Patent Publication Number: US-2016230118-A1

Title: Mist oil lubricating compositions and methods

Description:
INTRODUCTION 
     The present technology relates to lubricating compositions, particularly lubricating compositions suitable for use in mist oil lubrication systems. 
     Lubricants are used to reduce friction between metal or other hard surfaces that are in contact and in relative motion, so as to reduce friction. Without adequate lubrication, friction will result in heat and wear of the surfaces, ultimately destroying the surfaces in many situations. In general, acceptable lubricants have physical properties that allow them to be liquid and stable at the temperatures at which the lubricated surfaces operate, as well as acceptable viscosity, hydraulic stability, demulsibility (ability to release water), and oxidation and corrosion resistance. 
     Many mechanical systems offer particular challenges in maintaining adequate lubrication of moving surfaces, due to such factors as their mechanical configuration, forces applied to the moving surfaces, and environmental factors. The hydrocarbon processing industry, in particular, presents significant lubricating issues relating to bearing surfaces used in pumps and motors used in high pressure applications, often in corrosive environments. Similar challenges arise in the chemical processing industries, steel mills, pulp and paper mills, textile plants, and mining, for example. 
     Oil mist lubrication systems have been developed that are particularly useful in these industrial applications. In general, an oil mist lubrication system continuously atomizes oil into small particles and then conveys and delivers the correct amount of lubricant to bearings and metal surfaces for lubrication. In general, such systems can allow moving surfaces to operate at significantly cooler temperatures, can offer improved control of the amount of lubricant delivered, and can isolate reduce or eliminate sources of contamination from the environment. 
     Mist oil systems generally include an oil mist generator, one or more reclassifiers that deliver the oil to the bearing surfaces, and a distribution system to convey the mist oil from the generator to the reclassifier. In the generator, a high velocity air stream is passed through a vortex or venturi chamber which creates a vacuum or siphoning effect that draws oil from a reservoir. The oil is atomized into small particles, such as in the 1 to 3 micron range, that are too small for lubrication but are easily transported by the air flow. The mist oil particles are also too small to carry water or particulates throughout the piping system. This oil particle dispersion is thus referred to as a “dry mist.” At the reclassifier, the dry mist oil is passed through a turbulent area where the speed of the oil particles increases. This turbulence and increase in speed causes the particles to coalesce larger oil particles, forming a “wet mist” that can be deposited on the surfaces to be lubricated. 
     One concern in mist lubrication systems is the creation of adequate levels of wet mist, while controlling its application to the surfaces intended for lubrication. Control of the oil droplet particle size is an important aspect of such systems. If particles are too large, the oil particles may condense within the distribution system before reaching the reclassifier(s). If too small, the particles may not coalesce, resulting in ineffective lubrication and “stray mist” that coalesces on unintended surfaces. In some situations stray mist can create environmental or safety issues. 
     Accordingly, mist oil lubrication compositions must meet stringent requirements, both with respect to their properties as lubricants (as discussed above) and their ability to be effectively delivered in mist oil lubrication systems. There is a need, in particular, to develop such lubricants that offer acceptable lubrication properties, while reducing or eliminating the generation of stray mist. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present technology provides lubrication compositions that are preferably suitable for use in mist oil lubrication systems. Such compositions generally comprise
         (a) from about 80% to about 99.9% of a synthetic ester lubricant; and   (b) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant.
 
In various embodiments, the synthetic ester lubricant comprises one or more adipate ester lubricants (such as a ditridecyl adipate), one or more phthalate ester lubricants (such as diisononyl phthalates and ditridecyl phthalates), and mixtures thereof. The compositions may also comprise a highly branched isoparaffinic polyalphaolefin lubricant. The lubricating compositions may also comprise one or more additives selected from the group consisting of rust inhibitors, yellow metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, demulsifiers, anti-foam agents, and extreme pressure agents.
       

    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description of technology is merely exemplary in nature of the subject matter, manufacture and use of one or more inventions, and is not intended to limit the scope, application, or uses of any specific invention claimed in this application or in such other applications as may be filed claiming priority to this application, or patents issuing therefrom. A non-limiting discussion of terms and phrases intended to aid understanding of the present technology is provided at the end of this Detailed Description. 
     The present technology is directed to lubricant compositions containing a synthetic ester lubricant and a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant. The compositions are preferably suitable for use in mist oil lubricating systems, such as mist oil lubricating systems known in the art. 
     Synthetic Ester Lubricant 
     The mist oil lubricant compositions of the present technology comprise a synthetic ester lubricant. Such ester lubricants are the reaction products of alcohols and acids. In various embodiments, the synthetic ester lubricants are API (American Petroleum Institute) Group V synthetic fluids. 
     In various embodiments, synthetic ester lubricants comprise C 5  to C 18  straight or branched chain alkyl esters of aromatic or aliphatic polycarboxylic acids, having a viscosity of 10 to 700 cSt at 40° C. For example, esters may include esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acids having 8 to 14 carbon atoms, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the ester lubricants are diesters formed by the reaction of monohydric alcohols, with dibasic acids. The diesters may be linear, branched or aromatic. For example, the alcohols may be branched C 9  to C 11  alcohols, branched C 11  to C 14  alcohols, or mixtures thereof. Exemplary acids include adipic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanoic acid, fumaric acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, trimellitic and pyromellitic acid, maleic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, phthalic acid, phthalic acid anhydride, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, and mixtures thereof. Exemplary monohydric alcohols useful in such esters include those described above, such as isodecyl alcohol, n-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and isooctyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof. 
     In various embodiments, the synthetic lubricant composition comprises one or more adipate esters produced by the reaction of a monohydric alcohol with adipic acid. The adipate ester lubricant preferably has a viscosity of from about 5 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, or from 20 to about 35 cSt, at 40° C. Adipate ester lubricants useful herein are commercially available, including Esterex A51, sold by ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Tex., USA, having a viscosity of about 27 cSt at 40° C. In general, viscosities of compositions and components of the present technology may be measured by techniques known in the art, such as described in ASTM D445, “Standard Test for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity,” ASTM International, West Coshohocken, Pa., U.S.A. 
     In various embodiments, the synthetic lubricant composition comprises one or more phthalate ester lubricants produced by the reaction of monohydric alcohols with phthalic anhydride. The phthalate ester lubricant preferably has a viscosity of from about 20 to about 150, from about 30 to about 100, or from about 35 to about 90 cSt, at 40° C. The phthalate ester lubricant may comprise a mixture of lubricants, such as a mixture of a first phthalate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 20 to about 70, from about 30 to about 50, or from about 35 to about 40 cSt, at 40° C., with a second phthalate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 50 to about 110, from about 70 to about 100, or from about 80 to about 90 cSt, at 40° C. Phthalate ester lubricants useful herein are commercially available, including Esterex™ P61 ditridecyl phthalate synthetic fluid, sold by ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Tex., USA, having a viscosity of about 38 cSt at 40° C., and Esterex™ P81 tridecyl phthalate synthetic fluid, sold by ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Tex., USA, having a viscosity of about 84 cSt at 40° C. 
     In various embodiments, the synthetic lubricant comprises a mixture of esters, such as an adipate ester with one or more additional ester lubricants. For example, the synthetic ester lubricant may comprise a mixture of branched chain tridecyl phthalate and tridecyl adipate wherein the mixture is such that from about 80% to about 85% by weight of the mist lubricant is ditridecyl phthalate and from about 10% to about 15% is ditridecyl adipate. 
     Optional Lubricants 
     In various embodiments, the mist oil compositions of the present technology comprise one or more optional lubricants, in addition to a synthetic ester lubricant. Such lubricants may be API Group III, Group IV, or Group V non-ester lubricants. For example, the compositions may contain a hydrogenated polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetic lubricant, made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. In some embodiments, the PAO synthetic lubricant has a viscosity of from about 20 to about 70, from about 30 to about 60, or from about 40 to about 55 cSt, at 40° C. PAO synthetic lubricants useful herein are commercially available, including Spectrasyn 8, sold by ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, Tex., USA, having a viscosity of about 48 cSt at 40° C. 
     Polyalkyl Methacrylate Mist Suppressant 
     The mist oil compositions of the present technology comprise one or more mist suppressants that improve the stray mist characteristics of the compositions, when used in mist lubricant systems (such as conventional mist lubricant systems known in the art) relative to compositions not having the mist suppressants. Without limiting the mechanism, function or utility of present technology, in various embodiments the mist suppressant allows formulation of mist oil lubricant compositions having reduced amounts of sub-micron oil particles when atomized, such as from about 0.2 to about 7 microns in size. In various embodiments, the particle size is from about 0.4 to about 6 microns, from about 0.5 to about 5 microns, or from about 1 to about 5 microns. For example, the particle size may be from about 3 to about 5 microns in some embodiments. In other embodiments, the particle size may be from about 0.4 to about 0.8 microns. In various embodiments, the mist oil suppressant affords reduced stray mist, while maintaining or improving lubricant properties (e.g., increased levels of reclassified oil) of the mist lubricant. The mist properties of the compositions of the present technology may be measured by techniques known in the art, such as described in ASTM D3705, “Standard Test Method for Misting Properties of Lubricating Fluids,” ASTM International, West Coshohocken, Pa., U.S.A. 
     The mist suppressant is preferably a methacrylate, preferably a polyalkyl methacrylate (PAMA). Methacrylates among those useful herein include n-dodecyl methacrylate (DDMA), n-octadecyl methacrylate (ODMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and mixtures thereof. For example, the methacrylate mist suppressant may be a C 6  to C 18  methacrylate. In various embodiments, the mist suppressant has a viscosity of from about 80 to about 2500 cSt at 40° C., or from about 200 to about 2200 cSt at 40° C., or from about 1000 to about 2000 cSt at 40° C. Methacrylate synthetic lubricants useful herein are commercially available, including Viscoplex 8450, sold by Evonik Industries, Essen, Germany; HiTech® polymethacrylates, sold by Afton Chemical Corporation, Richmond, Va., U.S.A.; and polymethacrylate rheology additives sold by The Lubrizol Corporation, Wickliffe, Ohio, U.S.A. 
     Optional Additives 
     Mist oil compositions of the present technology optionally comprise one or more additive materials. In various embodiments, additive materials useful herein include rust inhibitors, yellow metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, demulsifiers, anti-foam agents, and extreme pressure agents, and mixtures thereof. Such additives include those known in the art. 
     For example, anti-wear agents and extreme pressure agents include sulfurized fatty acid or fatty acid esters, organopolysulfides, organophosphorous derivatives such as amine phosphates and dialkylphosphates. In some embodiments, compositions comprise triphenyl phosphorothionate. 
     Rust and corrosion inhibitors include dibasic acids, quinolines and quinones, ester and amide derivatives of alkenyl succinic anhydrides, and metal alkyl sulfonates, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, compositions comprise benzotriazole and alkylated benzotriazole and alkylated amino methylene benzotriazoles, wherein the alkyl has from 1 to 20 carbons. 
     Demulsifiers include alkoxyalkylated alkyl phenols, monohydric alcohols, alkylene glycols, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, compositions comprise an oxyalkylated (e.g., 70% propylene oxide, 30% ethylene oxide) amylphenol resin. 
     Anti-foam agents include silicone oils, acrylates and the like. In some embodiments, compositions comprise polydimethyl siloxane. 
     For example, in some embodiments, compositions comprise polyether glycol as a demulsifier, butylated triphenyl phosphorothionate as an anti-wear/extreme pressure agent, amine phosphates as an anti-wear agent, a tolutriazole derivative as a yellow metal deactivator, a tolutriazole compound as an antioxidant, a substituted di-phenyl amine as an antioxidant, a dodecenylsuccinic acid reaction product as a rust inhibitor, and polydimethyl siloxane as an anti-foam agent. 
     Additives are optionally present in the mist oil compositions at total levels of from about 0.005% to about 10%, from about 0.01% to about 8%, or from about 1% to about 5% of the composition. In some embodiments, each material that comprises an additive will be present at a level of from about 0.005% to about 3%, or from about 0.01% to about 2%. 
     Formulations 
     The compositions of the present technology may be formulated as appropriate to the desired end-use method. It is understood that the specific formulation may vary depending on the environment and operating characteristics of the mist oil lubrication system in which the compositions are to be used, as well as the surfaces and associated equipment to be lubricated. 
     The mist oil lubricants may be formulated so as to have a desired viscosity, for example, to improve performance at the operating temperature of the lubrication system in which the lubricant is to be used. In general, the mist oil lubricants of the present technology have a viscosity of from about 10 to about 700 cSt at 40° C. In various embodiments, the viscosity may be of from about 20 to about 500 cSt at 40° C., from about 20 to about 200 cSt at 40° C., or from about 30 to about 160 cSt at 40° C. For example, mist oil lubricants may have viscosities of from about 30 to about 35 (e.g., about 32) cSt at 40° C., from about 40 to about 50 (e.g., about 46) cSt at 40° C., from about 65 to about 70 (e.g., about 68) cSt at 40° C., from about 95 to about 105 (e.g., about 100) cSt at 40° C., or from about 145 to about 155 (e.g., about 150) cSt at 40° C. The desired lubricant viscosity may be obtained by selection of components having desired viscosities, such as by combination of synthetic ester lubricants, optional lubricants, mist suppressants, and optional materials, including such components described above. 
     In general, ranges of each component may be included at the levels exemplified above. In various embodiments, compositions comprise:
         (a) from about 0% to about 96.5% of an adipate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 20 to about 35 cSt at 40° C.;   (b) from about 0% to about 96.5% of a phthalate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 35 to about 90 cSt at 40° C.;   (c) from about 1% to about 10% of a highly branched isoparaffinic polyalphaolefin lubricant having a viscosity of from about 40 to about 55 cSt at 40° C.;   (d) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant; and   (e) from about 0.01% to about 5% of an additive selected from the group consisting of rust inhibitors, yellow metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, demulsifiers, anti-foam agents, extreme pressure agents, and mixtures thereof;   wherein the total level of the adipate ester lubricant and the phthalate ester lubricant is from about 80% to about 96.5%, preferably from about 90% to about 96%.
 
In some embodiments, the phthalate ester lubricant is selected from the group consisting of diisononyl phthalates, ditridecyl phthalates, and mixtures thereof. For example, such a composition may comprise from about 0.5% to about 75% of a diisononyl phthalate lubricant and from about 0.5% to about 92% of a ditridecyl phthalate lubricant. In some embodiments, each material that comprises the additive will be present at a level of from about 0.01% to about 3%, or from about 0.5% to about 2%.
       

     Methods 
     The present technology also provides methods of lubricating a surface, comprising applying a mist lubricant to the surface, the mist lubricant comprising
         (a) from about 80% to about 99.1% of a synthetic ester lubricant; and   (b) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant.
 
The mist lubricant can be a composition of the present technology, as described above. The surface may comprise any solid material, such as a first surface in contact with a second surface. The second and first surfaces may comprise the same or different materials. In various embodiments, the surface is a metal, such as steel, brass, copper, tin, or lead.
       

     Methods of the present invention may employ any mist oil lubricating system, including such systems as are known in the art. For example, in such systems a mist of lubricant is generated in air under pressure and pneumatically transported to a metal surface to be lubricated, coalesced into larger droplets and deposited on a metal surface, using the mist lubricant of the present technology as the lubricant. Such systems may be used with a variety of equipment, including shafts, bearings, seals and other components of equipment used in hydrocarbon processing (such as oil exploration, production, and refining), chemical processing, steel mills, pulp and paper mills, textile plants, and mining. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present technology is further illustrated through the following non-limiting examples. In particular mist oil lubricant compositions of the present technology may be formulated as follows. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example, % (by weight) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Component 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 phthalate ester lubricant, viscosity 
                 — 
                 33.5 
                 74.7 
                 34.6 
                 — 
               
               
                 38 cSt at 40° C. 
               
               
                 phthalate ester lubricant, viscosity 
                 — 
                 — 
                 17.8 
                 57.2 
                 91.5 
               
               
                 84 cSt at 40° C. 
               
               
                 adipate ester lubricant, viscosity 
                 96 
                 60 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 27 cSt at 40° C. 
               
               
                 polyalphaolefin (PAO) synthetic 
                 — 
                 — 
                 1 
                 1 
                 — 
               
               
                 lubricant 
               
               
                 polymethacrylate mist 
                 1 
                 3.5 
                 3.5 
                 4.2 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 suppressant 
               
               
                 tolutriazole antioxidant 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 polyether glycol demulsifier 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 triphenyl phosphorothionate/ 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 C11-C14 alkyl amine phosphate 
               
               
                 antiwear and extreme pressure 
               
               
                 agent 
               
               
                 dodecenylsucccinic acid reaction 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 product anti-rust/corrosion 
               
               
                 inhibitor 
               
               
                 substituted diphenyl amine 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 antioxidant 
               
               
                 dimethyl siloxane antifoam agent 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 viscosity 
                 32 
                 46 
                 68 
                 100 
                 150 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Summary of Exemplary Embodiments 
     Without limit the scope, application, or uses of the present technology as described above, or of any specific invention claimed in this application or in such other applications as may be filed claiming priority to this application, or patents issuing therefrom, the following sub-paragraphs provide a non-limiting listing of embodiments and combined embodiments within the scope of the present technology.
         A1. A mist oil lubricating composition comprising:   (a) from about 80% to about 99.9% of a synthetic ester lubricant; and   (b) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant.   A2. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A1, wherein the lubricant has a viscosity of from about 10 to about 700 cSt at 40° C., preferably from about 20 to about 200 cSt at 40° C.   A3. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A1 or Sub-Paragraph A2, wherein the lubricant comprises an adipate ester lubricant, a phthalate ester lubricant, or mixtures thereof.   A4. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A3, wherein the adipate ester lubricant is a ditridecyl adipate.   A5. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A3 or Sub-Paragraph A4, wherein the adipate ester lubricant is present at a level of about 50% to about 99% of the composition.   A6. The mist oil lubricating composition according to any of Sub-Paragraphs A3 trough A5, wherein the adipate ester lubricant has a viscosity of from about 20 to about 35 cSt at 40° C.   A7. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraphs A4-A6, wherein the lubricant further comprises a phthalate ester lubricant.   A8. The mist oil lubricating composition according any of the proceeding claims, wherein the phthalate ester lubricant is selected from the group consisting of diisononyl phthalates, ditridecyl phthalates, and mixtures thereof.   A9. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A8, wherein the phthalate ester lubricant is present at a level of about 50% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 90% to about 96.5% of the composition.   A10. The mist oil lubricating composition according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the mist suppressant has a viscosity of from about 80 to about 2,500 cSt at 100° C.   A11. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A10, wherein the mist suppressant is a C 6  to C 18  methacrylate.   A12. The mist oil lubricating composition according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising from about 0.1% to about 10% of a highly branched isoparaffinic polyalphaolefin lubricant.   A13. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A12, wherein the polyalphaolefin lubricant has a viscosity of from about 40 to about 55 cSt at 40° C.   A14. The mist oil lubricating composition according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising an additive selected from the group consisting of rust inhibitors, yellow metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, demulsifiers, anti-foam agents, extreme pressure agents, and mixtures thereof.   A14. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph A13, wherein the additive is present at a level of from about 0.01% to about 5% of the composition.   A15. The mist oil composition according to any of the preceding claims having a viscosity grade of 30 to about 160 cSt at 40° C., such as a viscosity of from about 30 to about 35 cSt at 40° C., from about 40 to about 50 cSt at 40° C., from about 65 to about 70 cSt at 40° C., from about 95 to about 105 cSt at 40° C., or from about 145 to about 155 cSt at 40° C.   B1. A mist oil lubricating composition comprising:   (a) from about 0% to about 96.5% of an adipate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 20 to about 35 cSt at 40° C.;   (b) from about 0% to about 96.5 of a phthalate ester lubricant having a viscosity of from about 35 to about 90 cSt at 40° C.;   (c) from about 1% to about 10% of a highly branched isoparaffinic polyalphaolefin lubricant having a viscosity of from about 40 to about 55 cSt at 40° C.;   (d) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant; and   (e) from about 0.01% to about 5% of an additive selected from the group consisting of rust inhibitors, yellow metal deactivators, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, demulsifiers, anti-foam agents, extreme pressure agents, and mixtures thereof;   wherein the total level of the adipate ester lubricant and the phthalate ester lubricant is from about 80% to about 96.5%, preferably from about 90% to about 96%, and the composition has a viscosity of from about 20 to about 200 cSt at 40° C.   B2. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph C1, wherein the phthalate ester lubricant is selected from the group consisting of diisononyl phthalates, ditridecyl phthalates, and mixtures thereof.   B3. The mist oil lubricating composition according to Sub-Paragraph C2, comprising from about 0.5% to about 75% of a diisononyl phthalate lubricant and from about 0.5% to about 92% of a ditridecyl phthalate lubricant.   C1. A method of mist oil lubrication of a surface, comprising applying a mist lubricant to the surface, the mist lubricant comprising:   (a) from about 90% to about 99.9% of a synthetic ester lubricant; and   (b) from about 0.1% to about 8% of a polyalkyl methacrylate mist suppressant.   C2. The method of Sub-paragraph B1, wherein the mist lubricant is a composition according to any of Sub-Paragraphs A2-A15 or B1-B3.       

     NON-LIMITING DISCUSSION OF TERMINOLOGY 
     The headings (such as “Introduction” and “Summary”) and sub-headings used herein are intended only for general organization of topics within the present disclosure, and are not intended to limit the disclosure of the technology or any aspect thereof. In particular, subject matter disclosed in the “Introduction” may include novel technology and may not constitute a recitation of prior art. Subject matter disclosed in the “Summary” is not an exhaustive or complete disclosure of the entire scope of the technology or any embodiments thereof. Classification or discussion of a material within a section of this specification as having a particular utility is made for convenience, and no inference should be drawn that the material must necessarily or solely function in accordance with its classification herein when it is used in any given composition and method. 
     The description and specific examples, while indicating embodiments of the technology, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the technology. Moreover, recitation of multiple embodiments having stated features is not intended to exclude other embodiments having additional features, or other embodiments incorporating different combinations of the stated features. Specific examples are provided for illustrative purposes of how to make and use the compositions and methods of this technology and, unless explicitly stated otherwise, are not intended to be a representation that given embodiments of this technology have, or have not, been made or tested. Equivalent changes, modifications and variations of some embodiments, materials, compositions and methods can be made within the scope of the present technology, with substantially similar results. 
     As used herein, the words “desire” or “desirable” refer to embodiments of the technology that afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be desirable, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more desired embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the technology. 
     As used herein, the words “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of the technology that afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the technology. 
     As used herein, the word “include,” and its variants, is intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the materials, compositions, devices, and methods of this technology. Similarly, the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or may comprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not contain those elements or features. 
     Although the open-ended term “comprising,” as a synonym of non-restrictive terms such as including, containing, or having, is used herein to describe and claim embodiments of the present technology, embodiments may alternatively be described using more limiting terms such as “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of.” Thus, for any given embodiment reciting materials, components or process steps, the present technology also specifically includes embodiments consisting of, or consisting essentially of, such materials, components or processes excluding additional materials, components or processes (for consisting of) and excluding additional materials, components or processes affecting the significant properties of the embodiment (for consisting essentially of), even though such additional materials, components or processes are not explicitly recited in this application. For example, recitation of a composition or process reciting elements A, B and C specifically envisions embodiments consisting of, and consisting essentially of, A, B and C, excluding an element D that may be recited in the art, even though element D is not explicitly described as being excluded herein. 
     As referred to herein, all compositional percentages are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwise specified. Disclosures of ranges are, unless specified otherwise, inclusive of endpoints and include disclosure of all distinct values and further divided ranges within the entire range. Thus, for example, a range of “from A to B” or “from about A to about B” is inclusive of A and of B. Disclosure of values and ranges of values for specific parameters (such as temperatures, molecular weights, weight percentages, etc.) are not exclusive of other values and ranges of values useful herein. It is envisioned that two or more specific exemplified values for a given parameter may define endpoints for a range of values that may be claimed for the parameter. For example, if Parameter X is exemplified herein to have value A and also exemplified to have value Z, it is envisioned that Parameter X may have a range of values from about A to about Z. Similarly, it is envisioned that disclosure of two or more ranges of values for a parameter (whether such ranges are nested, overlapping or distinct) subsume all possible combination of ranges for the value that might be claimed using endpoints of the disclosed ranges. For example, if Parameter X is exemplified herein to have values in the range of 1-10, or 2-9, or 3-8, it is also envisioned that Parameter X may have other ranges of values including 1-9, 1-8, 1-3, 1-2, 2-10, 2-8, 2-3, 3-10, and 3-9.