Patent Publication Number: US-2023163370-A1

Title: System and method for rapidly discharging a battery cell during a thermal event

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to battery conditioning of an electric vehicle, and more particularly to a system and method of mitigating propagation of a thermal event in an energy storage system having a plurality of cells. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular as consumers look to decrease their environmental impact and improve air quality. Instead of a traditional internal combustion engine, electric vehicles include one or more motors, powered by a rechargeable battery pack. A common battery pack is made up of one or more battery modules, each module containing a plurality of battery cells, which act as galvanic cells when being discharged by converting chemical energy to electrical energy, and electrolytic cells when being recharged by converting electrical energy to chemical energy. 
     As is well known, these battery cells can generate heat in use, thus reducing the range of the electric vehicle and the durability and overall life of the battery cells making up the rechargeable battery pack. In rare cases, a single battery cell can overheat to the point of a thermal runaway, which can then propagate to the other battery cells and greatly reduce the longevity or the ability of the remaining cells to hold charge for an extended period of time. In extreme circumstances, the propagation of heat from the cell experiencing a thermal runaway can lead to a thermal runaway of the entire battery pack, thus destroying the battery pack and potentially the electric vehicle. 
     Although various systems have been developed over the years to regulate the temperature of the battery pack, further improvements in the ability to mitigate propagation of the thermal event for the use in a battery pack of an electric vehicle, and to decrease the chance that an overheated cell will affect any adjacent cell and/or the entire battery pack is desirable. The present disclosure addresses these concerns. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for mitigating propagation of a thermal event in an energy storage system having a plurality of cells by rapidly discharging the electrical potential from a battery cell prior to a perceived a thermal event. For example, in some embodiments, the disclosed systems and methods can isolate a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal event, then rapidly charge the electrical potential from the cell in a manner that decreases a likelihood of a propagation of heat from the cell to one or more adjacent cells within the battery pack. 
     One embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electric vehicle battery pack configured to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate a propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event, the vehicle battery pack including a plurality of battery cells, and a battery management system. The battery management system can include sensing circuitry configured to sense one or more conditions of the plurality of battery cells, a processor configured to process data sensed by the sensing circuitry to determine whether any of the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, and a control engine configured to isolate and rapidly discharge a potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, thereby mitigating a potential for a propagation of a thermal runaway event experienced by a single cell into a multi-cell thermal runaway event. 
     In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry is configured to sense at least one of a temperature, pressure, voltage, amperage, presence of smoke or liquid. In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry comprises a voltage monitoring module configured to receive voltage information associated with each of the plurality of battery cells as an aid in determining if any individual battery cell is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event. In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry comprises a balancing module configured to evaluate a relative voltage level between individual battery cells of the plurality battery cells, and to affect a transfer of electrical potential from one individual battery cell to one or more other individual battery cells within the plurality of battery cells. In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry comprises a temperature monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a temperature associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells. In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry comprises a pressure monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a pressure associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells. In one embodiment, the sensing circuitry comprises a thermocouple or pressure sensor. 
     In one embodiment, the processor is configured to determine if any individual battery cell within the plurality of battery cells is experiencing at least one of a temperature outside of the normal operating range, sudden rise in pressure, or abnormal voltage indicative of the onset of a thermal runaway event. In one embodiment, the processor uses a combination of a sensed temperature, pressure and voltage as an aid in determining whether an individual battery cell within the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway. In one embodiment, the control engine is configured to discharge the potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event into at least one of other battery cells within the plurality of battery cells or an electrically resistive member. In one embodiment, one or more high temperature barricades are positioned between adjacent cells of the plurality of cells, the high temperature barricades configured to inhibit heat propagation between adjacent cells. 
     Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides a battery management system configured to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement mitigate propagation of a multi celled thermal runaway event, the battery management system including sensing circuitry configured to sense one or more conditions in each of a plurality of battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement, a processor configured to process data sensed by the sensing circuitry to determine whether any of the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, and a control engine configured to isolate and rapidly discharge a potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, thereby mitigating a potential for a propagation of a thermal runaway event experienced by a single cell into a multi-cell thermal runaway event. 
     Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides an electric vehicle having a battery pack configured to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate a propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event, the electric vehicle including a battery tray comprising a plurality of battery cells in a multi-cell arrangement, with one or more high temperature barricades positioned between adjacent cells of the plurality of cells configured to inhibit heat propagation between adjacent cells, and a battery management system including sensing circuitry configured to sense one or more conditions of the plurality of battery cells, wherein the sensing circuitry is configured to sense at least one of a temperature, pressure, voltage associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells, the sensing circuitry, including a voltage monitoring module configured to receive voltage information associated with each of the plurality of battery cells as an aid in determining if any individual battery cell is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, a balancing module configured to evaluate a relative voltage level between individual battery cells of the plurality battery cells, and to affect a transfer of electrical potential from one individual battery cell to one or more other individual battery cells within the plurality of battery cells, a temperature monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a temperature associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells, and a pressure monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a pressure associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells, a processor configured to process data sensed by the sensing circuitry to determine whether any of the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, and a control engine configured to isolate and rapidly discharge a potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, thereby mitigating a potential for a propagation of a thermal runaway event experienced by a single cell into a multi-cell thermal runaway event, wherein the control engine is configured to discharge the potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event into at least one of other battery cells within the plurality of battery cells or an electrically resistive member. 
     The summary above is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The figures and the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure can be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the disclosure, in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view depicting an electric vehicle comprising a battery pack configured to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate the propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a perspective view depicting a multi-cell battery pack configured to enable rapid discharge of one or more individual battery cells to mitigate heat propagation to adjacent battery cells or battery modules in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a perspective view depicting a vehicle battery pack tray loaded with a plurality of battery pack components configured to enable rapid discharge of one or more individual battery cells to mitigate the propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram depicting a battery management system adapted to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate the propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     While embodiments of the disclosure are amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof shown by way of example in the drawings will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the disclosure to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , an electric vehicle  100  comprising a battery pack  102  for rapidly discharging one or more individual battery cell within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate a propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event is depicted in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As depicted in  FIG.  1   , the battery pack  102  can include a cover  104  operably coupled to a battery tray  106 , thereby creating a sealed battery cell compartment containing clusters of individual battery cells and other battery related components. The assembled battery pack  102  can then be mounted to the frame and/or chassis of the vehicle  100 , which in some embodiments can be positioned adjacent to a cabin floor  108  of the vehicle  100 , thereby maintaining a low center of gravity. 
     Various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts and assemblies throughout the several views. Various directions and orientations, such as “upward,” “downward,” “top,” “bottom,” “upper,” “lower”, etc. are generally described herein with reference to the drawings in the usual gravitational frame of reference, regardless of how the components may be oriented during assembly. 
     With additional reference to  FIG.  2   , a multi-cell battery pack  102  configured to enable rapid discharge of one or more individual battery cells  110  to mitigate heat propagation to adjacent battery cells  110  or battery modules  112  is depicted in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As depicted, the individual cells  110  are grouped into eight distinct clusters, sometimes referred to as battery modules  112  A-H although the grouping of the individual cells  110  into other quantities of clusters of varying shapes and sizes is also contemplated. In addition to the modules  112 , the battery pack  102  can include one or more electrical current transmission systems, temperature control systems, safety systems, battery management systems (BMS), and structural support systems (in addition to the structural support provided by the battery tray  106  itself). 
     It has been observed that optimal battery cell  110  performance is more likely to occur within a desired temperature range (e.g., 40-45° C., etc.), with a maximum/not to exceed temperature (e.g., 60° C.) being above the desired temperature range. In rare cases, individual battery cells  110  within a multi-cell battery pack  102  can exhibit thermal characteristics above a desired temperature range (e.g., above the maximum/not to exceed temperature), which may result in a failure (e.g., thermal runaway, etc.) of the individual cell  110 . During such an occurrence, heat energy from the cell  110  exhibiting the thermal characteristics can propagate into nearby and adjacent cells  110 , thereby creating the potential for a chain reaction thermal event across multiple battery cells  110 . 
     The multi-cell battery pack  102  has many sources of heat which may contribute to abnormal thermal characteristics of any given cell  110  (e.g., above a desired temperature range). The source of heat may be created internally (e.g., within the cell  110 ) or may originate from an external source (e.g., outside of the cell  110  or battery tray  106 ). One internal heat source can occur when one or more individual cells  110  experience a high rate of discharge, which may occur when the vehicle  100  is under heavy acceleration and/or driving up a hill, etc. This type of internal heat is considered part of the normal operation of the vehicle  110 , but is monitored for exceptional circumstances, which may occur during extremely hot weather or other predetermined or unforeseen circumstances. Abnormal thermal characteristics within an individual cell  110  can also occur as a result of internal damage (e.g., impact, crushing, etc.), which can result in a thermal runaway. 
     The heat produced by a high rate of discharge within an individual cell  110  is generally a function of an electrical current and an internal electrical resistance of the cell  110 . The cells  110  are generally more sensitive to high temperatures when a voltage within the cell is relatively high. This volatility is dependent upon cell chemistry (e.g., nickel-cadmium reaction, etc.) and varies among different types of cells  110  contemplated for use. In the event that a single cell  110  may enter into a thermal runaway, the heat produced by the overheated cell  110  may transfer to adjacent cells  110  (e.g., within a module  112 ) thereby raising the temperature of the adjacent cells  110  to a point the propagation of the thermal event throughout the entire battery pack  102 . 
     To inhibit such a chain reaction thermal event, the battery pack  102  can be closely monitored and controlled to inhibit such thermal runaway of any single cell  110  for the purpose of inhibiting a larger order thermal runaway, from the cell  110  experiencing the over temperature conditions into adjacent cells  110 , which may be positioned either radially, axially or nearby. With optimal performance in mind, embodiments of the present disclosure enable a rapid discharge of the individual battery cell  110  experiencing an onset of a detected thermal runaway event (e.g., temperature above a defined threshold, rapid rise in temperature above a defined rate, sudden change in pressure, abnormal current or voltage readings, the presence of smoke, etc.), such that the thermal runaway or propagation may be slowed, such that the rate of propagation to other cells  110  within the multi-cell battery pack  102  can be completely stopped or slowed. 
     With additional reference to  FIG.  3   , a multi-cell battery pack  102  configured to enable rapid discharge of one or more individual battery cells to mitigate the propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event is depicted in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As depicted, the battery tray  106  can represent a bottom and one or more sides of a structural vessel  114  defining a compartment  115 . Further, in embodiments, the battery tray  106  can include one or more structural supports, such as cross members  116 , which can provide structural support to the battery pack  102 , as well as surfaces within the compartment  115  on which other components of the battery pack can be affixed. 
     In addition to the battery modules  112 A-I, a variety of components can be packed into the compartment  115  before the cover  104  (as depicted in  FIG.  1   ) is affixed to a top surface  118  of the battery tray  106 , thereby sealing the compartment  114 . In some embodiments, the components can include an electrical current transmission system  122 , safety system  124 , battery management system  126  (including current management systems  128 ), and a battery bus bar  130  interconnecting the various components  112 A-I,  122 ,  124 ,  126 , and  128 . Once the components have been positioned within the compartment  115 , the cover  104  can be affixed to the top surface  118  via a plurality of fasteners, adhesive, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the battery management system  126  or other components of the multi-cell battery pack can include one or more sensors  132  for monitoring a physical state of the individual cells  110  during operation. Such sensors include, but are not limited to measurement of temperature, pressure, voltage, amperage, and other ambient conditions (e.g., the presence of smoke or fumes, the presence of liquid, etc.) within the battery tray  106 . Data from the sensors  132  can then be used by hardware and software to make intelligent decisions to control a temperature of the individual cells  110 , so that the temperature within any individual cell  110  stays within an acceptable operating range. Additionally, the battery management system  126 , sometimes in combination with the electrical current transmission system  122 , can be configured to enable information gathered by the one or more sensors  132  to flow into and out of the battery pack  102 . The battery management system  126  can include mixed signal integrated circuits that incorporate both analog and digital circuits, such as one or more types of digital memory and special registers to hold battery data. 
     With additional reference to  FIG.  4   , a block diagram for a battery management system  126  adapted to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate a propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event is depicted in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. As depicted, the battery management system  126  can include an electronic control unit (ECU)  134  operably coupled to a plurality of energy delivery devices (e.g., individual cells  100 A-D (e.g., lithium cells), electrically connected in series and/or in parallel. 
     The ECU  134  or components thereof can comprise or include various modules or engines, each of which is constructed, programmed, configured, or otherwise adapted to autonomously carry out a function or set of functions. The term “engine” as used herein is defined as a real-world device, component, or arrangement of components implemented using hardware, such as by an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA), for example, or as a combination of hardware and software, such as by a microprocessor system and a set of program instructions that adapt the engine to implement the particular functionality, which (while being executed) transform the microprocessor system into a special-purpose device. 
     An engine can also be implemented as a combination of the two, with certain functions facilitated by hardware alone, and other functions facilitated by a combination of hardware and software. In certain implementations, at least a portion, and in some cases, all, of an engine can be executed on the processor(s) of one or more computing platforms that are made up of hardware (e.g., one or more processors, data storage devices such as memory or drive storage, input/output facilities such as network interface devices, video devices, keyboard, mouse or touchscreen devices, etc.) that execute an operating system, system programs, and application programs, while also implementing the engine using multitasking, multithreading, distributed (e.g., cluster, peer-peer, cloud, etc.) processing where appropriate, or other such techniques. 
     Accordingly, each engine can be realized in a variety of physically realizable configurations, and should generally not be limited to any particular implementation exemplified herein, unless such limitations are expressly called out. In addition, an engine can itself be composed of more than one sub-engines, each of which can be regarded as an engine in its own right. Moreover, in the embodiments described herein, each of the various engines corresponds to a defined autonomous functionality; however, it should be understood that in other contemplated embodiments, each functionality can be distributed to more than one engine. Likewise, in other contemplated embodiments, multiple defined functionalities may be implemented by a single engine that performs those multiple functions, possibly alongside other functions, or distributed differently among a set of engines than specifically illustrated in the examples herein. 
     In some embodiments, ECU  134  can include a processor  136 , memory  138 , control engine  140 , sensing circuitry  142 , and power source  144 . Optionally, in embodiments, ECU  134  can further include a communications engine  146 . Processor  136  can include fixed function circuitry and/or programmable processing circuitry. Processor  136  can include any one or more of a microprocessor, a controller, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA, or equivalent discrete or analog logic circuitry. In some examples, processor  136  can include multiple components, such as any combination of one or more microprocessors, one or more controllers, one or more DSPs, one or more ASICs, or one or more FPGAs, as well as other discrete or integrated logic circuitry. The functions attributed to processor  136  herein may be embodied as software, firmware, hardware or any combination thereof. 
     Memory  138  can include computer-readable instructions that, when executed by processor  136  cause ECU  134  to perform various functions. Memory  138  can include volatile, non-volatile, magnetic, optical, or electrical media, such as a random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), electrically-erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or any other digital media. 
     Control engine  140  can include instructions to control the components of ECU  134  and instructions to selectively control a flow of electrical power to and from the individual cells  110 A-D, thereby enabling both a rapid discharge of any one individual cell  110 A-D experiencing abnormal conditions, as well as a balancing of loads between cells  110 A-D. For example, based on conditions detected by the sensing circuitry  142  or the vehicle (e.g. other vehicle ECUs), control engine  140  can selectively activate (e.g., open/close) one or more switches to adjust a connection to each of the cells  110 A-D individually. In some cases, it may be desirable to shift an electrical potential between one or more cells  110 A-D. In other cases, it may be desirable to rapidly discharge the electrical potential from a given cell, for example through an electrically resistive member  156 , which in some embodiments, may have a variable resistance or impedance controllable by the control engine  140 . For example, in one embodiment, the resistive member  156  can be the vehicle motor; although the use of other resistive members or combinations of resistive members is also contemplated. 
     In embodiments, sensing circuitry  142  can be configured to sense a variety of conditions related to each of the cells  110 A-D. For example, sensing circuitry  142  can be configured to sense at least one of a temperature, pressure, voltage, amperage, or other ambient condition (e.g., the presence of smoke or fumes, the presence of liquid, etc.) directly or indirectly associated with each cell  110 A-D. Accordingly, sensing circuitry  142  can include or can be operable with one or more sensors  132  (e.g., one or more thermocouples, pressure sensors, etc.). In embodiments, sensing circuitry  142  can additionally include one or more modules  148 ,  150 ,  152 ,  154  configured to process and analyze received data related to battery cell  110 A-D conditions. 
     For example, a voltage monitoring module  148  can be configured to receive voltage information associated with each of the individual battery cells  110 A-D, condition and isolate the voltage information and provide the voltage information to the processor  136 /control engine  140 . The processor  136  can evaluate each of the battery cells  110  A-D during operation (e.g., charging and discharging) to determine if any individual battery cell  110 A-D is in a potentially damaging state. For example, during charging, an individual cell  110 A-D may reach or exceed a safe voltage level even though the overall pack voltage is still below a safe level. Similarly, during discharge, the voltage of an individual cell  110 A-D may drop below a minimum safety threshold even though the voltage of the overall battery pack is still above its minimum safety threshold. In such events, the control engine  140  can discontinue charging or discharging the battery pack  102  (or anyone of the individual cells  110 A-D) when the processor  136  detects an individual cell  110 A-D voltage at an undesired value. 
     Some exemplary parameters that can be monitored by the battery management system  126  include overcharge (over-voltage), over-discharge (under-voltage) and excessive charge and discharge currents (overcurrent, short circuit), information of particular importance in Li-ion battery systems. In some embodiments, the battery management system  126  can assume some of the functions of a protection circuit by protecting individual cells  110 A-D from harmful overcharging and overcurrent conditions. 
     A balancing module  150  can be configured to evaluate the relative voltage levels of adjacent cell  110 A-D pairs and redistribute charge between the adjacent cells  110 A-D to mitigate differences in the cell voltages of the pair. That is, in rare cases, the individual cells  110  within a given module may discharge unevenly, creating a temperature and voltage differential among the cells  110 A-D. Upon the detection of such an event, the balancing module  150  can affect the transfer of electrical potential from one cell to another, and in extreme circumstances can even fully discharge the electrical potential from a given cell experiencing a problem or perceived abnormal conditions. To affect a greater control over redistribution of electrical potential, in some embodiments, the balancing module  150  can employ one or more resistors  156 , which can be variable in nature, to shift the electrical load of one or more cells to other cells within the battery  102 . 
     A temperature monitoring module  152  can receive information corresponding to a temperature of the individual cells  110 A-D. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the sensing circuitry  142  can monitor a temperature of the individual battery cells  110 A-D with a goal of maintaining the active cells within a desired temperature range. The temperature information can be in the form of an electrical signal produced by a sensor  132  located within or adjacent to the individual cells  110 A-D, although the temperature information can take other forms known in the art. The temperature monitoring module  152  can provide the temperature information to the processor  136 /control engine  140 . 
     If it is determined by the processor  136  that a temperature of at least one of the cells  110  has risen above the desired temperature range, the control engine  140  can open/close one or more switches to route a flow of electrical energy within the bus bar to affect a load shift or rapid discharge of the cell experiencing the abnormal condition. Temperature control can also be afforded via one or more high temperature barricades  158 . In some embodiments, these high temperature barricades  158  can be in the form of insulation constructed of a material configured to provide a physical heat barrier to inhibit heat propagation between adjacent cells  110  within the multi-cell battery pack  102 . 
     The pressure monitoring module  154  can receive information corresponding to a pressure within or in close proximity to individual cells  110 A-D. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the sensing circuitry  142  can monitor a pressure of the individual battery cells  110 A-D with a goal of using the pressure information (potentially in combination with the sensed temperature, voltage, etc.) as an aid in determining whether anyone of the individual cells  110 A-D may be experiencing a problem, and may be likely to experience a thermal runaway or other adverse event in the near future. In some embodiments, the pressure information can be in the form of an electrical signal produced by a sensor  132 , which can then be fed to the processor  136 /control engine to affect a load shift or rapid discharge of the cell experiencing the abnormal condition. 
     Power source  144  is configured to deliver operating power to the components of ECU  134 . Power source  144  can include a battery and a power generation circuit to produce the operating power (e.g., individual battery cells  110 , etc.). In some examples, the power source  144  is rechargeable to allow extended operation. Power source  144  can include any one or more of a plurality of different battery types, such as nickel cadmium batteries, lithium ion batteries and the like. 
     Optionally, communications engine  146  can include any suitable hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof for communicating with other components of the vehicle and/or external devices (e.g., charging station, etc.). Under the control of processor  136 , communication engine  146  can receive downlink telemetry from, as well as send uplink telemetry to one or more external devices using an internal or external antenna. In addition, communication engine  146  can facilitate communication with a networked computing device and/or a computer network. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the communications engine  146  can be configured to receive information from a driver regarding a desired travel route (e.g., including a desired departure time and en route travel time); for example, in some embodiments, the desired travel route can be obtained from the vehicle&#39;s navigation unit (e.g., GPS). In some embodiments, communication engine  146  can additionally be configured to receive or autonomously gather weather data, including an expected ambient environmental temperature along the desired travel route. This information can be used by the battery management system  126  to anticipate energy usage and discharge requirements along the desired route, thereby enabling the battery management system  126  to compare actual, sensed conditions of the individual cells  110 A-D to expected conditions of the individual cells for a given environmental temperature along the travel route. 
     The invention is further illustrated by the following embodiments: 
     An electric vehicle battery pack configured to rapidly discharge one or more individual battery cells within a multi-cell battery arrangement to mitigate a propagation of a multi-cell thermal runaway event, the vehicle battery pack comprising: a plurality of battery cells; and 
     a battery management system comprising—sensing circuitry configured to sense one or more conditions of the plurality of battery cells, a processor configured to process data sensed by the sensing circuitry to determine whether any of the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, and a control engine configured to isolate and rapidly discharge a potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event, thereby mitigating a potential for a propagation of a thermal runaway event experienced by a single cell into a multi-cell thermal runaway event. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry is configured to sense at least one of a temperature, pressure, voltage, amperage, presence of smoke or liquid. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a voltage monitoring module configured to receive voltage information associated with each of the plurality of battery cells as an aid in determining if any individual battery cell is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a balancing module configured to evaluate a relative voltage level between individual battery cells of the plurality battery cells, and to affect a transfer of electrical potential from one individual battery cell to one or more other individual battery cells within the plurality of battery cells. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a temperature monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a temperature associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a pressure monitoring module configured to receive information corresponding to a pressure associated with an individual cell within the plurality of battery cells. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the sensing circuitry comprises a thermocouple or pressure sensor. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the processor is configured to determine if any individual battery cell within the plurality of battery cells is experiencing at least one of a temperature outside of the normal operating range, sudden rise in pressure, or abnormal voltage indicative of the onset of a thermal runaway event. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the processor uses a combination of a sensed temperature, pressure and voltage as an aid in determining whether an individual battery cell within the plurality of battery cells is experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein the control engine is configured to discharge the potential energy from a battery cell experiencing the onset of a thermal runaway event into at least one of other battery cells within the plurality of battery cells or an electrically resistive member. 
     A system or method according to any embodiment, wherein one or more high temperature barricades are positioned between adjacent cells of the plurality of cells ( ), the high temperature barricades configured to inhibit heat propagation between adjacent cells. 
     An electric vehicle comprising the electric vehicle battery pack according to any embodiment of the disclosure. 
     Various embodiments of systems, devices, and methods have been described herein. These embodiments are given only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed inventions. It should be appreciated, moreover, that the various features of the embodiments that have been described may be combined in various ways to produce numerous additional embodiments. Moreover, while various materials, dimensions, shapes, configurations and locations, etc. have been described for use with disclosed embodiments, others besides those disclosed may be utilized without exceeding the scope of the claimed inventions. 
     Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the subject matter hereof may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the subject matter hereof may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the various embodiments can comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art. Moreover, elements described with respect to one embodiment can be implemented in other embodiments even when not described in such embodiments unless otherwise noted. 
     Although a dependent claim may refer in the claims to a specific combination with one or more other claims, other embodiments can also include a combination of the dependent claim with the subject matter of each other dependent claim or a combination of one or more features with other dependent or independent claims. Such combinations are proposed herein unless it is stated that a specific combination is not intended. 
     Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein. 
     For purposes of interpreting the claims, it is expressly intended that the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.