Patent Publication Number: US-2023134777-A1

Title: Banking-Type Transactions

Description:
PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/165,447, filed Feb. 2, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,544,681, which is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/529,583, filed 1 Aug. 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,410,140, which is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/098,336, filed 5 Dec. 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,380,564 which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Banking today is typically done with banks or credit unions. To open an account, a customer can visit a branch office of a bank or a credit union. The customer has to establish his or her identity, typically using a form of government issued identification, such as a state issued driver&#39;s license or identification card, or a federal government issued passport. The customer further needs to provide an address. Once the identity of the customer is established, the bank or credit union can create an account, such as a checking account or a savings account, for the customer. Upon creation of the account, the customer is able to perform trans actions with the bank or credit union, such as making a deposit or a withdrawal. 
     The customer can make a deposit at a branch office of the bank or credit union, or using an automated teller machine (ATM). To make a deposit in a branch office, the customer typically identifies her account to a teller, and provides some form of money to the teller, such as cash or a check. The teller arranges for the account of the customer to be credited for the amount of the deposit. To make a deposit using an ATM, the customer inserts an ATM or debit card into an ATM. The customer then enters her personal identification number (PIN) into the ATM, and the ATM validates the PIN. Once validated, the ATM accepts some form of money from the customer, and credits the customer&#39;s account for the amount of the depo sit. 
     The customer can similarly make a withdrawal at a branch office of the bank or credit union, or using an ATM. To make a deposit in a branch office, the customer typically identifies her account to a teller, and establishes their identity by providing a form of government issued identification. The teller arranges for the account of the customer to be debited for the amount of the withdrawal. When the account has sufficient funds available for the withdrawal, the teller provides funds in the amount of the withdrawal to the customer. To make a withdrawal using an ATM, the customer inserts an ATM or debit card into an ATM. The customer then enters her PIN into the ATM, and the ATM validates the PIN. Once validated, the ATM verifies that the customer&#39;s account has sufficient funds available for the withdrawal. If the funds are available, the ATM provides funds in the amount of the withdrawal to the customer. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described and explained through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1 A  is a diagram illustrating components of or associated with a first embodiment of a system to enable a merchant to perform banking-type transactions; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a diagram illustrating the flow of funds for a cash deposit made with a merchant by a customer; 
         FIG.  1 C  is a diagram illustrating the flow of funds for a cash withdrawal made with a merchant by a customer; 
         FIG.  2    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a method for a customer to make a cash deposit; 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating components of or associated with a second embodiment of a system to enable a merchant to perform banking-type transactions; 
         FIG.  4    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a method for creating a financial account; 
         FIG.  5    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a first method for verifying the identity of a customer; 
         FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a second method for verifying the identity of a customer; 
         FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating operations for a customer to make a banking-type transaction; and 
         FIG.  8    is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules discussed herein, may be executed. 
     
    
    
     The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be expanded or reduced to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Similarly, some components and/or operations may be separated into different blocks or combined into a single block for the purposes of discussion of some of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Moreover, while the technology of the disclosure is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail below. The intention, however, is not to limit the disclosure to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the disclosure. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This application discloses technology related to enabling a merchant to perform banking-type transactions, such as a deposit or a withdrawal. A merchant, using a sales system such as a point of sales system that the merchant uses to sell goods, can perform banking-type transactions for a customer. The sales system can send information related to the banking-type transaction to, for example, a buyer/seller platform. The buyer/seller platform can enable merchants to engage in financial transactions with customers for the sale of goods and/or services, and can process the electronic payments (e.g., credit card or ATM payments) associated with the financial transactions. The buyer/seller platform can deposit the funds from the electronic payments into the merchants&#39; financial accounts. 
     When the banking-type transaction is a deposit, the customer can provide the deposit amount to the merchant. The buyer/seller platform can credit the customer&#39;s financial account for the deposit amount. The platform can accomplish the credit of the account by diverting a portion of the merchant&#39;s electronic payment funds corresponding to the deposit amount to the customer&#39;s financial account. While this diversion reduces the electronic funds that are deposited in the merchant&#39;s financial account by an amount corresponding to the customer&#39;s deposit, the merchant&#39;s funds remain whole. The merchant&#39;s funds remain whole as, on the plus side, the merchant received the cash deposit amount from the customer, and, on the minus side, had the electronic payment funds deposit reduced by the amount of the depo sit. 
     Many people do not have convenient access to banks and/or credit unions when they need access. For example, a person in a rural area may need to drive a significant distance to go to a bank, or a worker getting off work at midnight may not be able to find an open bank. Utilizing the disclosed technology, these people can perform banking-type transactions with a merchant. For example, the person in the rural area can go to a local grocery store or gas station and make a deposit to a financial account. The worker getting off work at midnight can go to a 24-hour convenience store and make a withdrawal from a financial account. 
     Additionally, many business people, for example taxi drivers, may accept payment cards (e.g., credit cards or ATM cards) to purchase goods and/or services and not have timely access to those payment card funds. For example, if a taxi driver receives $100 in payment card payments during a shift, the taxi driver may not be able to obtain the $100 till the next day or even later. Utilizing the disclosed technology, the taxi driver can go to a merchant immediately following his shift and withdraw the $100 of payment card payments he received during his shift, and the merchant can provide $100 in cash to the taxi driver for the withdrawal. 
     Further, many people around the world do not have an account with a bank or a credit union. Resultantly, a person may not have a safe place to keep her money. There are many reasons why a person may not be able to open an account. For example, the person may not have government issued ID (identification) to use to open the account, or the person may not have an address, which can be required to open an account. For such people, not having reasonable access to an account where money can be safely kept creates a hardship. Utilizing the disclosed technology, a person without a government issued ID or an address can go to a local store of a merchant, and the merchant can open a financial account for the person. The merchant can further perform banking-type transactions for the person, for example depositing funds into the financial account where the funds can be safely stored. 
     Walking through a simple example may be helpful in understanding the disclosed technology. The following non-limiting example is provided to help in understanding the basics of the disclosed technology. A merchant uses a sales system to open a financial account for a customer. The sales system is the same system that the merchant uses to sell goods, such as food and medicine. Because the customer does not have government issued ID, an alternative method of establishing identity can be used. The sales system can communicate with a computer system that has access to personal information databases. For example, the computer system can obtain personal information from databases of credit reporting agencies, such as Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. 
     The computer system, using personal information from the databases, can create and transmit personal questions to the sales system, which the customer can answer to establish identity. For example, the computer system could ask what was the customer&#39;s residence address five years ago, or what is the current outstanding balance for the customer&#39;s cell phone. The computer system could provide several possible answers from which the customer would choose. If the customer is able to answer sufficient personal questions correctly to establish her identity, the computer system can create a financial account for the customer. The customer can now make banking-type transactions, such as deposits or withdrawals, with the merchant or any other merchant that utilizes the disclosed technology. 
     For example, the customer can go to a second store, and can make a deposit with a second merchant at the second store. To determine the customer&#39;s account, the second merchant can use a sales system to obtain identifying information from the customer&#39;s cell phone. The sales system can transmit this identifying information to the computer system, and the computer system can determine the financial account associated with the cell phone. The second merchant can accept a cash deposit from the customer, and, using the sales system, can cause the financial account of the customer to be credited for the amount of the deposit. 
     Terminology 
     Brief definitions of terms, abbreviations, and phrases used throughout this application are given below. 
     The terms “connected” or “coupled” and related terms are used in an operational sense and are not necessarily limited to a direct physical connection or coupling. Thus, for example, two devices may be coupled directly, or via one or more intermediary media or devices. As another example, devices may be coupled in such a way that information can be passed there between, while not sharing any physical connection with one another. Based on the disclosure provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate a variety of ways in which connection or coupling exists in accordance with the aforementioned definition. 
     The phrases “in some embodiments,” “according to various embodiments,” “in the embodiments shown,” “in one embodiment,” “in other embodiments,” “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” and the like generally mean the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present invention. In addition, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or to different embodiments. 
     If the specification states a component or feature “may”, “can”, “could”, or “might” be included or have a characteristic, that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic. 
     The term “module” refers broadly to software stored on non-transitory storage medium (e.g., volatile or non-volatile memory for a computing device), hardware, or firmware (or any combination thereof) components. Modules are typically functional components that can generate useful data or other output using specified input(s). A module may or may not be self-contained. An application program (also called an “application”) may include one or more modules, or a module can include one or more application programs. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a diagram illustrating components of or associated with a first embodiment of a system to enable a merchant to perform banking-type transactions.  FIG.  1 A  includes buyer/seller platform  155 , which can be implemented on a computer system, such as computer system  150 . Computer system  150  can be computer system  800  of  FIG.  8   , and can be referred to as a networked computer system. Buyer/seller platform  155  can enable merchants to engage in financial transactions with customers for the sale of goods and/or services, can process the electronic payments associated with the financial transactions, and can deposit funds from the electronic payments to financial accounts associated with the merchants. 
     For example, customer  180  can purchase a good from merchant  135 , and can enter into a financial transaction associated with the purchase. The financial transaction can include a payment by customer  180  for the good, and the payment can be made by customer  180  using a payment card, such as a credit card or an ATM card. The payment card can be read by card reader  120 , and the payment card and purchase transaction information can be sent to buyer/seller platform  155  via computer system  150 . In some embodiments, buyer/seller platform  155  can receive the payment card and purchase transaction information, and can process the electronic payment made using the payment card utilizing financial system  160 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can obtain the electronic payment funds from a financial account associated with the payment card, and can transfer the electronic payment funds to a financial account associated with merchant  135 . 
     In one example, customer  180  desires to open an account to safely hold customer  180 &#39;s money. However, customer  180  may not be able to open an account with or have reasonable access to a bank or a credit union for some of the previously discussed reasons. Customer  180  can enter a place of business for a merchant, such as a grocery store run by merchant  135 . Merchant  135  sells goods, such as food and medicine, and uses sales system  105  to sell the goods. Sales system  105  is configured to be used by merchant  135  to sell the goods, and can communicate with buyer/seller platform  155 . 
     Customer  180  asks merchant  135  to open a financial account. Merchant  135 , using sales system  105 , opens an account for customer  180 , for example, at buyer/seller platform  155 . If customer  180  does not have proper identification, merchant  135  can use sales system  105  to arrange for an alternate method of identification. For example, merchant  135  can use sales system  105  to indicate that customer  180  wants to open an account but does not have the proper identification. Sales system  105  can communicate with buyer/seller platform  155 , and buyer/seller platform  155  can provide an alternative method of identifying customer  180 . 
     As one example of an alternative method of identifying customer  180 , buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit personal questions to sales system  105  which customer  180  can answer to verify identity. The personal questions can include, for example, what was customer  180 &#39;s residence address five years ago, and can list a number of possible answers to select from. As a second example, the personal questions can include what is customer  180 &#39;s current outstanding phone bill balance and can list a number of possible answers to select from. After verifying customer  180 &#39;s identity, merchant  135  can create a financial account for customer  180  using sales system  105 . For example, sales system  105  can transmit account creation information to buyer/seller platform  155 , and buyer/seller platform  155  can create the financial account for customer  180 . 
     Additional information can be linked to or associated with the financial account for various purposes. For example, for use as part of an identification verification process, or to facilitate locating the financial account. As a first example, the financial account can be linked to mobile device  190 . Sales system  105  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190 , and can transmit the identifying information to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can have access to a storage device on computer system  150 . The storage device can contain a mapping database and buyer/seller platform  155  can use the mapping database to associate or link the identifying information with the financial account. 
     As a second example, customer  180  can enter a personal identification number (PIN) which can be linked to the financial account. Customer  180  can enter a PIN, for example using sales system  105  or mobile device  190 , and the PIN can be transmitted to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can use the mapping database to associate or link the PIN with customer  180 &#39;s financial account. As a third example, a photo of customer  180  can be linked to the financial account. A photo of customer  180  can be taken, for example by sales system  105  or mobile device  190 , and the photo can be transmitted to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can use the mapping database to associate or link the photo with customer  180 &#39;s financial account. 
     Once customer  180 &#39;s financial account is created, customer  180  can perform banking-type transactions, such as a making a deposit or a withdrawal, utilizing the financial account. To make a deposit, customer  180  can provide deposit money  185  to merchant  135 , which merchant  135  can place in cash drawer  125 . 
     In some embodiments, the identity of customer  180  can be verified as part of making a banking-type transaction, such as a deposit or a withdrawal. In some embodiments, to verify the identity of customer  180 , customer  180  can enter a PIN using, for example, sales system  105  or mobile device  190 . Sales system  105  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190 , and can transmit the identifying information and the PIN to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information including the PIN for the financial account associated with the identifying information. In some embodiments, validation of the PIN completes the verification of the identity of customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, merchant  135  can use a photo to verify the identity of customer  180 . Sales system  105  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190 , and can transmit the identifying information to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information including a photo for the financial account associated with the identifying information. Buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the photo to sales system  105 , and merchant  135  can use the photo to validate the identity of customer  180 . In some embodiments, identity validation using the photo completes the verification of the identity of customer  180 . In other embodiments, both validation using the PIN and validation using the photo are needed to complete the verification of the identity of customer  180 . A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many other methods of verifying the identity of customer  180  exist and can be used. 
     Continuing with customer  180 &#39;s deposit, merchant  135  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190  using sales system  105 . Sales system  105  can transmit the amount of customer  180 &#39;s deposit and the identifying information to buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the identifying information with the financial account, and buyer/seller platform  155  can access the mapping database. Buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information for the financial account associated with the identifying information. Having the account information for customer  180 &#39;s financial account, buyer/seller platform  155  can credit the financial account for the amount of customer  180 &#39;s deposit, less a transaction fee. In some embodiments, the transaction fee can be zero. 
     Computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates sales system  105  with a financial account of the merchant (i.e., the merchant&#39;s financial account), and buyer/seller platform  155  can access the mapping database. Buyer/seller platform  155  can determine the merchant&#39;s financial account by executing a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information for the financial account associated with sales system  105 . When customer  180 &#39;s deposit is successful, buyer/seller platform  155  can debit the merchant&#39;s financial account for the amount of the customer&#39;s cash deposit less a transaction fee. In some embodiments, the transaction fee can be zero. 
     To make a withdrawal, customer  180  makes a withdrawal request for a specified amount of money (i.e., the amount of customer  180 &#39;s withdrawal request). For a withdrawal, the identity of customer  180  typically needs to be verified. The identity of customer  180  can be verified using a process, such as one of the previously described identity verification processes. Sales system  105  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190 . Sales system  105  can transmit the amount of customer  180 &#39;s withdrawal request and the identifying information to buyer/seller platform  155 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information, including an account balance, for the financial account associated with the identifying information. 
     When the account balance is sufficient to fund customer  180 &#39;s withdrawal request, buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit a confirmation message to sales system  105 . Buyer/seller platform  155  can debit customer  180 &#39;s financial account for the amount of the withdrawal. In some embodiments, customer  180 &#39;s financial account is debited for a transaction fee. Buyer/seller platform  155  can determine the merchant  135 &#39;s financial account by executing a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information for the financial account associated with sales system  105 . When customer  180 &#39;s withdrawal is successful, buyer/seller platform  155  can credit merchant  135 &#39;s financial account for the amount of the customer&#39;s cash deposit plus a transaction fee. In some embodiments, the second transaction fee can be zero. 
     With the identity of customer  180  having been verified, and with the withdrawal request confirmed by buyer/seller platform  155 , merchant  135  can provide the requested amount of the withdrawal to customer  180 . Typically, merchant  135  takes money from cash drawer money  130  to provide the requested withdrawal amount to customer  180 . In some embodiments, merchant  135  can provide the requested withdrawal amount less a transaction fee to customer  180 . 
       FIG.  1 B  is a diagram illustrating the flow of funds for a cash deposit made with a merchant by a customer. The following description of  FIG.  1 B  will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  1 B  easier to understand. 
     It is instructive to trace the flow of funds for a cash deposit. In the example of  FIG.  1 B , a customer such as customer  180  desires to deposit $100 into a financial account, such as customer financial account  120 . Customer financial account  120  can be at buyer/seller platform  155 , or can be at financial system  160 . When at financial system  160 , customer financial account  120  can be at a bank or credit union associated with financial system  160 , among other locations.  FIG.  1 B  shows a “$100 deposit by customer” going into cash drawer  125 . For example, customer  180  provides deposit money  185 , in this example $100, to merchant  135 , who places the money in cash drawer  125 . 
     During that same day, merchant  135  sells $1500 of goods and/or services to various customers. The customers pay for $1000 of the goods and/or services using payment cards, such as credit cards or ATM cards, and pay for $500 of the goods and/or services with cash, the cash placed in cash drawer  125 .  FIG.  1 B  shows “$1000 in payment card transactions from multiple customers” going into sales system  105 , for example, by swiping the payment cards through card reader  120  to pay for the associated purchases. 
     Sales system  105  can send the purchase transaction and payment card information to buyer/seller platform  155  for processing of the payment card transactions.  FIG.  1 B  shows sales system  105  sending “$1000 in payment card transactions for payment processing” to buyer/seller platform  155 . As part of processing the payment card transactions, buyer/seller platform  155  obtains funds from accounts associated with the payment cards. For example, if 5 customers each purchased $200 of goods and/or services each using a personal payment card, buyer/seller platform  155  would collect $200 from the account associated with each of the personal payment cards. Since this example has 5 payment cards used, each with an associated account, buyer/seller platform  155  would collect $200 from the 5 accounts associated with the 5 payment cards, the 5 accounts comprising multiple payment card accounts  110 .  FIG.  1 B  shows buyer/seller platform  155  obtaining “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” from multiple payment card accounts  110 . 
     Merchant  135  made $1500 in sales for the day, so merchant  135  (ignoring the various fees and transaction costs associated with the fund transfers) should end the day with $1500 more in funds than he started with. Merchant  135  received $500 in cash in payment for goods and/or services, and received a $100 deposit. So cash drawer  125  has $500+$100 or $600 more in funds than at the start of the day. Of the $1000 in payment card funds,  FIG.  1 B  shows “$900 in funds for the payment card transactions” going to merchant financial account  115 . Merchant financial account  115  is a financial account associated with merchant  135 . Merchant financial account  115  can be at buyer/seller platform  155 , or can be at financial system  160 . When at financial system  160 , merchant financial account  115  can be at a bank or credit union associated with financial system  160 , among other locations. At the end of the day, cash drawer  125  has $600 more in funds and merchant financial account  115  has $900 more in funds than at the start of the day, so merchant  135  has $600+$900=$1500 more in funds at the end of the day than he started with. 
     Customer  180  provided a deposit amount of $100 to merchant  135  that customer  180  wanted deposited in customer financial account  120 . Of the “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” that are transferred from multiple payment card accounts  110  to buyer/seller platform  155 , “$100 in funds for the cash deposit” are transferred from buyer/seller platform  155  to customer financial account  120 . So the “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” are split by buyer/seller platform  155  with “$900 in funds for the payment card transactions” being deposited in merchant financial account  115 , and “$100 in funds for the customer cash deposit” being deposited in customer financial account  120 . 
       FIG.  1 C  is a diagram illustrating the flow of funds for a cash withdrawal made with a merchant by a customer. The following description of  FIG.  1 C  will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  1 C  easier to understand. 
     It is instructive to trace the flow of funds for a cash withdrawal. In the example of  FIG.  1 C , a customer such as customer  180  desires to withdraw $100 from a financial account, such as customer financial account  120 .  FIG.  1 C  shows a “$100 cash withdrawal by customer” going from cash drawer  125  to the customer. For example, merchant  135  provides money from cash drawer  125 , in this example $100, to customer  180 . 
     During that same day, merchant  135  sells $1500 of goods and/or services to various customers. The customers pay for $1000 of the goods and/or services using payment cards, and pay for $500 of the goods and/or services with cash, the cash placed in cash drawer  125 .  FIG.  1 C  shows “$1000 in payment card transactions from multiple customers” going into sales system  105 , for example, by swiping the payment cards through card reader  120  to pay for the associated purchases. 
     Sales system  105  can send the purchase transaction and payment card information to buyer/seller platform  155  for processing of the payment card transactions.  FIG.  1 C  shows sales system  105  sending “$1000 in payment card transactions for payment processing” to buyer/seller platform  155 .  FIG.  1 C  shows buyer/seller platform  155  obtaining “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” from multiple payment card accounts  110 . 
     Merchant  135  made $1500 in sales for the day, so merchant  135  (ignoring the various fees and transaction costs associated with the fund transfers) should end the day with $1500 more in funds than he started with. Merchant  135  received $500 in cash in payment for goods and/or services, and paid out $100 for the cash withdrawal. So cash drawer  125  has $500 $100 or $400 more in funds than at the start of the day. Of the $1000 in payment card funds,  FIG.  1 C  shows “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” going to merchant financial account  115 .  FIG.  1 C  shows “$100 in funds for the customer cash withdrawal” going from customer financial account  120  to buyer/seller platform  155 , and then from buyer/seller platform  155  to merchant financial account  115 . At the end of the day, cash drawer  125  has $400 more in funds and merchant financial account  115  has $1000+$100 or $1100 more in funds than at the start of the day, so merchant  135  has $400+$1100=$1500 more in funds at the end of the day than he started with. 
     Customer  180  obtained $100 from merchant  135  that customer  180  wanted to withdraw from customer financial account  120 . “$100 in funds for the customer cash withdrawal” is withdrawn from customer financial account  120  and is deposited to merchant financial account  115 . This results in customer financial account  120  having $100 less than at the start of the day, as should be the case given that customer  180  wanted to withdraw $100 from customer financial account  120 . 
     The customer of  FIGS.  1 A- 1 C , for example customer  180 , can also be a second merchant, and customer financial account  120  can be a second merchant financial account for the second merchant. The second merchant, similar to merchant  135 , can make sales that are paid for with payment cards, and buyer/seller platform  155  can process those payment card payments and deposit funds obtained from accounts associated with the payment cards into the second merchant financial account. When the second merchant makes a deposit or withdrawal at the first merchant, rather than buyer/seller platform  155  making a deposit to or withdrawal from the second merchant financial account that directly corresponds to the amount of the deposit or withdrawal, buyer/seller platform  155  can adjust the payment card fund deposit into the second merchant financial account corresponding to the amount of the deposit or withdrawal. 
     For example, the second merchant can deposit $100 at the first merchant to go to the second merchant financial account. The second merchant can make $1000 in payment card sales that same day. Buyer/seller platform  155 , rather than depositing $100 directly into the second merchant financial account, can make one deposit of $1100, the one deposit including the $1000 of payment card funds plus the $100 deposit amount. Similarly, if the second merchant withdraws $100 at the first merchant from the second merchant financial account, buyer/seller platform  155  can make one deposit of $900, the one deposit including the $1000 of payment card funds less the $100 withdrawal. A person of ordinary skill will appreciate that the various transfer/deposit amounts can be adjusted based on various fees and charges that are associated with the various transactions, and that more than one deposit to or withdrawal from the second merchant financial account can be made. 
       FIG.  2    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a method for a customer to make a cash deposit. The following description of  FIG.  2    will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  2    easier to understand. Note that, in some embodiments, including the embodiment of  FIG.  1 A , all steps of the method of  FIG.  2    can be carried out by computer system  150  as well as buyer/seller platform  155 . In some embodiments, some or all transaction fees associated with the steps of  FIG.  2    are zero. 
     Step  205  includes receiving information associated with the cash deposit including an amount of the cash deposit. The cash deposit can be the customer&#39;s cash deposit. The information can be from a sales system configured to be used by a merchant to sell goods. Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , customer  180  initiates a deposit transaction and provides deposit money  185  to merchant  135 . Merchant  135  uses sales system  105  to sell goods, and sales system  105  is configured to be used by merchant  135  to sell goods. Sales system  105  can transmit the amount of customer  180 &#39;s deposit to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Step  205  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving, from sales system  105 , which is configured to be used by merchant  135  to sell goods, information associated with a cash deposit including an amount of customer  180 &#39;s cash deposit. 
     Step  210  includes receiving identifying information obtained from a mobile device associated with a customer. The identifying information can be sent by the sales system and the mobile device can be the customer&#39;s mobile device. Step  210  can occur before or after step  205 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , merchant  135  can obtain identifying information from mobile device  190  using sales system  105 . Sales system  105  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Step  210  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving, from sales system  105 , identifying information obtained from mobile device  190 , which is associated with customer  180 . 
     Step  215  includes determining the customer&#39;s cash account based on an association with the identifying information. Step  215  can occur in response to step  210  or can occur before or after step  205 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the identifying information with the customer&#39;s financial account. The customer&#39;s cash account can be determined by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  performing a database operation to determine a cash account associated with the identifying information. Step  215  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  determining the customer&#39;s cash account based on an association with the identifying information, such as by performing a database operation to determine a cash account associated with the identifying information. 
     Step  220  includes crediting the customer&#39;s cash account for the amount of the customer&#39;s cash deposit less a first transaction fee. Step  220  can occur in response to steps  215  and  205 . In step  215  the customer&#39;s cash account was determined. Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , step  220  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  crediting customer  180 &#39;s financial account for the amount of customer  180 &#39;s cash deposit, less a first transaction fee. In some embodiments, the first transaction fee is zero. In some embodiments the financial account is a cash account. 
     In some embodiments, the funds for the deposit can come from funds obtained from accounts associated with payment cards. This flow of funds is similar to  FIG.  1 B  where the “$100 in funds for the customer cash deposit” going to customer financial account  120  can come from multiple payment card accounts  110 . The “$1000 in payment funds for the payment card transactions” that was obtained from multiple payment card accounts  110  go to buyer/seller platform  155 , which sends the “$100 in funds for the customer cash deposit” to customer financial account  120 . Step  220  can have a flow of funds that is similar to  FIG.  1 B . 
     Step  225  includes determining the merchant&#39;s cash account based on an association with the sales system. Step  225  can occur before all of or after any of steps  205 - 220 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates sales system  105  with a financial account of the merchant (i.e., the merchant&#39;s financial account). In some embodiments, a financial account is a cash account. Step  225  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  determining the merchant&#39;s financial account based on an association with the sales system, such as by executing a database operation using the mapping database to obtain account information for the financial account associated with sales system  105 . 
     Step  230  includes debiting the merchant&#39;s cash account for the amount of the customer&#39;s cash deposit less a second transaction fee. Step  230  can occur in response to step  225  or step  220  or step  205 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , step  230  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  debiting the merchant&#39;s financial account for the amount of customer  180 &#39;s cash deposit less a second transaction fee. In some embodiments, the second transaction fee is zero. In some embodiments, the financial account is a cash account. 
     In some embodiments, rather than debiting the merchant&#39;s cash account, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can reduce an amount of a deposit in the merchant&#39;s cash account by an amount corresponding to the amount of the customer&#39;s cash deposit. This flow of funds is similar to  FIG.  1 B . For a typical prior art merchant, $1000 in payment card transactions would lead to a deposit in the merchant&#39;s financial account of $1000 (ignoring various fees). In  FIG.  1 B , the deposit is reduced by the “$100 cash deposit by customer”, so instead of depositing “$1000 in funds for the payment card transactions” in merchant financial account  115 , “$900 in funds for the payment card transactions” is deposited in merchant financial account  115 . The deposit is reduced by an amount corresponding to the “$100 in funds for the customer cash deposit.” Step  230  can have a flow of funds that is similar to  FIG.  1 B . 
     Step  235  includes transmitting, to the sales system, a first message confirming the cash deposit. Step  240  can occur in response to steps  220  and  230 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , step  235  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  transmitting, to sales system  105 , a first message confirming the cash deposit to customer  180 &#39;s financial account. 
     Step  240  includes transmitting, to a mobile device and/or an email account associated with the mobile device, a second message confirming the cash deposit. Step  240  can occur in response to steps  220  and  230 , or before or after step  235 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , in some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  transmits to mobile device  190  a second message confirming the cash deposit to customer  180 &#39;s financial account. In some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  transmits to an email account associated with mobile device  190  a second message confirming the cash deposit to customer  180 &#39;s financial account. In some embodiments, step  240  can include computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  transmitting messages confirming the cash deposit to customer  180 &#39;s financial account to mobile device  190  and/or to an email account associated with mobile device  190 . 
     Step  245  includes transmitting, to the sales system, a photo of a person associated with the mobile device to verify an identity. Step  245  can occur after any of steps  205 - 215 , or after all of steps  205 - 215 , or before step  205 , step  210 , or steps  205  and  210 . Using the example of  FIG.  1 A , in some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  transmits, to sales system  105 , a photo of customer  180 . Customer  180  is associated with mobile device  190 . Step  245  can include transmitting, to sales system  105 , the photo of customer  180  to verify the identity of customer  180 . For example, merchant  135  can compare the photo as displayed on sales system  105  to customer  180 , and can verify the identity of customer  180  based on the comparison. 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram illustrating components of or associated with a second embodiment of a system to enable a merchant to perform banking-type transactions.  FIG.  3    includes sales system  305 , computer system  150 , and financial system  360 . Sales system  305  is coupled to computer system  150 , and computer system  150  is coupled to financial system  360 . In some embodiments, financial system  360  includes payment processing service  361 , financial service  362 , and bank  363 . Computer system  150  is coupled to payment processing service  361 , payment processing service  361  is coupled to financial service  362 , and financial service  362  is coupled to bank  363 . 
     Identifying object  390  is compatible with computer system  150 . In various embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a magnetic stripe card, a smart card, a proximity card, a re-programmable magnetic stripe card, a card containing a quick response (QR) code, a card containing a bar code, a government issued identification card, a proxy card, or a biometrically identifiable object, such as a finger, a hand, an iris, a retina, or a face, among others. A proxy card is a card that can be associated with various payment mechanisms, examples of payment mechanisms including credit cards, charge cards, ATM cards, debit cards, pre-paid credit cards, pre-paid debit cards, gift cards, stored value cards, and fleet cards, among others. In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a mobile device. Examples of mobile devices include smart phones such as an iPhone, tablets such as an iPad, portable media devices such as an iPod, wearable devices such as Google Glass or Samsung Smartwatch, or a laptop or other portable computer. 
     Sales system  305  can include systems that can perform the banking-type transactions including communicating with computer system  150 , and that can be used by merchant  135  to sell goods. Examples of systems that can comprise sales system  305  include point of sale (POS) systems, cash registers, computer systems running sales applications including mobile devices running sales applications, cloud based POS systems, checkout registers, computer systems running internet based applications such as a web browser, and the like. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many systems that can comprise sales system  305 . 
     In some embodiments where identifying object  390  is a biometrically identifiable object, such as a finger, a hand, an iris, a retina, or a face, sales system  305  can identify the biometrically identifiable object. In some embodiments, sales system  305  can obtain biometric information from the biometrically identifiable object and can transmit the biometric information to a second computer system. The second computer system can use the biometric information to identify the biometrically identifiable object. For example, when the biometrically identifiable object is a finger, sales system  305  can obtain biometric information related to the fingerprint of the finger. In some embodiments, sales system  305  can recognize the fingerprint to identify the finger (e.g., this is the finger of Jane Doe). For example, sales system  305  can include a biometric scanner coupled to a computer system, such as a point of sale system. The biometric scanner can scan customer  180 &#39;s fingerprint, can transmit the biometric scan results to the computer system to which the biometric scanner is coupled, and the computer system can use customer  180 &#39;s fingerprint to identify the finger. 
     In some embodiments, sales system  305  can transmit the data related to the fingerprint to a second computer system. For example, to a compute server associated with the seller, to computer system  150 , to financial system  360 , to payment processing service  361 , or to another computer system, and the second computer system can use the transmitted fingerprint data to identify the finger. The second computer system can transmit identifying information associated with the finger to sales system  305 . 
     In some embodiments where identifying object  390  is a mobile device, sales device  105  can obtain identifying information associated with the mobile device. In some embodiments where identifying object  390  is a smart phone, sales system  305  can communicate with the smart phone via 3G to obtain identifying information related to a digital wallet associated with the smart phone. Sales system  305  in various embodiments can communicate with the mobile device via WiFi, 3G, 4G, Near Field Communication (NFC), or Bluetooth, or can obtain a QR code or a bar code or any machine readable code from the mobile device, for example, by scanning a QR code or bar code displayed by the mobile device. Sales system  305  can further transmit the identifying information to computer system  150 . 
     In some embodiments, financial system  360  can include payment processing service  361 , financial service  362 , and bank  363 . Payment processing service  161  can be, for example, Bank of America Merchant Services. Financial service  362  can be, for example, VISA&#39;s VisaNet Payment System. Bank  363  can be, for example, Chase Bank. A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are a number of companies that provide payment processing services, financial services, and banking services, and that can provide the services of payment processing service  361 , financial service  362 , and bank  363 , respectively. 
       FIG.  4    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a method for creating a financial account. The following description of  FIG.  4    will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  4    easier to understand. Note that, in some embodiments, including the embodiment of  FIG.  3   , all steps of the method of  FIG.  4    can be carried out by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . 
     Step  405  includes receiving identity information for a customer. Using the example of  FIG.  3   , in some embodiments, customer  180  can enter a place of business for a merchant, such as coffee shop run by merchant  135 . Merchant  135  sells goods, such as coffee and pastries, and uses sales system  305  to sell the goods. Sales system  305  is configured to be used by a merchant to sell goods. Customer  180  asks merchant  135  to open a financial account. Merchant  135 , using sales system  305 , begins the process of opening a financial account for customer  180 . Customer  180  provides identity information, which can be entered into sales system  305  and transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives identity information for customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, customer  180  can use a computer system, such as a mobile device or a personal computer, to create a financial account. The computer system can access a website associated with computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , or the computer system can run application software. Customer  180  can use the website or the application software to create a financial account. Customer  180  provides identity information to the website or to the application software, and the website or the application software causes the identity information to be transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives identity information for customer  180 . 
     Step  410  includes verifying the identity of the customer. Step  410  can occur in response to step  405 . In some embodiments, step  410  can comprise the method of  FIG.  5   . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , in some embodiments, customer  180  has identification which meets the identification requirements. Customer  180  can have, for example, government issued identification, such as a state issued driver&#39;s license or identification card, or a federal government issued passport. Sales system  305  can obtain identity information for customer  180 . For example, sales system  305  can obtain identity information, such as a driver&#39;s license number and an address, from a state issued driver&#39;s license. Sales system  305  can transmit the identity information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , and computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can use the identity information to verify the identity of customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, customer  180  can use a website or application software to create a financial account. When customer  180  has identification which meets the identification requirements, the website or the application software can obtain identity information for customer  180  from the identification. The website or application can cause the identity information to be transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can use this identity information to verify the identity of customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, sales system  305  can arrange for an alternate method of identification. For example, sales system  305  can communicate with computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , and computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can provide an alternative method of identifying customer  180 . 
     As one example of an alternative method of identifying customer  180 , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can obtain personal information from personal information databases, such as from the databases of credit report agencies such as Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit personal questions based on the personal information to sales system  305  which customer  180  can answer to verify identity. The personal questions can include, for example, what was customer  180 &#39;s residence address five years ago and can list a number of possible answers to select from. As a second example, the personal questions can include what is customer  180 &#39;s current outstanding phone bill balance and can list a number of possible answers to select from. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can verify the identity of customer  180  by comparing customer  180 &#39;s personal question responses, received by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  from sales system  305 , to the personal information obtained from the personal information databases. In some embodiments, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the personal questions to the mobile device, and can receive the personal question responses from the mobile device. 
     In some embodiments, customer  180  can use a website or application software to create a financial account. The website or the application software can arrange for an alternative method of verifying the identity of customer  180 , such as the alternative method discussed above. Instead of transmitting the questions to sales system  305 , in some of these embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the questions to customer  180  via the website or the application software. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can verify the identity of customer  180  by comparing customer  180 &#39;s personal question responses, caused to be transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  by the website or the application software, to the personal information obtained from the personal information databases. 
     Step  415  includes creating a financial account. Step  415  can occur in response to step  405  or step  410  or steps  405  and  410 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a database of financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can create a financial account by making the appropriate changes to the database of financial accounts. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciated that there are many ways to create a financial account. 
     Step  420  includes associating the financial account with the customer. Step  420  can occur in response to step  415 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the financial account with the customer identity information. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can use the mapping database to associate the financial account with the identity information for customer  180 . A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many ways to associate the financial account with the identity information for customer  180 . 
     Step  425  includes receiving identifying information for an identifying object. Step  425  can occur after step  415  or after step  420  or before any of or all of steps  405 - 420 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , in some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a mobile device. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information from the mobile device. Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive the identifying information for the mobile device. 
     In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a biometrically identifiable object, such as a finger, a hand, an iris, a retina, or a face. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information for the biometrically identifiable object, such as by using a biometric scanner that is part of sales system  305 , and can transmit this identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive the identifying information for the biometrically identifiable object. 
     In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be an object, such as a magnetic stripe card, a smart card, a proximity card, a re-programmable magnetic stripe card, a card containing a quick response (QR) code, a card containing a bar code, or a government issued identification card. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information from these objects, for example by using a card reader or a scanner that is part of sales system  305 , and can transmit this identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive the identifying information for the object. 
     In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a proxy card. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information from the proxy card, for example by using a card reader or a scanner that is part of sales system  305 , and can transmit this identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive the identifying information for the proxy card. 
     Step  430  includes associating the identifying information for the identifying object with the financial account. Step  430  can occur in response to steps  425  and  415 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the identifying information for identifying objects with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to associate the identifying information for identifying object  390  with the financial account. 
     Step  435  includes receiving a passcode. Step  435  can occur before or after step  425  or step  430 , and can occur after any of steps  405 - 420 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , customer  180  can provide a passcode. In various embodiments, the passcode can be a personal identification number (PIN), or a password, or a pass phrase. The passcode can be comprised of numbers, can be comprised of numbers and letters, can be comprised of numbers, letters, and punctuation marks, or can be comprised of any characters. The passcode can also include spaces. 
     In some embodiments, the passcode can be entered using sales system  305 , and sales system  305  can transmit the passcode to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the passcode. In some embodiments, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, the passcode can be entered using the mobile device. The mobile device can transmit the passcode to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the passcode. In some embodiments, the passcode can be entered via the website or the application software, and the website or the application software can cause the passcode to be transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the passcode. 
     Step  440  includes associating the passcode with the financial account. Step  440  can occur in response to step  435 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates passcodes with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to associate the passcode with the financial account. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many ways to associate the passcode with the financial account. 
     Step  445  includes receiving a photo. Step  445  can occur after steps  415  and  420 , or can occur before or after any of steps  425 - 440 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , in some embodiments, sales system  305  can obtain a photo of customer  180 . Sales system  305  can transmit the photo to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the photo. In some embodiments, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, the mobile device can obtain a photo of customer  180 . The mobile device can transmit the photo to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the photo. In some embodiments, the website or the application software can obtain a photo of customer  180 . The website or the application software can cause the photo to be transmitted to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , where computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the photo. 
     Step  450  includes associating the photo with the financial account. Step  450  can occur in response to step  445 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates photos with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to associate the photo with the financial account. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are many ways to associate a photo with a financial account. 
       FIG.  5    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a first method for verifying the identity of a customer. In some embodiments, the method of  FIG.  5    can be used to verify the identity of a customer when creating a financial account, and can represent step  410  of  FIG.  4   . The following description of  FIG.  5    will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  5    easier to understand. Note that, in some embodiments, including the embodiment of  FIG.  3   , all steps of the method of  FIG.  5    can be carried out by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . 
     Step  505  includes receiving identity information for a customer. Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives identity information for customer  180 . The identity information can include anything that will enable computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  locate a database entry associated with customer  180 . The identity information can include, for example, the name of customer  180 , the address of customer  180 , the social security number of customer  180 , the driver&#39;s license number of customer  180 , the state identification card number of customer  180 , the passport number of customer  180 , or a phone number for customer  180 . 
     Step  510  includes locating a database entry associated with the customer in a database. Step  510  can occur in response to step  505 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can locate a database entry associated with customer  180  in a database. In some embodiments, computer system  150  includes a storage device containing a personal information database that associates the identity information with customer  180 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can perform a database operation to locate a database entry associated with customer  180  in the personal information database. 
     In some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can communicate with another computer system that includes a storage device containing a personal information database that associates the identity information with customer  180 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can locate a database entry associated with customer  180  in a database by transmitting the identity information to another computer system, and the other computer system can locate a database entry associated with customer  180  in a personal information database. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can communicate with a computer system of a credit reporting agency, such as Experian, Equifax, or TransUnion. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the identity information for customer  180  to a computer system of a credit reporting agency, and the computer system of the credit reporting agency can locate a database entry associated with customer  180  in a personal information database. 
     Step  515  includes obtaining personal information from the database entry. Step  515  can occur after step  505  or  510 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can obtain personal information from the database entry. In some embodiments, computer system  150  includes a storage device containing a personal information database that associates personal information with customer  180 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can perform a database operation to obtain personal information associated with customer  180  from the personal information database. 
     In some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can communicate with another computer system that includes a storage device containing a personal information database that associates personal information with customer  180 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can obtain personal information associated with customer  180  from the personal information database by sending a mess age to request personal information related to customer  180  to the other computer system. The other computer system can perform a database operation to obtain personal information associated with customer  180  from the personal information database. 
     For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can send a message requesting personal information associated with customer  180  to a computer system of a credit reporting agency, such as Experian, Equifax, or TransUnion. The computer system of the credit reporting agency can perform a database operation to obtain personal information associated with customer  180  from a personal information database. The computer system of the credit reporting agency can transmit the personal information associated with customer  180  to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  obtaining personal information associated with customer  180  from the personal information database of the credit reporting agency. 
     Step  520  includes causing a personal question using the personal information to be created. Step  520  can occur in response to step  515 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause a personal question using the personal information to be created. In some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can create the personal question using the personal information. In some embodiments, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit a message to another computer system that causes the other computer system to create a personal question using the personal information. The personal question can include, for example, what was customer  180 &#39;s residence address five years ago and can list a number of possible answers to select from. As a second example, the personal question can include what is customer  180 &#39;s current outstanding phone bill balance and can list a number of possible answers to select from. 
     Step  525  includes transmitting the personal question. Step  525  can occur in response to step  520 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the personal question. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the personal question to sales system  305 , or, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, to the mobile device. 
     Step  530  includes receiving a response to the personal question. Step  530  can occur in response to step  525 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive a response to the personal question. For example, customer  180  can answer the personal question using sales system  305 , or, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device and the personal question was transmitted to the mobile device, using the mobile device. Sales system  305  or the mobile device can transmit customer  180 &#39;s response to the personal question to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving a response to the personal question. 
     Step  535  includes verifying the response based on the personal information. Step  535  can occur in response to step  530 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can verify the response based on the personal information. For example, if the personal question is “what was customer  180 &#39;s residence address five years ago?”, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can use the personal information to determine customer  180 &#39;s residence address five years ago, and can compare customer  180 &#39;s response to the determined residence address. 
     Step  540  includes verifying the identity of the customer based at least in part on the response to the personal question. Step  540  can occur in response to step  535 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can verify the identity of the customer based at least in part on the response to the personal question. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can determine whether customer  180  provided an answer to the personal question that matched the personal information from the personal information database. When customer  180 &#39;s answer matches the personal information from the personal information database, it is more likely that customer  180  is the person associated with the identity information. When customer  180 &#39;s answer does not match the personal information from the database, it is less likely that customer  180  is the person associated with the identity information. Computer system  180  can verify the identity of customer  180  based at least in part on customer  180 &#39;s response to the personal question. 
       FIG.  6    is a flow chart illustrating operations of a second method for verifying the identity of a customer. In some embodiments, the method of  FIG.  6    can be used to identify a customer after a financial account has been created for the customer, and a passcode and a photo of the customer has been associated with the financial account. The following description of  FIG.  6    will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  6    easier to understand. Note that, in some embodiments, including the embodiment of  FIG.  3   , all steps of the method of  FIG.  6    can be carried out by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . 
     Step  605  includes receiving identifying information associated with a customer. Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive identifying information associated with customer  180 . In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a mobile device, and the identifying information can be obtained from the mobile device. For example, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, sales system  305  can obtain identifying information associated with the mobile device that is associated with customer  180 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving identifying information associated with customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a biometrically identifiable object, such as a finger, a hand, an iris, a retina, or a face, and the identifying information can be obtained from the biometrically identifiable object. For example, sales system  305  can obtain identifying information, such as biometric information, from the biometrically identifiable object. Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving identifying information associated with customer  180 . 
     In various embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a magnetic stripe card, a smart card, a proximity card, a re-programmable magnetic stripe card, a card containing a quick response (QR) code, a card containing a bar code, a government issued identification card. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information from identifying object  390 , for example by reading identifying information from identifying object  390  using a card reader that is part of sales system  305 , or by scanning identifying object  390  with a scanner that is part of sales system  305 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving identifying information associated with customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, identifying object  390  can be a proxy card. A proxy card is a card that can be associated with various payment mechanisms. Sales system  305  can obtain identifying information from identifying object  390 , for example by reading identifying information from the proxy card using a card reader that is part of sales system  305 , or by scanning the proxy card with a scanner that is part of sales system  305 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving identifying information associated with customer  180 . 
     Step  610  includes determining a financial account associated with the customer. Step  610  can occur in response to step  605 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates identifying information with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to determine the financial account associated with the identifying information. The financial account is associated with customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, when identifying object  390  is a biometrically identifiable object, computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database. The mapping database can associate identity information, for example the name of customer  180 , and “reference identifying information,” for example a fingerprint of customer  180  taken when the financial account was created, with the financial account. Customer  180  can provide identity information, such as a name, to merchant  135 . Merchant  135  can use sales system  305  to obtain identifying information from identifying object  390 . For example, sales system  305  can obtain a fingerprint from customer  180 . 
     Sales system  305  can transmit the identity information (e.g., customer  180 &#39;s name) and the identifying information (e.g., customer  180 &#39;s fingerprint) to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can execute a database operation using the mapping database to obtain the reference identifying information, for example the reference fingerprint of customer  180 , associated with the financial account. In some embodiments, when the received identifying information (e.g., customer  180 &#39;s fingerprint) and the reference identifying information (e.g., the reference fingerprint from the mapping database) are a match, the identity of customer  180  is verified. 
     Step  615  includes receiving a passcode associated with the financial account. Step  615  can occur before or after step  605  or step  610 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can receive a passcode associated with the financial account. In some embodiments, computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the financial account with a passcode. In some embodiments, customer  180  can enter a passcode using sales system  305 , and sales system  305  can transmit the passcode to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving a passcode associated with the financial account. In some embodiments, when identifying object  390  is a mobile device, customer  180  can enter a passcode using the mobile device. The mobile device can transmit the passcode to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving a passcode associated with the financial account. In some embodiments, when the received passcode and the passcode obtained from the mapping database match, the identity of customer  180  is verified. 
     Step  620  includes transmitting a photo associated with the financial account. Step  620  can occur in response to step  605  or step  610  or before or after step  615 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit a photo associated with the financial account. In some embodiments, computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database that associates the financial account with a photo. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can perform a database operation to obtain the photo associated with the financial account. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit the photo, which is associated with the financial account, to sales system  305 . 
     Step  625  includes receiving a message confirming that the photo is a photo of the customer. Step  625  can occur in response to step  620 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , merchant  135  can compare the photo to customer  180 . Sales system  305  can transmit a photo verification confirmation message to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  when merchant  135  confirms that the photo is a photo of customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, when computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receives the photo verification confirmation message, the identity of customer  180  is verified. In some embodiments, both verification of customer  180  using the passcode and verification of customer  180  using the photo are required to complete the verification of the identity of customer  180 . 
       FIG.  7    is a flow chart illustrating operations for a customer to make a banking-type transaction. The following description of  FIG.  7    will be described using the system illustrated in  FIG.  3   , and will refer to labels of that figure. This is a non-limiting example and is done with the intent of making the description of  FIG.  7    easier to understand. Note that, in some embodiments, including the embodiment of  FIG.  3   , all steps of the method of  FIG.  7    can be carried out by computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . 
     Customer  180  can create a financial account using, for example, the method of  FIG.  4   , which can also associate a passcode and a photo with the financial account. After creating the financial account, customer  180  can make a banking-type transaction with merchant  135 . Examples of banking-type transactions include deposits, withdrawals, loans, cash advances, transfers, opening accounts, and closing accounts, among others. In some embodiments, computer  150  is controlled by or associated with a financial entity. The financial entity, in contrast to a bank or a credit union, may be prevented from holding funds (i.e., money) for customers such as customer  180 . 
     In some embodiments, computer  150  is controlled by or associated with a financial entity. The financial entity, in contrast to a bank or a credit union, may be prevented from holding funds (i.e., money) for customers such as customer  180 . In some embodiments, a monetary balance of a customer financial account of the financial entity can be held by a fund holding entity, such as a bank or a credit union, rather than by the financial entity. In some embodiments, the financial entity has a fund holding account, which can hold monetary balances of multiple customer financial accounts, with the fund holding entity. The financial entity can maintain an accounting of the monetary balance of each customer financial account of the multiple customer financial accounts, while the funds for the multiple customer financial account can be held by the fund holding company in the fund holding account. For example, the financial entity can have a bank account with a bank, the bank account can hold the monetary balances of all of the customer financial accounts of the financial entity, and the financial entity can maintain an accounting of the monetary balance of each customer financial account. 
     Step  705  includes receiving, from a sales system configured to be used by a merchant to sell goods, transaction information associated with a banking-type transaction including a type and an amount of the banking-type transaction. Using the example of  FIG.  3   , merchant  135  sells goods, and uses sales system  305  to sell the goods. Sales system  305  is configured to be used by merchant  135  to sell the goods. In some embodiments, the configuration of sales system  305  is by including a card reader and a scanner to enable merchant  135  to use the card reader and the scanner to sell goods. In some embodiments, the configuration of sales system  305  is by including memory containing instructions that, when executed, enable sales system  305  to perform as a point of sale system for selling goods. 
     Customer  135  can make a banking-type transaction, such as a deposit or a withdrawal, with merchant  135 . To make a deposit, customer  180  can provide deposit money  185  to merchant  135 . In some embodiments, the identity of customer  180  can be verified as part of making the deposit. For example, the identity of customer  180  can be verified using an embodiment of the method of  FIG.  6   . In some embodiments, no identification of customer  180  is required to make a deposit. Identifying information, for example as discussed in the method of  FIG.  6   , can be obtained from identifying object  390  by sales system  305 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information, along with the transaction information, to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . The transaction information can include the type of the banking-type transaction (i.e., a deposit), and the amount of the deposit. The transmission results in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving, from sales system  305 , transaction information associated with the banking-type transaction. 
     To make a withdrawal, customer  180  can make a withdrawal request for a specific amount of money (i.e., the amount of customer  180 &#39;s withdrawal request) to merchant  135 . In some embodiments, the identity of customer  180  can be verified as part of making the withdrawal. For example, the identity of customer  180  can be verified using an embodiment of the method of  FIG.  6   . In some embodiments, customer  180  can be known to merchant  135 , and no further identity verification of customer  180  is needed. Identifying information, for example as discussed in the method of  FIG.  6   , can be obtained from identifying object  390  by sales system  305 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information, along with the transaction information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 . The transaction information can include the type of the banking-type transaction (i.e., a withdrawal), and the amount of the withdrawal. The transmission results in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving, from sales system  305 , transaction information associated with the banking-type transaction. 
     Step  710  includes receiving identifying information associated with the customer. Step  710  can occur before or after step  705 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , identifying information, for example as discussed in the method of  FIG.  6   , can be obtained from identifying object  390  by sales system  305 . Sales system  305  can transmit the identifying information to computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155 , resulting in computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  receiving the identifying information, which is associated with customer  180 . 
     Step  715  includes determining a financial account associated with the identifying information. Step  715  can occur in response to step  710 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database associating identifying information with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can determine the financial account associated with the identifying information by performing a database operation to determine the financial account associated with the identifying information. 
     Step  720  includes determining a monetary balance of the financial account. Step  720  can occur after step  715  or in response to step  705 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  can include a storage device containing a mapping database associating monetary balances with financial accounts. Computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can determine the monetary balance of the financial account by performing a database operation using the mapping database. 
     Step  725  includes causing an adjustment to the monetary balance of the financial account based on the type and the amount of the banking-type transaction. Step  725  can occur in response to step  705  or after any of steps  710 - 720 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause the adjustment of the monetary balance of the financial account. When the banking-type transaction is a deposit transaction, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause the adjustment by, for example, adjusting the monetary balance of the financial account by increasing the monetary balance based on the deposit amount. 
     For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can increase the monetary balance of the financial account by the amount of the deposit, or by the amount of the deposit less a transaction fee (i.e., by an amount less than the deposit amount), or by some other amount based on the amount of the deposit. As a second example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause the adjustment by sending a message to a second computer system that causes the second computer system to adjust the monetary balance. 
     In addition to adjusting the financial account associated with customer  180 , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause an adjustment to a different financial account, the different financial account associated with merchant  135  (i.e., merchant  135 &#39;s financial account). When the banking-type transaction is a deposit transaction, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can adjust the monetary balance of merchant  135 &#39;s financial account by decreasing the monetary balance based on the deposit amount. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can decrease the monetary balance of merchant  135 &#39;s financial account by the amount of the deposit, or by the amount of the deposit less a transaction fee (i.e., by an amount smaller than the deposit amount), or by some other amount based on the amount of the deposit. 
     When the banking-type transaction is a withdrawal transaction, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause the adjustment of the monetary balance of the financial account by decreasing the monetary balance based on the withdrawal amount. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can decrease the monetary balance of the financial account by the amount of the withdrawal, or by the amount of the withdrawal plus a transaction fee (i.e., by an amount larger than the withdrawal amount), or by some other amount based on the amount of the withdrawal. 
     In addition to causing the adjustment of the financial account associated with customer  180 , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can cause the adjustment of merchant  135 &#39;s financial account. When the banking-type transaction is a withdrawal transaction, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can adjust the monetary balance of merchant  135 &#39;s financial account by increasing the monetary balance based on the deposit amount. For example, computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can increase the monetary balance of merchant  135 &#39;s financial account by the amount of the deposit, or by the amount of the deposit plus a transaction fee (i.e., by an amount larger than the deposit amount), or by some other amount based on the amount of the deposit. 
     Step  730  includes transmitting a confirmation message to confirm the banking-type transaction. Step  730  can occur in response to step  725 . Using the example of  FIG.  3   , computer system  150  and/or buyer/seller platform  155  can transmit a confirmation message to confirm the banking-type transaction. 
       FIG.  8    is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules discussed herein, may be executed. In the example of  FIG.  8   , the computer system  800  includes a processor, memory, non-volatile memory, and an interface device. Various common components (e.g., cache memory) are omitted for illustrative simplicity. The computer system  800  is intended to illustrate a hardware device on which any of the components depicted in the example of  FIGS.  1 - 7    (and any other components described in this specification) can be implemented. The computer system  800  can be of any applicable known or convenient type. The components of the computer system  800  can be coupled together via a bus or through some other known or convenient device. 
     This disclosure contemplates the computer system  800  taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system  800  may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system  800  may include one or more computer systems  800 ; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems  800  may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems  800  may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems  800  may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate. 
     The processor may be, for example, a conventional microprocessor such as an Intel Core microprocessor or an Intel Itanium microprocessor or a Motorola power PC microprocessor or a SPARC architecture processor. One of skill in the relevant art will recognize that the terms “machine-readable (storage) medium” or “computer-readable (storage) medium” include any type of device that is accessible by the processor. 
     The memory is coupled to the processor by, for example, a bus. The memory can include, by way of example but not limitation, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). The memory can be local, remote, or distributed. 
     The bus also couples the processor to the non-volatile memory and drive unit. The non-volatile memory cane be a magnetic floppy or hard disk, a magnetic-optical disk, an optical disk, a flash memory such as NAND flash memory or NOR flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM) such as a CD-ROM, a programmable read-only memory such as EPROM or EEPROM, a magnetic or optical card, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory during execution of software in the computer  800 . The non-volatile storage can be local, remote, or distributed. The non-volatile memory is optional because systems can be created with all applicable data available in memory. A typical computer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and a device (e.g., a bus) coupling the memory to the processor. 
     Software is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or the drive unit. Indeed, for large programs, storing the entire program in memory may not even be possible. Nevertheless, one should understand that for software to run, if necessary, the software is moved to a computer readable location appropriate for processing, and for illustrative purposes, that location is referred to as the memory in this paper. Even when software is moved to the memory for execution, the processor will typically make use of hardware registers to store values associated with the software, and local cache that, ideally, serves to speed up execution. As used herein, a software program is assumed to be stored at any known or convenient location (from non-volatile storage to hardware registers) when the software program is referred to as “implemented in a computer-readable medium.” A processor is considered to be “configured to execute a program” when at least one value associated with the program is stored in a register readable by the processor. 
     The bus also couples the processor to the network interface device. The interface can include one or more of a modem or network interface. A person of ordinary skill will appreciate that a modem or network interface can be considered to be part of the computer system  800 . The interface can include an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g., “direct PC”), Wi-Fi interface, or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. The interface can include one or more input and/or output devices. The I/O devices can include, by way of example but not limitation, a keyboard, a mouse or other pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and/or output devices, including a display device. The display device can include, by way of example but not limitation, a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable known or convenient display device. For simplicity, this disclosure assumes that controllers of any devices not depicted in the example of  FIG.  8    reside in the interface. 
     The computer system can have one Bus or multiple Buses. A bus can include for example, a system bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus or PCI-Express bus, a HyperTransport or industry standard architecture (ISA) bus, a small computer system interface (SCSI) bus, a universal serial bus (USB, USB 2.0, USB 3.0), IIC (I2C) bus, an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 1394 bus, also called “Firewire,” a QuickPath Interconnect bus, a ThunderBolt interconnect bus, a DisplayPort interconnect bus or its companion standards Mini DisplayPort (mDP), Direct Drive Monitor (DDM), Embedded DisplayPort (eDP), Internal DisplayPort (iDP), Portable Digital Media Interface (PDMI), Wireless DisplayPort (wDP), and Mobility DisplayPort (MyDP), an HDMI interconnect bus, a DVI bus. 
     In operation, the computer system  800  can be controlled by operating system software that includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system. One example of operating system software with associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated file management systems. Another example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the Linux™ operating system and its associated file management system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit and causes the processor to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in the memory, including storing files on the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit. 
     Some portions of the detailed description may be presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Referring to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage. 
     One should bear in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, one should appreciate that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or “generating” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within registers and memories of the computer system into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or constructing more specialized apparatus to perform the methods of some embodiments may prove more convenient. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the techniques are not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages. 
     In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. 
     The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a tablet, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, an iPhone, a Blackberry, a smart phone, a processor, a telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. 
     While the machine-readable medium or machine-readable storage medium is shown in an embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules of the presently disclosed technique and innovation. 
     In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the disclosure, may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processing units or processors in a computer, cause the computer to perform operations to execute elements involving the various aspects of the disclosure. 
     Moreover, while embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution. 
     Further examples of machine-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or computer-readable (storage) media include but are not limited to recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks, (DVDs), etc.), Blu-ray disks, among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links. 
     In some circumstances, operation of a memory device, such as a change in state from a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa, for example, may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. With particular types of memory devices, such a physical transformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to a different state or thing. For example, but without limitation, for some types of memory devices, a change in state may involve an accumulation and storage of charge or a release of stored charge. Likewise, in other memory devices, a change of state may comprise a physical change or transformation in magnetic orientation or a physical change or transformation in molecular structure, such as from crystalline to amorphous or vice versa. The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all examples in which a change in state for a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa in a memory device may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. Rather, the foregoing is intended as illustrative examples. 
     A storage medium typically may be non-transitory or comprise a non-transitory device. In this context, a non-transitory storage medium may include a device that is tangible, meaning that the device has a concrete physical form, although the device may change its physical state. Thus, for example, non-transitory refers to a device remaining tangible despite this change in state. 
     A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are various other ways to implement the described functionality. The scope of this disclosure also includes embodiments implementing the described functionality in these various other ways. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the scope of the claims, together with all equivalents thereof. 
     Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. One skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. 
     Embodiments of the present invention include various steps. The steps may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware, software and/or firmware.