Patent Publication Number: US-2017360042-A1

Title: Micronized wood preservative formulations in organic carriers

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/161,772 filed Jun. 16, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,640 filed Oct. 5, 2005 (abandoned), which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/618,729 filed Oct. 14, 2004, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention pertains to wood preservation, and more specifically to the use of micronized metals, metal compounds, and organic biocides as wood preservatives. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Wood preserving compositions are used to protect wood and other cellulose-based materials, such as paper, particleboard, textiles, rope, etc., from attack by wood-destroying organisms, such as, for example, fungi, bacteria and insects. Conventional wood preserving compositions often contain inorganic compounds, organic biocides, or both in an organic carrier. Examples of inorganic compounds used heretofore are compounds of copper, zinc, tin, boron, fluoride, etc. Organic biocides used heretofore include insecticides, fungicides, moldicides, algaecides, bactericides, etc. that have been dissolved in an oil-borne carrier. Examples of such compounds are azoles, carbamates, isothiazolinones, thiocyanates, sulfonamides, quaternary phosphonium compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, nitriles, pyridines, etc. The preparation of such compounds in organic carriers is desirable because many organic carriers can impart water repellency and dimensional stability to cellulosic substrates such as wood. However, many inorganic compounds and organic biocides have limited solubility in common and desirable organic carriers, and heretofore, special measures have been taken to overcome the solubility hurdle. For example, inorganic compo have been added to organic carriers as organo-metallic compounds or have been complexed with an organic moiety to enhance its solubility characteristics in a desired organic carrier. Another technique which has been used is the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion in which compounds are dissolved in water as organo-metallic compounds, and the aqueous product is mixed with emulsifying compounds to produce the emulsion. However, these methods do not work for many desirable combinations of inorganic/organic component and organic solvent. Such solutions have remained difficult to prepare. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides compositions and methods for preservation of wood. The composition comprises one or more micronized inorganic compounds, organic biocides, or both, and an organic carrier in which the micronized compounds are of low solubility. As used herein, the term inorganic compounds includes metal compounds, as well as inorganic complexes comprising one or more metal ions which are complexed with organic moieties. 
     A method is provided for the preparation of the composition. The method comprises the steps of providing an organic carrier and an inorganic compound, organic biocide, or both, which are insoluble in the organic carrier, and grinding them into micronized particles in the presence of dispersants and optionally, the carrier, such that a stable dispersion of micronized particles is formed. These compounds are ground by standard techniques known in the art. The inorganic compound/organic biocide particles have a size in the range of 0.001 microns to 25.0 microns. 
     The compositions of the present invention can be impregnated into cellulosic materials such as wood by standard methods, such as vacuum/pressure methods. 
     When such a composition is used for preservation of wood, there is often only minimal leaching if any, of the micronized component(s) upon exposure of the wood to the elements during use, particularly if the micronized component(s) have limited or no solubility in water. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  depicts coniferous wood anatomy. 
         FIG. 2  depicts the border pit structure for coniferous woods. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Disclosed herein is a micronized preservative composition, a method for its preparation, and method for its use thereof in the treatment of cellulosic material, especially wood. The leaching of metal element from the treated wood can be less than that observed with non-micronized compositions currently used in the art. 
     Metals or metal compounds which can be used in the micronized preservative compositions of the present invention in their elemental form or as compounds include transition elements (including the lanthanide and actinide series elements) such as strontium, barium, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, lead, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, zinc, cadmium, silver, nickel, etc. Such compounds should exhibit a relatively low solubility in the organic liquid which is to be used as a carrier. 
     A preferred metal is copper. Accordingly, in one embodiment, copper or copper compounds are used. The copper or copper compounds which can be used include cuprous oxide (a source of copper (I) ions), cupric oxide (a source of copper (II) ions), copper hydroxide, copper carbonate, basic copper carbonate, copper oxychloride, copper 8-hydroxyquinolate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper omadine, copper borate, and copper residues (e.g., copper metal byproducts). 
     Organic biocides such as fungicides, insecticides, moldicides, bactericides, algaecides etc. from chemical classes including azoles, carbamates, isothiazolinones, thiocyanates, sulfenamides, quaternary phosphonium compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, nitriles, pyridines, etc. and mixtures thereof can be used with the present invention and are well known to those skilled in the art. The organic biocides used in the present invention may have varying degrees of solubility, depending upon the organic biocide and carrier which is used. The organic biocide may be either micronized or soluble in the carrier used, with the provision that if the composition does not contain a micronized metal/metal compound component, the organic biocide is present in the carrier as micronized particles. Some non-limiting examples of organic biocides are listed below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 aliphatic nitrogen fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 butylamine; cymoxanil; dodicin; dodine; guazatine; iminoctadine 
               
               
                 amide fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 carpropamid; chloraniformethan; cyazofamid; cyflufenamid; diclocymet; ethaboxam; 
               
               
                 fenoxanil; flumetover; furametpyr; prochloraz; quinazamid; silthiofam; triforine; 
               
               
                 benalaxyl-M; furalaxyl; metalaxyl; metalaxyl-M; pefurazoate; benzohydroxamic acid; 
               
               
                 tioxymid; trichlamide; zarilamid; zoxamide; cyclafuramid; furmecyclox dichlofluanid; 
               
               
                 tolylfluanid benthiavalicarb; iprovalicarb; benalaxyl; benalaxyl-M; boscalid; carboxin; 
               
               
                 fenhexamid; metalaxyl; metalaxyl-M; metsulfovax; ofurace; oxadixyl; oxycarboxin; 
               
               
                 pyracarbolid; thifluzamide; tiadinil; benodanil; flutolanil; mebenil; mepronil; 
               
               
                 salicylanilide; tecloftalam fenfuram; furalaxyl; furcarbanil; methfuroxam flusulfamide 
               
               
                 antibiotic fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 aureofungin; blasticidin-S; cycloheximide; griseofulvin; kasugamycin; natamycin; 
               
               
                 polyoxins; polyoxorim; streptomycin; validamycin; azoxystrobin; dimoxystrobin; 
               
               
                 fluoxastrobin; kresoxim-methyl; metominostrobin; orysastrobin; picoxystrobin; 
               
               
                 pyraclostrobin; trifloxystrobin 
               
               
                 aromatic fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 biphenyl chlorodinitronaphthalene; chloroneb; chlorothalonil; cresol; dicloran; 
               
               
                 hexachlorobenzene; pentachlorophenol; quintozene; sodium pentachlorophenoxide; 
               
               
                 tecnazene 
               
               
                 benzimidazole fungicide, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 benomyl; carbendazim; chlorfenazole; cypendazole; debacarb; fuberidazole; mecarbinzid 
               
               
                 rabenzazole; thiabendazole 
               
               
                 benzimidazole precursor fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 furophanate; thiophanate; thiophanate-methyl 
               
               
                 benzothiazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bentaluron; chlobenthiazone; TCMTB 
               
               
                 bridged diphenyl fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bithionol; dichlorophen; diphenylamine 
               
               
                 carbamate fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 benthiavalicarb; furophanat; eiprovalicarb; propamocarb; thiophanate; thiophanate-methyl; 
               
               
                 benomyl; carbendazim; cypendazole; debacarb; mecarbinzid; diethofencarb 
               
               
                 conazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 climbazole; clotrimazole; imazalil; oxpoconazole; prochloraz; azaconazole; triflumizole 
               
               
                 bromuconazole; cyproconazole; diclobutrazol; difenoconazole; diniconazole; 
               
               
                 diniconazole-M; epoxiconazole; etaconazole; fenbuconazole; fluquinconazole; flusilazole 
               
               
                 flutriafol; furconazole; furconazole-cis; hexaconazole; imibenconazole; ipconazole; 
               
               
                 metconazole; myclobutanil; penconazole; propiconazole; prothioconazole; quinconazole; 
               
               
                 simeconazole; tebuconazole; tetraconazole; triadimefon; triadimenol; triticonazole; 
               
               
                 uniconazole; uniconazole-P 
               
               
                 dicarboximide fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 famoxadone; fluoroimide; chlozolinate; dichlozoline; iprodione; isovaledione; myclozolin; 
               
               
                 procymidone; vinclozolin; captafol; captan; ditalimfos; folpet; thiochlorfenphim 
               
               
                 dinitrophenol fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 binapacryl; dinobuton; dinocap; dinocap-4; dinocap-6; dinocton; dinopenton; dinosulfon; 
               
               
                 dinoterbon; DNOC 
               
               
                 dithiocarbamate fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 azithiram; carbamorph; cufraneb; cuprobam; disulfiram; ferbam; metam; nabam; tecoram 
               
               
                 thiram; ziram; dazomet; etem; milneb; mancopper; mancozeb; maneb; metiram 
               
               
                 polycarbamate; propineb; zineb 
               
               
                 imidazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 cyazofamid; fenamidone; fenapani; l glyodin; iprodione; isovaledione; pefurazoate; 
               
               
                 triazoxide 
               
               
                 morpholine fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 aldimorp; h benzamorf; carbamorph; dimethomorph; dodemorph; fenpropimorph; 
               
               
                 flumorph; tridemorph 
               
               
                 organophosphorus fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 ampropylfos; ditalimfos; edifenphos; fosetyl; hexylthiofos; iprobenfos; phosdiphen; 
               
               
                 pyrazophos; tolclofos-methyl triamiphos 
               
               
                 oxathiin fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 carboxin; oxycarboxin 
               
               
                 oxazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 chlozolinate; dichlozoline; drazoxolon; famoxadone; hymexazol; metazoxolon; 
               
               
                 myclozolin; oxadixyl; vinclozolin 
               
               
                 pyridine fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 boscalid; buthiobate; dipyrithione; fluazinam; pyridinitril; pyrifenox; pyroxychlor; 
               
               
                 pyroxyfur 
               
               
                 pyrimidine fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bupirimate; cyprodinil; diflumetorim; dimethirimol; ethirimol; fenarimol; ferimzone; 
               
               
                 mepanipyrim; nuarimol; pyrimethanil; triarimol 
               
               
                 pyrrole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 fenpiclonil; fludioxonil; fluoroimide 
               
               
                 quinoline fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 ethoxyquin; halacrinate; 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate; quinacetol; quinoxyfen; 
               
               
                 quinone fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 benquinox; chloranil; dichlone; dithianon 
               
               
                 quinoxaline fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 chinomethionat; chlorquinox; thioquinox 
               
               
                 thiazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 ethaboxam; etridiazole; metsulfovax; octhilinone; thiabendazole; thiadifluor; thifluzamide 
               
               
                 thiocarbamate fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 methasulfocarb; prothiocarb 
               
               
                 thiophene fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 ethaboxam; silthiofam 
               
               
                 triazine fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 anilazine 
               
               
                 triazole fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bitertanol; fluotrimazole; triazbutil 
               
               
                 urea fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bentaluron; pencycuron; quinazamid 
               
               
                 Other fungicides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 acibenzolar; acypetacs; allyl alcohol; benzalkonium chloride; benzamacril; bethoxazin; 
               
               
                 carvone; chloropicrin; DBCP; dehydroacetic acid; diclomezine; diethyl pyrocarbonate; 
               
               
                 fenaminosulf; fenitropan; fenpropidin; formaldehyde; furfural; hexachlorobutadiene; 
               
               
                 iodomethane; isoprothiolane; methyl bromide; methyl isothiocyanate; metrafenone; 
               
               
                 nitrostyrene; nitrothal-isopropyl OCH; 2 phenylphenol; phthalide; piperalin; probenazole; 
               
               
                 proquinazid; pyroquilon; sodium orthophenylphenoxide; spiroxamine; sultropen; 
               
               
                 thicyofen; tricyclazole; methyl isothiocyanate 
               
               
                 antibiotic insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 allosamidin; thuringiensin; spinosad; abamectin; doramectin; emamectin; eprinomectin 
               
               
                 ivermectin; selamectin; milbemectin; milbemycin oxime; moxidectin 
               
               
                 botanical insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 anabasine; azadirachtin; d-limonene; nicotine; pyrethrins; cinerins; cinerin I; cinerin II; 
               
               
                 jasmolin; jasmolin II; pyrethrin I; pyrethrin II; quassia; rotenone; ryania; sabadilla 
               
               
                 carbamate insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bendiocarb; carbaryl; benfuracarb; carbofuran; carbosulfan; decarbofuran; furathiocarb 
               
               
                 dimetan; dimetilan; hyquincarb; pirimicarb; alanycarb; aldicarb; aldoxycarb; 
               
               
                 butocarboxim; butoxycarboxim; methomyl; nitrilacarb; oxamyl; tazimcarb; thiocarboxime 
               
               
                 thiodicarb; thiofanox; allyxycarb; aminocarb; bufencarb; butacarb; carbanolate; 
               
               
                 cloethocarb; dicresyl; dioxacarb; EMPC; ethiofencarb; fenethacarb; fenobucarb; 
               
               
                 isoprocarb; methiocarb; metolcarb; mexacarbate; promacyl; promecarb; propoxur; 
               
               
                 trimethacarb; XMC; xylylcarb 
               
               
                 dinitrophenol insecticides; such as, for example: 
               
               
                 dinex; dinoprop; dinosam; DNOC; cryolite; sodium hexafluorosilicate; sulfluramid 
               
               
                 formamidine insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 amitraz; chlordimeform; formetanate; formparanate 
               
               
                 fumigant insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 acrylonitrile; carbon disulfide; carbon tetrachloride; chloroform; chloropicrin; para- 
               
               
                 dichlorobenzene; 1,2-dichloropropane; ethyl formate; ethylene dibromide; ethylene 
               
               
                 dichloride; ethylene oxide; hydrogen cyanide; iodomethane; methyl bromide; 
               
               
                 methylchloroform; methylene chloride; naphthalene; phosphine; sulfuryl fluoride; 
               
               
                 tetrachloroethane 
               
               
                 insect growth regulators, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bistrifluron; buprofezin; chlorfluazuron; cyromazine; diflubenzuron; flucycloxuron; 
               
               
                 flufenoxuron; hexaflumuron; lufenuron; novaluron; noviflumuron; penfluron; 
               
               
                 teflubenzuron; triflumuron; epofenonane; fenoxycarb; hydroprene; kinoprene; 
               
               
                 methoprene; pyriproxyfen; triprene; juvenile hormone I; juvenile hormone II; juvenile 
               
               
                 hormone III; chromafenozide; halofenozide; methoxyfenozide; tebufenozide; α-ecdysone; 
               
               
                 ecdysterone; diofenolan; precocene I; precocene II; precocene III; dicyclanil 
               
               
                 nereistoxin analogue insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bensultap; cartap; thiocyclam; thiosultap; flonicamid; clothianidin; dinotefuran; 
               
               
                 imidacloprid; thiamethoxam; nitenpyram; nithiazine; acetamiprid; imidacloprid; 
               
               
                 nitenpyram; thiacloprid 
               
               
                 organochlorine insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bromo-DDT; camphechlor; DDT; pp′-DDT; ethyl-DDD; HCH; gamma-HCH; lindane; 
               
               
                 methoxychlor; pentachlorophenol; TDE; aldrin; bromocyclen; chlorbicyclen; chlordane; 
               
               
                 chlordecone; dieldrin; dilor; endosulfan; endrin; HEOD; heptachlor; HHDN; isobenzan; 
               
               
                 isodrin; kelevan; mirex 
               
               
                 organophosphorus insecticides 
               
               
                 bromfenvinfos; chlorfenvinphos; crotoxyphos; dichlorvos; dicrotophos; dimethylvinphos; 
               
               
                 fospirate; heptenophos; methocrotophos; mevinphos; monocrotophos; naled; naftalofos; 
               
               
                 phosphamidon; propaphos; schradan; TEPP; tetrachlorvinphos; dioxabenzofos; 
               
               
                 fosmethilan; phenthoate; acethion; amiton; cadusafos; chlorethoxyfos; chlormephos; 
               
               
                 demephion; demephion-O; demephion-S; demeton; demeton-O; demeton-S; demeton- 
               
               
                 methyl; demeton-O-methyl; demeton-S-methyl; demeton-S-methylsulphon; disulfoton; 
               
               
                 ethion; ethoprophos; IPSP; isothioate; malathion; methacrifos; oxydemeton-methyl; 
               
               
                 oxydeprofos; oxydisulfoton; phorate; sulfotep; terbufos; thiometon; amidithion; 
               
               
                 cyanthoate; dimethoate; ethoate-methyl; formothion; mecarbam; omethoate; prothoate; 
               
               
                 sophamide; vamidothion; chlorphoxim; phoxim; phoxim-methyl; azamethiphos; 
               
               
                 coumaphos; coumithoate; dioxathion; endothion; menazon; morphothion; phosalone; 
               
               
                 pyraclofos; pyridaphenthion; quinothion; dithicrofos; thicrofos; azinphos-ethyl; azinphos- 
               
               
                 methyl; dialifos; phosmet; isoxathion; zolaprofos; chlorprazophos; pyrazophos; 
               
               
                 chlorpyrifos; chlorpyrifos-methyl; butathiofos; diazinon; etrimfos; lirimfos; pirimiphos- 
               
               
                 ethyl; pirimiphos-methyl; primidophos; pyrimitate; tebupirimfos; quinalphos; quinalphos- 
               
               
                 methyl; athidathion; lythidathion; methidathion; prothidathion; isazofos; triazophos; 
               
               
                 azothoate; bromophos; bromophos-ethyl; carbophenothion; chlorthiophos; cyanophos; 
               
               
                 cythioate; dicapthon; dichlofenthion; etaphos; famphur; fenchlorphos; fenitrothion; 
               
               
                 fensulfothion; fenthion; fenthion-ethyl; heterophos; jodfenphos; mesulfenfos; parathion; 
               
               
                 parathion-methyl; phenkapton; phosnichlor; profenofos; prothiofos; sulprofos; 
               
               
                 temephos; trichlormetaphos-3; trifenofos; butonate; trichlorfon; mecarphon; fonofos; 
               
               
                 trichloronat; cyanofenphos; EPN; leptophos; crufomate; fenamiphos; fosthietan; 
               
               
                 mephosfolan; phosfolan; pirimetaphos; acephate; isocarbophos; isofenphos; 
               
               
                 methamidophos; propetamphos; dimefox; mazidox; dimefox; mazidox; mipafox 
               
               
                 oxadiazine insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 indoxacarb 
               
               
                 phthalimide insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 dialifos; phosmet; tetramethrin 
               
               
                 pyrazole insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 acetoprole; ethiprole; fipronil; tebufenpyrad; tolfenpyrad; vaniliprole 
               
               
                 pyrethroid insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 acrinathrin; allethrin; bioallethrin; barthrin; bifenthrin; bioethanomethrin; cyclethrin; 
               
               
                 cycloprothrin; cyfluthrin; beta-cyfluthrin; cyhalothrin; gamma-cyhalothrin; lambda- 
               
               
                 cyhalothrin; cypermethrin; alpha-cypermethrin; beta-cypermethrin; theta-cypermethrin; 
               
               
                 zeta-cypermethrin; cyphenothrin; deltamethrin; dimefluthrin; dimethrin; empenthrin; 
               
               
                 fenfluthrin; fenpirithrin; fenpropathrin; fenvalerate; esfenvalerate; flucythrinate; 
               
               
                 fluvalinate; tau-fluvalinate; furethrin; imiprothrin; permethrin; metofluthrin; 
               
               
                 biopermethrin; transpermethrin; phenothrin; prallethrin; profluthrin; pyresmethrin; 
               
               
                 resmethrin; bioresmethrin; cismethrin; tefluthrin; terallethrin; tetramethrin; tralomethrin; 
               
               
                 transfluthrin; etofenprox; flufenprox; halfenprox; protrifenbute; silafluofen 
               
               
                 pyrimidinamine insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 flufenerim; pyrimidifen 
               
               
                 pyrrole insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 chlorfenapyr 
               
               
                 tetronic acid insecticide, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 spiromesifen 
               
               
                 thiourea insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 diafenthiuron 
               
               
                 urea insecticide, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 flucofuron; sulcofuron 
               
               
                 Other insecticides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 closantel; crotamiton; EXD; fenazaflor; fenoxacrim; hydramethylnon; isoprothiolane; 
               
               
                 malonoben; metoxadiazone; nifluridide; pyridaben; pyridalyl; rafoxanide; triarathene; 
               
               
                 triazamate 
               
               
                 Bactericides, such as, for example: 
               
               
                 bronopol, cresol, dichlorophen, dipyrithione; dodicin; fenaminosulf; formaldehyde; 
               
               
                 hydrargaphen; 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate; kasugamycin; nitrapyrin; octhilinone; 
               
               
                 oxolinic acid; oxytetracycline; probenazole; streptomycin; tecloftalam; thiomersal 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The ambit of the present invention includes the use of the above compounds and biocides in micronized form. The term “micronized” as used herein means a particle size in the range of 0.001 to 25 microns. The term “particle size” refers to the largest axis of the particle, and in the case of a generally spherical particle, the largest axis is the diameter. The micronized particles can be obtained by wetting/dispersing and grinding the inorganic compounds, with or without organic carriers, using a grinding mill. However, it should be understood that “micronized” does not refer only to particles which have been produced by the finely dividing, such as by mechanical grinding, of materials which are in bulk or other form, but to particles in the foregoing size range, whether they are ground from larger stock, precipitated out of solution, formed using nanotechnological methods, formed in situ, etc. 
     It is preferred that the particles be formed in the presence of dispersants, such as stabilizers, wetting agents, surfactants, etc., such that a stable particle dispersion is formed. Standard dispersants can be used, such as acrylic copolymers, polymers with pigment affinic groups or other modifications which give them affinity for the micronized component(s) (“modified”). Other dispersants are modified polyacrylate, acrylic polymer emulsions, modified lignin, organically modified polysiloxane, modified polyurethane, polycarboxylate ether, modified fatty acids and fatty acid esters, modified polyether, modified polyamides, and the like. 
     A “dispersion” of micronized particles should be interpreted to encompass situations in which particles are present with sizes outside the micronized range. However, it is preferred that greater than 80 wt % of the particles have diameters in the micronized range, and even more preferred that greater than 60 wt % of the micronized particles have a size of between 0.05 to 1.0 microns. 
     All embodiments contain at least one metal/metal compound or organic biocide which is present as a micronized dispersion. When the composition comprises both types of components, either can be present in micronized form. In one embodiment, both the inorganic compound component and the organic biocide component are present as micronized particles. 
     For the purposes herein, an inorganic compound or an organic biocide component will generally be considered to have the ability to be present in a wood preservative solution as micronized particles (i.e., little or no dissolution in the carrier), if the compound has a solubility in the organic carrier of less than or equal to 0.5 g per 100 grams of carrier at 25° C. More preferred is a solubility of less than or equal to 0.1 g per 100 grams of carrier at 25° C. 
     The compositions of the present invention can be prepared and stored as a concentrate, if desired, which can be diluted with an appropriate reconstituent to give a solution having a desired concentration of micronized component for applying to wood. Included within the ambit of the present invention are situations in which the organic carrier used to reconstitute a concentrate solution is different from the organic carrier which is present in the concentrate. Such a situation may arise, for example, if further dilution with the same organic carrier which is in the concentrate would cause appreciable dissolution of the micronized inorganic component. A second organic carrier may have properties which are more suited to the application for which the composition is to be used than the carrier which makes up the concentrate. 
     Compositions which contain extremely high weight percent of micronized particles may be of high viscosity, and such solutions may require measures such as high pressures to ensure penetration. However, viscosity of the composition is dependent upon the chosen carrier as well as the identity of the micronized component, and it is within the abilities of one skilled in the art to dilute or otherwise reduce the concentration of micronized component if excessive viscosity prevents or inhibits penetration. As a rule, solutions having a micronized particle wt % in excess of 50 wt % may require the use of high pressures to achieve significant penetration. However, a solution which is a concentrate which is intended for dilution before use may have a wt % of micronized particles which is even higher than 50 wt %. 
     In general, the wood preservative solution can have a micronized particle wt % as high as 85 wt % or as low as 0.00001 wt %, although for some applications, concentrations outside this range may be appropriate. The foregoing range includes both ready-to-apply solutions and concentrates. 
     In the compositions of the present invention it can be desirable to use components in addition to the inorganic compound, organic biocide and organic carrier components in order to enhance the performance of the wood preservative solution. Such components may be used as dispersants, defoamers, weathering agents, colorants, etc. 
     The preservative solutions of the present invention can be prepared in a variety of ways. The component or components which are to be present as micronized particles in the preservative solution (the “solid component”) can be added to the carrier as a dispersion of micronized particles in a liquid phase, or they can be added to the carrier as large particulate or other solid form before grinding the particles to micronized size, preferably in the presence of dispersants. Solid components can be added as large particulate for later grinding, or as micronized particulate. If desired, micronized solids can be added directly to a carrier which contains a dispersant. The micronized particles can be obtained by grinding a metal/metal compounds or organic biocide component in the presence of a wetting agent and/or a dispersant using a commercially available grinding mill in the absence or presence of a solution. It is convenient to grind the particles in the presence of a carrier and a dispersant such that the suspension is formed in the carrier without the additional step of adding the dispersion to the carrier. Alternatively, micronized compounds may also be purchased from commercial sources and, if needed, ground further, optionally in the absence of the carrier. 
     The micronized compounds and biocides in an organic carrier can form a finely dispersed suspension with or without addition of a thickener. The resulting dispersion can optionally be mixed with a variety of biocides which are soluble in the carrier. 
     For preparing the compositions of the present invention, the soluble components can be added to the organic carrier prior to, during or after the micronization of the components. In one embodiment, micronized particles can be first made (by any suitable means) and then dispersed in the carrier. Other compounds and biocides, such as organic or inorganic biocides, soluble or insoluble, can be added to the dispersion, if desired. 
     Heretofore, technology has typically required the addition of an organic co-solvent or chelating agent to solubilize or complex the copper or other inorganic or organic biocides into an organic carrier. Disadvantages of the typical approach used in the art include the limited number of inorganic and/or organic biocides that are suitable for use in the standard organic solvent systems currently accepted by the wood preserving industry. Some biocides would require solvents that have dangerously low flash points or have significant health or environmental hazards associated with their use. Furthermore, using current technologies, metal or biocide components may be prone to leaching. The use of the present invention allows the addition of a variety of inorganic and organic biocides to carrier systems which comply with the Standard P9 (Standards for Solvents and Formulations for Organic Preservative Systems) of the American Wood Preservers Association. 
     This invention also allows the addition of performance enhancing non-biocidal products such as water repellants, colorants, emulsifying agents, dispersants, stabilizers, UV inhibitors, drying agents, polymer systems and the like disclosed herein to further enhance the performance of the system or the appearance and performance of the resulting treated products. 
     The ambit of the present invention includes the use of a wide range of organic carriers. Non-limiting examples of organic carriers that can be used, either alone, or as mixtures, as solubility allows, include: 
     Amines such as, for example: Diamylamine, Diethylamine, Diisopropylamine, Dimethylethylamine, Di-n-Butylamine, Mono-2-Ethylhexyamine, Monoamylamine, Monoethylamine 70%, Monoisopropylamine, Anhy., Mono-n-Butylamine, Triamylamine, Triethylamine, Tri-n-Butylamine, Dibutylaminoethanol, Diethylaminoethanol, Diethylaminoethoxyethanol, Diisopropylaminoethanol, Dimethylamino-2P,77% Mixed, Dimethylamino-2-P, Anhy., Dimethylaminocthanol, Dimethylaminoethoxyethanol, Ethylaminoethanol, Ethylaminoethanol, Mixed, Isopropylaminoethanol, Isopropylaminoethanol, Mixed, Methyldiethanolamine, Monomethylaminoethanol, Mono-n-Propylaminoethanol, n-Butylaminoethanol, n-Butyldiethanolamine, n-Butyldiethanolamine, Photo, t-Butylaminoethanol, t-butyldiethanolamine, Diethanolamine, Monoethanolemine, Triethanolamine, Tricthanolamine 85%/99%, Diisopropanolamine, Monoisopropanolamine, Triisopropanolamine, Aminoethylethanolamine, Aminoethylpiperazine, Diethylenetriamine, Ethylenediamine, Piperazine 65%/Anhy., Piperazine, Tetraethylenepentamine, Triethylenetetramine, 3-Methoxypropylamine, AMP® Regular/95, Cyclohexylamine, Morpholine, Neutrol TE®; 
     Glycols, such as, for example: Diethykne Glycol, Dipropylene Glycol, Ethylene Glycol, Glycerine 96%, 99%, U.S.P., Glycerine, Hexylene Glycol, Neol® Neopentyiglycol, Polyethylene Glycol, Polypropylene Glycol, Propylene Glycol Ind., U.S.P., Tetraethylene Glycol, Triethylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol; Ketones such as, for example: Acetone, Cyclohexanone, Diacetone, DIBK-Diisobutyl Ketone, Isophorone, MAK-Methyl Amyl Ketone, MEK-Methyl Ethyl Ketone, MIAK-Methyl Isoamyl Ketone, MIBK-Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, MPK-Methyl Propyl Ketone; 
     Esters such as, for example: Amyl Acetate, Dibasic Ester, Ethyl Acetate, 2 Ethyl Hexyl Acetate, Ethyl Propionate, Exxate® Acetate Esters, Isobutyl Acetate, Isobutyl Isobuterate, Isopropyl Acetate, n-Butyl Acetate, n-Butyl Propionate, n-Pentyl Propionate, n-Propyl Acetate; 
     Alcohols such as, for example: Amyl Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Cyclohexanol, Ethyl Alcohol-Denatured, 2-Ethyl Hexanol, Exxal 8® Isooctyl Alcohol, Exxal 10® Isodecyl Alcohol, Exxal 13® Tridecyl Alcohol, Furfuryl Alcohol, Isobutyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol 99% Anhy, Methanol, Methyl Amyl Alcohol (MIBC), n-Butyl Alcohol, n-Propyl Alcohol, Neodol® Linear Alcohol, Secondary Butyl Alcohol, Tertiary Butyl Alcohol, Tetrahydrofbrfuryl Alcohol, Texanol Ester Alcohol®, UCAR Filmer IBT®; 
     Halogenated Carriers such as, for example: Methylene Chloride, Monochlorobenzene, Orthodichlorobenzene, Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Vertrel® Hydrofluorocarbon; 
     Aliphatic Carriers such as, for example: Heptane, Hexane, Kerosene, Lacquer Diluent, Mineral Seal Oil, Mineral Spirits, n-Pentane, OMS-Odorless Mineral Spirits, Rubber Solvent, 140 Solvent, 360 Solvent, Textile Spirits®, VM&amp;P; 
     Aromatic Carriers such as, for example: Aromatic 100, Aromatic 150, Aromatic 200, Heavy Aromatic Solvent, Panasol®, Toluene, Xylene; 
     Terpene Carriers such as, for example: Alpha-Pinene, Wood, Dipentene 122®, D-Limonene, Herco® Pine Oil, Solvenol®, Steam Distilled Turpentine, Terpineol®, Yarmor® 302,302-W Pine Oil; 
     Other carriers, including, for example: mineral oil, linseed oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, methoxypropyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, castor oil, Arconate HP® Propylene Carbonate, #2 fuel oil, Cypar® Cyclopraffin Solvent, DMF—dimethyl formamide, formamide, Exxprint® Ink Oil/Solvent, furfural, Isopar® Isoparaffin Solvent, MTBE—methyl tert-butyl ether, NMP—N-methyl pyrrolidone, Norpar® Normal Paraffin Solvent, Proglyde DMM® Glycol Diether, THF—tetrahydrofuran, Varsol® Aliphatic Solvent. 
     Also important is the penetration of the dispersed formulation into the cellular structure of the wood or other cellulose-based material. If the solids used in formulating the dispersion formulation disclosed herein have a particle size in excess of 30 microns, the particles may be filtered by the surface of the wood and thus may not be uniformly distributed within the cell and cell wall.  FIG. 1  depicts the anatomy of coniferous wood. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the primary entry and movement of fluids through wood tissue occurs primarily through the tracheids and border pits. Tracheids have a diameter of about thirty microns. Fluids are transferred between wood cells by means of border pits. 
     The overall diameter of the border pit chambers typically varies from a several microns up to thirty microns while, the diameter of the pit openings (via the microfibrils) typically varies from several hundredths of a micron to several microns.  FIG. 2  depicts the border pit structure for coniferous woods. 
     Particle sizes of the metal or low water solubility organic biocide used in the composition which exceed 30 microns tend to be filtered by the surface of the wood, thus not attaining a desired penetration and fluid flow through the wood tissue. 
     In one embodiment particle size of the micronized particles used in the dispersion formulation disclosed herein can have a long axis dimension (“size”) between 0.001-25 microns. In another embodiment, the particle size is between 0.001-10 microns. In another embodiment, the particle size is between 0.01 to 10 microns. If superior uniformity of penetration is desired, particle size of the additive used in the dispersion formulation disclosed herein should be between 0.01-1 microns. 
     In addition to a recommended upper limit of 25 microns, Particles which are too small can leach out of the wood over time. It is thus generally recommended that the particulate additive comprise particles which have diameters which are not less than 0.001 microns. 
     Particles which are too large can clog the wood, preventing it from taking in other particles and particles which are too small can leach from the wood. Thus particle size distributional parameters can affect the uniformity of particle distribution in the wood, as well as the leaching properties of treated wood. It is thus preferable to use particle size distributions which contain relatively few particle sizes outside the range of 0.001 to 25 microns. It is preferred that no more than 20 weight percent of the particles have diameters which are greater than 25 microns. Because smaller particles have an increased chance of leaching from the wood, it is also preferred that no more than 20 wt % of the particles have diameters under 0.001 microns. Regardless of the foregoing recommendations, it is generally preferred that greater than 80 wt % of the particles have a diameter in the range of 0.001 to 25 microns. In more preferred embodiments, greater than 85, 90, 95 or 99 wt % particles are in the range of 0.001 to 25 microns. 
     For increased degree of penetration and uniformity of distribution, at least 50 wt % of the particles should have diameters which are less than 10 microns. More preferred are particle distributions which have at least 65 wt % of the particles with sizes of less than 10 microns. In additional embodiments, less than 20 wt % of the particles have diameters of less than 1 micron. 
     The following examples are provided to further describe certain embodiment of the disclosure but are in no way limiting to the scope of disclosure. Examples 1 through 5 demonstrate the formulation of the concentrated dispersions of copper compounds, copper compounds and various organic biocides, or organic biocides in an organic carrier. Examples 6 through 13 demonstrate the preparation and use of treating fluids containing micronized dispersions for the treatment of wood. 
     Example 1 
     This example demonstrates the preparation of a dispersion of a micronized metal compound according to the present invention. Five hundred (500.0) grams of copper hydroxide were added to a container containing 1091.7 grams white mineral spirits and 125.0 grams of dispersants/wetting agents. The mixture was mechanically stirred for 5 minutes and then placed in a grinding mill. The sample was ground for about 30 minutes, and a stable dispersion containing about 30 wt % copper hydroxide was obtained with an average particle size of 0.195 micrometers. 
     Example 2 
     This example demonstrates the preparation of a dispersion of a micronized metal compound according to the present invention. One thousand (1000.0) grams of basic copper carbonate was mixed with 2158.3 grams of #2 fuel oil and 175.0 grams of wetting agents/dispersants. The mixture was mechanically stirred for 10 minutes. The mixture was then placed in a grinding mill and ground for about 20 minutes. A stable dispersion was obtained with an average particle size of 0.199 micrometers. 
     Example 3 
     This example demonstrates the preparation of a dispersion containing a micronized metal compound and a micronized organic biocide according to the present invention. One thousand (1000.0) grams of basic copper hydroxide and 20 grams of tebuconazole were mixed with 3780 grams of mineral spirits and 200 grams of wetting agents/dispersants. The mixture was mechanically stirred for about 10 minutes. The mixture was then placed in a grinding mill and ground for about 30 minutes. A stable dispersion containing 25 wt/basic copper carbonate and 0.5 wt %/tebuconazole was obtained with an average particle size of 0.200 micrometers. 
     Example 4 
     This example demonstrates the preparation of a dispersion of a micronized metal compound according to the present invention. Three hundred (300) grams of copper 8-hydroxyquinolate (Cu-8) were mixed with 855 grams n-butyl acetate and 90.0 grams of dispersants. The mixture was mechanically mixed for about 5 minutes and placed in a grinding mill. The mixture was ground for about 30 minutes and a stable dispersion containing 25 wt % Cu-8 was obtained with an average particle size of 0.282 micrometers. 
     Example 5 
     Five hundred (500.0) grams of tebuconazole and 80.0 grams of bifenthrin were mixed with 800.0 g of #2 fuel oil and 300.08 g of dispenants. The mixture was mechanically mixed for about 10 minutes and then transferred into a grinding mill. The mixture was ground for about 45 minutes and a stable dispersion was achieved with a concentration of tebuconazole of 29.8 wt % and bifenthrin of 4.8 wt %. 
     Example 6 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention. The cupric hydroxide dispersion from Example 1 (38.5 g) was mixed with 7.5 g of N, N-dimethyl-1-dodecylamine-N-oxide (AO) and 2954.0 g of mineral spirits to produce a preservative treating fluid containing 0.385 wt % cupric hydroxide and 0.25 wt % AO. The fluid was then used to treat 2″×4″×10″ samples of southern pine sapwood using an initial vacuum of 28″ Hg for 15 minutes, followed by a pressure cycle of 135 psi for 25 minutes and a final vacuum of 27″ Hg for 10 minutes. The resulting treated wood was weighed and found to have doubled its weight Treated sample was cut and the cross sections sprayed with a copper indicator to determine copper penetration following the procedure described in American Wood Preservers&#39; Association Standard A3-00, and the blue color indicates the presence of copper. 
     Example 7 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention. Fifty (50.0) g basic copper carbonate dispersion from Example 3 were mixed with 2942.5 g of mineral spirits and 7.5 g of didecyldimethylammonium chloride. The product was mixed until uniformly dispersed and the treating solution containing the following compositions: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Components 
                 Percent 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Cupric Oxide 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A southern pine stake measuring 1.5″×3.5″×10″ was placed in a laboratory retort with a vacuum of 27″ Hg for 15 minutes. The treating solution was then pumped into the retort and the retort pressurized to 130 psi for 30 minutes. The solution was drained from the retort and the test stake weighed. Based on the weight pickup, the test stake doubled its weight and showed uniform penetration of the cupric oxide throughout the wood cross section. 
     Example 8 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention, as well as their ability to preserve wood. A preservative treating formulation was prepared by adding 0.15 kg of copper carbonate dispersion from Example 2 to 0.025 kg of N, N-dimethyl-1-hexadecylamine-N-oxide and 4.825 kg of #2 fuel oil. This fluid was allowed to mix until a homogenous fluid was prepared. This fluid was used to treat southern pine test stakes by the full-cell process. The resulting stakes showed a uniform distribution of copper throughout the wood cells and were found to be resistant to decay and insect attack. 
     Example 9 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention, as well as their ability to preserve wood. A preservative treating composition was prepared by adding 0.1 kg of dispersion from Example 3 to 4.9 kg of #2 fuel oil. The resulting fluid contained 0.50 wt % copper hydoxide and 0.01 wt % tebuconazole. This fluid was then used to treat full-size lumber using the full-cell process wherein the wood is initially placed under a vacuum of 30″ Hg for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of the treating solution. The system was then pressurized for 30 minutes at 110 psi. A final vacuum of 28″ Hg for 30 minutes is applied to the wood to remove residual liquid. The wood is found to contain a uniform distribution of copper throughout the cross sections and is resistant to fungal and insect attack. 
     Example 10 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention, as well as their ability to preserve wood. Fifty-four grams of dispersion from Example 3 and 7.58 of N, N-dimethyl-1-hexadecylamine-N-oxide (AO) (an organic biocide) were mixed with 2938.5 grams of #2 fuel oil to obtain a preservative treating fluid containing 0.45% copper hydroxide, 0.009 wt % tebuconazole and 0.25 wt % AO. The resulting fluid is used to treat red pine lumber using a modified full-cell process. The resulting stakes are air-dried and found to a uniform distribution of copper throughout the cross sections and are resistant to fungal and insect attack. 
     Example 11 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention, as well as their ability to preserve wood. This example also demonstrates the reconstitution of a concentrate containing an organic carrier which is different than the organic carrier which is used to reconstitute. A preservative treating fluid was prepared by adding 16.0 g of Cu 8-hydroxyquinolate (Cu-8) dispersion from Example 4 to 3984.0 g of #2 fuel oil. The resulting fluid contained 0.1 wt % Cu-8. The fluid was used to treat southern pine lumber using a full cell process. The treated stakes are oven dried and found to contain a uniform distribution of particles throughout the cross sections and are resistant to fungal and insect attack. 
     Example 12 
     This example demonstrates the uniform penetration achievable with the preservative compositions of the present invention, as well as their ability to preserve wood. A preservative treating fluid was prepared by mixing 175 g concentrated dispersion containing 20 wt % copper carbonate and 0.5 wt % cyproconazole with 3325.0 g methoxypropyl acetate. The resulting solution contains 1.0% copper carbonate and 0.025% cyproconazole and is used to treat southern pine lumber using a full cell process. The treated stakes are oven dried and found to contain a uniform distribution of copper and cyproconazole throughout the cross sections and are resistant to fungal and insect attack. 
     Example 13 
     A preservative treating fluid was prepared by mixing 1.70 g concentrate from Example 5 with 998.3 g of #2 fuel oil. The resulting solution contains 0.05 wt % tebuconazole and 0.008 wt % bifenthrin is used to treat southern pine lumber using a full cell process. The treated stakes are oven dried and the exposed to fungal species and Formosan subterranean termite. The testing results indicate that the treated wood is resistant to fungal and insect attack.