Patent Publication Number: US-4322444-A

Title: Method for de-hulling cacao beans

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 951,728 filed Oct. 16, 1978, now abandoned. 
    
    
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT 
     British Pat. No. 1,379,116 discloses a form of apparatus suitable for use in the process of the invention and its disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the processing of cacao beans, or cocoa beans as they are otherwise called. The first main step in such processing is the removal of the skins or shells, commonly referred to as &#34;de-hulling&#34;. This is normally carried out by a process of mechanical abrasion and cracking, which assists in releasing the skins from the beans which are then subsequently separated out by a winnowing process. The mechanical abrasion and cracking stage, may be preceded by pre-roasting of the beans. This is intended to assist the subsequent mechanical treatment, but also makes it more critical in that it involves the risk of producing quantities of small particles and powder which are difficult to separate from the particles of shell. Moreover it imparts an unacceptable smoky taint to the nib or de-hulled bean and causes a loss of fat from the bean to the shell. 
     Another possible variation in the processing lies in the use of micro-waves for the pre-treatment of the beans. Although appearing promising, this is no quicker than any other form of pre-roasting, e.g. four to ten minutes, and has the disadvantage of roasting the whole bean from the inside out. This leads to considerable fat loss to the shell and difficulty in the subsequent processing of the beans. 
     With previous methods of processing a typical nib yield has been 81% of the raw bean weight and the highest yield obtainable has been of the order of 83%. Whatever the method of processing, a constant problem arises from the presence of rodent hairs and insect fragments adhering to the raw beans and which tend to find their way through the winnowing machine into the nibs, thus causing considerable difficulties of hygiene. Similar hygiene problems arise from the presence of moulds, yeasts and bacteria. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The general objects of the present invention are to improve the processing of cacao beans with particular reference to the problems discussed above. More specifically the objects are to shorten the time of processing; to increase the yield and size of nibs; to increase the fat content and overall quality of the nibs; and to overcome any hygiene problems. 
     According to the invention, de-hulling is carried out by subjecting the beans to infra-red heating for a period of between one half and two minutes and preferably in the range of forty to one hundred seconds, depending on the origin of the beans. The treatment causes the skin on the bean to dry rapidly, and to crack or explode from the nib or bean without the need for abrasion or cracking, thus making the skin much easier to remove when followed by the subsequent conventional winnowing process. The beans are not tainted in any way and there is no detectable loss of fat into the shells or skins. 
     The infra-red radiation preferably has a wavelength between 2 and 6 microns, corresponding to a frequency in the range of 0.7 to 1.2×10 8  megacycles per second, which penetrates the beans and excites the molecules, thus causing them to vibrate at their own frequency, resulting in rapid heating. Not only are the skins very much easier to remove, but the process leads to the production of larger nibs and less fines due primarily to the fact that the very short heating period leaves the beans pliable and resilient. The presence of moisture in the shell increases the efficiency of the infra-red heating. The explosive or shock effect on the shells is able to ease them completely away from the nibs in e.g. 70 to 80 seconds, the speed of treatment avoiding fat transmission to the shells. 
     After the radiation treatment, the beans are preferably cooled, and can then either be passed to an orthodox winnowing machine or can be stored for future processing. In addition to the advantages already mentioned, it is found that the radiation treatment leads to considerable lowering of the mould, yeast and bacteria counts and also destroys beetles, weevils and other parasites and foreign matter, such as rodent hairs, by burning them to ash, a result not achieved by previous methods of processing. 
     The infra-red radiation may be conveniently provided by ceramic cores heated by gas or electrical elements, and the treatment as a whole may be carried out by means of apparatus operating in the manner described in British Pat. No. 1,379,116 with only comparatively minor modifications to the apparatus specifically described in that specification. This apparatus was designed for a totally different purpose, i.e. the treatment of seeds in order to increase their starch availability and it is most surprising that it should prove suitable for the purposes of the present invention. A particular modification which has been found desirable is for the machine to include five belt vibrators instead of the two described in the earlier specification, thus ensuring that the beans are turned over during their passage beneath the source of infra-red radiation and thereby avoiding charring. A further modification lies in the substitution of a vibratory conveyor, either inclined or horizontal, for the band conveyor described, this facilitating the turning over of the beans and improving the cracking action. 
     In practice it is found that the layer of beans on the conveyor should be from one to one and a half beans deep. The speed of the conveyor in relation to the length of the path of treatment needs to be adjusted in accordance with the required treatment time, which depends on the type of beans being processed, e.g. to give a transit time in the region of forty to one hundred seconds, as mentioned above. After the radiation treatment the processed beans fall by gravity directly into a variable speed cooler and the rolling mill described in the earlier specification is dispensed with, being replaced by a spark arrestor chamber to extinguish any charred skins that may occur during processing. 
     Comparative results obtained by the application of a process in accordance with the invention to cacao beans of different origins are set out in the following table. 
     
                       TABLE                                                       
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 Three types of beans were used: Equador,                                 
Cameroun, Bahia.                                                          
Measured total bacterial count                                            
                   3 days at 30° C.                                
Yeast count and mould count                                               
                   5 days at 22° C. on ogga.                       
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            Percentage                                                    
Untreated Equador.                                                        
            Reduction                                                     
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Bacterial count                                                           
            1 × 10.sup.6                                            
Mould count 6 × 10.sup.4                                            
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Treated Equador at           At 50 sec                                    
35 seconds transit           transit Percentage                           
time                         time    reduction                            
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Bacterial count                                                           
            4 × 10.sup.5                                            
                      60%    3 × 10.sup.5                           
                                     70%                                  
Yeast count 8 × 10.sup.4                                            
                             7.4 × 10.sup.1                         
Mould count 6 × 10.sup.3                                            
                      90%    4 × 10.sup.3                           
                                     93%                                  
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Cameroun untreated                                                        
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Bacterial count                                                           
            1.8 × 10.sup.7                                          
Yeast count 8.5 × 10.sup.4                                          
Mould count 1 × 10.sup.5                                            
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Cameroun treated at 50 sec transit time                                   
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Bacterial count                                                           
            8.6 × 10.sup.6                                          
                      52%                                                 
Yeast count 1.7 × 10.sup.4                                          
                      80%                                                 
Mould count 3.7 × 10.sup.3                                          
                      96%                                                 
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Bahia untreated                                                           
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Bacterial count                                                           
            8 × 10.sup.4                                            
Yeast count 1.7 × 10.sup.4                                          
Mould count 1 × 10.sup.2                                            
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Bahia treated at 50 sec transit time                                      
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Bacterial count 6 × 10.sup.4                                        
               25%                                                        
Yeast count less than 10.sup.2                                            
               99+%                                                       
Mould count less than 10.sup.2                                            
               99+%                                                       
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            Percentage                                                    
Nibs untreated                                                            
            reduction                                                     
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Bacterial count                                                           
            5 × 10.sup.6                                            
Yeast count 8.6 × 10.sup.3                                          
Mould count 5.6 × 10.sup.5                                          
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Nibs treated                       Percentage                             
at 50 sec              At 10 sec.  reduction                              
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Bacterial count 8 × 10.sup.3                                        
               99%     2 × 10.sup.5                                 
                                   96%                                    
Yeast count less than 10.sup.2                                            
               99%+    less than 10.sup.2                                 
                                   99%                                    
Mould count less than 10.sup.2                                            
               99%+    3 × 10.sup.2                                 
                                   99%                                    
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Vegetative cells of entero bacteria (cultivating level)                   
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Cameroun and Bahia untreated more than 10.sup.4 /gram                     
treatment at 50 seconds reduces this to less than 10/gram.                
From Equador this is obtained after 30 seconds.                           
For Nibs this is untreated 10.sup.3 /10.sup.2 per gram and after          
treatment of 30 seconds less than 10/gram.                                
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     Conclusions 
     Every kind of bean gives good de-hulling. 
     Bahia de-hulling improves over 3%. 
     Bahia gives as good as results as West African species. 
     Total separation of beans and hull possible. 
     Yeast totally removable. 
     Mould totally removable. 
     Entero bacteria totally removable. 
     Clean factory and no re-contamination during processing of powders, when normally hygienic conditions prevail in the processing plants. 
     No fat losses. 
     No reduction is fat quality. 
     No smoke taint imparted to the nibs. 
     10% to 15% of the energy requirements saved in grinding the beans. 
     Increase in the nib yield on average 1% to 2%.