Patent Publication Number: US-2023134074-A1

Title: Ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an ultrasonic transducer for measuring fluid flow. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Ultrasonic flow meters are used in a wide variety of applications for measuring volume or mass flow of a fluid, such as a liquid or a gas, through a pipe or other conduit in a defined flow direction. Ultrasonic flow meters use sound waves at a frequency beyond the range of hearing (typically 0.5, 1, or 4 MHz). This ultrasound signal is sent into a stream of flowing liquid by using wetted (insertion) transducers that make direct contact with the liquid or external (clamp-on) transducers that send the ultrasound through the pipe wall. 
     A typical transit-time ultrasonic liquid flow meter utilizes two ultrasonic transducers that function as both ultrasonic transmitter and receiver. The ultrasonic flow meter operates by alternately transmitting and receiving a burst of ultrasound between the two transducers by measuring the transit time that it takes for sound to travel between the two transducers in both directions. The difference in the transit time (A time) measured is directly proportional to the velocity of the liquid in the pipe. 
     Conventional transducer design involves bonding of piezoelectric crystals, impedance matching material, and backing material. The energy that is transmitted from the transducer is controlled by the type of piezoelectric crystals, excitation voltage and interface quality between the components of the transducer and the medium being monitored. The multilayered design does not allow for efficient energy transfer from the piezoelectric crystals to the fluid measurement medium. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect an ultrasonic transducer suitable for use in flow meters and other applications is provided having a head mass formed of a first material and a tail mass formed of a second material. A spanning element connects the head mass and the tail mass. At least one piezo crystal can be positioned along the spanning element. In some aspects the head mass, tail mass, or element includes at least one cavity. The ultrasonic transducer can include a shell surrounding the head mass. In some aspects, the at least one cavity can include a plurality of concentric cavities. In some aspects, the head mass can include a conical shape having a distal diameter greater than a proximal diameter. In some aspects, the spanning element can include a bolt located within the at least one piezo crystal. In some aspects, the spanning element can include a bolt located outside of the at least one piezo crystal. In some aspects, at least one of the head mass and the tail mass can include a protrusion for receiving a bolt or other spanning element. In some aspects, the first material of the head mass can be different from the second material of the tail mass. In some aspects, the head mass can be formed from a first material using a first process of additive manufacturing, and the tail mass can be formed from a second material using a second process of additive manufacturing. 
     In another aspect an ultrasonic transducer suitable for use in flow meters and other applications is provided having a head mass and a tail mass. A spanning element can connect the head mass and the tail mas. The ultrasonic transducer can also include at least one piezo crystal positioned along the spanning element. The head mass can be configured to have a first configuration and a second configuration different from the first configuration. In some aspects, the ultrasonic transducers can include a shape changing element associated with the head mass, wherein the first configuration can be at a first temperature and the second configuration can be at a second temperature. In some aspects, the head mass can include a fluid and magnetic particles dispersed within the fluid, wherein the first configuration comprises the magnetic particles aligned and the second configuration comprises the magnetic particles unaligned. 
     A method of making an ultrasonic transducer suitable for use in flow meters and other applications can include forming a head mass utilizing a first process of additive manufacturing. The method can also include forming a tail mass utilizing a second process or additive manufacturing and joining the head mass and the tail mass by a connecting element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is an illustration of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement in accordance with a first embodiment. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a perspective view of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement in accordance with a second embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG.  2 A  of the ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement; 
         FIG.  3 A  is a perspective view of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement in accordance with a third embodiment; 
         FIG.  3 B  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG.  3 A  of the ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement illustrating a first internal arrangement; 
         FIG.  3 C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG.  3 A  of the ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement illustrating a second internal arrangement; 
         FIG.  4 A  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement having an external shell; 
         FIG.  4 B  is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement having an external shell; 
         FIG.  4 C  is a cross-sectional view of a sixth embodiment of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement having an external shell; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a schematic illustration of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement having a shape changing element in a first configuration in accordance with a seventh embodiment; 
         FIG.  5 B  is a schematic illustration of the ultrasonic transducer of  FIG.  5 A  having the shape changing element in a second configuration; 
         FIG.  5 C  is a schematic illustration of the ultrasonic transducer of  FIG.  5 A  having to heating element external to the spanning element; 
         FIG.  6 A  is a schematic illustration of an ultrasonic transducer for flow measurement having a magneto-rheological fluid based head mass having magnetic particles aligned in accordance with an eight embodiment; 
         FIG.  6 B  is a schematic illustration of the ultrasonic transducer of  FIG.  6 A  having the magnetic particles unaligned; and 
         FIG.  7    is a flow chart representing a method of making an ultrasonic transducer. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the devices and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of skilled in the art will understand that the devices and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and that the scope of the present invention is defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. 
     The present subject matter focuses on an ultrasonic transducer design suitable for use in a flow meter or other application. The transducer plays an important role in the ultrasonic flow meter system. A simple bonding process design uses a metallic mass spring resonance system with 3D printed or Additive Manufacturing components to obtain an optimum signal transmission and bandwidth for a specific application. For example, the head and tail masses are 3D printed for tuning the optimum transducer performance for flow metering applications. The arrangement of piezoelectric crystal rings and the head and tail masses increase the piezo conversion efficiency and maximize the energy transfer with less excitation voltage. This arrangement allows for an increase in the bandwidth, and tuning of the bandwidth based on the requirements without having additional backing material which allows for the reduction in the length of the transducer as compared to conventional ultrasonic transducers. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a flow meter utilizing an ultrasonic transducer  100  in accordance with a first embodiment. In some embodiments, the ultrasonic transducer  100  can be a port-less wetted transducer mounted within a pipe  17  for measuring a flow of fluid medium therein, such as a liquid or gas. The ultrasonic transducer  100  can include an overall diameter less than 1 in. A tapered head mass can be used as a sound guide to provide an acoustic impedance match between a sound source, such as piezoelectric crystals, and the fluid medium. The head mass can be bonded to the piezoelectric crystals by an epoxy or other suitable adhesive. The tapered head mass can maximize the efficiency with sound waves transferred to the medium. Thus, the design provides low power consumption, high energy transfer, and more accurate and stable signals with improved bandwidth or tuning bandwidth. The design allows for improved meter accuracy and stability, and fewer burdens on signal processing methods. One or more ultrasonic transducers  100  can be installed in the pipe  17  and can send sound pulses upstream and downstream through the fluid. The difference in transit times between the transducers can be by the processing system  18  to determine velocity, and volumetric and mass flow rate of the fluid. 
     In order to amplify the output of the transducer, a tail mass may be joined to the ultrasonic transducer  100  by a spanning element as discussed below. Various materials can be used to form the various components of transducer  100  including the head mass, tail mass, or spanning element. Various materials for forming the components of the transducer  100  can include one or more of a High Temperature SLA Resin, ULTEM (polyetherimide), PEEK (polyether ether ketone), Ecofloat, Stycast, Nonconductive Epoxy Resin, Tungsteen, Bronze, Tungsten Carbide, Stainless Steel 316, Nickel, Cast Iron, Titanium, Aluminum Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, and Silicon Carbide. 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an ultrasonic transducer  200  having a head mass  20 , a tail mass  24 , and a connecting element  26 . The head mass  20  can have a conical shape tapering from a smaller diameter proximal portion  21  to a larger diameter distal portion  23 . The head mass  20  can be made of a first material, such as any material described above, or a combination thereof. The tail mass  24  can have a constant diameter outer surface. However, in other embodiments, the tail mass  24  can include a tapered conical portion such as shown with the head mass  20 . The tail mass  24  can be formed from a second material, such as any material described above, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the material forming the head mass  20  can be different from the material forming the tail mass  24 . In some embodiments, the materials forming the head mass  20  and the tail mass  24  are the same. 
     The head mass  20  and the tail mass  24  are connected to one another by a spanning element  26  that extends between the head mass  20  and the tail mass  24 . In some embodiments, the spanning element  26  can be configured to extend through an aperture located in both the head mass  20  and the tail mass  24  to secure the head mass  20  and the tail mass  24 . In such an instance, the spanning element  26  can be a bolt. In some embodiments, the bolt can include a larger diameter distal portion and a threaded proximal portion that can secure to internal threads within the tail mass  24 . Alternatively, the bolt can be configured to secure to internal threads within the head mass  20 . Additionally, the spanning element  26  may be configured to extend proximally beyond the tail mass  24  and connect with a threaded element such as a bolt. Piezoelectric crystals  22  can be formed as one or more rings having an opening in the middle through which the spanning element  26  may pass. 
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the ultrasonic transducer  200  of  FIG.  2 A  taken along line A-A. As shown in  FIG.  2 B , the ultrasonic transducer  200  can include one or more hollow spaces or voids  28 . These hollow spaces  28  can be located in any portion of the transducer  200 , for example the head mass  20 , tail mass  24 , or spanning element  26 . The hollow space  28  shown in  FIG.  2 B  can be a cylindrical hollow space extending between the spanning element  26  and the tail mass  24 . While the hollow space  28  is shown in the spanning element  26  and the tail mass  24 , it is understood that one or more hollow spaces  28  could be formed in the head mass  24 . The hollow spaces  28  are formed during an Additive Manufacturing process. 
     Additive Manufacturing processes used for the formation of the components of the ultrasonic transducer  200  can include Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Aerosol Jetting (AJ), and Lithography. For example, the housing and the connecting element can be formed using Powder Bed Fusion, solder joints can be formed by using Aerosol Jetting, the head mass and the tail mass can be formed using Fused Deposition Modeling, Stereolithography, Direct Ink Writing, or Powder Bed Fusion, and the piezo rings or discs can be formed using Direct Ink Writing and Lithography. 
     The hollow spaces  28  can include any shape, such as a plurality of concentric cylindrical hollow spaces, a honeycomb structure, or other mesh structure having a plurality of interwoven hollow spaces. The hollow spaces  28  are designed to reduce the overall mass of the transducer  200  components, which allows for specific tuning of the transducer  200  for use at or over a desired frequency range. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates another embodiment of an ultrasonic transducer  300  having a head mass  30 , a tail mass  34 , and a connecting element  36 . The head mass  30  can have a cylindrical shape having a constant diameter outer surface. The head mass  30  can be made of a first material, such as any material described above, or a combination thereof. The tail mass  34  can also have a constant diameter outer surface. In some embodiments, the tail mass  34  can include a tapered conical portion having a reduced diameter in either the proximal or distal direction. The tail mass  34  can be from a second material, such as any material set forth above, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the material forming the head mass  30  can be different from the material forming the tail mass  34 . In some embodiments, the materials forming the head mass  30  and the tail mass  34  are the same. In some embodiments, the head mass  30  can be formed using a first Additive Manufacturing process and the tail mass  34  can be formed using a second Additive Manufacturing process. 
     The head mass  30  and the tail mass  34  are connected to one another by a spanning element  36  that can extend between the head mass  30  and the tail mass  36 . In some embodiments, the spanning element  36  can be configured to extend through an aperture located in both the head mass  30  and the tail mass  34  to secure the head mass  30  and the tail mass  34 . The spanning element  36  can include a bolt that includes a larger diameter distal portion and a threaded proximal portion that can secure to internal threads within the tail mass  34 . Alternatively, the bolt can be configured to secure to internal threads within the head mass  30 . 
     Piezoelectric crystals  32  can be formed as one or more rings having an opening in the middle through which the spanning element  36  may pass. In some embodiments, one or more components of the transducer  300  are integrally formed in one piece. For example, the tail mass  34  and the spanning element  36  may be formed together using an Additive Manufacturing process. In such a configuration, the piezoelectric discs  32  may be placed over the spanning element  36  prior to connecting the spanning element  36  with the head mass  30 . The connection can be made by a treaded feature associated with either the spanning element  36  or the head mass  30 , or by bonding using epoxy or other bonding agents. In another embodiment, the head mass  30 , spanning element  36 , and tail mass  34  can be integrally formed using an Additive Manufacturing process. In such a configuration, the piezoelectric discs  32  can be cut at one or more locations to be placed around the spanning element  26  and bonded thereto. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  3 B and  3 C , the ultrasound transducer  300  can include one or more hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c . The one or more hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can be located in any portion of the ultrasound transducer  300 . The one or more hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can allow the mass of the transducer  300  to be reduced. The one or more hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can be configured with respect to a specific application or use of the transducer  300  to a desired use. For example, when configured as a gas flow meter, the transducer  300  may be tuned to work at a frequency between 100 kHz and 50 kHz. As shown in  FIG.  3 B , the hollow spaces  38   a  can be located in the tail mass  34  and the spanning element  36 .  FIG.  3 C  shows additional hollow spaces  38   b ,  38   c  formed in the head mass  30 . The hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can be formed during the additive manufacturing process. The hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can include any shape, such as a plurality of concentric cylindrical hollow spaces, a honeycomb structure, or other mesh structure having a plurality of interwoven hollow spaces. 
     The hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can be designed to reduce the overall mass of the transducer  300  components. As a result, the ultrasonic transducer  300  can be used at or over a desired frequency range. The one or more hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  can have various sizes and/or shapes. For example,  FIG.  3 C  shows the hollow spaces  38   b  in the head mass  30  having a first volume, and the hollow space  38   c  having a second volume that can be smaller than the first volume. The hollow spaces  38   b ,  38   c  in the head mass can include a plurality of concentric cavities, the interior cavities having a larger volume than the most exterior cavity  38   c . It is understood that each of the concentric cavities could have a different volume. For example, the volume of the cavities can reduce in size from the cavity closest to the center of the head mass  30  to the cavity closest to the exterior surface of the head mass  30 . Varying the size, shape, and spacing of the hollow spaces  38   a ,  38   b ,  38   c  allows for tuning of the transducer  300  for use at a desired frequency or range of frequencies using a desired material or combination of materials. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates an embodiment of an ultrasonic transducer  400  having a shell  47  that surrounds the head mass  40   a ,  40   b , spanning element  46  and tail mass  44   a ,  44   b . As shown in  FIG.  4 A , the head mass  40   a ,  40   b  includes a proximal constant diameter portion  40   a  and a conical tapered portion  40   b  that can increases in diameter from the proximal constant diameter portion  40   a  to the distal end. The shell  47  can be bonded to the conical tapered portion  40   b  or can be integrally formed therewith during an Additive Manufacturing process. The shell  47  can extend proximally from the conical tapered portion  40   b  to cover and can surround the components of the transducer  400 . A proximal portion of the shell  47  can be configured to connect with other portions of the transducer  400  to seal the components therein. 
     The tail mass  44   a ,  44   b  can include a distal constant diameter portion  44   a  and a proximal constant diameter portion  44   b . The distal constant diameter portion  44   a  can include one or more holes or openings to accept one or more spanning elements  46 . The one or more spanning elements  46  can join to the proximal constant diameter portion  40   a  of the head mass. The one or more spanning elements  46  may be spaced around the perimeter of the transducer  400  at equal distances. While two spanning elements  46  are shown in FIG.  4 A, it is understood that three, four, five, six or more spanning elements  46  can be used to connect the components of the transducer  400  together. The positioning of the spanning elements  46  on the exterior of the components can allow the tail mass  44   a ,  44   b  to be joined to the head mass  40   a ,  40   b  without the use of an internal spanning element. This can allow for piezoelectric discs  42  having a solid cross-section to be configured between the head mass  40   a ,  40   b  and the tail mass  44   a ,  44   b  rather than piezoelectric rings which can surround the spanning element, as shown in  FIGS.  2 A,  2 B,  3 A,  3 B, and  3 C . 
     The ultrasonic transducer  420  shown in  FIG.  4 B  is identical to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  4 A  except for the conical tapered portion of the head mass  40   c . Like the conical tapered portion  40   b , the conical tapered portion  40   c  in  FIG.  4 B  can taper from a smaller diameter portion to a larger diameter portion. However, the head mass  40   c  can include a distal face  40   e  having a diameter that is less than the diameter of the piezoelectric discs  42 . 
       FIG.  4 C  illustrates the conical tapered portion  40   d  of the head mass as having a plurality of hollow portions or cavities  49 . Cavities  49  can include various volumes and arrangements. The cavities  49  can be spaced throughout the conical tapered portion  40   d  at regular intervals or spaced irregularly. The cavities  49  may include a plurality of linear hollow volumes, or can take the form of a plurality of concentric cylindrical cavities. The cavities  49  may be defined as separate structures, or may be fluidly connected to one another. While the conical tapered portion  40   d  is shown having a plurality of cavities, it is understood that one or more cavities can be formed in the proximal constant diameter portion  40   a  of the head mass, or the distal constant diameter portion  44   a  or the proximal constant diameter portion  44   b  of the tail mass. The various head mass  40   b ,  40   c ,  40   d  configurations can allow for the transducers to be tuned to a specific sensitivity and frequency when formed from one or more of the materials disclosed above. 
     The embodiments set forth above can allow for the tuning of an ultrasonic transducer to a specific sensitivity and frequency for a desired application during manufacture. However, once the transducer is formed, it is impossible to adjust the parameters of the transducer. The embodiments disclosed in  FIGS.  5 A,  5 B,  6 A, and  6 B  are capable of changing the configuration of the head mass in real time to optimize the performance of the transducer based on real time feedback. Such a configuration allows for real time tuning to a desired bandwidth during operation of the transducer. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates an ultrasound transducer  500  having a tail mass  54 , and piezoelectric crystals  52  stacked on a spanning member  56  as described in the above embodiments. However, the head mass  50  can be configured to have a portion having a first contracted configuration as shown in  FIG.  5 A  and a second expanded configuration as shown in  FIG.  5 B . In some embodiments, the head mass  50  can include a shape memory element  51  that includes a first overall length at a first temperature, and a second overall length at a second temperature. In some embodiments, the shape memory element  51  can be configured to move within the head mass, such as within a channel or opening in the head mass  50 . In this instance, the shape memory element  51  can be the only portion of the head mass  50  that can change shape. In other embodiments, the shape memory element  51  can be configured to move all or a portion of the head mass  50  upon actuation. 
     The shape memory spring  51  can be actuated by a heating element  53  that can be attached to the spanning element  56 . In some embodiments, the heating element  53  can be positioned within the spanning element  56 . The heating element  53  can take the form of a resistive heater or other heat source that is capable of raising the temperature of the shape memory spring  51  to effect a change in the shape memory element  51 . 
     In some embodiments, the heating element  53  can be positioned within the spanning element and configured to heat the spanning element  56 , which in turn transfers heat to the shape memory element  51 . In other embodiments, the spanning element  56  can be surrounded by a thermal insulator  58  to prevent heat from transferring to the piezoelectric crystals  52 . In other embodiments, as shown in  FIG.  5 C , a heating element  53   a  may be positioned over a thermal insulator  58   a  that surrounds the spanning element  56  to heat the shape memory element  51  directly to induce a change in the shape memory element  51 . In some embodiments, the shape memory element  51  can include more than one spring, and can also include another form, such as a helical structure, woven structure, or braided structure that is adapted to move from a contracted configuration to an expanded configuration or vice versa when actuated. 
     The shape memory element  51  can be formed from a shape memory alloy or a polymer. For example, the shape memory element  51  can be formed of Nitinol or other nickel-titanium alloys, or copper-aluminum-nickel alloys or from a suitable shape memory polymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polylactide, and ethylene-vinyl acetate. The shape memory element  51  can be configured to have a one-way memory effect, or a two-way memory effect. 
     While the spanning element  56  is shown in  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  as being an internal element, it is understood that an external spanning member such as described in  FIGS.  4 A- 4 C  could be used with the ultrasound transducer  500 . 
       FIG.  6 A  illustrates another embodiment of an ultrasound transducer  600  where the head mass  60  can include a first configuration and a second configuration that is different from the first configuration. The first configuration can include a first arrangement of a head mass and the second configuration can include a second arrangement of the head mass. The first and second configurations may be different by a physical arrangement of components of the head mass or by different properties induced within the head mass. For example, the first configuration may include the head mass in a first position, and the second configuration may include the head mass in a second position. Additionally, the first configuration may include a head mass having a first viscosity and the second configuration may include the head mass having a second viscosity. 
     The ultrasound transducer  600  includes a tail mass  64 , and piezoelectric crystals  62  stacked on a spanning member  66  such as described previously. In this embodiment, the head mass  60  can include a magnetorheological fluid  68  that when subjected to a magnetic field changes properties, such as a change in the apparent viscosity of the fluid  68 . The magnetorheological fluid  68  can include a type of carrier fluid, such as an oil, and includes a plurality of magnetic particles  69  suspended in the magnetorheological fluid  68 . The magnetic particles  69  can be micrometer or nanometer scale particles such as spheres or ellipsoids that can be suspended within the magnetorheological fluid  68  and distributed randomly in suspension under normal circumstances. When a magnetic field  70   a  is applied, such as by an electromagnet or magnetization coil  70 , the magnetic particles  69  can align themselves along the lines of magnetic flux. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6 A , a first configuration of the head mass  60  includes magnetic particles  69  aligned as a result of a magnetic field  70   a  being applied. As shown in  FIG.  6 B , a second configuration of the head mass  60  includes unaligned magnetic particles  69 . The electromagnet or magnetization coil  70  can be configured to apply a variety of magnetic fields  70   a  to the magnetorheological fluid  68 . In some embodiments, more than one electromagnet or magnetization coil  70  may be arranged to apply a magnetic field  70   a  to the magnetorheological fluid  68 . The electromagnet or magnetization coil  70  can be configured to apply a plurality of magnetic fields  70   a  that can vary in strength or orientation to create various lines of magnetic flux to which the magnetic particles  69  can be aligned, thus changing the properties of the head mass  60  in real time to adjust performance of the ultrasound transducer  600 . For example, some application may require a low bandwidth such as in a high CO 2  environment, but then need to increase the bandwidth in a low flow environment. By adjusting the magnetic field  70   a  applied to the head mass  60 , the ultrasound transducer can be tuned during use. 
     A method of making an ultrasonic transducer  700  is illustrated in  FIG.  7   . The method  700  can include forming a head mass utilizing a first process of additive manufacturing as shown in step  73 . The additive manufacturing process may result in the formation of a cavity or void or a plurality of cavities or voids in the head mass. The additive manufacturing process may result in a recess or channel into which a shape changing element such as discussed in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C  may be positioned. The head mass can include any desired shape such as a tapered shape as shown in  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  or a cylindrical shape as discussed in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C . The head mass may be formed of one or more materials as set forth above. The first additive manufacturing process may include one or more of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Aerosol Jetting (AJ), and Lithography. 
     The method  700  can include forming a tail mass utilizing a second process of additive manufacturing as shown in step  75 . The second additive manufacturing process may result in the formation of a cavity or void or a plurality of cavities or voids in the tail mass. The tail mass can include any desired shape such as a tapered shape or a cylindrical shape as discussed in  FIGS.  3 A- 3 C . The tail mass may be formed of one or more materials as set forth above. The second additive manufacturing process may include one or more of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Powder Bed Fusion (PBF), Aerosol Jetting (AJ), and Lithography. 
     Step  77  illustrates the step of joining the head mass and the tail mass by a spanning element. As discussed previously, the spanning element may include a structure passing though the head mass, piezoelectric crystals, and the tail mass to connect the components of the transducer together. In some embodiments, the connecting element may be integrally formed with the head mass or the tail mass. In other embodiments, the connecting element can be placed outside of the components of the transducer, or surround and encase the components. Joining the head mass and the tail mass can include threadably connecting the head mass and the tail mass via the spanning element, or boding the head mass, the tail mass, and the spanning element together. 
     The improved system, devices, and methods described herein addresses the technical problem of coupling various components of ultrasonic transducers and tuning ultrasonic transducers for use in flow meters in specific environments. By creating components of the transducers using Additive Manufacturing, the overall mass of the components can be reduced, allowing for greater sensitivity, increased output using less excitation voltage, and specific tuning of the transducer for use at or over a desired frequency range. The use of a spanning element to couple components of the transducer together alleviates problems with boding agents weakening over time. 
     Exemplary embodiments of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the disclosure. Variations of those embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the disclosure to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
     The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the disclosure (especially in the context of the following claims) is to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the disclosure.