 10 g/m 2  and 80 g/m 2 , and density between 0.1 g/cm 3  and 1.0 g/cm 3 . Preferably, the basis weight will be below 35 g/m 2 ; and the density will be below 0.8 g/cm 3 . Most preferably, the density will be between 0.2 g/cm 3  and 0.8 g/cm 3 . 
     The oligogalacturonides of the present invention can also be applied to uncreped tissue paper. Uncreped tissue paper, as used herein, refers to tissue paper which is non-compressively dried, most preferably by through air drying. Resultant through air dried webs are pattern densified such that zones of relatively high density are dispersed within a high bulk field, including pattern densified tissue wherein zones of relatively high density are continuous and the high bulk field is discrete. 
     4) Cellulose Fiber and Pulp 
     Cellulosic Fiber 
     In general, a cellulosic fiber is selected from the group consisting of chemithermomechanical pulp fiber, bleached hardwood Kraft pulp fiber, bleached softwood Kraft pulp fiber, unbleached hardwood Kraft pulp fiber, unbleached softwood Kraft pulp fiber, bleached softwood sulfite pulp fiber, unbleached softwood sulfite pulp fiber, cotton linters, mercerized dissolving pulp fiber, unmercerized dissolving pulp fiber, mechanical pulp fibers and mixtures thereof. 
     5) Superabsorbent Polymer 
     The superabsorbent polymer herein is capable of absorbing liquids such as urine or blood and it swells thereby, often forming a gel. The superabsorbent polymer herein comprises superabsorbent particles or foams and may also comprise other components, such as fillers, flowing aids, process aids, anti-caking agents, odour control agents, colouring agents, etc. 
     The superabsorbent polymer is generally solid; this includes granules, beads, flakes, fibres, powders, platelets, spheres and other forms known in the art for superabsorbent polymers described herein. 
     Preferably, the superabsorbent polymer is in the form of particles having a mass median particle size between 10 μm and 2 mm, or between 50 μm and 1 mm, or preferably between 100 μm and 800 μm, as can for example be measured by the method set out in for example European Patent No. EP-A-0691133. 
     The superabsorbent polymers may comprise particles that are essentially spherical. 
     6) General Characteristics of the Substrate 
     When the substrate is a nonwoven web, film or tissue, it is typically designed to fit the area of the skin to which topical application is desired. In that case, the substrate is flexible enough such that, when impregnated with oligogalacturonides, it readily fits along the skin, yet is strong enough so that it does not easily tear or crumble upon use. The water-insoluble substrate may be made solely of hydrophilic material, or made of a mixture of hydrophilic material and hydrophobic material, depending on its function. For instance, when the substrate forms a portion of the topsheet, the substrate may be rendered hydrophilic in order to allow the exudates discharged from the wearer to penetrate the topsheet through the absorbent core. 
     The substrate may not comprise an efficient amount of microorganisms in order to not be perceived as a risk of bacteria proliferation and potential infections. 
     The efficient amount of microorganisms may be more than 9 CFU (Colon Forming Units) per 0.1 square meter of a substrate. CFU as used herein means Colon Forming Units as determined with the Miles and Misra method (Miles, A A; Misra, S S, Irwin, J O (1938 November), “The estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood”,  The Journal of hygiene  38 (6), 732-49. 
     The Oligogalacturonides 
     1) Chemical Structure of the Oligogalacturonides 
     Oligogalacturonides are comprised of 2 to 20 monomeric galacturonic acid units. 
     An oligogalacturonide is an oligomer which is a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units. The monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)glycosidic linkage. Oligogalacturonides are comprised of 2 to 20 monomeric galacturonic acid units or 2, 3, 4 or 5 monomeric galacturonic acid units. 
     The monomeric galacturonic acid unit, as shown below, is a sugar acid which is an oxidized form of galactose, generally of D-galactose, i.e. there is a carboxylic acid function at carbon position 6. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The most effective oligogalacturonides in blocking adherence of microorganisms to epithelial cells are α-1,4-digalacturonide, tri and tetragalacturonides. 
     It is known that the oligogalacturonides can be of synthetic or natural origin. The oligalacturonides can be prepared from substances such as pectin, as present in e.g. carrots, apple pomaces or sugar beets. In the present invention, the oligogalacturonides have been prepared from apple pomace. 
     In that case, the oligogalacturonides may be methylated or esterified to a low extent as the example shown below. The below example shows an oligogalacturonide having a linear chain of 9 monomeric galacturonic acid units which are methylated at certain carboxylic positions and methyl esterified at certain hydroxyl positions. 
     The substrate as set out above may comprise oligalacturonides having a degree of methyl esterification or methylation at the hydroxyl positions lower than 20% by weight. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Oligogalacturonides isolated in the apple pomace are said to have a direct inhibitory effect on certain virulent abilities of pathogenic microorganisms acting in the intestinal area. Such microorganisms responsible for instance, for infectious diseases such as diarrhea, adhere to the mucosal surface of their host. This type of adhesion is a receptor-mediated interaction between structures on the bacterial surface and complementary ligands on the mucosal surface of the host. 
     In order to prevent diaper rash, for which  Candida albicans  is one of the presumed pathogenic microorganisms, the oligogalacturonides can be added to a substrate. The substrate may form at least a portion of a disposable absorbent article. 
     The oligogalacturonides can then be delivered on the skin of the wearer during the use of the disposable absorbent article. The variety of oligogalacturonides in the apple pomace may prevent the attachment of microorganisms such as  Candida albicans  by acting as analogs competing with the receptors onto the skin for  Candida albicans  binding. The oligogalacturonides comprised in a disposable absorbent article can help to maintain a healthy skin flora. 
     2) Formulations 
     Oligogalacturonides may help to provide a protective function to address skin disorders e.g. diaper rash, or to maintain the wearer&#39;s skin healthy. 
     Oligogalacturonides might be delivered, either directly or indirectly to the skin of the wearer. They may maintain or improve the skin conditions in regions of the wearer&#39;s body covered by disposable absorbent articles. 
     The oligogalacturonides may be comprised in a variety of formulations, including, but not limited to waxes, solutions with one or more solvents or one or more cosolvents, emulsions, lotions, lotions comprising a wax, creams, ointments, salves, powders, suspensions, encapsulations, gels, and the like. The formulations may remain on the substrate or may be eliminated afterwards, e.g. by evaporating the solvent such as water after the oligogalacturonides comprised in such formulation, has been applied onto the substrate. 
     Particularly, when the substrate is a nonwoven web, a film or a tissue, the oligogalacturonides may be comprised in a formulation. 
     The optimal pH of the baby skin is 5.5. However, when the skin is in contact of bodily exudates such as urine, which are basic, the pH of the skin thus increases. It would be desirable to maintain the pH at 5.5. 
     Oligogalacturonides can influence the pH of the skin because of their acidic properties. Their acidic properties are due to the carboxylic group at each monomeric galacturonic acid unit. 
     Assuming that a formulation comprises 0.001% to 1% of oligogalacturonides per total weight of the formulation and the formulation is directly applied to the skin, the amount of the oligogalacturonides applied on the skin at once may be too high. Hence, the pH of the skin will be so lowered that the skin might be injured, i.e. burnt. 
     The inventors have found that the oligogalacturonides should be dispersed in a formulation having a carrier, e.g. wax (See Example on page 29). The resulting formulation is applied on a body-facing surface of a topsheet of a disposable absorbent article or a surface of a wipe. The formulation contains from 1.5% to 10% of oligogalacturonides per total weight of the formulation. 
     When the formulation is transferred from the substrate forming at least a portion of the disposable absorbent article or a wipe, a constant and small amount of oligalacturonides is transferred to the skin of the wearer over a period when the skin of the wearer is still in contact with the disposable absorbent article or the wipe. 
     Consequently, a constant but small release of oligalacturonides prevents any skin disorders and additionally maintains the pH of the skin at 5.5. 
     To enhance immobility in or on the substrate of the formulations in which the oligogalacturonides may be comprised, the viscosity of the formulations such as a lotion should be as high as possible to prevent flow within the disposable absorbent article to undesired location. 
     Suitable viscosities for the formulations will typically range from about 5 to about 500 mPa·s, preferably from about 5 to about 300 mPa·s, more preferably from about 5 to about 100 mPa·s, measured at 60° C. using a rotational viscometer (a suitable viscometer is available from Lab Line Instruments, Inc. of Melrose Park, Ill. as Model 4537). The viscometer is operated at 60 rpm using a number 2 spindle. 
     The inventors have also found that an immobilizing agent may counteract the tendency of the oligogalacturonides comprised in a formulation to migrate or flow by keeping the oligogalacturonides primarily localized on the surface or in the region of the article to which the formulation has been applied (e.g. due to urination). This is believed to be due, in part, to the fact that the immobilizing agent may raise the viscosity of the formulation. 
     For instance, types of ingredients that can be used as immobilizing agents, either alone, or in combination include waxes such as carnauba, ozokerite, beeswax, candelilla, paraffin, ceresin, esparto, ouricuri, rezowax, isoparaffin, and other known mined and mineral waxes. The high melt point of these materials can help immobilize the oligogalacturonides on the desired surface or location on the disposable absorbent article. Additionally, microcrystalline waxes are effective immobilizing agents. Preferably the wax is a paraffin wax. An example of a particularly preferred alternate immobilizing agent is a paraffin wax such as Parrafin S.P. 434 from Strahl and Pitsch Inc. P.O. Box 1098 West Babylon, N.Y. 11704. 
     The inventors have also found that the formulation may comprise vitamins of the B group which are selected from the group consisted of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12. The vitamins of the B group may improve the cellular metabolism of the non-pathogenic bacteria fed by the oligogalacturonides. 
     In case the oligogalacturonides may be combined with the vitamines of the B group, the obtained mixture may be microencapsulated in order to preserve the vitamins of the B group. 
     The inventors have found that the formulation may comprise other prebiotics in addition to oligogalacturonides. In particular, the other prebiotics may include short-chained organic acids, e.g. acid lactic. Short-chained organic acids may help to prevent the growth and the colonization of harmful pathogenic microorganisms. 
     In case the oligogalacturonides may be combined with the short-chained organic acid, the obtained mixture may be microencapsulated. 
     The oligogalacturonides may be used together with probiotics such as lactobacilli. This combination may readily help to promote a healthy skin flora. 
     In case the oligogalacturonides may be combined with the probiotics as mentioned above, the obtained mixture may be microencapsulated. 
     A microencapsulation of oligogalacturonides alone or in combination with the prebiotics and/or probiotics described above may prevent any oxidation hydrolysis or any other forms of degradation. 
     The formulations may include other components typically present in waxes, emulsions, creams, ointment, powders, suspensions, etc. of this type. 
     In order to better enhance the benefits to the wearer, additional ingredients can be included in the formulations such as a lotion. For example, the classes of ingredients that may be used and their corresponding benefits include, without limitation: solvents, skin protectants or emollients, viscosity modifiers, antifoaming agents (reduce the tendency of foaming during processing); antimicrobial actives; antifungal actives; antiseptic actives; antioxidants (product integrity); astringents—cosmetic; biological additives (enhance the performance or consumer appeal of the product); vitamins, colorants (impart color to the product); deodorants (reduce or eliminate unpleasant odor and protect against the formation of malodor on body surfaces); fragrances (consumer appeal); humectants (increase the water content of the top layers of the skin); natural moisturizing agents (NMF) and other skin moisturizing ingredients known in the art; opacifiers (reduce the clarity or transparent appearance of the product); skin conditioning agents. 
     Stabilizers may be also added to enhance the shelf life of the formulations such as cellulose derivatives, proteins and lecithin. 
     All of these materials are well known in the art as additives for such formulations and may be employed in appropriate amounts. 
     A preservative may also be needed. Suitable preservatives include propyl paraben, methyl paraben, benzyl alcohol, benzylkonnium, tribasic calcium phosphate, BHT, or acids such as citric, tartaric, maleic, lactic, malic, benzoic, salicylic, and the like. Suitable viscosity increasing agents may include some of the agents described as effective immobilizing agents. Other suitable viscosity increasing agents may include alkyl galactomannan, silica, talc, magnesium silicate, sorbitol, colloidal silicone dioxide, magnesium aluminum silicate, zinc stearate, wool wax alcohol, sorbiton, sesquioleate, cetyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose and other modified celluloses. Suitable solvents may include propylene glycol, glycerine, cyclomethicone, polyethylene glycols, hexalene glycol, diol and multi-hydroxy based solvents. Suitable vitamins include A, D-3, E, B-5 and E acetate. 
     3) The Oligogalacturonides are Comprised in or on the Substrate 
     At least, a portion of a substrate comprises the oligogalacturonides. The portion of the substrate can comprise one chemical compound sharing the common structure of the oligogalacturonides. For instance, one chemical compound may be an oligogalacturonide with the overall monomeric galacturonic acid unit number is 2. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Alternatively, the portion of the substrate can comprise a mixture of different chemical compounds belonging to the oligogalacturonides. 
     Each oligogalacturonide comprises a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units. The monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)-glycosidic linkage. The overall monomeric galacturonic acid unit number is from 2 to no more than 20 or from 2 to 7, or from 2 to 4. 
     A portion of the substrate comprises an effective amount of the oligogalacturonides, which is at least partially transferable to the skin of the wearer. 
     In or on the substrate, the oligogalacturonides may be comprised in a formulation such as a wax, a lotion or a lotion comprising a wax. When applied to the substrate such as a nonwoven web, film or tissue, comprised by a disposable absorbent article, the oligogalacturonides in the formulation may be transferable to the wearer&#39;s skin by normal contact, wearer motion (thus creating friction), urine and/or body heat. 
     When applied to a substrate used in, or as a wipe, the oligogalacturonides in the formulation may be also readily transferable from the substrate to the skin by applying a relatively low force to the substrate (e.g. wiping a surface such as the skin in the perianal area with the wipe or rubbing the skin in the perianal area with the product applying surface). 
     The amount of transfer or migration of the oligogalacturonides onto the skin may depend on the amount of the oligogalacturonides being on the substrate. The amount of the oligogalacturonides from the formulation that may transfer or migrate to the wearer&#39;s skin may depend on factors such as the type of formulation that is applied, the portion of the body facing surface of the substrate where the formulation is applied, and the type of disposable absorbent article used to administer the formulation as well as the temperature of the skin and the movements of the wearer. 
     When the substrate is included in a layer underneath the topsheet, the oligogalacturonides may also be transferred to the wearer&#39;s skin. After discharge of the exudates and prior to their irreversible lock in the superabsorbent polymer, the oligogalacturonides may be dissolved in the urine and may flow back to the body-surface of the wearer. It is advantageous that the oligogalacturonides can move from a disposable absorbent article to the skin of a wearer, i.e. the oligogalacturonides dissolve in the urine or other exudates. For illustration, when a substrate on which the oligogalacturonides are applied is soaked in water (liquid temperature: 25° C.) in an amount of 10 times of the weight of this substrate, all oligogalacturonides composition are substantially completely dissolved or dispersed. 
     When the substrate is either a nonwoven web or a film or a tissue, at least a portion of the substrate may be coated or impregnated with one or oligogalacturonides with an amount of 0.2 g to 200 g of all oligogalacturonides per square meter, preferably between 5.0 g and 100 g per square meter, preferably between 8.0 g and 50 g per square meter. 
     Disposable Absorbent Articles 
     A disposable absorbent article refers to a device which absorbs and retains body exudates and is not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored or reused as an absorbent article after a single use. 
     When the disposable absorbent article is a diaper, a pant, an adult incontinence product, an absorbent insert for a diaper or pant, a wipe or a feminine hygiene product, such as a sanitary napkin and a panty liner, one or more of the substrates described previously form at least a portion of the disposable absorbent article. 
     In the following a wipe is described. For instance, the wipe may be made of or may comprise a nonwoven web substrate comprising the oligogalacturonides as described above. 
     Whilst not limited to a particular use, the wipe may be intended for cleaning the body, in particular the peri-anal area after defecation and/or the external genital area after urination of babies, toddlers and adults. Other examples of wipes include feminine hygiene wipes. 
     When the disposable absorbent article is a diaper, a pant, an adult incontinence product, an absorbent insert for a diaper or pant, or a feminine hygiene product, such as a sanitary napkin and a panty liner, this disposable absorbent article typically comprises a liquid pervious topsheet, a liquid impervious backsheet and an absorbent core positioned between the topsheet and the backsheet. One or more of the substrates described previously can form at least a portion of the disposable absorbent article. 
     The following description generally discusses the absorbent core, topsheet, and backsheet materials that are useful in disposable absorbent articles. It is to be understood that this general description applies to these components of the specific absorbent articles shown in  FIG. 1  and further described below, in addition to those of other disposable absorbent articles which are generally described herein. 
     In general, the absorbent core is capable of absorbing or retaining liquids (e.g., menses, urine, and/or other body exudates). The absorbent core is preferably compressible, conformable, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin. The absorbent core may be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and shapes (e.g., rectangular, oval, hourglass, “T” shaped, dog bone, asymmetric, etc.). In addition to the absorbent composites of the present invention, the absorbent core may include any of a wide variety of liquid-absorbent materials commonly used in absorbent articles, such as comminuted wood pulp. 
     The absorbent core can include other absorbent components that are often used in absorbent articles, for example, an acquisition system, or a secondary topsheet for increasing the wearer&#39;s comfort. When the disposable absorbent article is a diaper, a pant, an adult incontinence product, an absorbent insert for a diaper or pant, or a feminine hygiene product, such as a sanitary napkin and a panty liner, one or more of the substrates described previously may form at least a portion of the absorbent core and/or the acquisition system. 
     The backsheet is impervious to liquids (e.g., menses and/or urine) and is preferably comprises a thin plastic film, although other flexible liquid impervious materials may also be used. As used herein, the term “flexible” refers to materials which are compliant and will readily conform to the general shape and contours of the human body. The backsheet prevents the exudates absorbed and contained in the absorbent core from wetting articles which contact the absorbent article such as bedsheets, pants, pajamas and undergarments. The backsheet may thus comprise a woven or nonwoven material, polymeric films such as thermoplastic films of polyethylene or polypropylene, or composite materials such as a film-coated nonwoven material. 
     The topsheet is preferably compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin. Further, the topsheet is liquid pervious, permitting liquids (e.g., menses and/or urine) to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials such as woven and nonwoven materials (e.g., a nonwoven web of fibers), including apertured nonwovens; polymeric materials such as apertured formed thermoplastic films, apertured plastic films, and hydroformed thermoplastic films; porous foams; reticulated foams; reticulated thermoplastic films; and thermoplastic scrims. Suitable woven and nonwoven materials can be comprised of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers (e.g., polymeric fibers such as polyester, polypropylene, or polyethylene fibers) or from a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. When the topsheet comprises a nonwoven web, the web may be manufactured by a wide number of known techniques. For example, the web may be spunbonded, spunlace carded, wet-laid, melt-blown, hydroentangled, hydroformed, hydroapertured, combinations of the above, or the like. 
     One of the substrates described previously may form at least a portion of the topsheet or a portion of a layer directly underneath the topsheet. 
     The oligogalacturonides may also be comprised in a formulation which is coated or sprayed onto the topsheet. 
     The absorbent core is preferably joined with the topsheet, the backsheet, or both in any manner as is known by attachment means (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) such as those well known in the art. However, embodiments of the present invention are envisioned wherein portions or the entire absorbent core are unattached to either the topsheet, the backsheet, or both. 
     The disposable absorbent article may further comprise barrier leg cuffs for providing improved containment of liquids and other body exudates. The barrier leg cuffs may comprise one or more of the substrates wherein at least a portion of the substrate comprises with the oligogalacturonides, as described previously. 
     Diaper 
     A typical disposable absorbent article comprising the substrate which includes the oligogalacturonides is represented in  FIG. 1  in the form of a diaper  20 . 
     In more details,  FIG. 1  is a plan view of an exemplary diaper  20 , in a flat-out state, with portions of the structure being cut-away to more clearly show the construction of the diaper  20 . This diaper  20  is shown for illustration purpose only as the invention may used for making a wide variety of diapers or other absorbent articles. In the following, the term diaper will be used for convenience, being understood that what follows can be applied to any other type of absorbent articles unless specifically excluded. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the absorbent article, here a diaper, can comprise a liquid pervious topsheet  24 , a liquid impervious backsheet  26 , an absorbent core  28  which is preferably positioned between at least a portion of the topsheet  24  and the backsheet  26 . The absorbent core  28  comprises superabsorbent polymer  60 . The diaper  20  may also include optionally an acquisition system with an upper and lower acquisition layer ( 52  and  54 ). 
     One or more of the substrates described previously may also form at least a portion of the absorbent core  28  and/or the acquisition system ( 52 + 54 ). 
     The diaper may also comprise elasticized leg cuffs  32  and barrier leg cuffs  34 , and a fastening system which can comprise adhesive tabs  42  cooperating with a landing zone  44 , and other elements, which are not represented, such as a back elastic waist feature and a front elastic waist feature, side panels or a lotion application. 
     The diaper  20  as shown in  FIG. 1  can be notionally divided in a first waist region  36 , a second waist region  38  opposed to the first waist region  36  and a crotch region  37  located between the first waist region  36  and the second waist region  38  (the first and second waist regions each corresponding to about 30% of the length of the diaper and the crotch region the remaining 40%). The longitudinal centerline  80  is the imaginary line separating the diaper along its length in two equal halves. The transversal centerline  90  is the imagery line perpendicular to the longitudinal line  80  in the plane of the flattened out diaper and going through the middle of the length of the diaper. The periphery of the diaper  20  is defined by the outer edges of the diaper  20 . The longitudinal edges of the diaper may run generally parallel to the longitudinal centerline  80  of the diaper  20  and the end edges run between the longitudinal edges generally parallel to the transversal centerline  90  of the diaper  20 . 
     The majority of diapers are unitary, which means that the diapers are formed of separate parts united together to form a coordinated entity so that they do not require separate manipulative parts like a separate holder and/or liner. 
     The diaper  20  may comprise other features such as back ears  40 , front ears  46  and/or barrier cuffs  34  attached to form the composite diaper structure. The topsheet  24 , the backsheet  26 , and the absorbent core  28  may be assembled in a variety of well known configurations, in particular by gluing or heat embossing. Exemplary diaper configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274 U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,145, U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,234, U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,411, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,306. 
     The oligogalacturonides may also be comprised in a formulation which is coated or sprayed onto the topsheet  24 . 
     The diaper  20  may comprise leg cuffs  32  which provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates. Leg cuffs  32  may also be referred to as leg bands, side flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic cuffs. Usually each leg cuffs will comprise one or more elastic string  33 , represented in exaggerated form on  FIG. 1  comprised in the chassis of the diaper for example between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the leg openings to provide an effective seal while the diaper is in use. It is also usual for the leg cuffs to comprise “stand-up” elasticized flaps (barrier leg cuffs  34 ) which improve the containment of the leg regions. The barrier leg cuffs  34  may comprise one or more of the substrates wherein at least a portion of the substrate comprises the oligogalacturonides, as described previously. 
     Of course, it will be recognized that any disposable absorbent article design may be utilized to carry out the methods of the present invention, so long as the oligogalacturonides are applied to one or more substrates that form at least a portion of the disposable absorbent article so as to be transferred to the wearer&#39;s skin during use. The disclosure above is merely for illustrative purposes. 
     In all the cases, the overall amount of all oligogalacturonides per disposable absorbent article is comprised between 0.02 g and 0.5 g, preferably between 0.2 g and 0.4 g. 
     The efficient amount of microorganisms may be more than 9 CFU (Colon Forming Units) per 0.1 square meter of a substrate. CFU as used herein means Colon Forming Units as determined with the Miles and Misra method (Miles, A A; Misra, S S, Irwin, J O (1938 November), “The estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood”,  The Journal of hygiene  38 (6), 732-49. 
     Feminine Hygiene Product 
     In the following, a feminine hygiene product is described (e.g., sanitary napkin or panty-liner). A feminine hygiene product may comprise a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core positioned between the topsheet and backsheet; each component having a body facing surface and a garment facing surface. The topsheet or a layer underneath the topsheet may be made of a substrate comprising the oligogalacturonides of the present invention as described herein. The backsheet can be any known or otherwise effective backsheet material, provided that the backsheet prevents external leakage of exudates absorbed and contained in the feminine hygiene article. 
     The feminine hygiene product also comprises an absorbent core. The absorbent core is typically positioned between the topsheet and the backsheet. The size and shape of the absorbent core can be altered to meet absorbent capacity requirements, and to provide comfort to the wearer/user. The absorbent core suitable for use in the present invention can be any liquid-absorbent material known in the art for use in absorbent articles, provided that the liquid-absorbent material can be configured or constructed to meet absorbent capacity requirements. 
     The feminine hygiene product may also comprise wings which may enable attachment to the underwear of the wearer. The wings may be made of, or comprise a substrate comprising the oligogalacturonides useful in the present invention. The sanitary napkins and/or panty-liners herein may preferably comprise a fastening means comprised by the backsheet and/or by the wings. Preferred are adhesive attachment means that are present on or attached to at least the backsheet. 
     Process for Manufacturing a Disposable Absorbent Article Comprising a Substrate 
     In making disposable absorbent articles to carry out the methods of the present invention, the oligogalacturonides are applied such that during wear, at least some portion of the amount of the oligogalacturonides may transfer from the treated article to the wearer&#39;s skin in order to address skin disorders or promote a healthy skin flora. 
     The oligogalacturonides are either applied directly to one or more wearer contacting surfaces, or is applied to alternate locations or means such that the oligogalacturonides are readily available for transfer from one or more wearer contacting surfaces during use (for example, materials positioned beneath the wearer contacting surface, encapsulated compositions, etc.). 
     To effectuate delivery of the oligogalacturonides to those body regions most susceptible to skin disorders, it is preferred to include the oligogalacturonides on the portion of the topsheet and barrier leg cuffs that will directly contact the wearer&#39;s buttocks, genitals, intertriginous and anal regions during wear. 
     Additionally, the oligogalacturonides may be applied to other disposable absorbent article regions for delivery to one or more of the wearer&#39;s hips, abdomen, back, waist, sides, thighs, etc. It may also be included in a wipe. 
     Suitable methods for applying an amount of the oligogalacturonides to the substrate include spraying, printing (e.g., flexographic printing), coating (e.g., contact slot coating, gravure coating), extrusion, microencapsulation or combinations of these application techniques, e.g. spraying the oligogalacturonides on a rotating surface, such as a calendar roll, that then transfers the oligogalacturonides to the desired portion of the disposable absorbent article. 
     The oligogalacturonides can be applied to the disposable absorbent article at any point during assembly. For example, the oligogalacturonides can be applied to the finished disposable absorbent article before it is packaged. The oligogalacturonides can also be applied to a given component (e.g., topsheet, cuffs, sides, waist, etc.), before it is combined with the other components to form a finished disposable absorbent article. Again. the oligogalacturonides can be applied to other zones of the disposable absorbent article such that the oligogalacturonides will migrate to one or more wearer contacting surfaces during use. 
     In one embodiment. the oligogalacturonides are extracted from an apple pomace sample by enzymatically splitting the apple pomace sample. The treated apple pomace sample is concentrated to 30 Brix. The term “Brix” as used herein refers to the sugar content of an aqueous solution. One degree Brix is 1 gram of saccharose in 100 grams of aqueous solution. It represents the strength of the solution as a percentage by weight. As the solution contains the oligogalacturonides which are dissolved in the aqueous solution, the measured Brix value is a modified Brix value as set for saccharose. Hence, it is assessed the dissolved oligogalacturonides solid content. 
     25 ml of the 30 Brix apple pomace sample are stirred into 500 g of a wax (which may comprise as ingredients: petrolatum, stearyl alcohol or paraffinum liquidum. Such a wax is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,444 B2) within a period of 10 minutes in a water bath at a temperature of 65° C. Mixing was done using a dissolver Dispermat® LC-30, which is a homogenizer made by the company VMA Getzman. The optimal stirring rate is 500 rpm. To facilitate the mixing process a surfactant such as Surfynol® 440 Surfactant or Ethoxylated 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl 5 decyn-4,7-diol made by the company Air Products and Chemicals may be added. 
     The pH value of a thin layer of the resulting wax mixture on a glass plate is identified as 3.8. 
     The resulting wax mixture can be incorporated in all kinds of lotions, typically the ones which are used in diapers. Typical lotions used in diapers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,444 B2. 
     The resulting lotion may be applied to the substrate by spraying, printing (e.g., flexographic printing), coating (e.g., contact slot coating, gravure coating), extrusion, microencapsulation or combinations of these application techniques. 
     Spraying Composition 
     The present inventions is also related to a spraying composition which comprises oligogalacturonides. The oligogalacturonides comprise a linear or branched chain of monomeric galacturonic acid units, wherein said monomeric galacturonic acid units are covalently bound to each other by an α(1→4)-glycosidic linkage. The overall monomeric galacturonic acid unit number is from 2 to no more than 20 or from 2 to 7, or from 2 to 4. 
     The spraying composition includes the oligogalacturonides which are comprised in a formulation with an amount of more than 1.5% up to 10% of all oligogalacturonides per total weight of the formulation. The formulations include waxes, lotions, lotions comprising a wax, emulsions, creams, ointments, salves, powders, suspensions, solutions, encapsulations, gels and combinations thereof. 
     For example, the wax mixture as described above can be incorporated in all kinds of lotions, typically the ones which are used in diapers. The lotion can be incorporated in the spraying composition. 
     The spraying composition may be readily applied to the skin of the wearer. The spraying composition may also be applied on the adequate substrate described in the present invention. 
     The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
     Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.