Patent Publication Number: US-11647948-B2

Title: System for training a subject to improve psychophysiological function for performance under stress

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 15/614,076, filed Jun. 5, 2017, which is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 15/202,894, filed Jul. 6, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,668,693, which is a continuation of prior application Ser. No. 14/823,662, filed Aug. 11, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,402,581, which is a divisional of prior application Ser. No. 14/309,497, filed Jun. 19, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,138,558. Each of these prior Applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to psychophysiological function, and more particularly to apparatus and methods for computer-implemented improvement of psychophysiological function. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     It is known in the prior art to measure physiological parameters during training. United States application publication number 2006/0057549 A1 discloses training for attaining a physiological state consistent with the successful performance of a task, wherein the training takes place in the physical environment of the task in question (putting green, tennis court, lacrosse field, etc.) and the training comprises static repetition of the task in the presence of information related to the user&#39;s physiological state during iterations of the task. 
     United States application publication number US2009/0137915 A1, which does not disclose training, does disclose determining the state of overlap between biological systems which exhibit oscillatory behavior such as heart rhythms, respiration, blood pressure waves, low frequency brain waves, based on a determination of heart rate variability (HRV), and an evaluation of the power spectrum thereof. 
     In addition the following patent publications concern related subject matter: US20100022852A1, US20080214903A1, US20090105605A1, US20030009087A1, US20080171914A1, US20120116176A1, US20090082685A1, and US20110015468A1. 
     SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     In a first embodiment of the invention there is provided a computer-implemented method for improving psychophysiological function for performance of a subject under stress. The method of this embodiment includes: 
     after a plurality of sensors that monitor stress-indicating physiological parameters have been coupled to the subject, in a baseline computer process, obtaining from the sensors baseline measurements of a baseline set of stress-indicating physiological parameters and storing the baseline measurements; 
     in a stress determination computer process, causing the subject to be exposed to a second plurality of potentially stress-inducing activities while obtaining from the sensors stress-condition measurements of the baseline set of parameters and storing the stress-condition measurements; 
     in a relaxation determination computer process, causing the subject to be exposed to a third plurality of potentially relaxation-inducing protocols while obtaining from the sensors relaxation-condition measurements of the baseline set of parameters and storing the relaxation-condition measurements; and 
     in a characterization computer process, retrieving the baseline, stress-condition, and relaxation-condition measurements, and using them to identify a selected parameter, which is one of the baseline set of parameters, as particularly indicative of stress and of relaxation in the subject, and with respect to the selected parameter, identifying a selected stress-inducing activity and a selected relaxation-inducing protocol pertinent to the subject, and storing data characterizing the selected set of stress-inducing activities and the selected set of relaxation-inducing protocols pertinent to the subject. 
     Optionally, the method further includes in a training computer process, providing training in carrying out the selected relaxation-inducing protocol in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. In a further related embodiment providing training includes, in a first training segment, exposing the subject to the selected relaxation-inducing protocol alone until there is achieved a targeted level of the selected parameters as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. Optionally, the method further includes in a target determination process, retrieving the baseline, stress-condition, and relaxation-condition measurements, and using the retrieved measurements, together with a set of measurements obtained in the training computer process, to determine the targeted level of the selected parameters, wherein the targeted level is re-determined in the course of each training segment. 
     In another related embodiment, training further includes, in a second training segment, next exposing the subject to the selected relaxation-inducing protocol in the presence of feedback indicative of the value of the selected parameter until there is achieved the targeted level of the selected parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. Optionally, providing training thereafter includes, in a third training segment, exposing the subject only to feedback indicative of the value of the selected parameter until there is achieved the targeted level of the selected parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. As a further option, providing training thereafter includes, in a fourth training segment, exposing the subject to the selected relaxation-inducing protocol in the presence of (i) feedback indicative of the value of the selected set of parameters and (ii) prompts presenting the selected set of stress-inducing activities, until there is achieved the targeted level of the selected set of parameters as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     As yet a further option, providing training thereafter includes, in a fifth training segment, exposing the subject only to (i) feedback indicative of the value of the selected set of parameters and (ii) prompts indicative of the selected set of stress-inducing activities, until there is achieved the targeted level of the selected set of parameters as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. In a still further option, providing training thereafter includes, in a sixth training segment, exposing the subject only to prompts indicative of the selected set of stress-inducing activities until there is achieved the targeted level of the selected set of parameters as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     In another related embodiment, one of the relaxation-inducing protocols is passive muscle relaxation, and the passive muscle relaxation is structured in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. In another related embodiment, one of the relaxation-inducing protocols is autogenics, and the autogenics is structured in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. In another related embodiment, one of the relaxation-inducing protocols is guided imagery and the guided imagery is structured in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. In yet another related embodiment, one of the relaxation-inducing protocols is mindfulness, and the mindfulness is structured in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. In another related embodiment, one of the relaxation-inducing protocols is controlled breathing, and the controlled breathing is structured in a manner tending to cause achievement of coherence. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a computer-implemented method for improving psychophysiological function for performance of a subject under stress. The method of this embodiment includes: 
     after a plurality of sensors that monitor stress-indicating physiological parameters have been coupled to the subject, exposing the subject, using computer processes, to a series of training segments as follows: 
     in a first training segment, exposing the subject to a relaxation-inducing protocol alone until there is achieved a targeted level of at least one stress-indicating physiological parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject; 
     in a second training segment, next exposing the subject to a relaxation-inducing protocol in the presence of feedback indicative of the value of at least one stress-indicating physiological parameter until there is achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject; 
     in a third training segment, exposing the subject only to feedback indicative of the value of at least one parameter until there is achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject; 
     in a fourth training segment, exposing the subject to a relaxation-inducing protocol in the presence of (i) feedback indicative of the value of at least one of the parameters and (ii) prompts presenting at least one of the stress-inducing activities, until there is achieved the targeted level of at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     in a fifth training segment, exposing the subject only to (i) feedback indicative of the value of at least one of the parameters and (ii) prompts presenting at least one of the stress-inducing activities, until there is achieved the targeted level of at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     in a sixth training segment, exposing the subject only to prompts indicative of at least one of stress-inducing activities until there is achieved the targeted level of at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     Optionally, using computer processes further includes, in a target determination process, using a set of measurements obtained in the training computer process, to determine the targeted level of the at least one stress-indicating physiological parameter, wherein the targeted level is re-determined in the course of each training segment. 
     Also optionally, using computer processes further includes, the course of each segment, providing, to the subject, feedback indicative of a degree to which the subject has achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     As a further option the feedback includes a visual component, and the visual component is in the form of a virtual race involving virtual objects, wherein a first virtual object represents achievement by the subject in reaching the targeted level of the at least one parameter, and other distinct virtual objects represent distinct amounts of shortfall by the subject in reaching the targeted level of the at least one parameter. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a computer-implemented method for improving psychophysiological function for performance of a subject under stress. The method of this embodiment includes: 
     after a plurality of sensors that monitor stress-indicating physiological parameters have been coupled to the subject, exposing the subject, using computer processes, to at least one training segment during which is determined a degree to which the subject has achieved a targeted level of least one stress-indicating physiological parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject; and 
     providing, to the subject, feedback indicative of the degree to which the subject has achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter as to be indicative of coherence in the subject. 
     In a further related embodiment, the feedback includes a visual component, and the visual component is in the form of a virtual race involving virtual objects, wherein a first virtual object represents achievement by the subject in reaching the targeted level of the at least one parameter, and other distinct virtual objects represent distinct amounts of shortfall by the subject in reaching the targeted level of the at least one parameter. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a sensor interface device providing a set of sensor outputs characterizing a set of physiological parameters to a computer running a training program for training to improve psychophysiological function for performance under stress. the apparatus of this embodiment includes: 
     a microcontroller, including an analog-to-digital converter and a processor; 
     a set of sensor inputs coupled to the microcontroller; and 
     an output port, coupled to the microcontroller, that is configured to be coupled to the computer; 
     wherein the processor is running a communication program that handles all communication with the training program and formats incoming data received at the sensor inputs in a manner permitting consumption of that data by the training program, including for purposes of display, storage, and manipulation. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing features of embodiments will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram of logical flow in an embodiment of a method in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    is block diagram of architecture of a system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3    is a front perspective view of a sensor interface device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG.  4    is a rear perspective view of the sensor interface device of  FIG.  3   ; 
         FIGS.  5  and  6    are detailed block diagrams of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, providing a sample of the range of capabilities of a rather fully implemented embodiment; 
         FIG.  7    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment, similar to that of  FIG.  1   , that provides further details; 
         FIG.  8    is block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention in which training is provided; 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  1   , in which stress testing is performed; 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  1   , in which relaxation testing is performed; 
         FIG.  11    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  8   , in which basic training is provided; 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  8   , in which advanced training is provided; 
         FIG.  13    is a representation of a display of a welcome screen, by a subject&#39;s computer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the computer is running a program for training the subject to improve psychophysiological function; 
         FIG.  14    is a representation of a display of an attach-equipment screen associated with the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  15    is a representation of measurement data, as a function of time, that is transmitted by a sensor interface device to the subject&#39;s computer when the subject is receiving training while the subject&#39;s computer is running the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  16    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (Stroop test) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  17    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (math test) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  18    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (sound test) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  19    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (stressful event recall) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  20    is a representation of a display of a stress profile screen, wherein the results of activities associated with  FIGS.  16 - 19    are summarized and presented visually to the subject by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  21    is a representation of screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of controlled breathing for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  22    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of passive muscle relaxation for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  23    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of autogenics for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  24    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of guided imagery for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  25    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of mindfulness for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  26    is a representation of a display of a relaxation profile screen, wherein the results of activities associated with  FIGS.  21 - 25    are summarized and presented visually to the subject by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  27    is a representation of a screen display detailing a synthesized summary of the results associated with  FIGS.  20  and  26   , together with an detailed course of action that the subject will be caused to follow over subsequent iterations of the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  28    is a representation of a screen display providing a visual template for the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  29    is a representation of a visual progression of training sessions associated with the course of action presented in  FIG.  27    that the subject will experience in a sequenced manner as a function of the program of  FIG.  13   , from Basic Training I, II, and III through Advanced Training I, II, and III; 
         FIG.  30    is a representation of a screen display associated with the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  31    is a representation of a screen display associated with the subject&#39;s attainment of a specific goal, established by the results associated with  FIGS.  20 ,  26 , and  27   , during the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  32    is a representation of a screen display associated with the subject&#39;s failure to attain a specified goal, established by the results associated with  FIGS.  20 ,  26 , and  27   , during the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  33    is a representation of screen display associated with the second of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  34    is a representation of a screen display associated with the third of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  35    is a representation of a screen display associated with the first of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  36    is a representation of a screen display associated with the second of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  37    is a representation of a screen display associated with the third of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  38    is a representation of a display of an end screen by the program of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  39    is block diagram of architecture of a microcontroller process associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  40    is block diagram of architecture of a power conditioner associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  41    is block diagram of architecture of a skin conductance sensor system associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  42    is block diagram of architecture of a respiration rate sensor system associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  43    is block diagram of architecture of a heart rate sensor system associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   ; and 
         FIG.  44    is block diagram of architecture of a skin temperature sensor system associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     Definitions. As used in this description and the accompanying claims, the following terms shall have the meanings indicated, unless the context otherwise requires: 
     The term “stress-indicating physiological parameter” means a physiological parameter, associated with a subject, with respect to which a change in value may be indicative of stress experienced by the subject. Typical stress-indicating physiological parameters are heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, muscle tension, and EEG alpha, beta, and delta brain waves. 
     The term “coherence” of a subject means a state of the subject wherein the subject maintains alertness with a relative minimum of stress. 
     A “set” has at least one member. 
     A “stress-inducing activity” is an activity carried out by a subject tending to cause the subject to experience stress. 
     A “relaxation-inducing protocol” is a series of procedures carried out by a subject tending to cause relaxation in the subject. 
     “Feedback indicative of the value of a parameter” means information provided, under computer program control, on a recurrent basis to the subject about the value of the parameter. The information may be provided in any of a variety of forms, including visual, audible, and tactile, or combinations of these forms. For example, the information may be provided by visual indication, such as on a display of computer, and can be in the form of text (wherein the parameter value is given, for example, as a number), or a graph (wherein value of the parameter can be shown evolving over time), or a color or other indication based on a mapping between color and parameter value. Alternatively, or in addition, the information may be provided in the form of sound, for example in headphones or a loudspeaker, and the sound may be spoken words characterizing the value of the parameter, or it may be a set of distinct sounds where each member of the set is selected for use depending on the value of the parameter. 
     A “prompt presenting a stress-inducing activity” means a presentation to the subject, under computer program control, of an activity determined to induce stress in the subject, wherein the presentation may be provided in any of a variety of forms, including visual, audible, and tactile, or combinations of these forms. If the presentation is visual, it may involve, for example, a quiz provided in the form of text on a computer screen. On the other hand, the presentation may be audible, in the form of a quiz provided orally under computer control. 
     “Feedback indicative of a degree to which the subject has achieved a targeted level of at least one parameter” means information provided, under computer program control, on a recurrent basis to the subject, about the degree to which the subject has achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter. The information may be provided in any of a variety of forms, including visual, audible, and tactile, or combinations of these forms. For example, the information may be provided by visual indication, such as on a display of computer, and can be in the form of text, or a graph, or a color or other indication based on a mapping between color and parameter value. Alternatively, or in addition, the information may be provided in the form of sound, for example in headphones or a loudspeaker, and the sound may be spoken words, or it may be a set of distinct sounds where each member of the set is selected for use depending on the extent to which the subject has achieved the targeted level of the at least one parameter. 
     A “computer process” is the performance of a described function in a computer using computer hardware (such as a processor, field-programmable gate array or other electronic combinatorial logic, or similar device), which may be operating under control of software or firmware or a combination of any of these or operating outside control of any of the foregoing. All or part of the described function may be performed by active or passive electronic components, such as transistors or resistors. In using the term “computer process” we do not necessarily require a schedulable entity, or operation of a computer program or a part thereof, although, in some embodiments, a computer process may be implemented by such a schedulable entity, or operation of a computer program or a part thereof. Furthermore, unless the context otherwise requires, a “process” may be implemented using more than one processor or more than one (single- or multi-processor) computer. 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram of logical flow in an embodiment of a method in accordance with the present invention. In accordance with this embodiment, a computer program (sometimes called “the training program”), which is run on a computer operated by the subject, carries out a series of processes. In operation of the embodiment, the sensor interface device described below in connection with  FIGS.  2 - 4    is coupled to the computer, and a set of sensors is coupled to the sensor interface device and to the subject. In process  101 , baseline testing of the subject is performed and the data resulting from such baseline testing is stored. In process  103 , stress profile testing of the subject is carried out, and the data resulting from such stress profile testing is stored. In process  105 , relaxation profile testing of the subject is performed, and the data resulting from such relaxation profile testing is stored. Finally, in process  107 , the stored data are retrieved, and the total subject baseline profile, stress profile, and relaxation profile are characterized. As described in more detail below, this characterization permits identification of a parameter that is particularly indicative of stress and of relaxation in the subject. In view of this identification, a set of relaxation-inducing protocols may be developed to train the subject to achieve coherence. 
       FIG.  2    is block diagram of architecture of a sensor interface device, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . The sensor interface device includes a data acquisition (DAQ) board  209  that has a set of analog prefilters  213 ,  215 ,  217 , and  219 , and a microcontroller  221 . The microcontroller  221  includes a processor  227  and an analog-to-digital converter  225 , and provides a sensor data output to a user computer  231 . Each of four different sensors  201 ,  203 ,  205 , and  207 , is coupled to the analog-to-digital converter  225  through a corresponding analog prefilter  213 ,  215 ,  217 , and  219 . The microcontroller  221  is coupled to user computer  231 , and the coupling may, for example, be over a USB link or wirelessly using a Bluetooth protocol. The DAQ board  209  and its components may be powered by a battery  235  through a power regulator/conditioner  233 , or by the user computer  231  via the USB link. Similarly, a microphone  211  is coupled to the analog-to-digital converter  225  through analog prefilter  223  to permit audio input to the microcontroller  221 , and an LCD display  229  is coupled to the microcontroller  221  to permit display of information regarding the functioning of the sensor interface device. Additionally, a speaker  230  is coupled to the microcontroller  221  to permit audio output of information regarding the functioning of the sensor interface device The microcontroller  221  runs a communication program that handles all communication with the training program and formats the incoming data from the sensors  201 ,  203 ,  205 , and  207  in a manner permitting consumption of that data by the training program, including for purposes of display, storage, and manipulation. This communication program effectively provides a wrapper around the USB communication functionalities of the operating system of the computer  231 . The aforementioned components may be operatively assembled using materials and techniques currently known in the art, however their collective operation in accordance with various embodiments of the invention is new. 
       FIG.  3    is a front perspective view of a sensor interface device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Wire  301  acts as a ground to the sensor interface device. Cables  303 ,  305 ,  307 , and  309  connect to sensors measuring skin conductance, respiration rate, heart rate, and skin temperature, respectively, as shown in more detail in connection with  FIGS.  41 - 44   . It should be appreciated that the assignment of cables to sensors is purely exemplary, and that different embodiments may assign the cables to the sensors in a different physical or logical order. LEDs  311 ,  313 ,  315 , and  317  indicate whether the sensors that are connected to the sensor interface device via cables  303 ,  305 ,  307 , and  309  are functioning properly. LED  319  indicates whether communication between the sensor interface device and the computer  231  is occurring wirelessly via Bluetooth protocols. LCD display  321  displays information regarding the functioning of the sensor interface device. Speaker  323  emits audio information. Button  325  powers the sensor interface device on and off. USB cable  327  connects the sensor interface device to computer  231  as an alternative or supplement to the use of Bluetooth protocols for communication between the sensor interface device and the computer. 
       FIG.  4    is a rear perspective view of the sensor interface device of  FIG.  3   . Cables  303 ,  305 ,  307 , and  309  connect to sensors measuring skin temperature, heart rate, skin conductance, and respiration rate, respectively. USB cable  327  connects the sensor interface device to computer  231 . Door  409  allows access to the batteries that power the sensor interface device. 
       FIGS.  5  and  6    are detailed block diagrams of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, providing a sample of the range of capabilities of a rather fully implemented embodiment. In process  501 , a program running in the computer  231  determines whether the sensing equipment (namely the sensors and the sensor interface device) is coupled to the computer  231 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning. Upon a determination that the equipment is coupled to the computer  231 , the program causes a welcome screen to be presented in process  503 . In process  505  and  507 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the equipment (namely the sensors and the sensor interface device) is calibrated (namely, able to obtain measurements) to the computer  231 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  507 . Upon a determination that the equipment is calibrated to the computer  231 , the program initiates process  509 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Baseline Profile testing. If the determination of process  509  is negative, the program initiates process  511 , Baseline Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  509  is positive. With a positive determination of process  509 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  513 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Stress Profile testing. If the determination of process  513  is negative, the program initiates process  515 , Stress Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  513  is positive. With a positive determination of process  513 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  601 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Relaxation Profile testing. If the determination of process  601  is negative, the program initiates process  603 , Stress Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  601  is positive. With a positive determination of process  601 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  605 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  retrieves data from processes  511 ,  515 , and  603  and characterizes this data as the subject&#39;s total Baseline, Stress, and Relaxation Profile. In process  607  the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has passed the basic training program. If the determination of process  607  is negative, the program initiates process  609 , wherein the subject undergoes the basic training program, and loops back until the determination of process  607  is positive. With a positive determination of process  607 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  611 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone the advanced training program. If the determination of process  611  is negative, the program initiates process  613 , wherein the subject undergoes the advanced training program, and loops back until the determination of process  611  is positive, thereby causing the program running on computer  231  to end. 
       FIG.  7    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment, similar to that of  FIG.  1   , which provides further details. In process  701 , the program running in the computer  231  calibrates the sensing equipment (namely the sensors and the sensor interface device) that is coupled to the computer  231 . In process  703 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether all of the sensors are functioning properly. Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning. Upon a determination that the equipment is functioning properly, the program initiates process  705 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Baseline Profile testing. If the determination of process  705  is negative, the program initiates process  707 , Baseline Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  705  is positive. With a positive determination of process  705 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  709 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Stress Profile testing. If the determination of process  709  is negative, the program initiates process  711 , Stress Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  709  is positive. With a positive determination of process  709 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  713 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone Relaxation Profile testing. If the determination of process  713  is negative, the program initiates process  715 , Relaxation Profile testing, and loops back until the determination of process  713  is positive. With a positive determination of process  713 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  717 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  retrieves data from processes  707 ,  711 , and  715  and characterizes this data as the subject&#39;s total Baseline, Stress, and Relaxation Profile. 
       FIG.  8    is block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention in which training is provided. In process  801 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has passed the basic training program. If the determination of process  801  is negative, the program initiates process  803 , wherein the subject undergoes the basic training program, and loops back until the determination of process  801  is positive. With a positive determination of process  801 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates process  805 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject has undergone the advanced training program. If the determination of process  805  is negative, the program initiates process  807 , wherein the subject undergoes the advanced training program, and loops back until the determination of process  805  is positive, thereby causing the program running on computer  231  to end. 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  1   , in which the Stress Profile testing is performed. In process  901 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates measurement and recording of the subject&#39;s baseline readings (e.g. heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate) for a specified period of time. In process  903 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a math test, wherein the subject is prompted to answer a series of math questions within a specified period of time. During process  903 , the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements (e.g. heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate) are measured and recorded. In process  905 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  905 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  907 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a sound test, wherein the subject is exposed to a series of discordant sounds within a specified period of time. During process  907 , the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  909 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  909 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  911 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a Stroop test, wherein the subject is exposed to a series of questions related to color and word meaning within a specified period of time. During process  911 , the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  913 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  913 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  915 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates an Emotional Recall test, wherein the subject is prompted to recall and retell the details of a stressful event that the subject has experienced within the recent past within a specified period of time. During process  915 , the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  917 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  917 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. The periods of time specified in this exemplary figure are each two minutes, however other periods of time may be specified in different embodiments, and each such period of time may be set independently of the others. 
       FIG.  10    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  1   , in which Relaxation Profile testing is performed. In process  1001 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates measurement and recording of the subject&#39;s baseline readings (heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate) for a specified period of time. In process  1003 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a controlled breathing relaxation protocol, wherein the subject is prompted to breathe at a measured pace within a specified period of time. During process  1003 , the subject&#39;s relaxation condition measurements (heart rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate) are measured and recorded. In process  1005 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  1005 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  1007 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a passive muscle relaxation protocol, wherein the subject is prompted to relax his or her muscles within a specified period of time. During process  1007 , the subject&#39;s relaxation condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  1009 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  1009 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  1011 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates an autogenics relaxation protocol, wherein the subject is exposed to a series of autogenics techniques within a specified period of time. During process  1011 , the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  1013 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  1013 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  1015 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a guided imagery relaxation protocol, wherein the subject is guided through mental imagery procedures within a specified period of time. During process  1015 , the subject&#39;s relaxation condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  1017 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  1017 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. In process  1019 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a mindfulness relaxation protocol, wherein the subject is exposed to mindfulness exercises within a specified period of time. During process  1019 , the subject&#39;s relaxation condition measurements are measured and recorded. In process  1021 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates a recovery period, wherein the subject is prompted to recover from the previous testing for a specified period of time. During process  1021 , the subject&#39;s baseline measurements in recovery are measured and recorded. The periods of time specified in this exemplary figure may differ in different embodiments, and each such period of time may be set independently of the others. 
       FIG.  11    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  8   , in which basic training is provided. In process  1101 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice with visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol for a specified period of time. During process  1101 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1103 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1101 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the program initiates process  1105 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice with visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol with visual feedback information regarding the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter for a specified period of time. During process  1105 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1107 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1105 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the program initiates process  1109 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice without visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol but with visual feedback information regarding the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter for a specified period of time. During process  1109 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1111 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1109 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the subject is deemed to have passed the basic training program. 
       FIG.  12    is a block diagram of logical flow of an embodiment of the present invention, adding detail to  FIG.  8   , in which advanced training is provided. In process  1201 , the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice with visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol with visual feedback information regarding the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter while exposing the subject to the specified stress-inducing activity for a specified period of time. During process  1201 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1203 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1201 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the program initiates process  1205 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice without visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol but with visual feedback information regarding the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter while exposing the subject to the specified stress-inducing activity for a specified period of time. During process  1205 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1207 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1205 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the program initiates process  1209 , wherein the program running in the computer  231  initiates practice without visual prompting of the specified relaxation protocol and without visual feedback information regarding the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter while exposing the subject to the specified stress-inducing activity for a specified period of time. During process  1209 , the subject&#39;s specified stress-indicating physiological parameter is measured and compared to the baseline measurement of process  101 . In process  1211 , the program running in the computer  231  determines whether the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 . Until the determination is positive, the program continues to loop back to the beginning of process  1209 . Upon a determination that the subject&#39;s stress-indicating physiological parameter is within a certain range of the baseline measurement of process  101 , the subject is deemed to have passed the advanced training program. 
       FIG.  13    is a representation of a display of a welcome screen, by a subject&#39;s computer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the computer is running a program for training the subject to improve psychophysiological function. On this welcome screen, the subject is presented with title  1301 . A button  1315  enables the subject to create a new user profile. Upon creation of a user profile, the subject&#39;s user profile will be listed in window  1317 . Buttons  1319  and  1321  enable the subject to undergo Relaxation Profile and Stress Profile testing, respectively. Buttons  1303 ,  1305 ,  1307 ,  1309 ,  1311 , and  1313  enable the subject to perform basic training sessions  1 ,  2 , and  3 , and advanced training sessions  1 ,  2 , and  3 , respectively. 
       FIG.  14    is a representation of a display of an attach-equipment screen associated with the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  1401  and text window  1403 , which provides the subject with instructions on how to attach sensors (heart rate, skin temperature, respiration rate, and skin conductance). Buttons  1405 ,  1407 ,  1409 , and  1411  enable the subject to receive audio instructions for attaching sensors, with audio controls  1421 . Images  1413 ,  1415 ,  1417 , and  1419  provide the subject with visual information regarding successful attachment and functioning of the sensors. 
       FIG.  15    is a representation of measurement data, as a function of time, that is transmitted by a sensor interface device to the subject&#39;s computer when the subject is receiving training while the subject&#39;s computer is running the program of  FIG.  13   . Image  1501  displays the subject&#39;s skin temperature measurement on a scale  1505  over time  1503 . Image  1507  displays the subject&#39;s skin conductance measurement on a scale  1511  over time  1509 . Image  1513  displays the subject&#39;s respiration rate measurement on a scale  1517  over time  1515 . Image  1519  displays the subject&#39;s respiration rate measurement on a scale  1523  over time  1521 . 
       FIG.  16    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (Stroop test  911 ) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  1601 , and text window  1603 , a display of question numbers with indication of correct or incorrect. Image  1609  represents the meaning of the word being displayed. Image  1611  represents the color of the text being displayed. Buttons  1607  enable the subject to respond in the affirmative or negative if the meaning display  1609  and the color display  1611  match, thereby stressing the subject. Audio control  1605  enables the subject to adjust the program&#39;s volume. 
       FIG.  17    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (math test  903 ) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  1701 , and text window  1705 , a display of question numbers with indication of correct or incorrect. Image  1703  presents the subject with a math problem. Buttons  1707  enable the subject to enter an answer to math question  1703 , thereby stressing the subject. Display  1709  indicates time remaining (in minutes and seconds) in the activity represented on the screen display. 
       FIG.  18    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (sound test  907 ) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  1801  and volume control  1805 . Blank window  1803  will produce discordant sounds to expose to the subject, thereby stressing the subject. 
       FIG.  19    is a representation of a screen display associated with a stress-inducing activity (stressful event recall  915 ) established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  1901  and text window  1905 , which provides the subject with instructions on how to recall a particularly stressful event. Window  1903  provides the subject with a visual representation of an individual recalling a stressful event to a practitioner, who now and again may provide the subject with audio and visual prompts, controlled by volume control  1911 . Box  1907  enables the subject to input type detailing the stressful event recall, and button  1909  optionally allows the subject to enable voice recognition capabilities. 
       FIG.  20    is a representation of a display of a stress profile screen, wherein the results of activities associated with  FIGS.  16 - 19    are summarized and presented visually to the subject by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2001  and user ID#  2003 . Visual image  2005  and text boxes  2007  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s skin conductance measurements over the activities in Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   . Title  2009 , visual image  2011  and text boxes  2013  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s skin temperature measurements over the activities in Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   . Title  2017 , visual image  2019 , and text boxes  2021  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s respiration rate measurements over the activities in Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   . Title  2023 , visual image  2025 , and text boxes  2027  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s heart rate measurements over the activities in Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   . Title  2029 , visual image  2031 , and text boxes  2033  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s heart rate variability measurements over the activities in Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   . 
       FIG.  21    is a representation of screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of controlled breathing for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2101  and text window  2107 , which provides the subject with instructions on how to undergo the relaxation-inducing protocol controlled breathing  1003 . Window  2103  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Bar  2105  presents the subject with visual information regarding progress (time) through the exercise. 
       FIG.  22    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of passive muscle relaxation for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2201  and text window  2205 , which provides the subject with instructions on how undergo the relaxation-inducing protocol passive muscle relaxation  1007 . Window  2203  provides the subject with a visual representation of an individual undergoing passive muscle relaxation exercises with a practitioner, who now and again may provide the subject with audio and visual prompts, controlled by volume control  2209 . Button  2207  optionally allows the subject to enable voice recognition capabilities. 
       FIG.  23    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of autogenics for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2301  and text window  2303 , which provides the subject with instructions on how undergo the relaxation-inducing protocol autogenics  1011 . Window  2305  provides the subject with a visual representation of an individual undergoing autogenics exercises with a practitioner, who now and again may provide the subject with audio and visual prompts, controlled by volume control  2307 . Button  2309  optionally allows the subject to enable voice recognition capabilities. 
       FIG.  24    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of guided imagery for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2401  and text window  2405 , which provides the subject with instructions on how undergo the relaxation-inducing protocol guided imagery  1015 . Window  2403  provides the subject with a visual representation of an individual undergoing guided imagery exercises with a practitioner, who now and again may provide the subject with audio and visual prompts, controlled by volume control  2409 . Button  2407  optionally allows the subject to enable voice recognition capabilities. 
       FIG.  25    is a representation of a screen display associated with testing, for effectiveness of mindfulness for use in a relaxation protocol, established and monitored by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2501  and text window  2505 , which provides the subject with instructions on how undergo the relaxation-inducing protocol mindfulness  1019 . Window  2503  provides the subject with a visual representation of an individual undergoing mindfulness exercises with a practitioner, who now and again may provide the subject with audio and visual prompts, controlled by volume control  2509 . Button  2507  optionally allows the subject to enable voice recognition capabilities. 
       FIG.  26    is a representation of a display of a relaxation profile screen, wherein the results of activities associated with  FIGS.  21 - 25    are summarized and presented visually to the subject by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2601  and user ID#  2603 . Title  2605 , visual image  2607 , and text boxes  2609  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s skin conductance measurements over the activities in Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   . Title  2611 , visual image  2613 , and text boxes  2615  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s skin temperature measurements over the activities in Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   . Title  2617 , visual image  2619 , and text boxes  2621  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s respiration rate measurements over the activities in Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   . Title  2623 , visual image  2625 , and text boxes  2627  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s heart rate measurements over the activities in Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   . Title  2629 , visual image  2631 , and text boxes  2633  present the subject with information regarding the subject&#39;s heart rate variability measurements over the activities in Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   . 
       FIG.  27    is a representation of a screen display detailing a synthesized summary of the results associated with  FIGS.  20  and  26   , together with a detailed course of action that the subject will be caused to follow over subsequent iterations of the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2701  and text box  2709 , wherein the subject is presented with a detailed analysis and explanation of the Stress Profile testing associated with  FIG.  9   , Relaxation Profile testing associated with  FIG.  10   , and a synthesis thereof. Image scroll  2703  presents the subject with a visual representation of the information provided in textbox  2709 . Buttons  2705  and  2707  enable the subject to scroll between images in the image scroll  2703 . 
       FIG.  28    is a representation of a screen display providing a visual template for the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  2801  and box  2803 , which displays time elapsed and time remaining (in minutes and seconds) for a particular training module. Window  2805  displays information pertaining to the subject&#39;s selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. Window  2807  displays information pertaining to the subject&#39;s selected relaxation protocol. Window  2809  displays information pertaining to the subject&#39;s selected stress-inducing activity. Arrow bars  2811 ,  2813 ,  2815 ,  2817 , and  2819 , taken together, present the subject with a simulated race challenge, wherein the subject attempts to affect user ball  2815  to reach the end of its arrow bar before balls  2811 ,  2813 ,  2817 , and  2819  (opponent balls) reach the end of their respective arrow bars. The manner by which all balls move along their respective arrow lines is a function of the magnitude of discrepancy between the subject&#39;s stress condition measurements and a specified baseline measurement of the selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. The closer the subject&#39;s stress-condition measurement is to the target baseline measurement, the more likely the subject&#39;s ball  2815  will reach the end of its arrow line before the opponent balls  2811 ,  2813 ,  2817 , and  2819  reach the end of their respective arrow lines. 
       FIG.  29    is a representation of a visual progression of training sessions associated with the course of action presented in  FIG.  27    that the subject will experience in a sequenced manner as a function of the program of  FIG.  13   , from Basic Training I, II, and III through Advanced Training I, II, and III. This screen contains title  2901  and six sequenced training phase images:  2903 ,  2905 ,  2907 ,  2909 ,  2911  and  2913 , respectively. Image  2903  represents a display of Basic Training session I, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1101  and  1103 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). Image  2905  represents a display of Basic Training session II, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1105  and  1107 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). Image  2907  represents a display of Basic Training session III, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1109  and  1111 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
     Image  2909  represents a display of Advanced Training session I, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1201  and  1203 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). Image  2911  represents a display of Advanced Training session II, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1205  and  1207 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). Image  2911  represents a display of Advanced Training session III, wherein the subject will undergo processes  1209  and  1211 , with the results thereof to be presented real-time to the subject in the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  30    is a representation of a screen display associated with the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3001  and timer window  3003 . Window  3005  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Arrow line and ball images  3007 ,  3009 ,  3011 ,  3013 , and  3015  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  31    is a representation of a screen display associated with the subject&#39;s attainment of a specific goal, established by the results associated with  FIGS.  20 ,  26 , and  27   , during the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3101  and timer window  3103 . Window  3105  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Arrow line and ball images  3107 ,  3109 ,  3111 ,  3113 , and  3115  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). In this screen display, ball  3111  has reached the end of its arrow before balls  3107 ,  3109 ,  3113 , and  3115  have reached the end of their respective arrow lines, the result of which represents the subject&#39;s attaining a specified goal and passing the training phase. 
       FIG.  32    is a representation of a screen display associated with the subject&#39;s failure to attain a specified goal, established by the results associated with  FIGS.  20 ,  26 , and  27   , during the first of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3201  and timer window  3203 . Window  3205  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Arrow line and ball images  3207 ,  3209 ,  3211 ,  3213 , and  3215  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). In this screen display, ball  3209  has reached the end of its arrow before balls  3207 ,  3211 ,  3213 , and  3215  have reached the end of their respective arrow lines, the result of which represents the subject&#39;s not attaining a specified goal and not passing the training phase. 
       FIG.  33    is a representation of screen display associated with the second of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3301  and timer window  3303 . Window  3305  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Window  3305  provides the subject with a visual representation of his or her selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. Arrow line and ball images  3309 ,  3311 ,  3313 ,  3315 , and  3317  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  34    is a representation of a screen display associated with the third of three basic training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3401  and timer window  3403 . Window  3405  provides the subject with a visual representation of his or her selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. Arrow line and ball images  3407 ,  3409 ,  3411 ,  3413 , and  3415  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  35    is a representation of a screen display associated with the first of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3501  and timer window  3503 . Window  3507  provides the subject with a visual representation of a pacer for controlled breathing, by which the subject is provided visual information regarding how closely he or she is breathing in sync with a specified respiration rate. Window  3505  provides the subject with a visual representation of his or her selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. Window  3509  prompts the subject to perform the selected stress-inducing activity for a period of time. Arrow line and ball images  3511 ,  3513 ,  3515 ,  3517 , and  3519  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  36    is a representation of a screen display associated with the second of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3601  and timer window  3603 . Window  3605  provides the subject with a visual representation of his or her selected stress-indicating physiological parameter. Window  3607  prompts the subject to perform the selected stress-inducing activity for a period of time. Arrow line and ball images  3609 ,  3611 ,  3613 ,  3615 , and  3617  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  37    is a representation of a screen display associated with the third of three advanced training sessions that the subject will undergo as established by the course of action associated with  FIG.  27    by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3701  and timer window  3703 . Window  3505  prompts the subject to perform the selected stress-inducing activity for a period of time. Arrow line and ball images  3707 ,  3709 ,  3711 ,  3713 , and  3715  together represent a visual image of the race game associated with  FIG.  28    (items  2811 - 2819 ). 
       FIG.  38    is a representation of a display of an end screen by the program of  FIG.  13   . On this screen, the subject is presented with title  3801  and company logo image  3807 . Windows  3803  and  3805  provide the subject with a graphical representation of his or her progress and his or her score results, respectively, through the processes associated with  FIGS.  16 - 19 ,  21 - 25 ,  30 , and  33 - 37   . 
       FIG.  39    schematically represents a microcontroller firmware process  3901  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . In accordance with this embodiment, a microcontroller first carries out an initialization process. The firmware reads the microcontroller power supply in process  3903  to ensure stability and accuracy in measurements. If process  3903  returns a value at or above a preset threshold, process  3905  is allowed to begin, whereby the controller reads sensory values provided by mechanism  225 . If the value is below the preset threshold, state  3907  is assumed, whereby the controller recognizes that the battery power is too low for process  3905  to be properly carried out. This information is then sent to the computer via process  3909 . 
     The firmware then calibrates the sensors in process  3911  to normalize the measurements. Each sensor that is in need of adjustments is calibrated one at a time, which is regulated via process  3913 . If a sensor is unable to provide calibrated measurements, status  3915  is entered, wherein the controller sends an error report to the computer in process  3917  and terminates. Process  3919  sends a confirmation report to the computer if all sensors in need of calibration do so without error. 
     Once the report is sent, the microcontroller locks the calibration settings in process  3921 , thereby enabling the device to begin reading sensors in process  3923  and sending measurements to the computer in process  3925 . In processes  3923  and  3925 , the controller enters a stream of communication with the host computer in which ADC is carried out for each sensor and sent to the computer periodically. 
     If at any time an error occurs during operation of any of the aforementioned processes  3903 - 3925 , processes  3927 ,  3929  and  3931  act to detect such an error and report it to the computer. Process  3927  detects errors separately from the main program flow. This allows the device to detect various errors in process  3929 , and interrupt the main program flow so as to allow process  3931  to send a report of the error to the host computer. 
       FIG.  40    schematically represents an architecture of a power conditioner  4001  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . Four AA batteries  4003 ,  4005 ,  4007 , and  4009  are connected in series to supply a 6 volt voltage source. This voltage is conditioned in DC-to-DC converter  4011  to supply positive and negative supply rails so as to ensure the stable operational amplifiers used to carry out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . The voltage source level is then reduced in regulator  4013  in accordance with  221  power requirements. This regulation process is monitored by a program executing in the microcontroller  4015  in accordance with processes  3903 ,  3907 , and  3909 . The regulated power source is then supplied to the rest of the device, as embodied by the load  4017 . 
       FIG.  41    schematically represents an architecture of a skin conductance sensor pre-filter system  4101  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . Skin conductance sensor  4103  connects to DAQ board  209 , and includes two finger straps  4105  and  4111  for fixing the sensor to fingers of the subject, and two contacts  4107  and  4109  for measuring skin conductance of the subject. Before conditioning the signal, a microcontroller controls the flow of the signal in a process under control of microcontroller  4113  by either enabling or disabling sensor  4103 . A high-pass filter  4115  filters the signal from  4103  of high-frequency electrical noise so as to prepare the signal for analog-to-digital conversion by ADC  225 . A low-pass filter  4117  filters the signal of DC electrical offset, so as to normalize and prepare the signal for conversion. The signal is then amplified in amplifier  4119  to a range suitable for conversion. A reference voltage  4121  is supplied to the amplification circuitry  4119  so as to provide a baseline to which the signal deviates according to user stimuli. This output signal is then sent to ADC  225  as shown by block  4123 . 
       FIG.  42    schematically represents an architecture of a respiration rate sensor pre-filter system  4201  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . A breathing rate sensor  4203  connects to DAQ board  209 , and includes a chest strap  4205  for fixing the sensor to the subject, and a resistive belt  4207  for measuring the expansion of the subject&#39;s chest. Instrumentation amplifier  4213  amplifies the signal from resistive belt  4207 . A reference resistance  4209  provides a precision reference to the differential amplifier  4213  to compare to the unknown resistance in the sensor  4203  to produce a signal with optimal resolution and without major DC offset. A microcontroller  4211  controls this resistance so as to calibrate the sensor through the firmware process  3911 . A reference voltage  4215  is provided to the amplifier  4213  to provide a baseline to which the signal deviates according to user stimuli. A high-pass filter  4217  then filters the signal from the amplifier  4213  of high-frequency electrical noise so as to prepare the signal for ADC  225 . A low-pass filter  4219  filters the signal from the high-pass filter  4217  of DC electrical offset, so as to normalize and prepare the signal for measurements in analog-to-digital conversion. The microcontroller also controls the flow of the signal from the resistive belt  4207  to the amplifier  4213  in a firmware process  4211 , in accordance to the methods embodied by  FIG.  39   . This filtered signal is then sent to the controller for ADC  225  as shown by block  4221 . 
       FIG.  43    schematically represents an architecture of a heart rate sensor system  4301  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . The heart rate sensor  4303  includes a photodiode  4305  that captures light emanating from an infrared diode  4307 . The finger clip  4309  keeps both diodes in fixed relation to the subject&#39;s finger while process  4311  controls the electrical current flowing to the infrared diode  4307 . The absorbed infrared light is detected by the photodiode  4305 , producing a signal that is sent to  4313 , where it is filtered of high-frequency noise. This signal is then filtered of DC offset via a low-pass filter  4315 . The filtered signal is then amplified in  4317  with a baseline voltage reference  4319  and sent to process  225  to be converted into a digital format as shown by block  4321 . 
       FIG.  44    schematically represents an architecture of a skin temperature sensor system  4401  associated with the system architecture of  FIG.  2   , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the method embodiment of  FIG.  1   . A temperature sensor  4403  is made of a sensor  4407  which is strapped to the subject via a hand strap  4405 . A microcontroller  4409  controls the signal flow from the sensor  4407  via firmware embodied in process  3901 . The signal is sent from sensor  4407  to a high-pass filter  4411  and is filtered of any high-frequency noise. This signal is then filtered of any DC-offset in a low-pass filter  4413 , after which the signal is amplified in accordance to  221  with a reference voltage  4417  supplying a baseline for which the signal deviates according to user stimuli. This filtered and formatted signal is then sent to ADC  225  as shown by block  4419 . 
     The present invention may be embodied in many different forms, including, but in no way limited to, computer program logic for use with a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer), programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other PLD), discrete components, integrated circuitry (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)), or any other means including any combination thereof. 
     Computer program logic implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be embodied in various forms, including, but in no way limited to, a source code form, a computer executable form, and various intermediate forms (e.g., forms generated by an assembler, compiler, networker, or locator.) Source code may include a series of computer program instructions implemented in any of various programming languages (e.g., an object code, an assembly language, or a high-level language such as Fortran, C, C++, JAVA, or HTML) for use with various operating systems or operating environments. The source code may define and use various data structures and communication messages. The source code may be in a computer executable form (e.g., via an interpreter), or the source code may be converted (e.g., via a translator, assembler, or compiler) into a computer executable form. 
     The computer program may be fixed in any form (e.g., source code form, computer executable form, or an intermediate form) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), a PC card (e.g., PCMCIA card), or other memory device. The computer program may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies, networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The computer program may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink wrapped software or a magnetic tape), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the Internet or World Wide Web.) 
     Hardware logic (including programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device) implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be designed using traditional manual methods, or may be designed, captured, simulated, or documented electronically using various tools, such as Computer Aided Design (CAD), a hardware description language (e.g., VHDL or AHDL), or a PLD programming language (e.g., PALASM, ABEL, or CUPL.) 
     Embodiments of the present invention may be described, without limitation, by the following clauses. While these embodiments have been described in the clauses by process steps, an apparatus comprising a computer with associated display capable of executing the process steps in the clauses below is also included in the present invention. Likewise, a computer program product including computer executable instructions for executing the process steps in the clauses below and stored on a computer readable medium is included within the present invention. 
     The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be merely exemplary; numerous variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. All such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined in any appended claims.