Patent Publication Number: US-11392034-B2

Title: Resist composition and patterning process

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) on Patent Application No. 2018-150158 filed in Japan on Aug. 9, 2018, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates to a resist composition and a patterning process using the composition. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     To meet the demand for higher integration density and operating speed of LSIs, the effort to reduce the pattern rule is in rapid progress. The enlargement of the logic memory market in harmony with the wide-spreading of smart phones drives forward the miniaturization technology. As the advanced miniaturization technology, logic devices of 10-nm node are manufactured in a large scale by the double patterning version of ArF immersion lithography. The fabrication of 7-nm node devices of the next generation by the same double patterning process is approaching the mass-scale manufacture stage. EUV lithography is one of the candidates for the fabrication of 5-nm node devices of the next-to-next generation. 
     Since the wavelength (13.5 nm) of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) is shorter than 1/10 of the wavelength (193 nm) of ArF excimer laser, the EUV lithography achieves a high contrast of image-forming light. Because of an extraordinarily high energy density of EUV, the number of photons sensitive thereto is small. An influence of a variation in number of photons randomly generated in the exposed region is pointed out. Since the size of pattern features resolved by the EUV lithography is less than half of the feature size by the ArF lithography, a dimensional variation (manifesting as CDU or LWR) due to a variation of photon number becomes a serious problem. 
     For increasing the throughput of EUV lithography, it is desired to endow a photoresist material with a higher sensitivity. However, since the photoresist material having a higher sensitivity produces a smaller number of photons, the dimensional variation becomes more significant. It is thus desired to develop a photoresist material having a high sensitivity while reducing CDU and LWR. 
     To achieve a high sensitivity, Patent Document 1 discloses a photoresist material comprising an iodized base polymer. Also, Patent Documents 2 and 3 propose iodized compounds as an additive to the photoresist material. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Document 1: JP-A 2015-161823 
     Patent Document 2: WO 2013/024777 
     Patent Document 3: JP-A 2013-083957 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The resist materials described in these patent documents, however, are insufficient in sensitivity, CDU and LWR to comply with the EUV lithography. There is a demand for a photoresist material having a high sensitivity and capable forming a line pattern with improved LWR and a hole pattern with improved CDU. 
     An object of the invention is to provide a resist composition having a high sensitivity, minimal LWR and improved CDU, and a pattern forming process using the same. 
     The inventors have found that using a carbonyloxyimide compound having an iodized or brominated aromatic ring, a resist composition having a high sensitivity, minimal LWR and improved CDU is obtained. 
     In one aspect, the invention provides a resist composition comprising a compound having the formula (A). 
                         
Herein R 1  is hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, C 1 -C 20  alkyl, C 1 -C 20  alkoxy, C 2 -C 20  acyloxy, C 2 -C 20  alkoxycarbonyl, —NR 1A —C(═O)—R 1B , or —NR 1A —C(═O)—O—R 1B , some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy and alkoxycarbonyl groups may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or C 1 -C 6  alkoxy. R 1A  is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 6  alkyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group may be substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 7  acyl or C 2 -C 7  acyloxy. R 1B  is a C 1 -C 16  alkyl, C 2 -C 16  alkenyl or C 6 -C 12  aryl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on these groups may be substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 7  acyl or C 2 -C 7  acyloxy. R 2  is a C 6 -C 10  arylene, C 1 -C 8  alkanediyl or C 2 -C 8  alkenediyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on these groups may be substituted by C 1 -C 12  straight or branched alkyl, C 2 -C 12  straight or branched alkenyl, C 2 -C 12  straight or branched alkynyl, C 1 -C 12  straight or branched alkoxy, nitro, acetyl, phenyl or halogen, or some carbon on these groups may be replaced by an ether bond. X is bromine or iodine. L is a single bond or a C 1 -C 20  divalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ether bond or ester bond, m and n each are an integer, meeting 1≤m≤5, 0≤n≤4, and 1≤m+n≤5.
 
     Preferably, m is an integer of 2 to 4. Also preferably, X is iodine. 
     In one preferred embodiment, the resist composition may further comprise a base polymer. 
     The resist composition may further comprise an acid generator capable of generating sulfonic acid, imidic acid or methide acid, an organic solvent, a quencher, and/or a surfactant. 
     Preferably the resist composition is a chemically amplified positive resist composition. 
     In a more preferred embodiment, the base polymer comprises recurring units having the formula (a1) or recurring units having the formula (a2). 
                         
Herein R A  is each independently hydrogen or methyl, R 11  and R 12  are each independently an acid labile group, R 13  is fluorine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, a C 1 -C 6  straight, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group, or a C 2 -C 7  straight, branched or cyclic acyl, acyloxy or alkoxycarbonyl group, R 14  is a single bond or a C 1 -C 6  straight or branched alkanediyl group in which some carbon may be replaced by an ether bond or ester bond, Y 1  is a single bond, phenylene, naphthylene, or a C 1 -C 12  linking group containing an ester bond, ether bond or lactone ring, and Y 2  is a single bond, —C(═O)—O— or —C(═O)—NH—, p is 1 or 2, and q is an integer of 0 to 4.
 
     The base polymer may comprise recurring units of at least one type selected from recurring units having the formulae (f1) to (f3). 
                         
Herein R A  is each independently hydrogen or methyl. Z 1  is a single bond, phenylene, or —O—Z 11 , —C(═O)—O—Z 11 —, or —C(═O)—NH—Z 11 —, Z 11 is a C 1 -C 6  alkanediyl group, C 2 -C 6  alkenediyl group or phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. Z 2  is a single bond, —Z 21 —C(═O)—O—, —Z 21 —O—, or —Z 21 —O—C(═O)—, Z 21  is a C 1 -C 12  alkanediyl group which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond or ether bond. Z 3  is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, —O—Z − —, —C(═O)—O—Z 31 —, or —C(═O)—NH—Z 31 —, Z 31  is a C 1 -C 6  alkanediyl group, C 2 -C 6  alkenediyl group, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, or trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. R 21  to R 28  are each independently a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom, any two of R 23 , R 24  and R 25  or any two of R 26 , R 27  and R 28  may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. A 1  is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl. M −  is a non-nucleophilic counter ion.
 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a pattern forming process comprising the steps of coating the resist composition defined above onto a substrate, baking, exposing the resulting resist film to high-energy radiation, and developing the exposed resist film in a developer. 
     Preferably, the high-energy radiation is ArF excimer laser of wavelength 193 nm, KrF excimer laser of wavelength 248 nm, EB, or EUV of wavelength 3 to 15 nm. 
     ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECTS OF INVENTION 
     The compound having formula (A) is a sensitizer because it contains an iodine or to bromine atom which is highly absorptive to EUV and upon exposure, it effectively generates secondary electrons which are transported to an acid generator to increase sensitivity. Also the compound is a contrast enhancer because upon exposure, it generates a carboxyl group to enhance alkaline solubility. These lead to a high sensitivity and reduced values of LWR and CDU. Thus a resist composition having a high sensitivity, minimal LWR and improved CDU is designed. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The notation (C n -C m ) means a group containing from n to m carbon atoms per group. As used herein, the term “iodized” or “brominated” indicates that a compound contains iodine or bromine. Me stands for methyl, and Ac for acetyl. 
     The abbreviations and acronyms have the following meaning. 
     EB: electron beam 
     EUV: extreme ultraviolet 
     Mw: weight average molecular weight 
     Mn: number average molecular weight 
     Mw/Mn: molecular weight distribution or dispersity 
     GPC: gel permeation chromatography 
     PEB: post-exposure bake 
     PAG: photoacid generator 
     LWR: line width roughness 
     CDU: critical dimension uniformity 
     Briefly stated, the invention provides a resist composition comprising a carbonyloxyimide compound having an iodized or brominated aromatic ring. 
     Carbonyloxyimide Compound having Iodized or Brominated Aromatic Ring 
     The carbonyloxyimide compound having an iodized or brominated aromatic ring is represented by the formula (A). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (A), R 1  is a hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, nitro group, fluorine, chlorine, a C 1 -C 20  alkyl, C 1 -C 20  alkoxy, C 2 -C 20  acyloxy, or C 2 -C 20  alkoxycarbonyl group, —NR 1A —C(═O)—R 1B , or —NR 1A —C(═O)—O—R 1B . Some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the alkyl, alkoxy, acyloxy and alkoxycarbonyl groups may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl or C 1 -C 6  alkoxy moiety. 
     R 1A  is hydrogen or a C 1 -C 6  alkyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on the alkyl group may be substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 7  acyl or C 2 -C 7  acyloxy moiety. R 1B  is a C 1 -C 16  alkyl, C 2 -C 16  alkenyl or C 6 -C 12  aryl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on these groups may be substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 7  acyl or C 2 -C 7  acyloxy. 
     The alkyl group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-pentadecyl, and n-hexadecyl. Examples of the alkyl moiety in the alkoxy, acyl, acyloxy and alkoxycarbonyl groups are as exemplified above for the alkyl group. The alkenyl group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, butenyl, hexenyl, and cyclohexenyl. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, 1-naphthyl, and 2-naphthyl. 
     R 1  is preferably hydroxyl, amino, nitro, C 1 -C 6  alkyl, C 1 -C 3  alkoxy, C 2 -C 4  acyloxy, —NR 1A —C(═O)—R 1B , or —NR 1A —C(═O)—O—R 1B . Groups R 1  may be the same or different when n is 2 or more. 
     In formula (A), R 2  is a C 6 -C 10  arylene, C 1 -C 8  alkanediyl or C 2 -C 8  alkenediyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms on these groups may be substituted by C 1 -C 12  straight or branched alkyl, C 2 -C 12  straight or branched alkenyl, C 2 -C 12  straight or branched alkynyl, C 1 -C 12  straight or branched alkoxy, nitro, acetyl, phenyl or halogen moiety, or some carbon on these groups may be replaced by an ether bond. 
     In formula (A), X is bromine or iodine. Groups X may be the same or different to when m is 2 or more. 
     In formula (A), L is a single bond or a C 1 -C 20  divalent hydrocarbon group. The divalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include straight or branched alkanediyl groups such as methylene, ethylene, propane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,2-diyl, butane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, heptane-1,7-diyl, octane-1,8-diyl, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, undecane-1,11-diyl, dodecane-1,12-diyl; C 3 -C 20  divalent saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, norbornanediyl, and adamantanediyl; C 3 -C 20  divalent unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as vinylene and propene-1,3-diyl; C 6 -C 20  divalent aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as phenylene and naphthylene, and combinations thereof. The divalent hydrocarbon group may contain an ester bond or ether bond. 
     In formula (A), m and n each are an integer, meeting 1≤m≤5, 0≤n≤4, and 1≤m+n≤5, preferably m is an integer of 2 to 4, and n is an integer of 0 to 2. 
     Examples of the compound having, formula (A) are shown below, but not limited thereto. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound having formula (A) may be synthesized, for example, by reacting an iodized or brominated benzoic chloride with a N-hydroxyimide compound, although the synthesis method is not limited thereto. 
     The compound having formula (A) functions as an additive having a sensitizing effect in the resist composition. The compound absorbs EUV/EB radiation at its iodized or brominated site to release secondary electrons. The release of secondary electrons is followed by energy transfer to an acid generator, whereby the acid generator is decomposed. This leads to an improvement in sensitivity. Additionally, a carboxyl group is generated upon exposure whereby the alkaline dissolution rate is increased. Unlike an ordinary sensitizing agent for merely releasing secondary electrons, the compound is a sensitizing agent capable of increasing a dissolution contrast as well. 
     The inventive resist composition comprising the compound having formula (A) is capable of pattern formation even when a base polymer is not contained. This embodiment is a non-chemically-amplified resist composition capable of forming a positive tone pattern through the mechanism that the unexposed region of the resist film is substantially insoluble in alkali, whereas the overexposed region where carboxyl groups are generated is dissolved. 
     In the embodiment wherein the resist composition contains a base polymer to be described below, it is preferred from the standpoints of sensitivity and acid diffusion suppressing effect that the compound having formula (A) be present in an amount of 0.1 to 500 parts, more preferably 1 to 200 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. 
     Base Polymer 
     One embodiment of the invention is a resist composition containing a base polymer. Where the resist composition is of positive tone, the base polymer comprises recurring units containing an acid labile group, preferably recurring units having the formula (a1) or recurring units having the formula (a2). These units are simply referred to as recurring units (a1) and (a2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein R A  is each independently hydrogen or methyl. R 11  and R 12  each are an acid labile group. R 13  is fluorine, trifluoromethyl, cyano, a C 1 -C 6  straight, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group, or a C 2 -C 7  straight, branched or cyclic acyl, acyloxy or alkoxycarbonyl group. R 14  is a single bond or a C 1 -C 6  straight or branched alkanediyl group in which some carbon may be replaced by an ether bond or ester bond. Y 1  is a single bond, phenylene or naphthylene group, or C 1 -C 12  linking group containing an ester bond, ether bond or lactone ring. Y 2  is a single bond, —C(═O)—O— or —C(═O)—NH—, p is 1 or 2, and q is an integer of 0 to 4. 
     Examples of the monomer from which the recurring units (a1) are derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. R A  and R 11  are as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the monomer from which the recurring units (a2) are derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. R A  and R 12  are as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The acid labile groups represented by R 11  and R 12  in formulae (a1) and (a2) may be selected from a variety of such groups, for example, those groups described in JP-A 2013-080033 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,817) and JP-A 2013-083821 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,846,303). 
     Typical of the acid labile group are groups of the following formulae (AL-1) to (AL-3). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae (AL-1) and (AL-2), R L1  and R L2  are each independently a C 1 -C 40  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or fluorine. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic while C 1 -C 40  alkyl groups are preferred, and C 1 -C 20  alkyl groups are more preferred. In formula (AL-1), “a” is an integer of 0 to 10, preferably 1 to 5. 
     In formula (AL-2), R L3  and R L4  are each independently hydrogen or a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or fluorine. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic while C 1 -C 20  alkyl groups are preferred. Any two of R L2 , R L3  and R L4  may bond together to form a ring, typically alicyclic, with the carbon atom or carbon and oxygen atoms to which they are attached, the ring containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms. 
     In formula (AL-3), R L5 , R L6  and R L7  are each independently a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or fluorine. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic while C 1 -C 20  alkyl groups are preferred. Any two of R L5 , R L6  and R L7  may bond together to form a ring, typically alicyclic, with the carbon atom to which they are attached, the ring containing 3 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 16 carbon atoms. 
     The base polymer may further comprise recurring units (b) having a phenolic hydroxyl group as an adhesive group. Examples of suitable monomers from which recurring units (b) are derived are given below, but not limited thereto. Herein R A  is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Further, recurring units (c) having another adhesive group selected from hydroxyl (other than the foregoing phenolic hydroxyl), lactone ring, ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl, cyano, and carboxyl groups may also be incorporated in the base polymer. Examples of suitable monomers from which recurring units (c) are derived are given below, but not limited thereto. Herein R A  is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In another preferred embodiment, the base polymer may further comprise recurring units (d) selected from units of indene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, acenaphthylene, chromone, coumarin, and norbornadiene, or derivatives thereof. Suitable monomers are exemplified below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Furthermore, recurring units (e) may be incorporated in the base polymer, which are derived from styrene, vinylnaphthalene, vinylanthracene, vinylpyrene, methyleneindene, vinylpyridine, and vinylcarbazole. 
     In a further embodiment, recurring units (f) derived from an onium salt having a polymerizable unsaturated bond may be incorporated in the base polymer. Specifically, the base polymer may comprise recurring units of at least one type selected from formulae (f1), (f2) and (f3). These units are simply referred to as recurring units (f1), (f2) and (f3), which may be used alone or in combination of two or more types. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae (f1) to (f3), R A  is independently hydrogen or methyl. Z 1  is a single bond, phenylene group, —O—Z 11 —, —C(═O)—O—Z 11 —, or —C(═O)—NH—Z 11 —, wherein Z 11  is a C 1 -C6 alkanediyl group, C 2 -C 6  alkenediyl group, or phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. Z 2  is a single bond, —Z 21 —C(═O)—O—, —Z 21 —O— or —Z 21 —O—C(═O)—, wherein Z 21  is a C 1 -C 12  alkanediyl group which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond or ether bond. “A” is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl. Z 3  is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, —O—Z 31 —, —C(═O)—O—Z 31 —, or —C(═O)—NH—Z 31 —, wherein Z 31  is a C 1 -C 6  alkanediyl group, C 2 -C 6  alkenediyl group, phenylene group, fluorinated phenylene group, or trifluoromethyl-substituted phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. The alkanediyl and alkenediyl groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. 
     In formulae (f1) to (f3), R 21  to R 28  are each independently a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include C 1 -C 12  alkyl groups, C 6 -C 12  aryl groups, and C 7 -C 20  aralkyl groups. In these groups, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by C 1 -C 10  alkyl groups, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, mercapto, C 1 -C 10  alkoxy groups, C 2 -C 10  alkoxycarbonyl groups, or C 2 -C 10  acyloxy groups, and some carbon may be replaced by a carbonyl moiety, ether bond or ester bond. Any two of R 23 , R 24  and R 25  or any two of R 26 , R 27  and R 28  may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. 
     In formula (f1), M −  is a non-nucleophilic counter ion. Examples of the non-nucleophilic counter ion include halide ions such as chloride and bromide ions; fluoroalkylsulfonate ions such as triflate, 1,1,1-trifluoroethanesulfonate, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate; arylsulfonate ions such as tosylate, benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzenesulfonate; alkylsulfonate ions such as mesylate and butanesulfonate; imide ions such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide and bis(perfluorobutylsulfonyl)imide; methide ions such as tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide and tris(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)methide. 
     Also included are sulfonate ions having fluorine substituted at α-position as represented by the formula (K-1) and sulfonate ions having fluorine substituted at α- and β-positions as represented by the formula (K-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (K-1), R 51  is hydrogen, or a C 1 -C 20  alkyl group, C 2 -C 20  alkenyl group, or C 6 -C 20  aryl group, which may contain an ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl moiety, lactone ring, or fluorine atom. The alkyl and alkenyl groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. 
     In formula (K-2), R 52  is hydrogen, or a C 1 -C 30  alkyl group, C 2 -C 20  acyl group, C 2 -C 20  alkenyl group, C 6 -C 20  aryl group or C 6 -C 20  aryloxy group, which may contain an ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl moiety or lactone ring. The alkyl, acyl and alkenyl groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. 
     Examples of the monomer from which recurring unit (f1) is derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. R A  and M −  are as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the monomer from which recurring unit (f2) is derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. R A  is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the monomer from which recurring unit (f3) is derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. R A  is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The attachment of an acid generator to the polymer main chain is effective in restraining acid diffusion, thereby preventing a reduction of resolution due to blur by acid diffusion. Also LWR is improved since the acid generator is uniformly distributed. Where a base polymer containing recurring units (f) is used, an acid generator of addition type may be omitted. 
     The base polymer for formulating the positive resist composition comprises recurring units (a1) or (a2) having an acid labile group as essential component and additional recurring units (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) as optional components. A fraction of units (a1), (a2), (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) is: preferably 0≤a1&lt;1.0, 0≤a2&lt;1.0, 0&lt;a1+a2&lt;1.0, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.9, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤f≤0.5; more preferably 0≤a1≤0.9, 0≤a2≤0.9, 0.1≤a1+a2≤0.9, 0≤b≤0.8, 0≤c≤0.8, 0≤d≤0.7, 0≤e≤0.7, and 0≤f≤0.4; and even more preferably 0≤a1≤0.8, 0≤a2≤0.8, 0.1≤a1+a2≤0.8, 0≤b≤0.75, 0≤c≤0.75, 0≤d≤0.6, 0≤e≤0.6, and 0≤f≤0.3. Notably, f=f1+f2+f3, meaning that unit (f) is at least one of units (f1) to (f3), and a1+a2+b+c+d+e+f=1.0. 
     The base polymer may be synthesized by any desired methods, for example, by dissolving one or more monomers selected from the monomers corresponding to the foregoing recurring units in an organic solvent, adding a radical polymerization initiator thereto, and heating for polymerization. Examples of the organic solvent which can be used for polymerization include toluene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, and dioxane. Examples of the polymerization initiator used herein include 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), dimethyl 2,2-azobis(2-methylpropionate), benzoyl peroxide, and lauroyl peroxide. Preferably the system is heated at 50 to 80° C. for polymerization to take place. The reaction time is preferably 2 to 100 hours, more preferably 5 to 20 hours. 
     Where a monomer having a hydroxyl group is copolymerized, the hydroxyl group may be replaced by an acetal group susceptible to deprotection with acid, typically ethoxyethoxy, prior to polymerization, and the polymerization be followed by deprotection with weak acid and water. Alternatively, the hydroxyl group may be replaced by an acetyl, formyl, pivaloyl or similar group prior to polymerization, and the polymerization be followed by alkaline hydrolysis. 
     When hydroxystyrene or hydroxyvinylnaphthalene is copolymerized, an alternative method is possible. Specifically, acetoxystyrene or acetoxyvinylnaphthalene is used instead of hydroxystyrene or hydroxyvinylnaphthalene, and after polymerization, the acetoxy group is deprotected by alkaline hydrolysis, for thereby converting the polymer product to hydroxystyrene or hydroxyvinylnaphthalene. For alkaline hydrolysis, a base such as aqueous ammonia or triethylamine may be used. Preferably the reaction temperature is −20° C. to 100° C., more preferably 0° C. to 60° C., and the reaction time is 0.2 to 100 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 20 hours. 
     The base polymer should preferably have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in the range of 1,000 to 500,000, and more preferably 2,000 to 30,000, as measured by GPC versus polystyrene standards using tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. With too low a Mw, the resist composition may become less heat resistant. A polymer with too high a Mw may lose alkaline solubility and give rise to a footing phenomenon after pattern formation. 
     If a base polymer has a wide molecular weight distribution or dispersity (Mw/Mn), which indicates the presence of lower and higher molecular weight polymer fractions, there is a possibility that foreign matter is left on the pattern or the pattern profile is degraded. The influences of molecular weight and dispersity become stronger as the pattern rule becomes finer. Therefore, the base polymer should preferably have a narrow dispersity (Mw/Mn) of 1.0 to 2.0, especially 1.0 to 1.5, in order to provide a resist composition suitable for micropatterning to a small feature size. 
     It is understood that a blend of two or more polymers which differ in compositional ratio, Mw or Mw/Mn is acceptable. 
     Acid Generator 
     The resist composition may comprise an acid generator capable of generating a strong acid (referred to as acid generator of addition type, hereinafter). As used herein, the term “strong acid” refers to a compound having a sufficient acidity to induce deprotection reaction of an acid labile group on the base polymer. The inclusion of such an acid generator ensures that the compound having formula (A) functions as a quencher and the inventive resist composition functions as a chemically amplified positive resist composition. The acid generator is typically a compound (PAG) capable of generating an acid upon exposure to actinic ray or radiation. Although the PAG used herein may be any compound capable of generating an acid upon exposure to high-energy radiation, those compounds capable of generating sulfonic acid, imide acid (imidic acid) or methide acid are preferred. Suitable PAGs include sulfonium salts, iodonium salts, sulfonyldiazomethane, N-sulfonyloxyimide, and oxime-O-sulfonate acid generators. Exemplary PAGs are described in JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs [0122]-[0142] (U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,880). 
     As the PAG used herein, sulfonium salts having the formula (1-1) and iodonium salts having the formula (1-2) are also preferred. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae (1-1) and (1-2), R 101 , R 102 , R 103 , R 104  and R 105  are each independently a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. Any two of R 101 , R 102  and R 103  may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include those exemplified above for R 21  to R 28  in formulae (f1) to (f3). 
     Examples of the cation in the sulfoniuin salt having formula (1-1) are shown below, but not limited thereto. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the cation in the iodonium salt having formula (1-2) are shown below, but not limited thereto. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae (1-1) and (1-2), X −  is an anion of the following formula (1A), (1B), (1C) or (1D). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (1A), R fa  is fluorine or a C 1 -C 40  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include those exemplified later for R 107 . 
     Of the anions of formula (1A), an anion having the formula (1A′) is preferred. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (1A′), R 106  is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl. R 107  is a C 1 -C 38  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. As the heteroatom, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and halogen atoms are preferred, with oxygen being most preferred. Of the monovalent hydrocarbon groups represented by R 107 , those groups of 6 to 30 carbon atoms are preferred from the aspect of achieving a high resolution in forming patterns of fine feature size. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, straight or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, undecyl, tridecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, eicosanyl, monovalent saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1-adamantyl, 2-adamantyl, 1-adamantylmethyl, norbomyl, norbomylmethyl, tricyclodecanyl, tetracyclododecanyl, tetracyclododecanylmethyl, and dicyclohexylmethyl; monovalent unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups such as allyl and 3-cyclohexenyl; aryl groups such as phenyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl; and aralkyl groups such as benzyl and diphenylmethyl. Examples of the monovalent hydrocarbon group having a heteroatom include tetrahydrofuryl, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, acetamidomethyl, trifluoroethyl, (2-methoxyethoxy)methyl, acetoxymethyl, 2-carboxy-1-cyclohexyl, 2-oxopropyl, 4-oxo-1-adamantyl, and 3-oxocyclohexyl. In these groups, some hydrogen may be substituted by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogen, or some carbon may be replaced by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, so that the group may contain a hydroxyl, cyano, carbonyl, ether bond, ester bond, sulfonic acid ester bond, carbonate moiety, lactone ring, sultone ring, carboxylic anhydride or haloalkyl moiety. 
     With respect to the synthesis of the sulfonium salt having an anion of formula (1A′), reference may be made to JP-A 2007-145797, JP-A 2008-106045, JP-A 2009-007327, and JP-A 2009-258695. Also useful are the sulfonium salts described in JP-A 2010-215608, JP-A 2012-041320, JP-A 2012-106986, and JP-A 2012-153644. 
     Examples of the anion having formula (1A) are shown below, but not limited thereto. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (1B), R fb1  and R fb2  are each independently fluorine or a C 1 -C 40  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as exemplified for R 107 . Preferably R fb1  and R fb2  are fluorine or C 1 -C 4  straight fluorinated alkyl groups. Also, R fb1  and R fb2  may bond together to form a ring with the linkage: —CF 2 —SO 2 —N − —SO 2 —CF 2 — to which they are attached. It is preferred that a combination of R fb1  and R fb2  be a fluorinated ethylene or fluorinated propylene group. 
     In formula (1C), R fc1 , R fc2  and R fc3  are each independently fluorine or a C 1 -C 40  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as exemplified for R 107 . Preferably R fc1 , R fc2  and R fc3  are fluorine or C 1 -C 40  straight fluorinated alkyl groups. Also, R fc1  and R fc2  may bond together to form a ring with the linkage: —CF 2 —SO 2 —C − —SO 2 —CF 2 — to which they are attached. It is preferred that a combination of R fc1  and R fc2  be a fluorinated ethylene or fluorinated propylene group. 
     In formula (1D), R fd  is a C 1 -C 40  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as exemplified above for R 107 . 
     With respect to the synthesis of the sulfonium salt having an anion of formula (1D), reference may be made to JP-A 2010-215608 and JP-A 2014-133723. 
     Examples of the anion having formula (1D) are shown below, but not limited thereto. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Notably, the compound having the anion of formula (1D) does not have fluorine at the α-position relative to the sulfo group, but two trifluoromethyl groups at the β-position. For this reason, it has a sufficient acidity to sever the acid labile groups in the resist polymer. Thus the compound is an effective PAG. 
     Another preferred PAG is a compound having the formula (2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (2), R 201  and R 202  are each independently a C 1 -C 30  monovalent, hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. R 203  is a C 1 -C 30  divalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. Any two of R 201 , R 202  and R 203  may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. L A  is a single bond, ether bond or a C 1 -C 20  divalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. X A , X B , X C  and X D  are each independently hydrogen, fluorine or trifluoromethyl, with the proviso that at least one of X A , X B , X C  and X D  is fluorine or trifluoromethyl, and k is an integer of 0 to 3. 
     The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, straight or branched alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, tert-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, and 2-ethylhexyl; monovalent saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclopentylbutyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylbutyl, norbornyl, oxanorbomyl, tricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6 ]decanyl, and adamantyl; and aryl groups such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl. In these groups, some hydrogen may be substituted by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogen, or some carbon may be replaced by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, so that the group may contain a hydroxyl, cyano, carbonyl, ether bond, ester bond, sulfonic acid ester bond, carbonate moiety, lactone ring, sultone ring, carboxylic anhydride or haloalkyl moiety. 
     The divalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include straight or branched alkanediyl groups such as methylene, ethylene, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl, hexane-1,6-diyl, heptane-1,7-diyl, octane-1,8-diyl, nonane-1,9-diyl, decane-1,10-diyl, undecane-1,11-diyl, dodecane-1,12-diyl, tridecane-1,13-diyl, tetradecane-1,14-diyl, pentadecane-1,15-diyl, hexadecane-1,16-diyl, and heptadecane-1,17-diyl; divalent saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, norbornanediyl and adamantanediyl; and divalent unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups such as phenylene and naphthylene. Some hydrogen on these groups may be substituted by an alkyl moiety such as methyl, ethyl, to propyl, n-butyl or t-butyl; some hydrogen may be substituted by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or halogen; or some carbon may be replaced by a moiety containing a heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, so that the group may contain a hydroxyl, cyano, carbonyl, ether bond, ester bond, sulfonic acid ester bond, carbonate, lactone ring, sultone ring, carboxylic anhydride or haloalkyl moiety. Of the heteroatoms, oxygen is preferred. 
     Of the PAGs having formula (2), those having formula (2′) are preferred. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (2′), L A  is as defined above. R is hydrogen or trifluoromethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl. R 301 , R 302  and R 303  are each independently hydrogen or a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. The monovalent hydrocarbon groups may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as exemplified above for R 107 . The subscripts x and y are each independently an integer of 0 to 5, and z is an integer of 0 to 4. 
     Examples of the PAG having formula (2) are shown below, but not limited thereto. Notably, R is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Of the foregoing PAGs, those having an anion of formula (1A′) or (1D) are especially preferred because of reduced acid diffusion and high solubility in the resist solvent. Also those having an anion of formula (2′) are especially preferred because of extremely reduced acid diffusion. 
     Also a sulfonium or iodonium salt having an iodized or brominated aromatic ring-containing anion may be used as the PAG. Suitable are sulfonium and iodonium salts having the formulae (3-1) and (3-2). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae (3-1) and (3-2), X 1  is iodine or bromine, and may be the same or different when s is 2 or more. 
     L 1  is a single bond, ether bond, ester bond, or a C 1 -C 6  alkanediyl group which may contain an ether bond or ester bond. The alkanediyl group may be straight, branched or cyclic. 
     R 401  is a hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, amino group, or a C 1 -C 20  alkyl, C 1 -C 20  alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, C 2 -C 20  acyloxy or C 1 -C 20  alkylsulfonyloxy group, which may contain fluorine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, amino or C 1 -C 10  alkoxy moiety, or —NR 401A —C(═O)—R 401B  or —NR 401A —(C(═O)—O—R 401B , wherein R 401A  is hydrogen, or a C 1 -C 6  alkyl group which may contain halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 6  acyl or C 2 -C 6  acyloxy moiety, R 401B  is a C 1 -C 16  alkyl, C 2 -C 16  alkenyl or C 6 -C 12  aryl group, which may contain halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 6  alkoxy, C 2 -C 6  acyl or C 2 -C 6  acyloxy moiety. The foregoing alkyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, acyloxy, acyl and alkenyl groups may be straight, branched or cyclic. When t is 2 or more, groups R 401  may be the same or different. Of these, R 401  is preferably hydroxyl, —NR 401A —C(═O)—R 401B , —NR 401A —C(═O)—O—R 401B , fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl or methoxy. 
     R 402  is a single bond or a C 1 -C 20  divalent linking group when r=1, or a C 1 -C 20  tri- or tetravalent linking group when r=2 or 3, the linking group optionally containing an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom. 
     Rf 1  to Rf 4  are each independently hydrogen, fluorine or trifluoromethyl, at least one of Rf 1  to Rf 4  is fluorine or trifluoromethyl, or Rf 1  and Rf 2 , taken together, may form a to carbonyl group. Preferably, both Rf 3  and Rf 4  are fluorine. 
     R 403 , R 404 , R 405 , R 406  and R 407  are each independently a C 1 -C 20  monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain a heteroatom. Any two of R 403 , R 404  and R 405  may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. The monovalent hydrocarbon group may be straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof include C 1 -C 12  alkyl, C 2 -C 12  alkenyl, C 2 -C 12  alkynyl, C 6 -C 20  aryl, and C 7 -C 12  aralkyl groups. In these groups, some or all of the hydrogen atoms may be substituted by hydroxyl, carboxyl, halogen, cyano, amide, nitro, mercapto, sultone, sulfone, or sulfonium salt-containing moieties, and some carbon may be replaced by an ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl moiety, carbonate moiety or sulfonic acid ester bond. 
     In formulae (3-1) and (3-2), r is an integer of 1 to 3, s is an integer of 1 to 5, and t is an integer of 0 to 3, and 1≤s+t≤5. Preferably, s is an integer of 1 to 3, more preferably 2 or 3, and t is an integer of 0 to 2. 
     Examples of the cation in the sulfonium salt having formula (3-1) include those exemplified above as the cation in the sulfonium salt having formula (1-1). Examples of the cation in the iodonium salt having formula (3-2) include those exemplified above as the cation in the iodonium salt having formula (1-2). 
     Examples of the anion in the onium salts having formulae (3-1) and (3-2) are shown below, but not limited thereto. Herein X 1  is as defined above. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     When used, the acid generator of addition type is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts, and more preferably 1 to 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. The acid generator of addition type is optional when the base polymer has recurring units (f) incorporated therein, that is, an acid generator is bound in the base polymer. 
     Organic Solvent 
     An organic solvent may be added to the resist composition. The organic solvent used herein is not particularly limited as long as the foregoing and other components are soluble therein. Examples of the organic solvent are described in JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs [0144]-[0145] (U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,880). Exemplary solvents include ketones such as cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone and methyl-2-n-pentyl ketone; alcohols such as 3-methoxybutanol, 3-methyl-3-methoxybutanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol; ethers such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol dimethyl ether, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether; esters such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, ethyl lactate, ethyl pyruvate, butyl acetate, methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, t-butyl acetate, t-butyl propionate, and propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether acetate; and lactones such as y-butyrolactone, which may be used alone or in admixture. 
     The organic solvent is preferably added in an amount of 100 to 10,000 parts, and more preferably 200 to 8,000 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. 
     Other Components 
     With the foregoing components, other components such as a surfactant and dissolution inhibitor may be blended in any desired combination to formulate a positive resist composition. This positive resist composition has a very high sensitivity in that the dissolution rate in developer of the base polymer in exposed areas is accelerated by catalytic reaction. In addition, the resist film has a high dissolution contrast, resolution, exposure latitude, and process adaptability, and provides a good pattern profile after exposure, and minimal proximity bias because of restrained acid diffusion. By virtue of these advantages, the composition is fully useful in commercial application and suited as a pattern-forming material for the fabrication of VLSIs. 
     Exemplary surfactants are described in JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs [0165]-[0166]. Inclusion of a surfactant may improve or control the coating characteristics of the resist composition. While the surfactant may be used alone or in admixture, it is preferably added in an amount of 0.0001 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. 
     Inclusion of a dissolution inhibitor may lead to an increased difference in dissolution rate between exposed and unexposed areas and a further improvement in resolution. 
     The dissolution inhibitor which can be used herein is a compound having at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups on the molecule, in which an average of from 0 to 100 mol % of all the hydrogen atoms on the phenolic hydroxyl groups are replaced by acid labile groups or a compound having at least one carboxyl group on the molecule, in which an average of 50 to 100 mol % of all the hydrogen atoms on the carboxyl groups are replaced by acid labile groups, both the compounds having a molecular weight of 100 to 1,000, and preferably 150 to 800. Typical are bisphenol A, trisphenol, phenolphthalein, cresol novolac, naphthalenecarboxylic acid, adamantanecarboxylic acid, and cholic acid derivatives in which the hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl or carboxyl group is replaced by an acid labile group, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,771,914 (JP-A 2008-122932, paragraphs [0155]-[0178]). 
     In the resist composition, the dissolution inhibitor is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 50 parts, more preferably 5 to 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. The dissolution inhibitor may be used alone or in admixture. 
     In the resist composition of the invention, a quencher may be blended. The quencher is typically selected from conventional basic compounds. Conventional basic compounds include primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines, mixed amines, aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrogen-containing compounds with carboxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds with sulfonyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxyl group, nitrogen-containing compounds with hydroxyphenyl group, alcoholic nitrogen-containing compounds, amide derivatives, imide derivatives, and carbamate derivatives. Also included are primary, secondary, and tertiary amine compounds, specifically amine compounds having a hydroxyl group, ether bond, ester bond, lactone ring, cyano group, or sulfonic acid ester bond as described in JP-A 2008-111103, paragraphs [0146]-[0164], and compounds having a carbamate group as described in JP 3790649. Addition of a basic compound may be effective for further suppressing the diffusion rate of acid in the resist film or correcting the pattern profile. 
     Onium salts such as sulfonium salts, iodonium salts and ammonium salts of sulfonic acids which are not fluorinated at a-position as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,942 (JP-A 2008-158339) and similar onium salts of carboxylic acid may also be used as the quencher. While an α-fluorinated sulfonic acid, imide acid, and methide acid are necessary to deprotect the acid labile group of carboxylic acid ester, an α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid and a carboxylic acid are released by salt exchange with an α-non-fluorinated onium salt. An α-non-fluorinated sulfonic acid and a carboxylic acid function as a quencher because they do not induce deprotection reaction. 
     Also useful are quenchers of polymer type as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,598,016 (JP-A 2008-239918). The polymeric quencher segregates at the resist surface after coating and thus enhances the rectangularity of resist pattern. When a protective film is applied as is often the case in the immersion lithography, the polymeric quencher is also effective for preventing a film thickness loss of resist pattern or rounding of pattern top. 
     The quencher is preferably added in an amount of 0 to 5 parts, more preferably 0 to 4 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. The quencher may be used alone or in admixture. 
     To the resist composition, a polymeric additive or water repellency improver may also be added for improving the water repellency on surface of a resist film as spin coated. The water repellency improver may be used in the topcoatless immersion lithography. Suitable water repellency improvers include polymers having a fluoroalkyl group and polymers having a specific structure with a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol residue and are described in JP-A 2007-297590 and JP-A 2008-111103, for example. The water repellency improver to be added to the resist composition should be soluble in the organic solvent as the developer. The water repellency improver of specific structure with a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol residue is well soluble in the developer. A polymer having an amino group or amine salt copolymerized as recurring units may serve as the water repellent additive and is effective for preventing evaporation of acid during PEB, thus preventing any hole pattern opening failure after development. The water repellency improver may be used alone or in admixture. An appropriate amount of the water repellency improver is 0 to 20 parts, more preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. 
     Also, an acetylene alcohol may be blended in the resist composition. Suitable acetylene alcohols are described in JP-A 2008-122932, paragraphs [0179]-[0182]. An appropriate amount of the acetylene alcohol blended is 0 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer. 
     Pattern Forming Process 
     The resist composition is used in the fabrication of various integrated circuits. Pattern formation using the resist composition may be performed by well-known lithography processes. The process generally involves coating, prebaking, exposure, and development. If necessary, any additional steps may be added. 
     For example, the resist composition is first applied onto a substrate on which an integrated circuit is to be formed (e.g., Si, SiO 2 , SiN, SiON, TiN, WSi, BPSG, SOG, or organic antireflective coating) or a substrate on which a mask circuit is to be formed (e.g., Cr, CrO, CrON, MoSi 2 , or SiO 2 ) by a suitable coating technique such as spin coating, roll to coating, flow coating, dipping, spraying or doctor coating. The coating is prebaked on a hot plate at a temperature of 60 to 150° C. for 10 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably at 80 to 120° C. for 30 seconds to 20 minutes. The resulting resist film is generally 0.01 to 2 μm thick. 
     The resist film is then exposed to a desired pattern of high-energy radiation such as UV, deep-UV, EB, EUV, x-ray, soft x-ray, excimer laser light, γ-ray or synchrotron radiation. When UV, deep-UV, EUV, x-ray, soft x-ray, excimer laser light, γ-ray or synchrotron radiation is used as the high-energy radiation, the resist film is exposed thereto through a mask having a desired pattern in a dose of preferably about 1 to 200 mJ/cm 2 , more preferably about 10 to 100 mJ/cm 2 . When EB is used as the high-energy radiation, the resist film is exposed thereto through a mask having a desired pattern or directly in a dose of preferably about 0.1 to 100 μC/cm 2 , more preferably about 0.5 to 50 μC/cm 2 . It is appreciated that the inventive resist composition is suited in micropatterning using KrF excimer laser, ArF excimer laser, EB, EUV, x-ray, soft x-ray, γ-ray or synchrotron radiation, especially in micropatterning using EB or EUV. 
     After the exposure, the resist film may be baked (PEB) on a hot plate at 60 to 150° C. for 10 seconds to 30 minutes, preferably at 80 to 120° C. for 30 seconds to 20 minutes. 
     After the exposure or PEB, the resist film is developed in a developer in the form of an aqueous base solution for 3 seconds to 3 minutes, preferably 5 seconds to 2 minutes by conventional techniques such as dip, puddle and spray techniques. A typical developer is a 0.1 to 10 wt %, preferably 2 to 5 wt % aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAH), tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH), or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The resist film in the exposed area is dissolved in the developer whereas the:resist film in the unexposed area is not dissolved. In this way, the desired positive pattern is formed on the substrate. 
     In an alternative embodiment, a negative pattern may be formed via organic solvent development using a positive resist composition comprising a base polymer having an acid labile group. The developer used herein is preferably selected from among 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 4-heptanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, diisobutyl ketone, methylcyclohexanone, acetophenone, methylacetophenone, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, pentyl acetate, butenyl acetate, isopentyl acetate, propyl formate, butyl formate, isobutyl formate, pentyl formate, isopentyl formate, methyl valerate, methyl pentenoate, methyl crotonate, ethyl crotonate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, methyl lactate, ethyl lactate, propyl lactate, butyl lactate, isobutyl lactate, pentyl lactate, isopentyl lactate, methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, ethyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, phenyl acetate, benzyl acetate, methyl phenylacetate, benzyl formate, phenylethyl formate, methyl 3-phenylpropionate, benzyl propionate, ethyl phenylacetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate, and mixtures thereof. 
     At the end of development, the resist film is rinsed. As the rinsing liquid, a solvent which is miscible with the developer and does not dissolve the resist film is preferred. Suitable solvents include alcohols of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, ether compounds of 8 to 12 carbon atoms, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and aromatic solvents. Specifically, suitable alcohols of 3 to 10 carbon atoms include n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, 1-butyl alcohol, 2-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, t-pentyl alcohol, neopentyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, cyclopentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 2-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-2-pentanol, 3-methyl-3-pentanol, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 4-methyl-3-pentanol, cyclohexanol, and 1-octanol. Suitable ether compounds of 8 to 12 carbon atoms include di-n-butyl ether, diisobutyl ether, di-s-butyl ether, di-n-pentyl ether, diisopentyl ether, di-s-pentyl ether, di-t-pentyl ether, and di-n-hexyl ether. Suitable alkanes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms include hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dimethylcyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, and cyclononane. Suitable alkenes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms include hexene, heptene, octene, cyclohexene, methylcyclohexene, dimethylcyclohexene, cycloheptene; and cyclooctene. Suitable alkynes of 6 to 12 carbon atoms include hexyne, heptyne, and octyne. Suitable aromatic solvents include toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, t-butylbenzene and mesitylene. The solvents may be used alone or in admixture. 
     Rinsing is effective for minimizing the risks of resist pattern collapse and defect formation. However, rinsing is not essential. If rinsing is omitted, the amount of solvent used may be reduced. 
     A hole or trench pattern after development may be shrunk by the thermal flow, RELACS® or DSA process. A hole pattern is shrunk by coating a shrink agent thereto, and baking such that the shrink agent may undergo crosslinking at the resist surface as a result of the acid catalyst diffusing from the resist layer during bake, and the shrink agent may attach to the sidewall of the hole pattern. The bake is preferably at a temperature of 70 to 180° C., more preferably 80 to 170° C., for a time of 10 to 300 seconds. The extra shrink agent is stripped and the hole pattern is shrunk. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples of the invention are given below by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. The abbreviation “pbw” is parts by weight. 
     Carbonyloxyimide compounds 1 to 10 containing an iodized or brominated aromatic ring used in resist compositions have the structure shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis Example 
     Synthesis of Base Polymers (Polymers 1 to 3) 
     Base polymers were prepared by combining suitable monomers, effecting copolymerization reaction thereof in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent, pouring the reaction solution into methanol for crystallization, repeatedly washing with hexane, isolation, and drying. The resulting polymers, designated Polymers 1 to 3, were analyzed for composition by  1 H-NMR spectroscopy, and for Mw and Mw/Mn by GPC versus polystyrene standards using THF solvent. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples 1 to 12 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 
     Preparation of Resist Compositions 
     Resist compositions were prepared by dissolving components in a solvent in accordance with the recipe shown in Tables 1 and 2, and filtering through a filter having a pore size of 0.2 μm. The solvent contained 100 ppm of surfactant FC-4430 (3M). The components in Tables 1 and 2 are as identified below. 
     Base polymers: Polymers 1 to 3 of the above structural formulae 
     Organic Solvents: 
     PGMEA (propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) 
     CyH (cyclohexanone) 
     PGME (propylene glycol monomethyl ether) 
     GBL (γ-butyrolactone) 
     DAA (diacetone alcohol) 
     Acid generators: PAG 1 to PAG 4 of the following structural formulae 
                         
Quenchers 1 and 2:
 
                         
Comparative sensitizers 1 to 6 of the following structural formulae
 
                         
EUV Lithography Test
 
     Each of the resist compositions in Tables 1 and 2 was spin coated on a silicon substrate having a 20-nm coating of silicon-containing spin-on hard mask SHB-A940 (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., silicon content 43 wt %) and prebaked on a hotplate at 105° C. for 60 seconds to form a resist film of 60 nm thick. Using an EUV scanner NXE3300 (ASML, NA 0.33, σ 0.9/0.6, quadrupole illumination), the resist film was exposed to EUV through a mask bearing a hole pattern at a pitch 46 nm (on-wafer size) and +20% bias. The resist film was baked (PEB) on a hotplate at the temperature shown in Tables 1 and 2 for 60 seconds and developed in a 2.38 wt % TMAH aqueous solution for 30 seconds to form a hole pattern having a size of 23 nm. 
     The resist pattern was evaluated using CD-SEM (CG-5000, Hitachi High-Technologies Corp.). The exposure dose that provides a hole pattern having a size of 23 nm is reported as sensitivity. The size of 50 holes was measured, from which a size variation (3σ) was computed and reported as CDU. 
     The resist composition is shown in Tables 1 and 2 together with the sensitivity and CDU of EUV lithography. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 Organic  
                 PEB 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polymer 
                 generator 
                 Quencher 
                 Sensitizer 
                 solvent 
                 temp. 
                 Sensitivity 
                 CDU 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (° C.)  
                 (mJ/cm 2   
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 1 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 1 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 23 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (25) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 1 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.0) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 25 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 2 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (8.1) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 23 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 3 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (5.5) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 3 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 26 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 4 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.1) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 4 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 26 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 5 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (8.3) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 22 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 6 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (4.7) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 22 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 7 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (4.6) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 2 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 23 
                 2.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 8 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (4.6) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Polymer 2 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (2,000) 
                 100 
                 24 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 4 
                 GBL (300) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.1) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 Polymer 3 
                 — 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (2,000) 
                 100 
                 24 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                   
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 4 
                 DAA (500) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.1) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 2 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 20 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 9 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.1) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 2 
                 Carbonyloxyimide 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 10 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 compound 10 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (6.7) 
                 PGME (100) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Acid 
                   
                   
                 Organic  
                 PEB 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Polymer 
                 generator 
                 Quencher 
                 Sensitizer 
                 solvent 
                 temp. 
                 Sensitivity 
                 CDU 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (pbw) 
                 (° C.)  
                 (mJ/cm 2   
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Comparative 
                 1 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 — 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 38 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 Example 
                   
                 (100) 
                 (25) 
                 (4.00) 
                   
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 31 
                 3.4 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 1 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (2.1) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 26 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 2 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (5.0) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 24 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 3 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (4.7) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 22 
                 3.6 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 4 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (8.2) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 22 
                 3.9 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 5 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (8.6) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 Polymer 1 
                 PAG 2 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 25 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                 (20) 
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 6 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (8.4) 
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 Polymer 2 
                 — 
                 Quencher 2 
                 — 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 32 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                   
                 (4.00) 
                   
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PGME (100) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Polymer 2 
                 — 
                 Quencher 1 
                 Comparative 
                 PGMEA (400) 
                 100 
                 28 
                 3.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
                   
                 (4.00) 
                 sensitizer 1 
                 CyH (2,000) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (2.1) 
                 PGME (100) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is demonstrated in Tables 1 and 2 that resist compositions comprising an iodized or brominated aromatic ring-bearing carbonyloxyimide compound have a high sensitivity and a reduced value of CDU. 
     Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-150158 is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as sp6cifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.