Patent Publication Number: US-2023155966-A1

Title: Virtual Area Communications

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), this application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/603,024, filed Feb. 24, 2012, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     This application relates to the following co-pending patent applications, the entirety of each of which is incorporated herein by reference:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/818,517, filed Jun. 18, 2010;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/855,210, filed Aug. 12, 2010;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/630,973, filed Dec. 4, 2009;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/418,243, filed Apr. 3, 2009;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/825,512, filed Jun. 29, 2010;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/630,973, filed Dec. 4, 2009;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/509,658, filed Jul. 27, 2009;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/165,729, filed Jun. 21, 2011;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/209,812, filed Aug. 15, 2011;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/563,088, filed Nov. 23, 2011;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/535,910, filed Sep. 16, 2011;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/373,914, filed Aug. 16, 2010; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/444,989, filed Feb. 21, 2011.       

    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     When face-to-face communications are not practical, people often rely on one or more technological solutions to meet their communications needs. Traditional telephony systems enable voice communications between callers. Instant messaging (also referred to as “chat”) communications systems enable users to communicate text messages in real time through instant message computer clients that are interconnected by an instant message server. Some instant messaging systems and interactive virtual reality communications systems allow users to be represented by user-controllable graphical objects (referred to as “avatars”). What are needed are improved systems and methods for realtime network communications. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a network communications environment. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a graphical user interface showing a perspective view of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  2 B  is a diagrammatic plan-view of the virtual area shown in  FIG.  2 A  that is populated with four avatar objects. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagrammatic plan view of an example of a zone map. 
         FIGS.  4 - 5    are diagrammatic views of graphical user interface examples. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram of an example of a method of administering a virtual area. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 N  are diagrammatic views of examples of zones and associated graphic representations of switching rules for connecting sources and sinks of respective data types. 
         FIG.  8 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area that includes a spatial layout of zones. 
         FIG.  8 B  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a zone map for the virtual area of  FIG.  8 A . 
         FIG.  9 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  9 B  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a zone map for the virtual area of  FIG.  9 A . 
         FIG.  10 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  10 B  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a zone map for the virtual area of  FIG.  10 A . 
         FIG.  11    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  12 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  12 B  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area associated with the virtual area of  FIG.  12 A . 
         FIG.  13    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  14 A  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a presentation of workflow process information logically partitioned into a spatial arrangement of zones of a virtual area. 
         FIG.  14 B  is a diagrammatic view of an example of a workflow process in which people are assigned to respective zones of a virtual area where they perform different respective functions on cases being processed through the workflow process. 
         FIG.  15    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a workflow process in which people as assigned to particular cases and move sequentially through the zones of a virtual area as the cases are processed through the workflow process. 
         FIG.  16    is a diagrammatic view of an example of a spatial arrangement of zones of a virtual area. 
         FIGS.  17 - 19    are diagrammatic views of examples of different graphical user interfaces. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, like reference numbers are used to identify like elements. Furthermore, the drawings are intended to illustrate major features of examples in a diagrammatic manner. The drawings are not intended to depict every feature of actual examples nor relative dimensions of the depicted elements, and are not drawn to scale. 
     I. Definition of Terms 
     A “communicant” is a person who communicates or otherwise interacts with other persons over one or more network connections, where the communication or interaction may or may not occur in the context of a virtual area. A “user” is a communicant who is operating a particular network node that defines a particular perspective for descriptive purposes. 
     A “computer” is any machine, device, or apparatus that processes data according to computer-readable instructions that are stored on a computer-readable medium either temporarily or permanently. A “computer operating system” is a software component of a computer system that manages and coordinates the performance of tasks and the sharing of computing and hardware resources. A “software application” (also referred to as software, an application, computer software, a computer application, a program, and a computer program) is a set of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute to perform one or more specific tasks. A “data file” is a block of information that durably stores data for use by a software application. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any tangible, non-transitory medium capable storing information (e.g., instructions and data) that is readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying such information include, but are not limited to, all forms of physical, non-transitory computer-readable memory, including, for example, semiconductor memory devices, such as random access memory (RAM), EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash memory devices, magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable hard disks, magneto-optical disks, DVD-ROM/RAM, and CD-ROM/RAM. 
     A “data sink” (referred to herein simply as a “sink”) is any of a device (e.g., a computer), part of a device, or software that receives data. 
     A “data source” (referred to herein simply as a “source”) is any of a device (e.g., a computer), part of a device, or software that originates data. 
     A “network node” (also referred to simply as a “node”) is a junction or connection point in a communications network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, a terminal, a computer, and a network switch. A “server” network node is a host computer on a network that responds to requests for information or service. A “client network node” is a computer on a network that requests information or service from a server. 
     A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters that identifies a network resource. 
     A “network resource” is anything that can be identified by a uniform resource identifier (URI) and accessed over a network, including an electronic document, an image, a source of information, a service, operators and operands of a mathematical equation, classes, properties, numeric values, and a collection of other resources. 
     A “network connection” is a link between two communicating network nodes. A “connection handle” is a pointer or identifier (e.g., a uniform resource identifier (URI)) that can be used to establish a network connection with a network resource. A “network communication” can include any type of information (e.g., text, voice, audio, video, electronic mail message, data file, motion data stream, and data packet) that is transmitted or otherwise conveyed from one network node to another network node over a network connection. 
     A “communicant interaction” is any type of direct or indirect action or influence between a communicant and another network entity, which may include for example another communicant, a virtual area, or a network service. Examples of types of communicant interactions include communicants communicating with each other in realtime, a communicant entering a virtual area, and a communicant requesting access to a resource from a network service. 
     “Presence” refers to the ability and willingness of a networked entity (e.g., a communicant, service, or device) to communicate, where such willingness affects the ability to detect and obtain information about the state of the entity on a network and the ability to connect to the entity. 
     A “realtime data stream” is data that is structured and processed in a continuous flow and is designed to be received with no delay or only imperceptible delay. Realtime data streams include digital representations of voice, video, user movements, facial expressions and other physical phenomena, as well as data within the computing environment that may benefit from rapid transmission, rapid execution, or both rapid transmission and rapid execution, including for example, avatar movement instructions, text chat, realtime data feeds (e.g., sensor data, machine control instructions, transaction streams and stock quote information feeds), screen shares, and file transfers. 
     A “virtual area” (also referred to as an “area,” a “place,” or a “space”) is a representation of a computer-managed space or scene. Virtual areas typically are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional representations; although in some examples a virtual area may correspond to a single point. Oftentimes, a virtual area is designed to simulate a physical, real-world space. For example, using a traditional computer monitor, a virtual area may be visualized as a two-dimensional graphic of a three-dimensional computer-generated space. However, virtual areas do not require an associated visualization. A virtual area typically refers to an instance of a virtual area schema, where the schema defines the structure and contents of a virtual area in terms of variables and the instance defines the structure and contents of a virtual area in terms of values that have been resolved from a particular context. 
     A “position” in a virtual area refers to a location of a point or an area or a volume in the virtual area. A point typically is represented by a single set of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., x, y, z) that define a spot in the virtual area. An area typically is represented by the three-dimensional coordinates of three or more coplanar vertices that define a boundary of a closed two-dimensional shape in the virtual area. A volume typically is represented by the three-dimensional coordinates of four or more non-coplanar vertices that define a closed boundary of a three-dimensional shape in the virtual area. 
     As used herein, the term “includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” means including but not limited to. The term “based on” means based at least in part on. 
     II. Virtual Area Designs 
     The embodiments that are described herein provide systems and methods for creating and administering network node communications in virtual areas that support a wide variety of different communication needs. 
       FIG.  1    shows an example of a network communications environment  10  that includes a first client network node  12  (Client Node A), a second client network node  14  (Client Network Node B), a virtual area platform  18  and an optional proxy node  19  that are interconnected by a network  20 . The network  20  may include one or more of any of a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), and a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the internet). The network  20  typically includes a number of different computing platforms and transport facilities that support the transmission of a wide variety of different media types (e.g., text, voice, audio, video, and other data) between network nodes. 
     The first client network node  12  includes a computer-readable medium  22  (or “memory”), a processor  24 , and input/output (I/O) hardware  26  (including a display). The processor  24  executes at least one virtual area communications application  26  that is stored in the memory  22 . The second client network node  14  typically is configured in substantially the same general way as the first client network node  12 , with a computer-readable medium  30  storing at least one virtual area communications application  32 , a processor  34 , and input/output (I/O) hardware  36  (including a display). 
     Each of the network nodes  12 ,  14  has a respective set of one or more sources and an exemplary set of one or more sinks. Each source is a device or component that originates data of a particular data stream content type and each sink is a device or component that receives data of a particular data stream content type. A source and a sink of the same data stream content type are referred to herein as being “complementary.” Exemplary sources include an audio source (e.g., an audio capture device, such as a microphone), a video source (e.g., a video capture device, such as a video camera), a chat source (e.g., a text capture device, such as a keyboard), a motion data source (e.g., a pointing device, such as a computer mouse), and other sources (e.g., file sharing source or a source of a customized real-time data stream). Exemplary sinks include an audio sink (e.g., an audio rendering device, such as a speaker or headphones), a video sink (e.g., a video rendering device, such as a display monitor), a chat sink (e.g., a text rendering device, such as a display monitor), a motion data sink (e.g., a movement rendering device, such as a display monitor), and other sinks (e.g., a printer for printing shared files, a device for rendering real-time data streams different from those already described, or software that processes real-time streams for analysis or customized display). Each source has an active state in which the source is available for originating data and an inactive state in which the source is not available for originating data. Likewise, each sink has an active state in which the sink is available for receiving data and an inactive state in which the sink is not available for receiving data. The communicants operating the client nodes  12 ,  14  typically can control the states of the sources and sinks using controls provided by the communications applications  26 ,  32 . For example, in some examples, the communications applications  26 ,  32  provide user controls for turning on/off the local microphones and the local speakers (e.g., headsets) on the client network nodes  12 ,  14 . 
     The virtual area platform  18  includes at least one server network node  40  that provides a network infrastructure service environment  42  that manages sessions of the first and second client nodes  12 ,  14  in one or more virtual areas  44  in accordance with respective virtual area applications  46 . One or more of the virtual area applications  44  typically are synchronous conferencing applications that support one or more types of communications between the client nodes  12 ,  14  (e.g., text chat, audio conferencing, video conferencing, application sharing, and file sharing). The network infrastructure service environment  42  typically includes one or more network infrastructure services that cooperate with the communications applications  26 ,  32  in the process of establishing and administering network connections between the client nodes  12 ,  14  and other network nodes. Among the network infrastructure services that are included in the example of the network infrastructure service environment  42  are an account service, a security service, an area service, a rendezvous service, an interaction service, and a capabilities engine. The area service administers a virtual area  44  by managing sessions of the first and second client nodes  12 ,  14  in the virtual area  44  in accordance with the virtual area application  46 . Examples of the virtual area platform  18  and the virtual area applications  46  are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/563,088, filed Nov. 23, 2011. Examples of an account service, a security service, an area service, a rendezvous service, and an interaction service are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/630,973, filed Dec. 4, 2009. Examples of a capabilities engine are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/535,910, filed Sep. 16, 2011. 
     The network infrastructure service environment  42  maintains a relationship database  47  that contains the records  48  of interactions between communicants and social network profiles  50  that are associated with respective communicants. Each interaction record describes the context of an interaction between a pair of communicants. In some examples, an interaction record contains one or more of an identifier for each of the communicants, an identifier for the place of interaction (e.g., a virtual area instance), a description of the hierarchy of the interaction place (e.g., a description of how the interaction room relates to a larger area), start and end times of the interaction, and a list of all files and other data streams that are shared or recorded during the interaction. In some examples, each interaction is tracked independently such that, for a given pair of communicants, there is a list of relationship event records, each of which records a single respective interaction (e.g., sent a chat message, streamed audio for ninety-three seconds, shared file X, etc.). Thus, for each realtime interaction, the network infrastructure service environment  42  tracks when it occurred, where it occurred, and what happened during the interaction in terms of communicants involved (e.g., entering and exiting), objects that are activated/deactivated, and the files that were shared. Each social network profile  50  typically includes: identity characteristics (e.g., name, age, gender, and geographic location information such as postal mailing address) that describe a respective communicant or a persona that is assumed by the communicant; explicit relationship information that is declared by the communicant; and relationship information that is inferred from the communicant&#39;s interactions in the network communication environment  10 . Additional details regarding the relationship database  47  and the search and retrieval functionalities associated with the relationship database as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/418,243, filed Apr. 3, 2009, and Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009. 
     The communications applications  26 ,  32 , the area applications  46 , and the network infrastructure service environment  42  together provide a platform that administers the realtime connections with network nodes in an instance of a virtual area subject to a set of constraints  43  (e.g., capabilities and other types of permissions, rules, and preferences). Each of the virtual area applications  46  is hosted by a respective one of the virtual areas  44  and includes a description of the respective virtual area  44 . Communicants respectively operating the client nodes  12 ,  14  connect to the virtual areas  44  through the virtual area communications applications  26 ,  32 . 
     The communications applications  26 ,  32  typically present respective views of the virtual areas  44  in accordance with data received from the network infrastructure service environment  42 . The communications applications  26 ,  32  also provide respective interfaces for receiving commands from the communicants and providing an interface that enhances the realtime communications between the communicants. The communicants typically are represented in the virtual areas  44  by respective avatars (e.g., sprites), which typically move about the virtual areas  44  in response to commands that are input by the communicants at their respective network nodes. In some examples, the communications applications  26 ,  32  establish realtime data stream connections between the first and second client network nodes  12 ,  14  and other network nodes connected to the virtual area  44  based on the positions of the communicants&#39; avatars in the virtual areas  44 . In some examples, each of the client network nodes  12 ,  14  includes a respective realtime kernel of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/630,973, filed Dec. 4, 2009, which supports remote configuration of stream handlers for processing data streams (e.g., rendering audio and video data streams) on a client network node. 
     In some examples, the server node  40  communicates with the client nodes  12 ,  14  and the proxy node  19  in accordance with the stream transport protocol described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/825,512, filed Jun. 29, 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/630,973, filed Dec. 4, 2009. The stream transport protocol supports remote management of client communication sessions and remote configuration and execution of audio and graphic rendering engines, as well as switching of data streams in response to instructions (also referred to as definitions) that are received from a remotely hosted virtual area application. The stream transport protocol is efficient in connection and disconnection, as well as in transport. In some examples, the stream transport protocol provides a connection-oriented, encrypted connection over a transport protocol (e.g., UDP, TCP, HTTP, and PPP). The stream transport protocol additionally provides between a client application and the transport layer a reconnection mechanism that automatically attempts to reestablish failed connections without intervention by the client application, thereby adding reliability on top of an inherently unreliable communication protocol. 
       FIG.  2 A  shows an example of a graphical user interface  52  that presents a two-dimensional view of a visual virtual art gallery area  54 . Communicants are represented in the virtual area  54  by respective avatars  56 ,  58 ,  60 , each of which may have a respective role (e.g., a curator, an artist, and a visitor) in the virtual area  66 . The virtual area  54  includes zones  62 ,  64 ,  66 ,  68 ,  70 ,  72 . (During a typical communication session, the dashed lines demarcating the zones  62 - 72  in  FIG.  2 A  are not visible to the communicants although there may be visual cues associated with such zone boundaries.) In some examples, each of the zones  62 - 72  has a respective zone boundary that is associated with a respective &lt;zone_mesh&gt; tag that has a number of attributes (e.g. &lt;zone&gt;, &lt;stream&gt; and &lt;sink&gt; tags) in accordance with the COLLADA Streams Reference specification described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,769,806 and 7,844,724. In other examples, zones are associated with one or more respective control channels on which data streams of respective data types are sourced from the zones and/or control channels that are published in the zones and can be subscribed to by network nodes in the zones. 
       FIG.  2 B  shows a plan view of the virtual art gallery area  54  at a time when it is populated with four avatars W, X, Y, and, Z. The avatars W and X are positioned in the zone  62  and the avatars Y and Z are positioned in the zone  70 . For the purpose of this illustrative example:
         each of the avatars W-Z is associated with voice, video, and chat source types and sink types;   the switching rules for zone  62  specify that
           each voice source that is associated with an avatar within the zone  62  is to be connected to every voice sink within the zone  62 ,   each video source that is associated with an avatar within the zone  62  is to be connected to every video sink within the zone  62 , and   each chat source that is associated with an avatar within the zone  62  is to be connected to every chat sink within the zone  62 ;   
           the switching rules for zone  70  specifies only that that each voice source that is associated with an avatar within the zone  70  is to be connected to every voice sink within the zone  70 ; and   the server node executes a message handling service for the virtual area  54  that implements, on top of the zone switching rules, a proximity policy rule that only allows connections of sources with compatible sinks that are associated with respective objects that are within a prescribed distance (or radius), r P , of each other in the virtual area.       

     In this example, the switching rules and the proximity policy rule provide respective switching conditions that determine how the connections between the avatars W, X, Y, and Z are established. 
     In operation, the message handling service for the virtual area  54  sends instructions for the area client node that is associated with avatar W to connect to the real-time voice, video, and chat streams that are sourced from the area client node that is associated with avatar X whenever avatar X is positioned within a proximity zone  74 , which defined by the prescribed distance r P , around avatar W. Likewise, the message handling service sends instructions for the area client node that is associated with avatar X to connect to the real-time voice, video, and chat streams that are sourced from the area client node that is associated with avatar W whenever avatar W is positioned within the prescribed distance r P  of avatar X. Since avatar X currently is outside the proximity zone  74  of avatar A, and vice versa, the nodes associated with avatars W and X are not connected to each other in the current state shown in  FIG.  2 B . 
     Since the zone  70  only allows voice connections, the message handling service sends instructions for the area client node that is associated with avatar Y to connect to only the real-time voice stream that is sourced from the area client node that is associated with avatar Z (assuming the proximity condition specified in the proximity policy rule is satisfied). Similarly, the message handling service sends instructions for the area client node that is associated with avatar Z to connect to only the real-time voice stream that is sourced from the area client node that is associated with avatar Y (assuming the proximity condition specified in the proximity policy rule is satisfied). 
     Since the switching rules for zones  62  and  70  do not allow connections between zones  62  and  70 , the sources and sinks that are associated with avatars W and X are not connected to any of the sources and sinks that are associated with avatars Y and Z, even if the proximity condition specified in the proximity policy rule is satisfied. 
     In some examples, a non-rendered governance zone typically encompasses a collection of one or more rendered location zones. One or more control channels are defined within a governance zone. A governance zone functions as a “sink” for data sent on the associated control channel, whereas a location zone that specifies the same control channel functions as the “source” of the control channel data. A user who is present in any one of the location zones within a governance zone is also present within the governance zone. 
     A control channel is a collection of channels that share a common definition that is managed by exactly one area/zone manager, which is a component of the area service (examples of area/zone managers are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/563,088, filed Nov. 23, 2011). A control channel is published by its corresponding zone manager when a communicant enters a zone that the zone manager has responsibility for. For example, a chat control channel describes the chat channels that exist (i.e., the channels that contain the chat data). When a communicant enters a room, the chat control channel publishes the chat channels that are available for the room, the communicant&#39;s client communicants application subscribed to a particular chat channel and the chat history was sent down to the client communications application on that channel. A single area/zone manager can manage multiple control channels. When a message is passed from a message handler to a zone manager, the message handler sends the zone manager the ID of the control channel on which the message came on so that the zone manager operate in the correct context defined by the control channel ID. 
       FIG.  3    shows an example of a realtime data stream (RDS) zone map that defines how RDS streams are sourced and sunk in a virtual area. The virtual area specification may include analogous zone maps for other channels that are defined for the virtual area. Some control channels, such as the session control channel and the area definition channel, only have a single instance. The virtual area includes seven location zones: Conference Room  1 , Conference Room  2 , Conference Room  3 , DVW Office, PJB Office, Strange Room  1 , and Strange Room  2 . The virtual area also includes five governance zones: a global area wide zone  174 , a zone  176  containing all three conference rooms, zones  178 ,  180 ,  182 ,  184 ,  186  for each office (which coincide with the location zones), and zones  188 ,  190  for Strange Room  1  and Strange Room  2 . 
     Alex is present in Conference Room  1 , GZ 1 , GZ 2  and DVW Office (GZ 3 ), Bob is present in Conference Room  1 , GZ 1  and GZ 2 , Joe is present in Conference Room  2  , GZ 1  and GZ 2 , Tom is present in Conference Room  2 , GZ 1 , GZ 2  and PJB Office/GZ 4 , David is present in DVW Office/GZ 3  and GZ 1 , Paul is present in PJB Office/GZ 4  and GZ 1 , Matt is present in Strange Room  1 /GZ 5  and GZ 1 , and Chris is present in Strange Room  2  and GZ 1 . 
     There are five control channels for RDS, one published by each zone except zone  190 , which does not publish any RDS data: RDSChan 1  is published by zone  174 ; RdsChan 2  is published by zone  176 ; RdsChan 3  is published by zone  184 ; RdsChan 4  is published by zone  186 ; and RdsChan 5  is published by zone  188 . RDS activity in a zone is sent out on all RDS zone manager control channels for that zone and delivered to all users present in the governance zones that publish those control channels. 
     Activity in any of conference room  1  or conference room  2  is published on RdsChan 1 , which is published by an area/zone manager for governance zone  174 . Since every user in the area is in governance zone  174 , all users in the area are subscribed to RdsChan 1  and see the RDS activity in Conference Rooms  1  and  2  (governance zones  178 ,  180 ). An area/zone manager for governance zone  182  publishes activity in Conference Room  3  (governance zone  182 ) on RdsChan 2 . In this case, only Alex, Bob, Joe and Tom are in governance zone  176 , so only they are subscribed to the channel and see Tom&#39;s Activity in Conference Room  3 . Since RdsChan 1  is not a control channel for Conference Room  3 , activity in Conference Room  3  is not broadcasted on that channel. Activity in the DVW Office is sent out on RdsChan 3 , which is published by governance zone  184  and therefore is only visible to David and Alex since they are the only ones present in that zone. Likewise, activity in the PJB Office is sent out on RdsChan 4 , which is published by governance zone  186  and therefore is only visible to Paul and Tom since they are the only ones present in that zone. Activity in Strange Room  1  is not visible anywhere, not even in Strange Room  1  since it doesn&#39;t specify an RDS Control Channel. Activity in Strange Room  2  is sent out on RdsChan 5 , which is published by governance zone  188  and therefore is broadcast to Matt in Strange Room  1 . Thus, no one can see Matt&#39;s activity in Strange Room  1  (not even Matt) and only Matt can see Chris&#39;s activity in Strange Zone  2 . 
     As explained above, the zones of a virtual area can be associated with respective switching rules, each of which instructs the area service to connect sources of a respective data stream type that are associated with a designated source zone with sinks of the respective realtime data stream type that are associated with a designated sink zone. Network nodes can establish respective presences in the zones of a virtual area. In some examples, network nodes associated with respective objects (e.g., avatars representing the communicants operating the network nodes) that can be moved to different locations in the virtual area, and the network nodes are present in the zones in which the associated objects are located. The area service administers data stream connections between the network nodes based on the switching rules, the respective sources and sinks associated with the network nodes, and the respective zones of the virtual area in which the objects are located. 
     In some examples, a virtual area includes multiple zones each of which supports an independent communication session between network nodes in the zone. For example, a virtual area may include zones in which audio, video, and text chat channel connections are established only between the sources and sinks of network nodes that are in the same zone. In these examples, the spatial visualizations of the virtual area that are presented on the client network nodes show, in a single view, all the independent communications that are occurring in the zones of the virtual area. This allows a user to see multiple simultaneous independent communication interactions in a single view and thereby quickly learn who is meeting with whom and the contexts of those meetings (as defined by the zones in which the meetings are occurring). 
       FIG.  4    shows an exemplary graphical user interface  270  that is generated by an example of the communications application  26  in a window  259  on a display of the client network node from which a user of the client application (“Art” in this example) is operating. The graphical user interface  270  includes a people panel  265 , a viewer panel  266 , a people interaction toolbar  267 , an audio interaction toolbar  268 , and a set of panel view controls  269 . The panel view controls  269  include a people panel button  271  for opening and closing the people panel  265 , a Chat panel button  273  for opening and closing a Chat panel, and a viewer panel button  275  for opening and closing the viewer panel  266 . 
     The people panel  266  depicts the realtime availabilities and activities of some or all of Art&#39;s contacts across different communication contexts. In the example shown in  FIG.  4   , the people panel  266  shows Art&#39;s communicants segmented into a virtual area groups section  278  and a contacts group section  282 . The virtual area groups  278  section shows the presence and activity states in each of the area applications  44  of which Art is a member with respect to which at least one of Art and Art&#39;s contacts is present, grouped by virtual area application  44 . The contacts group section  282  contains all or a selected portion of Art&#39;s contacts that are not represented in any of the virtual area groups. In the example shown in  FIG.  4   , the virtual area groups section  278  includes a single virtual area group (labeled with a header bar  272  entitled “SococoHQ”) that identifies all the communicants who have a presence in the area application “SococoHQ,” and contains the graphical representations (avatars) of the communicants (including at least one of Art or Art&#39;s contacts) who currently have presence in the SococoHQ area application  44 . The contacts group section  282  is labeled with a header bar  276  entitled “Contacts” and identifies all of Art&#39;s contacts who are not shown in the virtual area groups section  278  (i.e., they either are not members of or not present in SococoHQ). The contacts group section  282  contains graphical representations (avatars) of all of the remaining ones of Art&#39;s contacts who are not present in or not members of SococoHQ. In the illustrated example: Art, Beth Carl, Dan, and Ed are members of the SococoHQ area application; and Fran and Garth are contacts of Art who are not present in SococoHQ. 
     Each communicant is represented graphically by a respective circular sprite that is labeled with a respective user name of the communicant (i.e., “Art,” “Beth,” “Carl,” “Dan,” “Ed,” “Fran,” and “Garth”). Each sprite also may be associated with a respective status line that includes additional information about the communicant. In some embodiments, each status line can include one or more of the following information: location of presence (e.g., a server application or a zone of that sever application); availability (e.g., busy, idle); a status message (e.g., “Out of the office next Wednesday”); and the name of the client node from which the communicant is operating (e.g., “workstation  1 ” or “mobile phone”). In some embodiments, the ordering of the spatial positions (e.g., from top to bottom) of the communicant avatars in each of the sections  278 ,  282  is alphabetical by user name. In other embodiments, the spatial positions of the communicant avatars in the area application section  278  are ordered in accordance with the temporal ordering of the communicants in terms of the times when the communicants established their respective presences with the server applications. The spatial positions of the communicant avatars in the contacts section  282  may be sorted alphabetically by user name, according to frequency of contact, according to recentness of contact, or according to other sorting or filtering criteria. 
     The activities of the communicants in the contexts of the area applications  44  may be inferred by the client communications application from activities on various communication channels over which the respective communicants are configured to communicate. The activities on the communication channels are represented in the graphical user interface  270  by visual cues that are depicted in association with the graphical representations of the communicants in the sections  278 ,  282 . For example, the “on” or “off” state of a communicant&#39;s local speaker channel is depicted by the presence or absence of a headphones graphic  290  on the communicant&#39;s sprite. When the speakers of the communicant who is represented by the sprite are on, the headphones graphic  290  is present (see sprites Art, Carl, and Dan) and, when the communicant&#39;s speakers are off, the headphones graphic  290  is absent (see sprites Beth and Ed). The “on” or “off” state of the communicant&#39;s microphone is depicted by the presence or absence of a microphone graphic  292  on the communicant&#39;s sprite. When the microphone is on, the microphone graphic  292  is present (see sprite Dan); and, when the microphone is off, the microphone graphic  292  is absent (see sprites Art, Beth, Carl, and Ed). The headphones graphic  290  and the microphone graphic  292  provide visual cues of the states of the communicant&#39;s sound playback and microphone devices. In addition, the current activity state of a communicant&#39;s microphone channel is indicated by a dynamic visualization that lightens and darkens the communicant&#39;s avatar in realtime to reflect the presence or absence of audio data on the microphone channel. Thus, whether or not their local speakers are turned on, communicants can determine when another communicant is speaking by the “blinking” of the coloration of that communicant&#39;s avatar. The activity state of a communicant&#39;s text chat channel is depicted by the presence or absence of the hand graphic  294  adjacent the communicant&#39;s sprite (see sprite Beth). Thus, when a communicant is transmitting text chat data to another network node the hand graphic  294  is present, and when a communicant is not transmitting text chat data the hand graphic  294  is not present. In some embodiments, text chat data is transmitted only when keyboard keys are depressed, in which case the visualization of the current activity on communicant&#39;s text channel appears as a flashing on and off of the hand graphic  294 . 
     Members of an area application are able to receive the visual cues of the communicant activities occurring in the context of that area application whether or not the member is present. For example, the graphical user interface  270  that is presented to Art can show visual cues indicating the activities on the communication channels of the communicants who are present in SococoHQ (where Art is present) and the activities communication channels of the communicants present in other areas of which Art is a member but not currently present. 
     The audio interaction toolbar  268  includes a headphone control  284  that enables Art to toggle on and off the local speakers of the client network node, and a microphone control  286  that enables Art to toggle on and off the local microphone of the client network node. 
     Additional details regarding embodiments of the people panel  265  are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/373,914, filed Aug. 16, 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009. 
     The people interaction toolbar  267  includes a Chat button  298  and an Invite button  302 . Selection of the Chat button  298  opens a Chat panel  340  (see  FIG.  5   ) that enables Art to initiate a chat with other communicants who are present in the area application where Art is present (i.e., SococoHQ in the illustrated example). Selection of the Invite button  302  opens an Invite window that enables Art to invite one or more communicants to a selected virtual area location (e.g., a virtual area  44  or zone within a virtual area  44 ). Additional details regarding embodiments of the methods and functions invoked by the Chat button  298  and the Invite button  302  are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/373,914, filed Aug. 16, 2010. 
     In addition to the control and panel elements of the graphical user interface  270  (e.g., the people panel  265 , the viewer panel  266 , the people interaction toolbar  267 , the audio interaction toolbar  268 , and the panel view controls  271 ,  273 ,  275 ), the graphical user interface  270  includes a Share button  375  and a set  373  of Viewer Panel control buttons, including a Map button  376 , a Browse button  378 , and four View Screen buttons  380 - 386 . The Share button  375  initiates a screen share of the contents of the display area  312  of the viewer panel  266  in connection with a view screen in a virtual area. These contents include renderings of any information that is received by the browser component in connection with the network resource identified in the location bar  316 , and a document or application that is being shared by the user in connection with a view screen object in a virtual area. The Map button  376  sets the view presented in the viewer panel  266  to a map view of the virtual area. The Browse button  378  sets the view presented in the viewer panel  266  to a browser view. Each of the four View Screen buttons  380 - 386  sets the viewer panel  266  to display the content the content being shared in connection with a corresponding one of the view screens in the virtual area. 
       FIG.  4    shows an example of the graphical user interface  270  in the Map view mode, which presents in the viewer panel  266  a rendered view of a zone (Zone  1 ) of the SococoHQ virtual area that is located at the location SococoHQ/Area 1 , as indicated in the location bar  316 . This address indicates that Zone  1  is a zone within the SococoHQ virtual area. 
     Each of the communicants who is present in the virtual area is represented graphically by a respective avatar that corresponds to the communicant&#39;s avatar shown in the people panel  265 . The virtual area is represented graphically by a two-dimensional top view of a rectangular space. In some examples, the communicants&#39; sprites automatically are positioned in predetermined locations (or “seats”) in the virtual area when the communicants initially enter a zone of the virtual area. 
     Zone  1  includes four view screen props (or “objects”)  388 ,  390 ,  392 ,  394  and a table prop  396 . Communicants interact with the props by selecting them with an input device (e.g., by single-clicking on the props with a computer mouse, touch pad, touch screen, or the like). The view screen props  388 - 394  are associated with application sharing functionality of the platform that enables communicants to share applications operating their respective client network nodes. The application sharing functionality is invoked by activating a view screen (e.g., by single-clicking the view screen object with an input device). In some embodiments, the platform provides visual cues that indicate whether or not a communicant is sharing an application over an application sharing channel. In response to a communicant&#39;s selection of the view screen prop, the communicant&#39;s sprite automatically is moved to a position in the graphical representation of the virtual area that is adjacent the view screen prop. The position of a communicant&#39;s sprite adjacent the view screen prop indicates that the communicant currently is sharing or is about to share an application with the other communicants in Zone  1 . In addition, the avatar of each communicant who is viewing a shared application is depicted with a pair of “eyes” to indicate that the represented communicants are viewing the content being shared in connection with the view screen props (see, e.g., the avatars of Alex and Dan in  FIG.  4   ). The graphical depiction of view screen prop is changed depending on whether or not an active application sharing session is occurring. For example, the depicted color of the view screen may change from a brighter color during an active application sharing session to a darker color when there is no application sharing taking place. Examples of the application sharing process are described in connection with FIGS. 26-28 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/418,270, filed Apr. 3, 2009. 
     In some examples, one or more of the viewscreen props  388 - 394  may be associated with respective uniform resource identifiers (URIs) of network resources to enable communicants to interact with and share information associated with the network resources in connection with the viewscreen objects as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/444,989, filed Feb. 21, 2011. 
     The table prop  396  is associated with file share functionality of the platform that enables communicants to upload computer data files to server storage in association with Zone  1  and to download data files that are associated with the Zone  1  from the server storage to the respective client network nodes. In example shown in  FIG.  4   , there are two document objects  398 ,  400  that are associated with the table prop  396 . The document objects  398 ,  400  are linked to respective documents that are have been shared in Zone  1  and stored in server storage. Any of the document objects  398 ,  400  may be selected by a communicant (e.g., by double-clicking the document object  398  with an input device, such as a computer mouse) to initiate downloading of the associated document to the communicant&#39;s client network node. Additional details regarding the structure, function, and operation of the table prop  396  may be obtained from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009. 
     In the Map view mode, the navigational controls of the graphical user interface  270  allow the user to traverse a path through the virtual environment in accordance with a navigational model that is tied to the underlying spatial hierarchy of virtual area locations and objects (e.g., props) within the locations. The network infrastructure service environment records the path traversed by the user. In some embodiments, the network infrastructure service environment records a history that includes a temporally ordered list of views of the virtual area locations that are presented to the user as the user navigates through the virtual area. Each view typically corresponds to a view of a respective renderable zone of the virtual area. In these embodiments, the navigation controls enable the user to move to selected ones of the zones in the history. The navigation controls also include a graphical representation of a depth path that shows the location in the spatial hierarchy that corresponds to the user&#39;s current view of the virtual area. In some embodiments, the graphical representation of the depth path includes a respective user-selectable link to a respective view of each of the preceding levels in the spatial hierarchical model of the virtual area above the current view. The back button  369  corresponds to a backward control that enables the user to incrementally move backward to preceding ones of the zones in the history of the zones that were traversed by the user. The forward button  371  corresponds to a forward control that enables the user to incrementally move forward to successive ones of the zones in the history of the zones that were traversed by the user. Some examples additionally include a placemarks button that activates a placemarking control for storing links to zones and a placemark navigation control for viewing a list of links to previously placemarked zones. In response to user selection of the placemarking control, a placemark is created by storing an image of the location shown in the current view in association with a hyperlink to the corresponding location in the virtual area. In response to a user selection of the placemark navigation control, a placemarks window is presented to the user. The placemarks window includes live visualizations of all locations that have been placemarked by the user. Each of the images in the placemarks window is associated with a respective user-selectable hyperlink. In response to user selection of one of the hyperlinks in the placemarks window, a view of the virtual area corresponding to the location associated with the selected hyperlink is automatically displayed in the browsing area of the graphical user interface  270 . Some examples include home button corresponds to a control that returns the user to a view of a designated “home” location in the virtual environment. Additional details regarding the structure, function, and operation of examples of the navigation controls are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009. 
       FIG.  5    shows an example of the graphical user interface  270  when the people panel  265  is open, a Chat panel  402  is open, and the viewer panel  266  is open in the browser mode. 
     Activating the Chat panel button  273  or the Chat button  298  opens the Chat panel  340 . When the Chat panel button  273  is activated, the Chanel panel  340  opens to show a chat interface for a persistent virtual chat area for interactions occurring in connection with a respective virtual area. In the example shown in  FIG.  5   , Art activated the Chat panel button  273  at the time he was present in Zone  1 ; therefore, the Chat panel  340  shown in  FIG.  5    contains the persistent virtual chat area for text chat interactions occurring in connection with Zone  1 . When the Chat button  298  is activated, on the other hand, the Chat panel  340  opens to show a chat interface for a persistent personal virtual area for interactions between Art and a selected one of the communicants. Examples of personal virtual areas are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/509,658, filed Jul. 27, 2009. 
     The chat interface of the Chat panel  340  includes a chat log area  342 , a text box  344 , and a Send button  346 . The Chat panel  340  also includes a minimap view of a virtual area (i.e., Zone  1  of the SococoHQ virtual area). 
     The user may enter text messages in the text box  344  and transmit the text messages to the other communicants who are in Zone  1  by selecting the Send button  346 . The chat log area  342  displays a log of current and optionally prior events that are associated with Zone  1  of the SococoHQ area application. An exemplary set of events that may be displayed in the chat log area  342  include: text messages that the user has exchanged with other communicants in Zone  1 ; changes in the presence status of communicants in Zone  1 ; changes in the speaker and microphone settings of the communicants in Zone  1 ; and the status of the props (discussed below), including references to any applications and data files that are shared in connection with the props. In the illustrated embodiments, the events are labeled by the communicant&#39;s name followed by content associated with the event (e.g., a text message) or a description of the event. 
     The Chat panel  340  provides a context for organizing the presentation of the events that are displayed in the chat log area  342 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, each of the displayed events is labeled with a respective tag that visually correlates with the appearance of the sprite of the communicant that sourced the displayed event. In particular, each of the events that is sourced by a particular one of the communicants is labeled with a respective icon  348 ,  350 ,  352 ,  354  with a visual appearance (e.g., color-code, or design pattern) that matches the visual appearance of that communicant&#39;s sprite. In this example, the color of the icons  348 ,  352  matches the color of the body of Art&#39;s sprite, and the color of the icon  350 ,  354  matches the color of the body of Beth&#39;s sprite. 
     The virtual area platform  18  supports the creation of highly customizable virtual area applications that support realtime virtual area communications. In some examples, these services handle the complex tasks of managing communications between network nodes that are linked to a virtual area, switching connections between the network nodes in response to user inputs, and mixing realtime data streams according to rules embodied in the virtual area application defining the virtual area. The virtual area platform  18  provides a general purpose framework for transforming a designer&#39;s specification of a virtual area (e.g., an Extensible Markup Language (XML) document) into instructions that dynamically configure platform and application-specific services and other functionality for acting on messages that are received from network nodes in connection with the virtual area. In these ways, the virtual area platform  18  encourages the development of a wide variety of virtual area applications, including virtual area applications that implement spatial rules for one or more synchronous conferencing services (e.g., instant messaging, such as text chat, audio conferencing, video conferencing, application sharing, and file sharing). The virtual area platform  18  enables virtual area designers to focus on developing high-level communications functionality of a virtual area instead of low-level plumbing code, while maintaining control over the communication and interaction environment created by the virtual area. 
     The virtual area platform  18  supports the creation of network connections between network nodes in the same zone of a virtual area, as well as the creation of one-way or two-way data stream connections between network nodes in different zones. 
       FIG.  6    shows an example of a method by which the area service administers network connections between nodes in different zones. In accordance with this method, the area service administers one or more real-time data stream connections between network nodes in a virtual area that includes zones and has a spatial visualization ( FIG.  6   , block  410 ). Each of the network nodes respectively has at least one of a source and a sink of one or more data types and is associated with a respective object in a respective one of the zones of the virtual area ( FIG.  6   , block  412 ). Each of the zones is associated with a respective geometric boundary located in relation to the spatial visualization of the virtual area ( FIG.  6   , block  414 ). The area service administers connections between sources of ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in a first one of the zones and outside a second one of the zones and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone and outside the first zone ( FIG.  6   , block  416 ). 
     In some examples of the method of  FIG.  6   , the area service locates (e.g., positions) the objects in respective ones of the zones of the virtual area based on requests received from the network nodes. The area service provides to respective ones of the network nodes a respective specification of the virtual area and state information locating graphical representations of the objects in the spatial visualization according to the zones in which the objects are located. Network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone are able to communicate realtime data of a respective one of the data types to network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone but network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone are unable to communicate realtime data of the respective data type to network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone. In some of these examples, network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone are able to communicate realtime data of a respective one of the data types with each other. Similarly, in some examples, network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone are able to communicate realtime data of a respective one of the data types with each other. 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 N  show zones and associated graphic representations of switching rules for connecting sources and sinks of respective data types. 
       FIG.  7 A  shows an example of a virtual area  418  that includes a first zone  420  and a second zone  422 . The first and second zones  420 ,  422  are associated with respective non-overlapping geometric boundaries. The first zone  420  is associated with a switching rule  424  that instructs the area service to connect sources of a specified data stream type in the first zone  420  with sinks of the specified data steam type in the second zone  422 . Based on the presence of a first object  426  in the first zone  420  and a second object  428  in the second zone  422 , the area service administers a connection between a source of the specified data type associated with the first object  426  and a sink of the specified data type associated with the second object  428 . 
       FIG.  7 B  shows an example  419  of the virtual area  418  in which the second zone  422  is associated with a switching rule  430  that instructs the area service to connect sources of a second specified data stream type in the second zone  422  with sinks of the second specified data steam type in the first zone  420 . Based on the presence of the first object  426  in the first zone  420  and the second object  428  in the second zone  422 , the area service administers a connection between a source of the specified data type associated with the first object  426  and a sink of the specified data type associated with the second object  428 ; the area service also administers a connection between a source of the second specified data type associated with the second object  438  and a sink of the second specified data type associated with the first object  426 . In some examples, the first and second specified data types are the same. In other examples, the first and second specified data types are different. In some examples, the area service administers the connections between the sources of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and the sinks of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  conditioned on a particular role attribute value being associated with the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone. In some examples, the area service administers the connections between the sources of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and the sinks of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  conditioned on a particular role attribute value being associated with the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 . 
       FIG.  7 C  shows an example  421  of the virtual area  418  in which the second zone  422  is associated with a switching rule  432  that instructs the area service to connect sources of a second specified data stream type in the second zone  422  with sinks of the second specified data steam type in the second zone  422 . Based on the presence of the second object  428  in the second zone  422  and the presence of a third object in the second zone  422 , the area service administers a connection between sources of the second specified data type associated with the second and third objects  428 ,  434  and a sinks of the second specified data type associated with the second and third objects  428 ,  434 . In some examples, the first and second specified data types are the same. In other examples, the first and second specified data types are different. In some examples, respective ones of the connections is conditioned on a particular role attribute value being associated with the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 . In some examples, the administering of respective ones of the connections is conditioned on a particular role attribute value being associated with the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 . 
       FIG.  7 D  shows an example  423  of the virtual area  418  in which a barrier object  436  is between the first zone  420  and the second zone  422 . The barrier object  436  has an open state and a closed state. In some examples (e.g., where the barrier object is a door object), based on a determination that the barrier object  436  is in the open state, the area service allows connections between sources of ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 ; and based on a determination that the barrier object  436  is in the closed state, the area service disallows connections between sources of ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 . In other examples (e.g., where the barrier object is a curtain object), based on a determination that the barrier object is in the open state, the area service configures connections between sources of ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  for a first level of data access; and based on a determination that the barrier object is in the closed state, the area service configures connections between sources of ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  for a second level of data access lower than the first level. 
       FIG.  7 E  shows an example  425  of the virtual area  421  ( FIG.  7 C ) in which the area service does not enable connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes that are associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes that are associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some examples, these connections are not enabled because the second zone  422  is not associated with any switching rule that enables connections of this type to be administered. 
       FIG.  7 F  shows an example  427  of the virtual area  418  in which the area service does not enable connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes that are associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes that are associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some examples, these connections are not enabled because the second zone  422  is not associated with any switching rule that enables connections of this type to be administered. In some examples, the area service administers voice connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  without enabling voice connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some examples, the area service administers application sharing connections between application sharing sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and application sharing sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  without enabling application sharing connections between application sharing sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and application sharing sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . 
       FIG.  7 G  shows an example  429  of the virtual area  427  ( FIG.  7 F ) in which the second zone  422  is associated with a switching rule  432  that instructs the area service to connect sources of a second specified data stream type in the second zone  422  with sinks of the second specified data steam type in the second zone  422 . Based on the presence of the second object  428  in the second zone  422  and the presence of a third object in the second zone  422 , the area service administers a connection between sources of the second specified data type associated with the second and third objects  428 ,  434  and a sinks of the second specified data type associated with the second and third objects  428 ,  434  without enabling connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some examples, the area service administers chat connections between chat sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and chat sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  without enabling chat connections between chat sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and chat sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . 
       FIG.  7 H  shows an example  431  of the virtual area  427  ( FIG.  7 F ) in which the area service responds to a request from a requesting one of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  to communicate with another one of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  by establishing respective presences of the requesting network node and the other network node in a private zone  436  associated with the requesting network node and the other network node. The area service also administers connections for exchanging realtime data streams between the requesting network node and the other network node in the private zone  436 . In some examples, the private zone  436  is a zone of a private virtual area of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/509,658, filed Jul. 27, 2009. 
       FIG.  7 I  shows an example  433  of the virtual area  427  ( FIG.  7 F ) in which the second zone  422  encompasses a plurality of sub-zones  438  defining locations where network nodes are permitted to be present in the second zone  422 . In some examples, the area service administers connections  424  (e.g., voice connections) between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the sub-zones of the second zone  422 . For each of one or more of the sub-zones  438 , the area service administers connections for exchanging realtime data streams of a particular data type between respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the sub-zone  438  without enabling connections for exchanging realtime data streams of the particular data type between respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the sub-zone  438  and respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects outside the sub-zone  438 . 
       FIG.  7 J  shows an example  435  of the virtual area  427  ( FIG.  7 F ) that includes a third zone  440 . The area service administering connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  without enabling connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . The area service administers connections  442  between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone  440 . The area service administers connections  444  between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone  440  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . The area service administers connections  446  between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone  440  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  without enabling connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone  440 . In some examples, the area service administers voice connections between the voice sources and sinks in the first and third zones  420 ,  440  and voice connections from the first and third zones  420 ,  440  to the second zone  422  without enabling voice connections from the second zone  422  to any of the first and third zones  420 ,  440 . 
     In some examples of the virtual area  435 , the third zone  440  includes a first sub-zone and a second sub-zone that define locations where network nodes are permitted to be present in the third zone  440 . In some of these examples, the administering of the voice connections between voice sources of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone and voice sinks of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first and second zones  420 ,  422  involves administering connections between network nodes associated with respective objects in the first sub-zone without enabling connections between respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second sub-zone and respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first and second zones  420 ,  422 . In some examples, the area service enables only a single one of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the third zone  440  to be present in the first sub-zone at a time, and locating in the second sub-zone each of the network nodes that is associated with respective objects in the third zone but not present in the first sub-zone. 
     In some examples of the virtual area  435 , the virtual area is associated with a visualization of a virtual auditorium comprising a visualization of a stage area associated with the first zone, a visualization of a general seating area associated with the second zone, and a visualization of a microphone prop in the first sub-zone of the third zone  440 . 
       FIG.  7 K  shows an example  437  of the virtual area  421  ( FIG.  7 C ) in which the first zone  420  is associated with a switching rule  448  that instructs the area service to connect sources of a third specified data stream type in the first zone  420  with sinks of the third specified data steam type in the first zone  420 . Based on the presence of the first object  426  in the first zone  420  and the presence of a third object  450  in the first zone  420 , the area service administers a connection between sources of the third specified data type associated with the first and third objects  426 ,  450  and a sinks of the third specified data type associated with the first and third objects  426 ,  434 . 
     In some examples of the virtual area  437 , the area service administers voice connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in any of the first zone  420  and the second zone  422 , and additionally administers voice connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422 . In some examples, the area service administers chat connections between chat sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420  and chat sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in any of the first zone  420  and the second zone  422 , and additionally administers chat connections between chat sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and chat sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in any of the first zone  420  and the second zone  422 . 
       FIG.  7 L  shows an example  439  of the virtual area  437  ( FIG.  7 K ) in which the area service additionally administers connections  452  between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some examples, the administered connections  452  are voice connections. 
       FIG.  7 M  shows an example  441  of the virtual area  439  ( FIG.  7 L ) in which the area service does not enable connections between sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . In some of these examples, the administering of voice connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone is performed without enabling connections between voice sources of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the second zone  422  and voice sinks of respective ones of the network nodes associated with respective objects in the first zone  420 . 
       FIG.  7 N  shows an example  443  of the virtual area  437  ( FIG.  7 K ) that includes a third zone  454  that includes a viewscreen object  456  associated with a uniform resource identifier (URI) value  458  identifying a network resource for providing information to a network node in association with the viewscreen object  456 . Based on a request received in connection with the viewscreen object  456  from a requesting one of the network nodes associated with a respective object  457  in the third zone  454 , the area service administers a connection between the network resource and the requesting network node. In some examples, the spatial visualization of the virtual area  443  corresponds to a support center in which the third zone corresponds to a support room (e.g., a self-guided tour room or a demonstration room). 
     The virtual areas described above may be used as standalone virtual areas or as components of other virtual areas. 
       FIG.  8 A  shows an example of a virtual area  500  that includes a spatial arrangement of zones that are visualized as virtual rooms and are associated with barrier objects. The virtual area  500  includes a West Breakout Room  502 , a Daily Standup Room  504 , an East Breakout Room  506 , a West Project Room  508 , an East Project Room  510 , a West Cubicle Area  512 , an East Cubicle Area  514 , The Pit  516 , and the Lobby  517 . The West Cubicle Area  512  and the East Cubicle Area  514  includes a respective pair of cubicles  518 ,  520  and  522 ,  524 . Each of the rooms except the West Breakout Room  502 , the East Breakout Room  506 , and the Lobby  517  includes two or more viewscreen objects and at least one table object, which function as described above. 
     Each of the West Breakout Room  502 , the East Breakout Room  504 , the Daily Standup Room  504 , the West Project Room  508 , the East Project Room  510 , and the Lobby  517  includes a respective door object  526 ,  528 ,  530 ,  532 ,  534 ,  535 . In some examples, the door objects  526 - 534  correspond to the door objects described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/535,910, filed Sep. 16, 2011. In other examples, each of the door objects  526 - 534  is either in an open state or a closed state. The area service allows switching rule specified connections to be established through a door object that is in an open state, whereas the area service prevents such connections from being established through a door object that is in a closed state. In the state shown in  FIG.  8 A , the doors  526 ,  528 ,  530 ,  532 , and  534  are open and only the Lobby door  535  is closed. 
     Each of the cubicles  518 - 524  includes a respective pair of curtain (or screen) objects  536 ,  538 ,  540 ,  542 ,  544 ,  546 ,  548 ,  550 . In some examples, each of the curtain objects  536 - 550  is either in an open state or a closed state. When a curtain object is in an open state, the area service allows switching rule specified connections to be established through the curtain object at a first access level; and when a curtain object is in a closed state the area service allows switching rule specified connections to be established through the curtain object at a second access level that is lower than the first access level. In some examples, the access level corresponds to the settings of one or more parameters that are used to configure the connections. For example, in the case of audio stream connections, the access level typically corresponds to the volume of the rendered audio stream, where the first access level typically corresponds to full volume audio and the second access level corresponds to reduced volume audio. In another example, in the case of video stream connections, the access may correspond to separate settings for the audio and video components (e.g., the first access level may correspond to full audio and reduced resolution video, and the second access level may correspond to reduced audio and no video). In the state shown in  FIG.  8 A , the curtains  538 ,  536 ,  540 ,  542 ,  548 , and  550  are open and the curtains  544  and  546  are closed. 
       FIG.  8 B  shows an example of a zone map  552  for the virtual area  500 . For the purpose of illustration only, the zones are assumed to be audio zones, and each zone is associated with at least one switching rule that instructs the area service to connect the audio source and audio sink of each network node in the zone with complementary audio sources and sinks of the other network nodes in the same zone. In other examples, the zones may be associated with respective switching rules for switching for switching any of one or more data stream types; in some examples, one or more of the zones are not associated with any switching rules. In the example shown in  FIG.  8 B , each of the rooms  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  517 ,  518 ,  522 , and  524  corresponds to a respective audio zone. In addition, the Daily Standup Room  504  shares a respective audio zone  554 ,  556 ,  558  with each of the West Breakout Room  502 , the East Breakout Room  506 , and The Pit  516 . The audio zones  554 ,  556 ,  558  overlap in the Daily Standup Room  504  such that a communicant in the Daily Standup Room  504  can receive audio from and transmit audio into each of the West Breakout Room  502 , the East Breakout Room  506 , and The Pit  516 ; however, a communicant in the West Breakout Room  502  does not receive audio from nor transmit audio into any of the East Breakout Room and The Pit  516 , and vice versa. The cubicles  518  and  520  share an audio zone  560  with each other, and each cubicle  518 ,  520  shares a respective audio zone  562 ,  564  with The Pit  516 . Similarly, the cubicles  522 ,  524  share an audio zone  566  with each other, and each cubicle  522 ,  524  shares a respective audio zone  568 ,  570  with The Pit  516 . The Pit  516  also shares a respective audio zone  572 ,  574 ,  576  with each of the West Project Room  508 , the East Project Room  510 , and the Lobby  517 . 
     In the illustrated example, audio connections between network nodes in the same room  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 ,  510 ,  517 ,  518 ,  522 , and  524  are allowed. In addition, since the doors  526 ,  528 ,  530 ,  532 , and  534  are open, the inter-room audio connections defined by the audio zones  554 ,  556 ,  558 ,  572 , and  574  are allowed, whereas the audio connections defined by the audio zone  576  between The Pit  516  and the Lobby  517  are blocked since the Lobby door  335  is closed. Also, since the curtains  536 ,  538 ,  540 ,  542 ,  548 , and  550  are open, the inter-room audio connections defined by the audio zones  558 ,  562 ,  564 , and  568  are allowed, whereas the audio connections defined by the audio zones  566 ,  570  are configured at a reduced access (e.g., volume) level since the curtains  544 ,  546  are closed. 
       FIG.  9 A  shows and example of a virtual area  600  that includes zones and is associated with a visualization of an auditorium. The virtual area  600  includes a stage (or podium) zone  602 , a general seating zone  604 , a question-and-answer zone  606 , a West Conference Room  608 , an East Conference Room  610 , and a Lobby  611 . The stage zone  602  includes viewscreen objects  612 ,  614  and speaker props  616 ,  618 . The general seating zone  604  includes a plurality of sub-zones  620  (referred to herein as “bench zones”) defining locations where network nodes are permitted to be present in the general seating zone  604 . The question-and-answer zone  606  includes a microphone sub-zone  622 , a queuing sub-zone  624 , and a microphone prop  626 . Each of the West Conference Room  608  and the East Conference Room  610  includes a respective viewscreen object  607 ,  609 . 
     In some examples, the area service automatically orients the avatars in the stage zone  602  to face the question-and-answer zone  606  and the general seating zone  604 , and automatically orients the avatars in the general seating zone and the question-and answer zone  606  to face the stage zone  602 . 
     In some examples, the area service enables only a single one of the network nodes that are associated with respective objects in the question-and-answer zone  606  to be present in the microphone sub-zone  622  at a time; each of the other network nodes in the question-and-answer zone  606  are placed in the queuing sub-zone  624  in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) order. After the network node currently in the microphone sub-zone  622  leaves the microphone sub-zone  624 , the area service automatically moves the next network node in line from the queuing sub-zone  624  to the microphone sub-zone  622 . 
       FIG.  9 B  shows an example of a zone map  630  that defines how data streams are sourced and sunk in the virtual area  600 . The zone map  630  includes a respective governance zone (GZ) for each of the location zones: GZ 2  corresponds to the stage zone  602 ; GZ 3  corresponds to the question-and-answer zone  606 ; GZ 4  corresponds to the microphone sub-zone  622 ; GZ 5  corresponds to the queuing sub-zone  624 , GZ 6  corresponds to the general seating zone  604 ; GZ 7  corresponds to the West Conference Room  608 ; GZ 8  corresponds to the East Conference Room  610 ; and GZ 9  corresponds to the Lobby  611 . The zone map  630  also includes an auditorium wide zone  632  (GZ 1 ). 
     There are four control channels for audio: AudioChan 1 , AudioChan 2 , AudioChan 3 , and AudioChan 4 . 
     Audio data streams sourced from any of the stage zone  602  (GZ 2 ) and the microphone zone  622  (GZ 4 ) are published on the audio control channel AudioChan 1 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the auditorium wide governance zone  632  (GZ 1 ). As a result, all communicants in the stage zone  602 , the question-and-answer zone  606 , and the general seating zone  604  can subscribe to AudioChan 1  and thereby receive the audio data streams sourced from the stage zone  602  and the microphone zone  622 . 
     Audio data streams sourced from the West Conference Room  608  (GZ 7 ) are published on AudioChan 2 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the West Conference Room  608  so that network nodes in the West Conference Room  608  can communicate with each other via audio. Audio data streams sourced from the East Conference Room  610  (GZ 8 ) are published on AudioChan 3 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the East Conference Room  610  so that network nodes in the East Conference Room  610  can communicate with each other via audio. Audio data streams sourced from the Lobby  611  (GZ 9 ) are published on AudioChan 4 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the Lobby  611  so that network nodes in the Lobby  611  can communicate with each other via audio. 
     There are four control channels for application sharing: ScreenChan 1 , ScreenChan 2 , ScreenChan 3 , and ScreenChan 4 . 
     Application sharing data streams associated with viewscreen objects  612 ,  614  in the stage zone  602  (GZ 2 ) are respectively published on the application sharing control channels ScreenChan 1  and ScreenChat 2 , which are published by an area/zone manager for the auditorium wide governance zone  632  (GZ 1 ). As a result, all communicants in the stage zone  602 , the question-and-answer zone  606 , and the general seating zone  604  can subscribe to ScreenChan 1  and/or ScreenChat 2  and thereby receive the audio data streams sourced from the stage zone  602  and the microphone zone  622 . 
     Application sharing data streams sourced from the West Conference Room  608  (GZ 7 ) in connection with the viewscreen object  606  are published on ScreenChan 3 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the West Conference Room  608  so that network nodes in the West Conference Room  608  can share applications and network resources with each other. Application sharing data streams sourced from the East Conference Room  610  (GZ 8 ) in connection with viewscreen object  609  are published on ScreenChan 4 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the East Conference Room  610  so that network nodes in the East Conference Room  610  can share applications and network resources with each other. 
     There are four control channels for text chat: ChatChan 1 , ChatChan 2 , ChatChan 3 , and ChatChan 4 . Chat data streams sourced from the general seating zone  604  (GZ 6 ) are published on ChatChan 1 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the general seating zone  604  so that network nodes in the general seating zone  604  can communicate with each other via text chat. Chat data streams sourced from the West Conference Room  608  (GZ 7 ) are published on ChatChan 2 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the West Conference Room  608  so that network nodes in the West Conference Room  608  can communicate with each other via text chat. Chat data streams sourced from the East Conference Room  610  (GZ 8 ) are published on ChatChan 3 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the East Conference Room  610  so that network nodes in the East Conference Room  610  can communicate with each other via text chat. Chat data streams sourced from the Lobby  611  (GZ 9 ) are published on ChatChan 4 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the Lobby  611  so that network nodes in the Lobby  611  can communicate with each other via text chat. 
     In the example shown in  FIG.  9 B , the bench sub-zones  620  are location-only zones that all publish to a common chat control channel (ChatChan 1 ) for the general seating zone  604 . In other examples, each of the bench sub-zones  620  is associated with its own chat control channel on which chat data streams sourced from the bench sub-zone are published only in that bench sub-zone. In this way, only communicants in the same bench sub-zone  620  can communicate with each other via text chat. In other examples, the chat control channel for each bench sub-zone  620  are published in the sourcing bench sub-zone and in each of a set of bench sub-zones that neighbor the sourcing bench sub-zone (e.g., each of the bench sub-zones that are adjacent the sourcing bench sub-zone). 
     In some examples, a communicant in general seating zone  604  is able to initiate a private communication session with another communicant in in the general seating zone (e.g., with a communicant in the same bench sub-zone or in a neighboring bench sub-zone) in a private virtual area of the type described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/509,658, filed Jul. 27, 2009 (see  FIG.  7 H ). 
     The queuing zone  624  (GZ 5 ) does not publish any data streams. Therefore, network nodes in the queuing zone  624  cannot source any data stream to other network nodes, whether the other network nodes are in the queuing zone  624  or in any other zone of the virtual area  600 . The queuing zone  624 , however, can sink the audio and application data streams published on the AudioChan 1 , ScreenChan 1 , and ScreenChan 2  control channels. 
       FIG.  10 A  shows an example of a virtual area  700  that includes zones and is associated with a visualization of a support center. The virtual area  700  includes a help desk zone  702 , a self-guided tour room  704 , a demonstration room  706 , a lobby  708 , and three private offices  710 ,  712 ,  714 . The help desk zone  702  includes a greeting area  716  that includes a table object  718 , and an escalation support area  720  that includes two table objects  722 ,  724 . Each of the self-guided tour room  704  and the demonstration room  706  includes a respective viewscreen object  726 ,  728 . 
     In some examples, the table object  718  in the greeting area  716  has at least one seat reserved for network nodes associated with a respect support room role attribute value (e.g., “greeter”). In some examples, each of the table objects  722 ,  724  has at least one seat reserved for network nodes associated with a respective support room role attribute value (e.g., “technical support specialist” or “account specialist”). 
     In some examples, each of the viewscreen objects  726 ,  728  is associated with a respective uniform resource identifier (URI) value identifying a respective network resource for providing information to a network node in association with the viewscreen object. For example, the viewscreen object  726  in the self-guided tour room  704  may be associated with a URL (uniform resource locator) value for a video or interactive web service showing the features of a product or service. The viewscreen object  728  in the demonstration room  706  may be associated with a URL value for a video or interactive web service demonstrating how to use a product or service. Based on a request received in connection with either of the viewscreen objects  726 ,  728  from a requesting one of the network nodes, the area service administers a connection between the network resource identified by the associated URI and the requesting network node. In some examples, network resources are associated with the viewscreen objects  726 ,  728  and shared with other network nodes in the same room as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/444,989, filed Feb. 21, 2011. 
       FIG.  10 B  shows an example of a zone map  730  that defines how data streams are sourced and sunk in the virtual area  700 . The zone map  730  includes a respective governance zone (GZ) for each of the location zones: GZ 2  corresponds to the greeting area  716 ; GZ 3  corresponds to the escalation support area  720 ; GZ 4  corresponds to the self-guided tour room  704 ; GZ 5  corresponds to the demonstration room  706 , GZ 6  corresponds to the lobby  708 ; GZ 7  corresponds to the private office  710 ; GZ 8  corresponds to the private office  712 ; and GZ 9  corresponds to the private office  714 . The zone map  730  also includes a help desk wide zone  732  (GZ 1 ). 
     There are seven control channels for audio: AudioChan 1 , AudioChan 2 , AudioChan 3 , AudioChan 4 , AudioChan 5 , AudioChan 6 , and AudioChan 7 . 
     Audio and chat data streams sourced from any of the greeting area (GZ 2 ) and the escalation area (GZ 3 ) respectively are published on the audio control channel AudioChan 1  and the chat control channel ChatChan 1 , which are published by area/zone managers for the help desk wide governance zone  732  (GZ 1 ). As a result, all communicants in the help desk zone  702  can subscribe to AudioChan 1  and/or ChatChan 1  and thereby receive the audio and/or chat data streams sourced from any of the greeting area  716  and the escalation support area  720 . In the example shown in  FIG.  10 A , the demarcation  734  between the greeting area  716  and the escalation support area  720  is non-functional. In other examples, the demarcation  734  corresponds to either a curtain object or a door object as described above in connection with  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B . 
     Audio and chat data streams sourced from the self-guided tour room (GZ 4 ) respectively are published on AudioChan 2  and ChatChan 2 , which are published by area/zone managers for the self-guided tour room so that network nodes in the self-guided tour room can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. Audio and chat data streams sourced from the demonstration room (GZ 5 ) respectively are published on AudioChan 3  and ChatChan 3 , which are published by area/zone managers for the demonstration room so that network nodes in the demonstration room can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. Audio and chat data streams sourced from the lobby (GZ 6 ) respectively are published on AudioChan 4  and ChatChan 4 , which are published by an area/zone managers for the lobby so that network nodes in the lobby can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. Audio and chat data streams sourced from the private office A (GZ 7 ) respectively are published on AudioChan 5  and ChatChan 5 , which are published by an area/zone manager for the private office A so that network nodes in the Private office A can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. Audio and chat data streams sourced from the private office B (GZ 8 ) respectively are published on AudioChan 6  and ChatChan 6 , which are published by area/zone managers for the private office B so that network nodes in the Private office B can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. Audio and chat data streams sourced from the private office C (GZ 9 ) are respectively published on AudioChan 7  and ChatChan 7 , which are published by area/zone managers for the private office C so that network nodes in the Private office C can communicate with each other via audio and/or chat. 
     Application sharing data streams sourced from the self-guided tour room (GZ 4 ) are published on ScreenChan 1 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the self-guided tour room so that network nodes in the self-guided tour room can share data received from the network resource associated with the viewscreen object  726 . Application sharing data streams sourced from the demonstration room (GZ 5 ) are published on ScreenChan 2 , which is published by an area/zone manager for the demonstration room so that network nodes in the demonstration room can share data received from the network resource associated with the viewscreen object  726 . 
       FIG.  11    shows an example of a virtual area  740  for a Center of Excellence (COE) through which its members provide leadership, best practices, support, and/or training for a focus area. In some examples, the COE virtual area  740  serves as an integration competency center within an organization (e.g., a company) to provide expertise, knowledge or capability services to other members of the organization. The members of the integration competency center typically include people with special skills (e.g., expertise with an Enterprise Application, such as the SAP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application available from SAP AG, Walldorf, Germany). The COE virtual area  740  provides a centralized communication environment in which such service personnel can provide services in separate functional areas while enabling them to work together to support the other members of the organization. 
     The COE virtual area  740  includes a lobby  742  (or port of entry), a knowledge center  744 , a store  746 , a ticket entry room  748 , a resolution room  750 , an escalation room  752 , an on-deck room  754 , an auditorium  756 , and a management office  758 . Arrows  762  are used to guide customers through the main process flow. Each of the rooms  742 - 758  of the COE virtual area  740  typically supports one or more modes of realtime communication (e.g., audio, chat, and application and network resource sharing) between the network nodes in the same room. 
     The lobby  742  includes several viewscreen objects  760  that typically are linked to network resources that provide various information for familiarizing incoming organization members (referred to herein as “customers”) with the COE and the services provided by its members, including navigation aids, procedures, and rules. 
     After reviewing the information associated with the lobby  742 , a customer typically enters the knowledge center  744 , which provides a number of self-help resources that might enable the customer to resolve an issue without requiring the assistance of a member of the COE. For example, the knowledge center  744  typically includes one or more viewscreen objects that are linked to respective self-help resources (e.g., specific self-help content, such as user guides, FAQs, and resources for submitting queries to and receiving query responses from a knowledgebase). 
     If a customer cannot resolve the issue using the self-help resources associated with the knowledge center  744 , the customer may enter the ticket entry room  748 , which provides access to an issue tracking system that manages and maintains lists of issues. The ticket entry room  748  typically includes a viewscreen object that is linked to the issue tracking system. The customer can select the viewscreen object to interact with the issue tracking system. The customer may request a new ticket or enter the identifier of a ticket that already has been issued to the customer. In response, the issue tracking system may create or update reported customer issues, and update the issue tracking database accordingly. The ticket is used to track the issue, and potentially to schedule support for the customer&#39;s issue. The ticket entry room  748  also includes a table object  764  that allows the customer to upload a document (e.g., an incident report) or download a document that is stored in association with the ticket entry room  748 . 
     After the ticket entry room  748 , the customer may be invited to enter (or pulled into) the resolution room  748 . The resolution room  750  typically includes a customer service person who designated for providing first tier support and is available to discuss the ticket with the customer (e.g., using audio, video, and/or chat). The customer service person may be able to resolve the issue or escalate the customer to an expert for assistance. If escalated and the expert is available to see the customer immediately, the customer service person may send the customer directly to the escalation room  752 ; otherwise, the customer service person may send the customer to the on-deck room  754 , where the customer can wait until the expert is available. 
     The auditorium  756  may be used to provide scheduled training events for members of the organization. The management room  758  provides a virtual office for COE management personnel. 
     In some examples, in an effort to encourage the efficient use of COE services, one or more of the COE services can only be accessed by customers who have a sufficient number of COE credits, which may be issued to members of the organization on a periodic or other basis. For example, the first tier service provided in the resolution room  750  may cost a certain number of COE credits, and the escalation support provided by the experts in the escalation room may cost a greater number of COE credits. Without a sufficient number of credits, a customer would be limited to the self-help support provided in the knowledge center  744  until he or she was able to accumulate the required number of credits. In some examples, member of the organization are able to earn COE credits by helping other members to resolve their COE issues. For example, a member may earn credits by helping another member to resolve an issue through direct communications with the other member or by posting an answer to a resolved issue in a FAQ that is available to other members through the knowledge center  744 . 
       FIG.  12 A  shows and example of a virtual area  800  that includes zones and is associated with a visualization of a network operations center (NOC). The virtual area  800  includes an entry zone  802 , two meeting rooms  804 ,  806 , an operation center  808 , four breakout rooms  810 ,  812 ,  814 ,  816 , and four offices  818 ,  820 ,  822 ,  824 . In some examples, the entry area  802  support realtime audio and chat communications between the network nodes in the entry area  802 . Each of the meeting rooms  804 ,  806  and the operations center  808  includes respective viewscreen objects  809  and supports realtime audio, chat, and application and network resource sharing communications between the network nodes in the same meeting room. Each of the breakout rooms  810 - 816  and the offices  818 - 825  includes respective viewscreen objects and a respective telephony object and supports realtime audio, chat, and application and network resource sharing communications between the network nodes in the same room. Each of the telephony objects supports shared dial-in and dial-out telephony communications as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/165,729, filed Jun. 21, 2011. 
     In some examples, the virtual area  800  includes a public announcement (PA) zone that is associated with a governance zone that publishes audio on a public announcement channel (e.g., PubAnnouceChan). In these examples, an area/zone manager for an area wide governance zone publishes the audio on public announcement channel to all of the zones in the area so that all network nodes in the virtual area  800  that have their audio sinks turned on are subscribed to the public announcement channel. 
     The network operations center  800  also includes a navigation bar  830  that includes links to other virtual areas for responding to incidents associated with the network operations center. In the example shown in  FIG.  12 A , the navigation bar includes a link  832  to the network operations center  800  and links  834 ,  836 ,  838  to respective virtual areas for handling three respective incidents (i.e., Incident  1 , Incident  2 , and Incident  3 ). The link corresponding to the current virtual area typically is highlighted. For example, in the example shown in  FIG.  12 A , the NOC link  832  is highlighted to provide a visual indication that the virtual area currently being displayed is the network operations area  800 . 
     Based on selection of a respective one of the links  832 - 844  received from a requesting network node, the area service navigates the requesting network node to the virtual area identified by the selected link conditioned on any constraints that may be associated with entering the virtual area. For example, based on selection of the incident  1  link  834  in the navigation bar  830 , the area service may navigate the requesting network node to the incident  1  response virtual area  850  shown in  FIG.  11 B . The incident  1  virtual area  850  has the same design and functionality as the network operations center  800 , except that the operations center  808  has been relabeled “Incident Response Room” and the breakout rooms  810 - 816  have been respectively relabeled “Network Ops,” “OS Ops,” “Info Sec Ops,” and “App Ops.” 
     Each of the incident response links  834 ,  836 ,  838  also is associated with a respective visual status indicator  840 ,  842 ,  844  corresponding to the current status of the associated incident. In some examples, each status indicator  840 - 844  include an indication of a severity level (e.g., low, medium, or high) associated with the respective incident, where the severity level may be indicated by a numeric or color code (e.g., green for low, yellow for medium, and red for high). The severity level may be set manually by a network operations manager or automatically by a network operations monitoring system. The area service typically sends to each of the network nodes in the network operations center  800  or any of the associated incident response virtual areas specifications of the virtual areas, locations of the objects in the zones of the virtual areas, and for each incident response virtual area a respective visual status indicator corresponding to the current status determined for the associated incident. 
     The virtual area design of  FIGS.  12 A- 12 B  logically partitions network operations by function (e.g., management versus operations) and by incident. Each virtual area and/or zone within the virtual area can be associated with the people (e.g., through area membership or other capability requirements) and the network resources (through URIs linking the services to particular zones of the virtual area) that are needed to perform the functions assigned to the virtual area. This type of design provides an intuitive way to quickly navigate to target teams of people and resources and thereby improve operational and response efficiencies. 
     In some examples, one or more of the viewscreen objects  809  in the operations center  808  of the NOC area  800  ( FIG.  12 A ) are linked (e.g., through respective URIs) to respective network resources that provide information feeds indicating various types of information that are relevant to the members of the network operations center (e.g., details of highly significant alarms, ongoing incidents, general network performance, current event information, such as news streams from a network news service or weather feeds from a network weather service). In some cases, information feeds may be obtained directly from network monitoring equipment that monitors the various devices and systems or from one or more network resources (e.g., a network operations server) that collect and interpret live information feeds obtained from network monitoring equipment. Each communicant in the Operations Center  808  may subscribe to the information feeds by selecting the respective viewscreen objects  809  that are linked to the respective network resources. 
     In some examples, one or more of the viewscreen objects  809  in the Incident Response Room of the virtual area  850  ( FIG.  12 B ) are linked to respective network resources that provide incident-specific information (e.g., an indication of the status of the incident, a list of the process steps for resolving the given incident, and a list of the personnel current assigned to work on each of the process steps). This information typically is provided by a network operations service that streams data and updates to the viewscreen objects  809 , which are linked to the viewscreen objects through respective URIs. Each communicant in the Incident Response Room may subscribe to the information streams by selecting the respective viewscreen object  809 . 
     In some examples, a virtual area or a set of related virtual areas are designed to provide a structured communication flow, where collaborative communications that support different stages or tasks of a process (e.g., a business process) are allocated to respective zones that are arranged spatially according to a visual representation of a workflow for the process. By these designs, the people (e.g., through zone membership or other capability requirements) and the network resources (through URI&#39;s linking the services to particular zones of the virtual area) can be partitioned logically by process stage or task. In addition, process managers and other communicants readily can determine the current development stage of a process based on the current realtime activity levels in the zones and the information linked with each zone (e.g., chat histories, recorded audio sessions, stored files, and network resources linked to the zone). 
     In some examples, a virtual area includes zones that are arranged in a spatial layout according to a directed graph of tasks defining a workflow, where the zones are associated with respective sets of one or more of the tasks and arranged in the spatial layout in a sequence that tracks locations of the associated tasks in the directed graph. The zones of a virtual area may be arranged in a spatial layout according to a structured workflow of successive steps, where adjacent zones in the spatial layout are respectively designated for supporting realtime communications between ones of the network nodes present in the zones in connection with successive ones of the steps of the structured workflow. The spatial sequence of zones typically defines a path in the spatial layout. In some examples, the virtual area is associated with a visualization of the spatial layout that includes visual indications of the tasks respectively associated with the zones. 
     The area service may administer a resource associated with the set of one or more tasks respectively associated with a given zone. In some examples, the resource is a network service, which may be linked to the given zone by a prop (e.g., a viewscreen object associated with a URI) in the given zone. The area service typically administers connections between the network resource and respective ones of the network nodes in the given zone. In some examples, the resource is a set of communicants, which may be linked to the given zone through a membership list. The area service typically restricts access to the given zone to the communicants in the set. In some examples, at least two of the zones share the same resource. In these examples, the at least two zones typically are positioned adjacent one another in the spatial layout. 
     In some examples, the workflow includes a contingent task that is associated with a respective contingency. In these examples, the area service may dynamically create a new zone in the spatial layout based on occurrence of the contingency. 
     In some examples, a computer creates a workflow based virtual area as follows. Based on a directed graph of tasks defining a workflow, the computer associates sets of one or more tasks with respective zones of a virtual area. The computer determines a spatial layout of the zones in which the zones are arranged in a spatial sequence that tracks locations of the associated tasks in the directed graph. The computer associates one or more switching rules with respective ones of the zones of the virtual area. Each of the switching rules defines a respective connection between sources of a respective real-time data stream type and sinks of the real-time data stream type in terms of positions in the virtual area. The computer stores a specification of the virtual area that includes definitions of the spatial layout of the zones and the one or more switching rules. 
       FIG.  13    shows an example of a virtual area  900  that includes zones and is associated with a spatial visualization of a patent prosecution workflow. The virtual area  900  may be created for the prosecution of a single patent application or a set of related patent applications (e.g., the applications in a patent family, the applications owned by a common entity, or the applications prosecuted by a common entity). The virtual area includes a Patent Planning Room  902 , an Invention Disclosure Room  904 , an Application Drafting Room  906 , a U.S. Prosecution Room  908 , and a Foreign Prosecution Room  910 , and a Document Signing Room  912 . Each of the rooms  902 - 910  includes respective viewscreen objects and supports realtime audio, chat, and application and network resource sharing communications between the network nodes in the same meeting room. Each of Patent Planning Room  902  and the Invention Disclosure Room  904  additionally includes a respective telephony object that supports shared dial-in and dial-out telephony communications as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/165,729, filed Jun. 21, 2011. 
     The zones  902 - 912  of the virtual area  900  are arranged in a spatial layout according to a directed graph of tasks defining a patent prosecution workflow, where the zones are associated with respective sets of one or more of the tasks and arranged in the spatial layout in a sequence that tracks locations of the associated tasks in the directed graph. In particular, the zones  902 - 912  are arranged in a spatial layout according to successive steps of a patent prosecution process, from the initial planning stage, to the invention disclosure stage, to the application drafting stage, to the U.S. and foreign prosecution stages, which are supported by the document signing task. Thus, the adjacent zones in the spatial layout are respectively designated for supporting realtime communications between ones of the network nodes present in the zones in connection with successive ones of the steps of the structured workflow. The spatial sequence of zones  902 - 912  defines a path in the spatial layout, where the path metaphor is reinforced by the depiction of a virtual path  914  that connects the zones and arrows  915 ,  917 ,  919  demarcating the direction of the main process flow. The visualization of the spatial layout also includes visual indications (e.g., room labels) of the tasks respectively associated with the zones. 
     The virtual area  900  also includes a number of support zones for storing task-specific documents, recordings, and other data. In particular, the virtual area includes an Invention Disclosure Repository  916  for storing invention disclosure information, a Patent File History Repository  918  for storing file history information, an Assignment Repository  920  for storing patent assignment documents, and a Prior Art Repository  922  for storing prior art documents. Each of the support zones  916 - 922  typically are associated with file uploading, sharing, and retrieving functionality as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/354,709, filed Jan. 15, 2009, and Ser. No. 12/418,243, filed Apr. 3, 2009. 
     In some examples, a workflow process (e.g., a workflow process of an enterprise application) involves processing a case (i.e., a workflow instance; also referred to as an order or work unit) through a sequence of tasks (or functions) according to a set of predefined rules. For example, an order fulfillment workflow process may include the component processes “charge customer,” “pack order,” and “ship order.” When a case is created, a workflow engine manages each component. The workflow process may be defined in terms of the activities (or functions) that must be completed or in terms of the states that a document or other entity must go through in order to be completed. In some examples, cases flow through workflow steps that are represented by respective zones of a virtual area, which spatially compartmentalize the workflow process steps to enable users to readily visualize the cases that currently are being worked in the corresponding workflow steps, who is working on those cases, and how long each case has been in each step and assigned that to a particular team or person. 
       FIG.  14 A  shows an example of a virtual area  930  that models an example of a workflow process. The virtual area  930  includes zones  932 ,  934 ,  936  that correspond to respective ones of the constituent tasks of the workflow process and are arranged in a spatial layout according to a directed graph of tasks defining the workflow process. Each of the zones  932 - 936  typically is associated with a label that typically describes the respective workflow process activity or function that is performed in the zone. In this example, each of the zones  932 - 936  is associated with a respective set of cases that currently are being processed by the tasks assigned to the zone, a respective set of people that are assigned to perform the tasks assigned to the zone, and a respective set of resources that are needed to perform the tasks assigned to the zone. In the example shown in  FIG.  14 A , a network resource  938  (e.g., a workflow system, such as the SAP AP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application available from SAP AG, Walldorf, Germany) manages the workflow process and tracks the cases, people, and resources involved in the workflow process and stores this information in a database  939 . The virtual area platform  18  logically partitions the workflow process information according to the spatial layout of zones to provide an intuitive compartmentalization of the information that is relevant for each of the constituent workflow tasks that allows communicants to readily navigate to the information that they need to quickly understand the current state of the workflow system as a whole and the current state of individual cases that are being processed by the workflow system. In some examples, the network resource  938  manages a directory that authorizes individuals to participate in each workflow step, and the virtual area platform  18  maps the authorization information in the directory to membership attributes of the communicants in the organization. 
       FIG.  14 B  shows of an example of the workflow process modeled by the virtual area  932  shown in  FIG.  14 A  in which people are assigned to respective zones of the virtual area where they perform different respective functions on cases being processed through the workflow process. 
       FIG.  15    shows an example of a different workflow process in which people as assigned to particular cases and move sequentially through the zones  932 - 936  of the virtual area  930  as the cases are processed through the workflow process. In this example, the network resource  938  tracks the current functions being performed by the people on their respective cases and the virtual area platform maps that information to the respective zones  932 - 936  of the virtual area  930 . 
       FIG.  16    shows an example of a spatial arrangement of zones  940 ,  942 ,  944 ,  946 ,  948 ,  950  of a virtual area  952 . In this example, the zones  940 - 944  correspond to the main steps in a workflow process, and the zones  946 - 950  correspond to exception handling processes that respectively are associated with the main steps in the workflow process. For example, the zones  940 - 944  may correspond to a charge customer function, a pack order function, and a ship order function of an order fulfillment workflow process, respectively, and the zones  946 - 950  may correspond to the exception handling functions respectively associated with the charge customer function, the pack order function, and the ship order function. Standard cases move through the zones assigned to the main workflow steps, whereas non-standard cases are pushed out of the main process flow to respective ones of the exception zones (e.g., “review rooms”) where, for example, credentialed managers may review the cases and communicate about them to determine how to resolve their issues and get them back into the main process flow. 
     Some exemplary virtual area include one or more zones designated for special purpose workflow steps that involve collaborating with third party communicants who are not members of the organization that owns the cases being processed through the workflow. In one example, a virtual area includes zones that are assigned to the steps in the main process flow of a supply chain workflow, and a special-purpose vendor zone in which designated members of the organization and designated members of one or more key vendors are able to collaborate on particular tasks assigned to the zone. 
     In some examples, the rules of a workflow management application affect one or more of the capabilities, rules, and design of the virtual area. For example, membership changes in the workflow management application results in changes in the capabilities of the people tied to the workflow process function assigned to one or more zones of the virtual area modeling that workflow process. In some cases, a change in a step of a particular workflow process function, results in a change in the objects in the zone assigned to that function. For example, in some cases, a particular workflow process task or function is assigned to a particular zone and includes one or more steps each of which is associated with a respective viewscreen object in the zone that is linked to respective network resource (e.g., a data field or a document); in this example, a change in the number of steps in the particular workflow process function would result in a change in the number of viewscreen objects in the particular zone. In some examples, the rules of a workflow management application cause the virtual area platform to dynamically create a new zone when one or more conditions are satisfied. For example, in some cases, a workflow management application may require the creation of a new special purpose meeting zone when a particular exception in the workflow process occurs. 
     In some examples, an application of the virtual area platform retrieves from the network resource  938  contact information for the people assigned to a zone and/or the people assigned to a case being processed in a zone, and associates that contact information with “get” functionality associated with the zone so that communicants in the zone readily can bring the relevant people into the zone to discuss information associated with the zone and/or a particular case being processed in the zone. For example, before moving a particular case from a main workflow process step to the associated exception handling zone, a communicant may use the get functionality to invite the relevant people (e.g., other people assigned to the particular zone or a manger responsible for the entire workflow process) into the zone to discuss the case and potentially resolve any issues that might require the case to be processed as an exception. In some examples, when a case is pushed out of the main workflow process zone to an exception zone, one or more alerts are sent to notify one or more designated communicants (e.g., team members or managers) that a case needs resolution. The alerts may include requests inviting the designated communicants to enter the exception zone into which the particular case has been pushed. In some of these examples, the workflow process application as applies rules for determining whether or not a particular exception can be handled with an immediate or regularly scheduled meeting. 
     In some examples, one or more viewscreen objects in each of the zones  932 - 936  are associated with respective links (e.g., URIs) to the information that is relevant to the zone. For example, one or more viewscreen objects in each zone may be linked to respective web pages that show one or more of the cases that currently are being processed in the zone, who is working on those cases or a responsible for resolving any exceptions associated with a case, and metrics (e.g., scores or statistical information, such as the age of a case or how quickly an exception was resolved) for evaluating those cases. In some cases, a viewscreen object in a zone may be associated with a link to a link to a task list application that shows a prioritized list of action items to be performed in the zone (e.g., the next steps to be performed the process of resolving a case that currently is in an exception zone). These web pages may be generated by the network resource  938  or by an application of the virtual area platform  18  that retrieves the relevant information from the network resource  938 . 
       FIG.  17    shows an example  954  of the client graphical user interface  270  (see, e.g.,  FIGS.  4  and  5   ) in which case summary information  956  associated with Meeting Step  1  is presented in the viewer panel  958 . The case summary information includes a Case identifier, the Status of the case, the person or persons assigned to handle the case, the Age of the case, and the Target completion date for the case. 
       FIG.  18    shows the client graphical user interface  954  in which an interface  960  of a case management tool that is associated with Meeting Step  1  is presented in the viewer panel  958 . The interface  960  may correspond to a web page interface that is generated and populated with information by the network resource  938   
     In some examples, one or more objects (e.g., a viewscreen object for displaying information, or a table object for retrieving files) in the zones of a virtual area are associated with respective links that include queries on the database  939  that is maintained by the network resource  939 . For example, in a zone (e.g., the procurement room) designated for performing a procurement function of a workflow process, a view screen object in a procurement room may be associated with a link that includes a query for all active cases that are assigned to members of the procurement room. In some of these examples, based on selection of a graphical representation of the viewscreen object (or a graphical representation of the link) presented in a graphical user interface of the client communications application  26 ,  32 , the browser component on the client network node  12 ,  14  transmits the query to the network resource  938 . The network resource  938  queries the database  939  and returns the query results to the browser component. The browser component renders the results in the graphical user interface presented on the client network node  12 ,  14 . 
     In addition to associating zones with specific queries on the network resource database  939 , some examples allow queries to be submitted to the network resource. The queries may be submitted in response to an explicit request received from a communicant (e.g., selection of a query submission button) or automatically in response to an event (e.g., entry of a communicant into a zone of a virtual area triggers the virtual area platform  18  to submit a query for all the cases currently being handled by the communicant in zone). In some examples, the queries may be general queries (e.g., all cases handled by Art within the last year that have involved exceptions) or specific types of queries (e.g., all currently active cases being processed in Main Step  1  Room). 
       FIG.  18    shows the client graphical user interface  954  in which a related case query interface  962  is associated with a viewscreen object in the Main Step  1  Exceptions room  946 . The case query interface  962  includes a text box  964  for entering a case identifier (e.g., “G”) and a submit button  966  for submitting the case identifier to the network resource. The case query interface  962  may be a web page that is generated by a case management tool of the network resource  938  or an application of the virtual area platform  18  that interfaces with the network resource  938 . Based on selection of the submit button  966 , the client network node submits the case identifier to the network resource  18 , which queries the database  939  and returns the query results to the client network node (e.g., either by populating the query interface  962  directly or by transmitting the information to the virtual area platform application, which populates the query interface  962 ). The query results are presented in a Related Cases section of the query interface  962 . The Related Cases section lists all the cases that are related to the submitted case identifier and shows the statuses of those cases, details of those cases (e.g., summary information, such as age and whether the case involved any exceptions and, if so, whether or not the exceptions were resolved), and the person who handled those cases. For each of the listed related cases, the Related Cases sections includes a respective Get button  968  that allows the communicant to invite the persons associated with the respective case (e.g., the person who handled the case, and perhaps the manager assigned to the case) to enter the current zone (i.e., the Main Step  1  Exceptions room  946 ) to the discuss the related case and the case currently being processed. Based on selection of the Get button  968 , the virtual area platform  18  transmits a respective invitation to each of the communicants associated with the case. Each invitation typically identifies the person who submitted the invitation, the room to which the invitees are invited, and other contextual information associated with the invitation (e.g., “Carl: Please join Art and Dan in the Main Step  1  Exceptions room to discuss Cases X and G”). 
     In some examples, case queries on the network resource database  393  are combined with queries on the relationship database  47  (see, e.g.,  FIG.  1   ) to obtain a rich set of contextual case information. In some examples, the virtual area platform  18  may provide a summary of a meeting that occurred in a particular zone in connection with a particular case or multiple cases. For example, the virtual area platform  18  may provide a list of the people who were present during the meeting, text chat generated in the meeting, links to the files shared in the meeting, links to recordings (e.g., audio or video recordings) captured during the meeting, and links to notes and other information generated in the meeting. The virtual area platform  18  may retrieve information from the relationship database  47  based on, for example, one or more of case, time, zone, and communicant information. The case information may be used to determine time information, such as, the times when a particular case was processed through one or more steps of a workflow process (this information typically is stored by the network resource in the database  939  in association with the case identifier). The case information also may be used to determine zone information, such as the zones associated with one or more of the steps through which the case was processed (this information may be obtained by the virtual area platform  18  by an explicit mapping between the steps of a workflow process and the zones of a virtual area). The communicant information includes, for example, the people who are/were assigned to handle the case, or are/were managing the case (this information typically is stored by the network resource  938  in the database  939  in association with the case identifier). Examples of the types of queries that can be made on the relationship database  47  include:
         using time and zone information to retrieve case and/or interaction record information relating to particular times in a particular zone (e.g., a list of all the cases that were worked on in a particular zone during a particular period);   using time and communicant information to retrieve case and/or interaction record information relating to particular times when a particular communicant was present in the virtual area (i.e., a list of all cases that a particular communicant worked on during a particular period);   using zone and people information to retrieve case and/or interaction record information relating to a particular communicant in a particular zone (e.g., a list of all cases that a particular person worked on in a particular zone); and   using time, zone, and people information to retrieve interaction record information relating to particular times when a particular communicant was working in a particular zone (e.g., a list of all cases that a particular person worked on in a particular zone during a particular time).
 
A wide variety of other queries are possible.
       

     The search results may be presented by the client communicants applications in association with links to content (e.g., text chat histories, audio and video recordings, shared files, and other data) and controls for interacting with communicants (e.g., Get buttons for inviting communicants to a particular zone, Chat buttons for initiating a text chat communication with one or more communicants, and a Microblogging button for broadcasting a text communication to subscribers of a particular microblogging account). 
     III. Conclusion 
     Other embodiments are within the scope of the claims.