Patent Publication Number: US-2022235163-A1

Title: Allylic functional thermoplastic additives for thermosetting polymers

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of this invention is branched polymer additives and thermosetting compositions made from such additives. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Branched acrylic polymers have been proposed. For example, Isaure et al.,  J. Mater. Chem.,  2003, 13, 2701-2710, disclose branched copolymers comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA), a chain transfer agent (CTA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). In these branched acrylic copolymers, Isaure found that at most 4.5% of the pendent double bonds from the EGDMA remain unreacted. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a branched polymer which is a reaction product of reactants comprising one or more monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomers, a chain transfer agent in an amount of 0.1 to 15 weight percent, and a crosslinker in an amount of 0.1 to 15 weight percent of a crosslinker, wherein weight percent is based on total amount of reactants, provided the amount of crosslinker is within +/−5 weight percent the amount of chain transfer agent, and wherein the crosslinker comprises at least two carbon-carbon double bonds having different reactivity. The branched polymer is not cross-linked. 
     Also disclosed herein thermosetting polymer comprising the above composition. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The FIGURE shows a DMA G′ overlay of plaques with and without a high temperature thermal organic peroxide. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed herein is a branched polymer comprising a crosslinker having at least two carbon-carbon double bonds having different reactivity. The inventors have surprisingly found that a branched polymer comprising a crosslinker having at least two carbon-carbon double bonds having different reactivity can produce a branched acrylic polymer in which at least 80% of the pendent double bonds remain unreacted. 
     Also disclosed is a thermosetting composition comprising the branched polymer and an acrylic polymer. Applicants have surprisingly found that the branched polymer of the present invention can improve high temperature properties of acrylic polymers. 
     The branched polymer is a reaction product of reactants comprising one or more monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomers, a chain transfer agent in an amount of 0.1 to 15 weight percent, and a crosslinker in an amount of 0.1 to 15 weight percent of a crosslinker, wherein weight percent is based on total amount of reactants. 
     The crosslinker is a polyfunctional unsaturated monomer comprising at least two carbon-carbon double bonds having different reactivity. Preferably, the crosslinker is selected from allyl methacrylate, allyl acrylate, and combinations thereof. In allyl (meth)acrylate, the allyl group has a different reactivity than the vinyl group. Conventional crosslinkers, such as di(meth)acrylates, have carbon-carbon double bonds with identical reactivity. Using NMR spectroscopy, the inventors have found that the pendent double bonds using crosslinkers having identical reactivity are almost entirely reacted during polymerization to form branch points. The crosslinkers according to the present invention remain substantially unreacted, e.g., at least 80% of the pendent double bonds remain unreacted following polymerization. These unreacted pendent double bonds provide additional opportunity for further grafting. 
     Preferably, the crosslinker is present in an amount of at least 0.5 weight percent, at least 1 weight percent, at least 2 weight percent, or at least 3 weight percent. Preferably, the crosslinker is present in an amount less than or equal to 14 weight percent, less than or equal to 13 weight percent, less than or equal to 12 weight percent, less than or equal to 11 weight percent, or less than or equal to 10 weight percent. 
     The branched polymer is not crosslinked. To avoid crosslinking, the amount of crosslinker is within +/−5 weight percent the amount of chain transfer agent. Preferably, the amount of crosslinker is within +/−4 weight percent the amount of chain transfer agent. More preferably, the amount of crosslinker is within +/−3 weight percent the amount of chain transfer agent. 
     Surprisingly, the inventors have found that the amount of crosslinker may exceed the amount of chain transfer agent while still forming a branched polymer. Crosslinkers having functional groups with similar activity will form crosslinked polymers when the amount of crosslinker in moles exceeds the amount of chain transfer agent in moles. According to the present invention, the amount of crosslinker in moles can exceed the amount of chain transfer agent without forming a crosslinked polymer. 
     Suitable monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomers useful in making the branched polymer according to certain embodiments can have the structure R′—C(O)O—R where R is a hydrocarbyl group (e.g. alkyl group or aryl group) and R′ is a monoethylenically unsaturated aliphatic group having at least 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Preferably, R is an alkyl group of at least 1 or 2 or 3 carbon atoms. According to certain embodiments R is an alkyl group having no more than 12 or 10 or 8 or 6 or 5 carbon atoms. According to certain embodiments R is an aryl group of 6 to 12 carbon atoms. According to certain embodiments R′ has no more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable monomers include methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfyl methacrylate, and benzyl (meth)acrylate. Combinations of two or more such monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomer may be used. For example, a combination of methyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate can be used. For example, the amount of methyl methacrylate can be at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 weight percent of the reactants and can be for example less than 99.8, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 90, or 85 weight percent of the reactants. A second monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomer (e.g. butyl acrylate) can be 0 or greater than 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weight percent of the reactants and less than 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 of the reactants. In certain embodiments, additional monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomers may be used. The combination of the second and additional monoethylenically unsaturated monomer(s) taken together in such embodiments is greater than 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 weight percent of the reactants and less than 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, or 10 of the reactants. 
     According to certain embodiments one or more additional monounsaturated addition-polymerizable (e.g., monoethylenically unsaturated) monomers may be included. For example, styrene or acrylonitrile could be added. The amount of such additional monounsaturated addition-polymerizable monomer is preferably less than 10 or 5 weight percent based on weight of the reactants. 
     Preferably, the monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomer is present in the branched monomer in an amount of at least 65 weight percent based on the total weight of the reactants forming the branched monomer, such as, for example, at least 70 weight percent, at least 75 weight percent, at least 80 weight percent, at least 85 weight percent, or at least 90 weight percent. 
     The reactants further comprise a chain transfer agent (CTA). The chain transfer agent may be any compound known or found to be useful as a chain transfer agent in polymerization of acrylate or methacrylate monomers. For example, thiol chain transfer agents can be used. Examples of such thiol CTAs include monofunctional and polyfunctional thiols. Monofunctional thiols include, but are not limited to, propyl mercaptan, butyl mercaptan, hexyl mercaptan, octyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan, thioglycolic acid, mercaptopropionic acid, alkyl thioglycollates, e.g. 2-ethyl hexyl thioglycollate or octylthioglycollate, mercaptoethanol, mercaptoundecanoic acid, thiolactic acid, and thiobutyric acid. Polyfunctional thiols include trifunctional compounds such as trimethylol propane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), tetrafunctional compounds such as pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerythritol tetrathioglycollate, pentaerythritol tetrathiolactate, pentaerythritol tetrathiobutyrate; hexafunctional compounds such as dipentaerythritol hexa(3-mercaptopropionate), dipentaerythritol hexathioglycollate; octafunctional thiols such as tripentaerythritol octa(3-mercaptopropionate), and tripentaerythritol octathioglycollate. The use of polyfunctional thiols is a useful way to increase the degree of branching in the polymer. Optionally, the chain transfer agent may comprise a mixture of more than one type of compound. Preferably, the CTA is 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preferably, the chain transfer agent is present in an amount of at least 0.5 weight percent, at least 1 weight percent, at least 2 weight percent, or at least 3 weight percent. Preferably, the chain transfer agent is present in an amount less than or equal to 14 weight percent, less than or equal to 13 weight percent, less than or equal to 12 weight percent, less than or equal to 11 weight percent, or less than or equal to 10 weight percent. 
     Alternative chain transfer agents may be any species known to reduce molecular weight in the conventional free-radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. Examples include sulphides, disulphides, halogen-containing species. Also, catalytic chain transfer agents such as cobalt complexes, e.g. cobalt (II) chelates such as cobalt porphyrin compounds are useful chain transfer agents for the invention. Suitable cobalt chelates are known in the art and are described in WO 98/04603. A particularly suitable compound is bis(borondifluorodimethylglyoximate) cobaltate (II) also known as CoBF. Catalytic chain transfer agents may be used in relatively low concentrations compared to conventional thiol chain transfer agents, e.g. &lt;0.5%, preferably &lt;0.1% by weight (on monofunctional monomer), since they are generally highly effective at low concentrations. We have surprisingly found that catalytic chain transfer compounds based on cobalt complexes may be very effectively used at concentrations of less than 0.05% by weight (500 ppmw), e.g. 0.0001-0.01% by weight (1-100 ppmw) based on monofunctional monomer in the polymerization process of the present invention to give soluble branched polymers. 
     According to certain embodiments the cross linker is allyl methacrylate (ALMA), the chain transfer agent is BMP, and the monoethylenically unsaturated ester monomer is selected from methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA). Preferably, the MMA or BMA is present in amounts of from 80 to 98 weight percent, the amount of BGDMA is in the range of 1 or 10 weight percent, and the amount of ALMA is in the range of 1 to 10 weight percent based on total weight of MMA or BMA, BMP and ALMA. 
     The branched polymer can be made using any free-radical polymerization method, e.g. solution, suspension, emulsion and bulk polymerization methods may all be used. For example, conventional emulsion polymerization may be used. 
     A surfactant or emulsifier may be used to form the branched polymer. Examples of emulsifiers include non-ionic, anionic and cationic emulsifiers. 
     Suitable nonionic emulsifiers are araliphatic or aliphatic nonionic emulsifiers, examples being ethoxylated mono-, di-, and trialkylphenols (degree of ethoxylation: 3 to 50, alkyl radical: C 4 -C 10 ), ethoxylates of long-chain alcohols (degree of ethoxylation: 3 to 100, alkyl radical: C 8 -C 36 ), and also polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide homopolymers and copolymers. These may comprise the alkylene oxide units copolymerized in random distribution or in the form of blocks. Highly suitable are, for example, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers. Preference is given to using ethoxylates of long-chain alkanols (alkyl radical C 1 -C 30 , average degree of ethoxylation 5 to 100) and, among these, particular preference to those having a linear C 12 -C 20  alkyl radical and an average degree of ethoxylation of 10 to 50, and also ethoxylated monoalkylphenols. 
     Suitable anionic emulsifiers are, for example, alkali metal and ammonium salts of alkyl sulfates (alkyl radical: C 8 -C 22 ), of sulfuric monoesters with ethoxylated alkanols (degree of ethoxylation: 2 to 50, alkyl radical: C 12 -C 18 ) and with ethoxylated alkylphenols (degree of ethoxylation: 3 to 50, alkyl radical: C 4 -C 9 ), of alkylsulfonic acids (alkyl radical: C 12 -C 18 ) and of alkylarylsulfonic acids (alkyl radical: C 9 -C 18 ). Further suitable emulsifiers are found in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie, volume XIV/1, Makromolekulare Stoffe, Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1961, pp. 192-208. Also suitable as anionic emulsifiers are bis(phenylsulfonic acid) ethers and their alkali metal or ammonium salts which carry a C 4 -C 24  alkyl group on one or both aromatic rings. These compounds are common knowledge, from U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,749, for example, and are available commercially, in the form for example of Dowfax™ 2A1 (Dow Chemical Company). 
     Suitable cationic emulsifiers are preferably quaternary ammonium halides, e.g., trimethylcetylammonium chloride, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, benzyltriethylammonium chloride or quaternary compounds of N—C 6 -C 20 -alkylpyridines, -morpholines or -imidazoles, e.g., N-laurylpyridinium chloride. 
     The amount of emulsifier (or surfactant) can be at least 0.01 or 0.1 weight percent to 10 or 5 weight percent, based on the amount of monomers to be polymerized in the formation of the branched polymer. 
     Initiators may be used to form the branched polymer. Examples of initiators may be initiated by any suitable method of generating free-radicals such as by thermally induced decomposition of a thermal initiator such as an azo compound, peroxide or peroxyester. Therefore, the polymerization mixture also preferably contains a polymerization initiator which may be any of those known and conventionally used in free-radical polymerization reactions. Examples of azo initiators include azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid). Examples of peroxide and peroxy initiators include hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, potassium peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, dilauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxyneodecanoate, dibenzoyl peroxide, cumyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethyl hexanoate, tert-butyl peroxy diethyl acetate and tert-butyl peroxy benzoate. Examples of additional initiators include ammonium and/or alkali metal persulfates, sodium perborate, perphosphoric acid and salts thereof, potassium permanganate, and ammonium or alkali metal salts of peroxydisulfuric acid, examples being alkali metal or ammonium peroxydisulfates, diacetyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, succinyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butyl perbenzoate, tert-butyl perpivalate, tort-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate, tert-butyl permaleinate, cumene hydroperoxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbamate, bis(o-toluoyl)peroxide, didecanoyl peroxide, dioctanoyl peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, tert-butyl perisobutyrate, tert-butyl peracetate, di-tert-amyl peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino-propane)dihydrochloride or 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile). Also suitable are mixtures of these initiators. As initiators it is also possible to use reduction/oxidation (i.e., redox) initiator systems. The redox initiator systems are composed of at least one, usually inorganic, reducing agent and one organic or inorganic oxidizing agent. The oxidizing component comprises, for example, the emulsion polymerization initiators already specified above. The reducing component comprises, for example, alkali metal salts of sulfurous acid, such as sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, alkali metal salts of disulfurous acid such as sodium disulfite, bisulfite addition compounds of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, such as acetone bisulfite or reducing agents such as hydroxymethanesulfinic acid and salts thereof, or ascorbic acid. The redox initiator systems can be used along with soluble metal compounds whose metallic component is able to occur in a plurality of valence states. Typical redox initiator systems are, for example, ascorbic acid/iron(II)sulfate/sodium peroxodisulfate, tert-butyl hydroperoxide/sodium disulfite, tert-butyl hydroperoxide/Na hydroxymethanesulfinate. The individual components, the reducing component for example, may also be mixtures, an example being a mixture of the sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid and sodium disulfite. 
     The amount of initiator is generally at least 0.01 or 0.05 or 0.01 weight percent to 10 or 5 or 3 weight percent based on all of the monomers to be polymerized. 
     The branched polymers are not cross-linked. For example, this can be demonstrated by evaluating the solubility of the polymers in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran. A cross-linked polymer will not be soluble. 
     The branched polymers according to certain embodiments can be characterized by a polymer branching ratio, g′, of less than 1, 0.95, 0.9, 0.8. According to some embodiments g′ is at least 0.5 or 0.6 or 0.7. The polymer branching ratio (g′) is calculated by comparing measured the intrinsic viscosity of the branched polymer ([η] branched ) at each elution volume increment to the intrinsic viscosity of the linear polymer ([η] linear ) with the same molecular weight (M) (Eq. 1) in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. For a linear polymer, g′ value equals to 1 and, for a branched polymer, g′ is smaller than 1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     g 
                     ′ 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           
                             [ 
                             η 
                             ] 
                           
                           branched 
                         
                         
                           
                             [ 
                             η 
                             ] 
                           
                           linear 
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     M 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                         
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Molecular Weight Analysis: The polymer absolute molecular weights (M w , M n ), PMMA relative molecular weights (M w_PMMA , M n_PMMA ), intrinsic viscosity ([η] w , [η] n ), and branching ratio (g′) can be measured by gel permeation chromatography with online multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detector, viscometer (VS), and differential refractive index (dRI) detector. For example, the GPC instrument setup can include an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system (degasser, pump, autosampler and column oven), a Wyatt HELEOS II MALS detector, a Wyatt ViscoStar II viscometer, and a Wyatt T-rEX dRI detector. The polymer separation can be carried out on a column set e.g. having two PLgel mixed B LS columns (10 μm particle size, 7.5×300 mm length) using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Column oven temperature is set at 30° C. A set of 10 points PMMA standards (Agilent EasiCal PM-1) is used to calibrate the GPC columns and provide the PMMA-relative molecular weight. The absolute molecular weights are obtained from the MALS detection using Zimm formalism and the intrinsic viscosity data are obtained from the viscometer. High molecular weight fractions data (PMMA-relative molecular weight larger than 6500 Da) are used to calculate average g′ values. For consistency of g′ calculation, a linear PMMA model from Mark-Houwink equation (Eq. 2, where K=0.0383 mL/g and α=0.581 for non-BA containing samples in Table 2 and K=0.03044 mL/g and α=0.615 for BA containing polymers in Table 2) is used to obtain the ([η] linear ) in Eq. 1 using the M data from MALS detection. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     [ 
                     η 
                     ] 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     K 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       M 
                       α 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     Eq 
                     . 
                         
                     2 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The weight average molecular weight, M w , as measured by GPC of the branched polymer is according to certain embodiments in the range of at least 2,500 or 3,000 or 5,000 or 10,000 or 20,000 or 25,000 g/mol. According to certain embodiments weight average molecular weight is no more than 75,000 or 50,000 g/mol. The number average molecular weight, M n , of the branched polymer as measured by GPC according to certain embodiments is at least 1,250 or 1,500 g/mol. According to certain embodiments the number average molecular weight is no more than 6,000 or 5,000 or 4,500 g/mol. 
     According to certain embodiments the branched structure is a dendritic structure. 
     The branched polymer may be used as an additive without any further processing. For example, the branched polymer may be used as oligomeric pre-polymers for thermosetting materials. 
     Alternatively, the branched polymer may be blended with another polymer to form a composition. The composition may be made by blending the components. According to one embodiment, the components can be cold blended (e.g. mix two aqueous latexes) and then freeze dried or coagulated. 
     The branched polymer may also be formed as the shell of a core-shell particle. For example, the core may comprise a crosslinked core of butyl acrylate (BA) and allyl methacrylate (ALMA), e.g., 99.3 weight percent BA and 0.7 weight percent ALMA. The branched polymer may then be formed by emulsion polymerization on the core. 
     According to certain embodiments a thermosetting composition may comprise the branched polymer and an acrylic polymer or copolymer. Examples of acrylic polymers that may be used include but are not limited to thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV). Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) are elastomer/thermoplastic polymer blends in which an elastomer phase is cross-linked during the blending process and dispersed in a thermoplastic matrix. Typical TPVs are made from crosslinked EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) dispersed in a matrix of polypropylene. This invention provides acrylate materials for TPV applications. 
     Key properties of TPVs include (1) resistance to plastic deformation (that is, low compression and tensile set), (2) resistance to fluids, (3) retention of properties at elevated temperature relative to those at ambient temperature, and (4) low creep and stress relaxation. 
     A crosslinking agent, such as an organic peroxide, preferably a high temperature thermal organic peroxide, may be used to initiate crosslinking in the composition. By using a high temperature thermal organic peroxide, the composition can be cured using reactive extrusion. Preferably, the high temperature thermal organic peroxide has a one hour half-life temperature of at least 130° C., and more preferably at least 135° C. The high temperature thermal organic peroxide has a one hour half-life temperature of less than or equal to 250° C., such as, for example, less than or equal to 225° C. or less than or equal to 200° C. Examples of high temperature thermal organic peroxides include, but are not limited to Luperox® 101 (2,5-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane), 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane, Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane), tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, tert-Amyl hydroperoxide, Cumyl hydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide, Isopropylcumyl hydroperoxide, Isopropylcumyl hydroperoxide, 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne-3,3,6,9-Triethyl-3,6,9-trimethyl-1,4,7-triperoxonane, Di(tert-butyl)peroxide, Di(tert-butylperoxy-isopropyl)benzene, tert-Butyl cumyl peroxide, Di-(cert-amyl)-peroxide, Dicumyl peroxide, and Butyl 4,4-di(tert-butylperoxy)valerate. 
     Preferably, the thermosetting composition comprises at least 1 or 3 or 5 or 10, or 20, or 30, or 50 weight percent of the branched polymer composition. 
     The composition may further comprise additional additives as are desired for the final product. Examples of such additives include UV light stabilizers and antioxidants. According to certain embodiments that additives are selected such that the composition remains transparent. Examples of UV light stabilizers include benzophenones, benzotriazoles, triazines, benzoxazinones, hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) and hindered benzoates. Commercially available UV and light stabilizers are exemplified by Cyasorb Light Absorbers, and Light Stabilizers, and Cyasorb Cynergy Solutions from Solvay, TINUVIN FROM BASF, LowLite from Chemtura, OnCap from PolyOne, and Light Stabilizer 210 from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Delaware, U.S.A. Examples of antioxidants include phenolic antioxidants, and combinations of phenolic antioxidants with phosphites, thioethers or organic sulfides. Phenolic antioxidants include fully sterically hindered phenols and partially hindered phenols; and sterically hindered amines such as tetramethyl-piperidine derivatives. Suitable phenolic antioxidants include vitamin E and IRGANOX™ 1010 from BASF. IRGANOX™ 1010 comprises pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate). Additional examples of antioxidants are acetyl cysteine, arbutin, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl methylsilanol pectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate, BHA, p-hydroxyanisole, BHT, t-butyl hydroquinone, caffeic acid,  Camellia sinensis  oil, chitosan ascorbate, chitosan glycolate, chitosan salicylate, chlorogenic acids, cysteine, cysteine HCl, decyl mercaptomethylimidazole, erythorbic acid, diamylhydroquinone, di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl thiodipropionate, dicyclopentadiene/t-butylcresol copolymer, digalloyl trioleate, dilauryl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopheryl methylsilanol, isoquercitrin, diosmine, disodium ascorbyl sulfate, disodium rutinyl disulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate, ditridecyl thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, hydroquinone, hydroxylamine HCl, hydroxylamine sulfate, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, madecassicoside, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, melatonin, methoxy-PEG-7 rutinyl succinate, methylene di-t-butylcresol, methylsilanol ascorbate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate, phenylthioglycolic acid, phloroglucinol, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, thiodiglycolamide, potassium sulfite, propyl gallate, rosmarinic acid, rutin, sodium ascorbate, sodium ascorbyl/cholesteryl phosphate, sodium bisulfite, sodium erythorbate, sodium metabisulfide, sodium sulfite, sodium thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, tea tree ( Melaleuca  aftemifolia) oil, tocopheryl acetate, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate, tetrahydrodiferuloylmethane, tocopheryl linoleate/oleate, thiodiglycol, tocopheryl succinate, thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolactic acid, thiosalicylic acid, thiotaurine, retinol, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12, tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocopherol, tocophersolan, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate, tocoquinone, o-tolyl biguanide, tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite, ubiquinone, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, and mixtures thereof. According to certain embodiments the total amount of additives used (if any) is less than 10 or 5 or 3 weight percent based on total weight of the composition. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Synthesis of Branched Polymer (BMP/MMA/ALMA) 
     Branched polymers were formed by emulsion polymerization. The emulsion polymerization was carried out in a 5 liter 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantel, thermometer, temperature controller and Na inlet. To the reactor was charged 1530 parts of deionized water, 54.55 parts of Na-dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactant (DS-4, 22% in water), 0.146 parts of FeSO 4  and 0.16 parts of acetic acid. The contents of the reactor were heated to 60° C. with an Na sweep. A monomer emulsion was prepared in a separate container with 234 parts of deionized water, 18.18 parts of DS-4 surfactant (22% in water), 53 parts of allyl methacrylate (ALMA), 696 parts of methyl methacrylate (MMA), and 52 parts of butyl 3-mercaptopropioante (BMP). Mechanical agitation was applied to effect emulsification. The total of the monomer emulsion was 1000 parts. The redox initiator system consists of 2 separate solutions. The first is a 3% (by weight) solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in water (oxidant) and the second is a 3% (by weight) solution of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS) in water (reductant), both 53.33 parts total. With the reactor at 60° C. simultaneous feeds (time zero) of the t-BHP and SFS solutions were started at 0.44 parts/minute (both 120 minute feed times) and the monomer emulsion at 16.67 parts/minute (a 60 minute feed time). The reactor temperature was maintained at 60° C. for the entire polymerization process. At the end of the monomer feed (total reaction time 60 minutes from time zero) the t-BHP and SFS continued for another 60 minutes (total reaction time 120 minutes from time zero). The reaction was then cooled to 40° C. and filtered through cheesecloth. The emulsion particle size was measured to be 58 nm (by light scattering), the solids content was 30.5% (by gravimetry) and the residual BA and MMA monomers were both &lt;10 ppm (by headspace gas chromatography). The polymer formed is identified as Example 8 in Table 1 below. 
     The other examples were prepared by the same process described above and varying the ratio of crosslinker (ALMA) to chain transfer agent (BMP). The glass transition temperature in ° C. was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and solubility was determined in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The results (average of at least 2 samples each) are shown below in Table 1. In Table 1, DP refers to the degree of polymerization, i.e., the number of units for each monomer. The number average molecular weight, M n , was determined by GPC. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 BMP 
                 ALMA 
                 MMA 
                 Tg 
                 THF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 (C.) 
                 (%) 
                 Mn 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 3 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1.3 
                 94 
                 51 
                 100 
                 98 
                 4248 
               
               
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 10 
                 4.3 
                 87 
                 47 
                 106 
                 14 
               
               
                 3 
                 10 
                 1 
                 3 
                 0.4 
                 87 
                 14 
                 43 
                 97 
                 1662 
               
               
                 4 
                 10 
                 1 
                 10 
                 1.3 
                 80 
                 13 
                 47 
                 96 
                 2263 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 100 
                 high 
                 116 
                 96 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 6.5 
                 xl 
                 93.5 
                 xl 
                 129 
                 6 
               
               
                 7 
                 6.5 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 93.5 
                 23 
                 69 
                 97 
                 2042 
               
               
                 8 
                 6.5 
                 1 
                 6.5 
                 1.3 
                 87 
                 22 
                 75 
                 97 
                 2857 
               
               
                 9 
                 6.5 
                 1 
                 1.55 
                 0.3 
                 92 
                 23 
                 71 
                 99 
                 2248 
               
               
                 10 
                 6.5 
                 1 
                 11.5 
                 2.3 
                 88.6 
                 20 
                 80 
                 41 
               
               
                 11 
                 1.55 
                 1 
                 6.5 
                 5.4 
                 92 
                 96 
                 115 
                 14 
               
               
                 12 
                 11.5 
                 1 
                 6.5 
                 0.7 
                 88.6 
                 12 
                 39 
                 99 
                 1697 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As indicated by their low solubility in THF, Examples 2, 6, 10, and 11 were determined to be crosslinked. Examples 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 12 were almost 100% soluble in THF. 
     NMR spectroscopic analysis was performed on Examples 4, 8, and 12 to determine the amount of unreacted pendent double bonds. The polymer compositions were determined based on their  13 C NMR integrals and normalized to 100%. The amount of unreacted pendent double bounds was calculated by its double carbon at ˜132.0 ppm. The branched ALMA content was estimated based on its side chain —OCH 2  ester carbon at ˜65.0 ppm. As shown in Table 2, below, at least 80% of the pendent double bonds remained unreacted. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 ALMA 
                 ALMA 
                 Total 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                 MMA 
                 BMP 
                 (Unreacted 
                 (Branch 
                 ALMA 
                 Unre- 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (mol %) 
                 (mol %) 
                 mol %) 
                 wt %) 
                 (mol %) 
                 acted 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 87.4 
                 7.1 
                 4.5 
                 1.0 
                 5.5 
                 81.8 
               
               
                 8 
                 91.7 
                 4.3 
                 3.4 
                 0.6 
                 4.0 
                 85.0 
               
               
                 12 
                 88.3 
                 7.3 
                 3.6 
                 0.8 
                 4.4 
                 81.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As a comparison, NMR analysis was performed on a branched polymer comprising 5 weight percent of BMP, 2.5 weight percent 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (BGDMA), 5 weight percent butyl acrylate (BA), and 87.5 weight percent MMA. As expected, around 4% of the pendent double bonds were unreacted in this comparative sample. 
     Synthesis of Branched Polymer (BMP/BMA/ALMA) 
     Another branched polymer was prepared in a similar manner as described above except the MMA was substituted with butyl methacrylate. The composition of Example 13 is summarized in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 BMP 
                 ALMA 
                 BMA 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 wt % 
                 DP 
                 Tg 
                 Mn 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 6.5 
                 1 
                 6.5 
                 1.3 
                 87 
                 15.3 
                 25 
                 2497 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Tg is calculated using the Fox equation [Bulletin of the American Physical Society 1, 3 Page 123 (1956)] as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               1 
               
                 T 
                 g 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   w 
                   1 
                 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     g 
                     ⁡ 
                     ( 
                     1 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   w 
                   2 
                 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     g 
                     ⁡ 
                     ( 
                     2 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     For a copolymer, w1 and w2 refer to the weight fraction of the two comonomers, based on weight of monomers charged to the reaction vessel, and Tg(1) and Tg(2) refer to the glass transition temperatures of the two corresponding homopolymers in degrees Kelvin. For polymers containing three or more monomers, additional terms are added (wn/Tg(n)). The glass transition temperatures of homopolymers for the purposes of this invention are those reported in “Polymer Handbook”, edited by J. Brandrup and E. H Immergut, Interscience Publishers, 1966, unless that publication does not report the Tg of a particular homopolymer, in which case the Tg of the homopolymer is measured by differential scanning colorimetry (DSC). 
     Thermosetting Polymer 
     As described below, a thermosetting polymer was prepared using a first stage comprising an acrylic low Tg crosslinked core, or an acrylic low Tg crosslinked core and high Tg shell polymer, which was then used to form an allylic functional shell stage. The resulting polymer was then mixed with a high temperature thermal organic peroxide to form a thermoset. 
     The first stage emulsion polymerization was carried out in a 5 liter 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantel, thermometer, temperature controller and Na inlet. To the reactor was charged 880 parts of deionized water, 0.41 parts of acetic acid, 2.62 parts of Na 2 SO 4 , 239.96 parts of an acrylic rubber preform-seed latex (32.0% latex solids, 59 nm), and 2.44 parts of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS). The contents of the reactor were heated to 40° C. with an Na sweep. A monomer emulsion was prepared in a separate container with 241 parts of deionized water, 72.76 parts of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant (28% in water), 11.36 parts of allyl methacrylate (ALMA) and 1599.03 parts of butyl acrylate (BA). Mechanical agitation was applied to effect emulsification. The total of the monomer emulsion was 1924.22 parts. With the reaction at 40° C., 711.96 parts of the monomer emulsion were added along with 1.09 parts of 70% aqueous t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). After the polymerization exotherm peaked the reaction was cooled down to 54° C. and 634.99 parts of the monomer emulsion were added along with 0.77 parts of 70% aqueous t-BHP. After the polymerization exotherm peaked the reaction was cooled down to 65° C. and 577.20 parts of the monomer emulsion were added along with 0.79 parts of 70% aqueous t-BHP. After the polymerization exotherm peaked 2 parts of 70% aqueous t-BHP and 1 part of SFS (dissolved in 50 parts of DI water) were added to the reaction. After a 15 minute hold the reaction was then cooled to 75° C. This is the end of the acrylic rubber core. Next the shell was prepared onto the rubber core. A monomer emulsion was prepared in a separate container with 30 parts of deionized water, 13.40 parts of SLS surfactant (28% in water) and 112.82 parts of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Mechanical agitation was applied to effect emulsification. With the reaction at 75° C., the MMA monomer emulsion was added with 0.133 parts of SFS (dissolved in 10 parts of DI water) and 0.056 parts of sodium persulfate (dissolved in 10 parts of DI water). After the polymerization exotherm peaked 0.67 parts of 70% aqueous t-BHP and 0.48 parts of SFS (dissolved in 20 parts of DI water) were added to the reaction 4 times, once every 10 minutes. After a 15 minute hold the reaction was cooled to 40° C. and filtered through cheesecloth. The emulsion particle size was measured to be 169 nm (by light scattering), and the solids content was 54.2% (by gravimetry). 
     The second stage emulsion polymerization was carried out in a 5 liter 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, heating mantel, thermometer, temperature controller and Na inlet. To the reactor was charged 779.71 parts of deionized water, 1290.56 parts of the acrylic core-shell, stage (C), (54.2% latex solids), 0.055 parts of FeSO 4  and 1.5 parts of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The contents of the reactor were heated to 60° C. with an Na sweep. A monomer emulsion was prepared in a separate container with 67.23 parts of deionized water, 27.27 parts of DS-4 surfactant (22% in water), 19.5 parts of allyl methacrylate (ALMA), 182.70 parts of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 78.3 parts of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and 19.5 parts of butyl 3-mercaptopropioante (BMP). Mechanical agitation was applied to effect emulsification. The total of the monomer emulsion was 375 parts. The redox initiator system consists of 2 separate solutions. The first is a 3% (by weight) solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) in water (oxidant) and the second is a 3% (by weight) solution of sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS) in water (reductant), both 30.00 parts total. With the reactor at 60° C. simultaneous feeds (time zero) of the t-BHP and SFS solutions were started at 0.25 parts/minute (both 120 minute feed times) and the monomer emulsion at 6.25 parts/minute (a 60 minute feed time). The reactor temperature was maintained at 60° C. for the entire polymerization process. At the end of the monomer feed (total reaction time 60 minutes from time zero) the t-BHP and SFS continued for another 60 minutes (total reaction time 120 minutes from time zero). The reaction was then cooled to 40° C. and filtered through cheesecloth. The emulsion particle size was measured to be 184 nm (by light scattering), and the solids content was 36.7% (by gravimetry). 
     The polymer powder samples were isolated by freeze drying using a vacuum oven. Peroxide Luperox 101 (1.5%) was incorporated prior to isolation (the peroxide was predispersed in DI water containing 6.7% surfactant DS4). 
     The powder samples with and without peroxide were processed using CARVER press (Carver Press Inc., Menomonee Falls, Wis.) with an operating temperature of 160° C. and pressing conditions of 2.268 tons for 3 minutes, followed by 9.07 tons at 185° C. for 5 minutes, and a 5-minute cooling period (room temperature) at 9.07 tons. 
     DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) tests were conducted on a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer (RMS-800) using 8 mm diameter aluminum disposable plate fixtures. A Dynamic Temperature Ramp Mode was used for testing the samples from 150° C. to −80° C. at a cooling rate of 2 deg/min, using an applied frequency of 6.28 rad/s. The AutoStrain option was employed for testing with the initial strain set for 0.2% and a maximum strain limit of 5% to ensure the test conditions remained in the linear viscoelastic regime. The fixtures were zeroed at the initial test temperature of 150° C. The thickness of the sample was measured using the instrument micrometer after loading the sample between the parallel plates. The test was started after equilibrating for approximately 10 min at 150° C. The dynamic storage G′ was recorded as a function of temperature for each sample. The FIGURE shows a DMA Gaeoverlay of plaques with and without Luperox 101. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                 Mechanical 
                 G′ value at 70° C. to 
               
               
                 Material 
                 Optical clarity 
                 strength 
                 150° C. (DMA) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 MLK6863 plaque 
                 translucent 
                 weak 
                 low 
               
               
                 MLK6863 
                 transparent 
                 strong 
                 higher 
               
               
                 w/Luperox 101 
               
               
                 plaque 
               
               
                 MLK6865 plaque 
                 translucent 
                 weak 
                 low 
               
               
                 MLK 6865 w/ 
                 transparent 
                 strong 
                 higher 
               
               
                 Luperox 101 plaque 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample Label 
                 Peak tan □ (° C.) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 MLK6863 with Luperox 101 
                 −30, 62 
               
               
                   
                 MLK6863 
                 −33, 58 
               
               
                   
                 MLK6865 with Luperox 101 
                 −27, 60 
               
               
                   
                 MLK6865 
                 −27, 57, 97