Patent Publication Number: US-2018043655-A1

Title: Stainable melamine laminate products, compositions, and methods of manufacture

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/373,287, filed on Aug. 10, 2016 and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/412,256, filed on Oct. 24, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to stainable melamine laminate products, melamine formulations, and methods of manufacturing stainable melamine laminate products. The methods disclosed herein provide a melamine laminate product capable of being stained, including with typical wood stains, other stains or colorants. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Laminated engineered wood products are in high demand in the market and used in applications including furniture, cabinetry, flooring, walls, paneling, doors, and shelving. Many engineered wood products are laminated with a thermoset polymer adhered to a composite wood substrate. These laminated engineered wood products can be more economical and long-lasting than traditional wood products, but laminated engineered wood products are not reliably stainable. Consumer demand for high quality products that look like wood has led to laminated porous panel products and other engineered wood products that mimic wood grains and colors, but it is typically evident even without close inspection that the product is not real wood. 
     Laminated engineered wood products that appear “wood-like” also suffer from an additional drawback—they rely on processes that fix the color of the laminate at the factory. Thus, a consumer or decorator is limited in color choice and forced to buy laminated engineered wood products from a single manufacturer if the products are to match each other in color. Further, a manufacturer must determine how many shades and patterns of different wood-like products to carry and manufacture. This inflexibility at the manufacturer leads to both unsold stock and unmet consumer demand when the colors produced do not accurately predict demand. Even still, the consumer often makes compromises by limiting color choices or unknowingly installing poor color matches. 
     In contrast, hardwood veneers are able to readily take a wood stain that can be applied on-site. Hardwood veneers, however, are costly and many desirable and exotic hardwood veneers use hardwood materials that may not be sustainable wood products. The cost of engineered wood products is drastically lower than hardwood veneers. These engineered wood products are also much more sustainable as they are byproducts of the woodworking industry globally. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for Laminate engineered wood products and methods of manufacturing engineered wood products that are capable of being stained with a wood stain, other stain or colorant. There is also a need to provide compositions and methods of providing a professional high quality look similar to hardwood veneer panels or better. The products and methods disclosed herein would reduce manufacturing and consumer costs and provide far greater flexibility for the consumer to use a number of various wood stains and staining methods currently available for wood and hardwood veneers only. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of this document relate to stainable melamine laminate products, melamine formulation compositions, and methods of manufacturing stainable melamine laminate products. These aspects may comprise, and implementations may include, one or more or all of the components and steps set forth in the appended claims, which are hereby incorporated by reference. In one aspect, a stainable melamine laminate product comprises: a substrate; and a melamine layer affixed to the substrate, wherein the melamine layer comprises a melamine formulation and a sheet, the melamine formulation having a porosity agent to allow staining of the melamine. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 25 to 175 grams per square meter. The first side of the sheet is saturated with the melamine formulation comprising the porosity agent and the sheet is a decorative paper. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents comprise between 10% and 70%, more preferably between 25% and 65% of the weight of the melamine formulation before curing, or between 30% and 80% of the weight of the melamine formulation after curing. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents comprise between 35% and 75% of the weight of the melamine formulation before curing, or between 40% and 85% of the weight of the melamine formulation after curing. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents comprise between 40% and 70% of the weight of the melamine formulation before curing, or between 45% and 75% of the weight of the melamine formulation after curing. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents comprise between 35% and 75% (e.g., 40-75%, 45-70%, 50-65%, 45-65%, 45-55%, 50-60%, 50-55%, 55-65%, 50-70%, 55-75%, or 60-75%) of the weight of the melamine formulation before curing, or between 40% and 85% (e.g., 45-85%, 45-80%, 45-80%, 45-75%, 50-75%, 55-75%, 50-70%, 60-70%, 60-80%, 55-80%, 55-70%, or 55-65%) of the weight of the melamine formulation after curing. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents comprise at least 35% (e.g., at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, or at least 65%) of the weight of the melamine formulation before curing, or at least 40% (e.g., at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, or at least 70%) of the weight of the melamine formulation after curing. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. The stainable melamine laminate product further comprises: a phenolic backing layer having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first side being affixed to the melamine laminate product; and a decorative design on the phenolic backing layer; wherein the sheet is non-opaque and affixed to the second side of the backing layer. The stainable melamine laminate product further comprises a second melamine layer, the second melamine layer comprising a second sheet and a melamine formulation having a porosity agent, wherein the second melamine layer is affixed to the first melamine layer. 
     In one aspect, a stainable melamine laminate product comprises: a phenolic backing layer having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, the first side being affixed to the melamine laminate product; and a melamine layer affixed to the second side of the backing layer, wherein the melamine layer comprises a melamine formulation and a non-opaque melamine saturated sheet, the melamine formulation having a porosity agent. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. The porosity agent is selected from the group consisting of: kaolin clay; crystalline silica; corn starch; talc; feldspar; titanium dioxide; mica; calcium carbonate; untreated silica particles; cellulosic particles; wax particles; Minex®; silicon dioxide; sodium oxide; calcium oxide; iron oxide; potassium oxide; precipitated calcium carbonate; wollastonite; silicate minerals; or combination thereof. The phenolic backing layer comprises paper. The melamine layer further comprises: at least a second porosity agent. The decorative design comprises a design of a wood grain. 
     In one aspect, a method of manufacturing a stainable melamine laminate product comprises: saturating a sheet with a melamine formulation, the melamine formulation comprising between 35% and 80% by weight of a porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents; partially curing the sheet with heat; and pressing the sheet to a substrate under heat and pressure. In another aspect, a method of manufacturing a stainable melamine laminate product comprises: saturating a sheet with a melamine formulation, the melamine formulation comprising between 35% and 80% by weight of a porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents; partially curing the sheet with heat; and pressing the sheet to a substrate under heat and pressure. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. The method of manufacturing a stainable melamine laminate product further comprises: applying a stain to the sheet; and applying a finishing coat to the sheet over the stain. The porosity agent or the combination of porosity agents comprises between 35% and 65% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. The porosity agent or the combination of porosity agents comprises between 40% and 65% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. The porosity agent or the combination of porosity agents comprises between 45% and 55% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 40 to 150 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 40 to 140 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 50 to 130 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 60 to 120 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 55 to 125 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 70 to 140 grams per square meter. The porosity agent or a combination of porosity agents is in an amount of between 40 to 145 grams per square meter (e.g., 45-140, 50-135, 60-135, 60-110, 55-100, 55-145, 55-125, 65-140, 65-125, 65-110, 65-90, 75-145, 75-125, or 80-110 grams per square meter). 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. At least one porosity agent is a mineral ranging in size from 1-75 μm and/or a density from 1.0 to 3.5 g/cm 3 . The at least one porosity agent is a mineral with a density from 0.9 to 3.8 g/cm 3 , the mineral ranging in size from 1-85 μm. At least one porosity agent is selected from the group consisting of: kaolin clay; crystalline silica; corn starch; talc; feldspar; titanium dioxide; mica; calcium carbonate; untreated silica particles; cellulosic particles; wax particles; Minex®; silicon dioxide; sodium oxide; calcium oxide; iron oxide; potassium oxide; precipitated calcium carbonate; wollastonite; silicate minerals; or combination thereof. At least one porosity agent is selected from the group consisting of: talc, feldspar, Minex®, calcium carbonate, untreated silica, treated silica, kaolin clay; or combination thereof. 
     In one aspect, a melamine formulation composition comprises: a melamine formaldehyde resin; and a porosity agent, wherein the porosity agent or combination of porosity agents is from 35% to 80% of total formulation weight. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. At least one additive, wherein the additive is from 0% to 5% of total formulation weight. At least one additive, wherein the additive is from 0% to 5% (e.g., 0-4%, 0-3%, 0-2%, 0.2-4%, 0.2-2.5%, 0.5-3.5%, 1-4%, 1-2%, 2-5%, 3-4%, or 3-5%) of total formulation weight. At least one additive, wherein the additive is up to 10% (e.g., up to 9%, 7.5%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 8%, or 7%) of total formulation weight. The porosity agent or combination of porosity agents comprises between 35% and 65% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. The porosity agent or combination of porosity agents comprises between 40% and 65% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. The porosity agent or combination of porosity agents comprises between 45% and 55% of the total formulation weight of the melamine formulation. 
     Particular embodiments and implementations may comprise one or more of the following features. At least one porosity agent is selected from the group consisting of: kaolin clay; crystalline silica; corn starch; talc; feldspar; titanium dioxide; mica; calcium carbonate; untreated silica particles; cellulosic particles; wax particles; Minex®; silicon dioxide; sodium oxide; 
     calcium oxide; iron oxide; potassium oxide; precipitated calcium carbonate; wollastonite; silicate minerals; or combination thereof. At least one porosity agent is selected from the group consisting of: talc, feldspar, Minex®, calcium carbonate, untreated silica, treated silica, kaolin clay, or combination thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts an example of a stainable melamine product. 
         FIG. 2  depicts a non-limiting example of a stainable melamine product. 
         FIGS. 3-5  depict various non-limiting examples of processing a stainable melamine product. 
         FIGS. 6 &amp; 7  depict various non-limiting examples of a method of creating a stainable melamine product. 
         FIGS. 8-13  depict various non-limiting examples of a stainable melamine product. 
         FIGS. 1-13  are not drawn to scale and should not be interpreted as being to scale. For example, the substrate or porous panel product shown may be tens or hundreds of times thicker than the total of all melamine and backing layers. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The verb “comprise” as is used in this description and in the claims and its conjugations are used in its non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the elements are present, unless the context clearly requires that there is one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one.” 
     As used herein, the term “porous panel product” refers to engineered wood products that are composite materials manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibers, chips, or boards of woods together with some method of fixation. Specific examples of porous panel products include medium density fiberboard (MDF), a high density fiberboard (HDF), a medium density overlay (MDO), or a high density overlay (HDO), oriented strand board (OSB), particle board, chip board, vermiculite, fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), panel products, and plywood. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the materials used to construct a porous panel product may change over time as availability of resources change, and porous panel products may be constructed at least partially of other plant materials (e.g., palm trees or plants, plant or tree leaves, palm fronds, coconuts, coconut husks, natural rubber, grasses, bamboo, fibrous plant material, etc.) and non-plant materials (e.g., plastics, synthetic rubber, recycled materials, etc.), and the term “porous panel product” may include one or more of these materials or other materials yet to be developed or yet to come into use. In preferred embodiments, a porous panel product refers to a particle board, chip board, oriented strand board (OSB), medium density fiberboard (MDF), a high density fiberboard (HDF), a medium density overlay (MDO), or a high density overlay (HDO). 
     As used herein, the term “resin” refers generally to synthetic materials that are viscous liquids capable of hardening permanently. Examples of resins include polymers, melamines, thermosetting plastics, phenolics, oligomers, alkyds, acrylics, acrylates, epoxies, urethanes, urea formaldehydes, polyesters, and polycarbonates. 
     As used herein, the term “additive” refers to generally to compounds that make the product flow, level, dilute, reduce, react, and/or defoam, for example a deaerator. Accordingly, additives include surface modifiers, curing agents, and the like. 
     As used herein, the terms “wood stain” or “stain” refer to a colorant (e.g., one or more dyes and/or pigments) suspended or dissolved in an agent or solvent, including without limitation: oil stains, varnish stains, water-based stains, solvent-based stains, gel stains, lacquer stains, water-soluble dye stain, ultra-violet (UV) light cured colorants (resins, sealants, stains, etc.), metal-complex (metalized) dye stains, or similar stains or colorants now existing or yet to be discovered that may be used to stain wood, porous panel products, or other porous organic and inorganic materials. 
     As used herein, the terms “finishing coating” or “finishing coat” refer to coating layer(s) visible upon completion and final assembly of a product made from porous panel product, such as cabinetry, flooring, furniture, millwork, and fixtures. Generally, the finishing coating is applied to the surface of a sealed/primed substrate, and lacquers and varnishes are common examples of finishing coatings. 
     The present disclosure relates to the discovery that certain porosity-promoting surface agents included in a formulation of a melamine resin (and/or other thermosetting resins) impregnated in a paper layer result in the resin saturated layer having a porous surface that is capable of being stained with a wood stain or other colorant, which allows a laminate product or other melamine-coated product to be stained with a variety of wood stains after being manufactured. 
       FIGS. 1-2  depict various implementations of a stainable laminate product  100  formed by adding at least one porosity agent  150  before pressing and curing the melamine resin  124 . A stainable laminate product  100  is formed by adding at least one porosity agent  150  to a melamine layer  120  before pressing and curing the melamine layer  120 . Existing formulations of melamine-formaldehyde resins may be used in the present disclosure to create stainable melamine layers  120  by adding porosity agents  150  as disclosed herein. For example, melamine-formaldehyde resin may be commercially available from manufacturers, such as: Dynea International Oy; Georgia-Pacific Chemicals, LLC; or Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. Additionally, the melamine resin  124  may also contain one or more plasticizers, surfactants, defoaming agents, thickening agents, leveling agents, latent catalysts, or wetting agents. In processing, the melamine resin may be diluted (e.g., with a solvent or water) in a bath for saturating the paper or other layer (e.g., sheet  125 ) being processed in the melamine bath. 
     The stainable melamine layer  120  includes porosity agents  150  and melamine resin  124  impregnated in any one of a variety of different sheets of paper or fiber sheets (see sheet  125  in  FIG. 2 ) including, for example: decorative paper, kraft paper, overlay paper, cellulose paper, foil, nylon, rayon, wood pulp, wood veneer, linen, fabric, or other papers or fibers for use in laminates or with melamine resin  124 . The sheet  125  allows the melamine resin  124  to soak through the sheet  125  and also provide a structure for the melamine resin  124  to cling to the top and bottom surfaces of the sheet  125 . In numerous embodiments, the sheet  125  in the top-most melamine layer  120  is a translucent paper or fiber (e.g., overlay paper or cellulose paper), which allows the resulting translucent top-most melamine layer  120  to cover and protect a decorative paper layer  130  containing any one of various different colors or patterns on decorative papers (e.g., a printed decoration or pattern  132 ). In alternative embodiments, the sheet  125  in the top-most melamine layer  120  is a decorative paper with no overlay paper, cellulose paper, or translucent papers or fibers placed over the decorative paper. A conventional melamine layer (i.e., not a stainable melamine layer  120 ) used as the top-most layer typically utilizes overlay paper in heavy duty use cases (because this provides additional scratch and wear protection above a decorative paper), and may utilize only the decorative paper (with no overlay paper) in light duty use cases. 
     The stainable laminate product  100  includes a stainable melamine layer  120 , and the stainable melamine layer  120  is formed by saturating a sheet  125  with a melamine resin  124  that contains at least one porosity agent  150 . Porosity agents  150  that have been found to perform well are generally inert minerals that do not become fully saturated with the melamine resin  124  or otherwise provide routes and pathways for a wood stain to seep through the porosity agents  150  down to ultimately stain the sheet  125 . In numerous cases, the porosity agents  150  also do not substantially alter the curing times of the sheet  15  saturated with melamine resin  124 . A non-limiting list of porosity agents  150  includes: kaolin clay; crystalline silica; corn starch; talc; feldspar; titanium dioxide; mica; calcium carbonate; untreated silica particles; cellulosic particles; wax particles; Minex® from Unimin Corp. of New Canaan, Conn.; silicon dioxide; sodium oxide; aluminum oxide (if contained within a filler mixture such as Minex® fillers including Nepheline Syenite); calcium oxide; iron oxides; potassium oxide; precipitated calcium carbonate; wollastonite; silicate minerals; combinations thereof; or other minerals that would commonly be used in the production of paint and coatings; or other agents that result in a cured melamine surface having porous characteristics that enable a stain to penetrate into the melamine layer  120 . In some embodiments, the porosity agent  150  is a porous mineral. The porosity agents  150  may also be synthetic non-minerals or polymers that do not become fully saturated with the melamine resin  124  or otherwise provide passage for the wood stain to reach the sheet  125  embedded in the melamine layer  120 . In some embodiments, a porosity agent  150  is: talc, feldspar, Minex®, calcium carbonate, silica (treated and untreated), or kaolin clay. In certain embodiments, a porosity agent  150  is: feldspar or Minex®. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a non-limiting example of a melamine layer  120  including three different types of porosity agents  150 , which are identified as a first porosity agent type  151 , a second porosity agent type  152 , and a third porosity agent type  153 . For example, the first porosity agent type  151  may be feldspar, the second porosity agent type  152  might be Kaolin clay, and the third porosity agent type  153  may be crystalline silica. In the non-limiting example of  FIG. 2 , the material used for the sheet  125  has a sufficiently porous structure that both porosity agent types  151  and  152  saturate and penetrate into sheet  125 , but the third porosity agent type  153  is too large or otherwise unable to penetrate into the sheet  125 . Thus, the third porosity agent type  153  depicted in  FIG. 2  is dispersed throughout the stainable melamine layer  120  above and below the sheet  125 , but not within the sheet  125 . In some embodiments, the porosity agents  150  are not present within or do not substantially penetrate into the sheet  125 . 
     The porosity agents  150  can contribute to creating a stainable laminate product  100  in a number of different ways. The porosity agents  150  distributed throughout the melamine layer  120  provide a path for a stain to seep into and ultimately reach the sheet  125 , where the sheet  125  then soaks in, distributes, and holds the stain. Additionally, the porosity agents  150  themselves can soak in stain and help add more of the stain color throughout the melamine layer  120 . Experiments have shown that deep and even stain penetration often occurs when the pigment volume concentration of the porosity agent(s)  150  to the melamine resin  124  reaches or exceeds the critical pigment volume concentration of the melamine resin  124 . The critical pigment volume concentration of the melamine resin  124  often depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the porosity agents  150  and how these characteristics interact with the melamine resin  124 . Thus, it is understood that the critical pigment volume concentration of the melamine resin  124  will vary across different porosity agents  150 . By way of example, if the sheet  125  in  FIG. 2  is substantially translucent (e.g., overlay paper or cellulose paper), then allowing a non-opaque stain to seep into and color the sheet  125  will result in the decorative paper layer  130  showing through the stained melamine layer  120 . Stains that absorb well into the melamine layer  120  will result in less amount of stain removing or being scratched off in tests such as a cross hatch adhesion tape test (e.g., following ASTM D 3359) or a nickel scratch test (applying a nickel at a 45° angle with 2 pounds of surface weight). 
     A stainable laminate product  100  may also include a substrate  110 . Melamine presses may be used to press at least one stainable melamine layer  120  (and optionally a decorative paper layer  130 ) onto a substrate  110 , such as: kraft paper, backing layer(s), foil, porous panel product, wood, engineered wood, flooring, fabric, linen, fibrous sheets, cellulose, or other surfaces where melamine laminate layers are used. A substrate  110  may operate to provide structural strength to stainable melamine layer(s)  120  (and the optional decorative paper layer  130 ) above the substrate  110 . 
     A stainable laminate product  100  containing a stainable melamine layer  120  that includes porosity agents  150  may be formed using a number of different laminate pressing methods and processes including, but not limited to: liquid continuous press, high pressure laminate (“HPL”) pressing, low pressure laminate pressing, thermally fused laminate (“TFL”) (e.g., thermally fused melamine), direct pressed laminate, continuous press laminate, flexible continuous press laminate, or compact laminate pressing. In some embodiments, the stainable laminate product  100  is created using either an HPL process or a TFL process. Generally speaking, a TFL process uses higher temperatures and lower pressure than an HPL process. In addition, the TFL process typically omits underlying kraft paper and bonds the melamine layer  120  (where sheet  125  is a decorative paper) directly onto the substrate  110 . 
     The melamine resin  124  comprising porosity agents  150  to make the stainable melamine layer  120  may be any one of various different commercially available melamine resins. One example of a formulation for a melamine resin  124  includes: 89% by weight of melamine formaldehyde resin; 7.62% by weight of water; 1.6% by weight of additives (not the porosity agents  150 ); 0.53% by weight of wetting agents; 0.5% by weight of a catalyst; and 0.75% by weight of a plasticizer. Another example of a formulation for a melamine resin  124  includes: 60% solids aqueous solution of melamine formaldehyde resin; adding water to dilute the melamine formaldehyde resin down to 52% solids aqueous solution; and then adding a small amount of release agent and a catalyst (e.g., 0.4% by total weight of a release agent and 0.3% by total weight of a catalyst). 
     The melamine resin  124  to which the porosity agents  150  are incorporated or added can be any commercially viable melamine resins, including, for example, any of a variety of known melamine formaldehyde resins that are presently commercially available or in use. 
     molecular formula: C 3 H 6 N 6  or C 3 N 3 (NH 2 ) 3 ; IUPAC Name: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine. 
     Non-limiting examples of melamine formulations are described in greater detail, and hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, in the following patents and references: U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,806; U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,282; U.S. Pat. No. 4,109,043; U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,185; U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,299; U.S. Pat. No. 2,260,239, U.S. Pat. No. 3,496,131; EP Patent No. 0711792; H. Deim, et al. “ Amino Resins ” in Ullmann&#39;s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim; and . In addition, urea formaldehyde resins (e.g., used to pre-wet a sheet  125 ) and other supplementary or alternative thermosetting resins include commercially available resins and are also described in several of these patent references. 
     Although many laminate products currently use a melamine-impregnated top-most layer (e.g., overlay paper(s) or decorative paper), the ability to make the top-most layer of a laminate product stainable by adding porosity agents  150  as disclosed is not limited to only layers impregnated with melamine resin  124 . The disclosed porosity agents  150  may also be introduced in another thermosetting resin (whether used with or without a melamine resin  124 ) to create a layer that is capable of being stained with a wood stain or other stain when the resulting layer is partially or fully cured. For example, thermosetting resins including polyurethane resins, urea formaldehyde resins, polyester resins, or acrylic resins can also be used instead of a melamine resin. Polyester resins work well in TFL processes, but melamine resins are more common in TFL processes because polyester resins are more costly. This disclosure will generally refer to the disclosed process with respect to a primarily or exclusively melamine-impregnated layer, but the same process and disclosure will also work with at least one or more alternative thermosetting resins (unless expressly identified otherwise). 
       FIGS. 3-5  depict various different processing options for impregnating and saturating porosity agents  150  and melamine resin  124  (and/or thermosetting acrylic resin) into sheet  125 . Because either melamine resin  124  or a thermosetting acrylic resin may be used, resin  324  will refer to both resins in the explanation of  FIGS. 3-5 . Impregnating a sheet  125  with melamine resin  124  or thermosetting acrylic resin includes saturating the sheet  125  (e.g., paper) in a saturation bath  340  of the resin  324 . The sheet  125  (e.g., decorative paper, overlay paper, other paper, fabric, etc.) may be stored on a reel  305  that feeds the sheet  125  into the saturation bath  340  and through the curing oven(s)  360 . A pre-wetting station  335  may be used to partially or lightly wet the sheet  125  with the resin  324  before completely saturating the sheet  125  in the resin saturation bath  340 . The pre-wetting station  335  may be located in a separate pre-wetting bath  330  rather than in the main saturation bath  340  (compare  FIG. 3  to  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). In some embodiments, the pre-wetting bath  330  includes urea formaldehyde while the saturation bath  340  includes a melamine resin, a thermosetting resin, or other suitable laminate resin. The pre-wet sheet  125  may be dried (but not cured), for example, using a sky roll  390  or other drying mechanism (see  FIG. 5 ). After leaving the saturation step  345  in the resin saturation bath  340 , the sheet  125  proceeds to a curing oven  360 . Between the saturation bath  340  and the curing oven  360 , a smoothing roll  350  may be used on the sheet  125  to remove excess resin  324  and smooth the sheet  125  before entering the curing oven  360 . The sheet  125  in  FIGS. 3 and 4  is shown as an example where the sheet  125  partially cures in the curing oven  360  (e.g., a multi-stage, multi-chamber, or variable temperature curing oven) and is then cut at a cutting station  370  and stacked or otherwise stored in curing racks  375  or other storage elements. A curing oven  360  and curing racks  375  will often only partially cure the sheet  125  saturated with resin  325  (e.g., curing to “B stage”), and the sheet  125  does not become fully cured until the sheet  125  undergoes a final heated pressing step where the sheet  125  is typically pressed together with additional sheets, porous panel products, and/or layers (e.g., decorative paper layer  130 , kraft paper, overlay paper, backing layer  111 , or substrate  110 ). 
       FIG. 5  depicts an alternative example where the sheet  125  is impregnated with porosity agents  150  and melamine resin  324  twice: first in the main resin saturation bath  340 , and then a second time at a second resin application step  346  positioned after the sheet  125  has partially, but not fully, cured in a first curing oven  360   a.  The porosity agents  150  included in resin  324  at the first saturation step  345  and the second application step  346  of resin  324  coating in  FIG. 5  may use the same porosity agents  150  in both steps  345  and  346  in some implementations, but may also use different porosity agents  150  in each of steps  345  and  346 . After the second resin application step  346 , the sheet  125  is again partially cured (e.g., cured to “B stage”) in a second curing oven  360   b  and may then optionally undergo additional processing  380 . 
     The resin saturation bath  340  contains at least a resin  324  (e.g., melamine resin or a thermosetting resin) and porosity agents  150 . The porosity agents  150  may be added to the resin  324  before being added to the saturation bath  340  (as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 5 ). The porosity agents  150  may alternatively be added directly to the to the saturation bath  340  where a resin  326  that contains no porosity agents  150  is added separately to the saturation bath  340  (as shown in  FIG. 4 ). One or more mixers or agitators  348  may be used to mix and stir the resin  324  and/or the resin saturation bath  340  to keep the porosity agents  150  mixed and suspended rather than settling towards the bottom. An agitator  348  may include paddles or blades as shown in  FIGS. 3-5 , but may also be a pump, a fluid circulation system, or other circulation, mixing, or agitation system. 
       FIG. 6  provides a non-limiting example of a stainable laminate product  100  created using a thermally fused laminate (TFL) process. A sheet  125  is saturated  610  with melamine resin containing at least one porosity agent  150 . In this non-limiting example, the sheet  125  is a decorative paper without a translucent overlay paper above the decorative paper (although the TFL process is not limited to only decorative papers as sheet  125 ). The sheet  125  next enters an oven to be pre-cured  620  (e.g., at 150-170° C. for 40-180 seconds). The sheet  125  is then placed on a drying or storage rack to finish curing  630 . The sheet  125  then is placed over  640  a substrate  110  inside a press, where the substrate  110  is a porous panel product that is at least 4 mm thick (e.g., MDF or HDF instead of kraft paper or other thin substrates). Next the press uses temperature and pressure to press  650  the sheet  125  directly to the substrate  110  (e.g., at 165-190° C. for 0.3-4 minutes under 175-400 pounds-per-square-inch (psi) of pressure).  FIG. 9  illustrates an example of a stainable laminate product  100  where the layers illustrated could have been formed using the TFL process as described in  FIG. 6  (but  FIG. 9  may also be created using other processes aside from a TFL process). 
       FIG. 7  provides a non-limiting example of a stainable laminate product  100  created using a high pressure laminate (HPL) process. A sheet  125  is saturated  710  with melamine resin containing at least one porosity agent  150 . In this non-limiting example, the sheet  125  is a translucent overlay paper (although the HPL process is not limited to only overlay paper as sheet  125 ). The sheet  125  next enters an oven to be pre-cured  720  (e.g., at 260-300° C. for 100-150 seconds). The sheet  125  is then placed on a drying or storage rack to finish curing  730 . The sheet  125  then is placed  740  in a press over other layers of cured resin saturated papers, which include a resin saturated decorative layer and at least one resin saturated layer of kraft paper (these lower layers do not contain porosity agents  150  in this example). In some embodiments (i.e., “yes” in  745 ), this stack of sheet  125  and other paper sheets is also positioned  746  on top of a substrate  110  inside the press, where the substrate  110  is a porous panel product that is at least 4 mm thick (e.g., MDF or HDF instead of kraft paper or other thin substrates). Finally, the press uses temperature and pressure to press  750  the sheet  125  onto the underlying sheets of decorative paper, kraft paper, and optionally a substrate  110  (e.g., at 250-300° C. for 5-60 minutes under 800-1200 psi of pressure).  FIG. 11  illustrates an example of a stainable laminate product  100  where the layers illustrated could have been formed using the HPL process as described in  FIG. 7  (but  FIG. 11  may also be created using other processes aside from an HPL process). In some implementations, the amount of porosity agents  150  (e.g., untreated silica particles, wax particles, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, silane, kaolin clay, crystalline silica, corn starch, feldspar, titanium dioxide, cellulosic particles, combinations thereof, etc.) added to the saturation resin  324  formulation (e.g., melamine resin  124 ) is between 15% and 65% of the total formulation weight of the saturation resin  324  (e.g., 15-65%, 15-60%, 15-55%, 25-65%, 35-65%, 40-65%, 35-60%, or any other range between 5% and 65%). In some implementations, the amount of porosity agents  150  added to a melamine resin  124  is between 35% and 80% of the total formulation weight of the melamine resin  124  (e.g., 35-80%, 35-70%, 45-55%, 35-65%, 40-60%, 40-65%, 45-70%, or any other range between 35% and 80%). The amount of porosity agents  150  added to the melamine resin  124  formulation in certain implementations is between 30% and 60% of the total formulation weight of the melamine resin  124 . In addition, the amount of porosity agents  150  added to a thermosetting acrylic resin formulation may also be between 30% and 80% of the total formulation weight of the thermosetting acrylic resin (which may or may not also include melamine resin  124 ). In some embodiments, one or more of silane, organosilane, or polyvinyl butyral are added to the saturation resin  324  or melamine resin  124  to reduce the amount of porosity agents  150  required by 1-30%, e.g., at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, etc. 
     Some experiments resulted in a wood stain not taking hold in a stainable melamine layer  120  until the amount of porosity agents  150  reached nearly 50% of the formulation weight of the melamine resin  124 . In spite of the significant amount of porosity agents present in the melamine resin  124 , these experiments resulted in a stainable melamine layer  120  that adhered well to the underlying substrate  110 . In some embodiments, the amount of porosity agents  150  added to the melamine resin  124  formulation is between 45% and 60% of the total weight, or preferably 50% ±3% of the formulation weight of the melamine resin  124 . 
     The total amount of porosity agents  150  ranging from 5% to 65% of the total formulation weight of the resin  324  (e.g., melamine resin  124  and/or thermosetting acrylic resin) may be comprised of a single porosity agent  150  or multiple porosity agents  150  (e.g., a first porosity agent type  151 , a second porosity agent type  152 , and a third porosity agent type  153 ). Different types of porosity agents  150  may be used together (e.g., silica, talc, and Kaolin clay within the same formulation). Different varieties within the same type of porosity agents  150  may be used together (e.g., two or more different varieties of kaolin clay within the same formulation). Different sizes of one or more types of porosity agents  150  may be used together (e.g., talc of 5-10 μm used with talc of 35-45 μm; mica of 10-20 μm used with talc of 30-40 μm; or other combinations of sizes). Different densities of one or more types of porosity agents  150  may be used together (e.g., cellulosic particles of about 1.1 g/cm 3  used with cellulosic particles of about 1.6 g/cm 3 ; cellulosic particles of about 1.5 g/cm 3  used with talc of about 2.8 g/cm 3 ; or other combinations of densities). Accordingly, a single formulation of resin  324  (e.g., melamine resin  124  and/or thermosetting acrylic resin) may contain numerous different types, varieties of the same type, sizes, or densities of porosity agents  150  within the resin  324  formulation. 
     In some implementations, the particle size of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 1 μm to 110 μm (e.g., 1-100 μm, 1-90 μm, 1-85 μm, 1-75 μm, 1-60 μm, 1-50 μm, 1-35 μm, or any other range between 1 μm and 110 μm). In certain implementations, the particle size of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 1 μm to 85 μm. In some implementations, the particle size of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 1 μm to 50 μm. In certain implementations, the particle size of talc porosity agents  150  ranges from 1 μm to 50 μm. In some implementations, the particle size of wax porosity agents  150  (e.g., micronized organic polymer waxes) ranges from 1 μm to 40 μm. 
     In some implementations, the density of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 0.5 g/cm 3  to 4.5 g/cm 3  (e.g., 0.5-4.5 g/cm 3 , 0.9-3.8 g/cm 3 , 1.0-3.5 g/cm 3 , 0.8-4.1 g/cm 3 , 0.8-3.5 g/cm 3 , 1.2-3.2 g/cm 3 , 0.5-4.5 g/cm 3 , or any other range between 0.5 g/cm 3  and 4.5 g/cm 3 ). In certain implementations, the density of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 0.8 g/cm 3  to 3.5 g/cm 3 . In some implementations, the density of the porosity agents  150  ranges from 1.2 g/cm 3  to 3.2 g/cm 3 . 
     Porosity agents  150  generally increase the overall mass of the melamine layer  120 . For example, conventional melamine processing may result in 70-100 grams per square meter being added or picked up by the paper. That is, conventional melamine processing often has a “pick up weight” of between 10 and 100 grams per square meter (“gsm”). In contrast, the disclosed melamine resin  124  including porosity agents  150  has resulted in pick up weights ranging from 100 to 240 grams per square meter. In some embodiments, the pick up weight of the melamine layer  120  is between 100 and 240 grams per square meter (e.g, 110-230 gsm, 120-215 gsm, 110-180 gsm, or 130-215 gsm). In some embodiments, the pick up weight of the melamine layer  120  is between at least 110 grams per square meter (e.g, at least 110, 120, 125, 130, 140, 150, or 170 gsm). 
     The size and density of the porosity agents  150  will affect the depth of impregnation or saturation into the melamine layer  120  and also the sheet  125  within the melamine layer  120 . The melamine resin  124  is impregnated into one or more sheets  125  of paper (e.g., kraft paper, decorative paper, overlay paper, etc.), fabric, linen, or fibrous material where the porosity and saturation properties of the sheet  125  can affect the depth and manner of how different porosity agents  150  embed themselves within the sheet  125 . In some implementations, the sheet  125  of paper or other medium is manufactured with sufficient porosity to allow the porosity agents  150  to penetrate into and throughout the sheet  125 . Porosity agents  150  with higher densities within the disclosed ranges will tend to have the ability to impregnate deeper within the sheet  125  provided these dense particles are sufficiently small to pass into interior portions of the sheet  125 . Porosity agents  150  that are larger than the openings on the surface of and within the sheet  125  will not saturate deep into the sheet  125  and will rest on or close to the surface of sheet  125 . Thus, the porosity and structure of a sheet  125  of paper (or other medium) can be combined with particular sizes and densities of porosity agents  150  to result in a melamine layer  120  impregnated with porosity agents  150  at uniform or varying amounts depending on the depth. 
     The porosity agents  150  (e.g., untreated silica particles, wax particles, mica, calcium carbonate, talc, silane, kaolin clay, crystalline silica, corn starch, feldspar, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, wollastonite, cellulosic particles, combinations thereof, etc.) are added to the resin  324  (e.g., melamine resin  124  and/or a thermosetting acrylic resin) before the resin  324  becomes fully reacted and rigid. The porosity agents  150  may be added to the resin  324  formulation before a catalyst is added. The porosity agents  150  may also be added to the resin  324  formulation after a catalyst is added, but before the resin  324  becomes fully reacted and rigid. Talc and untreated silica particles are preferable porosity agents  150  in some implementations for their absorption characteristics. In some implementations, at least two different types of porosity agents  150  are included in the resin  324  formulation before pressing and curing the melamine layer  120 . Existing melamine presses may be used to press at least one stainable melamine layer  120  onto a substrate  110 , such as: kraft paper, decorative paper, backing layer(s), foil, porous panel product, wood, engineered wood, flooring, fabric, linen, fibrous sheets, cellulose, or other surfaces where melamine laminate layers are used. Existing melamine presses may be used, for example, by including porosity agents  150  to the melamine resin  124  formulation before pressing and curing the melamine layer  120  in the melamine press. The porosity agents  150  may be added to a melamine resin  124  formulation that is then pressed using either textured or non-textured pressing plates (e.g., caul plates) using any one of a variety of laminate pressing methods. The melamine layer  120  containing the porosity agent(s)  150  results in a stainable melamine layer  120  where a wood stain, colorant, or stain can embed itself into the stainable melamine layer  120  because of the porosity provided by the porosity agent(s)  150 . After staining the stainable melamine layer  120 , a finishing coating may be applied on top to seal the porous (and stainable) top melamine layer  120  of the stainable melamine product  100 . Failing to seal and apply a finishing coating to the stainable laminate product  100  creates the risk of accidentally staining the stainable melamine layer  120  with food, dirt, or other contaminants. Thus, the stainable laminate product  100  behaves similar to a traditional wood product that is sealed after being stained to prevent inadvertent staining in the future. 
     Referring generally to  FIGS. 8-13 , a stainable melamine layer  120  including at least one porosity agent  150  (e.g., untreated silica particles, wax particles, mica, talc, etc.) may be affixed to a substrate  110 , such as: a backing layer, a porous panel product, or other natural or synthetic substrate products as described throughout this disclosure. The stainable melamine layer  120  includes porosity agents  150  and melamine resin  124  impregnated in any one of a variety of different sheets  125  including, for example: decorative paper, kraft paper, overlay paper, cellulose paper, foil, nylon, rayon, wood pulp, wood veneer, linen, fabric, or other papers or fibers for use in laminates or with melamine resin  124 . The stainable melamine layer  120  may be affixed to a variety of products that conventionally use wood stains (e.g., cabinetry, wood products, flooring, siding, furniture, shelving, etc.) and products that do not currently use wood stains (e.g., staining a non-wood product or using a non-traditional stain on wood or non-wood products). In certain preferred implementations, the stainable melamine layer  120  is affixed to porous panel products, cabinetry, furniture materials, boards, flooring, or engineered wood products. A stainable melamine layer  120  that has been partially or fully cured may be postformed into various curved or bent shapes. 
     The melamine layer  120  may contain two or more different types of porosity agents  150  mixed in varying amounts depending on the implementation. The melamine layer  120  may contain a single type of porosity agent  150  (see  FIG. 8 ), two different types of porosity agents  150  (see  FIG. 9 ), three different types of porosity agents  150  (see  FIGS. 2 &amp; 11 ), or four or more different types of porosity agents  150  (not shown). For example, the stainable laminate product  100  shown in  FIG. 2  may include the following combination of porosity agents  150  (by volume of just the porosity agents  150 ): 55% untreated silica particles; 20% wax particles; and 25% mica. The stainable melamine layer  120  may also contain more than one size of the same type of porosity agent  150 , such as: different sizes of a single porosity agent  150  (see  FIG. 10 ); different sizes of each porosity agent  150  within a melamine layer  120  having multiple types of porosity agents  150  (not shown); or different sizes of a single porosity agent  150  within a melamine layer  120  having multiple types of porosity agents  150  (not shown). In some implementations, the sheet  125  in melamine layer  120  is impregnated with between 4 and 8 different types of porosity agents  150 . Any combination of different types, amounts (by volume or weight), and/or sizes of the disclosed porosity agents  150  and their equivalents may be used within at least one melamine layer  120  of the stainable laminate product  100 . 
     In the non-limiting example of  FIG. 8 , the material used for the sheet  125  has a sufficiently porous structure that the porosity agent  150  saturate and penetrate into sheet  125 . However, in the non-limiting example of  FIG. 9 , the material used for the sheet  125  is not sufficiently porous to permit the porosity agent types  151  and  152  to saturate and penetrate into sheet  125 , thus all of the porosity agents  150  in  FIG. 9  are confined to the space above and below the sheet  125 .  FIG. 12  depicts a non-limiting example of a sheet  125  that has been impregnated with or manufactured to contain one or more porosity agents  150  before being saturated in a resin saturation bath  340 . Thus, porosity agent  152  of  FIG. 12  is already present in the sheet  125  when the sheet is saturated in the resin saturation bath  340  to add the resin  324  and the porosity agent  151 . 
     In some embodiments, the melamine resin  124  is deposited only on the top surface of the sheet  125 . Existing manufacturing techniques allow a melamine layer to be deposited on top of a sheet of paper.  FIG. 13  depicts a non-limiting example of where the melamine resin  124  containing porosity agents  150  is deposited only on the top surface of the sheet  125 , which results in the porosity agent  150  residing on top of the sheet  125 , but not below the sheet  125 . 
     In numerous implementations, a backing layer  111  is applied to the melamine layer  120 . The backing layer  111  may serve one or more of the following purposes: promote adhesion between a porous panel product and the adjacent melamine layer  120 ; stiffen the stainable melamine layer  120 ; omit one or more steps (e.g., etching or sanding) involved in preparing the porous panel product for adhering to the adjacent melamine layer  120 ; show decorative designs and/or colors through non-opaque melamine layer(s)  120 ; or provide a smooth surface for laminate melamine adhesion. The backing layer  111  may be a sheet coated or saturated in a phenolic resin, such as a sheet of paper or kraft paper soaked in phenolic resin or phenol formaldehyde resin. Multiple backing layers  111  of the same or different types may be affixed between the substrate  110  (e.g., a porous panel product) and the stainable melamine layer  120  (e.g., see  FIG. 11 ). A backing layer  111  is not limited to using sheets of paper, and various natural fibers (e.g., wood, pulp, cotton, ground coconut shells, ground corn stocks, etc.) and/or synthetic fibers or sheets (e.g., plastics, nylon, fiberglass reinforced plastic, etc.) may be used as a backing layer  111 . Similarly, a backing layer  111  is not limited to using phenolic resins. 
     In some implementations, decorative designs may be printed, deposited, etched, carved, scored, sanded, stamped, engraved, embossed, burned, fixed, and/or marked on one or more of a decorative paper layer, kraft paper, a backing layer  111 , or directly on a substrate  110  or core (e.g., a porous panel product). In some implementations, surface embossing or other variations are introduced with a textured caul plate or an embossed sacrificial layer in a melamine press.  FIGS. 2 and 8  depict non-limiting examples of a decorative paper layer  130  (e.g., a design printed as a printed layer  132  on the decorative paper) that may be saturated with melamine, thermosetting acrylic, phenolic, urea formaldehyde, or other laminating resins.  FIG. 9  depicts a non-limiting example of a design printed as a printed layer directly on a porous panel product (or another substrate  110  or core) with a backing layer  111  and decorative paper layer  130  omitted.  FIG. 10  depicts a non-limiting example of a textured design etched (e.g., sanded, laser-etched, carved, etc.) directly on a substrate  110 . The decorative design may include any one or more of various different colors within a color space (including hue, saturation, and lightness). The decorative design may also be as simple as a single color with nothing printed or etched thereon. These decorative designs may mimic natural products (e.g., wood, wood veneers, fibers, plants, etc.), geometric shapes or patterns, artistic designs, or other designs according to consumer taste and demand. If a decorative design is printed, etched, or otherwise used, then the melamine layer(s)  120  above the decorative design will have at least a degree of transparency (e.g., using translucent overlay paper) so that the decorative design is visible or otherwise changes the appearance of the stainable laminate product  100 . In some implementations the decorative design mimics a wood grain. In certain preferred implementations the decorative design mimics a wood grain where the saturation and/or lightness is adjusted so that the colors used produce a wood grain design that allows the wood stain or colorant that is subsequently added to the stainable melamine layer  120  to adjust the final look of the color. 
     In some implementations, the stainable melamine layer  120  has a textured surface  175  (e.g., see  FIGS. 8, 12, and 13 ). The textured surface  175  may primarily serve as a decorative element to enhance the look or feel of the stainable laminate product  100 . The textured surface  175  allows for deeper penetration of the stain into the recessed portions of the surface, thereby providing additional visual depth to the stained surface. The textured surface  175  may be added using textured pressing plates of a melamine press (e.g., caul plates, embossed sacrificial sheets or foils, or the like), and may be implemented using either high pressure or low pressure melamine press configurations. In some implementations, the textured surface  175  may also be formed after pressing the melamine and etching or otherwise texturing the melamine (and before the melamine resin  124  fully cures or hardens). The texture may also be applied through a method of roller application in which the graining pattern is applied through pressure in a continuous embossing process. The textured surface  175  may be used with any combination of: decorative designs (i.e., including colors) on the backing and/or decorative paper; multiple layers of melamine (both stainable melamine layers  120  and conventional melamine layers; or multiple layers of backing, substrates, overlay papers, and/or decorative paper. The textured surface  175  may also be used on a stainable melamine layer  120  above a conventional melamine layer containing an overlay, decorated or undecorated paper or foil, or other paper. 
     A stainable laminate product  100  may include a plurality of melamine layers  120  and/or a plurality of decorative paper layers  130 , backing layers  111 , cores, or substrates  110 . Multiple backing layers  111  or substrates  110  may be used (as mentioned above) and one or more of these backing layers  111  can be or contain a decorative paper layer  130  (e.g., a decorative paper, a textured or embossed paper, a printed backing, and so forth). In some implementations, the stainable laminate product  100  includes two or more layers of melamine stacked one atop the other. In some implementations at least the top-most layer is a stainable melamine layer  120  that includes at least one type of porosity agent  150 . The stainable laminate product  100  may contain a traditional or standard melamine layer (e.g., providing strength and/or sealing benefits) positioned below a stainable melamine layer  120  that includes at least one type of porosity agent  150  enabling a wood stain, colorant, or stain to embed into the second melamine layer  120 . The stainable laminate product  100  may also include different porosity agents  150  depending on the melamine layer  120 , such as a first stainable melamine layer  120  having only one type of porosity agent  150  while a second stainable melamine layer  120  has multiple types of porosity agents  150 . In some implementations a layer of melamine includes one or more porosity agents  150  that are embedded or deposited only in an upper portion of the melamine layer  120  (as shown in  FIG. 13 ). 
     In certain preferred implementations, the stainable laminate product  100  includes a textured surface  175  formed by a textured pressing plate of a melamine press on a substrate affixed to a decorative paper and one to three non-opaque melamine layers  120  containing at least one type of porosity agent  150 . In some implementations, the stainable laminate product  100  includes a substrate affixed to a first side of a backing layer  111  having a decorative paper on a second side of the backing layer  111 , and at least one non-opaque melamine layer  120  affixed to the decorative paper, wherein at least the top-most melamine layer  120  contains at least one type of porosity agent  150  and has a textured surface  175 . In certain implementations, the stainable laminate product  100  includes a backing layer  111 , where a decorative paper is fixedly sandwiched between the backing layer  111  and one to three non-opaque melamine layers  120 , where the top-most melamine layer  120  contains at least one type of porosity agent  150  and has a textured surface  175 . 
     The present invention is further illustrated by the Figures and Claims that should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents, and published patent applications cited throughout this application, as well as the Figures, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.