Patent Publication Number: US-11040091-B2

Title: Cycle adenosine monophosphate-incompetent adenylyl cyclase and compositions and methods for treating heart failure and increasing cardiac function

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national phase application which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 371 to Patent Convention Treaty (PCT) International Application serial number PCT/US2014/040948 filed Jun. 4, 2014, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/832,759, filed Jun. 7, 2013. The aforementioned applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This invention was made with government support under HL066941, HL081741, and HL088426 awarded by National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to cellular and molecular biology, gene therapy and medicine; and more specifically, to compositions methods for treating a subject having or at risk of having heart failure or heart disease by administering a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-incompetent (cAMP-incompetent) adenylyl cyclase type 6 (AC6) protein or polypeptide (also called “an AC6mut”), or an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid sequence. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Adenylyl cyclase, a transmembrane protein in cardiac myocytes and other cells, is the key effector molecule that transduces p-adrenergic signaling by generation of intracellular cAMP. Cyclic-AMP is the second messenger for downstream events including protein kinase A activation. Heart failure is associated with impaired cAMP production, which is tightly linked to heart function. It has been shown that increased cardiac AC type 6 (AC6), a dominant AC isoform expressed in mammalian cardiac myocytes, has protean beneficial effects on the failing left ventricle (LV). These include: 1) increased survival in cardiomyopathy and in acute myocardial infarction, 2) reduced action potential duration and facilitation of atrio-ventricular conduction associated with reduction of AV block, 3) reductions in both LV dilation and pathological hypertrophy, 4) beneficial effects on calcium handling through improved SERCA2a activity, increased phospholamban activity, and 5) increased cardiac troponin I phosphorylation. 
     Consequently, several drugs have been generated which increase intracellular levels of cAMP, and have been tested in patients with heart failure. However, these drugs typically increase mortality. The current dogma dictates that drugs and proteins that increase levels of intracellular cAMP are deleterious to the failing heart, and therefore, are unsuitable for the treatment of heart failure. 
     SUMMARY 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods for treating, ameliorating or protecting (preventing) an individual or a patient against heart disease or decreased cardiac function, comprising: providing a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-incompetent (cAMP-incompetent) adenylyl cyclase type 6 (AC6) protein or polypeptide (also called “an AC6mut”), or an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or a gene operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence; or an expression vehicle, a vector, a recombinant virus, or equivalent, having contained therein an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene, and the expression vehicle, vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent can express the an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene in a cell or in vivo; and administering or delivering the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence, or the expression vehicle, vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, to an individual or a patient in need thereof, thereby treating, ameliorating or protecting (preventing) the individual or patient against the heart disease or decreased cardiac function. In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut comprises an adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an uncharged or non-polar amino acid for a charged or an acidic amino acid in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods, and an in vivo method for or method of: 
     (1) treating a subject having or at risk of having a heart disease or a heart failure; 
     (2) treating, ameliorating, reversing the effects of, protecting or preventing an individual or a patient against:
         a heart disease,   a heart failure,   a decrease in heart function or cardiac output,   a decrease in heart function or cardiac output due to a heart infection or a heart condition,
           (3) enhancing calcium handling in intact cardiac myocytes by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake and/or increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes,   
               

     (4) inhibiting the generation of intracellular cAMP levels in cardiac myocytes, 
     (5) protecting a cardiac myocyte from a programmed cell death (apoptosis) signal, or decreasing the number of cardiac myocytes signaled to programmed cell death (apoptosis) subsequent to an apoptotic signal, or 
     (6) in heart failure patients or in individuals having a heart infection or a heart condition resulting in a decrease in heart function or cardiac output: increasing heart function or cardiac output, reducing symptom and/or decreasing mortality; or reducing the frequency of hospitalizations for heart failure, comprising: 
     (a) providing:
         (i) a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-incompetent (cAMP-incompetent) adenylyl cyclase type 6 (AC6) protein or polypeptide (also called “an AC6mut”),   wherein optionally the AC6mut is a recombinant, a synthetic, a peptidomimetic or an isolated AC6mut polypeptide or peptide; or   (ii) a AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene:   wherein optionally the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence, wherein optionally the transcriptional regulatory sequence is a promoter and/or an enhancer, or a cardiac cell-specific promoter or a myocyte-specific promoter; or   wherein optionally the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence, and optionally the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is contained in a delivery vehicle, a vector, an expression vector, a recombinant virus, or an equivalent, and the delivery vehicle, expression vehicle, vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent can express the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene in a cell or in vivo,   wherein optionally the cell is a cardiac cell or a myocyte;       

     wherein the AC6mut does not catalyze the breakdown of ATP to cAMP, or has impaired ability to catalyze the breakdown of ATP to cAMP, and optionally the impaired ability to catalyze the breakdown of ATP to cAMP is defined as the AC6mut having only about 1%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the ATP to cAMP catalytic activity of wild type AC6,
         and when the AC6mut is expressed in a cardiac myocyte in vivo left ventricular (LV) function is not affected or does not decrease or LV function is substantially not affected or decreased,   and optionally AC6mut expression in a cardiac myocyte increases sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+  uptake,   and optionally AC6mut expression in a cardiac myocyte reduces the EC50 for SERCA2a activation,   and optionally AC6mut expression in a cardiac myocyte reduces expression of a phospholamban protein,   and optionally the substitution inhibits Mg 2+  binding and alters the efficiency of Gsα-mediated activation of the catalytic core;       

     (b) delivering or administering the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene, to a cardiac cell or a cardiac myocyte, or expressing the AC6mut in a cardiac cell or a cardiac myocyte, or expressing the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene in a cardiac cell or a cardiac myocyte, 
     wherein optionally the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid is operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence, or optionally the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is delivered or administered to a cardiac myocyte cell, or to an individual or a patient in need thereof, 
     and optionally the delivering or administering of the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene to the cardiac cell or myocyte in vivo is a targeted delivery to a heart muscle or a cardiac myocyte, or comprises direct delivery or administration to a heart, or comprises an intracardiac injection or an infusion, 
     thereby: 
     treating the subject having or at risk of having a heart disease or a heart failure, 
     treating, ameliorating or protecting (preventing) an individual or a patient against a heart disease, a heart failure, a decrease in heart function or cardiac output, a decrease in heart function or cardiac output due to a heart infection or a heart condition, 
     enhancing calcium handling in intact cardiac myocytes by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake and/or increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes, 
     inhibiting the generation of intracellular cAMP levels in cardiac myocytes, 
     protecting a cardiac myocyte from a programmed cell death (apoptosis) signal, or decreasing the number of cardiac myocytes signaled to programmed cell death (apoptosis) subsequent to an apoptotic signal, or 
     in heart failure patients or in individuals having a heart infection or a heart condition resulting in a decrease in heart function or cardiac output: increasing heart function or cardiac output, reducing symptom and/or decreasing mortality. 
     In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut comprises an adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an uncharged or non-polar amino acid for a charged or an acidic amino acid in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide, 
     wherein optionally the uncharged or non-polar amino acid is an alanine (Ala), and optionally the acidic amino acid is an aspartic acid (Asp), or optionally the uncharged or non-polar amino acid is an Ala and the acidic amino acid is an Asp. 
     In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut comprises: 
     a murine adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an Ala for an Asp at position 426 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide based on SEQ ID NO:16, where SEQ ID NO:17 is the polypeptide amino acid sequence after the D=&gt;A substitution (SEQ ID NO:16 is the amino acid sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution); or 
     a murine AC6mut polypeptide having a substitution of an alanine, or Ala for an Asp at position 436 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide based on SEQ ID NO:11, where SEQ ID NO:12 is the polypeptide amino acid sequence after the D=&gt;A substitution (SEQ ID NO:11 is the amino acid sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution). 
     In alternative embodiments, the AC6 is a mammalian AC6 polypeptide, or the AC6 is a human AC6 polypeptide. In alternative embodiments, the human AC6 polypeptide comprises a human AC6 polypeptide having a substitution of an Ala for an Asp at position 426 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide based on SEQ ID NO:10, where SEQ ID NO:13 is the polypeptide amino acid sequence after the D=&gt;A substitution (SEQ ID NO:10 is the amino acid sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution). 
     In alternative embodiments of the methods: 
     (a) the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is stably inserted into a chromosome of a cell; 
     (b) the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is or comprises: an adeno-associated virus (AAV); a recombinant AAV virus or vector; an AAV virion, or an adenovirus vector, or any pseudotype, hybrid or derivative thereof; 
     (c) the method of (b), wherein the adeno-associated virus (AAV), recombinant AAV virus or vector, AAV virion, or adenovirus vector, is or comprises: an AAV serotype AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8 or AAV9; a rhesus macaque AAV (AAVrh), or an AAVrh10; or any hybrid or derivative thereof; 
     (d) the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is operatively linked to a regulated or inducible transcriptional regulatory sequence; 
     (e) the method of (d), wherein the regulated or inducible transcriptional regulatory sequence is a regulated or inducible promoter; 
     (f) the method of any of (a) to (e), wherein administering the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene operatively linked to a transcriptional regulatory sequence, or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, to an individual or a patient in need thereof results in: targeted delivery and expression of the AC6mut in a cardiac myocyte, or a AC6mut being released into the bloodstream or general circulation; or 
     (g) the method of any of (a) to (f), wherein a disease, infection or condition responsive to an increased AC6mut level in vivo is a cardiac contractile dysfunction; a congestive heart failure (CHF); a cardiac fibrosis; a cardiac myocyte disease; a cardiac myocyte dysfunction or a cardiac myocyte apoptosis. 
     In alternative embodiments of the methods: 
     (a) the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene operatively linked to the transcriptional regulatory sequence; or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is administered or delivered to the individual or a patient in need thereof, by oral administration, by intramuscular (IM) injection, by intravenous (IV) injection, by subcutaneous (SC) injection, by intradermal injection, by intrathecal injection, by intra-arterial (IA) injection, by intracoronary or intracardiac injection, by intraocular injection or application, by inhalation, or by a biolistic particle delivery system, or by using a “gene gun”, air pistol or a HELIOS™ gene gun (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.), 
     wherein optionally the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene is delivered by intravenous (IV) injection of an AAV vector, or AAV-9 vector; or 
     (b) the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene operatively linked to the transcriptional regulatory sequence; or the expression vehicle, vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is administered or delivered to the individual or a patient in need thereof, by introduction into any cell, organ, tissue or fluid space within the body that is adjacent to or is drained by the bloodstream, such that the encoded AC6mut protein may be secreted from cells in the tissue and released into the bloodstream. 
     In alternative embodiments of the methods: 
     (a) the individual, patient or subject is administered a stimulus or signal that induces expression of the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or induces or activates a promoter (e.g., a promoter operably linked to the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene) that induces expression of or up-regulates expression of the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene; 
     (b) the individual, patient or subject is administered a stimulus or signal that induces synthesis of an activator of a promoter, wherein optionally the promoter is an AC gene promoter, or a myocyte cell-specific promoter; 
     (c) the individual, patient or subject is administered a stimulus or signal that induces synthesis of a natural or a synthetic activator of the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene-specific promoter, 
     wherein optionally the natural activator is an endogenous transcription factor; 
     (d) the method of (c), wherein the synthetic activator is a zinc-finger DNA binding protein designed to specifically and selectively turn on an endogenous or exogenous target gene, wherein optionally the endogenous target is an AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or an activator of an AC6mut, or a AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or an activator of a promoter operatively linked to a AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene; 
     (e) the method of any of (a) to (c), wherein the stimulus or signal comprises a biologic, a light, a chemical or a pharmaceutical stimulus or signal; 
     (f) the individual, patient or subject is administered a stimulus or signal that stimulates or induces expression of a post-transcriptional activator of an AC6mut, or a AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or an activator of a promoter operatively linked to a AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or 
     (g) the individual, patient or subject is administered a stimulus or signal that inhibits or induces inhibition of a transcriptional repressor or a post-transcriptional repressor of a AC6-expressing nucleic acid or gene. 
     In alternative embodiments: the chemical or pharmaceutical that induces expression of the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or induces expression of the regulated or inducible promoter operatively linked to the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, is or comprises an oral antibiotic, a doxycycline or a rapamycin; or a tet-regulation system using doxycycline is used to induce expression of the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or an equivalent thereof. 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is formulated in or as a lyophilate, a liquid, a gel, a hydrogel, a powder, a spray, an ointment, or an aqueous or a saline formulation. 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, comprises, or is formulated in, a vesicle, a hydrogel, a gel, a liposome, a nanoliposome, a nanoparticle or a nanolipid particle (NLP). 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is formulated in an isolated or cultured cell, and optionally the cell is a mammalian cell, a cardiac cell, or a human cell, a non-human primate cell, a monkey cell, a mouse cell, a rat cell, a guinea pig cell, a rabbit cell, a hamster cell, a goat cell, a bovine cell, an equine cell, an ovine cell, a canine cell or a feline cell. 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene, or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is formulated as a pharmaceutical or sterile. 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent, is formulated or delivered with, on, or in conjunction with a product of manufacture, an artificial organ or an implant. 
     In alternative embodiments: the AC6mut, or the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene or the delivery vehicle, vector, expression vector, recombinant virus, or equivalent expresses a AC6mut polypeptide in vitro or ex vivo. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods for treating, ameliorating, reversing, protecting or preventing an individual or a patient against a AC6mut-responsive pathology, infection, disease, illness, or condition, comprising practicing a method of the invention. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods for treating, ameliorating, reversing, protecting or preventing a cardiopathy or a cardiovascular disease in an individual or a patient in need thereof, comprising practicing a method of the invention. In alternative embodiments, the cardiopathy or cardiovascular disease comprises: a coronary artery disease (CAD); an atherosclerosis; a thrombosis; a restenosis; a vasculitis, an autoimmune or a viral vasculitis; a polyarteritis nodosa; a Churg-Strass syndrome; a Takayasu&#39;s arteritis; a Kawasaki Disease; a Rickettsial vasculitis; an atherosclerotic aneurism; a myocardial hypertrophy; a congenital heart disease (CHD); an ischemic heart disease; an angina; an acquired valvular or an endocardial disease; a primary myocardial disease; a myocarditis; an arrhythmia; a transplant rejection; a metabolic myocardial disease; a myocardiomyopathy; a congestive, a hypertrophic or a restrictive cardiomyopathy; and/or, a heart transplant. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides uses comprising: 
     an AC6mut; an AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene; a delivery vehicle, a vector, an expression vector, a recombinant virus, or equivalent; an adeno-associated virus (AAV); a recombinant AAV virus or vector; or an adenovirus vector, or any pseudotype, hybrid or derivative thereof, as set forth in any of claims  1  to  16 , 
     wherein optionally the AAV or recombinant AAV virus or vector comprises an AAV serotype AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8 or AAV9; a rhesus macaque AAV (AAVrh), or an AAVrh10; or any hybrid or derivative thereof, or an AC6mut-expressing cell or cardiac myocyte, 
     in the preparation of a medicament for: 
     (1) treating a subject having or at risk of having a heart disease or a heart failure; 
     (2) treating, ameliorating, reversing the effects of, protecting or preventing an individual or a patient against:
         a heart disease,   a heart failure,   a decrease in heart function or cardiac output,   a decrease in heart function or cardiac output due to a heart infection or a heart condition,       

     (3) enhancing calcium handling in intact cardiac myocytes by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake and/or increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes, 
     (4) inhibiting the generation of intracellular cAMP levels in cardiac myocytes, 
     (5) protecting a cardiac myocyte from a programmed cell death (apoptosis) signal, or decreasing the number of cardiac myocytes signaled to programmed cell death (apoptosis) subsequent to an apoptotic signal, 
     (6) in heart failure patients or in individuals having a heart infection or a heart condition resulting in a decrease in heart function or cardiac output: increasing heart function or cardiac output, reducing symptom and/or decreasing mortality; or reducing the frequency of hospitalizations for heart failure; 
     (7) a cardiopathy or a cardiovascular disease; or 
     (8) a coronary artery disease (CAD); an atherosclerosis; a thrombosis; a restenosis; a vasculitis, an autoimmune or a viral vasculitis; a polyarteritis nodosa; a Churg-Strass syndrome; a Takayasu&#39;s arteritis; a Kawasaki Disease; a Rickettsial vasculitis; an atherosclerotic aneurism; a myocardial hypertrophy; a congenital heart disease (CHD); an ischemic heart disease; an angina; an acquired valvular or an endocardial disease; a primary myocardial disease; a myocarditis; an arrhythmia; a transplant rejection; a metabolic myocardial disease; a myocardiomyopathy; a congestive, a hypertrophic or a restrictive cardiomyopathy; and/or, a heart transplant. 
     In alternative embodiments, therapeutic formulations as used or as set forth herein, or as in any methods of the invention, for use in the treatment of or for: 
     (1) a heart disease, a heart failure, a decrease in heart function or cardiac output, a decrease in heart function or cardiac output due to a heart infection or a heart condition, 
     (2) enhancing calcium handling in intact cardiac myocytes by increasing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake and/or increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes, 
     (3) inhibiting the generation of intracellular cAMP levels in cardiac myocytes, 
     (4) protecting a cardiac myocyte from a programmed cell death (apoptosis) signal, or decreasing the number of cardiac myocytes signaled to programmed cell death (apoptosis) subsequent to an apoptotic signal, 
     (5) in heart failure patients or in individuals having a heart infection or a heart condition resulting in a decrease in heart function or cardiac output: increasing heart function or cardiac output, reducing symptom and/or decreasing mortality; or reducing the frequency of hospitalizations for heart failure; 
     (6) a cardiopathy or a cardiovascular disease; or 
     (7) a coronary artery disease (CAD); an atherosclerosis; a thrombosis; a restenosis; a vasculitis, an autoimmune or a viral vasculitis; a polyarteritis nodosa; a Churg-Strass syndrome; a Takayasu&#39;s arteritis; a Kawasaki Disease; a Rickettsial vasculitis; an atherosclerotic aneurism; a myocardial hypertrophy; a congenital heart disease (CHD); an ischemic heart disease; an angina; an acquired valvular or an endocardial disease; a primary myocardial disease; a myocarditis; an arrhythmia; a transplant rejection; a metabolic myocardial disease; a myocardiomyopathy; a congestive, a hypertrophic or a restrictive cardiomyopathy; and/or, a heart transplant. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
     All publications, patents, patent applications cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the design, expression, activity and cellular distribution of the exemplary AC6mut of the invention: 
         FIG. 1A  schematically illustrates a diagram depicting the site of substitution of alanine (ala) for aspartic acid (asp) (a D=&gt;A substitution) at position 426 (position number based on SEQ ID NO:17, where SEQ ID NO:16 is the sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution) in the C1 domain (intracellular loop) in the construction of an exemplary murine AC6mut of the invention; 
         FIG. 1B  graphically illustrates AC6mut mRNA expression as assessed by qRT-PCR using primers common to endogenous AC6 and transgene AC6mut; 
         FIG. 1C  illustrates an immunoblot detecting AC6mut protein using anti-AC5/6 antibody and confirmed using anti-AU1 tag antibody; 
         FIG. 1D  graphically illustrates cyclic AMP production in isolated cardiac myocytes from AC6mut and control mice, before (Basal) and after stimulation with isoproterenol, as measured by cAMP Enzyme immunoassay; 
         FIG. 1E  illustrates a double immunofluorescence staining of AC6mut protein in cardiac myocytes isolated from AC6mut vs control mice using anti-AU1 antibody (red); anti-caveolin 3 (Cav-3) antibody (green, for caveolae); anti-protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI) antibody (green, for sarcoplasmic reticulum); anti-lamin A antibody (green, for nuclear envelope), and anti-voltage dependent anion selective channel protein (VDAC) antibody (green, for mitochondria); Nucleus is blue; 
       as discussed in detail in Example 1, below. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the activities and expression of PKA, PKS and PDE: 
         FIG. 2A  Upper Graph graphically illustrates levels of PKA activity in isolated cardiac myocytes without stimulation (Basal) or stimulated with isoproterenol or NKH477; and  FIG. 2A  Lower illustration illustrates a gel immunoblot showing PKA protein in left ventricle (LV) homogenates; 
         FIG. 2B  illustrates immunoblots showing the phosphorylation of key signaling proteins using left ventricular homogenates from AC6mut and control mice; shown are phospho (P) and Total (T) PKA regulatory subunits II-α and II-β, PKCα, phosphor-diesterase type 3A (PDE3A), phospho-troponin I (P22/23-TnI), and total TnI; 
         FIG. 2C  illustrates immunoblots showing the phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB and TnI before and after isoproterenol stimulation was assessed in cultured cardiac myocytes isolated from each group; 
         FIG. 2D  graphically illustrates the data from  FIG. 2C  indicating that isoproterenol stimulation in AC6mut mice was associated with increased phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB, and TnI in cardiac myocytes; data is normalized for loading (GAPDH); 
       as discussed in detail in Example 1, below. 
         FIG. 3  graphically illustrates Left Ventricular Contractile Function: isolated hearts from AC6mut TG mice (closed circles) showed preserved LV dP/dt in response to isoproterenol stimulation through a wide range of isoproterenol doses; open circles represent transgene negative control mice; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates SR Ca 2+  uptake, Ca 2+  signaling proteins, and transcriptional factors: 
         FIG. 4A  Upper graph, graphically illustrates Ca 2+  uptake activity in pooled LV samples from AC6mut and TG negative sibling control mice; and  FIG. 4A  Lower graph, graphically illustrates expression of AC6mut decreased SERCA2a affinity for Ca 2+ ; 
         FIG. 4B  Upper graph graphically illustrates AC6mut expression was associated with decreased LV phospholamban (PLB) expression; and  FIG. 4B  Lower graph graphically illustrates AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV CREM-1 protein expression; and  FIG. 4B  lower illustration illustrates immunoblots of the gels showing protein levels; data is normalized for loading (GAPDH); 
         FIG. 4C  Upper graph graphically illustrates AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV S100A1 protein expression; and  FIG. 4C  Lower graph graphically illustrates AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV P133-CREB protein expression; and  FIG. 4C  lower illustration illustrates immunoblots of the gels showing protein levels; data is normalized for loading (GAPDH); 
         FIG. 4D  illustrates immunoblots of the gels showing AC6mut expression did not affect LV expression of SERCA2a, calreticulin, calsequestrin or phospho-S16-PLB proteins; 
         FIG. 4E  illustrates a double immunofluorescence staining of AC6mut protein in isolated cardiac myocytes from AC6mut and control mice using anti-AU1 antibody (red) and anti-CREM-1 antibody (green) or anti-AU1 and anti-phospho-CREB (S133, green); nucleus was showing in blue; 
       as discussed in detail in Example 1, below. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates cytosolic Ca 2+  transients in isolated cardiac myocytes from AC6mut and control mice: 
         FIG. 5A  graphically illustrates data showing that basal Ca 2+  released (systolic-diastolic Ca 2+ ) showed no group difference between AC6mut and control; 
         FIG. 5B  graphically illustrates data showing that representative Indo-1 Ca 2+  transient recordings in cardiac myocytes stimulated with isoproterenol were higher in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice; summary data are displayed in  FIG. 5C ; 
         FIG. 5C  graphically illustrates data showing that Ca 2+  released in the presence of isoproterenol was increased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice; 
         FIG. 5D  graphically illustrates data showing that time-to-peak Ca 2+  transient in the presence of isoproterenol was decreased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice; 
         FIG. 5E  graphically illustrates data showing that time to 50% relaxation (tau) in the presence of isoproterenol was decreased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice; as discussed in detail in Example 1, below. 
     
    
    
     Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention provides compositions and in vivo and ex vivo methods comprising administration of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-incompetent (cAMP-incompetent) adenylyl cyclase type 6 (AC6) protein or polypeptide (also called “an AC6mut”), or an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or a gene to treat, ameliorate or protect (as a preventative or a prophylaxis) individuals with a heart disease, a decreased cardiac function or output, or a heart infection or a condition responsive to decreased cAMP, increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake and/or increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes in vivo. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides an AC6mut that inhibits or substantially reduces amounts of, or does not catalyze generation of, intracellular cAMP. In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut of the invention alters intracellular signaling in a manner that 1) enhances calcium handling in intact cardiac myocytes, 2) inhibits generation of intracellular cAMP levels in cardiac myocytes, and 3) protects cardiac myocytes from programmed cell death (apoptosis). In alternative embodiments, when the AC6mut is expressed in or delivered to the failing hearts of patients, heart function increases, symptoms are reduced, and mortality decreases. Therefore, delivery of the AC6mut of the invention to the heart increases cardiac function with no deleterious effects due to cAMP generation. Thus, in alternative embodiments, the invention provides an ideal therapy for heart failure and decrease heart function. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods for the delivery and expression (e.g., a controlled expression) of an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene, or an expression vehicle (e.g., vector, recombinant virus, and the like) comprising (having contained therein) an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene, that results in an AC6mut protein selectively expressed in a cardiac myocyte, or only delivered to cardiac myocytes, or alternatively, released into the bloodstream or general circulation where it can have a beneficial effect on in the body, e.g., such as the heart in the case of treating cardiovascular disease. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like for in vivo expression of an AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene to practice the methods of this invention. In alternative embodiments, the delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like expressing the AC6mut or the AC6mut nucleic acid or gene can be delivered by intramuscular (IM) injection, direct injection into the heart, by intravenous (IV) injection, by subcutaneous injection, by inhalation, by a biolistic particle delivery system (e.g., a so-called “gene gun”), and the like, e.g., as an outpatient, e.g., during an office visit. 
     In alternative embodiments, AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes (for example, including delivery vehicles (such as e.g., liposomes), vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like carrying them as a “payload”) are targeted to myocytes, cardiac myocytes or delivered directly to cardiac myocytes for directed cAMP-incompetent AC expression, or expression directly in the target heart organ. 
     In alternative embodiments, this “peripheral” mode of delivery, e.g., delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, are injected IM or IV, can circumvent problems encountered when genes or nucleic acids are expressed directly in an organ (e.g., the heart, lung or kidney) itself. Sustained secretion of a desired AC6mut protein(s), or delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, in the bloodstream or general circulation also circumvents the difficulties and expense of administering proteins, delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, by infusion, which can be particularly problematic for many proteins, delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, which exhibit very short half lives in the body. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides methods for being able to turn on and turn off AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid or gene expression easily and efficiently for tailored treatments and insurance of optimal safety. 
     In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut protein or proteins expressed by the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid(s) or gene(s) have a beneficial or favorable effects (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic) on a tissue or an organ, e.g., the heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, or other targets, even though secreted into the blood or general circulation at a distance (e.g., anatomically remote) from their site or sites of action. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the invention AC6mut-expressing nucleic acids or genes encoding cAMP-incompetent AC are used to practice methods of this invention, including but not limited to, e.g., treating a heart disease, a heart failure, a congestive heart failure (CHF), any decrease in cardiac output or function, or any combination thereof. 
     For example, in alternative embodiments, delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, e.g., a long-term virus or viral vector, can be injected, e.g., in a systemic vein (e.g., IV), or by intramuscular (IM) injection, by inhalation, or by a biolistic particle delivery system (e.g., a so-called “gene gun”), e.g., as an outpatient, e.g., in a physician&#39;s office. In alternative embodiments, days or weeks later (e.g., four weeks later), the individual, patient or subject is administered (e.g., inhales, is injected or swallows), a chemical or pharmaceutical that induces expression of the AC6mut-expressing nucleic acids or genes; for example, an oral antibiotic (e.g., doxycycline or rapamycin) is administered once daily (or more or less often), which will activate the expression of the gene. In alternative embodiments, after the “activation”, or inducement of expression (e.g., by an inducible promoter) of the nucleic acid or gene, an AC6mut protein is synthesized and released into the subject&#39;s circulation (e.g., into the blood), and subsequently has favorable physiological effects, e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic, that benefit the individual or patient (e.g., benefit heart function). When the physician or subject desires discontinuation of the treatment, the subject simply stops taking the activating chemical or pharmaceutical, e.g., antibiotic. 
     In alternative embodiments, applications of the present invention include: the treatment of severe, low ejection fraction heart failure; the treatment of pulmonary hypertension; the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; replacement of current therapies that require hospitalization and sustained intravenous infusions of vasoactive peptides for the treatment of a pulmonary hypertension and heart failure; and, the treatment of other conditions in which controlled expression of an AC6mut or an AC6mut nucleic acid or gene to promote favorable effects in the body. 
     Generating and Manipulating Nucleic Acids 
     In alternative embodiments, to practice the methods of the invention, the invention provides isolated, synthetic and/or recombinant nucleic acids or genes encoding AC6mut polypeptides. In alternative embodiments, to practice the methods of the invention, the invention provides AC6mut-expressing nucleic acids or genes in recombinant form in an (e.g., spliced into) an expression vehicle for in vivo expression, e.g., in a vector, e.g., an AAV, or any pseudotype, hybrid or derivative thereof, or a recombinant virus. 
     In alternative embodiments, a mammalian, e.g., human or murine, AC6mut can be used to practice this invention, wherein the AC6mut comprises an adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an uncharged or non-polar amino acid for a charged or an acidic amino acid in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide. The catalytic core (also called the catalytic region 1 (C1)) of human AC6 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:10) is from amino acid residue 307 to 675. The catalytic core of murine AC6 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:11) is from amino acid residue 315 to 683. 
     In alternative embodiments, the uncharged or non-polar amino acid is an alanine (Ala), and optionally the acidic amino acid is an aspartic acid (Asp), or optionally the uncharged or non-polar amino acid is an Ala and the acidic amino acid is an Asp. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides a (murine) AC6mut polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:12) comprising a murine adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an alanine, or Ala (or “A”) for an aspartic acid, or Asp (or “D”) at position 436 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide; i.e., in this embodiment, the murine adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide has a substitution D=&gt;A, or of an Ala for an Asp, at position 436 in the catalytic core of the murine AC polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:11 is the amino acid sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution). 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides a (murine) AC6mut polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:17) comprising a murine adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an alanine, or Ala (or “A”) for an aspartic acid, or Asp (or “D”) (i.e., a D=&gt;A substitution) at position 426 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide. The SEQ ID NO:17 polypeptide differs from the SEQ ID NO:12 polypeptide in that the SEQ ID NO:17 polypeptide is missing the first ten amino acids of the SEQ ID NO:12 polypeptide; otherwise the polypeptides are identical. SEQ ID NO:16 is the murine amino acid sequence before the D=&gt;A substitution. The isoform lacking the amino terminal is believed to be the wild type murine polypeptide, with the first ten amino acids of SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12 being untranslated. 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides a (human) AC6mut polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:13) comprising a human adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide having a substitution of an alanine, or Ala (or “A”) for an aspartic acid, or Asp (or “D”) at position 428 in the catalytic core of the AC polypeptide; i.e., in this embodiment, the murine adenylyl cyclase (AC) polypeptide has a substitution D=&gt;A, or of an Ala for an Asp, at position 428 in the catalytic core of the murine AC polypeptide. 
     Human AC6 nucleic acid coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) vs murine coding sequence: 86% homology (SEQ ID NO:15). Human AC6 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:10) vs murine AC6 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:11) at amino acid levels: 94% homology. 
     The AC6mut D=&gt;A substitution is in the exact same relative structural position in the catalytic core of the human AC6mut as the murine AC6mut, as illustrated below (showing the wild type still having the aspartic acid, or “D” residue, as underlined below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Human 
                    1 
                 MSWFSGLLVPKVDERKTAWGERNGQKRSRRRGTRAGGFCTPRYMSCLRDAEPPSPIPAGP 
                   60 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                   11 
                 MSWFSGLLVPKVDERKTAWGERNGQKRPRH-ANRASGFCAPRYMSCLKNAEPPSPIPAAH 
                   69 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                   61 
                 PRCPWQDDAFIRRGGPGKGKELGLRAVALGFEDTEVITTAGGTAEVAPDAVPRSGRSCWR 
                  120 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                   70 
                 TRCPWQDEAFIRRAGPGRGVELGLRSVALGFDDIEVTIPMG-TAEVAPDTSPRSGPSCWH 
                  128 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  121 
                 RLVQVFQSKQFRSAKLERLYQRYFFQMNQSSLTLLMAVLVLLTAVLLAFHAAPARPQPAY 
                  180 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  129 
                 RLVQVFQSKQFRSAKLERLYQRYFFQMNQSSLTLLMAVLVLLMAVLLTFHAAPAQPQPAY 
                  188 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  181 
                 VALLACAAALFVGLMVVCNRHSFRQDSMWVVSYVVLGILAAVQVGGALAADPRSPSAGLW 
                  240 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  189 
                 VALLICASVLFVVLMVVCNRHSFRQDSMWVVSYVVLGILAAVQVGGALAANPHSPSAGLW 
                  248 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  241 
                 CPVFFVYIAYILLPIRMRAAVLSGLGLSTLHLILAWQLNRGDAFLWRQLGANVLLFLCIN 
                  300 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  249 
                 CPVFFVYITYILLPIRMRAAVLSGLGLSTLHLILAWQLNSSDPFLWKQLGANVVLFLCIN 
                  308 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  301 
                 VIGICTHYPAEVSQRQAFQETRGYIQARLHLQHENRQQERLLLSVLPQHVAMEMKEDINT 
                  360 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  309 
                 AIGVCTHYPAEVSQRQAFQETRGYIQARLHLQHENRQQERLLLSVLPQHVAMEMKEDINT 
                  368 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  361 
                 KKEDMMFHKIYIQKHDNVSILFADIEGFTSLASQCTAQELVMTLNELFARFDKLAAENHC 
                  420 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  369 
                 KKEDMMFHKIYIQKHDNVSILFADIEGFTSLASQCTAQELVMTLNELFARFDKLAAENHC 
                  428 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  421 
                 LRIKILG   D   CYYCVSGLPEARADHAHCCVEMGVDMIEAISLVREVTGVNVNMRVGIHSGRV 
                  480 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  429 
                 LRIKILG   D   CYYCVSGLPEARADHAHCCVEMGVDMIEAISLVREVTGVNVNMRVGIHSGRV 
                  488 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  481 
                 HCGVLGLRKWQFDVWSNDVTLANHMEAGGRAGRIHITRATLQYLNGDYEVEPGRGGERNA 
                  540 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  489 
                 HCGVLGLRKWQFDVWSNDVTLANHMEAGGRAGRIHITRATLQYLNGDYEVEPGRGGERNA 
                  548 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  541 
                 YLKEQHIETFLILGASQKRKEEKAMLAKLQRTRANSMEGLMPRWVPDRAFSRTKDSKAFR 
                  600 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  549 
                 YLKEQCIETFLILGASQKRKEEKAMLAKLQRTRANSMEGLMPRWVPDRAFSRTKDSKAFR 
                  608 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  601 
                 QMGIDDSSKDNRGTQDALNPEDEVDEFLSRAIDARSIDQLRKDHVRRFLLTFQREDLEKK 
                  660 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  609 
                 QMGIDDSSKDNRGAQDALNPEDEVDEFLGRAIDARSIDQLRKDHVRRFLLTFQREDLEKK 
                  668 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  661 
                 YSRKVDPRFGAYVACALLVFCFICFIQLLIFPHSTLMLGIYASIFLLLLITVLICAVYSC 
                  720 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  669 
                 YSRKVDPRFGAYVACALLVFCFICFIQLLVFPYSTLILGIYAAIFLLLLVTVLICAVCSC 
                  728 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  721 
                 GSLFPKALQRLSRSIVRSRAHSTAVGIFSVLLVFTSAIANMFTCNHIPIRSCAARMLNLT 
                  780 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  729 
                 GSFFPKALQRLSRNIVRSRVHSTAVGIFSVLLVFISAIANMFTCNHIPIRTCAARMLNLT 
                  788 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  781 
                 PADITACHLQQLNYSLGLDAPLCEGIMPTCSFPEYFIGNMLLSLLASSVFLHISSIGKLA 
                  840 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  789 
                 PADVTACHLQQLNYSLGLDAPLCEGTAPTCSFPEYFVGNVLLSLLASSVFLHISSIGKLA 
                  848 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  841 
                 MIFVLGLIYLVLLLLGPPATIFDNYDLLLGVHGLASSNETFDGLDCPAAGRVALKYMTPV 
                  900 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  849 
                 MTFILGFTYLVLLLLGPPAAIFDNYDLLLGVHGLASSNETFDGLDCPAVGRVALKYMTPV 
                  908 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  901 
                 ILLVFALALYLHAQQVESTARLDFLWKLQATGEKEEMEELQAYNRRLLHNILPKDVAAHF 
                  960 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  909 
                 ILLVFALALYLHAQQVESTARLDFLWKLQATGEKEEMEELQAYNRRLLHNILPKDVAAHF 
                  968 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                  961 
                 LARERRNDELYYQSCECVAVMFASIANFSEFYVELEANNEGVECLRLLNEIIADFDEIIS 
                 1020 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                  969 
                 LARERRNDELYYQSCECVAVMFASIANFSEFYVELEANNEGVECLRLLNEIIADFDEIIS 
                 1028 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 1021 
                 EERFRQLEKIKTIGSTYMAASGLNASTYDQVGRSHITALADYAMRLMEQMKHINEHSFNN 
                 1080 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                 1029 
                 EERFRQLEKIKTIGSTYMAASGLNASTYDQVGRSHITALADYAMRLMEQMKHINEHSFNN 
                 1088 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 1081 
                 FQMKIGLNMGPVVAGVIGARKPQYDIWGNIVNVSSRMDSTGVPDRIQVITDLYQVLAAKG 
                 1140 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                 1089 
                 FQMKIGLNMGPVVAGVIGARKPQYDIWGNIVNVSSRMDSTGVPDRIQVITDLYQVLAAKG 
                 1148 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Human 
                 1141 
                 YQLECRGVVKVKGKGEMITYFLNGGPSS (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
                 1168 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 
                 1149 
                 YQLECRGVVKVKGKGEMTTYFLNGGPSS (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
                 1176 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 +++++++++++++ 
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In alternative embodiments, both the human ACmut nucleic acid coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:13) and the murine ACmut nucleic acid coding sequence (SEQ ID NO:12) were made by changing an adenosine (or “A”) to a cytosine (or “C”), as indicated below, where the “A” residue before its change to “C” is underlined, below; i.e., illustrated below is the wild type human AC6 (SEQ ID NO:10) and wild type murine AC6 (SEQ ID NO:11): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Murine 90   Human 649 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 149   708 
               
               
                 Murine 150 
                 ACAGCTTGGGGGGAACGCAATGGGCAGAAGCG--C-CCACGCCACGCGAATCGAGCCAGT 
                 206 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| ||||| ||||||||||||||||||||  | |  ||||  |  | ||| ||  || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 709 
                 ACAGCCTGGGGTGAACGCAATGGGCAGAAGCGTTCGCGGCGCCGTGGCACTCGGGCAGGT 
                 768 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 207 
                 GGCTTCTGCGCACCTCGCTACATGAGCTGCCTCAAGAATGCGGAGCCACCCAGCCCCACT 
                 266 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||| | || ||||| ||||||||||||  | |||| ||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 769 
                 GGCTTCTGCACGCCCCGCTATATGAGCTGCCTCCGGGATGCAGAGCCACCCAGCCCCACC 
                 828 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 267 
                 CCTGCAGCTCACACTCGGTGCCCCTGGCAGGATGAAGCCTTCATCAGGAGGGCGGGCCCG 
                 326 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| |  | | |||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||| ||||||  ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 829 
                 CCTGCGGGCCCCCCTCGGTGCCCCTGGCAGGATGACGCCTTCATCCGGAGGGGCGGCCCA 
                 888 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 327 
                 GGCAGGGGTGTGGAGCTGGGGCTGCGGTCAGTGGCCTTGGGGTTTGACGACACTGAGGTG 
                 386 
               
               
                   
                 |||| |||   |||||||||||||||| |||||||| |||| || || || || |||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 889 
                 GGCAAGGGCAAGGAGCTGGGGCTGCGGGCAGTGGCCCTGGGCTTCGAGGATACCGAGGTG 
                 948 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 387 
                 AC--C-ACACCGATGGGCACAGCTGAAGTGGCACCGGATACATCGCCTCGGAGCGGTCCG 
                 443 
               
               
                   
                 ||  | ||| ||   || || ||||| ||||| || ||  |   |||  |||| || | 
                   
               
               
                 Human 949 
                 ACAACGACAGCGGGCGGGACGGCTGAGGTGGCGCCCGACGCGGTGCCCAGGAGTGGGCGA 
                 1008 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 444 
                 TCCTGCTGGCACCGGCTTGTGCAGGTGTTCCAGTCTAAGCAGTTCCGCTCTGCCAAGCTG 
                 503 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||| ||| || ||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||| || ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1009 
                 TCCTGCTGGCGCCGTCTGGTGCAGGTGTTCCAGTCGAAGCAGTTCCGTTCGGCCAAGCTG 
                 1068 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 504 
                 GAGCGGCTGTACCAGCGGTACTTCTTCCAGATGAACCAGAGCAGCCTCACGCTGCTCATG 
                 563 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||| ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1069 
                 GAGCGCCTGTACCAGCGGTACTTCTTCCAGATGAACCAGAGCAGCCTGACGCTGCTGATG 
                 1128 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 564 
                 GCGGTGCTGGTGCTGCTCATGGCTGTACTGTTGACTTTCCACGCTGCGCCTGCCCAGCCT 
                 623 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||||||||  || || ||| || |||||||||| || || ||||  ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1129 
                 GCGGTGCTGGTGCTGCTCACAGCGGTGCTGCTGGCTTTCCACGCCGCACCCGCCCGCCCT 
                 1188 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 624 
                 CAGCCTGCTTACGTGGCCCTGCTGACCTGTGCCTCTGTCCTTTTTGTGGTACTCATGGTG 
                 683 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||| || ||||| ||| || |||||||| | | ||| || ||||  ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1189 
                 CAGCCTGCCTATGTGGCACTGTTGGCCTGTGCCGCCGCCCTGTTCGTGGGGCTCATGGTG 
                 1248 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 684 
                 GTGTGTAACCGACACAGCTTCCGCCAGGACTCCATGTGGGTGGTGAGCTATGTGGTCCTG 
                 743 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||||| || ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||| ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1249 
                 GTGTGTAACCGGCATAGCTTCCGCCAGGACTCCATGTGGGTGGTGAGCTACGTGGTGCTG 
                 1308 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 744 
                 GGCATCCTAGCAGCCGTGCAAGTCGGGGGTGCCCTGGCAGCCAATCCACACAGCCCCTCG 
                 803 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||| || || ||||| |||||||| || || |||||  | || | ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1309 
                 GGCATCCTGGCGGCAGTGCAGGTCGGGGGCGCTCTCGCAGCAGACCCGCGCAGCCCCTCT 
                 1368 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 804 
                 GCGGGCCTTTGGTGCCCCGTGTTCTTCGTCTACATCACCTACACTCTTCTTCCCATTCGC 
                 863 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||| |||||||| |||||||| ||||||||| ||||||| || || ||||| ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1369 
                 GCGGGCCTCTGGTGCCCTGTGTTCTTTGTCTACATCGCCTACACGCTCCTCCCCATCCGC 
                 1428 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 864 
                 ATGCGAGCCGCAGTACTCAGCGGCCTGGGCCTCTCTACTCTGCATTTGATTTTGGCCTGG 
                 923 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| || || || |||||||||||||||||||| ||  |||||||||| ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1429 
                 ATGCGGGCTGCCGTCCTCAGCGGCCTGGGCCTCTCCACCTTGCATTTGATCTTGGCCTGG 
                 1488 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 924 
                 CAGCTCAACAGCAGCGACCCCTTCCTTTGGAAGCAGCTCGGTGCTAACGTGGTGCTCTTC 
                 983 
               
               
                   
                 || || ||| |  | ||  ||||||| ||||||||||||||||| || ||| |||| ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1489 
                 CAACTTAACCGTGGTGATGCCTTCCTCTGGAAGCAGCTCGGTGCCAATGTGCTGCTGTTC 
                 1548 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 984 
                 CTCTGCACCAATGCCATCGGTGTCTGCACACACTACCCTGCTGAAGTGTCTCAGCGCCAA 
                 1043 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||||| | ||| ||  ||||||||||||| || || || |||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1549 
                 CTCTGCACCAACGTCATTGGCATCTGCACACACTATCCAGCAGAGGTGTCTCAGCGCCAG 
                 1608 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1044 
                 GCTTTTCAGGAGACCCGAGGTTACATCCAGGCGCGGCTGCACCTGCAGCATGAGAACCGT 
                 1103 
               
               
                   
                 || |||||||||||||| |||||||||||||| ||||| ||||||||||||||||| || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1609 
                 GCCTTTCAGGAGACCCGCGGTTACATCCAGGCCCGGCTCCACCTGCAGCATGAGAATCGG 
                 1668 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1104 
                 CAGCAGGAACGGCTGCTGCTATCGGTGTTGCCCCAGCACGTTGCCATGGAGATGAAAGAA 
                 1163 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||| ||||||||||| ||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1669 
                 CAGCAGGAGCGGCTGCTGCTGTCGGTATTGCCCCAGCACGTTGCCATGGAGATGAAAGAA 
                 1728 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1164 
                 GACATCAACAC       GAGGACATGATGTTCCATAAGATCTACATCCAGAAGCATGAT 
                 1223 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||| ||||||||||| ||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1729 
                 GACATCAACACAAAAAAAGAAGACATGATGTTCCACAAGATCTACATACAGAAGCATGAC 
                 1788 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1224 
                 AATGTCAGCATCCTGTTTGCGGACATTGAGGGCTTCACCAGCCTGGCCTCCCAGTGCACT 
                 1283 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1789 
                 AATGTCAGCATCCTGTTTGCAGACATTGAGGGCTTCACCAGCCTGGCATCCCAGTGCACT 
                 1848 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1284 
                 GCACAGGAACTGGTCATGACCTTGAATGAGCTCTTTGCCCGGTTTGACAAGCTGGCTGCG 
                 1343 
               
               
                   
                 || ||||| |||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1849 
                 GCGCAGGAGCTGGTCATGACCCTGAATGAGCTCTTTGCCCGGTTTGACAAGCTGGCTGCG 
                 1908 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1344 
                 GAGAATCACTGTCTGAGGATCAAGATCTTAGGAG   A   CTGTTACTACTGCGTGTCAGGGCTG 
                 1403 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||| || |||||||||||||| |||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1909 
                 GAGAATCACTGCCTGAGGATCAAGATCTTGGGGG   A   CTGTTACTACTGTGTGTCAGGGCTG 
                 1968 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1404 
                 CCCGAGGCCCGGGCAGATCACGCCCACTGCTGTGTGGAGATGGGGGTAGACATGATCGAA 
                 1463 
               
               
                   
                 || ||||||||||| || || ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 1969 
                 CCGGAGGCCCGGGCCGACCATGCCCACTGCTGTGTGGAGATGGGGGTAGACATGATTGAG 
                 2028 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1464 
                 GCCATCTCGCTGGTGCGTGAGGTAACAGGTGTGAACGTGAACATGCGTGTGGGCATCCAC 
                 1523 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||| |||||||| ||||||||||| ||||||||||| |||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2029 
                 GCCATCTCGCTGGTACGTGAGGTGACAGGTGTGAATCTGAACATGCGCGTGGGCATCCAC 
                 2088 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1524 
                 AGCGGACGTGTGCATTGCGGCGTCCTTGGCCTACGGAAATGGCAGTTTGATGTCTGGTCA 
                 1583 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| || ||||| ||||||||||||||| | |||||||||||||| ||||| ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2089 
                 AGCGGGCGCGTGCACTGCGGCGTCCTTGGCTTGCGGAAATGGCAGTTCGATGTGTGGTCC 
                 2148 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1584 
                  AACGATGTGACCCTGGCTAACCACATGGAGGCCGG-GGGC-GGCCGG-CGCATCCACATC 
                 1640 
               
               
                   
                 || |||||||||||||| |||||||||||||| || || | ||| || |||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2149 
                 AATGATGTGACCCTGGCCAACCACATGGAGGCAGGAGGCCGGGCTGGCCGCATCCACATC 
                 2208 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1641 
                 ACTCGGGCTACACTGCAGTACTTGAACGGGGACTATGAGGTGGAGCCAGGCCGTGGTGGT 
                 1700 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||| |||||||||||| ||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2209 
                 ACTCGGGCAACACTGCAGTACCTGAACGGGGACTACGAGGTGGAGCCAGGCCGTGGTGGC 
                 2268 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1701 
                  GAACGCAATGCGTACCTCAAGGAGCAGTGCATTGAGACCTTCCTCATACTTGGCGCCAGC 
                 1760 
               
               
                   
                 || ||||| ||||||||||||||||||  ||||||||| |||||||| || ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2269 
                 GAGCGCAACGCGTACCTCAAGGAGCAGCACATTGAGACTTTCCTCATCCTGGGCGCCAGC 
                 2328 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1761 
                 CAAAAACGGAAAGAGGAGAAAGCCATGCTGGCCAAGCTTCAGCGGACACGGGCCAACTCC 
                 1820 
               
               
                   
                 || ||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||| |||||||| |||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2329 
                 CAGAAACGGAAAGAGGAGAAGGCCATGCTGGCCAAGCTGCAGCGGACTCGGGCCAACTCC 
                 2388 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1821 
                 ATGGAAGGACTGATGCCCCGCTGGGTTCCTGACCGTGCCTTCTCCCGGACCAAGGACTCT 
                 1880 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||| |||||||| |||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2389 
                 ATGGAAGGGCTGATGCCGCGCTGGGTTCCTGATCGTGCCTTCTCCCGGACCAAGGACTCC 
                 2448 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1881 
                 AAGGCATTCCGCCAGATGGGCATTGATGATTCTAGCAAAGACAACCGGGGTGCCCAAGAT 
                 1940 
               
               
                   
                 ||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||  |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2449 
                 AAGGCCTTCCGCCAGATGGGCATTGATGATTCCAGCAAAGACAACCGGGGCACCCAAGAT 
                 2508 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 1941 
                 GCTCTGAACCCTGAAGATGAGGTGGATGAGTTCCTGGGCCGAGCCATCGATGCCCGAAGC 
                 2000 
               
               
                   
                 || ||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||| |||| |||||||||||||| ||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2509 
                 GCCCTGAACCCTGAGGATGAGGTGGATGAGTTCCTGAGCCGTGCCATCGATGCCCGCAGC 
                 2568 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2001 
                 ATCGACCAACTGCGTAAGGACCATGTGCGCCGGTTCCTGCTCACCTTCCAGAGAGAGGAT 
                 2060 
               
               
                   
                 || || || ||||| |||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2569 
                 ATTGATCAGCTGCGGAAGGACCATGTGCGCCGGTTTCTGCTCACCTTCCAGAGAGAGGAT 
                 2628 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2061 
                 CTTGAGAAGAAGTATTCACGGAAAGTAGATCCTCGCTTCGGAGCCTACGTCGCCTGTGCC 
                 2120 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||| || ||||| || ||||| ||||||||||||||||| ||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2629 
                 CTTGAGAAGAAGTACTCCCGGAAGGTGGATCCCCGCTTCGGAGCCTACGTTGCCTGTGCC 
                 2688 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2121 
                 CTCCTGGTTTTTTGCTTCATCTGTTTTATCCAGCTCCTTGTGTTCCCATACTCCACCCTG 
                 2180 
               
               
                   
                 ||  |||| || ||||||||||| || |||||||| ||  | |||||| ||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2689 
                 CTGTTGGTCTTCTGCTTCATCTGCTTCATCCAGCTTCTCATCTTCCCACACTCCACCCTG 
                 2748 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2181 
                 ATACTCGGGATTTATGCC-GCTATCTTCCTGCTGTTGCTGGTCACTGTGCTGATCTGTGC 
                 2239 
               
               
                   
                 || || ||||| |||||| || |||||||||||| ||||  |||| |||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2749 
                 ATGCTTGGGATCTATGCCAGC-ATCTTCCTGCTGCTGCTAATCACCGTGCTGATCTGTGC 
                 2807 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2240 
                 CGTGTGCTCCTGCGGTTCTTTCTTCCCCAAGGCCCTGCAACGCCTGTCCCGCAATATTGT 
                 2299 
               
               
                   
                  |||| |||||| |||||| | ||||| |||||||||||||| ||||||||||  ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2808 
                 TGTGTACTCCTGTGGTTCTCTGTTCCCTAAGGCCCTGCAACGTCTGTCCCGCAGCATTGT 
                 2867 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2300 
                 CCGCTCACGGGTGCACAGCACCGCGGTTGGAATCTTCTCGGTTCTGCTTGTGTTCATCTC 
                 2359 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||  || |||||||| ||||| ||||| || || ||||||||||| |  || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2868 
                 CCGCTCACGGGCACATAGCACCGCAGTTGGCATCTTTTCCGTCCTGCTTGTGTTTACTTC 
                 2927 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2360 
                 TGCCATCGCCAACATGTTTACCTGTAATCACACCCCAATAAGGACCTGCGCGGCCCGGAT 
                 2419 
               
               
                   
                 |||||| ||||||||||| |||||||| |||||||| ||| ||| ||| || |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2928 
                 TGCCATTGCCAACATGTTCACCTGTAACCACACCCCCATACGGAGCTGTGCAGCCCGGAT 
                 2987 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2420 
                 GCTGAACTTAACACCAGCGGATGTCACCGCCTGCCACCTACAACAGCTCAATTACTCTCT 
                 2479 
               
               
                   
                 |||||| |||||||| || ||  |||| ||||||||||| || ||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 2988 
                 GCTGAATTTAACACCTGCTGACATCACTGCCTGCCACCTGCAGCAGCTCAATTACTCTCT 
                 3047 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2480 
                 GGGACTGGATGCTCCCCTGTGTGAGGGCACCGCACCCACCTGCAGCTTCCCTGAGTACTT 
                 2539 
               
               
                   
                 ||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||   |||||||||||||| ||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3048 
                 GGGCCTGGATGCTCCCCTGTGTGAGGGCACCATGCCCACCTGCAGCTTTCCTGAGTACTT 
                 3107 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2540 
                 CGTCGGGAACGTGCTGCTGAGTCTTCTAGCCAGCTCTGTCTTCCTACACATCAGCAGCAT 
                 2599 
               
               
                   
                 | |||||||| |||||||||||||  | ||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3108 
                 CATCGGGAACATGCTGCTGAGTCTCTTGGCCAGCTCTGTCTTCCTGCACATCAGCAGCAT 
                 3167 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2600 
                 CGGCAAGCTGGCCATGACCTTCATCTTGGGGTTCACCTACTTGGTGCTGCTTTTGCTGGG 
                 2659 
               
               
                   
                 ||| ||| ||||||||| |||  |||||||| ||| ||| |||||||||||| ||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3168 
                 CGGGAAGTTGGCCATGATCTTTGTCTTGGGGCTCATCTATTTGGTGCTGCTTCTGCTGGG 
                 3227 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2660 
                 TCCCCCGGCCGCCATCTTTGACAACTATGATCTACTGCTTGGCGTCCATGGCTTGGCTTC 
                 2719 
               
               
                   
                 |||||| ||| ||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3228 
                 TCCCCCAGCCACCATCTTTGACAACTATGACCTACTGCTTGGCGTCCATGGCTTGGCTTC 
                 3287 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2720 
                 CTCCAATGAGACCTTTGATGGGCTGGACTGCCCAGCTGTGGGGAGGGTAGCGCTCAAATA 
                 2779 
               
               
                   
                  ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||  |||||||| || |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3288 
                 TTCCAATGAGACCTTTGATGGGCTGGACTGTCCAGCTGCAGGGAGGGTGGCCCTCAAATA 
                 3347 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2780 
                 TATGACCCCCGTGATTCTGCTGGTGTTTGCCCTGGCACTGTATCTGCATGCACAACAGGT 
                 2839 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||| ||||| |||||||||||||| || ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3348 
                 TATGACCCCTGTGATTCTGCTGGTGTTTGCGCTGGCGCTGTATCTGCATGCTCAGCAGGT 
                 3407 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2840 
                 GGAATCGACTGCCCGCCTGGACTTCCTGTGGAAGTTACAGGCAACAGGGGAGAAGGAGGA 
                 2899 
               
               
                   
                 ||| |||||||||||||| |||||||| |||||  ||||||||||||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3408 
                 GGAGTCGACTGCCCGCCTAGACTTCCTCTGGAAACTACAGGCAACAGGGGAGAAGGAGGA 
                 3467 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2900 
                 GATGGAGGAGCTACAGGCATACAACCGGAGGTTGCTGCATAACATTCTTCCCAAGGACGT 
                 2959 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||| |||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3468 
                 GATGGAGGAGCTACAGGCATACAACCGGAGGCTGCTGCATAACATTCTGCCCAAGGACGT 
                 3527 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 2960 
                 GGCCGCCCACTTCCTGGCCCGGGAACGCCGCAACGATGAGCTGTACTACCAGTCGTGTGA 
                 3019 
               
               
                   
                 ||| |||||||||||||||||||| |||||||| ||||| || ||||| ||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3528 
                 GGCGGCCCACTTCCTGGCCCGGGAGCGCCGCAATGATGAACTCTACTATCAGTCGTGTGA 
                 3587 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3020 
                 ATGTGTGGCTGTCATGTTTGCCTCCATCGCCAATTTCTCGGAGTTCTACGTGGAGCTCGA 
                 3079 
               
               
                   
                  ||||||||||| |||||||||||||| ||||| ||||| |||||||| |||||||| || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3588 
                 GTGTGTGGCTGTTATGTTTGCCTCCATTGCCAACTTCTCTGAGTTCTATGTGGAGCTGGA 
                 3647 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3080 
                 GGCAAACAACGAGGGCGTGGAGTGCCTGCGGCTGCTCAATGAGATCATCGCAGACTTTGA 
                 3139 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||| ||||| || |||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||| |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3648 
                 GGCAAACAATGAGGGTGTCGAGTGCCTGCGGCTGCTCAACGAGATCATCGCTGACTTTGA 
                 3707 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3140 
                 CGAGATCATCAGTGAGGAGAGATTCCGGCAGTTGGAGAAGATCAAGACCATCGGTAGCAC 
                 3199 
               
               
                   
                  ||||| ||||| |||||| | ||||||||| |||| ||||||||||| || |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3708 
                 TGAGATTATCAGCGAGGAGCGGTTCCGGCAGCTGGAAAAGATCAAGACGATTGGTAGCAC 
                 3767 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3200 
                 CTACATGGCCGCCTCTGGGCTAAATGCCAGCACCTATGACCAGGTCGGCCGCTCACACAT 
                 3259 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||| ||||| ||||| || ||||||||||| || ||||| |||||||| ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3768 
                 CTACATGGCTGCCTCAGGGCTGAACGCCAGCACCTACGATCAGGTGGGCCGCTCCCACAT 
                 3827 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3260 
                 CACGGCGCTGGCTGACTATGCCATGCGGCTCATGGAGCAGATGAAACACATCAATGAACA 
                 3319 
               
               
                   
                 ||| || |||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||| || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3828 
                 CACTGCCCTGGCTGACTACGCCATGCGGCTCATGGAGCAGATGAAGCACATCAATGAGCA 
                 3887 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3320 
                 CTCTTTCAACAATTTCCAGATGAAGATCGGGTTGAACATGGGTCCGGTTGTAGCAGGCGT 
                 3379 
               
               
                   
                 ||| ||||||||||||||||||||||| ||| |||||||||| || || || ||||| || 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3888 
                 CTCCTTCAACAATTTCCAGATGAAGATTGGGCTGAACATGGGCCCAGTCGTGGCAGGTGT 
                 3947 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3380 
                 CATTGGGGCCCGAAAGCCACAGTATGACATCTGGGGAAATACCGTGAATGTTTCCAGTCG 
                 3439 
               
               
                   
                 ||| ||||| || ||||||||||||||||||||||| || || |||||||| || ||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 3948 
                 CATCGGGGCTCGGAAGCCACAGTATGACATCTGGGGGAACACAGTGAATGTCTCTAGTCG 
                 4007 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3440 
                 TATGGACAGCACTGGAGTTCCTGACCGAATACAGGTGACTACGGACCTATACCAGGTTCT 
                 3499 
               
               
                   
                 |||||||||||| || || || |||||||| |||||||| |||||||| ||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 4008 
                 TATGGACAGCACGGGGGTCCCCGACCGAATCCAGGTGACCACGGACCTGTACCAGGTTCT 
                 4067 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Murine 3500 
                 AGCTGCCAAGGGCTACCAGCTGGAGTGTCGAGGGGTGGTCAAGGTGAAGGGAAAGGGGGA 
                 3559 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 4068 
                 AGCTGCCAAGGGCTACCAGCTGGAGTGTCGAGGGGTGGTCAAGGTGAAGGGCAAGGGGGA 
                 4127 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Murine 3560 
                 GATGACCACCTACTTCCTCAACGGGGGCCCCAGCAGT 
                 3596 (from SEQ ID NO:10) 
               
               
                   
                 ||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||| 
                   
               
               
                 Human 4128 
                 GATGACCACCTACTTCCTCAATGGGGGCCCCAGCAGT 
                 4164 (from SEQ ID NO:11) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In alternative embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention are made, isolated and/or manipulated by, e.g., cloning and expression of cDNA libraries, amplification of message or genomic DNA by PCR, and the like. The nucleic acids and genes used to practice this invention, including DNA, RNA, iRNA, antisense nucleic acid, cDNA, genomic DNA, vectors, viruses or hybrids thereof, can be isolated from a variety of sources, genetically engineered, amplified, and/or expressed/generated recombinantly. Recombinant polypeptides (e.g., cAMP-incompetent AC chimeric proteins used to practice this invention) generated from these nucleic acids can be individually isolated or cloned and tested for a desired activity. Any recombinant expression system can be used, including e.g. bacterial, fungal, mammalian, yeast, insect or plant cell expression systems or expression vehicles. 
     Alternatively, nucleic acids used to practice this invention can be synthesized in vitro by well-known chemical synthesis techniques, as described in, e.g., Adams (1983) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105:661; Belousov (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3440-3444; Frenkel (1995) Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19:373-380; Blommers (1994) Biochemistry 33:7886-7896; Narang (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:90; Brown (1979) Meth. Enzymol. 68:109; Beaucage (1981) Tetra. Lett. 22:1859; U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. 
     Techniques for the manipulation of nucleic acids used to practice this invention, such as, e.g., subcloning, labeling probes (e.g., random-primer labeling using Klenow polymerase, nick translation, amplification), sequencing, hybridization and the like are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see, e.g., Sambrook, ed., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (2ND ED.), Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, (1989); CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Ausubel, ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., New York (1997); LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: HYBRIDIZATION WITH NUCLEIC ACID PROBES, Part I. Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation, Tijssen, ed. Elsevier, N.Y. (1993). 
     Another useful means of obtaining and manipulating nucleic acids used to practice the methods of the invention is to clone from genomic samples, and, if desired, screen and re-clone inserts isolated or amplified from, e.g., genomic clones or cDNA clones. Sources of nucleic acid used in the methods of the invention include genomic or cDNA libraries contained in, e.g., mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs), see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,721,118; 6,025,155; human artificial chromosomes, see, e.g., Rosenfeld (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:333-335; yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC); bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC); P1 artificial chromosomes, see, e.g., Woon (1998) Genomics 50:306-316; P1-derived vectors (PACs), see, e.g., Kern (1997) Biotechniques 23:120-124; cosmids, recombinant viruses, phages or plasmids. 
     In alternative embodiments, to practice the methods of the invention, AC6mut fusion proteins and nucleic acids encoding them are used. Any AC6mut polypeptide can be used to practice this invention. In alternative embodiments, the AC6mut protein can be fused to a heterologous peptide or polypeptide, such as a peptide for targeting the polypeptide to a desired cell type, such a cardiac myocyte. 
     In alternative embodiments, a heterologous peptide or polypeptide joined or fused to a protein used to practice this invention can be an N-terminal identification peptide which imparts a desired characteristic, such as fluorescent detection, increased stability and/or simplified purification. Peptides and polypeptides used to practice this invention can also be synthesized and expressed as fusion proteins with one or more additional domains linked thereto for, e.g., producing a more immunogenic peptide, to more readily isolate a recombinantly synthesized peptide, to identify and isolate antibodies and antibody-expressing B cells, and the like. Detection and purification facilitating domains include, e.g., metal chelating peptides such as polyhistidine tracts and histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp, Seattle Wash.). The inclusion of a cleavable linker sequences such as Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.) between a purification domain and the motif-comprising peptide or polypeptide to facilitate purification. For example, an expression vector can include an epitope-encoding nucleic acid sequence linked to six histidine residues followed by a thioredoxin and an enterokinase cleavage site (see e.g., Williams (1995) Biochemistry 34:1787-1797; Dobeli (1998) Protein Expr. Purif. 12:404-414). The histidine residues facilitate detection and purification while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the epitope from the remainder of the fusion protein. Technology pertaining to vectors encoding fusion proteins and application of fusion proteins are well described in the scientific and patent literature, see e.g., Kroll (1993) DNA Cell. Biol., 12:441-53. 
     Nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences used to practice this invention, e.g., AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids, can be an oligonucleotide, nucleotide, polynucleotide, or to a fragment of any of these, to DNA or RNA of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded and may represent a sense or antisense strand, to peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or to any DNA-like or RNA-like material, natural or synthetic in origin. Compounds use to practice this invention include “nucleic acids” or “nucleic acid sequences” including oligonucleotide, nucleotide, polynucleotide, or any fragment of any of these; and include DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, iRNA) of genomic or synthetic origin which may be single-stranded or double-stranded; and can be a sense or antisense strand, or a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), or any DNA-like or RNA-like material, natural or synthetic in origin, including, e.g., iRNA, ribonucleoproteins (e.g., e.g., double stranded iRNAs, e.g., iRNPs). Compounds use to practice this invention include nucleic acids, i.e., oligonucleotides, containing known analogues of natural nucleotides. Compounds use to practice this invention include nucleic-acid-like structures with synthetic backbones, see e.g., Mata (1997) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144:189-197; Strauss-Soukup (1997) Biochemistry 36:8692-8698; Samstag (1996) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 6:153-156. Compounds use to practice this invention include “oligonucleotides” including a single stranded polydeoxynucleotide or two complementary polydeoxynucleotide strands that may be chemically synthesized. Compounds use to practice this invention include synthetic oligonucleotides having no 5′ phosphate, and thus will not ligate to another oligonucleotide without adding a phosphate with an ATP in the presence of a kinase. A synthetic oligonucleotide can ligate to a fragment that has not been dephosphorylated. 
     In alternative aspects, compounds used to practice this invention include genes or any segment of DNA involved in producing an AC6mut polypeptide; it can include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as, where applicable, intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons). “Operably linked” can refer to a functional relationship between two or more nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) segments. In alternative aspects, it can refer to the functional relationship of transcriptional regulatory sequence to a transcribed sequence. For example, a promoter can be operably linked to a coding sequence, such as a nucleic acid used to practice this invention, if it stimulates or modulates the transcription of the coding sequence in an appropriate host cell or other expression system. In alternative aspects, promoter transcriptional regulatory sequences can be operably linked to a transcribed sequence where they can be physically contiguous to the transcribed sequence, i.e., they can be cis-acting. In alternative aspects, transcriptional regulatory sequences, such as enhancers, need not be physically contiguous or located in close proximity to the coding sequences whose transcription they enhance. 
     In alternative aspects, the invention comprises use of “expression cassettes” comprising a nucleotide sequences used to practice this invention, which can be capable of affecting expression of the nucleic acid, e.g., a structural gene or a transcript (e.g., encoding AC6mut protein) in a host compatible with such sequences. Expression cassettes can include at least a promoter operably linked with the polypeptide coding sequence or inhibitory sequence; and, in one aspect, with other sequences, e.g., transcription termination signals. Additional factors necessary or helpful in effecting expression may also be used, e.g., enhancers. 
     In alternative aspects, expression cassettes used to practice this invention also include plasmids, expression vectors, recombinant viruses, any form of recombinant “naked DNA” vector, and the like. In alternative aspects, a “vector” used to practice this invention can comprise a nucleic acid that can infect, transfect, transiently or permanently transduce a cell. In alternative aspects, a vector used to practice this invention can be a naked nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid complexed with protein or lipid. In alternative aspects, vectors used to practice this invention can comprise viral or bacterial nucleic acids and/or proteins, and/or membranes (e.g., a cell membrane, a viral lipid envelope, etc.). In alternative aspects, vectors used to practice this invention can include, but are not limited to replicons (e.g., RNA replicons, bacteriophages) to which fragments of DNA may be attached and become replicated. Vectors thus include, but are not limited to RNA, autonomous self-replicating circular or linear DNA or RNA (e.g., plasmids, viruses, and the like, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879), and can include both the expression and non-expression plasmids. In alternative aspects, the vector used to practice this invention can be stably replicated by the cells during mitosis as an autonomous structure, or can be incorporated within the host&#39;s genome. 
     In alternative aspects, “promoters” used to practice this invention include all sequences capable of driving transcription of a coding sequence in a cell, e.g., a mammalian cell such as a heart, lung, muscle, nerve or brain cell. Thus, promoters used in the constructs of the invention include cis-acting transcriptional control elements and regulatory sequences that are involved in regulating or modulating the timing and/or rate of transcription of a gene. For example, a promoter used to practice this invention can be a cis-acting transcriptional control element, including an enhancer, a promoter, a transcription terminator, an origin of replication, a chromosomal integration sequence, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, or an intronic sequence, which are involved in transcriptional regulation. These cis-acting sequences typically interact with proteins or other biomolecules to carry out (turn on/off, regulate, modulate, etc.) transcription. 
     In alternative embodiments, “constitutive” promoters used to practice this invention can be those that drive expression continuously under most environmental conditions and states of development or cell differentiation. In alternative embodiments, “Inducible” or “regulatable” promoters used to practice this invention can direct expression of the nucleic acid of the invention under the influence of environmental conditions, administered chemical agents, or developmental conditions. 
     Adenovirus Vector and Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Delivery 
     In alternative embodiments, delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses, or equivalent are or comprise: an adeno-associated virus (AAV); a recombinant AAV virus, vector or virion; or, an adenovirus vector. In alternative embodiments, the AAV, recombinant AAV virus or vector, or adenovirus vector, is or comprises: an AAV serotype AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8 or AAV9; a rhesus macaque AAV (AAVrh), or an AAVrh10; or any pseudotype, hybrid or derivative thereof. 
     In alternative embodiments, any of these vectors (or any delivery vehicle of the invention) is tropic for, or is designed for specific delivery to, a particular cell, tissue or organ. For example, in alternative embodiments, an AAV used to practice the invention (or any vector or delivery vehicle used to practice the invention) is tropic (or has tropism) for the heart. In other embodiments, an AAV used to practice the invention (or any vector or delivery vehicle) is tropic for, or is designed for specific delivery another tissue or organ, for example, the liver. In alternative embodiments, this “peripheral” mode of delivery, e.g., delivery vehicles, vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, are injected IM or IV, can circumvent problems encountered when genes or nucleic acids are expressed directly in an organ (e.g., the heart, lung or kidney) itself. For example, AAV5, AAV6, and AAV9 have been found to be tropic for the heart, see e.g., Fang et al., Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012 Oct. 17; Zincarelli, et al., Clin Transl Sci. 2010 June; 3(3):81-9. 
     Adeno-associated virus (AAV) used to practice the invention can be any non-pathogenic member of the Parvoviridae family of small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA animal viruses. AAV require helper virus (e.g., adenovirus) for replication and, thus, AAVs used to practice the invention do not replicate upon administration to a subject. AAV can infect a relatively wide range of cell types and stimulate only a mild immune response, particularly as compared to a number of other viruses, such as adenovirus. AAV serotypes used to practice this invention include, e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, and AAV12. AAV used to practice the invention can be from other animals, including: e.g., birds (e.g., avian AAV, or AAAV), bovines (e.g., bovine AAV, or BAAV), canines, equines, ovines, and porcines. 
     In alternative embodiments, AAV vectors used to practice the invention are recombinant nucleic acid molecules in which at least a portion of the AAV genome is replaced by a heterologous nucleic acid molecule; one can replace about 4.7 kilobases (kb) of AAV genome DNA, e.g., by removing the viral replication and capsid genes. In alternative embodiments, the heterologous nucleic acid molecule is simply flanked by AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) on each terminus. The ITRs serve as origins of replication and contain cis acting elements required for rescue, integration, excision from cloning vectors, and packaging. In alternative embodiments AAVs used to practice the invention comprise a promoter operatively linked to the heterologous nucleic acid molecule to control expression. 
     An AAV vector can be packaged into an AAV capsid in vitro with the assistance of a helper virus or helper functions expressed in cells to yield an AAV virion. The serotype and cell tropism of an AAV virion are conferred by the nature of the viral capsid proteins. AAV vectors and AAV virions can transduce cells efficiently, including both dividing and non-dividing cells. AAV vectors and virions have been shown to be safe and to lead to long term in vivo persistence and expression in a variety of cell types. 
     In alternative embodiments, an ITR joined to 5′ terminus of the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid molecule, and an ITR joined to the 3′ terminus of the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid molecule. Examples of ITRs include, but are not limited, to AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAAV, BAAV, and other AAV ITRs known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, an AAV ITR is selected from an AAV2 ITR, an AAV5 ITR, an AAV6 ITR, and a BAAV ITR. In one embodiment, an AAV ITR is an AAV2 ITR. In one embodiment, an AAV ITR is an AAV5 ITR. In one embodiment, an AAV ITR is an AAV6 ITR. In one embodiment, an AAV ITR is a BAAV ITR. 
     In alternative embodiments, AAV vectors (and other vectors, recombinant viruses and the like) used to practice the invention comprise other sequences, such as expression control sequences, e.g., a promoter, an enhancer, a repressor, a ribosome binding site, an RNA splice site, a polyadenylation site, a transcriptional terminator sequence, and a microRNA binding site. Examples of promoters include, but are not limited to, an AAV promoter, such as a p5, p19 or p40 promoter, an adenovirus promoter, such as an adenoviral major later promoter, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, a papilloma virus promoter, a polyoma virus promoter, a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) promoter, a sarcoma virus promoter, an SV40 promoter, other viral promoters, an actin promoter, an amylase promoter, an immunoglobulin promoter, a kallikrein promoter, a metallothionein promoter, a heat shock promoter, an endogenous promoter, a promoter regulated by rapamycin or other small molecules, other cellular promoters, and other promoters known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the promoter is an AAV promoter. In one embodiment, the promoter is a CMV promoter. Selection of expression control sequences to include can be accomplished by one skilled in the art. 
     In alternative embodiments, AAV vectors of different serotypes (as determined by the serotype of the ITRs within such vector) are used, e.g., an AAV1 vector, an AAV2 vector, an AAV3 vector, an AAV4 vector, an AAV5 vector, an AAV6 vector, an AAV7 vector, an AAV8 vector, an AAV9 vector, an AAV10 vector, an AAV11 vector, an AAV 12 vector, an AAAV vector, and a BAAV vector. In alternative embodiments the AAV vector is an AAV2 vector, an AAV5 vector, an AAV6 vector or a BAAV vector. 
     In alternative embodiments, chimeric, shuffled or capsid-modified AAV derivatives are used to provide one or more desired functionalities for the viral vector. alternative embodiments, these derivatives may display increased efficiency of gene delivery, decreased immunogenicity (humoral or cellular), an altered tropism range and/or improved targeting of a particular cell type compared to an AAV viral vector comprising a naturally occurring AAV genome. In alternative embodiments increased efficiency of gene delivery is achieved by improved receptor or co-receptor binding at the cell surface, improved internalization, improved trafficking within the cell and into the nucleus, improved uncoating of the viral particle and/or improved conversion of a single-stranded genome to double-stranded form. In alternative embodiments an altered tropism range or targeting of a specific cell population results in increased efficiency, such that the vector dose is not diluted by administration to tissues where it is not needed. 
     In alternative embodiments, capsid-free AAV vectors are used as described e.g., in U.S. patent app. No. 20140107186. In alternative embodiments, AAV9 vectors that are heart- or liver-tropic are used as described e.g., in U.S. patent app. No. 20140056854. In alternative embodiments, AAV vectors are described in e.g., in U.S. patent app. Nos. 20130310443; 20130136729, are used to practice the invention. 
     In alternative embodiments, AAV vectors are pseudotyped for e.g., improved or altered performance, e.g., to improve or alter the tropism or other features of the virus, as described e.g., in U.S. patent app. No 20120220492. For example, specific or improved targeting allows the delivery vehicle (e.g., the AAV viral particle) to infect and deliver the therapeutic nucleic acid (e.g., an AC6mut) only to those cells intended to be infected, thus decreasing the risk of unwanted side effects from gene therapy and increasing the efficacy of the gene therapy. 
     In alternative embodiments, dosages of the viral vector are determined by factors such as the condition being treated, the age, weight and health of the patient, and may thus vary among patients. For example, a therapeutically effective human dosage of a viral vector is generally in the range of from about 0.1 ml to about 100 ml of solution containing concentrations of from about 1×10 9  to 1×10 16  genomes virus vector. An exemplary human dosage for delivery to large organs (e.g., liver, muscle, heart and lung) may be about 5×10 10 , to 5×10 13  AAV genomes per 1 kg, at a volume of about 1 to 100 mL. The dosages are adjusted to balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects and such dosages may vary depending upon the therapeutic application for which the recombinant vector is employed. The levels of expression of the transgene can be monitored to determine the frequency of dosage resulting in viral vectors, e.g., AAV vectors. 
     Formulations 
     In alternative embodiments, the invention provides compositions and methods for delivering and expressing AC6mut in vivo in a cardiac myocyte cell. In alternative embodiments, these compositions comprise AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids formulated for these purposes, e.g., expression vehicles or AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids formulated in a buffer, in a saline solution, in a powder, an emulsion, in a vesicle, in a liposome, in a nanoparticle, in a nanolipoparticle and the like. 
     In alternative embodiments, the compositions can be formulated in any way and can be applied in a variety of concentrations and forms depending on the desired in vivo or ex vivo conditions, including a desired in vivo or ex vivo method of administration and the like. Details on techniques for in vivo or ex vivo formulations and administrations are well described in the scientific and patent literature. 
     Formulations and/or carriers of the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids used to practice this invention are well known in the art. Formulations and/or carriers used to practice this invention can be in forms such as tablets, pills, powders, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, etc., suitable for in vivo or ex vivo applications. 
     In alternative embodiments, AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids used to practice this invention can be in admixture with an aqueous and/or buffer solution or as an aqueous and/or buffered suspension, e.g., including a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethylene oxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitol mono-oleate), or a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate). The aqueous suspension can also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate. Formulations can be adjusted for osmolarity, e.g., by use of an appropriate buffer. 
     In practicing this invention, the compounds (e.g., formulations) of the invention can comprise a solution of AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes dissolved in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed include water and Ringer&#39;s solution, an isotonic sodium chloride. In addition, sterile fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, or fatty acids such as oleic acid. In one embodiment, solutions and formulations used to practice the invention are sterile and can be manufactured to be generally free of undesirable matter. In one embodiment, these solutions and formulations are sterilized by conventional, well known sterilization techniques. 
     The solutions and formulations used to practice the invention can comprise auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents, e.g., sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate and the like. The concentration of active agent (e.g., AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes) in these formulations can vary widely, and can be selected primarily based on fluid volumes, viscosities and the like, in accordance with the particular mode of in vivo or ex vivo administration selected and the desired results, e.g., increasing in vivo AC6mut expression. 
     The solutions and formulations used to practice the invention can be lyophilized; for example, the invention provides a stable lyophilized formulation comprising AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes. In one aspect, this formulation is made by lyophilizing a solution comprising AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid or gene and a bulking agent, e.g., mannitol, trehalose, raffinose, and sucrose or mixtures thereof. A process for preparing a stable lyophilized formulation can include lyophilizing a solution about 2.5 mg/mL protein, about 15 mg/mL sucrose, about 19 mg/mL NaCl, and a sodium citrate buffer having a pH greater than 5.5 but less than 6.5. See, e.g., U.S. patent app. no. 20040028670. 
     The compositions and formulations of the invention can be delivered by the use of liposomes (see also discussion, below). By using liposomes, particularly where the liposome surface carries ligands specific for target cells, e.g., cardiac myocytes, or are otherwise preferentially directed to a specific tissue or organ type, e.g., a heart, one can focus the delivery of the active agent into a target cell, e.g., a cardiac myocyte, in an in vivo or ex vivo application. 
     Nanoparticles, Nanolipoparticles and Liposomes 
     The invention also provides nanoparticles, nanolipoparticles, vesicles and liposomal membranes comprising compounds (e.g., AC6mut or AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes) used to practice the methods of this invention, e.g., to deliver AC6mut or AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes to cardiac myocyte cells in vivo or ex vivo. In alternative embodiments, these compositions are designed to target specific molecules, including biologic molecules, such as polypeptides, including cell surface polypeptides, e.g., for targeting a desired cell type, e.g., a mammalian cardiac cell, a cardiac myocyte and the like. 
     The invention provides multilayered liposomes comprising compounds used to practice this invention, e.g., as described in Park, et al., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20070082042. The multilayered liposomes can be prepared using a mixture of oil-phase components comprising squalane, sterols, ceramides, neutral lipids or oils, fatty acids and lecithins, to about 200 to 5000 nm in particle size, e.g., to entrap a cAMP-incompetent AC-encoding nucleic acid or gene. 
     Liposomes can be made using any method, e.g., as described in Park, et al., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20070042031, including method of producing a liposome by encapsulating an active agent (e.g., AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes), the method comprising providing an aqueous solution in a first reservoir; providing an organic lipid solution in a second reservoir, and then mixing the aqueous solution with the organic lipid solution in a first mixing region to produce a liposome solution, where the organic lipid solution mixes with the aqueous solution to substantially instantaneously produce a liposome encapsulating the active agent; and immediately then mixing the liposome solution with a buffer solution to produce a diluted liposome solution. 
     In one embodiment, liposome compositions used to practice this invention comprise a substituted ammonium and/or polyanions, e.g., for targeting delivery of a compound (e.g., AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes) used to practice this invention to a desired cell type, as described e.g., in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20070110798. 
     The invention also provides nanoparticles comprising compounds (e.g., AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes) used to practice this invention in the form of active agent-containing nanoparticles (e.g., a secondary nanoparticle), as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20070077286. In one embodiment, the invention provides nanoparticles comprising a fat-soluble active agent of this invention or a fat-solubilized water-soluble active agent to act with a bivalent or trivalent metal salt. 
     In one embodiment, solid lipid suspensions can be used to formulate and to deliver AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes used to practice the invention to a mammalian cell in vivo or ex vivo, as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20050136121. 
     Delivery Vehicles 
     In alternative embodiments, any delivery vehicle can be used to practice the methods or compositions of this invention, e.g., to deliver AC6mut or AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes to practice the methods of the invention in vivo or ex vivo. For example, delivery vehicles comprising polycations, cationic polymers and/or cationic peptides, such as polyethyleneimine derivatives, can be used e.g. as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20060083737. 
     In one embodiment, a dried polypeptide-surfactant complex is used to formulate a composition of the invention, wherein a surfactant is associated with a nucleic acid via a non-covalent bond e.g. as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20040151766. 
     In one embodiment, a nucleic acid used to practice this invention can be applied to cells as polymeric hydrogels or water-soluble copolymers, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,413,739; for example, a nucleic acid can be polymerized through a reaction between a strong nucleophile and a conjugated unsaturated bond or a conjugated unsaturated group, by nucleophilic addition, wherein each precursor component comprises at least two strong nucleophiles or at least two conjugated unsaturated bonds or conjugated unsaturated groups. 
     In one embodiment, a nucleic acid is applied to cells using vehicles with cell membrane-permeant peptide conjugates, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,306,783; 6,589,503. In one aspect, the nucleic acid itself is conjugated to a cell membrane-permeant peptide. In one embodiment, a nucleic acid and/or the delivery vehicle are conjugated to a transport-mediating peptide, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,743, describing transport-mediating peptides that are highly basic and bind to poly-phosphoinositides. 
     In one embodiment, electro-permeabilization is used as a primary or adjunctive means to deliver AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes to a cell, e.g., using any electroporation system as described e.g. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,109,034; 6,261,815; 5,874,268. 
     Implanting Cells In Vivo 
     In alternative embodiments, the methods of the invention also comprise implanting or engrafting cells, e.g., cardiac or cardiac myocyte cells, comprising or expressing AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes used to practice the invention; and in one aspect, methods of the invention comprise implanting or engrafting the AC6mut-encoding nucleic acids or genes (or cells expressing them) in a vessel, tissue or organ ex vivo or in vivo, e.g., a heart or a cardiac myocyte, or implanting or engrafting the re-programmed differentiated cell in an individual in need thereof. 
     Cells can be removed from an individual, treated using the compositions and/or methods of this invention, and reinserted (e.g., injected or engrafted) into a tissue, organ or into the individual, using any known technique or protocol. For example, de-differentiated re-programmed cells, stem cells, or re-programmed differentiated cells, can be re-implanted (e.g., injected or engrafted) using e.g., microspheres e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,389; e.g., in one aspect, the cell carrier comprises a bulking agent comprising round and smooth polymethylmethacrylate microparticles preloaded within a mixing and delivery system and an autologous carrier comprising these cells. In another embodiment, the cells are re-administered to a tissue, an organ, e.g., a heart, and/or to an individual in need thereof in a biocompatible crosslinked matrix, as described e.g., in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 20050027070. 
     In another embodiment, the cells of the invention (e.g., cells made by practicing the methods of this invention) are re-administered (e.g., injected or engrafted) to a tissue, an organ and/or an individual in need thereof within, or protected by, a biocompatible, nonimmunogenic coating, e.g., as on the surface of a synthetic implant, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,969,400, describing e.g., a protocol where AC6mut can be conjugated to a polyethylene glycol that has been modified to contain multiple nucleophilic groups, such as primary amino or thiol group. 
     In one embodiment, the cells of the invention (e.g., cells made by practicing the methods of this invention) are re-administered (e.g., injected or engrafted) to a tissue, an organ and/or an individual in need thereof using grafting methods as described e.g. by U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,442,390; 5,733,542. 
     Any method for delivering polypeptides, nucleic acids and/or cells to a tissue or organ (e.g., a cardiac myocyte, heart) can be used, and these protocols are well known in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,514,401, describing e.g., using intracoronary (IC), intravenous (IV), and/or local delivery (direct myocardial injection) of polypeptides, nucleic acids and/or cells to a heart in situ. For example, in alternative embodiments, aerosol drug particles into the lungs and into the bloodstream, gene therapy, continuous infusions, repeated injections and/or sustained release polymers can be used for delivering polypeptides, nucleic acids and/or cells to a tissue or organ (e.g., a lung, kidney, heart). In alternative embodiments, nucleic acids and/or cells can be given through a catheter into the coronary arteries or by direct injection into the left atrium or ventricular myocardium via a limited thoracotomy; or delivered into the myocardium via a catheter passed during cardiac catheterization; or delivered into the pericardial space. 
     In alternative embodiments, nucleic acids used to practice this invention, or a vector comprising a nucleic acid used to practice the invention (e.g., an adenovirus-associated virus or vector (AAV), or an adenoviral gene therapy vector), or a vesicle, liposome, nanoparticle or nanolipid particle (NLP) of the invention, and the like, to a tissue or organ (e.g., a lung, kidney, heart); e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,486. 
     Compositions used to practice this invention can be used in combination with other therapeutic agents, e.g. angiogenic agents, anti-thrombotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive agents, anti-arrhythmic agents, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, endothelin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists, antibiotic agents, antiviral agents and viral vectors. 
     Compositions used to practice this invention can be used for ameliorating or treating any of a variety of cardiopathies and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., cardiopathies and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., coronary artery disease (CAD); atherosclerosis; thrombosis; restenosis; vasculitis including autoimmune and viral vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strass syndrome, Takayasu&#39;s arteritis, Kawasaki Disease and Rickettsial vasculitis; atherosclerotic aneurisms; myocardial hypertrophy; congenital heart diseases (CHD); ischemic heart disease and anginas; acquired valvular/endocardial diseases; primary myocardial diseases including myocarditis; arrhythmias; and transplant rejections; metabolic myocardial diseases and myocardiomyopathies such as congestive, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies, and/or heart transplants. 
     Kits and Instructions 
     The invention provides kits comprising compositions and methods of the invention, including instructions for use thereof. As such, cells, delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, of the invention, can also be provided. 
     For example, in alternative embodiments, the invention provides kits comprising compositions comprising (a) AC6mut-encoding nucleic acid, (b) delivery vehicles, vectors, expression vectors, recombinant viruses and the like, of the invention, (c) a liquid or aqueous formulation of the invention, or (d) the vesicle, liposome, nanoparticle or nanolipid particle of the invention. In one aspect, the kit further comprising instructions for practicing any methods of the invention, e.g., in vitro or ex vivo methods for delivering a desired AC6mut or AC6mut-expressing nucleic acid, vector, and the like, to a cardiac myocyte cell. 
     The invention will be further described with reference to the following examples; however, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to such examples. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Delivery of cAMP-Incompetent AC Increases Cardiac Function 
     This example demonstrates the effectiveness of an exemplary embodiment of the invention: delivery of cAMP-incompetent AC to cardiac myocytes for the treatment of heart failure. In this study, we asked whether an AC mutant molecule that reduces LV cAMP production would have favorable effects on left ventricle (LV) function through its effects on Ca 2+  handling alone. 
     So many clinical trials of positive inotropes have failed, that it is now axiomatic that agents that increase cAMP are deleterious to the failing heart. An alternative strategy is to alter myocardial Ca 2+  handling or myofilament response to Ca 2+  using agents that do not affect cAMP. Although left ventricular (LV) function is tightly linked to adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, the beneficial effects of AC may be independent of cAMP and instead stem from effects on Ca 2+  handling. 
     In this study, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-directed expression of a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-incompetent (cAMP-incompetent) adenylyl cyclase type 6 (AC6) polypeptide, the so-called “AC6 mutant”, or “AC6mut”. Cardiac myocytes of these AC6mut transgenic mice showed impaired cAMP production in response to isoproterenol (74% reduction; p&lt;0.001), but LV size and function were normal. Isolated hearts showed preserved LV function in response to isoproterenol stimulation. AC6mut expression was associated with increased sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+  uptake and the EC50 for SERCA2a activation was reduced. Cardiac myocytes isolated from AC6mut mice showed increased amplitude of Ca 2+  transients in response to isoproterenol (p=0.0001). AC6mut expression also was associated with increased expression of LV S100A1 (p=0.03) and reduced expression of phospholamban protein (p=0.01). This study determined that LV AC mutant expression is associated with normal cardiac function despite impaired cAMP generation. The mechanism appears to be through effects on Ca 2+  handling—effects that occur despite diminished cAMP. 
     Data from previous studies indicated that increased cardiac AC type 6 (AC6), a dominant AC isoform expressed in mammalian cardiac myocytes [6], has protean beneficial effects on the failing left ventricle (LV) [7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12]. These unexpected beneficial effects must be reconciled with the dire consequences on the heart of beta (B) adrenergic receptor (BAR) stimulation and elevations in intracellular cAMP [13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18]. Indeed, the apparent benefits of AC6 expression in the failing heart is paradoxical. Using pharmacological inhibitors, data from previous studies suggest that some of the beneficial effects of increased cardiac AC6 expression do not depend upon increased cAMP generation [2],[3]. Because of the inherent limitations of studies using pharmacological inhibition in cultured cardiac myocytes, we generated a catalytically inactive murine AC6 mutant (AC6mut) molecule by substitution of Ala for Asp at position 426 in the catalytic core (position 426: position number based on SEQ ID NO:16), a change predicted to alter Mg 2+  binding but not influence G-protein dynamics [4]. This murine AC6mut molecule, when studied in vitro, markedly impairs cAMP generation, but retains the cellular distribution pattern associated with AC6 [4]. Such in vitro studies fall far short of establishing how such a molecule might influence cardiac function in vivo. 
     We therefore generated transgenic murine lines with cardiac-directed expression of AC6mut. Our hope was that such lines would provide additional insight vis-à-vis differentiation of cAMP vs Ca 2+  handling effects on the function of the intact normal heart. Furthermore, such studies might indicate whether AC6mut provides inotropic stimulation free from the potentially deleterious effects of increased cAMP. Our hypothesis was that LV function, despite marked diminution in cAMP generating capacity, would remain normal, through beneficial counterbalancing effects conferred by AC6 on Ca 2+  handling. 
     Methods 
     Generation of AC6mut Transgenic Mice ( FIG. 1A ). 
     The use of animals was in accordance with Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care guidelines and was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of VA San Diego Healthcare System. To generate mice with cardiac-directed expression of AC6mut, the murine AC6mut cDNA [4] with an AU1 tag at the C-terminus, was subcloned between the α-myosin heavy chain promoter and SV40 polyA. A 9.2-kb fragment containing the expression cassette was used for pronuclear injection, carried out in the transgenic mouse facility at University of California, San Diego (inbred C57BL/6). Founder mice were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA prepared from tail tips. 
     The AC6mut gene was detected using a primer homologous to the α-MHC promoter (forward: 5′ CACATAGAAGCCTAGCCCACACC) (SEQ ID NO:1); the reverse primer was for the AC6 region (5′ CAGGAGGCCACTAAACCATGAC) (SEQ ID NO:2). 
     AC6mut mRNA was detected using the following primers: (forward: 5′ TGGGCCTCTCTACTCTGCAT (SEQ ID NO:3); reverse: 5′ TGGATGTAACCTCGGGTCTC) (SEQ ID NO:4) enabling quantification of fold increase of AC6mut mRNA over endogenous AC6 mRNA. 
     Endogenous AC6 mRNA was detected using primers homologous to its 3′-untranslated region (forward: 5′ GGCATTGAGTGGGACTTTGT (SEQ ID NO:5); reverse: 5′ TCTGCATCCAAACAAACGAA) (SEQ ID NO:6). This 3′ untranslated region was not present in the AC6mut cDNA, enabling quantification of endogenous AC6. 
     Founder animals were crossbred with wild-type mice of the same strain, and selected animals were used for analysis of cardiac transgene expression. We documented variable transgene expression in independent lines and selected a line with a 17-fold increase in AC6mut protein expression (vs endogenous AC6) for our studies. LV expression levels of AC types 2-9 were determined using quantitative RT-PCR as previously described [5]. 
     Echocardiography. 
     Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane (at a flow rate of 1 L/min oxygen) and maintained with 1% isoflurane in oxygen. Images were obtained using a 16 L MHz linear probe and Sonos 5500® Echocardiograph system (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, Wash.), as previously reported [7]. Data were acquired and analyzed without knowledge of group identity. 
     Isolated Perfused Hearts: LV Contractile Function. 
     Cardiac function was assessed in isolated perfused hearts to assess LV contractile function in a manner unaffected by reflex activation or anesthesia, as previously reported [7]. An intraventricular balloon catheter was deployed to measure isovolumic LV pressure (LV end-diastolic pressure 10 mmHg; 1.7 mM ionized Ca 2+ ). Isoproterenol was delivered in bolus doses (from 0.1 nM to 300 nM) at five-minute intervals as LV pressure was recorded. Subsequently, the first derivative of the LV pressure (LV dP/dt) was derived and used as a surrogate of LV contractile function. Data were acquired and analyzed without knowledge of group identity. 
     Calcium Uptake. 
     Initial rate of ATP-dependent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+  uptake in LV homogenates was measured by the modified Millipore filtration technique as described previously [11]. 
     Calcium Transient. 
     Cytosolic calcium transients were measured using Indo-1, as described previously [19]. Cardiac myocytes were plated onto laminin-coated glass cover slips and loaded with indo-1/AM (3 μM, Calbiochem, La Jolla Calif.) and dispersing agent, pluronic F-127 (0.02 mg/ml, Calbiochem, La Jolla Calif.) for 30 min. Following dye loading, cover slips were mounted in a superfusion chamber, rinsed to remove excess indo-1/AM, and mounted on a Nikon DIAPHOT™ epifluorescence microscope equipped with a 40× objective interfaced to a Photon Technologies photometry system (Birmingham N.J.) with the excitation wavelength set to 365 nm via a monochromator. Fluorescence emission was split and directed to two photomultiplier tubes through 20-nm band-pass filters centered at 405 and 485 nm, respectively. The ratio F405/F485 represents a measure for [Ca 2+ ]i. During these measurements, cardiac myocytes were superfused with 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.3) containing 2 mM CaCl 2 . Myocytes were field-stimulated at 0.3 Hz. Isoproterenol-stimulated Ca 2+  transient was determined by adding isoproterenol (10 μM) to the buffer. Calcium transients were recorded from at least 20 cells per heart and for at least 3 hearts per group. Diastolic and systolic intracellular Ca 2+  levels were obtained from the basal and maximal F405/F485 ratio per cycle, respectively. 
     Cardiac Myocyte Isolation. 
     Cardiac myocyte isolation was performed as previously described [4]. 
     Cyclic AMP Measurement. 
     Isolated cardiac myocytes were stimulated with isoproterenol (10 μM, 10 min) or the water-soluble forskolin analog NKH477 (10 μM, 10 min), and then lysed (2.5% dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 5.8, and 0.02% bovine serum albumin) Cyclic AMP was measured using the cAMP BIOTRAK™ enzyme immunoassay system (GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, Pa.) as previously reported [4]. 
     PKA Activity Assay. 
     Isolated cardiac myocytes were stimulated with isoproterenol (10 μM, 10 min) or NKH477 (10 μM, 10 min) Cardiac myocytes were homogenized in buffer A: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.5 mM EGTA, 0.5 mM EDTA, and protease inhibitor cocktail from Invitrogen) and centrifuged (14,000×g, 5 min, 4° C.). The supernatant was incubated with PKA biotinylated peptide substrate (SignaTECT® (SIGNATECT®) cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Assay System (Promega, Madison Wis.)) in the presence of [γ- 32 P]ATP. The  32 P-labeled, biotinylated substrate was recovered with a streptavidin matrix, and the specific activity of PKA determined. 
     Isoproterenol-Stimulated Phosphorylation of Ryanodine Receptor-2, PLB, and Troponin I in Cardiac Myocytes. 
     To determine dynamic phosphorylation of key Ca 2+  regulating proteins, we conducted studies of basal and isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB and TnI in cultured cardiac myocytes isolated from each group ( FIG. 2C ). Cultured cardiac myocytes (100,000 cells per well) were used in these studies and immunoblotting performed before and after incubation with isoproterenol (10 μM, 10 min) Cells were lysed in lysis buffer: 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na2EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton, 2.5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 1 mM β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 μg/ml leupeptin). Protein concentration was measured using the Bradford method Immunoblots were normalized to GAPDH and compared ( FIG. 2D ). 
     PDE Activity Assay. 
     Phosphodiesterase activity was assayed using the Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Assay Kit (Enzo). LV tissues were homogenized in buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mM PMSF, 10 mM activated orthovanadate, lx protease inhibitor cocktail (Life Sciences) and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm (10 min) in a microfuge. Tissue homogenates were desalted by gel filtration using Desalting Column Resin (Enzo). Twenty μg of protein (Bradford) was added to each well and PDE activity measured. 
     Immunofluorescence. 
     Isolated cardiac myocytes were attached to laminin coated 2-well chamber slides for 1 hr, washed, fixed (10% formalin, 15 min, 23° C.), blocked with normal goat serum (1 hr) and incubated (4° C., overnight) with: anti-AU1 antibody (Fitzgerald, 1:300; for detecting AC6mut transgene protein); anti-Cav3 antibody (BD Pharmagen, 1:100; for detecting caveolae); anti-PDI antibody (Invitrogen, 1:1000; for detecting SR); anti-lamin A (Abcam, 1:200; for detecting nuclear envelope); anti-CREM-1 antibody (Santa Cruz, 1:50); or anti-phospho-CREB antibody (Upstate, 1:100). Cardiac myocytes were washed with PBS and then incubated with secondary antibodies (Alexia Fluo 488 or 594 conjugated, 1:1000 dilution) for 1 hr. To identify the nucleus, cells were incubated with Hoechst dye (1:1000 dilution, 20 min) Cardiac myocytes then were imaged as previously described [2]. 
     Detection of mRNA and Immunoblotting. 
     Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to quantify mRNA and immunoblotting was used to quantify protein content [4]. The primers for RyR2 included (forward: 5′AACCTACCAGGCTGTGGATG) (SEQ ID NO:7); and (reverse: 5′ GACTCGATGGGCAAGTCAAT) (SEQ ID NO:8). 
     We used the anti-AC5/6 antibody to identify endogenous AC6 and AC6mut (Santa Cruz, 1:200 dilution). The epitope for the AC5/6 antibody is at the C-terminus of AC6 and AC6mut (sequence: KGYQLECRGVVKVKGKGEMTTYFLNGGPSS (SEQ ID NO:9); protein accession #043306 and #Q01234). We used AU1 antibody (Fitzgerald, 1:2,000) to detect AC6mut protein. Additional antibodies used included: calreticulin (ABR Affinity, 1:1,000); calsequestrin (Novus Biologicals, 1:1,000); GAPDH (Fitzgerald, 1:20,000); PDE3A (Advam); PKA catalytic subunit (BD Transduction, 1:1,000); p-PKA catalytic subunit (Cell Signaling, 1:1,000); PKA-RIIα and PKA-RIIβ (BD Transduction, 1:1,000); phospho-PKA-RIIα (S96) and phospho-PKA-RIIβ (S114) (Santa Cruz, 1:200); PKCα catalytic subunit (Santa Cruz, 1:200); PLB (Affinity Bioreagents, 1:5,000); phospho 516-PLB (Badrilla, 1:3,000 dilution); phospho-RyR2 (S2808) (Abcam, 1:1,000); S100A1 (Epiyomics, 1:1,000); SERCA2a (Enzo, 1:1,000); troponin I and phospho-TnI (S22/23) (Cell Signaling, 1:1,000 each) 
     Statistical Analysis. 
     Data represent mean±SE; group differences were tested for statistical significance using either ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni t-testing, or, when appropriate, Student&#39;s t test (unpaired, 2-tailed). The null hypothesis was rejected when p&lt;0.05. 
     Results 
     AC6mut Transgenic Mice. 
     AC6mut mice were physically indistinguishable from their transgene negative siblings. Necropsy of adult mice showed that body weight, tibial length, LV weight, and lung weight showed no group differences. (Table 1). 
     LV Expression of AC6mut. 
     AC6mut mRNA was increased 62-fold and protein was increased 17-fold over the levels of endogenous AC6, which were detected using primers and antibody to the common regions on both endogenous AC6 and transgene AC6mut in RT-PCR and immunoblotting ( FIGS. 1B and 1C ). 
     LV Expression of Endogenous AC Types. 
     The mRNA of endogenous AC types 2-9 showed no group differences (data not shown). 
     LV cAMP Production. 
     LV samples from AC6mut mice showed reduced cAMP production when stimulated with isoproterenol (74% reduction; p&lt;0.001) or NKH477, a water-soluble forskolin analog (52% reduction; p=0.05) ( FIG. 1D ); basal cAMP production was unchanged. Thus, the transgenic line was suited to test the overall effect of reduced βAR-stimulated cAMP production in the presence of increased AC6mut expression on LV function. 
     PKA Activity and Expression. 
     Cardiac myocytes isolated from AC6mut mice showed a 48% reduction in basal PKA activity (p=0.01). In addition there were reductions in PKA activity stimulated by isoproterenol (38% reduction; p=0.006); and NKH477 (38% reduction; p=0.001) ( FIG. 2A , upper). AC6mut expression did not alter LV expression of the PKA catalytic subunit ( FIG. 2A , lower) or expression or phosphorylation of PKA-RII-α and β (phospho-PKA-RIIa: AC6mut, 0.32±0.04 du; Con, 0.30±0.03 du, p=0.7; phospho-PKA-RIIβ: AC6mut, 7.1±1.1 du; Con, 10.6±01.4 du; p=0.09;  FIG. 2B ). PKC catalytic subunit expression also showed no group difference (PKCa: AC6mut, 0.8±0.1 du; Con, 0.7±0.1 du, p=0.4;  FIG. 2B ) 
     Isoproterenol-Stimulated Phosphorylation of Ryanodine Receptor-2, PLB and Troponin I in Cardiac Myocytes. 
     Basal phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB and TnI showed no group differences (P-RyR2: AC6mut, 4.4±0.6 vs Con, 2.4±0.5 du, p=0.06; P-PLB: AC6mut, 0.3±0.03 vs Con, 0.2±0.1 du, p=0.8; P-TnI: AC6mut, 0.8±0.2 vs Con, 1.0±0.01 du, p=0.24,  FIG. 2C ). Isoproterenol stimulation was associated with increased phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB, and TnI in both groups (vs un-stimulated), but the extent of phosphorylation generally was greater in LV from AC6mut mice (P-RyR2: AC6mut, 30.0±1.1 vs Con, 7.4±1.1 du, p=0.001, P-PLB: AC6mut, 16.8±2.4 vs Con, 5.3±0.1 du, p=0.01; P-TnI: AC6mut, 5.8±1.4 vs Con, 2.2±0.7 du, p=0.07;  FIG. 2C ). TnI protein expression was not different between groups (AC6mut, 0.9±0.1 vs Con, 0.7±0.2 du; p=0.5;  FIG. 2B . RyR2 mRNA expression showed no group difference. 
     PDE Activity and PDE3A Expression. 
     There was no group difference in PDE activity in LV samples (AC6mut: 1252±23 Units/mg, n=7; Control: 1293±39 Units/mg, n=6; p=0.38). LV PDE3A protein expression showed no group difference (AC6mut: 0.3±0.1 vs Con, 0.4±0.1 du, p=0.6.  FIG. 2B ). 
     Intracellular Distribution of AC6mut. 
     AC6mut protein was identified in association with caveolae (mainly associated with plasma membrane), SR, and nuclear envelope ( FIG. 1E ). 
     Echocardiography. 
     Echocardiography showed that basal cardiac structure and function were unchanged by cardiac-directed expression of AC6mut. LV dimensions were not different between groups, and basal LV ejection fraction and the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were similar (Table 2). Thus, despite marked diminution of LV cAMP generating capacity in AC6mut mice, LV structure and basal function were unaltered. 
     LV Contractile Function in Response to Isoproterenol. 
     To assess cardiac contractility in a manner independent of autonomic nervous influence, endogenous catecholamines, and anesthesia, LV pressure development was measured in isolated perfused hearts. Basal and isoproterenol-stimulated LV dP/dt showed no group differences ( FIG. 3 ), despite marked diminution in LV cAMP generating capacity. 
     Ca 2+  Uptake and Ca 2+  Related Proteins. 
     ATP-dependent SR Ca 2+  uptake rate in pooled LV homogenates from AC6mut and transgene-negative sibling control mice was determined Increased AC6mut expression was associated with increased SR Ca 2+  uptake ( FIG. 4A , upper panel). In addition, an increased affinity of SERCA2a for Ca 2+  was reflected in a reduced Ca 2+  concentration required for a half maximal effect (EC50: AC6mut 1.1 μmol/L; Control 3.7 μmol/L, n=6,  FIG. 4A , lower panel). 
     Associated with these physiological changes in Ca 2+  handling was altered LV expression of proteins that regulate SR Ca 2+  uptake. For example, AC6mut expression was associated with a 43% reduction in LV PLB protein expression (p=0.01), and a 73% increase in LV S100A1 protein content (p=0.03) ( FIGS. 4B and 4C ). The contents of LV SERCA2a, calreticulin, and calsequestrin were unchanged, and PLB phosphorylation at Ser16 was unchanged ( FIG. 4D ). 
     Transcription Factors. 
     AC6mut expression was associated with a 2-fold increase in LV expression of CREM-1 (p=0.03,  FIG. 4B ) and a 1.7-fold increase in phosphorylation of CREB at Ser133 (p=0.01,  FIG. 4C ); total CREB protein content was unaltered. To determine whether increased CREM-1 and phospho-CREB were present in the nuclei, immunofluorescence staining of isolated cardiac myocytes was performed using anti-CREM-1 and anti-phospho-CREB (S133) antibodies. We detected increased nuclear localization of CREM-1 and phospho-CREB in AC6mut mice ( FIG. 4E ). 
     Calcium Transients: 
     To determine whether increased SR Ca 2+  uptake associated with AC6mut expression would affect cytosolic [Ca 2+ ]i, cardiac myocyte real-time [Ca 2+ ]i was assessed using the ratiometric dye Indo-1. Basal Ca 2+  release during contraction was unchanged ( FIG. 5A ). However, AC6mut expression was associated with increased peak systolic Ca 2+  transient amplitude after isoproterenol stimulation (p=0.0001,  FIGS. 5B and 5C ), and time to peak amplitude was decreased (p=0.03,  FIG. 5D ). In addition, time to 50% relaxation (tau) was decreased (p=0.04) in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice ( FIG. 5E ). Thus, SERCA2a activity, expression of PLB and S100A1, and isoproterenol-stimulated Ca 2+  transients all were altered by AC6mut expression in a manner that would favorably influence LV function. 
     DISCUSSION 
     The most surprising and important finding of this study is that cardiac-directed expression of a mutant AC6 molecule that markedly impairs βAR-stimulated cAMP production is associated with preserved LV function in response to isoproterenol stimulation. This was confirmed by echocardiography and studies of contractile function in isolated perfused hearts. Marked diminution of cardiac cAMP generation in other settings is associated with proportional reductions in LV contractile function. For example, most models of heart failure, where cAMP impairment typically is 50% reduced, there is a similar reduction in LV dP/dt and in βAR-responsiveness [10],[11],[12],[13],[14]. Furthermore, deletion of AC6, which is associated with a 60% reduction in cAMP generating capacity, was also associated with a similar reduction in LV contractile function [5]. What then explains preservation of isoproterenol-stimulated LV contractile function? 
     The proximate mechanisms for preserved LV function despite markedly impaired cAMP generation in the AC6mut line were favorable changes on Ca 2+  handling. We previously reported that cardiac-directed expression of AC6 increased function of the failing heart, but because of pronounced effects of AC6 on βAR signaling, it was impossible to determine the degree to which these beneficial effects reflected augmented βAR signaling per se vs Ca 2+  handling [10],[11]. Supporting the link of AC6 to Ca 2+  handling is the observation that AC6 deletion has striking adverse effects on Ca 2+  handling [5], but since cAMP-generating capacity was reduced following AC6 deletion, the independent effects of AC6 on Ca 2+  handling were difficult to ascertain. What is new in the present study, however, is the demonstration in TG mice that an AC6 mutant molecule appears to mimic the parent molecule&#39;s favorable effects on Ca 2+  handling, thereby preserving LV function even whilst cAMP generating capacity is markedly diminished. It appears that the effects of AC6 on Ca 2+  handling does not require cAMP generation, and must therefore occur through alternative mechanisms. 
     We found that AC6mut expression is associated with increased SR Ca 2+  uptake in LV homogenates and increased Ca 2+  transients with reduced time of relaxation in intact cardiac myocytes. Associated with these physiologically favorable effects of AC6mut expression was reduced PLB expression, a Ca 2+  regulator that inhibits SERCA2a activity. Reduced PLB content or increased PLB phosphorylation at Ser16 is associated with reduction of its inhibitory effects, which increases SERCA2a activity [20],[21],[22]. We previously found that PLB expression is reduced in cultured cardiac myocytes expressing AC6 or AC6mut [4], but the current study is the first to demonstrate that this effect is also seen in vivo ( FIG. 4B ). Increases in the degree of isoproterenol-stimulated phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB, and to a lesser extent, TnI ( FIG. 2C ) in cardiac myocytes isolated from AC6mut mice would be predicted also to increase LV contractile function. 
     AC6mut expression was associated with increased expression and nuclear translocation of CREM-1 ( FIGS. 3B and 3E ), a transcriptional suppressor in the CREB/ATF family [23]. We previously identified that, in the setting of AC6 expression, the PLB promoter was negatively regulated by increased ATF3 in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes through the CRE site in the PLB promoter [2]. In the present study we did not see increased ATF3 expression associated with AC6mut expression. However, both ATF3 and CREM-1 recognize the same CRE sites, so it is plausible that the AC6mut-related increased CREM-1 may be mechanistically important in reduced PLB expression. This will require additional study. 
     AC6mut expression was associated with an unanticipated increase in LV expression of the Ca 2+  sensitizing protein, S100A1, which increases contractile function through modulation of RyR2 and SERCA2a [24]. How might AC6mut expression be linked with increased LV S100A1 expression? AC6mut expression was associated with increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CREB ( FIGS. 4C and 4E ), processes that are required for CREB activation. CREB is a transcriptional activator that regulates many genes through CRE site(s) in their promoters [25]. The S100A1 promoter possesses a CRE site [26], indicating that S100A1 expression could plausibly have been activated by AC6mut expression. In addition, compartmentalization of PKA and cAMP may also be factors [27],[28]. 
     The substantial improvements in Ca 2+  handling appear to have preserved LV function despite marked diminution in cAMP generation. The precise pathways by which increased amounts of AC6mut influence transcriptional regulation and ultimately the physiological behavior of cardiac myocytes and LV function will require additional studies. Histological studies ( FIG. 1E ) confirm that substantial amounts of transgene AC6mut are present in multiple intracellular compartments, not just in the plasma membrane. This enables AC6mut protein to interact with important intracellular proteins that influence intracellular signaling and thereby affect physiological function. 
     The importance of AC6 vis-à-vis Ca 2+  handling was recently underscored by AC6 deletion [5]. In this setting, cAMP generating capacity was reduced, albeit not by as much as in the present study, but Ca 2+  handling was markedly impaired. In the present study, we see more marked impairment of cAMP generation, but Ca 2+  handling is increased, not decreased. This is because, unlike in AC6 deletion, the AC6 molecule, albeit one deficient in cAMP generating capacity, is present in the cytoplasm where it may influence Ca 2+  handling. 
     We did not examine transgenic lines that expressed reduced amounts of AC6mut to determine if the physiological effects were proportional to level of AC6mut expression. One could argue that a 17-fold increase in AC6mut protein (vs endogenous AC6) might affect signaling in a non-specific manner. While our data cannot discount this possibility, it is important to recognize that endogenous AC6 is an exceedingly low abundance protein—approximately 100-fold less abundant, for example, than Gsα [29]. Therefore, even expressed at 17-fold higher level than endogenous AC6, it still is considerably less abundant than Gsα. Furthermore, similar increases in the catalytically active (normal) AC6 are associated with marked increases in recruitable cAMP production [30]. These observations suggest that the findings are specific. 
     CONCLUSIONS 
     Substantial improvements in Ca 2+  handling appear to preserve LV function despite marked diminution in cAMP generation Immunofluorescence indicates that AC6mut is located on the nuclear envelope, providing an opportunity for AC6mut to influence transcription factor expression and function. Increased CREM-1, a transcriptional suppressor and increased phospho-CREB ( FIG. 4E ) may be involved in altered expression of PLB and S100A1 respectively. We conclude that AC6mut preserves cardiac function through increased Ca 2+  handling and altered protein expression, despite reduced cAMP generation. These results provide insight regarding the interplay between Ca 2+  handling and PAR signaling vis-à-vis LV function, and indicate that AC6mut may provide inotropic stimulation free from the potentially deleterious effects of increased cAMP. Data indicated reduced cardiac myocyte apoptosis associated with AC6mut expression in the failing heart, which is a focus of an ongoing study in our laboratory. 
     FIGURE LEGENDS 
       FIG. 1 . AC6mut Design, Expression, Activity and Cellular Distribution
     A. The diagram depicts the site of substitution of alanine (ala) for aspartic acid (asp) at position 426 (position number based on SEQ ID NO:16) in the C1 domain (intracellular loop) in the construction of AC6mut. The substitution inhibits Mg 2+  binding and alters the efficiency of Gsα-mediated activation of the catalytic core, which impairs the enzymatic activity of AC6, resulting in reduced cAMP production. M1 and M2, transmembrane domains of AC6; C1 and C2, cytoplasmic domains of AC6, which form the catalytic core; βAR, β-adrenergic receptor; βY and α, components of the guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein, Gs   B. AC6mut mRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR using primers common to endogenous AC6 and transgene AC6mut. Primers for detecting GAPDH mRNA were used for internal control of the qRT-PCR reaction. AC6mut mRNA was increased 62-fold vs endogenous AC6. Animal number in bars+SE; Student&#39;s t-test, unpaired, 2 tails   C. AC6mut protein was detected in immunoblotting using anti-AC5/6 antibody and confirmed using anti-AU1 tag antibody. AC6mut protein was increased 17-fold vs endogenous AC6.   D. Cyclic AMP production in isolated cardiac myocytes from AC6mut and control mice, before (Basal) and after stimulation with isoproterenol (Iso; 10 μM, 10 min) or NKH477 (NKH; 10 μM, 10 min); cAMP Enzymeimmunoassay. Cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice (M vs C, control) showed impaired cAMP production in response to Iso and NKH477, a forskolin analog. Bars denote mean+SE; p values from 1-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test (n=6, each group).   E. Double immunofluorescence staining of AC6mut protein in cardiac myocytes isolated from AC6mut vs control mice using anti-AU1 antibody (red); anti-caveolin 3 (Cav-3) antibody (green, for caveolae); anti-protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI) antibody (green, for sarcoplasmic reticulum); anti-lamin A antibody (green, for nuclear envelope), and anti-voltage dependent anion selective channel protein (VDAC) antibody (green, for mitochondria). Nucleus is blue. AC6mut transgene was detected in caveolae, SR, and nuclear envelope, but was not associated with mitochondria.
 
 FIG. 2 . Activities and Expression of PKA, PKS and PDE
   A. Upper Graph: PKA activity in isolated cardiac myocytes without stimulation (Basal) or stimulated with isoproterenol (Iso; 10 μM, 10 min) or NKH477 (NKH; 10 μM, 10 min). AC6mut expression reduced basal PKA activity (p=0.01) and both Iso (p=0.001) and NKH (p=0.001) activities were reduced as well (n=3, each group). Lower Gel: PKA protein in LV homogenates. LV PKA catalytic subunit protein expression was unaltered by AC6mut expression.   B. The expression of key signaling proteins and their phosphorylation are shown in immunoblots using left ventricular homogenates from AC6mut and control mice. No group differences were observed. Shown are phospho (P) and Total (T) PKA regulatory subunits II-α and II-β, PKCα, Phosphodiesterase type 3A (PDE3A), phospho-troponin I (P22/23-TnI), and total TnI.   C. Phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB and TnI before and after isoproterenol stimulation was assessed in cultured cardiac myocytes isolated from each group. Basal phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB and TnI showed no group differences. Isoproterenol stimulation was associated with increased phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB, and TnI in both groups, but was more extensive in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice ( FIG. 2C ).   D. The data from  FIG. 2C  indicating that isoproterenol stimulation was associated with increased phosphorylation of RyR2, PLB, and TnI in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice are shown in graphic format, normalized for loading (GAPDH). The increase in TnI phosphorylation was not statistically significant (p=0.07).   
       FIG. 3 . Left Ventricular Contractile Function 
     Isolated hearts from AC6mut TG mice (closed circle; n=11) showed preserved LV dP/dt in response to isoproterenol stimulation through a wide range of isoproterenol doses. Data were acquired and analyzed without knowledge of group identity. Open circles, transgene negative control mice (n=12). There was no group difference (2-way ANOVA). Data points denote mean±SE. 
       FIG. 4 . SR Ca 2+  uptake, Ca 2+  signaling proteins, and transcriptional factors
     A. Upper: Ca 2+  uptake activity in pooled LV samples from AC6mut and TG negative sibling control mice (n=6, both groups)
       Lower: Expression of AC6mut decreased SERCA2a affinity for Ca 2+ . The effective concentration of Ca 2+  for 50% maximal effect (EC 50 ) was calculated from the initial ATP-dependent Ca 2+  uptake rate at different free Ca 2+  concentrations.   
       B. Upper: AC6mut expression was associated with decreased LV phospholamban (PLB) expression.
       Lower: AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV CREM-1 protein expression.   
       C. Upper: AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV S100A1 protein expression.
       Lower: AC6mut expression was associated with increased LV P133-CREB protein expression. Total CREB expression was similar in both groups.   
       D. AC6mut expression did not affect LV expression of SERCA2a, calreticulin, calsequestrin or phospho-S16-PLB proteins. (n=4, both groups).   E. Double immunofluorescence staining of AC6mut protein in isolated cardiac myocytes from AC6mut and control mice using anti-AU1 antibody (red) and anti-CREM-1 antibody (green) or anti-AU1 and anti-phospho-CREB (S133, green). Nucleus was showing in blue. AC6mut expression increased nuclear localizations of CREM-1 and phospho-CREB.   

     In graphs (A,B,C), bars denote mean+SE; numbers in bars indicate group size; members above bars indicate p values from Student&#39;s t-test (unpaired, 2 tailed) 
       FIG. 5 . Cytosolic Ca 2+  Transients in Isolated Cardiac Myocytes from AC6mut and Control Mice
     A. Basal Ca 2+  released (systolic-diastolic Ca 2+ ) showed no group difference.   B. Representative Indo-1 Ca 2+  transient recordings in cardiac myocytes stimulated with isoproterenol (Iso; 10 μM) were higher in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice. Summary data are displayed in Panel C.   C. Ca 2+  released in the presence of isoproterenol was increased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice.   D. Time-to-peak Ca 2+  transient in the presence of isoproterenol was decreased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice.   E. Time to 50% relaxation (tau) in the presence of isoproterenol was decreased in cardiac myocytes from AC6mut mice.   

     Experiments were repeated four times. Bars denote mean+SE; numbers in bars indicate number of cardiac myocytes; numbers above bars indicate p values from Student&#39;s t-test (unpaired, 2-tailed). 
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                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Body, LV, and Lung Weight 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 AC6mut (23) 
                 TG- Control (16) 
                 p 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Body (g) 
                 25.5 ± 0.7  
                 25.0 ± 1.2  
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 LV (mg) 
                  91 ± 2.7 
                  89 ± 3.4 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 Tibial Length (mm) 
                  17 ± 0.1 
                 16.7 ± 0.2  
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 LV/Body (mg/g) 
                 3.6 ± 0.1 
                 3.6 ± 0.1 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 LV/TL (mg/mm) 
                 5.4 ± 0.1 
                 5.3 ± 0.2 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 Lung (mg) 
                 150 ± 4.9  
                 149 ± 6.7  
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 Lung/Body (mg/g) 
                 6.0 ± 0.2 
                 6.0 ± 0.2 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 LV, left ventricle; 
               
               
                   
                 TL, tibial length. 
               
               
                   
                 Values represent mean ± SE; 
               
               
                   
                 Student&#39;s t test (unpaired, 2-tailed). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Echocardiography (Basal) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 TG- Control 
                   
               
               
                   
                 AC6mut (8) 
                 (12) 
                 p 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HR (bpm) 
                 501 ± 26  
                 506 ± 17  
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 EDD (mm) 
                 4.2 ± 0.2 
                 4.3 ± 0.1 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 ESD (mm) 
                 2.9 ± 0.2 
                 3.0 ± 0.1 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 PW Thickness (mm) 
                 0.6 ± 0.1 
                 0.6 ± 0.1 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 Septal Thickness (mm) 
                 0.6 ± 0.1 
                 0.6 ± 0.1 
                 0.4 
               
               
                   
                 EDV (μL) 
                 76 ± 7  
                 78 ± 4  
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 ESV (μL) 
                 25 ± 4  
                 27 ± 2  
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 EF (%) 
                 69 ± 3  
                 65 ± 2  
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 CO (μL/min) 
                 26 ± 2  
                 26 ± 2  
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 Vcf (circ/sec) 
                 7.0 ± 0.7 
                 6.2 ± 0.3 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.