Patent Publication Number: US-11659936-B2

Title: Modular furniture support systems

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/707,568, filed on Dec. 9, 2019, entitled MOLDED MANUFACTURING FOR MODULAR FURNITURE, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/806,516, filed on Feb. 15, 2019, entitled INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING FOR MODULAR FURNITURE, each of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 
     This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/707,571, filed on Dec. 9, 2019, entitled FURNITURE STORAGE BASE, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/806,516, filed on Feb. 15, 2019, entitled INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING FOR MODULAR FURNITURE, each of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 
     This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/707,574, filed on Dec. 9, 2019, entitled FURNITURE SPRING SYSTEM, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/806,516, filed on Feb. 15, 2019, entitled INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING FOR MODULAR FURNITURE, each of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 
     Each of the foregoing patent applications is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to furniture and furniture systems. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to furniture spring systems and modular furniture support systems. 
     The Relevant Technology 
     Spring systems that provide cushioning to furniture items such as beds, couches, and chairs are generally manufactured to be permanently fixed within a furniture item. For example, a box spring for a mattress includes internal springs that are not removable by a user. Also, S-springs or other springs are often integrated into base members of couches and chairs to provide added cushioning beneath cushions placed thereon. 
     Spring systems currently utilized in furniture are limited in a number of ways. For example, as noted above, spring systems are not removable or replaceable by a user without significant deconstruction of the furniture item and costly reconstruction. Typically, when a spring in a box spring breaks, it is more economical for the user to throw out the box spring and buy a new one rather than fix the single broken spring. Also, springs built into couches and chairs are integrated into the furniture in such a way that replacement of the spring system is difficult or impossible without damaging the furniture. Thus, as spring systems age and become less firm over time, it is not viable to simply replace the spring system. 
     Furthermore, the cushioning provided by current spring systems are set such that the user cannot change the degree of flexion, or “firmness,” of the spring system to alter the provided cushioning effect. Rather, the spring system built into a given furniture item, and thus the degree of cushioning provided, is predetermined by the manufacturer and cannot be changed by the user. 
     However, over time, or as the use of a furniture item changes from one user to another, it may be desirable to change the amount of cushioning provided by a spring system within a furniture item. For example, users often have varying opinions on how firm they like their bed, including a firmness of their box spring. Additionally, a user&#39;s preference may change over time. Unfortunately, users need to buy entirely different box springs to alter the firmness of their beds. The same applies to the firmness of spring systems built into couches, chairs, and other furniture items. 
     Furniture items, such as beds, couches, and chairs, can also include built-in storage spaces. For example, a bed may include space within or underneath the bed frame to store items. Also, couches may include storage spaces within base components or otherwise underneath cushions or within ottomans. However, such furniture storage spaces, which are advantageous to save space and provide extra storage areas within a room, are constructed in a way that while protecting items within the storage spaces from damage limit cushioning or firmness variations. For example, for a storage space disposed underneath a bed or couch, rigid barriers to the storage space, such as lids or drawers, are used to protect items placed inside the storage space. These rigid components are placed underneath furniture cushions or mattresses to support users who sit or lie thereon and can negatively affect the comfort of the furniture item. 
     Accordingly, there are a number of problems in the prior art that need to be addressed in the field of furniture and furniture spring systems. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to furniture and furniture systems. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to furniture spring systems. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, for example, a furniture spring system, includes a lid configured to provide a seating surface. The lid includes a frame comprising two opposing frame members and a retention member disposed on a top surface of at least one of the two opposing frame members. The spring system also includes an elongate slat extending between the two opposing frame members. In such an embodiment, the slat has an elongate body with an upper surface, a lower surface, a first end, a second end, and a flexible middle portion extending between the first end and the second end. The slat also includes a catch disposed at the first or second end. The catch engages the retention member to retain the slat to the frame and is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the retention member as the middle portion elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Furniture spring systems described herein solve a number of problems. For example, furniture spring systems of the present disclosure provide support to users sitting or lying thereon while protecting items that may be placed or stored below. In some configurations, spring systems described herein are modular. In some configurations, the spring systems described herein are easily replaceable without requiring deconstruction of other furniture components. In some configurations, spring systems described herein are adjustable so that users can customize the firmness or size of the spring system to suit their preferences or spacing needs. In some embodiments, the slats of the spring system can be extendable or contractable in order to make a furniture system a different size. In some configurations, the spring systems described herein can be at least one of moveable, replaceable, and adjustable. Embodiments of the invention, such as the examples disclosed herein, may be beneficial in a variety of respects. 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a furniture spring system includes a lid configured to provide a seating surface and an elongate slat. The lid includes a frame having two opposing frame members, each frame member having a chamfered top inner edge, and a retention member disposed on at least one of the two opposing frame members. The elongate slat extends between the two opposing frame members and includes an elongate body having an upper surface, a lower surface, a first end, a second end, and a flexible middle portion extending between the first end and the second end. The elongate slat also includes a catch disposed at the first or second end, the catch engaging the retention member to retain the slat to the frame. The chamfered top inner edge of each frame member is configured to allow the slat to flex downward in response to a load applied thereon without the frame members impeding a downward displacement of the lower surface of the slat during use. 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a furniture assembly includes a transverse member and a base member. The base member includes a base frame member having a bottom panel, side panels, and upper edges on the side panels. The base member also includes a lid configured to be mounted on the base frame member. The lid is mounted such that the lid covers a storage cavity formed within the base frame member. In such an embodiment, the lid includes slats, each slat having an elongate member and one or more catches that engage retention members of the base frame member. 
     In one embodiment, a furniture spring system of the present invention comprises (i) a lid configured to provide a seating surface, the lid comprising a frame comprising two opposing frame members and a retention member associated with at least one of the two opposing frame members; and (ii) a slat extending between the two opposing frame members, the slat comprising an elongate body having a first end and a second end and a catch disposed at the first end or second end, wherein the catch engages the retention member to retain the slat to the frame and the catch is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Another embodiment of a furniture spring system comprises a frame comprising two opposing frame members, and a retention member disposed on at last one of the two opposing frame members, and an elongate slat extending between the two opposing frame members, the slat comprising an elongate body having an upper surface, a lower surface, a first end, a second end, and a flexible middle portion extending between the first end and the second end, and a catch disposed at the first end or the second end, the catch engaging the retention member to retain the slat to the lid frame. 
     A furniture assembly of the present invention may comprise (i) a transverse member and (ii) a base member, the base member comprising a storage base and a lid configured to be mounted on a top of the storage base, such that the lid covers a storage cavity formed within the storage base, the lid comprising a frame with opposing frame members having one or more retention members, and one or more slats, each slat having an elongate member and one or more catches that engage the one or more retention members of the frame. 
     In another embodiment, a furniture spring system comprises, (i) a lid configured to be mounted onto (ii) a base frame of a furniture base, the lid configured to provide a seating surface, the lid comprising, a frame comprising two opposing frame members, and a plurality of retention members associated with each of the two opposing frame members, a plurality of slats extending between the two opposing frame members, each of the slats comprising an elongate body having a first end and a second end and first and second catches disposed at the first end and second end, respectively, of the elongate body, wherein each catch engages a retention member to retain the corresponding slat to the frame, and wherein each catch of a slat is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the corresponding retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Principles of the present invention can also be applied to mattresses and sleeping systems, making the systems more efficient, useful, and enabling the use of various parts in various different sizes of mattresses and bedding systems. 
     In one embodiment, a modular mattress system of the present invention comprises a plurality of mattress modules configured to form a first modular mattress of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular mattress of a second selected geometry, each of the mattress modules having a width (x) and a length (y), wherein the length (y) is substantially equal to two times the width (x); a bed casing (e.g., a rigid bed casing) configured to secure the plurality of mattress modules to form a completed mattress; and a mattress topper sized and shaped to substantially cover the completed mattress and provide additional cushioning to a user. 
     Further embodiments of the present invention employ slats of the present invention in various different types of modular bed frames. Bed frame systems of the present invention may include such modular bed frames, as well as modular headboard/footboard systems that are coupled to the modular bed frames. 
     For efficiency of manufacture and assembly, modular bed frames of the present invention can be comprised of a plurality of (i) equally or similarly sized elongate support modules; and (ii) equal or similarly-sized corner modules that are interchangeable between at least two corners of the bed frame e.g., kitty corner (i.e., diagonal across from each other), and may be interchangeable between all four corners of the bed. 
     For example, in one embodiment, in order to provide for efficiency and standardization in manufacturing and assembly, each of the corner modules of the modular bed frame have substantially the same footprint dimensions and each of the uniform-length support modules of the modular bed frame have substantially the same footprint dimensions, specifically the same length. In one embodiment, for efficiency in manufacture and assembly, each of the corner modules are telescoping modules and have the same footprint dimensions and each of the support modules comprise elongate blocks that are of equal length. 
     These uniformities in geometries and size of the modules of the present invention enable the manufacturer to manufacture certain standardized pieces and enable the user assembling the pieces to work with certain standardized pieces, making the manufacturing and assembling process more simple, reliable, and efficient. To the extent that customization is required when moving from one selected size of bed frame to another selected size, the gaps may be filled in using telescoping members, filler modules, and/or elongate end modules that span the entire length between the corner modules, for example. Thus, the modular, adjustable bed frame systems of the present invention artfully allow for both standardization of certain components (e.g., uniform-length support modules and corner modules) as well as customization when customization is desired (e.g., filler modules, telescoping members, and/or elongate end modules). 
     For example, one embodiment of the modular bed frame comprises: a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame of a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising, a plurality of uniform-length support modules, and a plurality of corner modules, wherein at least one of the uniform-length support modules or corner modules is reconfigurable such that the second selected geometry of the second modular bed frame is selectively formed. 
     In another embodiment of a modular bed frame, the bed frame comprises: a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame of a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising, a plurality of uniform-length support modules (e.g., keystone blocks), and a plurality of corner modules, wherein at least one of the uniform-length support modules or corner modules is reconfigurable such that the second selected geometry of the second modular bed frame is selectively formed, wherein at least one of the bed frame modules is a telescoping module that is reconfigurable such that the second geometry of the second modular bed frame is selectively formed, wherein the telescoping module is a corner module. In one embodiment, the telescoping corner module telescopes from one or both of plurality of ends of the corner module. One or more additional modules are selectively added to the plurality of uniform-length support modules and the plurality of corner modules, the one or more additional modules being selected from the group consisting of: (1) filler modules (e.g., filler blocks) that each have a different configuration from the plurality of uniform-length support modules and the plurality of corner modules; (2) additional uniform-length support modules having the same length as the plurality of uniform-length support modules; and (3) elongate end modules (e.g., elongate end blocks) that each have a different configuration from the plurality of uniform-length support modules and the plurality of corner modules and that span the entire length between corner modules without any gaps. 
     The one or more gaps are selectively filled by telescoping members, filler blocks, or elongate end blocks, wherein a gap distance of the one or more gaps is calculated according to the following formula: 
     
       
         
           
             G 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   T 
                   D 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       K 
                       BL 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       K 
                       BQ 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     2 
                     × 
                     
                       C 
                       BL 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 N 
                 G 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where,
         G is the Gap distance   T D  is the Total Dimension Measured   K BL  is the Support Module Length   K BQ  is the Support Module Quantity   C BL  is the Corner Block Length   N G  is the Number of Gaps.       

     In one embodiment, each of the support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules comprise elongate blocks that are of equal size and configuration. 
     In yet another embodiment, a modular bed frame comprises a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame of a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising, one or more rails, and a plurality of corner modules, wherein each of the corner modules are configured to be selectively repositionable, from a long configuration to a short configuration, wherein in the long configuration the length of the corner module is substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the rail, and wherein in the short configuration the length of the corner module is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rail. 
     Another embodiment of the bed frame system employs a modular end board, e.g., a module headboard or footboard, that selectively adjusts to correspond to the adjustable dimensions, e.g., the width, of a modular bed frame. In such an embodiment, a modular end board is configured to be selectively coupled to a modular bed frame to form an adjustable bed frame system comprising an adjustable frame and an adjustable headboard and/or footboard. This is system is very useful because it allows the headboard, footboard and bed frame to be adjusted as desired for use by a user. 
     Thus, one adjustable bed frame system of the present invention comprises: (1) a modular end board comprising: (A) a frame assembly, the frame assembly comprising: (i) first and second upright members; and (ii) a moveable connecting system for connecting the first and second upright members to each other such that the distance between the first and second upright members can be selectively adjusted; and (iii) one or more panels that are selectively mounted onto the frame assembly, wherein the end board is an adjustable headboard or an adjustable footboard; and (2) a modular bed frame selectively coupled to the modular end board, the modular bed frame configured such that the modular bed frame can be reconfigurable from a first geometry to form a second modular bed frame of a second selected geometry, the end board and the bed frame each being configured such that they can be adjusted to each have a corresponding dimension (e.g., width) in the first geometry and a corresponding dimension (e.g., width) in the second geometry. 
     Manufactured components of the present invention may include base members, and/or transverse members, e.g., for use in assembling a chair, couch, or the like, or other furniture components, methods, or technology, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,885 entitled MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The modular furniture components and methods disclosed in the present application may also be used in connection with numerous furniture assemblies, e.g., such as, but not limited to, any similar to those disclosed in (i) U.S. Pat. No. 9,277,826, entitled MOUNTING PLATFORM FOR MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, (ii) U.S. Pat. No. 8,783,778, entitled MOUNTING PLATFORM FOR MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, (iii) U.S. Pat. No. 7,963,612 entitled MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, (iv) U.S. Pat. No. 7,547,073, entitled MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, (v) U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,885 entitled MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY, (vi) U.S. Publication No. 2017/0367486 entitled MODULAR FURNITURE ASSEMBLY CORNER SEATING SYSTEM, (vii) U.S. Pat. No. 10,212,519 entitled ELECTRONIC FURNITURE SYSTEMS WITH INTEGRATED INTERNAL SPEAKERS, (viii) U.S. Pat. No. 10,236,643 entitled ELECTRICAL HUB FOR FURNITURE ASSEMBLIES, (ix) U.S. Pat. No. 10,143,307 entitled FURNITURE SYSTEM WITH RECLINER ASSEMBLY, and (x) U.S. Pat. No. 10,123,621 entitled FURNITURE SYSTEM RECLINER ASSEMBLY WITH SLED RAILS, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an embodiment of a modular furniture system in the form of a couch, including two bases, a number of transverse members, and number of cushions on top of the bases, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  illustrate exploded views of another embodiment of a modular furniture system in the form of an armchair, including a storage base having a lid with a spring system extending thereacross and a plurality of couplers configured to hold the various transverse members to the base, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of a furniture spring system disposed over a furniture base, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates the furniture base of  FIG.  3 A  according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates a partially exploded view of an embodiment of a furniture spring system disposed over a furniture base, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an assembled view of the furniture spring system of  FIG.  4 A ; 
         FIG.  4 C  illustrates a view of an embodiment of a furniture spring system disposed over a furniture base in an open position, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 D  illustrates a view of the furniture spring system of  FIG.  4 C  in a closed position; 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , as indicated in  FIG.  3   , according to the present invention; 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , as indicated in  FIG.  3   , according to the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the spring system illustrated n  FIG.  4 B , as indicated in  FIG.  4 B , according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a spring system including a furniture cushion, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 A  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8 B  illustrates a perspective view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  8 A  with a load applied downwardly on the spring system; 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  8 A  along plane  9 A- 9 A indicated in  FIG.  8 A ; 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  8 B  along plane  9 B- 9 B indicated in  FIG.  8 B ; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a spring system including a furniture cushion, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11 A  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  11 B  illustrates a perspective view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  11 A  with a load applied downwardly on the spring system; 
         FIG.  12 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  11 A  along plane  12 A- 12 A indicated in  FIG.  11 A ; 
         FIG.  12 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  11 B  along plane  12 B- 12 B indicated in  FIG.  11 B ; 
         FIG.  13    illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a spring system including a furniture cushion, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  14 A  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  14 B  illustrates a perspective view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  14 A  with a load applied downwardly on the spring system; 
         FIG.  15 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  14 A  along plane  15 A- 15 A indicated in  FIG.  14 A ; 
         FIG.  15 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  14 B  along plane  15 B- 15 B indicated in  FIG.  14 B ; 
         FIG.  16    illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a spring system including a furniture cushion, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  17 A  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  17 B  illustrates a perspective view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  17 A  with a load applied downwardly on the spring system; 
         FIG.  18 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  17 A  along plane  18 A- 18 A indicated in  FIG.  17 A ; 
         FIG.  18 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  17 B  along plane  18 B- 18 B indicated in  FIG.  17 B ; 
         FIG.  19    illustrates an exploded view of another embodiment of a spring system including a furniture cushion, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  20 A  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  20 B  illustrates a perspective view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  20 A  with a load applied downwardly on the spring system; 
         FIG.  21 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  20 A  along plane  21 A- 21 A indicated in  FIG.  20 A ; 
         FIG.  21 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the spring system illustrated in  FIG.  20 B  along plane  21 B- 21 B indicated in  FIG.  20 B ; 
         FIG.  22 A  illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of an integrated lid-cushion assembly including a spring system, according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  22 B  illustrates an assembled view of the integrated lid-cushion assembly of  FIG.  22 A ; 
         FIG.  23 A  illustrates a perspective view of a modular mattress system according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  23 B  illustrates an exploded view of the modular mattress system of  FIG.  23 A ; 
         FIG.  24    illustrates a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein various configurations of mattress modules are utilized to form beds of different dimensions; 
         FIG.  25    illustrates a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein various configurations of mattress modules are utilized to form beds of different dimensions; 
         FIG.  26    illustrates a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein various configurations of mattress modules are utilized to form beds of different dimensions; 
         FIG.  27    illustrates a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein various configurations of mattress modules are utilized to form beds of different dimensions; 
         FIG.  28    illustrates a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein various configurations of mattress modules are utilized to form beds of different dimensions; 
         FIG.  29    illustrates a top plan view of a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  30    illustrates a perspective view of a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  31    illustrates a perspective view of a modular mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, wherein sidewalls are added to the bed base to increase the size of the modular mattress system; 
         FIG.  32 A  illustrates a perspective view of a casing of a modular mattress system in a closed position according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  32 B  illustrates a perspective view of a casing of a modular mattress system in an open position according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  33 A  illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of a casing of a modular mattress system as applied to a number of mattress modules according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  33 B  illustrates a top plan view of a casing of a modular mattress system as applied to a number of mattress modules according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  33 C  illustrates a bottom plan view of a casing of a modular mattress system as applied to a number of mattress modules according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  34 A  illustrates a schematic top plan view of an embodiment of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  34 B  illustrates a schematic top plan view of the bed frame of  FIG.  34 A  in an extended position according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  35    illustrates a mattress system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  36 A-B  illustrate various configurations of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  37 A- 37 D  illustrate various methods of filling a gap in a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  38 A and  38 B  illustrate various configurations of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  39    illustrates a configuration of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  40 A and  40 B  illustrate various configurations of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  41    illustrates an exploded view of a configuration of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  42 A  illustrates an exploded view of a configuration of an assembled modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  42 B  illustrates an assembled view of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  43    illustrates an alternative embodiment of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  44 A  illustrates an exploded view of a configuration of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  44 B  illustrates an assembled view of a configuration of a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  44 C  illustrates an assembled view of the modular bed frame of  FIG.  44 B , wherein the bed frame in  FIG.  44 C  has been expanded to form a larger size bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  45    illustrates various configurations of an adjustable bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS.  46 A and  46 B  illustrate a method of expanding the size of an adjustable bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  47    illustrates an embodiment of a headboard or footboard for a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  48    illustrates an embodiment of a headboard or footboard for a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  49    illustrates a rotatable corner block having headboard attachment features according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  50    illustrates an embodiment of a headboard and footboard assembled on a modular bed frame according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  51    illustrates another embodiment of a corner block telescoping mechanism that may be employed in any of the bed frames referenced herein. 
         FIG.  51 A  illustrates another embodiment of a corner block telescoping mechanism that may be employed in any of the bed frames referenced herein. 
         FIG.  52    illustrates another telescoping bed frame embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present disclosure relates to furniture and furniture systems. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to furniture spring systems. For example, in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, a furniture spring system includes a lid configured to provide a seating surface. The lid includes a frame having two opposing frame members and a retention member disposed on a top surface of at least one of the two opposing frame members. The spring system also includes an elongate slat extending between the two opposing frame members. The slat has an elongate body with an upper surface, a lower surface, a first end, a second end, and a flexible middle portion extending between the first end and the second end. The slat also includes a catch disposed at the first or second end. The catch engages the retention member to retain the slat to the frame and is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the retention member as the middle portion elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Furniture spring systems described herein solve a number of problems. For example, furniture spring systems of the present disclosure provide support to users sitting or lying thereon while protecting items that may be placed or stored below. In some configurations, spring systems described herein are modular. In some configurations, spring system described herein are easily replaceable without requiring deconstruction of other furniture components. In some configurations, spring systems described herein are adjustable so that users can customize the firmness of the spring system to suit their preferences. In some embodiments, the slats of the spring system can be extendable. In some configurations, the spring systems described herein can be at least one of moveable, replaceable, and adjustable. 
     Embodiments of the invention, such as the examples disclosed herein, may be beneficial in a variety of respects. For example, and as will be apparent from the present disclosure, one or more embodiments of the invention can provide one or more advantageous and unexpected effects, in any combination, some examples of which are set forth below. It should be noted that such effects are neither intended, nor should be construed, to limit the scope of the claimed invention in any way. It should further be noted that nothing herein should be construed as constituting an essential or indispensable element of any invention or embodiment. Rather, various aspects of the disclosed embodiments may be combined in a variety of ways so as to define yet further embodiments. Such further embodiments are considered as being within the scope of this disclosure. As well, none of the embodiments embraced within the scope of this disclosure should be construed as resolving, or being limited to the resolution of, any particular problem(s). Nor should any such embodiments be construed to implement, or be limited to implementation of, any particular technical effect(s) or solution(s). Finally, it is not required that any embodiment implement any of the advantageous and unexpected effects disclosed herein. 
     Turning now to the Figures,  FIG.  1    illustrates an embodiment of a modular furniture system  10  in the form of a couch, including two bases  12 , a number of transverse members  14 , and number of cushions  16  on bases  12 . The two bases  12  and the transverse members  14  are secured together via the couplers  18 , which are generally hidden from view as depicted in  FIG.  1   , but shown in the exploded view of the furniture system  10   b  in  FIG.  2   . The furniture system  10  is modular in that the bases  12 , the transverse members  14 , and the cushions  13  can be added, subtracted, and repositioned relative to one another to form any number of furniture configurations. For instance, while  FIG.  1    illustrates the furniture system  10  arranged to form a two-seated couch, the size and configuration of the furniture system can be varied based upon the particular needs of a user. For instance, in another configuration, the furniture system  10  can include additional bases  12  and transverse members  14  to form a larger couch, an L-shaped sectional, or the like. In still another configuration, such as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , a single base  12  is combined with the transverse members  14  and at least one cushion  16  to form a chair, as will be described in more detail hereinafter. In still other configurations, one or more bases  12  may be configured without any transverse members  14  to form ottomans, other seats, and other types of furniture systems. For example, one or more bases  12  and cushions  13  can be configured together to form a bed, including a box spring comprised of the bases  12  and/or the cushions  13  serving as a mattress or other padding. 
     One or more of the bases  12  of the furniture system  10  can include a storage cavity or space to store items, such as blankets, books, electronics, or other items within the base  12 . As such, in the description, base and storage base can be used interchangeably to refer to the bases of the various furniture systems. In at least one embodiment, the storage bases can be visually indistinguishable from non-storage bases and often improve the aesthetic appearance of the furniture systems over the non-storage bases. Because the bases  12  can be rearranged and reconfigured within the furniture system  10 , the storage spaces provided by such bases  12  can be repositioned within a footprint of the furniture system  10  without changing, repositioning, or otherwise reconfiguring the overall footprint of the furniture system  10 . Stated another way, the location of particular storage spaces within a furniture system  10  can be changed while maintaining a particular footprint or combination modules forming the furniture system  10 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , illustrated is another embodiment of a modular furniture system  10   b  in the form of an armchair. The description of the furniture system  10  is also applicable to the furniture system  10   b , and vice versa. 
     The furniture system  10   b  includes a storage base  12  having a lid  22  with a spring system  24 , and a cushion  16 . A plurality of couplers  18  hold the various transverse members  14  to the storage base  12  as they are disposed within complementary slots  26  formed in the storage base  12  and the transverse members  14 . For instance, the transverse members  14  and the storage base  12  include the slots  26  into which opposing arms of the couplers  18  are inserted to secure the storage base  12  to the various transverse members  14 . The couplers  18  are removable such that the storage base  12  and the transverse members  14  can be separated, rearranged, and re-secured together. Alternatively, the base  12  and the traverse members  14  may be coupled via magnets embedded in one or both of base  12  and/or traverse members  14 , optional with complementary iron-based coupling plates or connectors. The magnetic coupling assembly of U.S. Pat. No. 9,277,813 is incorporated herein by reference. In other configurations, other structures can be used to connect the storage bases  12 , such as hook and loop fasteners, spring clamps, belts, or other mechanical fasteners or couplers. Additional details for a base or storage base useable with the spring system  24  can be found in U.S. patent application entitled “Furniture Storage Base” bearing, filed the same day as the present application, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by this reference. 
     In at least one embodiment, the lid  22  is configured to be removable from the storage base  12  independently of the transverse members  14 , as illustrated in  FIGS.  2 A- 4 B . For example, once the furniture system  10   b  is assembled so that the transverse members  14  are secured to the storage base  12  via the couplers  18 , the lid  22  can be selectively removed from the storage base  12  to provide access to a storage cavity  20  defined by an interior space of the storage base  12 . This can be done without removing any of the transverse members  14  from the storage base  12 . Likewise, the lid  22  can be placed on top of the storage base  12  without altering any other connections of the various furniture system components. In some embodiments, “on top of a storage base” can include positioning the lid  22  on an uppermost edge or surface of one or more walls of the storage base  12 . In other embodiments, “on top of a storage base” can include configurations where the lid  22  is disposed on at least a portion of the one or more walls. In other embodiments, “on top of a storage base” can include configurations where the lid  22  selective contacts at least a portion of the one or more walls, such as when the lid  22  is at least partially disposed within a recess of the storage base  12 , as will be discussed in further detail hereinafter. 
     To allow the lid  22  to be easily removed from the storage base  12 , the lid  22  may not be secured in any way to the storage base  12 . Rather, the lid  22  can rest on top of the storage base  12  and can easily be lifted off. However, in at least one embodiment, the lid  22  can be partially or removably secured to the storage base  12 . For example, in at least one embodiment, the lid  22  can be removably secured to the storage base  12  via one or more clips, clamps, or other securement means along one or multiple edges of lid  22 . In such an embodiment, the lid  22  can be removably secured to storage base  12  to prevent the lid  22  from inadvertently lifting, sliding off, or otherwise disengaging from storage base  12 . 
     Alternatively, in at least one embodiment, the lid  22  is fixed on top of the storage base  12  to allow the lid  22  to be pivoted or tilted from the storage base  12  like a door. For instance, as illustrated in  FIGS.  4 C- 4 D , the lid  22  is fixed to the storage base  12  via one or more hinges  28 . Other securement means, including removable securement means that secure the lid  22  to the storage base  12  are also contemplated which at least partially secure the lid  22  to the storage base  12  while still allowing selective access to the storage cavity  20 . 
     In still other embodiments, the storage base  12  can be a base member that does not provide storage space. Rather, the storage base  12  can be configured as a typical furniture base member having springs, such as the spring system  24 . Whether the lid  22  is removable or permanently fixed to the storage base  12 , the lid  22  can still be utilized and function as described herein. 
     In the illustrated embodiments of  FIGS.  1 A- 2 A , the lid  22  and the cushion  16  are separate and distinct from one another. The cushion  16  sits on top of the lid  22 , and/or a portion of the storage base  12 , during use and can be freely separated from the lid  22  to provide access to the storage cavity  20 . In at least one other embodiment, the lid  22  and the cushion  16  can be removably secured together or integrally formed with one another such that lifting the cushion  16  also lifts the lid  22  from the storage base  12 , such as illustrated in  FIGS.  22 A- 22 B . 
     Turning to  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B , the storage base  12  includes a base frame  30  with a recessed member  32  disposed within an interior space  34  of the base frame  30  and below a top surface  40  of the base frame  30 ; the interior space  34  forming a part of the storage cavity  20  ( FIG.  2 B ). The base frame  30  includes the walls  36  and a base  38  that bound storage cavity  20 . The lid  22  is configured to selectively rest upon the recessed member  32  without impinging on the storage cavity  20 . The base  38  may optionally be covered or lined with fabric  80  ( FIG.  3 B ), and optionally removable from a remainder of base frame  30 . The fabric  80  can be separately removed from base  38  so it might be cleaned. 
     The recessed member  32  includes an internal chamfered edge  42  that extends at least partially around a perimeter of the base frame  30  and from a surface  44 . The internal chamfered edge  42  and the surface  44  accommodate the lid  22 . The surface  44 , and optionally a portion of the internal chamfered edge  42 , includes the slots  26  that receive the couplers  18  ( FIG.  2 A ). Forming the slots  26  in the surface  44  rather than only in the internal chamfered edge  42  separates the couplers  18  ( FIG.  2 A ) from a location where the lid  22  rests in the storage base  12 . This creates a continuous surface free of obstructions on which the lid  22  may be placed, allowing at least a portion of the lid  22  to sit substantially flush with the top surface  40  of the base frame  30  to receive the cushion  16 . Slots  26  are at least partially set back from the internal chamfered edge  42  to limit interference between the coupler  18  ( FIG.  2 A ) and the lid  22  and the coupler  18  ( FIG.  2 A ) and the cushion  16 . A majority of a depth of the slots  26  are, therefore, positioned between the base frame  30  and the internal chamfered edge  42 . In alternate configurations, the slots  26  are formed only in the surface  44 , without a portion of the slot  26  formed in the internal chamfered edge  42  and/or the wall  36  of the base frame  30 . 
     As mentioned previously, the storage cavity  20  or the interior space  34  can be defined by the walls  36 , the base  38 , and the lid  22 . The base  38  can have an interior-facing surface  70  configured to come into contact with items stored within the storage base  12  when no fabric  80  is provided and an exterior-facing surface  72  which can come into contact with the floor or other surface where the storage base  12  is located. For instance, the base  38  includes feet  74  formed with the base  38 . Webs  76  extend between the interior-facing surface  70  and the exterior-facing surface  72  and form venting holes  78  to provide airflow and decrease the weight of the base  38 . As illustrated, the webs  76  form concentric rings and straight members emanating from a common central point, thereby including the venting holes  78  of different sizes. While this is one illustrative pattern of the webs, the base  38  can have different patterns of webs where the spacing between adjacent webs can be uniform or non-uniform, with sizes optionally being dependent on the size of the items to be stored within the storage base  12 , and the desired weight or material usage to form the base  38 . For example, toddler toys may include large blocks which can be stored in a storage base have a base with a large grid pattern or larger spacing between adjacent webs, while older children might have small toys requiring the base to having a smaller or finer-sized grid pattern. 
     The base  38  can be formed as monolithic structure with the feet  74  and the webs  76  formed as one-piece structure. Alternatively, the feet  74  can be separate structures from a remainder of base  38 , the feet  74  being permanently or removably attached to a reminder of the base  38 . In other configurations, less than all of the spaces between adjacent the webs  76  include the venting holes  76 . In still other configurations, the base  38  may be solid, without the venting holes  78 , so as to create a sealed compartment without any apertures. In still other configurations, the base  38  can include cross-hatching, patterning, groove formation, or other patterns, with or without venting holes, apertures, etc. In still other configurations, the Generally, the parts of storage base  12  can be formed as a single monolithic structure, i.e., as a one-piece structure, or alternatively, the parts of storage base  12  may separate pieces and assembled together to form storage base  12  as illustrated and described herein. Storage base  12  can be fabricated from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, combinations thereof, or the like. 
     Returning to  FIG.  3 A , the lid  22  includes the spring system  24  with associated slats  50  and frame  52 . The frame  52  can be self-balancing in that a user may be able to drop the frame  52  onto the base  12  and the frame  52  may settle itself into the correct position on the base  12 . The combination of the supports and structures of the frame  52  allow the frame  52  to maintain its shape under load as the slats  50  flex or deflect. 
     As illustrated, the frame  52  has an exterior support  84  and an interior support  86  separated by an upper support  88  and a transition support  90 . Both the exterior support  84  and the interior support  86  extend around a perimeter of the frame  52 , with the interior support  86  vertically displaced relative to the exterior support  84 . Upper support  88  extends from the exterior support  84  towards an intermediate support  92  from which the transition support  90  extends to the interior support  86 . The transition support  90  extends at an angle that approximates the internal chamfered edge  42  of recessed member  32  so the frame  52  can rest within the interior space  34 . 
     To reduce overall weight of the frame  52 , while maintaining strength and rigidity, the frame  52  includes a number of walls or webs forming spaces or compartments. This allows the frame  52  to be formed as a single monolithic structure, i.e., as a one-piece structure, or alternatively as a number of parts assembled together to form the frame  52 . Additionally, the frame  52  can be fabricated from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, combinations thereof, or the like. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  4 A and  5 A , the upper support  88  includes a plurality of walls or webs  98 , with adjacent walls or webs  98 , optionally in combination with the intermediate support  92 , forming securing compartments  100  that accommodate or receive a portion of the slat  50 . A portion of the intermediate support  92  between the adjacent webs  98  form a securing edge  102  to which the slat  50  connects. The securing edge  102  may extend the length of the opposing sides of the frame  52 . In some embodiments, the securing edge  102  may extend the length of all edges of the frame  52 . The securing edge  102  may be defined into the series of securing compartments  100  which may maintain the slat  50  in a particular position within the spring system  24 . Stated another way, the intermediate support  92  is partitioned into the securing edges  102 , and associated securing compartments  100 , by the walls or webs  98  extending or running perpendicular or transverse to the exterior support  84  and/or the intermediate support  92 . In some embodiments, the walls or webs  98  may be equally spaced in order to maintain even distribution of the slats  50  within the spring system  24 . In other embodiments, the walls or webs  98  may be distributed perpendicular to the securing edge  102  at varying distances to achieve a desired spring system  24  effect. 
     Transition support  90  also includes a plurality of webs  104  with spaces  106 . An upper surface of the webs  98  lie in the same plane, while upper surfaces of the webs  102  lie in another plane transverse to the upper support  88 . It is understood, however, that the upper surfaces of the webs  98  need not lie in the same plane and the upper surfaces of the webs  102  need not lie in the same plane and that plane need not be transverse to the plane associated with the upper support  88 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  5 A , a step  110  is formed between transition support  90  and upper support  80  at a terminal end  112  of the upper support  88 . Formed on the webs  98  are flanges  114  that extend towards the exterior support  84  and are configured to slidably cooperate with the slat  50  disposed within the securing compartment  100 , as will be described in more detail hereinafter. Flange  114 , in the illustrated configuration, includes an upper flange portion  116  and a lower flange portion  118 . The combination of the flange  114  on each side of the web  98  forms a generally polygonal form when viewing terminal end  112  from within a space  120  ( FIG.  3 A ) formed by the interior support  86 . It will be understood that the combination of the flange  114  on each side of the web  98  can form non-polygonal or combinations of polygonal and non-polygonal shapes. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  2 A- 3 A and  4 A- 4 B , the spring system  24  includes the slats  50  spanning the frame  52 . Each slat  50  is elongate having an elongate body  56  with a first end  58  and a second end  60  that attach the slats  50  to the frame  52 . The slats  50  can have a flexible middle portion  62  extending between the first end  58  and the second end  60 . The slats  50  can have an arcuate profile spanning the length of the elongate body  56  of the slat  50 . In some embodiments, an upper surface  64  of the slat  50  may be substantially flat or planer, while a lower surface  66  of the slat  50  has an arcuate profile. The upper surface  64  of the slat  50  is a side of slat  50  which can come into direct contact with the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) when the slat  50  is assembled on the frame  52 . The illustrated spring system  24  can also optionally include fabric or other material spanning the frame  52  over or around the slats  50  or can optionally include a wooden board or metal board or other material spanning the frame  52 . Additionally, the spring system  24  optionally includes material or components configured to support the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) placed thereon including the weight of persons or objects placed on top of the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) during use. The slats  50  of the illustrated spring system  24  can be selectively removed from the frame  52  and reconfigured in different patterns as desired by a user. For example, the slats  50  in  FIG.  4 A  are arranged in a first pattern, while the slats in  FIG.  4 B  are arranged in a second pattern where additional slats  50  have been added. A user may remove or add slats  50  to increase or decrease the level of support or firmness provide by the spring system  24 . 
       FIG.  5 B  illustrates a close-up view of a portion of the spring system  24  illustrated in  FIG.  3 A .  FIG.  5 B  provides a close-up view of the first end  58  of the slat  50  of the spring system  24 . As illustrated in  FIGS.  5 B and  6   , the first end  58  may have a catch  130 , such as a hooked end, which can provide for attachment of the slat  50  to the securing edge  102  of the frame  52 . In some embodiments, a side  132  of the catch  130  can be a planar surface so that it can fit flush against the walls or webs  98  of the securing compartments  100 . In another embodiment, the side  132  of the catch  130  may be rounded. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown in  FIG.  5 B , the catch  130  includes a retention groove  134  configured to prevent the catch  130  from disengaging the securing edge  102 . The retention groove  134  is complementary to the flange  114 . The interface of the retention groove  134  and the flange can provide a track for the catch  130  of the slat  50  to move along when the spring system  24  is triggered, i.e., when a user sits on the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ). The retention grooves  134  prevents the slats  50  from becoming unhinged or moving out of the desired movement path during use. The retention groove  134 , either alone or in combination with the flange  114 , is an example of a retention member or a means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. Other structures of the retention member are possible, such as, but not limited to, other concave shapes, convex shape, projecting rims, collars that fits within a grooves, locking structures, such as pins, screws, plates, or the like, combinations therefore or other structures to control or limit movement of a slat relative to the frame. While the retention grooves  134  maintain engagement between the slats  50  and the frame  52 , because the slats  50  can be disengaged from the flanges  114 , such as when the slats  50  loose structure integrity, such that flexion is reduced, the slats  50  can be individually replaced. This allows a user to repair and/or replace individual slats and reduces the need to replace the furniture as a whole. 
     When the spring system  24  is unloaded, the slats  50  may maintain a flat position and sit in an even plane with the frame  52 . When the slats  50  are in a flat, unloaded position, the catch  130  may extend beyond the securing edge  102  such that the catch  130  may not come into contact with the securing edge  102 . When the spring system  24  is loaded or weighted, however, the slats  50  may bend or flex, positioning the center of the slat  52  below that of the frame  52 . When loading occurs and the slats  50  are flexed, the flexion of the slats  50  causes the distance between the first end  58  and the second end  60  of the slats  50  to shorten, thereby causing the catch  130  to tension on the securing edge  102  of the frame  52 . The flanges  114  engage with the retention grooves  134  allowing the flanges  114 , and more generally the catch  130 , to slide within the track defined by the flanges  114  and the walls or webs  98  of the securing compartments  100 . 
     The slats  50  can be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     The slats  50  can flex in a bow-shape when loaded and return to an initial flat or elongate shape when unloaded. In some embodiments, the slats  50  can include a graduating thickness, where the middle portion  62  of the slat  50  is the thickest portion of the slat  50 . The upper surface  64  of the slat  50  where the cushion  16  can be placed can maintain a continuous, flat surface, while the lower surface  66 , or underside or bottom side, of the slat  50  can exhibit a curved shape to allow for greater thickness in the middle portion  62 . The greater thickness in the middle portion  62  of the slats  50  may increase structural integrity of the slats  50  and prevent or slow wear by users of the furniture system over time. Varying a thickness of the middle portion  62 , and/or portions of the slats  50  near the first end  58  and second end  68 , can vary the biasing force; areas of the slats  50  with greater thickness being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where areas of the slats  50  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52 , including the slat  50 , can also vary the biasing force. 
     Generally, the slats  50  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ (10 inches) to about 80.0″ (80 inches), from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness in the middle portion  62  can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58  and second end  68 , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130 , can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the middle portion  62  of the slats  50 , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50 . The varying thickness along the length can provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50  can be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62  of a slat  50  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A . However, the slats  50  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58  and second end  60  being narrower than at the middle portion  62 . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58  and second end  60  can be wider than at the middle portion  62 . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50 . 
       FIGS.  7 - 9    illustrate views of another embodiment of a spring system  24   a  according to the present invention. This discussion and disclosure associated with spring system  24  is also applicable to the spring system  24   a , and vice versa. Like structures are identified by like reference numerals. 
     As illustrated, the spring system  24   a  cooperates with a furniture cushion  16 . The furniture cushion  16  can sit on top of the lid  22  of the spring system  24   a  including a frame  52   a  and a plurality of slats  50   a . The slats  50   a  can have a catch  130   a  at either one or both ends of the slats  50   a . The catch  130   a  includes retention protrusions  140   a  that extends outwardly from the sides  132   a . The retention protrusions  140   a  are secured within the walls or webs  98   a  of the securing compartments  100   a , and more particularly within slots  142   a , when the catch  130   a  is positioned within the securing compartment  100   a . While the retention protrusions  140   a  maintain engagement between the slats  50   a  and the frame  52   a , because the slats  50   a  can be disengaged from the frame  52   a , such as when the slats  50  lose structural integrity, such that flexion is reduced, the slats  50   a  can be individually replaced. This allows a user to repair and/or replace individual slats and reduces the need to replace the furniture as a whole. The retention protrusions  140   a , either alone or in combination with the slots  142   a , is another example of a retention member or a means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. 
     When the spring system  24   a  is unloaded, as illustrated in  FIGS.  8 A and  9 A , the slats  50   a  may maintain a flat position and sit in an even plane with the frame  52   a . When the slats  50   a  are in a flat, unloaded position, the catch  130   a  may extend beyond the securing edge  102   a  such that the catch  130   a  may not come into contact with the securing edge  102   a . When the spring system  24   a  is loaded or weighted by a force or load L, however, the slats  50   a  can bend or flex, positioning the center of the slat  52   a  below that of the frame  52   a . When loading occurs and the slats  50   a  are flexed, the flexion of the slats  50   a  causes the distance between the ends of the slats  50   a  to shorten, thereby causing the retention protrusions  140   a  to move or track within the slots  142   a  of the frame  52   a.    
     The slats  50   a  can be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50   a  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     The slats  50   a  can flex in a bow-shape when loaded and return to an initial flat or elongate shape when unloaded. In some embodiments, the slats can include a graduating thickness, where the middle portion  62   a  of the slat  50   a  is the thickest portion of the slat  50   a . The upper surface  64   a  of the slat  50   a  where the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) can be placed can maintain a continuous, flat surface, while the lower surface  66   a , or underside or bottom side, of the slat  50   a  can exhibit a curved shape to allow for greater thickness in the middle portion  62   a . The greater thickness in the middle portion  62   a  of the slats  50   a  can increase structural integrity of the slats  50   a  and prevent or slow wear by users of the furniture system over time. Varying a thickness of the middle portion  62   a , and/or portions of the slats  50   a  near the first end  58   a  and second end  68   a , can vary the biasing force; areas of the slats  50   a  with greater thickness being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where areas of the slats  50   a  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52   a , including the slat  50   a , can also vary the biasing force. 
     Generally, the slats  50   a  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ to about 80.0″, from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness in the middle portion  62   a  can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58   a  and second end  68   a , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130   a , can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the middle portion  62   a  of the slats  50   a , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50   a  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50   a . The varying thickness along the length may provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50   a  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50   a  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50   a  can be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62   a  of a slats  50   a  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50   a  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  7   . However, the slats  50   a  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58   a  and second end  60   a  being narrower than at the middle portion  62   a . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58   a  and second end  60   a  can be wider than at the middle portion  62   a . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50   a.    
       FIGS.  10 - 12 B  illustrate another embodiment of a spring system  24   b  according to the present invention. This discussion and disclosure associated with the spring systems  24  and  24   a  are also applicable to the spring system  24   b , and vice versa. Like structures are identified by like reference numerals. 
       FIGS.  10 - 12 B  illustrate a spring system  24   b  including a furniture cushion  16 . When assembled, the furniture cushion  16  can sit on top of the lid  22   b , which can include a frame  52   b  and a plurality of slats  50   b . The first end  58   b  and second end  60   b  of the slats  50   b  can have elongate openings  144   b  through which a retention pin  146   b  is inserted to attach the slats  50   b  to the frame  52   b . The retention pin  146   b  can be formed with the frame  52   b , such that the retention pin  146   b  and frame  52   b  is a monolithic, one-piece structure. Alternatively, the retention pin  146   b  can be attached to the frame  52 , such as through a threaded engagement, friction fit engagement, interference fit, an adhesive bonding or coupling, combinations thereof, or other attachments mechanisms. The retention pin  146   b , either alone or in combination with the elongate openings  144   b , is another example of a retention member or a means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. 
     The first end  58   b  and the second end  60   b  of the slats  50   b  includes a catch  130   b  that is formed at right angles to a middle portion  62   b , although other angles less or greater than 90 degrees are possible. The first end  58   b  and the second end  60   b  can extend towards the outside of the frame  52   b  beyond a securing edge  102   b  when the slats  50   b  are unloaded or unweighted. The frame  52   b  can include securing compartments  100   b  defined by walls or web  98   b . The securing compartments  100   b  may be of equal size and/or equal spacing. In other embodiments, the securing compartments  100   b  can vary in size to accommodate different size slats and/or different slat patterns or configurations. While the retention pin  146   b  maintains engagement between the slats  50   b  and the frame  52   b , because the slats  50   b  can be disengaged from the frame  52   d , such as when the slats  50   d  loose structure integrity, such that flexion is reduced, the slats  50   d  can be individually replaced. This allows a user to repair and/or replace individual slats and reduces the need to replace the furniture as a whole. 
     Loading on the spring system  24   b  with a force or load L, as illustrated in  FIGS.  11 B and  12 B , causes the slats  50   b  to flex in a downward motion so that the middle portion  62   b  of the slats  50   b  is below the frame  52   b . When the slats  50   b  are loaded and flexed, the elongate openings  144   b  allow the slats  50   b , which have been secured by retention pin  146   b  inserted through the elongate openings  144   b , to slide against the frame  52   b  and flex without becoming unhinged from the frame  52   b  as the catches  130   b  are tensions against the securing edges  102   b . The first end  58   b  and the second end  60   b  of the slats  50   b  can catch on the securing edge  102   b  to limit flexion and support weight applied to the spring system  50   b . The first end  58   b  and the second end  60   b  of the slats  50   b  can be flush with the securing edge  102   b  when the slats  50   b  are flexed. When the slats  50   b  are unloaded or unweighted, as illustrated in  FIGS.  11 A and  12 A , the first end  58   b  and the second end  60   b  of the slats  50   b  extend beyond the securing edge  102   b . When unloaded or unweighted, the slats  50   b  are preferably level with the upper surface  64   b  of the frame  52   b.    
     As with the other embodiments, the slats  50   b  can be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50   b  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     The slats  50   b  can flex in a bow-shape when loaded and return to an initial flat or elongate shape when unloaded. In some embodiments, the slats can include a graduating thickness, where the middle portion  62   b  of the slat  50   b  is the thickest portion of the slat  50   b . The upper surface  64   b  of the slat  50   b  where the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) can be placed can maintain a continuous, flat surface, while the lower surface  66   b , or underside or bottom side, of the slat  50   b  can exhibit a curved shape to allow for greater thickness in the middle portion  62   b . The greater thickness in the middle portion  62   b  of the slats  50   b  can increase structural integrity of the slats  50   b  and prevent or slow wear by users of the furniture system over time. Varying a thickness of the middle portion  62 , and/or portions of the slats  50  near the first end  58  and second end  68 , can vary the biasing force; areas of the slats  50  with greater thickness being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where areas of the slats  50  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52 , including the slat  50 , can also vary the biasing force. 
     Generally, the slats  50   b  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ to about 80.0″, from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness in the middle portion  62   b  can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58   b  and second end  68   b , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130   b , can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the middle portion  62   b  of the slats  50   b , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50   b  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50   b . The varying thickness along the length may provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50   b  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50   b  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50   b  may be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62   b  of a slats  50   b  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50   b  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  10   . However, the slats  50   b  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58   b  and second end  60   b  being narrower than at the middle portion  62   b . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58   b  and second end  60   b  can be wider than at the middle portion  62   b . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50   b.    
       FIGS.  13 - 15 B  illustrate another embodiment of a spring system  24   c  according to the present invention. This discussion and disclosure associated with the spring systems  24 ,  24   a ,  24   b  are also applicable to the spring system  24   c , and vice versa. Like structures are identified by like reference numerals. 
       FIG.  13 - 15 B  illustrate a spring system  24   c  including a furniture cushion  16 . The spring system  26   c  may include a lid  22   c  comprising a frame  52   c , a plurality of slats  50   c , and one or more retention plates  150   c . The slats  50   c  may be positioned on the frame  52   c  so that the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  of the slats  50   c  are positioned in securing compartments  100   c  on the frame  52   c . A retention plate  150   c  may be applied over the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  of the slats  50   c  and secured onto the frame  52   c , such as by fasteners, screws, pins, nuts and bolts, or other releasable fastener, so that the slats  50   c  are sandwiched between the frame  52   c  and the plate  150   c . While the plates  150   c  maintain engagement between the slats  50   c  and the frame  52   c , because the slats  50   c  can be disengaged from the frame  52   c  by removing the plates  150   c , such as when the slats  50   c  lose structural integrity, such that flexion is reduced, the slats  50   c  can be individually replaced. This allows a user to repair and/or replace individual slats and reduces the need to replace the furniture as a whole. The retention plate  150   c , either alone or in combination with fasteners, is another example of a retention member or a means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. 
     When the spring system  24   c  is unweighted, as illustrated in  FIGS.  14 A and  15 A , the upper surface  64   c  of the slats  50   c  sits level with the frame  52   c  and the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  extend beyond the securing edge  102   c  into the securing compartment  100   c  on the frame  52   c . The retention plate  150   c  may be secured over the top of the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  of the slats  50   c . When the spring system  24   c  is loaded or weighted with a force or load L, as illustrated in  FIGS.  14 B and  15 B , the slats  50   c  will flex. The middle portion  62   c  of the slats  50   c  may flex below the height of the frame  52   c  and the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  may tension against the securing edge  102   c . The first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  of the slats  50   c  may be secured in place by the retention plates  150   c  in a configuration that allows the slats  50   c  to slide and flex without detaching from the frame  52   c.    
     As with the other embodiments, the slats  50   c  may be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50   c  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     The slats  50   c  may flex in a bow-shape when loaded and return to an initial flat or elongate shape when unloaded. In some embodiments, the slats may include a graduating thickness, where the middle portion  62   c  of the slat  50   c  is the thickest portion of the slat  50   c . The upper surface  64   c  of the slat  50   c  where the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) may be placed may maintain a continuous, flat surface, while the lower surface  66   c , or underside or bottom side, of the slat  50   c  may exhibit a curved shape to allow for greater thickness in the middle portion  62   c . The greater thickness in the middle portion  62   c  of the slats  50   c  may increase structural integrity of the slats  50   c  and prevent or slow wear by users of the furniture system over time. Varying a thickness of the middle portion  62 , and/or portions of the slats  50  near the first end  58  and second end  68 , can vary the biasing force; areas of the slats  50  with greater thickness being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where areas of the slats  50  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52 , including the slat  50 , can also vary the biasing force. 
     Generally, the slats  50   c  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ to about 80.0″, from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness in the middle portion  62   c  can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58   c  and second end  68   c , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130   c , can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the middle portion  62   c  of the slats  50   c , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50   c  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50   c . The varying thickness along the length may provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50   c  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50   c  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50   c  may be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62   c  of a slats  50   c  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  13   . However, the slats  50   c  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  being narrower than at the middle portion  62   c . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58   c  and second end  60   c  can be wider than at the middle portion  62   c . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50   c.    
       FIGS.  16 - 18 B  illustrate another embodiment of a spring system  24   d  according to the present invention. This discussion and disclosure associated with the spring systems  24 ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  24   c  are also applicable to the spring system  24   d , and vice versa. Like structures are identified by like reference numerals. 
       FIGS.  16 - 18 B  illustrate another embodiment of a spring system  24   d  including a furniture cushion  16 . The spring system  24   d  may include a lid  22   d  having a frame  52   d  and a plurality of slats  50   d . The first end  58   d  and second end  60   d  of the slats  50   d  may have elongate openings  152   d  through which retention fasteners  154   d  may be inserted and secured into retention bores  156   d  on the frame  52   d . The retention bores  156   d  may be raised, or project or extend upward from the frame  52   d . The retention fasteners  154   d  may comprise screws, pins, or the like. While the retention fasteners  154   d  maintain engagement between the slats  50   d  and the frame  52   d , because the slats  50  can be disengaged from the frame  52   d , such as when the slats  50   d  loose structure integrity, such that flexion is reduced, the slats  50   d  can be individually replaced. This allows a user to repair and/or replace individual slats and reduces the need to replace the furniture as a whole. The retention fasteners  154   d , either alone or in combination with retentions bores  156   d  and the elongate openings  152   d , is another example of a retention member or a means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. 
     When the spring system  24   d  is unloaded or unweighted, as illustrated in  FIGS.  17 A and  18 B , the slats  50   d  may sit level with the frame  52   d . The first end  58   d  and second end  60   d  of the slats  50   d  may extend past the retention bore  156   d  to the edge of the frame  52   d . In contrast, when a weight or load L is applied downwardly on the spring system  24   d , as illustrated in  FIGS.  17 B and  18 B , the slats  50   d  slide and flex at a middle portion or point  62   d . In order to flex, the elongate openings  152   d  allow the slats  50   d  to slide along a desired track dictated by the length  158   d  of the elongate opening  152   d , and flex until the retention fastener  156   d  reaches a terminal end of the elongate opening  152   d . That is, the slats  50   d  slide along the length  158   d  of the elongate openings  152   d  when flexed, and flexion may reach a terminal point when the retention fastener  154   d  reaches an end of the elongate opening  152   d . When the spring system  24   d  is weighted or loaded, as in  FIG.  18 B , the slats  50   d  may flex or bend below the height of the frame  52   d.    
     As with the other embodiments, the slats  50   d  may be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50   d  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     The slats  50   d  may flex in a bow-shape when loaded and return to an initial flat or elongate shape when unloaded. In some embodiments, the slats may include a graduating thickness, where the middle portion  62   d  of the slat  50   d  is the thickest portion of the slat  50   d . The upper surface  64   d  of the slat  50   d  where the cushion  16  ( FIG.  1   ) may be placed may maintain a continuous, flat surface, while the lower surface  66   d , or underside or bottom side, of the slat  50   d  may exhibit a curved shape to allow for greater thickness in the middle portion  62   d . The greater thickness in the middle portion  62   d  of the slats  50   d  may increase structural integrity of the slats  50   d  and prevent or slow wear by users of the furniture system over time. Varying a thickness of the middle portion  62   d , and/or portions of the slats  50   d  near the first end  58   d  and second end  68   d , can vary the biasing force; areas of the slats  50   d  with greater thickness being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where areas of the slats  50   d  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52   d , including the slat  50   d , can also vary the biasing force. 
     Generally, the slats  50   d  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ to about 80.0″, from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness in the middle portion  62   d  can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58   d  and second end  68   d , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130   d , can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the middle portion  62   d  of the slats  50   d , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50   d  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50   d . The varying thickness along the length may provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50   d  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50   d  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50   d  may be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62   d  of a slats  50   d  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50   d  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  16   . However, the slats  50   d  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58   d  and second end  60   d  being narrower than at the middle portion  62   d . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58   d  and second end  60   d  can be wider than at the middle portion  62   d . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50   d.    
       FIGS.  3 A- 18    illustrate various retention members or means for retaining the slat in contact with the frame. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the spring systems, and more generally, the furniture items, contemplated by this application can include one or more of the retention members of  FIGS.  3 A- 18   , whether used alone or in combination with one another. For instance, the spring systems, and more generally, the furniture items, contemplated by this application, can include any combination of the retentions members described herein, such that each retention member described herein can be used in combination with one or more of the other retentions members described herein. 
       FIG.  19 - 21 B  illustrate another embodiment of a spring system  24   e  according to the present invention. This discussion and disclosure associated with the spring systems  24 ,  24   a ,  24   b ,  24   c ,  24   d  are also applicable to the spring system  24   e , and vice versa. Like structures are identified by like reference numerals. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS.  19 - 21 B , a spring system  24   e  may be formed as a single piece, such as a monolithic structure.  FIGS.  19 - 21 B  show the spring system  24   e  and a furniture cushion  16 . When assembled, the furniture cushion  16  may rest on top of the spring system  24   e . The spring system  24   e  may include a lid  22   e  comprising a frame  52   e  with a plurality of slats  50   e  molded onto the frame  52   e . The slats  50   e  may be formed in a bow shape so that in an unweighted position, as illustrated in  FIGS.  20 A and  21 A , a middle portion  62   e  of the slats  50   e  is positioned higher relative to a first end  58   e  and a second end  60   e  of the slats  50   e . The slats  50   e  may be configured in a raised or bow-shape, perpendicular to the edges of the frame  52   e . The pre-formed bow-shape of the slats  50   e  may provide a mechanism for the slats  52   e  to return to an initial position after they are flexed and/or a load is applied. When the spring system  24   e  is flexed and/or a load L is applied downward on the spring system  24   e , as in  FIGS.  20 B and  21 B , the middle portions  62   e  of the slats  50   e  flex downwardly under load while the first end  58   e  and the second end  60   e  of the slats  50   e  remain at the same height as the frame  52   e.    
     The slats  50   e  are formed with the frame  52   e  via the first end  58   e  and the second end  60   e  of the slats  50   e . The first end  58   e  and the second end  60   e  are form with an interior support  86   e  of the frame  52   e . The slats  50   e  form a bow-shape, with a center or mid-point  158   e , or apex of the slats  50   e  is level with a top surface of the frame  52   e . The slats  50   e  may have a mid-point  158   e  level or even with the height of the frame  52   e  to allow the furniture cushion  16  to sit comfortably or flat on top of the spring system  24   e  when the system is unloaded. When a load is applied downward on the spring system  24   e , as illustrated in  FIGS.  20 B and  21 B , the mid-point  158   e  of the slats  50   e  may extend below the frame  52   e . The slats  50   e  may be thicker towards the first end  58   e  and the second end  60   e . These thicker ends serve as stabilizing sections  160   e  that provide a biasing force to return the slats  50   e  to an initial position after the spring system  24   e  is unloaded. Varying a thickness of the stabilizing sections  160   e  can vary the biasing force; slats  50   e  with thicker stabilizing sections  160   e  being more resistant to bending and so the biasing force is greater than a situation where the stabilizing sections  160   e  are thinner. Additionally, varying a composition of the material forming the frame  52   e , including the slat  50   e  and the stabilizing sections  160   e , can also vary the biasing force. 
     As with the other embodiments, the slats  50   e  may be made of any stiff material that can be flexed to accommodate a weight load of up to 250 lbs, more preferably up to 300 lbs, more preferably up to 350 lbs, more preferably up to 400 lbs, more preferably up to 450 lbs, or more preferably up to 500 lbs. For instance, the slats  50   e  can be from a polymer, wood, metal, alloys, composites, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. 
     Generally, the slats  50   e  can have a length ranging from about 10.0″ to about 80.0″, from about 12.0″ to about 78″, and from about 14″ to about 75″. A thickness at one or both of the first end  58   e  and second end  68   e , closer to the middle portion than the catch  130   e , can range from about 0.060″ to 2.0″, from about 0.080″ to 1.0″, or from about 0.10″ to 0.9″. A thickness in the middle portion  62   e  can range from about 10% of the max thickness of the thickness at one or both of the first end  58   e  and the second end  68   e  of the slats  50 , to about 70%, from about 20% to about 65%, or from about 30% to about 60%. The slats  50   e  can have varying thicknesses along the length of the slats  50   e . The varying thickness along the length may provide reinforced support in certain locations along the slat, while providing for a greater range of flexibility at other locations along the length of the slats  50   e  as discussed herein. 
     In some embodiments where the slats  50  are made of metal, the thickness of the slats  50  may be substantially less than the thicknesses recited above. For example, thickness of the middle portion  62  and or thickness of one or both of the first end  58   e  and the second send  68   e  of slats  50  made of metal can range from about 0.00003″ to about 0.25″, from about 0.0003″ to about 0.20″, or from about 0.003″ to about 0.15″. 
     Generally, the slats  50   e  have a general uniform width along their width, as illustrated in  FIG.  19   . However, the slats  50   e  can have non-uniform widths with a portion near the first end  58   e  and second end  60   e  being narrower than at the middle portion  62   e . Alternatively, a portion near the first end  58   e  and second end  60   e  can be wider than at the middle portion  62   e . By varying the widths, different flexion and biasing forces can be generated by the slats  50   e.    
     In some embodiments, the frame and spring system described herein can be formed onto, or fixedly attached to a furniture base. In some embodiments, the spring system may be formed onto or fixedly attached to a furniture base without the use of a frame. In another embodiment, the frame may be formed onto or fixedly attached on all sides to a furniture base, wherein the frame may provide attachment points to which slats may be selectively attached and arranged in any manner described above. In these embodiments, the spring system and/or frame may not be removable from the furniture base. Similarly, the frame and/or spring system may not be moved to allow for storage within the furniture base. Rather, this configuration may only provide support for a user&#39;s weight applied to the furniture. 
     In some embodiments, the lid and spring system described herein can be integrated into a cushion.  FIG.  22 A  illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of an integrated lid-cushion assembly  200  including a spring system  224  and a cushion  216 . While reference is made to the spring system  224 , it will be understood that any of the embodiments or configurations of lids and spring systems described herein can be integrated into the cushions. The spring system  224  may be set inside a bottom side  230  of a cushion  216 . In an embodiment, the cushion  216  has a fill member  232  covered by a liner  234 . The liner  234  can be a fabric material that is either water permeable or impermeable. An advantage of a water impermeable liner is that the liner will help protect the interior contents of the cushion  216 . The fill member  232  can be a piece of foam, combinations of layers of foam of differing densities, memory foam, polyurethane foam, feathers and down, polyester, batting, and combinations thereof or other materials. 
     The bottom side  230  of the cushion  216  can include a flap  236  or selectively openable portion of the liner  234 . The edges or corners of the spring system  224  may be secured within pockets  238  on an interior side of the liner  234  on the bottom side  230  of a cushion  216 . Stated another way, the pockets  238  are formed between the fill member  232  and the liner  234  and can receive the spring system  224 . 
     Once the spring system  224  is positioned into the pocket  238  of the cushion  216 , the flap  236  may cover and secure the spring system  224  inside the cushion  216 , as shown in  FIG.  22 B . The flap  236  may be detachably coupled through the use of a removable securing mechanism, such as a hook and pile mechanism, e.g. VELCRO®, one or more zippers, male and female snap members, hook and latch type fasteners, or any other type of securing means that will facilitate the flap  236  being selectively removable. The spring system  224  may be transferable between compatible furniture components, for example, the consumer may want to change the appearance of the furniture by changing the removeable liner of the cushions or may want to transition between different furniture configurations. In some embodiments, extendable slats may be incorporated to allow a furniture section to be extended to form a lounger. 
     The spring system of the present disclosure may be utilized in various types of modular furniture, including part of a bed system or modular bed system. The modular system advantageously simplifies manufacturability, durability through flipping, relocating &amp; replacing worn modules, and simplifies packing/shipping. The modular bed system allows modular components to be used to resize a bed overtime. For instance, the modular components forming a twin bed can be utilized to form Full, Queen, King, and California King beds by adding other modular components. 
     With reference to  FIGS.  23 A- 23 B , illustrated is a modular component  310  of a bed system  300 ; the modular component  310  being combined with other similarly sized or differently sized modular components  310  to form a bed. The modular component  310  utilizes a modular mattress  316  that can be selectively attached to a support structure  312  with a spring system  324 . The modular mattress  316  can be similar to the cushions described herein, the support structure  312  can be similar to the bases described herein, and the spring system  324  can be similar to the other spring systems described herein. As such, the disclosures and discussions of the cushions, bases, and spring systems described herein are also applicable to the support structure  312 , the modular mattress  316 , and the spring system  324 . Like structures, therefore, are identified with like reference numerals. 
     The modular components  310  may be detachably coupled through the use of securing mechanisms  342  ( FIG.  23 B ) on the opposing sides of the modular components  310 . For instance, the securing mechanism  342  can be a hook and loop mechanism, e.g. VELCRO®, one or more zippers, male and female snap members, magnets, hook and latch type fasteners, mechanical interlocks or any other type of securing means that will facilitate the modular components  310  being selectively coupled to one another. Alternatively, a bed frame (e.g., a rigid bed frame) may be used to secure a plurality of modular components  310  in a desired configuration to form a completed bed system  300 . 
     The modular mattress  316  can include materials such as foam, polyurethane, memory foam, pocket coils, DURAFOAM, high-density foam, and other materials used in mattress construction. In some embodiments, the modular mattress  316  may be a dual-comfort module, where a first side of the modular mattress  316  provides soft or light support, and a second side provides medium or firm support. The consumer may turn the modular mattress  316  so that the preferred side of the dual-comfort module is facing up to form the sleeping surface. The advantage of this feature is that the consumer may adjust the support level of the mattress as often as they might prefer. 
     In some embodiments, the spring system  324  may be incorporated into the interior of a modular mattress  316  or mattress module  310 . For example, mattress materials such as foam can be molded on to and cover the spring system  324  on all surfaces so that the spring system  324  is fixed inside of a mattress module  310 . 
     Individual component modules  310  and/or the bed system  300  as a whole, can include removable toppers  340  ( FIG.  23 A ) formed of down, memory foam, etc. to provide comfort and durability. These removeable toppers  340  may be added to provide an additional degree of support and customization to the modular components  310 . The removeable toppers  340  may also provide continuity between mattress modules  316  and prevent splitting or sinking between mattress modules  316 . 
     As mentioned above, the modular components  310  forming a twin bed can be utilized to form Full, Queen, King, and California King beds by adding other modular components. Some embodiments utilize modular components  310  complying with an equation:
 
y=2x
 
where, x is the component width (W) and y is the component length (L).
 
     In the bed system  300   a  of  FIG.  24   , the width of modular component  310 A is 12.5 inches and the length of the modular component  310 A is 25.0 inches. This allows a majority of the bed area of the bed system  300   a  uses the modular component  310 A of one size. The twin bed can be increased in size to the Full bed by adding a number of modular components  310 A. To form the Queen, King, and California King sized beds, one or more modular components  310 B and/or module components  310 A and  310 B can be added to form the bed system  300   a . The modular component  310 B can have a width of 5 inches and a length of 75 inches. 
     The modular components  310 A and  310 B, with associated support structure, mattress modules, and spring systems, may be manufactured in a number of sizes to allow a user to incrementally add components to create a particular bed size. For example, and as illustrated in  FIGS.  24 - 28   , modular components  310 A,  310 B, and  310 C can have various other sizes and be combined in a variety of different orientations. Table 1 below provides some possible sizes of the modular components  310 A,  310 B,  310 C,  310 D,  310 E, and  310 F for the bed systems  300   a ,  300   b ,  300   c ,  300   d , and  300   e . It will be understood that the sizes referenced in Table 1 can apply to the modular component as a whole, and each of the modular mattress  316  and support structure  312  associated with the modular component  300 . Additionally, the spring system  324  can have similar sizes to those described in Table 1, while accommodating for resting upon the support structure  312  in a similar way that the spring systems rest on the bases described herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Module A 
                 Module B 
                 Module C 
                 Module D 
                 Module E 
                 Module F 
               
               
                   
                 (L × W) 
                 (L × W) 
                 (L × W) 
                 (L × W) 
                 (L × W) 
                 (L × W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FIG. 24 
                     25″ × 12.5″ 
                 75″ × 5″ 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 FIG. 25 
                 25″ × 39″ 
                  25″ × 16″ 
                 25″ × 5″ 
                 5″ × 60″ 
                 5″ × 78″ 
                 5″ × 71″ 
               
               
                 FIG. 26 
                 25″ × 30″ 
                 75″ × 4″ 
                  25″ × 25″ 
                 5″ × 60″ 
                 5″ × 38″ 
                 5″ × 33″ 
               
               
                 FIG. 27 
                 75″ × 13″ 
                 75″ × 4″ 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 FIG. 28 
                 40″ × 13″ 
                  35″ × 13″ 
                 40″ × 4″ 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The modular combinations described above are non-limiting examples of modular component combinations which may be utilized to create the bed systems. As such, a modular component can have a length from about 4.0″ to about 85.0″, from about 4.5″ to about 78.0″, from about 5.0″ to about 75.0″, from about 5.5″ to about 72.5″, or from about 6.0″ to about 70.0″. The modular component can have a width from about 3.0″ to about 85.0″, from about 3.5″ to about 78.5″, from about 4.0″ to about 75.0″, from about 4.5″ to about 72.5″, or from about 5.0″ to about 70.0″. 
     The number and size of the modular components  310  used may be dependent on the comfort and support preferences of a user. For example, a user requiring more variation in support (i.e. firm support, soft support, etc.) may prefer a configuration utilizing modular components  310  in order to increase/decrease the degree of support for different areas of the user&#39;s body. In such a case, the modular component  310  near the user&#39;s hips might have firmer support than the modular components  310  near the user&#39;s head or feet. Alternatively, the modular component  310  near the user&#39;s hips might have softer support than the modular components  310  near the user&#39;s head or feet. Each modular component  310  used in a particular bed system  300  can have the same or different support properties. Where two or more persons share the same bed system  300 , each user may customize their portion of the bed system  300  to their support preference. This feature may also be beneficial in places like hotels, guest rooms, and other short-term use situations where the user of the mattress module might change frequently and may prefer a different degree of comfort and support relative to other uses. 
     In addition to changing the particular modular component  310 , and any of the mattress module  316  and the spring system  324 , a density of modular components  310  can also vary to change the support properties. For instance, for selective support a higher number of modular components  310  can be used to form the bed area. Conversely, a user who prefers uniform support may prefer a bed system  300  having fewer modular components  300  which may simplify and/or decrease the degree of variation. 
     In some embodiments, the modular components described above may, in certain combinations, require that a casing be applied to achieve the correct mattress size. The casing may be sized and shaped to compensate for missing length and/or width and/or depth needed to form a standard size mattress. For example, in one embodiment shown in  FIGS.  32 A- 32 B , a twin XL-size casing  600  may be applied to add about 5.0″ of length to several mattress modules A ( 310   a ) forming a twin-size mattress in order to convert the twin-size mattress into a twin XL size mattress. The casing  600  in  FIG.  32 A  is shown having an upper section  601  and a lower section  602  joined by a connector  603 . The connector  603  shown is a zipper, though buttons, snaps, clips, magnets, or the like can be used. The casing  600  is configured to contain the mattress modules  310   a  placed therein. In some embodiments, the lower section  602  of the casing  600  includes opposing sides  606  extending upwards from a bottom surface  607 , with corners  608  formed therebetween. The components include the lower section  602  can be formed from a single piece of material. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous for the corners  608  to be fitted corners, or corners with extra elastic properties relative to the rest of the casing  600  so that the corners may be stretched and tightly secured around the mattress modules  310   a  to provide an increased degree of support to the fully formed mattress. 
     In one embodiment, in order to form a mattress, mattress modules  310   a  are configured inside of the casing  600 . The upper section  601  of the casing  600  is then joined to the lower section  602  of the casing  600  via the connector  603  in order to close the casing. In the embodiment shown in  FIG.  32 B , the upper section  601  is disconnected from the lower section  602  on three sides, forming a flap  605 , providing access to the interior of the lower section  602  of the casing  600 . In some embodiments, the upper section  601  can be completely removed from the lower section  602  when the casing  600  is opened to place mattress modules  310   a  inside, and then rejoined to form a closed, completed mattress. In some embodiments, the upper section  601  and lower section  602  can be equally sized, by having the connector  603  positioned at a midpoint of the opposing sides  606  and extending latitudinally around the casing  600 . 
     In some embodiments, the flap  605  can also function as a mattress topper and can be formed of down, memory foam, etc. to provide an additional degree of customization and support to the mattress modules  310   a . When the flap  605  or the upper section  601  of the casing  600  functions as a topper, it can also provide continuity between mattress modules  310   a  and prevent splitting or sinking between modules. 
     In one embodiment, if needed to fill the entire space of the casing  600 , an extender  604  is fixed within the interior of the lower portion  602  of the casing  600 . In some embodiments, the extender portion  604  can be selectively removeable and/or repositionable within the casing  600 . In casing  600 , the extender  604  is positioned at an end of the casing  600  in order to extend the length of the mattress formed by the mattress modules  310   a . In some embodiments, the extender  604  may be used to expand the width of the mattress. The extender  604  can be made of materials generally used in mattress construction such as foam, foam alternatives, polyester blends, quilting, padding, gel, and other similarly resilient materials. The extender  604  must be stiff enough to support a user and not collapse under weight, while providing a comfortable surface. The mattress modules  310   a  can be placed side by side within the casing  600 , and are preferably flush with each other and the extender  604 , if an extender is employed, so as to avoid gaps in the completed mattress. 
     In another embodiment, however, an extender is not employed, such as when the mattress modules are flush with each other and fill the casing without requiring an extender. This may occur, for example, when module(s) forming a twin XL sized mattress, or other sizes, are placed within an appropriately-spaced, compatible casing that may not require extenders to achieve a desired size. 
       FIGS.  33 A and  33 B  illustrate an alternative embodiment of a casing  700  as applied to a number of mattress modules  310   a  to form, for example, a full-size mattress. The casing  700  can have elastic properties, and as such, can be applied to a number of mattress modules  310   a  by securing the casing  700  over a corner  704  and then stretching the casing  700  over the remaining mattress modules  310   a . The casing  700  may include extenders  702 , fixed within the casing  700 , if needed, to extend the length and/or width and/or depth of the mattress modules to form a standard size mattress. Similar to the extender  604 , extender  702  can be made of materials generally used in mattress construction and must be stiff enough to support the weight of a user without collapsing, yet provide a comfortable surface similar to a mattress surface. A retention band  703  on the peripheral edge of the casing  700  can be used to selectively secure the casing  700  over a number of mattress modules  310   a . The retention band  703  as shown in  FIG.  33 C  is constructed of elastic material. In another embodiment, the retention band  703  can comprise buttons, snaps, clips, pins, hook and loop fasteners, magnets, or the like. 
     The casing for a twin-size mattress can add a width at least from about 0.5″, from about 1.0″, or from about 1.5″. For example, a twin-size casing may add a width from about 0.5″ to about 2.0″, or from about 1.0″ to about 1.75″. A casing for a twin XL size mattress may add only length, while some twin XL casings may add both length and width to several modules forming a mattress. As such, a casing for a twin XL size mattress may add at least about 3.0″ in length, at least about 4.0″ in length, or at least about 5.0″ in length. For example, a twin XL casing may add a length of about 3.0″ to about 6.0″, about 3.5″ to about 5.5″, or about 4.0″ to about 5.0″. A casing for a twin XL may also add the width for a twin-size mattress as recited above. 
     A casing for a full-size mattress can add a width from at least 0.5″, from about 1.0″, or from about 1.5″. For example, a full-size casing may add a width from about 0.5″ to about 3.0″, or from about 1.0″ to about 2.5″. A casing for a full XL size mattress may add only length, while some full XL casings may add both length and width to several modules forming a mattress. As such, a casing for a full XL size mattress may add at least about 3.0″ in length, at least about 4.0″ in length, or at least about 5.0″ in length. For example, a full XL casing may add a length of about 3.0″ to about 6.0″, about 3.5″ to about 5.5″, or about 4.0″ to about 5.0″. A casing for a full XL may also add the width for a full-size mattress as recited above. 
     A casing for a queen size mattress can add a length from at least about 3.0″, about 4.0″, or about 5.0″. For example, a queen size casing may add a length from about 3.0″ to about 7.0″, from about 4.0″ to about 6.5″, or from about 4.5″ to about 6.0″. A casing for a king size mattress can add a length and/or width to several mattress modules combined to form a king size bed. A king size mattress casing can add a length from at least about 3.0″, about 4.0″, or about 5.0″. For example, a king size casing may add a length from about 3.0″ to about 7.0″, from about 4.0″ to about 6.5″, or from about 4.5″ to about 6.0″. A king size casing can add a width from at least about 1.0″, about 2.0″, or about 3.0″. For example, a king size casing may add a width from about 1.0″ to about 4.0″, from about 2.0″ to about 3.5″, or from about 3.0″ to about 4.0″. 
     A casing for a California king size mattress can add a length to several mattress modules combined to form a California king size bed. A California king size mattress casing can add a length from at least about 7.0″, about 8.0″, or about 9.0″. For example, a California king size casing may add a length from about 7.0″ to about 12.0″, from about 8.0″ to about 11.00″, or from about 9.0″ to about 10.0″. 
     The casing may be formed of materials used in mattress construction such as foam, polyurethane, memory foam, pocket coils, Durafoam, high-density foam, or the like. Some casings may be a rigid casing in order to support the weight of a user without collapsing. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  29   , the spring system  424  of a bed system  400  in another configuration is illustrated. The disclosure of bed system  300  and associated spring system  324  is also applicable to this configuration, and vice versa. 
     As depicted the spring system  424  includes a frame  452  and slats  450 . The frame  452  is illustrated supported by a plurality of support structure  412 , such as a base described herein. The slats  450  can attached to the frame  452  through the connections described earlier, such as catches and securing edges, retentions pins and elongate openings, projections and slots, plates, elongate openings and fasteners, being integrally formed as a monolithic one-piece structure, combinations therefore, or the like. 
     To accommodate for changing a size of the bed system  400 , such as when a consumer may initially configure a twin-size bed for a child and as the child grows the bed system  400  is extended to the width of a full-size bed, the frame  452  can be replaced with a larger size and the slats  450  telescope to extend to the larger size. As illustrated in  FIG.  29   , the slats  450  include a first slat portion  454   a  and a second slat portion  454   b . The slat portions  454   a  and  454   a  slide relative to each other, with the first slat portion  454   a  being received within a portion of the second slat portion  454   b . The first slat portion  454   a  includes a biased locking pin  480  that can be received within a complementary opening  482  in the second slat portion  454   b . As the biasing force of the biased locking pin  480  is overcome, the pin  480  is released from within the opening  482  to allow relative movement between the first slat portion  454   a  and the second slat portion  454   b . The spacing of the openings  482  can be associated with specific dimensions of the bed system  400 , and function as predetermined locking positions that a user may use to easily transition the overall lengths of the slats  450  as needed to create, for example, a twin-size mattress, which may then be extended further to accommodate a queen size mattress. The slats  450  may be extended and selectively fixed at a desired length (i.e. bed size). 
     In another configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  30   , the slats  450  are used with the bases  312  having the frame  352  rather than the frame  452  that extends over a plurality of bases  412 . For instance, the slats  450  from one base  312  having the frame  352  to another base  312  having the frame  352  with a space between the adjacent bases  312 . The mattress modules  316  can still rest on the slats  450  even though a middle portion of the slats  450  are suspended above an open space between the adjacent bases  312 . At least one side  490  of a base  312  may have a cutout or notch  495  extending the entire length of the side  490  of the base  312 . The width of the notch  495  may depend on the vertical thickness of the slats  450 . The vertical thickness can be the distance between the upper surface  64  of a slat  450  and the lower surface  66 . The notch  495  can accommodate the slats  450  so that the slats  450  may extend over the bases  312  and maintain an upper surface  64  that is flat and does not protrude above the height of the base  312  when weight is applied to the bed system  300 . In other words, when the slats  450  extend over the bases  312 , the top surface of the slats  450  provides a level surface, the height of which may terminate at or before a top edge of the bases  312 . 
     In another configuration, as illustrated in  FIG.  31   , not only are the slats adjustable but the frame and the base are adjustable in size, or dimensions of the frame and the base can be varied to accommodate a lesser or greater number of mattress modules. As illustrated, a modular component  510  includes a base  512  with a plurality of slats  550  (which can be similar to the slats  450  of  FIG.  29   ). The base  512  is a combination of a base and frame described in earlier configurations or embodiments. The base and frame are segmented so that extension base members  520  can be added to the base  512  and increase a dimension of the base  512 ; the dimension can be a length, width, or depth of the base  512 . 
     As illustrated, the base  512  includes walls  536  with frame segments  552  having an exterior support  584 , and interior support  586 , and an intermediate support  592  similar to the other exterior supports, interior supports, and intermediate supports. In contrast to the previously described exterior supports, interior supports, and intermediate supports, the exterior support  584 , the interior support  586 , and the intermediate support  592  extend partially around the base  512 . This accommodates for extension base member  520  that also includes the exterior support  584 , the interior support  586 , and the intermediate support  592 . 
     The extension base member  520  mounts to the walls  536  to position the frame segment  552  in alignment with the other frame segments  552 . The extension base member  520  can attach to the walls through attachment features  522 , such as magnets, hook and loop fasteners, clips, other mechanical connectors, or the like. This allows a user to apply a variety of interchangeable, decorative panels or veneers (i.e. wood, faux wood, metal, patterns, etc.) to the exterior of the base  512 . 
     The bed frame upon which the mattresses of the present invention rest can be a variety of different forms.  FIG.  34 A  is one possible embodiment of an adjustable bed frame  800  that can be adjusted for use in connection with different sized mattresses to form different sized beds without replacing the frame. Adjustable bed frame  800  is comprised of adjustable, telescoping corners  804 , which are selectively connected to one or more base modules  802  that have a uniform shape and size and that can be added to or removed from the frame system. In the example of  FIG.  34 A , the bed frame  800  is a smaller bed frame, which is adjusted by extending the telescoping corners  804  to form a larger bed frame  830 , as shown in  FIG.  34 B . The telescoping corner ends  804  can be extended in the direction of the arrows  804   a  as shown in  FIG.  34 B , to create a larger frame. In some embodiments, the inclusion of telescoping corners  804  alone may be sufficient to extend a bed frame  800  to a desired size, while in other embodiments the addition or removal of base modules  802  can be used in addition to, or instead of, telescoping corners  804  to adjust the size of the bed frame  800 . The telescoping corners  804  may be extended and/or base modules  802  may be added to allow a user to create a bed frame capable of supporting various sizes of mattresses, such as those discussed above. Corners  804  are examples of corner modules and base modules  802  are examples of support modules. 
     The base modules  802 , as shown in  FIGS.  34 A and  34 B , all have the same uniform size and configuration, such that there is uniformity and predictability in substituting base modules. The exterior facing side of the base modules  802  can have aesthetic attachment features to allow a user to selectively attach and remove various veneers or finish panels. The finish panels may include wood panels, metal panels, plastic panels, fabric panels, or the like. The aesthetic attachment features can comprise hook and loop fasteners, magnets, clips, hooks, snaps, buttons, or the like. 
     Additional base modules  802  can be added to or substituted from the original set of base modules  802  of  FIG.  34 A  in order to increase or decrease the size of the bed frame  800  to a larger-size or smaller size bed frame to accommodate a different sized mattress. For example, base modules  802  can be removed from the bed frame  830 , or bed frame  800 , to form smaller beds. 
     The base modules  802  can be selectively secured together by couplers  808  inserted into slits  806  on associated base modules  802 . The telescoping corners  804  can have slits  806  located at the telescoping corner ends  804 , which can maintain the connection between a corner end  804  and a base module  802  by use of a coupler  808  inserted into corresponding slits  806  on the base module  802  and corner end  804 . This coupling mechanism can allow for the telescoping corners  804  to be extended without having to detach them from adjacent base modules  802 . Further examples of such telescoping mechanisms are shown in  FIG.  51   . 
     In some embodiments, the telescoping corners  804  can include mechanisms which allow a user to extend a telescoping corner  804  and then lock it in place to maintain a specific size bed frame  800 . The locking mechanism can engage automatically upon the telescoping corner  804  being extended to a particular length, or the locking mechanism can be engaged manually by the user. The locking mechanism can include button clips, ball lock pins, clamps, telescoping clamps, twist lock clamps, or the like. 
     The bed frame  800  (and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ) has extendable, e.g., telescoping slats  810  that extend when bed frame  800  is adjusted to be smaller or larger, as needed. Such slats  810  to be used in bed frame  800 , and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   , may be identical to or similar to the slats discussed previously herein. Slats  810  are configured to selectively mount within the securing edge  812  of the frame  800  (and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ). Securing edge  812  may be an example of a securing component for retaining (e.g., selectively retaining) a slat in contact with the bed frame  800 . Securing edge  812  may be similar to one or more features of the securing compartments described above, such as a securing edge. For example, securing compartments  100  having a securing edge  102 , as described in previous embodiments relating to the lid, etc. may have features to be used in securing edge  812  of  FIGS.  34 A-B  (and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ). In some embodiments, the portion of the frame  800  (and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ) comprising the securing edge  812  can also include a plurality of securing compartments, such as securing compartments  100  as previously described herein. Edge  812  (and/or edges in the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ) may be an elongate groove or notch or a series of compartments configured to receive and retain individual slats in certain embodiments of edge  812 . 
     The slats  810  can have similar retention member components at ends  814  of slats  810  to the retention members discussed with respect to  FIG.  5 B  above, such that slats  810  are received by and retained on the bed frame  800  (and/or the bed frames disclosed in and discussed with respect to  FIGS.  36 A- 51   ). The adjustable bed frame  800  can be conveniently extended and configured to accommodate different mattress sizes. The bed frame  800  can have a variety of different forms, e.g., similar to bases  12 , or in the form of metallic rails or similar configurations. 
     Bed frame  800  can be made from any of the materials discussed above, such as polymer, wood, fiberglass, metal, alloys, composites, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. The base modules  802  comprising the adjustable bed frame  800  can comprise any of the aforementioned materials and can all be uniform in length. For example, the length of a base module can range from about 15.0″ to about 35.0″, or from about 20.0″ to about 30.0″, or from about 22.5″ to about 28.5″. 
     In one embodiment using the adjustable frame  800 , a mattress system  850  as shown in  FIG.  35    can be mounted onto the adjustable bed frame  800 . The mattress system  850  is comprised of a mattress  852  integrally-formed with a spring system  854 , which in the embodiment of  FIG.  35    is a plurality of slats  856  molded integrally with the mattress  852  to form a mattress/spring assembly. The integrated mattress/slats in  FIG.  35    are positioned within a cover  858 , which may be a mattress topper, a mattress casing, a shipping cover, or a variety of different covers such as those discussed above for example. 
     The mattress  852  of system  850  may be comprised of a foam material, for example, while the integrated slats of system  850  may be comprised of the same foam material formed in a different density or hardness. Optionally, different materials may be integrally-molded to form the integrated mattress/spring assembly of  FIG.  35   . 
     One or more slats  856  form a spring system  854  that supports the mattress  852  on a bed frame, such as adjustable bed frame  800 . Thus, in one embodiment the slats  856 , either within cover  858  or with cover  858  removed, are selectively mounted onto respective securing edges  812  of adjustable frame  800 . Thus, slats  856  and mattress  852  can be integrally-formed as a mattress/spring assembly in the form of a single molded member. The resulting single molded member can be selectively mounted onto the adjustable frame  800  as a mattress/spring assembly. Cover  858  is selectively mounted on the mattress/spring assembly to form mattress system  850 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C , as another embodiment of a modular adjustable bed frame of the present invention, the adjustable bed frame can be a modular bed frame capable of being extended from a first geometry to a second geometry. For example, a first geometry may be a twin XL and a second geometry may be a full XL. The modular bed frame can comprise a plurality of modules (e.g., blocks) configured to form a bed frame. The plurality of blocks or other modules can be placed end to end and selectively attached to one another via attachment devices, such as slots and couplers as discussed above. While blocks (e.g., keystone blocks, corner blocks, etc.) may be used herein to describe exemplary modules (e.g., corner modules and uniform-length support modules), it will be understood that use of the term “blocks” is simply exemplary, of the form a given module may take in a given configuration. 
       FIGS.  36 A- 44 C  illustrate various examples of modular bed frame configurations. Modular bed frames  900   a - 900   g , for example, can be comprised of a plurality of equal or similarly-sized and shaped blocks for efficiency of manufacture and assembly. For example, in order to provide for efficiency and standardization in manufacturing and assembly, in one embodiment, as shown in  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C , each of the corner modules (e.g., corner modules  914  or corner modules  962 ) in a particular bed frame have substantially the same footprint dimensions, and each of the uniform-length support modules (e.g., support modules  922  or  960 ) in a particular bed frame have substantially the same geometry and size. In one embodiment, for efficiency in manufacture and assembly, each of the support modules (e.g., support modules  922  or  960 ) in the bed frame configurations of  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C , comprise elongate blocks that are of equal size and configuration. 
     These uniformities in geometries and size of the modules of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C , enable the manufacturer to manufacture certain standardized pieces and enable the user assembling the pieces to work with certain standardized pieces, making the manufacturing and assembling process more simple, reliable, and efficient. To the extent that customization is required when moving from one selected size of bed frame to another selected size, the gaps (e.g., gaps  901 ) may be filled in using (i) telescoping members (e.g., telescoping members  916  or telescoping members  916   a  of  FIG.  51 A ), (ii) filler modules (e.g., blocks  918 ), and/or (iii) elongate end modules (e.g., elongate end blocks  920 ) that span the entire length between corner modules (e.g.,  914 ), for example. 
     Thus, the modular, adjustable bed frame systems of the present invention artfully allow for both standardization of certain components (e.g., uniform-length support modules and corner modules having substantially the same footprint dimensions) as well as customization when customization is desired (e.g., filler modules, telescoping members, and/or elongate end modules). 
     The modular bed frame configurations  900   a - 900   g , as shown in  FIG.  36 A- 40 A , include a plurality of uniform-length support modules (e.g., keystone blocks  922 ) having the same or substantially the same footprint dimensions, and a plurality of corner modules (e.g., corner blocks  914 ) having the same or substantially the same footprint dimensions. The keystone blocks and corner blocks can be arranged to form various modular bed frame sizes, such as standard bed sizes, for example twin  900   a , twin XL  900   b , full size  900   c , full XL  900   d , queen size  900   e , king size  900   f , and California king  900   g , using standardized components such that the same type of components can be used to form larger beds or smaller beds. The bed frame components may also be configured to form bed sizes which are not standard bed sizes, for example, custom size bed frames. 
     Corner modules (e.g., corner blocks  914 ), connect to two different support modules (e.g., keystone blocks  922 ) that are positioned at a transverse angle to each other, as shown in  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C . Support modules (e.g., keystone blocks  922 ) are elongate modules that connect to other modules at opposing ends thereof, as shown in  FIGS.  36 A- 44 C . 
     Depending on a particular bed size configuration, a combination of keystone blocks and corner blocks may result in a number of spaces or gaps between sections of a particular modular bed frame. One aspect of this invention is the ability enabled by the present invention to fill gaps of varying sizes that may occur, for example, as the user changes the bed frame from a smaller bed frame to a larger bed frame. 
       FIGS.  36 A-B  show bed frames  900   a - g  that have been formed using uniform-length support modules  922  having the same footprint dimensions and corner modules  914  having the same footprint dimensions. As shown in  FIGS.  36 A- 36 B , gaps  901  exist between some of the corner modules  914  and some of the uniform-length support modules  922  of the bed frames that have been expanded from one size to another. 
     A feature of at least some embodiments of the present invention is to provide systems and methods for filling those gaps  901 , in order to provide a continuous, gap-less, bed frame structure when the bed frame size is changed from one size to another. The present invention is thus directed to methods and systems for filling gaps  901  of different sizes in different sized bed frame configurations. The present invention enables the use of corner modules  914  and support modules  922  of standard sizes and configurations and associated modules that can be readily adjusted to fill in gaps that occur when a bed size changes from one size to another. 
       FIGS.  37 A- 42    illustrate examples of methods for filling the gaps  901  of  FIG.  36 A  in a modular bed frame  900 . The examples shown in  FIGS.  37 A- 37 C  depict a twin size bed frame  900   a , that has gaps  901  therein that are filled through different methods and systems, though each of these methods and systems can be applied to any of the size configurations recited herein. 
     In  FIG.  37 A , for example, the gaps  901  are filled by telescoping corner modules  914  to form a twin size bed frame  900   a  having a continuous, gap-less, frame structure, shown in  FIG.  37 A . Optionally, the telescoping corner modules of  FIG.  51 A  or other telescoping mechanisms may be employed to fill the gaps. 
       FIG.  37 B  illustrate gaps  901  filled using filler modules  918 , sized to bridge a particular sized gap, or combination of gaps  901  to form a continuous, gap-less frame structure, as shown in  FIG.  37 B . 
       FIG.  37 C  illustrates gaps  901  filled using elongate end block modules  920 , sized to span the distance between two corner modules  914  without any gaps. Elongate end block modules  920  of  FIG.  37 C  are modules in the form of blocks that each have a different, e.g., longer length than a uniform-length support module  922 . 
     Depending upon a particular size bed frame desired by a user, modular bed frame configurations  900  including keystone modules  922  and corner modules  914  may result in gaps  901  in the modular bed frame  900 , which may be too small to fill with a keystone module  922  having a given standard length (e.g., 15 inches, 18 inches, 20 inches, 21 inches, 26 inches, or the like). As shown in  FIG.  37 B , in some embodiments, these gaps can be filled with a filler module  918 . A filler module  918  can have the same height, width, undercut, top surface and rim dimensions as the keystone module  922  or the corner module  914 , however, the width of the filler module  918  may be sized to fill a specific gap size. For example, in some embodiments, the filler module may have a length of about 0.5″ to about 12.0″, about 1.5″ to about 11.0″, about 2.5″ to about 10.0″, or about 3.5″ to about 9.0″. In some configurations, a filler module  918  can be sized so that only one filler module  918  is needed to fill the gap  901  in a side of the modular bed frame  900 . In another configuration, the filler modules  918  can be sized so that two or more filler modules  918  can be used to fill two or more gaps  901  in a side of the modular bed frame  900 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  37 C , uniform-length support modules  922  can be combined to form the majority of the length of each side of a modular bed frame, i.e. bridging the distance between corner blocks  914 , and can be identical to one another in geometry and size. As shown in  FIG.  41   , a uniform-length support module, in the form of a keystone block  922 , which is an example of a uniform-length support module, has a top surface  940  configured to support the periphery of a mattress placed thereon. The top surface  940  is supported by an interior side  942 , which faces the interior  933  of the bed frame when the bed frame is fully assembled, and an exterior side  944  which faces outward from the assembled bed frame. 
     As shown in  FIG.  37 C , one embodiment of the present invention contemplates the use of three different types of blocks that can be used to form a twin size bed frame  900   a , namely, four corner blocks  914 , six keystone blocks  922 , and two elongate end blocks  920 , which when combined form a continuous bed frame structure. If it were desired by a user to have a longer frame and/or a wider frame from that shown in  FIG.  37 C , the corner blocks  914  could telescope to fill the resulting gaps, or, for example, the keystone blocks  922  or the elongate end blocks  920  could telescope. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  41    and to  FIGS.  37 A- 40   , in some embodiments, the exterior side  944  of the keystone blocks  922  can extend upward beyond the plane of the top surface  940  thereof to form an outer rim  928 . The rim  928  can help to secure a mattress within the bed frame. The rim  928  may also provide an additional source of support for a modular mattress, as described above, by maintaining the modules comprising a mattress within the bed frame. In one embodiment, the rim  928  may extend upward past the top surface  940  of the keystone block  922  by about 1.0″ to about 4.0″, or from about 2.0″ to about 3.0″ for example. In one embodiment, for example, the rim  928  can have a width of about 0.5″ to about 4.0″, from about 1.0″ to about 3.5″, from about 1.5″ to about 3.0″, or from about 2.0″ to about 3.0″. 
     As shown in  FIG.  41   , the bottom end of the exterior side  944  of a keystone block  922  has, in the embodiment shown, an undercut  946 . The undercut  946  may advantageously allow a user to walk or stand close to the bed frame without hurting their feet (e.g., prevent stubbing of toes). Additionally, the undercut  946  may reduce the weight and size of the keystone block  922 , resulting in easier transport, assembly, and re-configuration, as well as reduced material usage, e.g., for a molded component. The undercut  946  can extend from the exterior side  944  inwards towards the interior side  942  of the keystone block  922 , for example, from about 1.0″ to about 6.0″, from about 2.0″ to about 5.0″, or from about 3.0″ to about 4.5″. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  41   , in one embodiment, corner modules  914   c  and  914   d  are equal or similarly-sized mirror image configuration corner modules that are interchangeable between at least two corners of the bed frame e.g., kitty corner (i.e., diagonal across from each other). Other corner modules, e.g., corner modules  914  or corner modules  962  of other figures, may be interchangeable between all four corners of the bed in some embodiments. The corner blocks  914   c  and  914   d  of  FIG.  41    are mirror images, each having an open end and an adjacent closed end. 
     With reference now to  FIGS.  42 A and  42 B , the top surface  940  of the keystone block  922  can include a plurality of slat connection points  926  for the connection of the slats  913 , which may be identical or similar to the slats  810 , or other slats, as described herein. The interior side  948  of the rim  928  of one or more keystone blocks  922  can include a friction-gripping material, for example, hook and loop fasteners, or alternative material to prevent a mattress from sliding within the area of the bed frame  900 . 
     The keystone blocks  922  are uniform in length. For example, a keystone block  922  can have a length from about 15.0″ to about 30.0″, from about 18.0″ to about 28.0″, from about 20.0″ to about 27.0″, or from about 21.0″ to about 26.0″. The height of the keystone block  922  from the base to the top surface  940  can be, for example, from about 7.0″ to about 18.0″, from about 9.0″ to about 16.0″, from about 11.0″ to about 15.0″, or from about 12.0″ to about 14.0″. The width of a keystone block  922  measured at its widest point between the interior side  942  and the exterior side  944  can, for example, have a width of about 5.0″ to about 10.0″, about 6.0″ to about 9.0″, or about 7.0″ to about 8.0″. 
     As further shown in  FIGS.  42 A and  42 B , opposing ends of the top surface  940  of each keystone block  922  and the adjoining ends of the corner blocks  914  include corresponding slits  924  configured to accept respective couplers  915  in order to selectively connect a series of keystone blocks  922  to each other, and to respective corner blocks  914  to achieve a selected length or width of a selected modular bed frame  900 . By removing the respective couplers  915 , rearranging the keystone blocks  922 , corner blocks  914 , or other blocks and then replacing the couplers  915  into the respective slits  924  on the blocks, a variety of different bed frame configurations can be formed. While couplers  915  are shown, it will be appreciated that alternative coupling mechanisms can be provided. It is advantageous that such couplers can be used or removed, without use of screwdrivers, hammers, a wrench, or other tools (e.g., simply by hand). 
     A shown in  FIGS.  41 - 42 B , the side lengths of the modular bed frame  900   a , which are formed by one or more keystone blocks  922 , are selectively joined to the corner blocks  914  to form a continuous, gap-less bed frame. The gaps in these figures are filled by telescoping members  916  (or other telescoping members such as shown in  FIG.  51 A ) extending between corner bocks  914  and keystone blocks  922 . A corner block  914  can have a top surface  940  configured to support the corner of a mattress placed thereon. The top surface  940  can be supported by at least one interior side  942 , which interfaces with a connecting side  910  of a keystone block  922 , and an exterior side  944  which faces outward from the assembled bed frame  900 . 
     Corner blocks  914  can have at least one or more slits  924  positioned along adjacent edges of the corner block  914  to accept a coupler  915 , allowing for the selective attachment of a corner block  914  to a keystone block  922 . 
     Corner blocks can also have an undercut section  950  ( FIG.  41   ) that is substantially similar or equal in size and configuration to the undercut  946  configuration on an associated or adjacent keystone block  922 . The undercut  950  can extend from the exterior side  912  inwards towards the interior  933  of the bed frame  900  from about 1.0″ to about 6.0″, from about 2.0″ to about 5.0″, or from about 3.0″ to about 4.5″ for example. The height of the corner block  914  from the base to the top surface  919  can be from about 7.0″ to about 18.0″, from about 9.0″ to about 16.0″, from about 11.0″ to about 15.0″, or from about 12.0″ to about 14.0″ for example. The width of a corner block  914  measured at its widest point between an interfacing side  952  and the exterior side  912  can have a width of about 5.0″ to about 10.0″, about 6.0″ to about 9.0″, or about 7.0″ to about 8.0″ for example. The rim  930  can extend upwards past the top surface  919  of the corner block  914  by about 1.0″ to about 4.0″, or from about 2.0″ to about 3.0″ for example. The rim  930  can have a width of about 0.5″ to about 4.0″, from about 1.0″ to about 3.5″, from about 1.5″ to about 3.0″, or from about 2.0″ to about 3.0″ for example. It may be advantageous for the corner blocks  914  to be of the same height and width as the keystone blocks  922  in order to create a consistent and level surface for a mattress. 
     As discussed with respect to  FIG.  36 A , when the size of a bed frame is adjusted, to be a smaller or larger bed frame, on certain occasions, gaps  901  appear between support modules and corner modules. One aspect of this invention is to provide a reliable, mathematical equation and methods for filling those gaps  901 , in order to provide a continuous, gap-less bed frame structure. 
     For example, with reference to  FIGS.  36 A- 36 B , the size of a gap  901  remaining to be filled in a modular bed frame configuration can be calculated using the following equation: 
             G   =         T   D     -     (       K   BL     ×     K   BQ       )     -     (     2   ×     C   BL       )         N   G             
where,
         G is the Gap distance   T D  is the Total Dimension Measured (e.g., a length or width of a bed frame)   K BL  is the Keystone Block Length   K BQ  is the Keystone Block Quantity   C BL  is the Corner Block Length   N G  is the Number of Gaps       

     The “Total Dimension Measured” can be the total length of a side of a modular bed frame or the total width of a modular bed frame, as depicted in  FIG.  36 B , which also shows the above equation. The length of the keystone block  922 , which is uniform among the keystone blocks  922 , is thus multiplied by the total quantity of keystone blocks  922  forming part of a side. The length of the corner block  914  is multiplied by two, because there are two corner blocks on a side. The lengths of the combined keystone blocks  922  combined with the lengths of the corner blocks  914  are subtracted from the Total Dimension Measured, the result of which is then divided by the Number of Gaps desired to be filled, as shown in the above equation, to calculate the Gap distance to be filled. 
     The Number of Gaps can vary based on the chosen method for filling the gaps in the frame. For example, when utilizing a telescoping corner block, it can be advantageous to decrease the size of a single gap by distributing the Gap between a number of smaller gaps along a side of the bed frame. Conversely, when utilizing a filler block  918  in a configuration where a single filer block is used, N G  can equal 1, corresponding to there only being one gap. However, in configurations having more than one filler block  918  forming a side of a bed frame, N G  can equal greater than 1. 
     For example, with reference to  FIG.  36 A- 36 B  in order to calculate the Gap distance in a width of a twin sized bed frame  900   a , wherein the length of a keystone block  922  is 21″, and the length of a corner block  914  is 6″, the Gap distance in the width of frame  900   a  of  FIGS.  36 A- 36 B  can be calculated using the equation as follows: 
             G   =           39   ″     -     (       21   ″     ×   1     )     -     (     2   ×     6   ″       )       2     =     3   ″             
where 39″ is the width of a twin-sized bed frame to be measured, 21″ is the length of a keystone block (e.g., a block  922 ), 1 is the number of keystone blocks  922  used to form the width of the twin sized bed frame  900   a,  6″ is the length of each of the corner blocks (e.g., corner blocks  914 ), and 2 is the Number of Gaps desired to be filled. The 3″ gap can be filled through a variety of methods, such as telescoping corners, filler blocks, etc.
 
     The Gap and Number of Gaps is calculated for one side of a bed frame, therefore, the resulting Gap calculation can be applied to an opposing side of the bed frame having the same length. The Gap and Number of gaps can be calculated for each of the widths and lengths of the bed frame, as reflected in  FIG.  36 B . For example, based on the twin bed equation above, the Gap for the width at the head of the bed frame is the same as the Gap for the width at the foot of the bed frame. 
     The following table provides various possible examples of Gap distance calculated assuming a single Gap using the equation of  FIG.  36 B  as calculated based on various possible modular bed frame sizes: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dimensions: 
                 Total 
                 Standard 
                   
                   
                 2x 
                 Gap distance 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Width × 
                 Dimension 
                 Block 
                 Block 
                 Corner 
                 Corner 
                 (assuming 
               
               
                 Bed 
                 Length 
                 Measured 
                 Length 
                 Qty 
                 Length 
                 Length 
                 one Gap) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Twin 
                 39 × 75 
                 39″ 
                 21″ 
                 1 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 6″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 75″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 0″ 
               
               
                 Twin XL 
                 39 × 80 
                 39″ 
                 21″ 
                 1 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 6″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 5″ 
               
               
                 Full 
                 54 × 75 
                 54″ 
                 21″ 
                 2 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 0″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 75″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 0″ 
               
               
                 Full XL 
                 54 × 80 
                 54″ 
                 21″ 
                 2 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 0″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 5″ 
               
               
                 Queen 
                 60 × 80 
                 60″ 
                 21″ 
                 2 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 6″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 5″ 
               
               
                 King 
                 76 × 80 
                 76″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 1″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 80″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 5″ 
               
               
                 Cal King 
                 72 × 84 
                 72″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 −3″ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 84″ 
                 21″ 
                 3 
                 6″ 
                 12″ 
                 9″ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In order to fill the resulting gap, which may be divided into multiple gaps, the corner blocks  914  may be configured with at least one or more telescoping members  916  which can extend from a corner block and be selectively connected to an adjacent keystone block  922 . 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  41   , a telescoping member  916  of a corner block  914   c  can be housed within an aperture  938  in a corner block  914   c , which corresponds with a receiving aperture  936  within a keystone block  922 . Optionally, in other embodiments, the keystone blocks  922  of the present invention have solid opposing faces at opposing sides  910  thereof without such receiving apertures such that a telescoping member movably housed within a corner block housing can be selectively moved outside the corner block housing so as to selectively abut a solid face of a keystone block, as illustrated in  FIG.  51 A ; such a telescoping member of  FIG.  51 A  can be coupled to the keystone block with a coupler  915 , as illustrated in  FIG.  51 A . 
     In another embodiment, one or more uniform-length support modules may have a telescoping mechanism that couples to another uniform-length support module or corner module. In one embodiment, a corner block  914  and a keystone block  922  can be moved in opposite directions from one another to expose the telescoping member  916  housed within them, causing a length of a modular bed frame to be extended or elongated to create a secondary configuration of a bed frame which is larger relative to an initial size of a bed frame before a length of the bed frame is extended. 
     As shown in the  FIGS.  36 A- 43   , the telescoping member  916  includes a plurality of coupling slits  934  ( FIG.  41   ), which allow the telescoping member  916  to selectively couple through the use of couplers  915  to adjacent keystone blocks  922 . Couplers  915  may be similar to couplers  808  as previously described herein that mount within adjacent slits. Alternative coupling configurations could also be provided. 
     The exterior-facing sides of the modular components, such as the keystone blocks  922 , corner blocks  914 , filler blocks  918 , and elongate end blocks  920  can include features (not shown) for attaching veneers or aesthetic coverings to the modular bed frame  900 . Fasteners such as hook and loop fasteners, clips, buttons, snaps, magnets, or the like can be used to attach veneers or aesthetic coverings to the exterior sides of the modular bed frame  900 . 
     Although the uniform-length support modules  922  and corner modules  914  of the present invention can be in the form of keystone blocks and corner blocks, such as discussed above, a variety of other forms of support modules and corner modules may be employed in order to accomplish the goals of providing various types of modular bed frame systems. 
     For example,  FIG.  43    illustrates an alternative embodiment of the modular bed frame  900  including uniform-length support modules  960  in the form of platform blocks  960  and corner modules  962  in the form of platform corners  962  to form a platform-style modular bed frame  980 . A platform-style modular bed frame  980  can provide a flat and level surface for a mattress to be positioned thereon. A mattress  972 , when placed on the platform-style modular bed frame  980 , can completely cover the top surfaces  974  so that the bed frame  980  is not visible in a top plan view of a mattress  972  placed on a bed frame  980 , as shown in  FIG.  44 B . 
     Returning to  FIG.  43   , the platform-style bed frame  980  can include one or more uniform-length support modules in the form of platform blocks  960  and a plurality of corner modules in the form of platform corners  962 . The platform blocks  960  and platform corners  962  can include an undercut bottom edge  976  to allow a person to stand close to the bed frame  980  without contacting their feet against the bed frame  980 . 
     The platform blocks  960  and the platform corners  962  can include a top surface  974 , wherein at least one side of the top surface  974  includes a notched edge  966  extending the length of the platform block  960  or platform corner  962 . The notched edge  966  can include a plurality of slat connection points  926  to allow for the attachment of slats  913  between opposing sides of the bed frame  980 . The platform blocks  960  and platform corners  962  can include at least one or more slits  924  situated on opposing ends of the platform pieces to allow the pieces to be selectively attached to one another via attachment devices such as couplers  915 . 
     The platform corners  962  can have a receiving space  968  for receiving a telescoping member  964 . The platform blocks  960  can have a similarly-shaped receiving space  970  to allow for a telescoping member  964  to be housed within and/or between a platform corner  962  and a platform block  960 . The telescoping member  964  can have a plurality of slits  934  providing for linking of a platform corner  962  to a platform block  960  when the bed frame  980  is extended to a larger size. For example,  FIG.  44 B  illustrates an assembled modular bed frame  980 . The telescoping members  964  are housed within the platform corners  962  and/or platform blocks  960  and may not be visible in a smallest, initial configuration of the modular bed frame  980 . The platform blocks  960  and platform corners  962 , as shown, are selectively attached to one another via couplers  915 . 
     The bed frame  980  can be expanded, as illustrated in  FIG.  44 C , to create a bed frame size that is larger relative to the initial size of the bed frame  980  before extension. In order to expand the bed frame  980 , the platform blocks  960  and platform corners  962  are moved in opposite directions relative to one another to expose the telescoping member  964  contained therein. Couplers  915  can then be used to selectively attach, for example, a platform corner  962  to a first end of a telescoping member  964 , while a second end of the same telescoping member  964  can be selectively attached to a platform block  960  via a coupler  915 . Optionally the telescoping member(s) extend from the platform corner housing and abut a solid face of a respective platform block, as illustrated in connection with  FIG.  51   . Thus, the corner telescoping mechanism shown in  FIG.  51    can be used in connection with the bed frames of  FIGS.  43 - 44 C . 
     In yet another aspect of the present invention,  FIGS.  45 - 46 B  illustrates alternative embodiments of adjustable bed frames  1000   a - 1000   g . In this embodiment of adjustable bed frames  1000   a - 1000   g , the adjustable bed frame  1000   a  includes at least two rails  1002  and a plurality of rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b . The rotatable corner modules of  FIGS.  44 - 50    each have an elongate rectangular shape, allowing them to be configured in a “short configuration” or a “long configuration”. 
     In the long configuration the length of the corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  is substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the rail  1002 . In the short configuration the length of the corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rail. 
     In the long configuration, the length of the corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  is substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the rail  1002  in order to extend the length of the rail  1002  to its longest possible length. In a short configuration, the length of a corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rail  1002  so that the width of the corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  (i.e., the shorter portion) is the amount of length added to the total length of the rail  1002 . 
       FIG.  46 B  for example, shows the corner blocks  1004   a  and  1004   b  on the upper, right hand side of  FIG.  46 B  in the long configuration and shows the lower corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  on the lower, left hand side of  FIG.  46 B  in the short configuration. 
     Thus, as reflected in  FIGS.  44 - 50   , the elongate, rectangular corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  can be rotated to achieve a particular bed frame length based on the desired bed size dimensions. 
     In some embodiments, the rail  1002  can be provided segmented into two or more sections and the sections can be assembled together to form a rail  1002 . The rail  1002  may also be formed of blocks or segments similar to the keystone blocks  922  described above. It may be advantageous to have a rail which can be segmented for easier shipping, as well as easier re-configuration and re-positioning of the bed frame by the user. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  46 A and  46 B , each rail  1002  has a corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  associated with each end of the rail  1002 , so that each rail  1002  has, for example, a corner module  1004   a  and a corner module  1004   b . When the corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  are rotated to achieve a particular bed frame size, the corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  can be rotated and swapped with a corner block  1004   a ,  1004   b  from the opposing side. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG.  46 A , corner modules  1004   a  and corner modules  1004   b  are situated in a short configuration at a first end and a second end of a bed frame to achieve a twin size bed frame  1000   a . Then, as shown in  FIG.  46 B , corner module  1004   a  and corner module  1004   b  from a first end of the bed frame  1000   a  are exchanged with each other and rotated to a long configuration in order to extend the length of the bed frame to form a twin XL size bed frame  1000   b , for example. 
     The rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  can have a length of about 5.0″ to about 20.0″, from about 8.0″ to about 15.0″, or from about 10.0″ to about 12.0″, for example. The rotatable corner modules can have a width of about 2.0″ to about 10.0″, about 4.0″ to about 8.0″, or about 5.0″ to about 7.0″ for example. It may be advantageous for the corner modules  1004  to have a rectangular shape, or an “L” configuration, or another configuration wherein the length and the width of the corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  are not of equal distance, which allows for the rotatable size adjustment feature of the corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b.    
     The rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  have slits  1006  on the top surface  1008  of the rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  which align with slits  1006  on the top surface  1010  of the rail  1002  in order to selectively connect the rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  to the rail  1002 . The rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  can be selectively attached to the rail  1002  by way of attachment mechanisms described above, such as couplers  915  inserted into adjacent slits  1006  on the rotatable corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b  and on the respective rail  1002 . 
     The rail  1002  can include a plurality of slat connection points  1012  for the attachment of slats  1014 , for example, the telescoping slats  810  or other slats as previously described herein. The rail  1002  can be made of materials including wood, wood composite, polymer, fiberglass, metal, alloys, composites, carbon fiber, and combinations thereof, or the like. The rail  1002  can have a length of about 55.0″ to about 70.0″, or from about 60.0″ to about 65.0″, for example. By way of example, the rail  1002  may be made up of smaller segments, e.g., having a segment length of no more than 36 inches, for example (e.g., up to 30 inches, up to 26 inches, up to 21 inches, up to 20 inches, etc.) Such segmentation can facilitate easier shipping, packaging, and storage. 
     In order to achieve further modularity and flexibility and to accommodate different sized beds and bed frames, the width of a bed frame  1000   a  (e.g., having at least one rail  1002  and rotatable corner blocks  1004   a ,  1004   b ) can be framed with an adjustable headboard and/or adjustable footboard, each of which are examples of adjustable “end boards”. 
     To form a modular bed frame system of the present invention, any of the bed frames described herein may be used in conjunction with a modular end board, e.g., a modular headboard or modular foot board, as described herein. The modular end boards of the present invention, e.g., as shown in  FIGS.  47 ,  48   , and/or  50  are each comprised of (A) a frame assembly, the frame assembly comprising: (i) first and second upright members; and (ii) a moveable connecting system for connecting the first and second upright members to each other such that the distance between the first and second upright members can be selectively adjusted; and (B) one or more panels (e.g., decorative panels) that are selectively mounted onto the frame assembly. The end board is an adjustable headboard or an adjustable footboard. 
     For example, an adjustable end board, e.g., headboard  1050 , shown in  FIG.  47   , includes frame assembly comprised of upright members  1058  movably connected by being telescopically coupled together by a telescoping mechanism extended between the members  1058 . Headboard  1050  further comprises one or more panels  1064  selectively mounted on the frame assembly of  FIG.  47   . A first telescoping mechanism includes receiving slots  1054  perpendicularly fixed to the upright members  1058 , within which a center member  1056  is placed to telescopically, movably connect the receiving slots  1054  of the two upright members  1058 . The upright members  1058  can thus be telescopically moved toward or away from each other along the length of the center member  1056  to decrease or increase the width of the headboard  1050 . The center member  1056  can be a structure that can slide, or otherwise be positioned within, the receiving slots  1054 . 
     In another embodiment of an adjustable end board, e.g., headboard  1052  of  FIG.  48    includes two upright members, e.g., posts  1058  having at least one or more sets of horizontal posts  1054  extending perpendicularly from the upright members  1058  towards a center of the headboard  1052 . The sets of horizontal posts  1054  of  FIG.  48    can be configured directly across from one another to allow them to extend in-line with one another toward the center of the headboard  1052 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG.  48   , central horizontal posts  1056  are slidably attached to the horizontal posts  1054 . The two upright members  1058  of the headboard  1052  can thus be slidably moved in opposite directions from one another, thereby selectively expanding or decreasing the width of the headboard  1052 . 
     In some embodiments, the posts  1056  and/or posts  1054 , may include notches, pins, pegs, dials or the like configured to assist a user in expanding the headboard  1052  to the correct bed size and locking the headboard size once the headboard  1052  is the correct width for the desired bed size. 
     The frame assemblies of  FIGS.  47  and  48    are examples of adjustable frame assemblies having (i) first and second upright members; and (ii) a moveable connecting system for connecting the first and second upright members to each other such that the distance between the first and second upright members can be selectively adjusted. 
     Each of headboards  1050 ,  1052  and/or footboard  1050   b  can include a plurality of decorative attachment points  1060  to allow decorative veneers or panels  1064  to be applied to one or more sides of the frame assembly thereof, e.g., through magnets, hook and pile (e.g., VELCRO, etc.). In some embodiments, decorative attachment points  1060  may be positioned on opposing front and back sides of a frame assembly to allow for the attachment of veneers  1064  to both sides thereof. The decorative attachment points  1060  can include magnets, hook and loop fasteners, clips, buttons, snaps, pins, or the like. 
       FIG.  50   , for example, shows examples of end boards (e.g., headboard  1050   a  and footboard  1050   b ) that each have a frame assembly on which a decorative panel  1064  has been mounted, e.g., through magnets, etc. Additional panels  1064  can be mounted on either side of the frame assemblies of the headboard or footboard of  FIG.  50   , depending on the size of the end board desired to be formed. 
     Optionally, the panels may attach to the frame assembly of the headboard or footboard so as to overlap with one another, e.g., where one panel is positioned in the center of such an arrangement and includes edges that are covered by adjacent outer panels that cover the edges of such central panel. The outer panels may slide back and forth, for example with respect to the central panel. Such an overlapping configuration can aid in ensuring that the full width of a given headboard or footboard is aesthetically covered, while accommodating changes in width possible with the adjustable headboard or footboard. 
     The base ends of the upright members of headboards  1050 ,  1052 ,  1050   a  and footboard  1050   b  can include attachment or locking features to selectively connect a headboard to an adjustable bed frame, such as any of the adjustable bed frames described herein. For example, the attachment features shown in  FIGS.  47  and  48    depict keyhole openings  1062  which are configured to be selectively attached to pegs  1068 , pins, bolts, thumbscrews, or the like, mounted on or through a rotatable corner module  1004   a ,  1004   b , as shown in  FIG.  49   . While openings  1062  are illustrated with a keyhole configuration, it will be appreciated that other shaped openings, and other connection means may be employed. 
     The rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b  can include a number of different types of attachment features for the selective connection of a headboard  1050   a ,  1052 , or footboard  1050   b  to the modular bed frame  1000   a  to form a modular bed frame system. In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  49   , the long side and/or the short side of the exterior of the rotatable corner blocks  1004   a ,  1004   b  can include a plurality of peg holes  1066  for the insertion of screws, bolts, or pegs  1068 , or other locking structures configured to interface with and connect the headboard  1050   a ,  1052  or footboard  1050   b  to the rotatable corner blocks  1004   a ,  1004   b , thereby connecting the headboard or footboard to the modular bed frame  1000   a . Pegs  1068  can be inserted into the side of the rotatable corner module to which a headboard or footboard is to be connected so that fasteners, such as nuts, threaded members, etc., or other frictional or mechanical fixation structures, can secure the headboard or footboard to the rotatable corner block. The peg holes on the side of the rotatable corner module which may not be receiving a headboard or footboard in a particular configuration can be covered with fabric coverings, veneers, or the like, which may be selectively attached to the sides of the modular bed frame  1000 . 
       FIG.  50    illustrates an adjustable bed frame  1000   a  fully assembled with couplers  1015  selectively connecting a rail  1002  to a rotatable corner modules  1004   a ,  1004   b . The couplers  1015  can be similar to couplers  915  as described elsewhere herein. 
     Any embodiments herein including telescoping members may be configured so that the telescoping member is at least partially received into an opening of an adjacent module, or abuts the adjacent module, or is cantilevered, or the like. Any of the adjustable corner modules of any embodiments disclosed herein may be swappable, or interchangeable, allowing a user to move a corner from a given location, for use in another corner location (e.g., top right to any other of top left, bottom left, or bottom right, etc.). 
     Any gaps to be filled when adjusting from one bed size to another may be filled by use of telescoping module(s), or use of a filler modules, as described herein. 
     Any of the corner modules or uniform-length support modules may include a recess included therein, e.g., adjacent the floor, e.g., to minimize stubbing of toes, etc. by a user. 
     As discussed above,  FIG.  51    illustrates another embodiment of a bed frame  971  having corner module telescoping mechanisms. The telescoping members  977  of corner modules  962   a  connect to the uniform-length support modules  960   a , e.g., by abutting the support modules  960   a  and being selectively coupled thereto by couplers  915 . Telescoping members  977  of corner modules  962   a  telescopically connect to the housings of respective corner modules  962   a , e.g., through the attachment members shown in broken lines in  FIG.  51    that telescopically move back and forth within the housings of the corner modules  962   a . Corner modules  962   a  mounted to uniform-length support modules  960   a  each have an undercut  976   a.    
     In the embodiment of  FIG.  51   , each corner module  962   a  has two telescoping members  977 , having portions that selectively move within the housing of the corner module  962   a . Telescoping members  977  of  FIG.  51    can be used with any bed frame configuration of the present invention, such as, for example, any of the configurations shown in  FIGS.  43 - 44 C , and the discussion relating thereto. 
     Furthermore,  FIG.  51 A  illustrates another embodiment of a bed frame  971   a  having corner module telescoping mechanisms. The telescoping members  916   a  of corner modules  914   a  connect to the uniform-length support modules  922   a , e.g., by abutting the support modules  922   a , e.g., by abutting a solid face of modules  922   a , and being selectively coupled thereto by couplers  915 . Telescoping members  916   a  of corner modules  914   a  telescopically connect to the housings  914   b  of respective corner modules  914   a , e.g., through attachment members that telescopically move back and forth within the housings  914   b  of the corner modules  914   a . The corner modules  914   a  and uniform-length support modules  922   a  shown in  FIG.  51 A  can each have an undercut in one embodiment. Telescoping members  914   a  can be used with any bed frame configurations of the present invention, such as, for example, any of the configurations shown in  FIGS.  34 A- 34 B, and  36     a  through  42 B, for example, and the discussion relating thereto. 
     In one embodiment, the uniform-length support modules, e.g., keystone blocks, filler blocks, and/or platform blocks, disclosed herein can similarly telescope to fill a gap by employing a telescoping member  977  or a similar telescoping member. Thus, the corner modules and/or uniform-length support modules herein may be telescoping modules. 
       FIGS.  36 A- 51 A  also show examples of a modular bed frame assemblies having the components for forming modular bed frames having different configurations. Such modular bed frame assemblies can be stored for later use and used when needed and have all the components on hand that are necessary for form forming gapless modular bed frame assemblies having different configurations. Thus, modular bed frame assemblies of the present invention, include, for example: (i) uniform-length support modules (e.g., with telescoping members), (ii) corner modules (e.g., with telescoping members), (iii) filler modules, and (iv) elongate end modules all of which can be useful to form modular bed frames of various configurations. 
       FIG.  52    illustrates another telescoping bed frame embodiment of the present invention comprised of a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame having a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry. In this bed frame  1080  of  FIG.  52   , support modules in the form of rails  1082  are movably connected to telescoping corner modules in the form of angled corner members  1084 . The rails  1082  support slats  1086 , such as the slats shown and described herein. Angled corner members  1084  are movably connected to rails  1082 , e.g., through sliding or rolling, such that corner members  1084  slide or roll along respective rails  1082  when needed to telescope from one size to another, so that telescoping bed frame  1080  can expand from a twin sized bed frame to a queen sized bed frame, for example. In one embodiment, a plurality of such telescoping bed frames  1080  may be required to receive a king size mattress. 
     The four corner members  1084  are each angled at substantially transverse angles so as to movably connect at one end of each of the corner members  1084  or to movably connect at both ends of each of the corner members to respective rails  1082 . Frame  1080  may be supported by feet or castors above a floor surface, for example. 
     Following are some further example embodiments of the invention. These are presented only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A furniture spring system, comprising a lid configured to provide a seating surface, the lid comprising a frame comprising two opposing frame members and a retention member associated with at least one of the two opposing frame members; a slat extending between the two opposing frame members, the slat comprising an elongate body having a first end and a second end and a catch disposed at the first end or second end; wherein the catch engages the retention member to retain the slat to the frame and the catch is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 2 
     The furniture spring system as recited in Embodiment 1, wherein the frame comprises one or more securing compartments formed into a top surface of each of the two opposing frame members. 
     Embodiment 3 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-2, wherein the catch comprises a hooked end and the catch extends downwardly into one of the one or more securing compartments to retain the slat to the frame. 
     Embodiment 4 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging the retention member, the retention member is disposed above the securing compartment and the catch, the retention member being configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and out of the securing compartment as the portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 5 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-4, wherein the retention member comprises a bore extending upward from one of the two opposing frame members. 
     Embodiment 6 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-5, wherein the catch comprises an elongate opening extending through the elongate body into a terminal end of the first or second end of the slat and the bore extends upward through the elongate opening to retain the slat to the frame. 
     Embodiment 7 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging from the frame, the retention member comprising a fastener inserted into the bore, the retention member configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and off of the bore as the middle portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 8 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the retention member is configured to limit a back-and-forth sliding distance of the catch relative to the retention member such that flexion of the slat is limited by the retention member. 
     Embodiment 9 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the spring system is configured to be mounted on a base frame of a furniture base. 
     Embodiment 10 
     A furniture spring system, comprising a frame comprising two opposing frame members, and a retention member disposed on at last one of the two opposing frame members, and elongate slat extending between the two opposing frame members, the slat comprising an elongate body having an upper surface, a lower surface, a first end, a second end, and a flexible middle portion extending between the first end and the second end, and a catch disposed at the first end or the second end, the catch engaging the retention member to retain the slat to the lid frame. 
     Embodiment 11 
     The furniture spring system of Embodiment 10, wherein the catch is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the retention member as the middle portion elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 12 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 10-11, wherein the lower surface of the slat is an arcuate surface such that the middle portion is thicker than the first and second ends of the slat. 
     Embodiment 13 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 10-12, wherein the spring system is configured to be mounted on a base frame of a furniture base. 
     Embodiment 14 
     A furniture assembly, comprising a transverse member and a base member, the base member comprising a storage base and a lid configured to be mounted on a top of the storage base, such that the lid covers a storage cavity formed within the storage base, the lid comprising a frame with opposing frame members having one or more retention members, and one or more slats, each slat having an elongate member and one or more catches that engage the one or more retention members of the frame. 
     Embodiment 15 
     The furniture assembly of Embodiment 14, wherein the engagement of the retention members with the catches limits a vertical distance of flexion of the slats such that the slats do not extend further into the storage cavity than the vertical distance of flexion, thus protecting objects disposed in the storage cavity during use. 
     Embodiment 16 
     The furniture assembly of any of Embodiments 14-15, wherein each slat of the lid comprises an arcuate profile along a longitudinal axis thereof. 
     Embodiment 17 
     The furniture assembly of any of Embodiments 14-16, wherein each of the one or more catches of each sat is disposed on an end of the slat. 
     Embodiment 18 
     The furniture assembly of any of Embodiments 14-17, further comprising a retention plate disposed above each end of each slat, the retention plate being configured to prevent the one or more catches from disengaging the retention members of the lid when the slats flex downward during use. 
     Embodiment 19 
     The furniture assembly of any of Embodiments 14-18, wherein the one or more catches are configured to move back-and-forth relative to the retention members as the slats flex downward and upward during use. 
     Embodiment 20 
     A furniture spring system comprising, a lid configured to be mounted onto a base frame of a furniture base, the lid configured to provide a seating surface, the lid comprising, a frame comprising two opposing frame members, and a plurality of retention members associated with each of the two opposing frame members, a plurality of slats extending between the two opposing frame members, each of the slats comprising an elongate body having a first end and a second end and first and second catches disposed at the first end and second end, respectively, of the elongate body, wherein each catch engages a retention member to retain the corresponding slat to the frame, and wherein each catch of a slat is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the corresponding retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 21 
     A modular mattress system, comprising a plurality of mattress modules configured to form a first modular mattress of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular mattress of a second selected geometry, each of the mattress modules having a width (x) and a length (y), wherein the length (y) is substantially equal to two times the width (x); a bed casing (e.g., a rigid bed casing) configured to secure the plurality of mattress modules to form a completed mattress; and a mattress topper sized and shaped to substantially cover the completed mattress and provide additional cushioning to a user. 
     Embodiment 22 
     The furniture spring system of Embodiment 21, wherein the second modular mattress also comprises one or more additional mattress modules having a length (y′) that is substantially equal to a length of the second selected geometry. 
     Embodiment 23 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 21-22, wherein the second modular mattress comprises a greater quantity of mattress modules than that of the first modular mattress. 
     Embodiment 24 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 21-23, wherein the bed casing (e.g., a rigid bed casing) is adjustable to selectively fit the first selected geometry and the second selected geometry. 
     Embodiment 25 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 21-24, wherein the bed casing also comprises veneer side panels selectively secured to the bed casing by magnets. 
     Embodiment 26 
     The furniture spring system of any of Embodiments 21-25, wherein the modular mattress system includes a casing applied to the plurality of mattress modules, wherein the casing is sized and shaped to compensate for missing length and/or width needed to form a standard size mattress. 
     Embodiment 27 
     A modular mattress system comprising, a plurality of mattress modules configured to form a first modular mattress of a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular mattress of a second selected geometry, each of the mattress modules having a width (x) and a length (y), wherein the length (y) is equal to two times the width (x), a bed casing configured to secure the plurality of mattress modules to form a completed mattress; and a mattress topper sized and shaped to cover the completed mattress and provide additional cushioning to a user. 
     Embodiment 28 
     A modular bed frame, comprising: a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame having a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising: a plurality of uniform-length support modules, and a plurality of corner modules, wherein the corner modules and the uniform-length support are reconfigurable such the second modular bed frame is selectively formed, and wherein both the first and second selected geometries feature a continuous bed frame structure. 
     Embodiment 29 
     The modular bed frame of Embodiment 28, wherein at least one of the bed frame modules is a telescoping module that is reconfigurable such that the second geometry of the second modular bed frame is selectively formed. 
     Embodiment 30 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-29, wherein the telescoping module is a corner module having a telescoping member that telescopes to fill a gap. 
     Embodiment 31 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-30, wherein the telescoping corner module telescopes from a plurality of ends of the corner module. 
     Embodiment 32 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-31, wherein one or more additional modules are selectively added to the plurality of uniform-length support modules and the plurality of corner modules to form the second modular bed frame having the second selected geometry, the one or more additional modules being selected from: (1) one or more filler modules that have a different configuration from each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules and from each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules; (2) one or more additional uniform-length support modules having the same size and configuration as the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules; and (3) one or more elongate end modules that have a different configuration from the uniform-length support modules and the corner modules and that span the entire length between corner modules without any gaps. 
     Embodiment 33 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-32, wherein each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules are interchangeable between at least two corners of the bed frame, and wherein each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules have substantially the same geometry and size. 
     Embodiment 34 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-33, wherein each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules have the same footprint dimensions, and wherein each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules have the same footprint dimensions. 
     Embodiment 35 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-34, wherein, when the second modular bed frame of the second geometry is formed from the plurality of corner modules and the plurality of uniform-length support modules, one or more gaps appear in the second geometry, and wherein the one or more gaps are selectively filled by one or more filler modules, or one or more elongated end modules that span the entire length between corner modules without any gaps. 
     Embodiment 36 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-35, wherein a gap distance of the one or more gaps is calculated as: (i) a total dimension measured, minus (ii) a uniform-length support module length multiplied by the number of uniform-length support modules, minus (iii) two times the length of a corner module, (iv) the foregoing divided by number of gaps. 
     Embodiment 37 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-36, wherein, when a second modular bed frame of a second geometry is formed, one or more gaps appear in a total dimension of the second geometry measured, wherein a gap distance of the one or more gaps is calculated according to the following formula: 
     
       
         
           
             G 
             = 
             
               
                 
                   T 
                   D 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       K 
                       BL 
                     
                     × 
                     
                       K 
                       BQ 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 - 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     2 
                     × 
                     
                       C 
                       BL 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               
                 N 
                 G 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where,
         G is the Gap distance   T D  is the Total Dimension Measured   K BL  is the Support Module Length   K BQ  is the Support Module Quantity   C BL  is the Corner Block Length   N G  is the Number of Gaps.       

     In one such embodiment, each of the support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules comprise elongate blocks that are of equal size and configuration. 
     Embodiment 37 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-36, wherein each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules have substantially the same geometry and size, and wherein each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules have substantially the same geometry and size. 
     Embodiment 38 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-37, wherein a plurality of slats extend between opposing uniform-length support modules of the modular bed frame, each of the slats comprising, an elongate body having a first end and a second end, and first and second catches disposed at the first end and second end, respectively, of the elongate body, wherein each catch engages a retention member to retain the corresponding slat to the modular bed frame, and wherein each catch of a slat is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the corresponding retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 39 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-38, wherein the bed frame comprises one or more securing compartments formed into a top surface of each of the two opposing bed frame rails, wherein each catch of the first and second catches comprises a hooked end, and each catch extends downwardly into one of the one or more securing compartments to retain the slat to the frame, and wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging the retention member, wherein the retention member is disposed above the securing compartment and the catch, the retention member being configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and out of the securing compartment as the portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 40 
     A Modular bed frame of any of embodiments 28-39, wherein the retention member comprises a bore extending upward from one of the two opposing bed frame rails, wherein: the catch comprises an elongate opening extending through the elongate body into a terminal end of the first or second end of the slat; and the bore extends upward through the elongate opening to retain the slat to the frame, and wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging from the frame, the retention member comprising a fastener inserted into the bore, the retention member configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and off of the bore as the middle portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 41 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-40, wherein at least one telescoping end of a corner module of the plurality of corner modules is telescopically extendable to fill a gap and is connectable to at least one of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules. 
     Embodiment 42 
     The modular bed frame of any of Embodiments 28-41, wherein both the first and second selected geometries feature a continuous, gapless bed frame structure. 
     Embodiment 43 
     A modular bed frame assembly having components for forming modular bed frames having different configurations, the modular bed frame assembly comprising: a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame having a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising: a plurality of uniform-length support modules, and a plurality of corner modules, wherein the corner modules and uniform-length support modules are reconfigurable such that the second modular bed frame is selectively formed, and wherein both the first and second selected geometries feature a continuous, gap-less, bed frame structure; wherein at least one of the bed frame modules is a telescoping module that is reconfigurable such that the second modular bed frame is selectively formed; and further comprising: one or more filler modules that have a different configuration from each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules and from each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules. 
     Embodiment 44 
     A modular bed frame assembly of embodiment 43, wherein the modular frame assembly comprises four corner modules, at least six uniform-length support modules, and at least two filler modules. 
     Embodiment 45 
     A modular bed frame assembly of any of Embodiments 43-44, wherein the modular frame assembly comprises four corner modules, at least six uniform-length support modules, and further comprises one or more elongate end modules that have a different configuration from the uniform-length support modules and the corner modules and that span the entire length between corner modules without any gaps. 
     Embodiment 46 
     A modular bed frame assembly of any of Embodiments 43-45, wherein the modular frame assembly further comprises at least two filler modules. 
     Embodiment 47 
     A modular bed frame assembly of any of Embodiments 43-46, wherein at least two of the corner modules have telescoping members, and wherein each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules have substantially the same footprint dimensions, and wherein each of the uniform-length support modules of the plurality of uniform-length support modules have substantially the same footprint dimensions. 
     Embodiment 48 
     A modular bed frame, comprising: a plurality of bed frame modules configured to form a first modular bed frame having a first selected geometry and being reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry, the bed frame modules comprising: one or more rails, and a plurality of corner modules, wherein each of the corner modules of the plurality of corner modules has a length and a width, wherein the length is greater than the width, and wherein each of the corner modules are configured to be selectively repositionable. 
     Embodiment 49 
     The modular bed frame of Embodiment 48, wherein each of the corner modules are configured to be selectively repositionable from a long configuration to a short configuration, wherein, in the long configuration, the length of the corner module is substantially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the rail, and wherein, in the short configuration, the length of the corner module is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rail. 
     Embodiment 50 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-49, wherein the corner modules can be moved to any corner positions of the modular bed frame. 
     Embodiment 51 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-50, wherein the one or more rails include a plurality of slat attachment points configured to receive a plurality of slats. 
     Embodiment 52 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-51, wherein the modular bed frame further comprises an end board that is selectively adjustable from one dimension to another dimension. 
     Embodiment 53 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-52, wherein the end board can be positioned on the modular bed frame to serve as a headboard or footboard. 
     Embodiment 54 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-53 wherein a plurality of slats extend between opposing rails of the modular bed frame, each of the slats comprising: an elongate body having a first end and a second end; and first and second catches disposed at the first end and second end, respectively, of the elongate body; wherein each catch engages a retention member to retain the corresponding slat to the rail; and wherein each catch of a slat is configured to slide back-and-forth relative to the corresponding retention member as a portion of the elongate body between the first end and the second end elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 55 
     The modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-54, wherein: the bed frame comprises one or more securing compartments formed into a top surface of each of the two opposing bed frame rails, wherein each catch of the first and second catches comprises a hooked end, and each catch extends downwardly into one of the one or more securing compartments to retain the slat to the frame, and wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging the retention member, wherein the retention member is disposed above the securing compartment and the catch, the retention member being configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and out of the securing compartment as the portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 56 
     A modular bed frame of any of embodiments 48-55, wherein the retention member comprises a bore extending upward from one of the two opposing bed frame rails, wherein: the catch comprises an elongate opening extending through the elongate body into a terminal end of the first or second end of the slat; and the bore extends upward through the elongate opening to retain the slat to the frame, and wherein the retention member is configured to prevent the catch from disengaging from the frame, the retention member comprising a fastener inserted into the bore, the retention member configured to prevent the catch from lifting up and off of the bore as the middle portion of the slat elastically flexes downward and upward in response to forces intermittently pushing downward on the slat during use. 
     Embodiment 57 
     An adjustable end board configured to be mounted onto a bed frame, the adjustable end board comprising: (1) an adjustable frame assembly, the adjustable frame assembly comprising: (A) first and second upright members, and (B) a moveable connecting system for connecting the first and second upright members to each other such that the distance between the first and second upright members can be selectively adjusted, and (2) one or more panels that are selectively mounted on the frame assembly. 
     Embodiment 58 
     The adjustable end board of embodiment 57, wherein the end board is an adjustable headboard or an adjustable footboard and the one or more panels are decorative panels. 
     Embodiment 59 
     The adjustable end board of any of embodiments 57-58, wherein the adjustable frame assembly of the adjustable end board is configured to be coupled to a modular bed frame, the adjustable frame assembly being configured such that the width of the modular bed frame can be reconfigurable from a first geometry to form a second modular bed frame of a second selected geometry, the end board and the bed frame each configured such that they can be adjusted to have the same width in the first geometry and the same width in the second geometry. 
     Embodiment 60 
     A bed frame system, comprising: (1) a modular end board for use in a bed frame system, the modular end board comprising: (A) an adjustable frame assembly, the adjustable frame assembly comprising: (i) first and second upright members; and (ii) a moveable connecting system for connecting the first and second upright members to each other such that the distance between the first and second upright members can be selectively adjusted; and (B) one or more decorative panels that are selectively mounted onto the frame assembly; and (2) a modular bed frame configured to be coupled to the modular end board, the modular bed frame configured such that the modular bed frame can be reconfigurable from a first geometry to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry, the end board and the bed frame each being configured such that they can be adjusted to each have a corresponding dimension in the first geometry and a corresponding dimension in the second geometry. 
     Embodiment 61 
     A system as recited in embodiment 60, wherein the end board is an adjustable headboard or an adjustable footboard. 
     Embodiment 62 
     A telescoping bed frame, comprising: (i) a plurality of support modules; and (ii) a plurality of corner modules that are movably connected to the support modules, the corner modules each being comprised of a corner member having two ends that are positioned at a substantially transverse angle with respect to each other, each of the ends of a respective corner member being movably coupled to a respective support module, such that each corner module selectively moves with respect to each of the support modules to which it is coupled, such that the telescoping bed frame is configured to form a first modular bed frame having a first selected geometry and is telescopically reconfigurable to form a second modular bed frame having a second selected geometry. 
     Embodiment 63 
     A telescoping bed frame as recited in embodiment 62, wherein the support modules are bed frame rails. 
     The articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements in the preceding descriptions. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. Numbers, percentages, ratios, or other values stated herein are intended to include that value, and also other values that are “about” or “approximately” the stated value, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art encompassed by embodiments of the present disclosure. A stated value should therefore be interpreted broadly enough to encompass values that are at least close enough to the stated value to perform a desired function or achieve a desired result. The stated values include at least the variation to be expected in a suitable manufacturing or production process, and may include values that are within 5%, within 1%, within 0.1%, or within 0.01% of a stated value. 
     A person having ordinary skill in the art should realize in view of the present disclosure that equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that various changes, substitutions, and alterations may be made to embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Equivalent constructions, including functional “means-plus-function” clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function, including both structural equivalents that operate in the same manner, and equivalent structures that provide the same function. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke means-plus-function or other functional claiming for any claim except for those in which the words ‘means for’ appear together with an associated function. Each addition, deletion, and modification to the embodiments that falls within the meaning and scope of the claims is to be embraced by the claims. 
     The terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of a stated amount. Further, it should be understood that any directions or reference frames in the preceding description are merely relative directions or movements. For example, any references to “up” and “down” or “above” or “below” are merely descriptive of the relative position or movement of the related elements. 
     The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.