Patent Publication Number: US-2018031115-A1

Title: Powder metal net shape alignment feature

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to a planetary carrier sub-assembly for a transmission, and more specifically, to powder metal components with net-shaped retention features for use with the alignment of rotational parts, as well as methods for making the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it may be described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present technology. 
     Transmission components must be high strength and suitable for high torque capacities. Powder metal transmission components provide several technical benefits, and are becoming more attractive from manufacturing strategies and perspectives. Typical powder metal carrier structures may include three or more pieces in order to accommodate the various pinion gears and related components. The pieces may include a cylindrical shell or drum, one or more support member, a backing plate, and various other optional or auxiliary-type structures. Various powder metal transmission components may need to be aligned with one another for coordinated rotational movement. For example, an automatic transmission carrier may have a cover, and another part may neighbor the cover along the carrier&#39;s axis, but rotate about the axis at a different speed than the carrier. In this example, a wear resistant thrust washer may be placed on this axis, between the cover and the neighboring part. To retain the thrust washer, the thrust washer may be provided with claws, and the cover may be provided with complementary retention features. Prior attempts at face-forming such retention features have not been successful, and have led to failures during part ejection and/or to stressing of the tools. Thus, such retention features are commonly formed by machining holes or bores in the powder metal cover component after the sintering process. 
     Generally, reducing the need for machining of parts in any assembly reduces part production costs, and the time required for manufacturing. Accordingly, there remains a need for improved powder metal component retention features that provide strength and ease of manufacture, with the ability to meet the high torque requirements needed for use in a transmission. 
     SUMMARY 
     This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features. 
     In various aspects, the present teachings provide a powder metal component for a transmission that may include a body portion defining a substantially planar major surface, and at least three radially spaced-apart retention features formed in the body portion in a green state, i.e., prior to sintering. Each retention feature may include a bore having a shaped geometry extending between an upper region adjacent the major surface of the body portion, and a lower region defining a radius of curvature. Each bore may be defined by two opposing, substantially parallel sidewalls and a substantially U-shaped bottom portion. The U-shaped bottom portion may include a center region defining the radius of curvature connecting two angled bottom walls. 
     In other aspects, the present teachings provide a planetary carrier sub-assembly for aligning rotational components of an automatic transmission. The carrier sub-assembly includes a thrust washer comprising a plurality of claws, and a powder metal component. The powder metal component includes a body defining a substantially planar major surface, and at least three radially spaced-apart retention features formed in the body portion in a green state, prior to sintering. The retention features are configured for receiving the claws from the thrust washer for co-rotational movement with the thrust washer. Each retention feature may include a bore having a shaped geometry defined by two opposing, substantially parallel sidewalls and a substantially U-shaped bottom portion. 
     In still other aspects, the present teachings provide a method for forming a powder metal component with a plurality of net-shaped retention features therein. The method includes filling a die mold with a powder metal mixture. Once filled, the method includes applying a pressure to the powder metal mixture to shape a green compact including at least three spaced-apart retention features defined in a major surface of the green compact. Each retention feature may include a bore defined by two opposing, substantially parallel sidewalls and a substantially U-shaped bottom portion. The method continues by opening the die and allowing the green compact to expand in a radial direction aligned with a longitudinal axis of each retention feature, thereby minimizing interference between the green compact and protrusions extending from the die mold. The method includes sintering the green compact to form the powder metal component. 
     Further areas of applicability and various methods of enhancing the above technology will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present teachings will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is perspective view of an exemplary prior art, three-piece Ravigneaux carrier assembly; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a Ravigneaux carrier assembly with a carrier member secured to a cover member according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3A  is a first perspective view of the carrier assembly of  FIG. 2 , further including a sleeve member and brake hub; 
         FIG. 3B  is a second perspective view of the carrier assembly of  FIG. 2 , further including a sleeve member and brake hub; 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the Ravigneaux carrier assembly of  FIGS. 2 and 3 ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3B  taken along the line  5 - 5  and showing a braze pellet retained within a braze material retention aperture prior to sintering; 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates the partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 5A  after a sintering process; 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic view representing a partial cross-sectional view of the prior art three-piece Ravigneaux assembly of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic view representing a partial cross-sectional view of the two-piece Ravigneaux carrier assembly of  FIG. 2  according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a powder metal cover member including a cover plate with integral cover legs extending therefrom; 
         FIG. 8A  is a top plan view of the powder metal cover member of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 8B  is a top plan view of the powder metal cover member of  FIG. 7  with an exemplary thrust washer; 
         FIG. 8C  is a partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 8A  taken along the line C-C illustrating a retention feature prior to, and after, receiving a claw from a thrust washer; 
         FIG. 8D  is a partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 8A  taken along the line D-D illustrating a retention feature prior to, and after, receiving a claw from a thrust washer; 
         FIG. 8E  is a partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 8A  taken along the line E-E illustrating a retention feature prior to, and after, receiving a claw from a thrust washer; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a powder metal carrier member including a carrier plate with integral carrier legs extending therefrom; 
         FIG. 10  is a bottom plan view of the powder metal carrier member of  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a top plan view of an exemplary sleeve member according to various aspects of the teachings of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  is a bottom plan view of the exemplary sleeve member of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a bottom plan view of the powder metal carrier member of  FIG. 9 , further including a sleeve member; 
         FIG. 14  is a bottom plan view of the assembly of  FIG. 13 , further including a cover member placed over the carrier member; and 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic view of an exemplary powder metal die press, illustrating a compression operation; 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic view of the powder metal die press of  FIG. 15 , illustrating the lowering of a portion of the die with radial expansion of the green compact; 
         FIG. 17  is a partial magnified view of  FIG. 16 , representative of a prior art die mold; and 
         FIG. 18  is a partial magnified view of  FIG. 16 , according to various aspects of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     It should be noted that the figures set forth herein are intended to exemplify the general characteristics of the methods and devices among those of the present technology, for the purpose of the description of certain aspects. These figures may not precisely reflect the characteristics of any given aspect, and are not necessarily intended to define or limit specific embodiments within the scope of this technology. Further, certain aspects may incorporate features from a combination of figures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Planetary carrier assemblies may be used for accommodating various pinion gears and components of a transmission, and in particular, for an automatic automobile transmission. In various aspects, the present technology generally provides a powder metal component for a transmission that includes a body portion defining a substantially planar major surface, and at least three radially spaced-apart retention features formed in the body portion in a green state, prior to sintering. Each retention feature may include a bore defined having a shaped geometry extending between an upper region adjacent the major surface of the body portion, and a lower region defining a radius of curvature. Each bore may be defined by two opposing, substantially parallel sidewalls and a substantially U-shaped bottom portion. The U-shaped bottom portion may include a center region defining the radius of curvature connecting two angled bottom walls. In various aspects, the retention features are shaped and design to cooperate with one another to minimize the occurrence of cracking when exiting a die mold. 
     By way of context, it may be beneficial to couple a radial member or bearing member, such as a wear-resistant thrust washer, to at least one powder metal component of a transmission assembly in order to maintain low friction between neighboring transmission components moving along the same axis, but with different rotational velocities. Claws of the thrust washer would be received and retained by retention apertures defined in the powder metal component. The present technology focuses, in part, on the formation net-shaped retention features defined in a powder metal component, such as a cover member, when in a green compact state, for example, prior to sintering. 
     In various aspects, a planetary carrier assembly comprises two main sintered metal components. For example, the first main component of the carrier assembly may comprise a powder metal carrier member including a carrier plate having a plurality of carrier legs extending from the carrier plate. The second main component may comprise a powder metal cover member including a cover plate having a plurality of cover legs extending from the cover plate. 
     In certain aspects, it may be desirable that the carrier assembly be generally arranged such that respective ends of the carrier legs and ends of the cover legs are aligned with and brazed to one another. In the various arrangements, joining the carrier member with the cover member defines an interior of the carrier assembly configured to house various pinion gears, and joining the sleeve member to the carrier assembly provides an attachment point for other components, such as brake hubs and other auxiliary members. 
     The present technology can be used with various planetary gear trains and assemblies, including Ravigneaux planetary gear structures. By way of background, Ravigneaux planetary gear structures can be used in automatic transmissions to achieve a variety of gear ratios, and may include two tiers, or decks, of pinion gears that share a common carrier.  FIG. 1  is perspective view of an exemplary prior art, three-piece Ravigneaux carrier assembly  20 . As shown, the typical prior art carrier assembly  20  generally includes a support member  22 , a cylindrical shell or drum  24 , and a backing, or end plate  26 . 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of an exemplary two-piece Ravigneaux carrier assembly  50  with a powder metal carrier member  52  secured to a powder metal cover member  54  according to various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     In various aspects, the carrier member  52  may be a unitary, monolithic component (i.e., formed as one component), and includes a substantially circular carrier plate  56  portion including a plurality of angularly spaced-apart carrier legs  58  integral with the carrier plate  56 . The carrier legs  58  may be provided with a substantially uniform length, extending to a free end  60 . For example, a distance between an outer face  56   a  (see,  FIG. 9 ) of the carrier plate  56  and the free end  60  of the carrier leg  58  may generally be the same for each spaced-apart carrier leg  58 . Similar to the shape and design of the carrier plate  52 , in various aspects, the cover member  54  may be a unitary, monolithic component (i.e., formed as one component), and includes a substantially circular cover plate  62  including a plurality of angularly spaced-apart cover legs  64  integral with the cover plate  62 . The cover legs  64  may be provided with a uniform length, extending to a free end  66 . For example, a distance between an outer face  62   a  (see,  FIG. 7 ) of the cover plate  62  and the free end  66  of the cover leg  64  may generally be the same for each spaced-apart cover leg  64 . The two-piece carrier assembly  50  is generally arranged such that respective ends  60  of the carrier legs  58  and ends  66  of the cover legs  64  are, at least partially, aligned with and secured to one another. In various aspects, the respective ends are joined together by braze joints that, by way of non-limiting example, can be formed during a sintering process using suitable brazing material. The arrangement of the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54  defines an interior  80  (see,  FIGS. 5A, 5B ) of the carrier assembly  50  configured to house various pinion gears and related components. 
     It should be understood that  FIG. 2 , and its related description, is with respect to one presently chosen embodiment, and various changes can be made to the design without impacting the overall function, purpose, and operation. In certain aspects, for example, the legs may have unequal sizes, shapes, and/or lengths, in whole or in part, but still form a two-piece carrier assembly. Further, although it may be preferable that the carrier member  52  and cover member  54  be monolithic, unitary components, there may be certain desirable aspects where at least a portion of the carrier member  52  or cover member  54  comprises two or more components mechanically (or otherwise) fastened, secured, or joined together. 
     Powder metallurgy techniques cover a wide range of ways in which materials or components are made from metal powders. As such, the powder metal compositions of the present technology can be tailored to specific or desired end uses. In various aspects, the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54  can comprise the same or substantially similar powder metal composition. In other aspects, it may be desirable that the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54  have different powder metal compositions. 
     In various aspects, it may be desirable for the carrier assembly  50  to also include auxiliary components that cooperate with functions of an automotive transmission. Non-limiting examples of auxiliary components may include sleeves, brake hubs, clutches, one way clutches, races, bearings, etc. Thus, the carrier assembly  50  may include at least one auxiliary component secured to one or both of the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54 . It should be understood that an auxiliary component can include a plurality of parts or combined components. In certain aspects, the auxiliary member can be attached using a braze joint or weld. 
       FIG. 3A  is a first perspective view of the carrier assembly  50  of  FIG. 2  further including an annular sleeve member  68  and an annular brake hub  70 , shown with the carrier member  52  facing an upward direction.  FIG. 3B  is a second perspective view of the carrier assembly  50  of  FIG. 2  further including the sleeve member  68  and the brake hub  70 , shown with the cover member  54  facing an upward direction.  FIG. 4  is an exploded perspective view of the Ravigneaux carrier assembly  50  of  FIGS. 2 and 3 . 
     In various aspects, the sleeve member  68  can be secured to the carrier assembly by a braze joint or weld. When using a braze joint, the sleeve member  68  should be able to generally withstand the temperatures of a sintering process.  FIG. 5A  is a partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 3B  taken along the line  5 - 5 , showing additional details of the carrier assembly  50 , including an exemplary braze material, such as a braze pellet  75 , located and retained within a braze material retention aperture  77  prior to sintering.  FIG. 5B  illustrates the partial cross-sectional view of  FIG. 5A  after a sintering process, with the braze material dispersed by capillary action forming a braze joint  78  between a portion of the carrier member  52 , a portion of the cover member  54 , and a portion of the sleeve member  68 . Although  FIG. 5A  illustrates the brake hub  70  for completeness, the brake hub  70 , or any other auxiliary member, may be attached after the sintering process. 
     As detailed in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , at least a portion of an area  106  adjacent an inner perimeter  72  of the steel sleeve member  68  is secured to the carrier assembly  50  adjacent the free ends  60 ,  66  of the respective carrier legs  58  and cover leg  64 . Thus, the carrier member  54  is joined to a portion of both the sleeve member  68  and the cover member  54 . As shown, the respective ends  60  of the carrier legs  58  and ends  66  of the cover legs  64  are aligned with and secured to one another by respective braze joints  78  disposed in a single plane. In certain aspects, the auxiliary component, here the steel sleeve member  68 , may also secured to the carrier assembly  50  with the braze joint  78  in the same single plane. As shown, the respective carrier leg  58  and cover leg  64  define respective inner surfaces, or walls  58   a ,  64   a  that may be aligned substantially flush with one another, and respective outer surfaces, or walls  58   b ,  64   b , that may be offset from one another at the location of the braze plane, which may provide a suitable joining surface for the auxiliary member. 
     In certain aspects, at least one of the carrier legs  58  and cover legs  64  may also define a braze material retention feature (not shown) in which a suitable braze material can be placed prior to the sintering. For example, the end  60  of the carrier leg  58  or the end  66  of the cover leg  64  may include a small aperture or bore defined therein, suitable for holding the braze material in place. In other aspects, another auxiliary member may additionally or alternatively provide suitable braze material retention features. In still other aspects, portions of the legs  58 ,  64  may be shaped to guide a braze material to the appropriate joint area during a sintering process. 
     The arrangement of the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54  at least partially defines an interior cavity  80  within the carrier assembly  50  configured to house a plurality of pinion gears and various other related components. It should be understood that the shapes of the carrier member  52  and cover member  54  may include many variations. For example, while the bottom of the cover member  54  is shown defining two substantially parallel planes  66 ,  67 , in certain designs, there may be only one plane such that the free end  66  is aligned with plane  67 . In various aspects, the carrier assembly  50  may include four spaced-apart cover legs  64  joined to a respective set of four spaced-apart carrier legs  58 . As shown in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , an inner perimeter  82  of the annular brake hub  70  may be secured to an outer perimeter  74  of the steel sleeve member  68 , for example, with a weld joint  84  or equivalent fastening mechanism. In certain aspects, the steel sleeve member  68  may be re-shaped and/or press-fit with the brake hub  70  after the sintering process, and the two components may then be welded to one another to create the assembly. 
       FIG. 6A  is a schematic view representing a partial cross-sectional view of the three-piece prior art Ravigneaux assembly of  FIG. 1 . For comparison purposes,  FIG. 6B  is a schematic view representing a partial cross-sectional view of the two-piece Ravigneaux carrier assembly of  FIG. 2 , according to the present disclosure. Both schematic representations illustrate a configuration with the same large sun gear  28  and small sun gear  30 , sharing the same sun axis  36 , as well as the same long pinion gear  34  on a long pinion axis  36 , and short pinion gear  38  on a short pinion axis  40 . 
       FIG. 7  is a perspective view of an exemplary powder metal cover member  54  including a body portion, such as cover plate  62  portion, with integral cover legs  64  extending therefrom, and  FIG. 8A  is a top plan view of the powder metal cover member  54  of  FIG. 7 . The body portion, or cover plate  62 , may be provided with a substantially circular shape defining a radius R, and having a flat, substantially planar major surface, or outer face  62   a , with a chamfered or curved edge  86 . In various aspects, the curved edge  86  may be made by machining. The various inner walls  64   a  of the cover legs may be curved or shaped to accommodate the pinion gears and other components. The outer walls  64   b  of the legs  64  may be substantially aligned with the edge  86  of the outer face  62   a . The cover plate  62  may be formed with various apertures and other features formed therein, either during the powder metal manufacturing process or machined thereafter. For example, a first plurality of angularly spaced-apart apertures  88  may be provided for the pinion shafts (not shown) of the long pinion gears  34 . Similarly, a second plurality of angularly spaced-apart apertures  90  may be provided for the pinion shafts of the short pinion gears  38 . As shown, the second plurality of apertures  90  extend through both the cover plate  62  as well as the cover legs  64 , while the first plurality  88  of apertures extend through the cover plate  62  portion only. Additional retention features such as apertures  93 ,  95  may also be provided. It should be understood that other configurations of the cover member  54  may also be used, depending on the desired design. 
     As stated above, it may be beneficial to couple a radial member or bearing member to at least one powder metal component of a transmission assembly, for example to the body portion  62  of the cover member  54 , in order to reduce or maintain low friction between neighboring transmission components moving along the same axis, but with different rotational velocities. In various aspects, the radial member can be any known component that is configured to separate two components that rotate at different speeds, and/or to support radial and axial loads. In one example, the radial member can be a wear-resistant thrust washer. In other examples, if there is an axial force between the components, the radial member can be a race for a thrust bearing. In this regard,  FIG. 8B  is a top plan view of the powder metal cover member  54  of  FIG. 7  with a wear-resistant thrust washer  110  serving as the exemplary radial member having a set of extensions, or claws  112  coupled to the cover member  54  via a set of retention features  93 . As described herein, it is envisioned that at least three radially spaced-apart retention features formed in a substantially planar major surface  62   a  of the body portion of the cover member  54  should be sufficient to receive and couple with coordinating claws  112  extending a distance perpendicular to the thrust washer  110 . At the same time, the present technology provides the retention features  93  being shaped such that they can be face-formed, or net-shaped in the cover member while the cover member is formed as a green compact, i.e., prior to a sintering process.  FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate one example with four retention features  93  equally and radially spaced apart from one another, appropriately sized and located for co-rotational movement with the thrust washer  110 . 
     The net-shaped formation of the retention features  93  may minimize the need for additional machining operations after the sintering process. It should be understood that care must be taken to design the retention features  93  such that they can be formed in a green compact without an increased risk of cracking, or potentially damaging the various tools or press/mold components that may be used in the formation of the green compact.  FIGS. 8A and 8B  specifically show the retention features  93  aligned for receiving the complementary claws  112  of the exemplary thrust washer  110 . In various aspects, the retention features are located in an area of the body portion of reduced or low stress zones. In the example of the illustrated cover member  54 , each retention feature  93  is formed/pressed in an area adjacent a cover leg  64 , which may be provided with a greater thickness area as compared to other areas of the body portion that do not have an extending cover leg  64 . 
     For additional details of the retention feature  93 ,  FIGS. 8C, 8D, and 8E  are partial cross-sectional views of  FIG. 8A  taken along the lines C-C, D-D, and E-E, each illustrating a retention feature prior to, and after, receiving a claw  112  from a thrust washer  110 . Each retention feature may be pressed into the body portion and defines a length dimension, L ( FIG. 8C ), a width dimension, W ( FIG. 8E ), and a depth dimension D ( FIG. 8E ). Referring to  FIGS. 8A and 8C , the length dimension L extends along a longitudinal axis that may be substantially aligned with a radius R of the body portion. As shown, the retention features  93  can be defined as a bore with a shaped geometry extending between an upper region  114  adjacent the major surface, or outer face  62   a , and a lower region  116 . In various aspects, the lower region  116  may be defined by a radius of curvature  118 . The upper region  114  may also have a chamfered edge, or radius of curvature  120  as best shown in  FIG. 8E .  FIG. 8E  illustrates the bore being defined by two opposing and substantially planar side walls  122 .  FIGS. 8C and 8D  illustrate a substantially U-shaped bottom, for example, including a center portion  124  defined by the radius of curvature  118 , and two angled bottom walls  126  connected or, or extending from, the center portion  124 . In various aspects, the two angled bottom walls  126  cooperate to define an angle α. As a non-limiting example, the figures depict the angle α of about 90 degrees, with each bottom wall generally angled about 45 degrees from the major surface. In various aspects, angles with dimensions of greater than 90 degrees for a may be preferred for being able to further minimize and/or prevent a risk of tool or part cracking. It should be understood, however, that a wider angle may require the use of additional space/surface area on the major surface  62   a  for a desired depth requirement. In still other aspects, less than 90 degree angles may be preferred depending on the respective dimensions of the claw, the thickness of the body portion, the proximity of the retention feature  93  to other apertures, etc. 
       FIG. 9  is a perspective view of an exemplary powder metal carrier member  52  including a carrier plate  56  portion with integral carrier legs  58  extending therefrom, and  FIG. 10  is a bottom plan view of the powder metal carrier member  52  of  FIG. 9 . The carrier plate  56  may be provided with a substantially circular shape having a flat web surface, or outer face  56   a  with a lowered or beveled edge  92 . In various aspects, the edge  92  may be made by machining. The various inner walls  58   a  of the carrier legs  58  may be curved or shaped to accommodate the pinion gears and other components. The outer walls  58   b  of the legs  58  may be substantially aligned with the edge  92  of the outer face  56   a , and optionally include spaced-apart splines  94 . The carrier plate  56  may be formed with various apertures and other features formed therein, either during the powder metal manufacturing process or machined thereafter. For example, a first plurality of angularly spaced-apart apertures  96  may be provided for the pinion shafts (not shown) of the long pinion gears  34 . Similarly, a second plurality of angularly spaced-apart apertures  98  may be provided for the pinion shafts of the short pinion gears  38 . As shown, the first and second pluralities of apertures  96 ,  98  only extend through the carrier plate  56 , as the inner walls  58   a  of the carrier legs  58  are shaped around the second plurality of apertures  98 . It should be understood that other configurations of the carrier member  52  may also be used, depending on the design. 
       FIG. 11  is a top plan view of an exemplary steel sleeve member  68  according to various aspects of the teachings of the present disclosure; and  FIG. 12  is a bottom plan view of the sleeve member  68  of  FIG. 11 .  FIG. 13  is a bottom plan view of the carrier member  52  of  FIG. 10  including a sleeve member  68  aligned with and disposed on the ends  60  of the plurality of carrier legs  58 .  FIG. 14  is a bottom plan view of the assembly of  FIG. 13 , further including the cover member  54  placed over the carrier member  52 . 
     With reference to each of  FIGS. 11-14 , the sleeve member  68  defines an inner perimeter  72  and an outer perimeter  74 . The inner perimeter  72  may be shaped with certain areas having a radius of curvature in order to accommodate the pinions and other components. The outer perimeter  74  of the sleeve member  68  may be provided with an extending annular edge portion  104  that may provide additional strength and be used for welding to other components, such as a brake hub  70 , as described above. A portion of the area  106  between the inner perimeter  72  and outer perimeter  74  may be used to secure the sleeve member  68  to the carrier legs  58 , as shown in  FIG. 5B . The inner perimeter  72  may also be shaped or stamped with cut-out portions  102  that may be configured as braze material retention features that cooperate with other components to form the braze material retention apertures  77 . For example, the plurality of braze material retention features  102  cooperate with the carrier member  52  and the cover member  54 , in the assembled state, as best shown in  FIGS. 3B, 5A, 5B, and 14 , to define retention apertures  77  shaped and sized to retain a braze material adjacent a single plane prior to a sintering process forming the braze joint  78  in the single plane. As shown in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , in certain aspects, at least two spaced-apart braze material retention features  102  may be provided per respective pair of aligned carrier leg and cover leg. The location and number of braze material retention apertures  77  may vary based on the design and strength requirements. 
     In still other aspects, the present teachings provide methods for forming various powder metal components having a plurality of net-shaped retention features therein. The methods may include filling a die mold or press with an appropriate powder metal mixture. Once filled, the methods would include applying a pressure to the powder metal mixture to shape a green compact part. In various aspects, the part would be shaped to include at least three spaced-apart retention features defined in a major surface of the green compact. As described in detail above, each retention feature may include a bore defined by two opposing, substantially parallel sidewalls and a substantially U-shaped bottom portion.  FIG. 15  is a basic schematic view of an exemplary powder metal die press assembly  130 , illustrating a compression operation. Various tools may be inserted into the die before, after, or during the application of pressure to coordinate a final shape of the powder metal component. For example, the press  130  may include non-limiting features such as a die component  132 , a front or top tool portion  134 , a rib tool portion  136 , and a leg tool portion  138 . The top tool portion  134  may include a plurality of projections  135  that serve to shape and form the retention features  93  into the pressed green compact part  140 . As shown by the directional arrows, pressure applied to the green compact part  140  results in a radial exertion of pressure from the part  140  to the die and tooling. 
     One key consideration in the methods of the present technology is the path a part takes from the pressed state to the released state, for example, in order to separate the part from the die such that it is not disturbed by interference between the part and die during the separation process. Once compressed, the methods may include opening at least a portion of the die and allowing the green compact to expand in a radial direction. This may include raising or lowering, or even removing, a portion of the die mold or assembly  130  with respect to the green compact part  140 . Preferably, the expansion occurs in a direction aligned with the longitudinal axis (shown in  FIG. 8A ) of each respective retention feature. In this regard, there is minimal interference between the green compact part and the protrusions  135  extending from the die mold.  FIG. 16  is a schematic view of the powder metal die press of  FIG. 15 , illustrating the lowering of a portion of the die  132 , and further illustrating the radial expansion of the green compact. It should be understood that these figures are schematic in nature, and while the degree to which the expansion occurs can be significant relative to and in relation to the design, and related to the potential propagation of cracks and other tooling issues, the illustrations may be slightly exaggerated in size for ease of understanding this technology. 
       FIG. 17  is a partial magnified view of  FIG. 16 , representative of a prior art die mold with a substantially cylindrical shaped projection  135  that may cause or increase the potential of cracks  142  or failures of the tool and/or part.  FIG. 18  is a partial magnified view of  FIG. 16 , with a projection  135  shaped to form retention features according to various aspects of the present technology. In various aspects, the projection of the present technology allows the pressed green compact to expand in a radial direction, aligned with a longitudinal axis of each respective retention feature, which allows a portion of the die mold to slidably engage with the bottom walls of the retention features. Such a slidable engagement, or angular movement, may assist in minimizing cracks and failures, particularly during the part separation and ejection process. Once removed from the assembly  130 , the part  140  may be sintered according to known parameters. 
     The foregoing description is provided for purposes of illustration and description and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations should not be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure. 
     As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical “or.” It should be understood that the various steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present disclosure. Disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of all ranges and subdivided ranges within the entire range, including the endpoints. 
     The headings (such as “Background” and “Summary”) and sub-headings used herein are intended only for general organization of topics within the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the technology or any aspect thereof. The recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features, or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprise” and “include” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in succession or a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the devices and methods of this technology. Similarly, the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or may comprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not contain those elements or features. 
     The broad teachings of the present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosure includes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the specification and the following claims. Reference herein to one aspect, or various aspects means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment or particular system is included in at least one embodiment or aspect. The appearances of the phrase “in one aspect” (or variations thereof) are not necessarily referring to the same aspect or embodiment. It should be also understood that the various method steps discussed herein do not have to be carried out in the same order as depicted, and not each method step is required in each aspect or embodiment.