Patent Publication Number: US-11033452-B2

Title: Warning dome enhancing tool and method

Description:
The entire content of U.S. Pat. No. 10,184,216, issued Jan. 22, 2019, including the specification, drawings and abstract, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Detectable warning areas (DWAs) are integral surface features built in or applied to walking surfaces or other elements to warn individuals with visual impairments of hazards on a circulation path. DWAs are often standardized and typically include raised features, such as domes. These domes may be truncated. DWAs are generally found along a sidewalk, near a curb, before a road or door at an airport, bus station, or train station, or along other circulation paths. 
     Truncated domes are a uniform standard that have been chosen by the United States federal government (as well as many other international and local governments) over all others as an approved surface texture allowed under specified criteria such that “continuity” of design for the visually impaired is maintained. According to the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), truncated domes are to be placed around hazardous vehicular ways, access ramps, transit platform edges, and/or where predetermined edge protection is required. 
     One existing method to form DWAs includes using an epoxy-based dome material in a relatively rigid, re-usable template made of hard rubber. The dome material may be applied to the template, for example, using a squeeze bottle, and then the template may be removed almost immediately and the dome material may be allowed to cure after the template is removed. While curing, the dome material can rise, such that it no longer takes the same shape as the template. 
     Another existing method to form DWAs is described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,184,216 (U.S. &#39;216), issued Jan. 22, 2019, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference. In U.S. &#39;216, a method is disclosed wherein a mat template comprising a plurality of openings is placed over a substrate. The mat template may be filled with an epoxy-based or acrylic-based dome material, and applied to the mat template using a squeegee. Then dome material may be allowed to cure for a longer period of time than the previously discussed method, then may be removed from the mat template. Under this approach, while the dome may retain its shape better than the previously discussed method, it may be difficult to produce domes at a location different from the location where the domes are to be applied to a substrate. 
     SUMMARY 
     This disclosure relates to DWAs and methods of forming the same. A DWA discussed herein can include one or more domes. Any or all of the domes of the DWA can be a truncated dome. 
     A method of forming a DWA having one or a plurality of domes can include: mixing a dome-forming material with a catalyst to form a mixture, pouring the mixture into a dome-shaped cavity of a die-cast mold, inserting into the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold a peg, allowing the mixture in the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold to catalyze and harden, and removing from the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold a molded dome. 
     In this method, when pouring the mixture into the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold, the pouring may include pouring the mixture to the top of the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold. 
     In the method, the peg may comprise a shaft and two wings. 
     In the method the peg may comprise a screw. 
     In the method, the dome-shaped cavity may have a bottom portion corresponding to an upper portion of the molded dome and a top portion corresponding to a lower portion of the molded dome, such that the bottom portion of the dome-shaped cavity may have a diameter which is within a range of 50 to 65 percent of a diameter of the upper portion of the dome-shaped cavity, wherein the diameter of the upper portion of the dome-shaped cavity may be within a range of 0.9 inches to 1.4 inches, and wherein the dome-shaped cavity may have a depth in a range of 0.18 inches to 0.22 inches. 
     A method of forming a detectable warning area (DWA) comprising at least one dome may comprise: preparing the at least one dome, the at least one dome comprising a peg, drilling a hole in a substrate, applying a bonding agent to the substrate and the hole in the substrate, and inserting into the hole the peg of at least one dome. 
     In the method, the preparing the at least one dome may comprises: mixing a dome-forming material with a catalyst to form a mixture, pouring the mixture into a dome-shaped cavity of a die-cast mold, inserting into the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold a peg, allowing the mixture in the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold to catalyze and harden, and removing from the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold the at least one dome. 
     The method may comprise cleaning the hole in the substrate after drilling the hole. 
     The method may comprise vacuuming the hole in the substrate after drilling the hole. 
     The method may comprise grinding the outer top surface of the at least one dome with a drilling attachment. 
     In the method, the preparing the at least one dome may further comprise when pouring the mixture into the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold, pouring the mixture to the top of the dome-shaped cavity of the die-cast mold. 
     The method may be such that the dome is of a truncated shape. 
     The method may be such that the peg comprises a shaft and two wings. 
     The method may be such that the peg comprises a screw. 
     The method may be such that the dome-shaped cavity may have a bottom portion corresponding to an upper portion of the at least one dome and a top portion corresponding to a lower portion of the at least one dome, wherein the bottom portion of the dome-shaped cavity may have a diameter which is within a range of 50 to 65 percent of a diameter of the upper portion of the dome-shaped cavity, wherein the diameter of the upper portion of the dome-shaped cavity may be within a range of 0.9 inches to 1.4 inches, and wherein the dome-shaped cavity may have a depth in a range of 0.18 inches to 0.22 inches. 
     The method may comprise: preparing a plurality of domes, each of the plurality of domes comprising a peg, drilling a plurality of holes into the substrate, applying the bonding agent to the plurality of holes, and inserting into the plurality of holes the pegs of the plurality of domes, wherein, after the pegs of the plurality of the domes are inserted into the holes, ensuring that all of the domes have a center-to-center spacing in the range of 1.6 inches to 2.4 inches and a base-to-base spacing of at least 0.65 inches. 
     A drilling apparatus for grinding a portion of a detectable warning area (DWA) may comprise a shaft, and a drilling portion including at least one blade, wherein the at least one blade may be configured so as to grind the outer surface of a dome of a detectable warning area (DWA) to a truncated shape. 
     A method of grinding a portion of a detectable warning area (DWA) may comprise: using a drilling attachment comprising a shaft and a drilling portion including at least one blade to grind the outer surface of a dome of a detectable warning area (DWA) to a truncated shape. 
     The afore-mentioned drilling apparatus may be such that the shaft comprises a U-shaped portion on one distal end thereof, and wherein the drilling attachment is configured to fit into and be secured within the U-shaped portion. 
     A method of forming a detectable warning area comprising at least one dome may comprise: forming a substrate, inserting into an opening of a mat template, a dome-forming insert, the dome forming insert having a geometrical shape corresponding to the dome of the detectable warning area, and an upper hole and a lower hole, placing the mat template having the insert placed into the opening thereof on the substrate, mixing a dome-forming material with a catalyst, filling the mat template with the doming-forming material mixed with the catalyst by pouring the dome-forming material over the mat template and working the dome-forming material into the upper hole of the insert placed into the opening of the mat template, allowing the dome-forming material mixed with the catalyst to cure, and removing from the substrate the mat template and the insert, thereby leaving the dome of the detectable warning area formed on the substrate. 
     This method may further comprise applying pressure to the underside of the insert with a tool to release the insert from the substrate and/or mat template. 
     Of course, while these methods and apparatuses have been described individually, this by no means indicates that features thereof cannot be combined. Indeed, the only reasons such features are not discussed above as being combinable is for brevity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a side view image of a dome of a DWA according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  shows a top view image of a die-cast mold according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  shows a top view image of a die-cast mold filled with dome-forming material according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  shows a side view image of a die-cast mold according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  shows a side view image of a die-cast mold filled with dome-forming material according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  shows a side view image of a die-cast mold filled with dome-forming material and having a peg inserted therein according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  shows a side view image of a DWA according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  shows a side view image of a drilling attachment according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 9A  shows a side view of a portion of a drilling attachment according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 9B  shows a side view of a portion of a drilling attachment according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  shows a side view of a portion of a drilling attachment according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  shows a side view of a peg according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  shows a front elevation view image of an insert according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 13  shows a side elevation view image of a dome of a DWA according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 14A  shows a top view image of an insert according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 14B  shows a bottom view image of an insert according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  shows a top view image of a mat template according to one or more embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  shows a top view image of a mat template having inserts placed therein according to one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     When the terms “on” or “over” are used herein, when referring to layers, regions, patterns, or structures, it is understood that the layer, region, pattern or structure can be directly on another layer or structure, or intervening layers, regions, patterns, or structures may also be present. When the terms “under” or “below” are used herein, when referring to layers, regions, patterns, or structures, it is understood that the layer, region, pattern or structure can be directly under the other layer or structure, or intervening layers, regions, patterns, or structures may also be present. When the term “directly on” is used herein, when referring to layers, regions, patterns, or structures, it is understood that the layer, region, pattern or structure is directly on another layer or structure, such that no intervening layers, regions, patterns, or structures are present. When the term “direct contact” is used herein, when referring to layers, regions, patterns, or structures in contact with other layers, regions, patterns, or structures, it is understood that the layer, region, pattern or structure is in direct, physical contact with the other layer, region, pattern, or structure, such that no intervening layers, regions, patterns, or structures are present. 
     When the term “about” is used herein, in conjunction with a numerical value, it is understood that the value can be in a range of, for example, 95% of the value to 105% of the value, i.e. the value can be, for example, +/−5% of the stated value. For example, “about 1 kg” means from 0.95 kg to 1.05 kg. 
     Embodiments of the disclosure relate to detectable warning areas (DWAs), methods of forming DWAs, kits for forming DWAs, components of DWAs, methods of forming components of DWAs, and apparatuses to form DWAs. A DWA can include one or more domes. e.g., truncated domes. That is, any or all of the domes of the DWA can be a truncated dome. As used herein, the term “truncated dome” means that the base of the dome attached to the substrate is wider than the top portion of the dome. Generally, the domes will be truncated and therefore will have a frustoconical shape. The truncated domes however can also have a slightly curved outer edge (not illustrated), though embodiments are not limited thereto. The domes can be of the type described in U.S. &#39;216. 
     Embodiments of the disclosure allow for preparing a dome or domes of a DWA by casting a die-cast mold to prefabricate domes (e.g. truncated domes) in a factory so as to meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) specifications (guidelines) or other relevant specifications or guidelines. 
     A method of forming a DWA can include preparing at least one dome  1 , the at least one dome  1  comprising a peg  3  preparing a substrate  20 , and inserting the at least one dome  1  into the substrate  20 . 
     The at least one dome  1  may be prepared by using a die-cast mold  10 . As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the die-cast mold  10  may comprise a plurality of holes  11 . Alternatively the die-cast mold may contain only a single hole. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , each hole  11  of the die-cast mold  10  may have a height d 1  in the range of about 0.18 inches to about 0.22 inches, inclusive, with a preferable height of 0.20 inches. Each hole  11  may have an upper portion, corresponding to a lower portion of a dome when the dome is standing upright, with a diameter d 2 . Each hole  11  may also have a lower portion, corresponding to an upper portion of the dome when the dome is standing upright, with a diameter of d 3 . The diameter d 2  is in the range of about 0.90 inches to 1.40 inches, inclusive, and the diameter d 3  is about 50 to 65 percent of the diameter d 2 , inclusive. 
     The dimensions of the hole  11  correspond to the final dimensions of the formed dome, as specified by the ADAAG. 
     Different holes  11  of the die-cast mold  10  may have different measurements. That is, while it is preferable that all holes  11  have the same dimensions, not all holes  11  must have the same dimensions. In other words, the dimensions of the holes  11  need not be uniform, so long as their dimensions fall within the range described above. 
     When preparing the at least one dome  1  using the die-cast mold  10 , dome-forming material can be inserted into the holes  11 . This is illustrated in  FIG. 3 , wherein the holes  11  have dome-forming material inserted therein. The dome-forming material can be inserted into the holes  10  by pouring the dome-forming material into the holes  11 , injecting the dome-forming material into the holes  11 , or by using a tool, such as a squeegee. The squeegee can include a handle and a flat portion. The flat portion can be, for example, a pliable material such as rubber or plastic, though embodiments are not limited thereto. Of course other methods of inserting the dome-forming material can be used. That is, embodiments are not limited to the above-described methods of inserting the dome-forming material into the holes  11 . Preferably, though not necessary in all cases, the dome-forming material should be filled to the top of the hole  11  of the die-cast mold  10 . 
     The dome-forming material may include a catalyst, a reagent, and a filler. However, in some embodiments, at least one of the catalyst, reagent, and filler may be omitted. The catalyst, reagent, and filler may be mixed before being inserted into the holes  11 . Examples of catalysts that may be used may include, but are in no way limited to: acrylic catalysts. Examples of reagents that may be used may include, but are in no way limited to epoxy reagents. Examples of a filler that may be used may include, but are in no way limited to crushed glass. The dome-forming material may comprise materials discussed in U.S. &#39;216. 
     After the dome-forming material is inserted into the holes  11 , a peg  3  may inserted into the already-inserted dome-forming material within the holes  11 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . However, a peg  3  need not be inserted in all embodiments. Also, the peg  3  may be placed into the hole  11  before the dome-forming material is inserted therein. The peg  3  may comprise stainless steel or any other suitable material, although stainless steel is preferable. The peg  3  may have a total length d 7  of about 2.0 inches. When inserting the peg  3  into the dome-forming material which is already inserted into the holes  11 , the peg  3  may be inserted to a depth of about 0.5 to 1 inches, such that the peg  3  extends from the top surface of the dome-forming material (corresponding to the bottom portion of the dome when the dome is standing upright) by about 1.5-1 inches.  FIG. 6  illustrates on the right side of the drawing, a cut-away view of a hole  11  having dome-forming material therein so that the portion of the peg  3  inserted may be viewed. 
     The peg  3  may have an outer diameter d 5  of about 0.25-0.30 inches. 
     The peg  3  may include two wings  3   b  which protrude from a peg shaft  3   a , as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . These wings  3   b  and peg together may have a total combined width d 6  of about 0.30-0.33 of an inch, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The peg  3  may also or alternatively have other protrusions such as a disk-shaped protrusion or a helical screw protrusion, as illustrated in FIG. 
     After the peg  3  is inserted into the dome-forming material already inserted into the holes  11 , the dome-forming material may be allowed to catalyze and/or cure for about 20 minutes. Of course, depending on the materials used for the dome-forming material, different catalyzing/curing times may be employed. For example, the catalyzing/curing times discussed in U.S. &#39;216 may be employed. 
     After catalyzing/curing, the at least one dome  1  will harden. After hardening, the at least one dome  1  may be removed from the mold  10 . In some embodiments however, the at least one dome  1  may be removed before completely hardening. 
     In order to form the DWA, the at least one dome  1  should be inserted into a prepared substrate. Methods of preparing a substrate  20  will now be described. 
     The substrate  20  may comprise different materials. For example, concrete, asphalt, brick, stone, a raised or previously-stamped surface, or a Chattahoochee surface, though embodiments are not limited thereto. Indeed, in some embodiments, the substrate  20  may comprise a mixture of these materials or other materials, or a mixture of both. 
     To prepare the substrate  20 , the substrate  20  should first be cleaned so as to remove dirt, debris, and other loose particles. However, sometimes it may be unnecessary to clean the substrate  20 . 
     After the substrate  20  is cleaned (if necessary), a hole  21  should be made in the substrate  20 . While the hole  21  can be formed in many different ways, in preferable embodiments, the hole  21  is formed by a drill, for example, a hand-held drill. The hole  21  should have a depth d 14  of about 1.5-2.0 inches, and a diameter d 14  of about 5/16 th  of an inch. 
     After the hole  21  is prepared in the substrate  20 , the substrate  20  should again be cleaned so as to remove dirt, debris, and other loose particles. However, sometimes it may be unnecessary to clean the substrate  20  again or if at all. 
     After again cleaning the hole  21  and the substrate  20  (if necessary), the hole  21  and the area of the substrate above and surrounding the hole  21  (preferably an area corresponding in size the outer diameter of the at least one dome  1 ) may be coated with a bonding agent, for example, an asphalt sealer such that the at least one dome  1  may be sufficiently secured to the substrate  20 . Preferably the bottom of the at least one dome  1  and the peg  3  of the at least one dome  1  may also be coated with a bonding agent, for example the same bonding agent applied to the hole  21  and the substrate  20 . The bonding agent is preferably the same color as the dome, and in some embodiments may be even be the same dome-forming material. 
     After all appropriate surfaces are coated with the bonding agent, the at least one dome  1  may be placed on the substrate such that the at least one peg  3  is inserted into the hole  21  of the substrate. 
     After the at least dome  1  is placed, e.g., installed on the substrate  20 , a top portion  2  of the at least one dome  1  should protrude from the at least one substrate by a height d 14  of in the range of 0.19 to 0.22 inches, inclusive, and preferably by 0.20 inches. 
     This forms a DWA. Of course in this case, the sealing agent should be given sufficient time to dry before the DWA is ready for use. For example, after the at least one dome  1  is placed on the substrate  20 , the sealing agent may be allowed to cure for 15-20 minutes before the DWA formed by the at least one dome  1  and the substrate  20  are ready for use. Of course different curing times may be employed depending on the environment and materials used. 
     When forming a DWA comprising of more than one dome, the domes should preferably be places such that they have a center-to-center spacing in the range of 1.6 inches (41 mm) to 2.4 inches (61 mm), and a base-to-base spacing of preferably 0.65 inches (17 mm). 
     In addition, when the DWA is plated at a platform boarding, edges thereof should preferably be 24 inches wide and extend the full length of the public use areas of the platform. 
     Further, the DWA should contrast visually with adjacent walking surfaces either light on dark or dark on light. 
     Optionally, after the at least one dome  1  is placed on the substrate  20  and the peg  3  is inserted into the hole  21 , the outer top surface of the dome  1  may be subjected to a finishing treatment. 
     This grinding treatment, described below, may also be applied to a dome or domes of a DWS (or a dome or dome not part of a DWA) that have not been formed by the above-described processes and methods. 
     The finishing treatment may involve grinding the top surface of the at least one dome  1  by a drilling tool, such as a drilling attachment  30  depicted in  FIG. 7 . 
     The drilling attachment  30  may be of a truncated shape with a bottom thereof having a larger diameter than a top thereof. Specifically for example, the drilling attachment  30  may have a drilling portion  33 , which may have a top diameter d 13  of about 0.57″ inches, and a bottom diameter d 14  of about 1.0-1.14 inches. The drilling portion  33  may have a height d 12  of about 0.20 inches. 
     The drilling attachment  30  may also include blades  32  for grinding the top surface of a dome. The blades  32  may be formed of, for example, stainless steel, ceramic #3, or heat treated steel, though other suitable materials may also be used. The inner sizing of the drill portion  33 , the length and position of the blades may be such to form an outer surface of a dome to have a height in the range of 0.18 inches to 0.22 inches, a base diameter in the range of 0.9 inches to 1.4 inches, and a upper portion diameter having a diameter within a range of 50 to 65 percent of the base diameter. 
     The drilling attachment  30  may be inserted on a tool, for example a drill, more specifically for example, a hand-held drill. Specifically the shaft portion  31  of the drilling attachment  30  may inserted onto a corresponding shaft of the tool. 
     According to another embodiment of the drilling tool, the drilling tool may comprise a two-piece design as depicted in  FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 10 . For example, the drilling tool according to this embodiment may comprise a clamp attachment  40 . The claim attachment  40  may have a shaft portion  41  for being inserted into a drill, and a base portion  42  having an insertion slot  44 , into which a drilling portion  45  may be inserted, attached and secured via screw holes  43  and  46 . A screw or other attachment means may be inserted through the screw holes  43  and  46 . 
     The drilling portion  45  may also comprise blades  47  and  48 . The inner sizing of the drilling portion  45 , the length and position of the blades  47  and  48  may be such to form an outer surface of a dome to have a height in the range of 0.18 inches to 0.22 inches, a base diameter in the range of 0.9 inches to 1.4 inches, and a upper portion diameter having a diameter within a range of 50 to 65 percent of the base diameter. 
     Also, while it has been described that the at least dome  1  may be subjected to the finishing treatment after being installed on the substrate  20 , the finishing treatment may also be performed before installation. 
     Another method of forming a DWA is described below. In this method, those elements and features common to the method described above may be referred to and used interchangeably. 
     This method can include preparing a substrate  20  (cleaning preferred but optional) for forming at least one dome thereon. This method comprising using a mat template  60 , such as that described in, for example, U.S. &#39;216. However, different mat templates, for example, those having more or less openings than those  61  shown in mat template  60 , can also be used. 
     This method further comprising inserting into the matt template  60  an insert  50 . The insert  50  preferably has a geometric shape corresponding to the shape of a dome  100  of the DWA. For example, the inner area of the insert  50  may have a matching shape of the outer surface of the dome  100 . The insert  50  preferably has a bottom hole or opening  52  and a top hole or opening  51 . 
     Here, the dome  100  may have dimensions corresponding to the dome  1 , and may or may not include a peg. 
     While it is preferably that an insert  50  is placed into each opening  61  of the matt template  60 , some openings  61  may not having inserts placed therein. 
     After the insert  50  is placed into the openings  61  of the matt template  60 , the matt template  60  may be placed onto a substrate  20  on which the DWA is to be formed. 
     Next, dome forming material, for example, the dome forming material discussed above, may be poured and/or worked into (e.g., manually) the top hole or opening  51  of the insert  50  inside of the mat template  60 . 
     Next, the dome forming material is allowed to cure and harden. 
     After the dome forming material has cured and hardened (preferably completely, but varying curing and hardening times may be used) the mat template  60  and the insert  50  may be removed from the substrate  20 . Further, the insert  50  may be removed from the substrate  20  through the use of a tool, for example, a putty knife, by applying pressure to the underside of the insert  50 . 
     After the insert  50  and the mat template  60  are removed, at least one dome  100  is left as formed. 
     It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto. 
     It should also be understood that while the above disclosure has been described with reference to numerous methods, the disclosure is not limited as such and encompasses corresponding apparatuses formed by and in use by the described methods.] 
     REFERENCE NUMERALS 
       1 : dome (e.g., at least one  1  dome), 
       2 : top portion of the dome  1 , 
       3 : peg of the dome  1 , 
       3   a : peg shaft, 
       3   b : peg wings, 
       10 : die-cast mold, 
       11 : hole of die-cast mold  10 , 
       20 : substrate, 
       21 : hole in substrate  20 , 
       30 : drilling attachment, 
       31 : shaft of drilling attachment  30 , 
       32 : blades of drilling attachment  30 , 
       33 : drilling portion of drilling attachment  30 , 
       40 : clamp attachment, 
       41 : shaft portion, 
       42 : base portion, 
       43 : screw holes, 
       44 : insertion slot, 
       45 : drilling portion, 
       46 : screw holes, 
       47 : blades, 
       48 : blades 
     d 1 : height of hole  11  of die-cast mold  10 , 
     d 2 : upper diameter of hole  11  of die-cast mold  10 , 
     d 3 : bottom diameter of hole  11  of die-cast mold  10 , 
     d 4 : height of die-cast mold  10 , 
     d 5 : outer diameter of peg  3 , 
     d 6 : combined width of peg wings  3   b  of peg  3 , 
     d 7 : length of peg  3 , 
     d 8 : length of peg  3  extending beyond bottom portion of dome  1 , 
     d 9 : height of top portion  2  of dome  1 , 
     d 10 : depth of hole  21 , 
     d 11 : diameter of hole  21 , 
     d 12 : height of drilling portion  33  of drilling attachment  30 , 
     d 13 : top diameter of drilling portion  33  of drilling attachment  30 , 
     d 14 : bottom diameter of drilling portion  33  of drilling attachment  30 , 
       50 : insert, 
       100 : dome, 
       51 : top hole or opening of insert, 
       52 : bottom hole or opening of insert, 
       60 : mat template, 
       61 : opening of mat template.