Patent Publication Number: US-11048735-B2

Title: Operation of a computer based on optimal problem solutions

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to the field of computer systems, and specifically to the field of improving operation of computers. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to improving operation of a computer by implementing optimal solutions to problems with the computer. 
     SUMMARY 
     A processor-implemented method, system, and/or computer program product improves operation of a computer. One or more processors receive a question from a user of a computer, which requests a solution to improve operations of the computer. The processor(s) determine a context of the question in order to interpret the question. Based on an interpretation derived from the context, the processor(s) retrieve multiple child solution instances to the question, where the multiple child solution instances are derived from a parent solution instance. The processor(s) direct the computer to simultaneously display the multiple child solution instances on a display on the computer, and then receive a selected child solution instance from the user, where the selected child solution instance is selected by the user from the multiple child solution instances displayed on the computer. In response to receiving the selected child solution instance, the processor(s): discard other solution instances from the multiple child solution instances; designate the selected child solution instance as a primary solution instance; and store the primary solution instance. The processor(s) then direct execution of the primary solution instance to improve operations on the computer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary system and network in which the present disclosure may be implemented; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an overview of system architecture utilized by the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary graphical user interface (GUI) that presents ranked/sorted solutions to a problem with a computer; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary GUI used to implement a solution to a computer application based on an exemplary entry presented by the user; 
         FIG. 5  depicts another exemplary GUI used to implement a solution to a computer application based on an exemplary entry presented by the user; 
         FIG. 6  is a high level flow chart of one or more steps performed by one or more processors and/or other hardware devices to improve an operation of a computer in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a cloud computing node according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a cloud computing environment according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 9  depicts abstraction model layers according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. 
     Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium is any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including, but not limited to, wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. 
     Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). 
     Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the present invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     With reference now to the figures, and in particular to  FIG. 1 , there is depicted a block diagram of an exemplary system and network that may be utilized by and in the implementation of the present invention. Note that some or all of the exemplary architecture, including both depicted hardware and software, shown for and within computer  101  may be utilized by software deploying server  149  and/or client computer  151  and/or solution devices  153  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Exemplary computer  101  includes a processor  103  that is coupled to a system bus  105 . Processor  103  may utilize one or more processors, each of which has one or more processor cores. A video adapter  107 , which drives/supports a display  109 , is also coupled to system bus  105 . System bus  105  is coupled via a bus bridge  111  to an input/output (I/O) bus  113 . An I/O interface  115  is coupled to I/O bus  113 . I/O interface  115  affords communication with various I/O devices, including a keyboard  117 , a mouse  118 , a media tray  121  (which may include storage devices such as CD-ROM drives, multi-media interfaces, etc.), a transceiver  123  (capable of transmitting and receiving electromagnetic (e.g., radio frequency, near field communication—NFC signals, etc.) signals), and external USB port(s)  125 . While the format of the ports connected to I/O interface  115  may be any known to those skilled in the art of computer architecture, in one embodiment some or all of these ports are universal serial bus (USB) ports. 
     As depicted, computer  101  is able to communicate with a software deploying server  149  and/or client computer  151  and/or solution devices  153  using a network interface  129 . Network interface  129  is a hardware network interface, such as a network interface card (NIC), etc. Network  127  may be an external network such as the Internet, or an internal network such as an Ethernet or a virtual private network (VPN). 
     A hard drive interface  131  is also coupled to system bus  105 . Hard drive interface  131  interfaces with a hard drive  133 . In one embodiment, hard drive  133  populates a system memory  133 , which is also coupled to system bus  105 . System memory is defined as a lowest level of volatile memory in computer  101 . This volatile memory includes additional higher levels of volatile memory (not shown), including, but not limited to, cache memory, registers and buffers. Data that populates system memory  135  includes computer  101 &#39;s operating system (OS)  137  and application programs  143 . 
     OS  137  includes a shell  139 , for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs  143 . Generally, shell  139  is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system. More specifically, shell  139  executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file. Thus, shell  139 , also called a command processor, is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter. The shell provides a system prompt, interprets commands entered by keyboard, mouse, or other user input media, and sends the interpreted command(s) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system (e.g., a kernel  141 ) for processing. Note that while shell  139  is a text-based, line-oriented user interface, the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes, such as graphical, voice, gestural, etc. 
     As depicted, OS  137  also includes kernel  141 , which includes lower levels of functionality for OS  137 , including providing essential services required by other parts of OS  137  and application programs  143 , including memory management, process and task management, disk management, and mouse and keyboard management. 
     Application programs  143  include a renderer, shown in exemplary manner as a browser  145 . Browser  145  includes program modules and instructions enabling a world wide web (WWW) client (i.e., computer  101 ) to send and receive network messages to the Internet using hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) messaging, thus enabling communication with software deploying server  149  and other computer systems. 
     Application programs  143  in computer  101 &#39;s system memory (as well as software deploying server  149 &#39;s system memory) also include a Computer Problem Solution Logic (CPSL)  147 . CPSL  147  includes code for implementing the processes described below, including those described in  FIGS. 2-6 . In one embodiment, computer  101  is able to download CPSL  147  from software deploying server  149 , including in an on-demand basis, wherein the code in CPSL  147  is not downloaded until needed for execution. Note further that, in one embodiment of the present invention, software deploying server  149  performs all of the functions associated with the present invention (including execution of CPSL  147 ), thus freeing computer  101  from having to use its own internal computing resources to execute CPSL  147 . 
     Solution devices  153  are devices that provide solutions to questions/problems/complaints related to client computer  151 . For example, solution devices  153  may be webpage servers that provide interactive communications related to a particular problem, of they may be hardware devices that provide signals (e.g., reset signals) that correct a problem with client computer  151 . 
     Within or associated with computer  101  are sensors  155 . Sensors  155  are on-board hardware and/or software sensors that detect anomalous conditions on computer  101 , such as overheating (e.g., of processor  103 ), full storage devices (e.g., hard drive  133  not having room to store any more data), data transmission errors (e.g., hardware problems in network interface  129  and/or network  127 ), etc. 
     Note that the hardware elements depicted in computer  101  are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention. For instance, computer  101  may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes, digital versatile disks (DVDs), Bernoulli cartridges, and the like. These and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Presented herein is a solution to computer problems that improves the operation of the computer. A user (and/or a hardware device within a computer) presents a question asking for help in solving a problem associated with the computer, including problems in the computer&#39;s hardware, applications, operating system, etc. In order to determine the scope of the problem for which the user is actually requesting help, the question is interpreted based on a context of the question, including the syntax of the question (if typed/spoken by the user), the operational history of the computer that is having a problem, sensors readings from the computer, etc. 
     Based on the interpretation of the question, the system automatically seeks several solutions, resulting in N multiple simulated solutions being presented to the user by spawning N concurrent child instances of a parent solution to the problem. In response to a user selecting one of the child instances, the other child instances are discarded and the selected child instance becomes the primary instance. The system then utilizes the selected child instance to respond to future occurrences of the problem that prompted the question for help from the user. 
     In an embodiment of the present invention, the presentation of N multiple simulated solutions to a user is controlled by cognitive characteristics of the user, as described below. 
     Often, users of application software desire solutions in order to solve problems or perform tasks associated with such application use. For example, a user may wish to solve a problem or accomplish a task associated with the use of a word processor, image-processing tool, spreadsheet tool, email app, etc. Perhaps a user needs an easy way to remove a hyperlink in the text in a document, to cycle through edits, to insert a special symbol, to better control pagination, to sort information in particular ways, to remove personal identity information in a document, etc. Perhaps there are many ways to boost image quality using an image-processing app. Perhaps various errors are being encountered. 
     Often, users manually search the Internet with a search engine to find answers to such questions/problems. These questions and possible answers are sometimes scattered in different discussion groups and at other sites. Sometimes, solutions are available in a “help” feature for the application. Many times, a user may find multiple solutions that have varying degrees of efficiency (e.g., number of steps needed to reach a solution) and with varying levels of risk (if performed incorrectly, content can be trashed and/or the computer can be damaged). Furthermore, some solutions may actually be wrong (e.g. for the version of an application being used). Some solutions may be voted on in discussion groups, and possibly better solutions may be labeled with more positive votes or comments. Sometimes, similar solutions may be found on the World Wide Web, and these may be “good enough” even if they do not completely solve a user&#39;s problem. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary architecture  200  utilized in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention is presented. The various modules/blocks/boxes shown in  FIG. 2  may be implemented one or more of the components shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Architecture  200  includes the following exemplary components. 
     A problem-specifying module  202  assists users in specifying a desired result (e.g., application effects) for a computer. For example, assume that the user states “My computer is too slow”. This may mean that his/her Internet service is slow; that the Internet connection on his/her computer is slow; that there are too many page swaps between memory and the hard drive, thus slowing down instruction executions; that the graphics card is not keeping up with gaming images and inputs on the display; etc. Thus, problem-specifying module  202  will determine what the actual problem is using one or more processes. 
     For example, sensors  155  shown in  FIG. 1  may detect that a connection to the Internet provided by network interface  129  is poor, such that data is anomalously slow going to and from the Internet. If the user says “My computer is too slow”, then the system will determine that the user is actually experiencing Internet issues. 
     Similarly, if the sensors  155  detect that a graphics processing unit (GPU—not shown in  FIG. 1 ) is overheating, and that the user is running a graphics-heavy gaming program, then the system will conclude that “My computer is too slow” means that the graphics being displayed are jittery or gaming inputs are slow to be executed/displayed. 
     If the user inputs a message such as “This computer is awful!”, then the system will examine what application program is running, the history of errors experienced by the user, etc., and may determine that the user is actually experiencing problems with that application program, which may or may not be caused by the platform (processor, operating system, etc.) on which the application program is running. 
     As shown in block  204 , the most popular/highly rated solutions to questions/problems presented are retrieved from solution devices (e.g., solution devices  153  shown in  FIG. 1 ) and are sent to a solution recipe database (block  206 ), which keeps track of a successful solutions to computer problems. This history of successful solutions comes from a user of the present computer experiencing a problem and/or other users of other computers. The solutions found may be from question-answer websites devoted to certain problems, discussion forums directed to certain problems, a local “help” function for the local computer and/or an application running on the local computer, etc. 
     As shown in block  208 , a solution seeker generates N simulated solutions given the desired targets and current system state. For example, consider graphical user interface  301  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     As shown in user input box  303 , the user has typed in “I can&#39;t keep stuff working on my computer”. The phrase “keep stuff working” is vague and ambiguous. That is, is the user unable to store photos and other files using his/her computer, or are applications refusing to stay open, or does the computer keep turning itself off or going into hibernation mode, etc.? The system (e.g., computer  101  shown in  FIG. 1 ) begins by performing a natural language processing (NLP) operation to determine the context of “keep stuff working”. In this simple example, the problem is with the “computer”, as found in the user&#39;s complaint. The system then examines the current state of the user&#39;s computer (e.g., client computer  151  shown in  FIG. 1 ), by looking at the state of the processor  103 , read/write operations to the hard drive  133 , input/output operations of the network interface  129 , temperature and other sensor readings provided by sensors  155 , etc. Based on these readings, the system determines 1) that the problem is actually that the user is unable to store data, and 2) that the problem is caused by the hard drive  133  being full. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the system presents Solution  1  (displayed in block  305 ), Solution  2  (displayed in block  307 ), and Solution  3  (displayed in block  309 ). Solution  1  presents steps a-c for the user to perform in order to store the data on a remote storage service (e.g., a “cloud” of shared storage resources). Solution  2  presents steps I-III for the user to perform in order to compress the data on the hard drive, thus freeing up space. Solution  3  presents steps  1 - 3  for the user to perform in order to remove data from the local hard disk. Solutions  1 - 3  are displayed (from top to bottom) according to their ranking. 
     This ranking is based on successes achieved by other users/systems, and/or is based on potential harm to the system that may occur if the solution is implemented. For example, the solution quality evaluator shown in block  210  in  FIG. 2  evaluates the solutions using NLP language and Deep Question/Answer techniques to calculate the success rate and confidence level of each solution. If more users of systems report successful results from Solution  1  than Solution  2 , then Solution  1  is presented at the top of the list/blocks in  FIG. 3 . Furthermore, if the system determines that removing data from the hard disk (Solution  3 ) poses the greatest risk of damaging the client&#39;s computer and/or the operation of the client&#39;s computer (since erasing data may wipe out part of the OS, etc.), then Solution  3  is placed at the bottom of the list/blocks, as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     As shown in block  212 , a solution executor (e.g., computer  101  shown in  FIG. 1 ) directs the client computer  151  to execute the solutions (e.g., one or more of Solutions  1 - 3  shown in  FIG. 3 ). 
     As shown in block  214 , the solution selection module (e.g., part of CPSL  147 ) displays a solution selection interface to a user (e.g., GUI  301  in  FIG. 3 ) and applies the selected changes to the primary instance of the application. Once the user and/or client computer and/or system selects the solution to use, that selected solution becomes the primary solution instance, which will be used now and in the future by the client computer. The solution recipe database (block  206 ) then records the history and the successful solution in the client&#39;s computer to the solution recipe database. 
     As discussed above, a solution can be presented using natural language processing (NLP). For example, a user may type or verbally ask a question such as that shown in  FIG. 3 . As discussed herein, the seeking of a solution does not always have to be explicit, but can be gleaned through an analysis of the user experiencing trouble. For example, a user may be trying an option over and over, thus indicating that he/she is not obtaining a desired or expected result. 
     In some options, the user may specify a desired target by actually “showing” an example of a solution. For example, the user may be interested in formatting headers for sections of a document, and the user may number a single heading of a paper as an example target for numbering all headings in a word processor and making them bold. Using this information, the system may seek and display N concurrent solutions. 
     For example, consider GUI  402  shown in  FIG. 4 . Assume that a user has manually typed in the paragraph numbering/header “[xxxx]” (header  404 ) in front of a paragraph in a text document being handled by a word processing application. Assume further that, after typing in “[xxxx]” in front of one of the paragraphs, the user checked the “Yes” box in input block  406 . This causes the system to auto-populate all paragraphs with a bold header with sequential numbering. If the user had clicked the “Yes” box in input block  408 , then each of these headers would be in italics. 
     In an alternate embodiment, portions of the text would be simultaneous displayed on GUI  501 , thus showing the user how the text would appear. That is, assume that a word processing application displays text  503 . Assume that a user has clicked a header button  505 . By clicking header button  505 , box  507  pops up showing how the text  503  would appear with bold headers, and box  509  pops up showing how the text  503  would appear with italicized headers. By clicking box  507 , box  507  and box  509  disappear, and text  503  is formatted with the headers shown in box  507  (as depicted for the first couple of paragraphs from text  503 ). Thus, the user will have a preview of how a particular operation will perform, and can select the operation he so desires. Once a user selects one of the N simulated solutions (e.g., shown in boxes  507  and  509 ), the client computer communicates this information to the system, such that this solution is recalled as being the preferred solution for future formatting. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the number N of solutions presented is based on cognitive characteristics of the user (e.g., the current distraction level of the user, the ability of a user to handle a particular nature and number of solutions, etc.). For example, some users may be able to handle and assess four presented solutions based on any of: user distraction level (e.g. as determined by number of open windows already on screen), the cohort of a user (fatigue level, experience level with a particular application or class of applications, history of use, job title, etc.), the size of screen being used (e.g. a large display vs. a small display), etc. On the other hand, an advanced user with a particular history may actually appreciate seeing eight presented solutions. 
     As described herein, an efficient “recipe” for achieving a goal may optionally be stored based on the solution selected by a user. 
     The possible quality of solutions can be estimated based on votes and comments in discussion groups or at other Web site. For example, perhaps there are ten possible solutions. The system may determine a confidence level associated with each potential solution and present and simulate the “best” of these possible solutions based on a confidence level. This confidence level may be increased by the votes and comments. In some cases, the system may use Natural Language Processing and DeepQA technology to determine a confidence level of possible solutions. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, when the user chooses one solution among N, the state changes from the time when the “children” instances (each showing a solution) were created at time (t_s) to the time of election (t_e) as applied to the chosen solution instance. To support this mechanism, the events can be logged on the main instance (from t_s to t_e) and replayed on the chosen instance. An alternative way is to apply the events/operations on the main instance to all the children instances in parallel. In this case, as soon as the user chooses a child instance, it immediately becomes the main instance without requiring the application of any events/operations. This mechanism allows users to change the action/operation/solution in a history of operations. In other existing systems, in order to change an action, which happened at time t_s, a user needs to undo all the actions that happened after time t_s. Using the present invention, the user can choose a different action/operation/solution, which happened at t_s, without undoing all the operations that followed (during the time between t_s and t_e). 
     As described herein, the input to the system (for example, a question posed by a user) can be supplemented with a receiving of data indicating application various run-time characteristics. If the question regards an error, there may also be a determining of the severity of errors associated with running the application. Optionally, the system may also determine if the application passes integrity checks. If the severity of application errors exceeds a predetermined threshold, this information may be used to control N, the number of simulated solutions. 
     In some cases, users may wish to be able to contribute to database of helpful solutions, such as often found in discussion groups. 
     To generate help information, tools may be incorporated into an application to enable users to capture information about the application as they are performing functions. 
     Optionally, a storage database can be used in conjunction with a composite application, including several application components. Thus, a storage container for each of the application components can be established in the computer system&#39;s storage database. The storage containers may be configured to store support information for each of the component applications, and this may be used when presenting the aforementioned N simulated solutions. 
     When a user is experiencing problems or having a problem to solve, a wizard can be used that includes dialogs for completing a task. In this case, the N simulated solutions can further involve opening several chat dialogs between the user and support specialists. 
     The various solutions can be displayed in separate windows on the display screen alongside information related to the task in hand. A help map function can be used to display concurrently, separately from the help text, a portion of a hierarchical map of the stored help texts and solutions, which are replaced by new help text and solutions corresponding to the selected map entry. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 6 , a high level flow chart of one or more steps performed by one or more processors and/or other hardware devices to improve an operation of a computer in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention is presented. 
     After initiator block  602 , one or more processors (e.g., computer  101  or client computer  151  shown in  FIG. 1 ) receive a question from a user of a computer (e.g., client computer  151 ), where the question requests a solution to improve operations of the computer, as described in block  604  (see examples in  FIG. 3 ). These questions may be in the form of a query (“How do I do something”), or they may be in the form of a complaint (“My computer is slow”). 
     As described in block  606 , the processor(s) determine a context of the question in order to interpret the question. As described herein, this context may be from the phrasing of the question, sensor readings from the client computer (e.g., overloaded CPU), an event history (e.g., repeated and yet ineffective keystrokes or other inputs), etc. 
     As described in block  608 , based on an interpretation of the question derived from the context, the processor(s) retrieve multiple child solution instances to the question (e.g., Solutions  1 - 3  shown in  FIG. 3 ). These multiple child solution instances are derived from a parent solution instance. That is, the parent solution may be “Solve data storage problem”, and the child solution instances are the specific Solutions  1 - 3  shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     As described in block  610 , the processor(s) direct the computer (or more specifically the display on the client&#39;s computer) to simultaneously display the multiple child solution instances (see  FIG. 3 ). 
     As described in block  612 , the processor(s) receive a selected child solution instance from the user, where the selected child solution instance is selected by the user from the multiple child solution instances displayed on the computer. For example, computer  101  in  FIG. 1  may detect that the user of client computer  151  has clicked block  305  in  FIG. 3 . In response to receiving the selected child solution instance, the processor(s) discard other solution instances from the multiple child solution instances (block  614 ); designate the selected child solution instance as a primary solution instance (block  616 ); and store the primary solution instance (block  618 ). That is, the solution chosen by the user and/or the system is designated as the primary solution instance, and is then stored for immediate as well as future use to solve the problem posed by the question received from the client computer. 
     As described in block  620 , the processor(s) then direct execution of the primary solution instance to improve operation of the computer. This direction may be in the form of automatically causing certain hardware events to occur (e.g., opening access to new storage devices, changing bandwidth settings on an interface, turning on more fans to cool the computer down, etc.), or the direction may be a set of instructions for the user to follow (see  FIG. 3 ). 
     The flow chart ends at terminator block  622 . 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the question is received twice: once at a first time and then later at a second time. In this embodiment, when the processor(s) receive the question at the second time, they retrieve the primary solution instance that has been previously stored, and then execute the primary solution instance to respond to the question that was received at the second time. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the processor(s) determine the context of the question using natural language processing, where the natural language processing is used to determine a scope of the question based on the context of the question as described above. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the processor(s) receive sensor readings from sensors (e.g., sensors  155  shown in  FIG. 1 ) in the computer. The sensor reading describes a state of the computer (e.g., disk capacity, temperature, bus capacity, I/O interface capacity, etc.). The processor(s) then determine the context of the question based on the sensor readings. That is, if the sensor detects that the client computer is overheating, and the question/complaint says “My computer is acting funny”, then the sensor reading indicating that the computer is overheating provides the context that the CPU and other devices in the computer are operating outside of their nominal operating temperatures. Thus the context is for that of an overheating computer. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the processor(s) detect multiple repetitive inputs into the computer (e.g., the user repeatedly hits CTL-ALT-DEL in an attempt to reboot the computer, but to no avail). The processor(s) then determine that the multiple repetitive inputs are failed attempts by the user to correct a problem with the computer, and thus are able to determine the context of the question/complaint (“This computer is awful!”) based on the multiple repetitive inputs into the computer. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the processor(s) determine a quantity N of the multiple child solution instances to be displayed based on cognitive characteristics of the user. That is, if the user is distracted, or has too many windows open, etc., then too many options will be overwhelming, and the quantity N of solutions will be reduced. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the processor(s) sort the multiple child solution instances for display based on a level of risk to the computer posed by execution of the multiple child solution instances. That is, solutions that could cause serious damage to the computer and/or its files are shown at the lowest recommended solution (e.g., Solution  3  in  FIG. 3 .) 
     In one or more embodiments, the present invention is implemented in a cloud environment. It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and improve resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Service Models are as follows: 
     Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
     Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , a schematic of an example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node  10  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  10  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
     In cloud computing node  10  there is a computer system/server  12 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  12  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Computer system/server  12  may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  12  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , computer system/server  12  in cloud computing node  10  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  12  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  16 , a system memory  28 , and a bus  18  that couples various system components including system memory  28  to processor  16 . 
     Bus  18  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus. 
     Computer system/server  12  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  12 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
     System memory  28  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  30  and/or cache memory  32 . Computer system/server  12  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  34  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  18  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  28  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
     Program/utility  40 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  42 , may be stored in memory  28  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  42  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
     Computer system/server  12  may also communicate with one or more external devices  14  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  24 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  12 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  12  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/output (I/O) interfaces  22 . Still yet, computer system/server  12  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  20 . As depicted, network adapter  20  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  12  via bus  18 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  12 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone MA, desktop computer MB, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system MN may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices MA-N shown in  FIG. 8  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 8 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 9  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and computer improvement processing  96  (for improving a computer as described herein). 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of various embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the present invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the present invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Any methods described in the present disclosure may be implemented through the use of a VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) program and a VHDL chip. VHDL is an exemplary design-entry language for Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), and other similar electronic devices. Thus, any software-implemented method described herein may be emulated by a hardware-based VHDL program, which is then applied to a VHDL chip, such as a FPGA. 
     Having thus described embodiments of the present invention of the present application in detail and by reference to illustrative embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention defined in the appended claims.