Patent Publication Number: US-2021176688-A1

Title: Handover of a Wireless Connection Based on Uplink and Downlink Signal Qualities

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Communicating wirelessly requires that a user device maintains a connection to a wireless network that wirelessly links the user device to a base station in the wireless network. Maintaining quality of a wireless link to the base station is desirable from multiple perspectives, including that of the user device (e.g., effectiveness of communications), as well as that of that of the base station (e.g., efficient use of wireless network resources available to the base station). 
     The quality of the wireless link between the user device and the base station encompasses at least one quality of signals associated with downlink communications (e.g., communications received by the user device from the base station) as well as at least one quality of signals associated with uplink communications (e.g., communications transmitted from the user device to the base station). An example of a signal quality is signal strength, one measure of which is a received signal strength indicator (RSSI). For example, as part of communicating with the base station, the user device may receive strong downlink signals (e.g., downlink signals with strong RSSIs) while the base station concurrently receives weak uplink signals (e.g., uplink signals with weak RSSIs). In this example, even though the downlink signals are strong, the weak uplink signals compromise the wireless link as a whole. The user device may be able to receive data from the base station, but the base station may not be able to receive data from the user device. In an instance where the base station is not able to receive the data from the user device, resources of the wireless network, as allocated to communications between the base station and the user device, may go unused. As such, the use of resources available to the base station is inefficient and the user device is ineffective in transmitting data across the wireless network. 
     Maintaining a connection to the wireless network (via the user device wirelessly linking to the base station) presents challenges in certain instances, such as when the user device changes its physical location or when there is an increase in other user devices proximate to the base station that increases interference. In these and other instances, it may be beneficial for a handover to occur, during which the user device wirelessly links to a neighboring base station that also supports the wireless network. Today, it is common for a user device to determine that a handover needs to occur based on a quality of a downlink signal associated with downlink communications. However, as highlighted above, determining a handover based the quality of a downlink signal, without accounting for the quality of an uplink signal, may compromise efficient and effective use of resources in the wireless network as a whole. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure describes techniques and systems for handing over a connection of a user device, within a wireless network, based on qualities of downlink signals and qualities of uplink signals. These techniques and systems include a base station and a neighboring base station negotiating handover parameters, based on the qualities of downlink signals as detected by a user device and the qualities of uplink signals as detected by the base station and the neighboring base station. The base station and neighboring base station negotiate the handover parameters via an interface connecting the base station to the neighboring base station. 
     In some aspects, a method for handing over a connection to a user device in a wireless network is described. A first base station, through which the user device is connected to the wireless network, receives a downlink-quality report associated with one or more downlink signals transmitted from the first base station to the user device. After determining an uplink-quality report based on evaluation of one or more uplink signals received from the user device, the first base station negotiates handover parameters with a second base station where the negotiating is based, at least in part, on the received downlink-quality report and the determined uplink-quality report. The first base station then transmits, to the user device, a handover command that causes the user device to connect to the wireless network via the second base station in accordance with the negotiated handover parameters. 
     In some other aspects, a user device is described. The user device comprises a transceiver, a processor, and computer-readable storage media comprising instructions to implement a handover manager application. The handover manager application causes the user device to transmit, via the transceiver, a first uplink signal to a first base station through which the user device connects to a wireless network. The handover manager application causes the user device to then transmit, via the transceiver, a second uplink signal to a second base station, where the transmitting of the first uplink signal and the second uplink signal being is effective to cause the first base station and the second base station to negotiate handover parameters for the user device based, at least in part, on the transmitted first and second uplink signals. The handover manager application then causes the user device to receive, from the first base station and via the transceiver, a handover command, where the handover command causes the user device to connect to the wireless network through the second base station in accordance with the handover parameters negotiated by the first base station and the second base station. 
     In further aspects, a first base station is described. The first base station comprises a transceiver, an interface to a second base station, a processor, and computer-readable storage media comprising instructions to implement a handover manager application. The handover manager application causes the first base station to measure, using the transceiver, a signal strength of an uplink received from a user device that is connected to a wireless network through the first base station and determine an uplink-quality report, where determining the uplink-quality report is based on evaluating the signal strength of the received uplink signal from the user device. The handover manager application then causes the first base station to negotiate handover parameters with the second base station via the interface, where the negotiation is based, at least in part, on the determined uplink-quality report and where the handover parameters include resources of the wireless network that the user device is to use when connecting to the wireless network through the second base station. The first base station is then caused by the handover manager application to transmit, to the user device via the transceiver, a handover command, the transmission of the handover command causing the user device to connect to the wireless network through the second base station in accordance with the negotiated handover parameters. 
     The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. This summary is provided to introduce subject matter that is further described in the Detailed Description and Drawings. Accordingly, a reader should not consider the summary to describe essential features nor limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       This document describes details of one or more aspects of determining and initiating a handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink signal qualities. The use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate like elements: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example operating environment in which various aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities can be implemented. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates example user device and base station diagrams that can implement various aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates details of an example user device and an example base station exchanging downlink and uplink signals in accordance with aspects of a handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example details of beamforming and beam sweeping in accordance with aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates example details of wireless network resources useable by the described techniques of  FIGS. 1-4 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates example details of data and control transactions between devices in accordance with aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an example method of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities as generally related to a base station. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example method of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities as generally related to a user device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Connecting a user device to a wireless network, such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network or a Fifth-Generation New Radio (5G NR) network, utilizes an air interface that connects the user device via a wireless link to a base station that supports communications within the wireless network. As part of establishing and maintaining the wireless link (and the connection of the user device to the wireless network), the base station and the user device may communicate one or more signals that transport data including, for example, a Downlink Control Information (DCI) signal, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information (CSI-RS) signal, a Synchronization Signal Block (SSBR) signal, a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), or the like. 
     In certain instances, the base station may monitor qualities of the one or more signals, (i) by directly measuring and evaluating received uplink signal qualities to determine an uplink-signal quality report or (ii) by receiving downlink signal qualities via a downlink-signal quality report that is determined by the user device. The signal qualities (either the uplink signal qualities or the downlink signal qualities) may be data that is a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or the like. Variables such as beamforming (performed by either the base station or the user device), transmission power (available to either the base station or the user device), a relative distance between the base station and the user device, or destructive signal interferences (due to network congestion within the air interface) may impact either, or both, of the downlink signal qualities and the uplink signal qualities. 
     Using the downlink and uplink signal quality reports, the base station and a neighboring base station (also supporting communications of the wireless network) can negotiate handover parameters that ensure the user device stays connected to the wireless network. The negotiated handover parameters may include, for example, a time to initiate a handover, resources of the air interface to be used during the handover (e.g., resource blocks including resource elements) of the wireless connection, beamforming parameters to be used by the user device during the handover of the wireless connection, or the like. The negotiations between the base station and the neighboring base station may occur via a network interface that connects the base station and the neighboring base station, such as an Xn interface. The Xn interface, in general, is a network interface which connects nodes supporting a Radio Access Network (RAN) and can connect a gNB base station to a gNB base station, a gNB base station to an eNB base station, or the like. After negotiating the handover parameters with the neighboring base station, the base station may then send, to the user device, a handover command that includes the negotiated handover parameters. 
     While features and concepts of the described systems and methods for a handover of a wireless link based on uplink and downlink signal qualities can be implemented in any number of different environments, systems, devices, and/or various configurations, aspects of the handover are described in the context of the following example devices, systems, and configurations. 
     Operating Environment 
       FIG. 1  illustrates an example operating environment (or system)  100  in which techniques of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities can be implemented. The operating environment  100  includes a wireless network  102  to which a user device  104  (illustrated as a smartphone) connects via wireless link  106  connecting the user device to a serving base station  108 . In this example, the user device  104  is implemented as a smartphone. Although illustrated as a smartphone, the user device  104  be implemented as any suitable computing or electronic device, such as a mobile communication device, a user equipment (UE), a modem, cellular phone, gaming device, navigation device, media device, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet computer, smart appliance, vehicle-based communication system, and the like. The serving base station  108  (e.g., an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Node B, E-UTRAN Node B, evolved Node B, eNodeB, eNB, Next Generation Node B, gNode B, gNB, and the like) may be implemented in a macrocell, microcell, small cell, picocell, and the like, or any combination thereof. 
     The serving base station  108  communicates with the user device  104  via the wireless link  106  which supports downlink communications from the serving base station  108  to the user device  104  and uplink communications from the user device  104  to the serving base station  108 . The wireless link  106  can include a downlink of data and control information communicated from the serving base station  108  to the user device  102  and/or an uplink of other data and control information communicated from the user device  104  to the serving base station  108 . The wireless link  106  may include one or more wireless links or bearers implemented using any suitable communication protocol or standard, or combination of communication protocols or standards such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long-Term Evolution (3GPP LTE), 5G NR, and so forth. The serving base station  108  can communicate with a neighbor base station  110  using an interface  112  (such as Xn interface), to exchange user-plane and control-plane data. 
     The user device  104  may connect to a core network  114  (e.g., a public network provided by a network service provider) through the serving base station  108  via the wireless link  106 . The core network  114  may include, for example, routers, servers, other base stations, or communication hardware that enable the user device  104  to communicate and exchange data with other user devices. 
     In certain instances, a handover may occur, during which the user device  104  connects to the core network  114  through the neighbor base station  110  via another wireless link  116 . Such instances may occur when downlink and uplink signal qualities between the neighbor base station  110  and the user device  104  are favorable to downlink and uplink signal qualities between the serving base station  108  and the user device  104 . In such instances, the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  may communicate directly, via the interface  112 , to negotiate handover parameters. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example device diagram  200  of the user device  104 , the serving base station  108 , and the neighbor base station  110  of  FIG. 1 , that can implement various aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. It should be noted that only certain features of the user device  104 , the serving base station  108 , and the neighbor base station  110  are illustrated here for the sake of clarity. 
     The user device  104  includes a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna array  202  and a transceiver  204 . The transceiver  204  may be, for example, an LTE transceiver or a 5G NR transceiver. The MIMO antenna array  202  can be tuned to, and/or be tunable to, one or more frequency bands defined by the 3GPP LTE and 5G NR communication standards and implemented by the transceiver  204 . Furthermore, the MIMO antenna array  202  can be configured to form transmission beams (e.g., directionally form beams for transmitting uplink communications) originating from the user device  104 . 
     The user device  104  also includes a processor  206  and computer-readable storage media  208  (CRM  208 ). The processor  206  may be a single core processor or a multiple core processor composed of a variety of materials, such as silicon, polysilicon, high-K dielectric, copper, and so on. The computer-readable storage media described herein excludes propagating signals. CRM  208  may include any suitable memory or storage device such as random-access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), read-only memory (ROM), or Flash memory useful to store device data of the user device  104 . The CRM  208  includes code or instructions for a user-device handover manager  210 , which, when executed by the processor  206 , causes the user device  104  to perform functions that support a handover of a wireless connection. The CRM  208  also includes code or instructions for a beam manager  212  which, when executed by the processor  206 , can cause the user device  104  to perform a beam-sweeping operation or directionally form a beam as part of uplink communications. Alternately or additionally, user-device handover manager  210  or the beam manager  212  may be implemented in whole or part as hardware logic or circuitry integrated with or separate from other components of the user device  104 . 
     The device diagram for the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  shown in  FIG. 2  includes a single network node (e.g., an E-UTRAN Node B or gNode B). The functionality of the serving base station  108  and/or the neighbor base station  110  may be distributed across multiple network nodes and/or devices, may be and distributed in any fashion suitable to perform the functions described herein. The serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  each include a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna array  214  and a transceiver  216  for communicating with the user device  104 . The MIMO antenna array  214  of the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  may include multiple antennas that are configured similar to or differently from each other. The MIMO antenna array  214  can be tuned to, and/or be tunable to, one or more frequency bands defined by the 3GPP LTE and 5G NR communication standards and implemented by the transceiver  216 . Furthermore, the transceiver  216  and the MIMO antenna array  214  can be configured to form transmission beams (e.g., use principles of constructive and destructive signal interference to directionally form beams transmitting downlink communications) originating from the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110 . 
     The serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  include a processor  218  and computer-readable storage media  220  (CRM  220 ). The processor  218  may be a single core processor or a multiple core processor composed of a variety of materials, such as silicon, polysilicon, high-K dielectric, copper, and so on. The computer-readable storage media described herein excludes propagating signals. CRM  220  may include any suitable memory or storage device such as random-access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), read-only memory (ROM), or Flash memory useful to store device data of the user device  104 . 
     The CRM  220  includes code or instructions for a base-station handover manager  222 , which, when executed by the processor, cause the base station (e.g., the serving base station  108  or the neighbor base station  110 ) to perform functions that support a handover of a wireless connection. The CRM  220  further includes code or instructions for a resource manager  224 , which can allocate resource units (e.g., resource blocks including resource elements) for communications with the user device  104 , as well code or instructions for a beam manager  226 , which when executed by the processor  206 , can cause the user device  104  to perform a beam-sweeping operation or directionally form a beam as part of downlink communications. Alternately or additionally, the base-station handover manager  222 , the resource manager  224 , or the beam manager  226  may be implemented in whole or part as hardware logic or circuitry integrated with or separate from other components of the serving base station  108  or the neighbor base station  110 . 
     The serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  further include hardware in the form of an Xn interface  228 . The Xn interface  228 , in general, is hardware supporting communications between the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  via the interface  112  of  FIG. 1 . 
     Signal Quality and Handing Over a Wireless Connection 
       FIG. 3  illustrates details  300  of an example user device and an example base station exchanging downlink and uplink signals in accordance with aspects of a handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. The user device may be the user device  104  of  FIG. 1  and the base station may be the serving base station  108  of  FIG. 1 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the serving base station  108  is transmitting a downlink signal  302  in the form of a beam. The downlink signal  302  may be, for example, a Downlink Control Information (DCI) signal, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information (CSI-RS) signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal. The user device  104  may, through the processor  206  executing the code or instructions of the user-device handover manager  210 , measure qualities of the downlink signal via sensing circuitry embedded in the transceiver  204  and determine a downlink-quality report. The downlink-quality report may include data such as a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or the like. 
     Also as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the user device  104  is transmitting an uplink signal  304  in the form of another beam. The uplink signal  304  may be, for example, a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). The serving base station  108  may, through the processor  218  executing the code or instructions of the base-station handover manager  222 , measure qualities of the uplink signal  304  via sensing circuitry embedded in the transceiver  216  and determine an uplink-quality report. The uplink-quality report may include data such as a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or the like. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates example details  400  of beamforming and beam sweeping in accordance with aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. The user device diagram may be of the user device  104  of  FIG. 1  and the base station diagram may be of the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  of  FIG. 1 . It should be noted that only certain features of the user device  104 , the serving base station  108 , and the neighbor base station  110  are illustrated here for clarity. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the serving base station  108  is performing a beam-sweeping operation. In this instance, the processor  218  executes code of the beam manager  226  to invoke, sequentially, a plurality of configurations of the transceiver  216  and the MIMO antenna array  214 . Each configuration, through constructive and destructive signal interference principles, directionally forms a respective downlink beam (e.g., downlink beams  402  through  406 ) that carries a corresponding downlink signal. Each corresponding downlink signal may contain configuration data indicating the respective configuration of the transceiver  216  and MIMO antenna array  214 . Furthermore, each respective downlink beam may be transmitted over a random access channel (RACH) associated with the wireless network  102 . 
     For each of the respective downlink beams  402  through  406 , the user device  104  may, through the processor  206  executing the code or instructions of the user-device handover manager  210 , measure qualities of the carried downlink signal via sensing circuitry embedded in the transceiver  204  to determine a downlink-quality report. In addition to the downlink-quality report including data such as a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or the like, the downlink-quality report may include the configuration data indicating the respective configuration of the transceiver  216  and the MIMO antenna array  214  for each of the downlink beams  402  through  406 . In this particular example, and as illustrated, downlink beam  404  possess the most favorable qualities for downlink communications from the serving base station  108  to the user device  104 . 
     Also as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the user device  104  is performing a beam-sweeping operation. In this instance, the processor  206  executes code of the beam manager  212  to invoke, sequentially, a plurality of configurations of the transceiver  204  and the MIMO antenna array  202 . Each configuration, through constructive and destructive signal interference principles, directionally forms a respective uplink beam (e.g., uplink beams  412  through  416 ) that carries a corresponding uplink signal. Each corresponding uplink signal may contain configuration data indicating the respective configuration of the transceiver  204  and MIMO antenna array  202  for each of the respective uplink beams  412  through  416 . Furthermore, each respective uplink beam may be transmitted over a random access channel (RACH) associated with the wireless network  102 . 
     For each of the respective uplink beams  412  through  416 , the base station  108  may, through the processor  218  executing the code or instructions of the base station handover manager  222 , measure qualities of the carried uplink signal via sensing circuitry embedded in the transceiver  216  and determine an uplink-quality report. In addition to the uplink-quality report including data such as a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or the like, the uplink-quality report may include the configuration data indicating the respective configuration of the transceiver  204  and the MIMO antenna array  202  for each of the uplink beams  412  through  416 . In this particular example, and as illustrated, beam  414  possess the most favorable qualities for uplink communications from the user device  104  to the serving base station  108 . By performing a beam-sweeping operation, the precision of the negotiation of handover parameters may be further improved. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates example details  500  of wireless network resources useable by the described techniques of  FIGS. 1-4 . As illustrated, the wireless network resources are in the form of an air-interface resource  502  supporting the wireless link  106  that extends between the user device  104  and the serving base station  108  of  FIG. 1 . The air-interface resource  502  may, in general, be associated to the wireless network  102 . 
     The air-interface resource  502  can divided into resource units  504 , each of which occupies some intersection of frequency spectrum and elapsed time. A portion of the air-interface resource  502  is illustrated graphically in a grid or matrix having multiple resource blocks  510 , including resource blocks  511 ,  512 ,  513 , and  514 . An example of a resource unit  504  therefore includes at least one resource block  510 . As shown, time is depicted along the horizontal dimension as the abscissa axis, and frequency is depicted along the vertical dimension as the ordinate axis. The air-interface resource  502 , as defined by a given communication protocol or standard, may span any suitable specified frequency range and/or may be divided into intervals of any specified duration. Increments of time can correspond to, for example, milliseconds (ms). Increments of frequency can correspond to, for example, megahertz (MHz). 
     The serving base station  108  allocates portions (e.g., resource units  504 ) of the air-interface resource  502  for uplink and downlink communications associated with the wireless link  106 . Each resource block  510  of network access resources may be allocated to support respective wireless communications of multiple end-user devices. In the lower left corner of the grid, the resource block  511  may span, as defined by a given communication protocol, a specified frequency range  506  and comprise multiple subcarriers. The resource block  511  may include any suitable number of subcarriers (e.g., 12) that each correspond to a respective portion (e.g., 15 kHz) of the specified frequency range  508  (e.g., 180 kHz). The resource block  511  may also span, as defined by the given communication protocol, a specified time interval  508  or time slot (e.g., lasting approximately one-half millisecond or 7 orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols). The specified time interval  508  includes subintervals that may each correspond to a symbol, such as an OFDM symbol. As shown in  FIG. 5 , each resource block  510  may include multiple resource elements  520  (REs) that correspond to, or are defined by, a subcarrier of the specified frequency range  506  and a subinterval (or symbol) of the specified time interval  508 . Alternatively, a given resource element  520  may span more than one frequency subcarrier or symbol. Thus, a resource unit  504  may include at least one resource block  510 , at least one resource element  520 , and so forth. 
     The resource manager of the serving base station  108  (e.g., the resource manager  224  of  FIG. 2 ) may determine a respective type or amount of information (e.g., data or control information) to be communicated (e.g., transmitted) by the user device  104 . For example, the resource manager  224  can determine that user device  104  is to transmit a different respective amount of information. The resource manager  224  then allocates one or more resource blocks  510  to the user device  104  based on the determined amount of information. Additionally or in the alternative to block-level resource grants, the resource manager  224  may allocate resource units at an element-level. Thus, the resource manager may allocate one or more resource elements  520  or individual subcarriers to the user device  104 . By so doing, one resource block  510  can be allocated to facilitate network access for the user device  104 . The resource manager  224  can therefore allocate air-interface resource  502  by resource unit  504 , resource block  510 , frequency carrier, time interval, resource element  520 , frequency subcarrier, time subinterval, symbol, spreading code, some combination thereof, and so forth. 
     The described techniques of  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 4 , and  FIG. 5 , in whole or in part, are replicable between the user device  104  and the neighboring base station  110  of  FIG. 1 . In the event one or more qualities of downlink and uplink signals between the user device  104  and the serving base station  108  degrades below an acceptable threshold, or in the event the one or more qualities are projected to improve if a new wireless link is established between the user device  104  and the neighboring base station  110 , a handover may be initiated. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates example details  600  of data and control transactions between devices in accordance with aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. The data and control transactions may occur via the user device  104  communicating directly with the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  as well as the serving base station  108  communicating with the neighbor base station  110 . 
     In response to receiving one or more downlink signals from the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110 , the user device  104  may determine respective downlink-quality reports. Each downlink-quality report may include respective data as described above with respect to  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , including any combination of data derived from a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, and a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration. The user device  104  may then transmit the determined, respective downlink-quality reports to the respective base stations (e.g., transmit the serving base station downlink-quality report, at  602 , to the serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station downlink-quality report, at  604 , to the neighbor base station  110 ). 
     The serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  may then each determine a respective user device uplink-quality report based on one or more received respective, uplink signals received from the user device  104 . Each respective uplink-quality report may include data as described above in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , including any combination of data derived from a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, and a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration as associated with the one or more respective, received uplink signals. 
     The serving base station  108  and the neighbor base station  110  may then negotiate handover parameters  606 . The negotiation may occur via an interface such as the interface  112  of  FIG. 1  which in some instances may be an Xn interface. The negotiation may be based, at least in part, on the respective uplink-quality and downlink-quality reports, and include exchanging the respective uplink-quality and downlink-quality reports, weighting portions of the respective uplink-quality and downlink-quality reports, evaluating histories of associated, respective uplink-quality and downlink-quality reports, or the like. The negotiation may also include determining and allocating resources of the air-interface resource  502  (e.g., the resource units  504   FIG. 5 ) for use during a handover of a wireless connection, determining a beamforming configuration to be used by the user device  104  and the neighbor base station  110  during the handover of the wireless connection, a time for the handover of the wireless connection to be initiated, or the like. 
     Based on the negotiated handover parameters  606 , the serving base station  108  may transmit, to the user device, a handover command  608 . The handover command  608  may include the negotiated handover parameters  606 , including the determined and allocated resources of the air-interface resource  502  to be used during the handover of the wireless connection, data for configuring the transceiver  204  and the MIMO antenna array  202  of the user device  104  to form beams during the handover of the wireless connection, a time at which to initiate the handover of the wireless connection, or the like. 
     Example methods  700  and  800  are described with reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8  in accordance with one or more aspects of aspects of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities. Generally, any of the components, modules, methods, and operations described herein can be implemented using software, firmware, hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry), manual processing, or any combination thereof. Some operations of the example methods may be described in the general context of executable instructions stored on computer-readable storage memory that is local and/or remote to a computer processing system, and implementations can include software applications, programs, functions, and the like. Alternatively or in addition, any of the functionality described herein can be performed, at least in part, by one or more hardware logic components, such as, and without limitation, Field-programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Application-specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application-specific Standard Products (ASSPs), System-on-a-chip systems (SoCs), Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), and the like. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an example method  700  of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities as generally related to a base station. The method  700  is described in the form of a set of blocks  702 - 708  that specify operations that can be performed. However, operations are not necessarily limited to the order shown in  FIG. 7  or described herein, for the operations may be implemented in alternative orders or in fully or partially overlapping manners. Operations represented by the method  700  may be performed by the serving base station  108  of  FIG. 1  and performed using elements of  FIGS. 2-6 . 
     At  702 , a first base station (e.g., the serving base station  108 ) through which a user device (e.g., the user device  104 ) is connected to a wireless network (e.g., the wireless network  102 ), receives a downlink-quality report (e.g., the downlink-quality report  602 ) associated with a downlink signal transmitted (e.g., the downlink signal  302 ) from the first base station to the user device. 
     The downlink signal may be, for example, a Downlink Control Information (DCI) signal, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information (CSI-RS) signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal. In certain instances, the downlink signal may include one or more downlink signals received via a plurality of downlink beams formed by the first base station as part of a beam-sweeping operation (e.g., the downlink beams  402  through  406 ). In such an instance, the downlink-quality report associates downlink signal qualities to each of the plurality of beams formed by the first base station. The downlink-quality report may include a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration. 
     At  704 , the first base station determines an uplink-quality report. The uplink-quality report may be determined based on an uplink signal (e.g., the uplink signal  304 ) received by the first base station from the user device. In certain instances, the uplink signal may include one or more uplink signals received via a plurality of uplink beams formed by the user device as part of a beam-sweeping operation (e.g., the uplink beams  412  through  416 ). In such an instance, the uplink-quality report associates uplink signal qualities to each of the plurality of beams formed by the first base station. The uplink-quality report may include a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration. 
     At  706 , the first base station may negotiate handover parameters (e.g., the handover parameters  606  of  FIG. 6 ) with a second base station (e.g., the neighbor base station  110 ) where the negotiating is based, at least in part, on the received downlink-quality report and the determined uplink-quality report. The negotiating occurs via an interface (e.g., the interface  112 ) with the second base station which, where the interface may, in certain instances, be an Xn interface. 
     Continuing with  706 , the negotiating may include exchanging, with the second base station, the received downlink-quality report and the determined uplink-quality report with respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports as received and determined by the second base station also communicating with the user device. The negotiating may also include weighting portions of the respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports or evaluating histories of the respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports. 
     At  708 , the first base station transmits a handover command (e.g., the handover command  608  of  FIG. 6 ) to the user device. The handover command may include negotiated handover parameters that include, for example, data representative of allocated resources of the air-interface resource  502  (e.g., the resource units  504   FIG. 5 ) for use during a handover of a wireless connection, a beamforming configuration to be used by a transceiver (e.g., the transceiver  204 ) and a MIMO antenna array (e.g., the MIMO antenna array  202 ) of the user device during the handover of the wireless connection, a time for the handover of the wireless connection to be initiated, or the like. The handover command then causes the user device to connect to the wireless network via the second base station in accordance with the negotiated handover parameters. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example method  800  of handover of a wireless connection based on uplink and downlink qualities as generally related to a user device. The method  800  is described in the form of a set of blocks  802 - 806  that specify operations that can be performed. However, operations are not necessarily limited to the order shown in  FIG. 8  or described herein, for the operations may be implemented in alternative orders or in fully or partially overlapping manners. Operations represented by the method  800  may be performed by the user device  104  of  FIG. 1 , and performed using elements of  FIGS. 2-6 . 
     At  802 , a user device (e.g., the user device  104 ) transmits a first uplink signal to a first base station (e.g., the serving base station  108 ) through which the user device is connected to a wireless network (e.g., the wireless network  102 ). The first uplink signal, in certain instances, may be a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) and, in certain instances, may comprise multiple SRS uplink signals transmitted via a plurality of uplink beams formed by the user device (e.g., the uplink beams  412  through  416 ). 
     In certain instances, the user device may also determine and transmit a first downlink-quality report (e.g., the serving base station downlink-quality report  602 ) to the first base station, where the first downlink-quality report is determined based on one or more downlink signals received from the first base station. The received downlink signals may be comprised of any combination of a Downlink Control Information (DCI) signal, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information (CSI-RS) signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal. Furthermore, in certain instances, the received downlink signals may be multiple downlink signals received via multiple downlink beams formed by the first base station (e.g., the downlink beams  402  through  406 ). As such, the first downlink-quality report may include a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration. 
     At  804 , a user device transmits a second uplink signal to a second base station (e.g., the neighbor base station  110 ) through which the user device is connected to a wireless network. The second uplink signal, in certain instances, may be a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) and, in certain instances, may comprise multiple uplink signals transmitted via multiple uplink beams formed by the user device (e.g., the uplink beams  412  through  416 ). 
     In certain instances, the user device may also determine and transmit a second downlink-quality report (e.g. the neighbor station downlink-quality report  604 ) to the second base station, where the second downlink-quality report is determined based on one or more downlink signals received from the second base station. The received one or more downlink signals may be comprised of any combination of a Downlink Control Information (DCI) signal, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information (CSI-RS) signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) signal. Furthermore, in certain instances, the received one or more downlink signals received from the second base station may be multiple downlink signals received via multiple downlink beams formed by the second base station (e.g., the downlink beams  402  through  406 ). As such, the second downlink-quality report may include a Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) metric, a distortion metric, a consistency metric, an intermittency metric, or a transceiver and MIMO antenna beamforming configuration. 
     The transmission of the first uplink signal and the second uplink signal is effective to cause (in particular, to enable) the first base station and the second base station to negotiate handover parameters (e.g., the handover parameters  606  of  FIG. 6 ) based, at least in part, on the transmitted first and second uplink signals. In certain instances, the negotiation may be further based on any combination of the first downlink-quality report and the second downlink-quality report. 
     At  806 , the user device receives a handover command (e.g., the handover command  608  of  FIG. 6 ) causing the negotiated by the first base station and the second base station, causing the user device to connect to the wireless operator network through the second base station in accordance with the negotiated handover parameters. The negotiated handover parameters may include, for example, data representative of allocated resources of the air-interface resource  502  (e.g., the resource units  504   FIG. 5 ) for use during a handover of a wireless connection, a beamforming configuration to be used by a transceiver (e.g., the transceiver  204 ) and a MIMO antenna array (e.g., the MIMO antenna array  202 ) of the user device during the handover of the wireless connection, a time for the handover of the wireless connection to be initiated, or the like. 
     The methods, user devices and base stations described herein allow to improve the effectiveness of communications and the efficiency of use of available wireless network resources in a robust and simple manner. 
     Although aspects of a handover of a wireless connection based on downlink and uplink signal qualities have been described in language specific to features and/or methods, the subject of the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or methods described. Rather, the specific features and methods are disclosed as example implementations of a handover of a wireless connection based on downlink and uplink signal qualities, and other equivalent features and methods are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims. Further, various different aspects are described, and it is to be appreciated that each described aspect can be implemented independently or in connection with one or more other described aspects. 
     In the following, several examples are described. 
     Example 1: A method for handing over a wireless connection to a user device in a wireless network, the method comprising: receiving, by a first base station through which the user device is connected to the wireless network, a downlink-quality report, the downlink-quality report associated with one or more downlink signals transmitted from the first base station to the user device; determining, by the first base station, an uplink-quality report, the determining based on evaluation of one or more uplink signals received by the first base station from the user device; determining, by the first base station and based on a negotiation with a second base station, handover parameters that include a beamforming configuration that the user device is to use to directionally form uplink transmission beams when connecting to the wireless network through the second base station, the determining based, at least in part, on the received downlink-quality report and the determined uplink-quality report; and transmitting, by the first base station and to the user device, a handover command, the handover command directing the user device to connect to the wireless network through the second base station in accordance with the determined handover parameters. 
     Example 2: The method as recited in example 1, wherein the received downlink-quality report includes a Received Signal Strength Indicator metric, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio metric, a distortion measurement, a consistency metric, or an intermittency metric associated with each of the one or more downlink signals. 
     Example 3: The method as recited in example 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the one or more downlink signals is a Downlink Control Information signal, a Radio Resource Control signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block signal. 
     Example 4: The method as recited in any one of examples 1 to 3, wherein at least one of the one or more uplink signals is a Sounding Reference Signal. 
     Example 5: The method as recited in any one of examples 1 to 4, wherein the downlink-quality report associates downlink signal qualities to each of a plurality of beams formed by the first base station, the plurality of beams being formed by the first base station for each of the one or more downlink signals as part of a beam-sweeping operation. 
     Example 6: The method as recited in any one of examples 1 to 5, wherein the uplink-quality report associates uplink signal qualities to each of a plurality of beams formed by the user device, the plurality of beams being formed by the user device for each of the one or more uplink signals as part of a beam-sweeping operation. 
     Example 7: The method as recited in any one of examples 1 to 6, wherein the negotiation includes exchanging, with the second base station, respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports, weighting portions of the respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports, or evaluating histories of the respective downlink-quality and uplink-quality reports. 
     Example 8: The method as recited in any one of examples 1 to 7, wherein the handover parameters include data representative of allocated resources of an air-interface resource for use during the handover of the wireless connection or a time for the handover of the wireless connection to be initiated. 
     Example 9: A user device comprising: a transceiver; and a processor and computer-readable storage media comprising instructions to implement a handover manager application, the handover manager application configured to cause the user device to: transmit, via the transceiver, a first uplink signal to a first base station through which the user device connects to a wireless network; transmit, via the transceiver, a second uplink signal to a second base station, the transmitting of the first uplink signal and the second uplink signal enabling the first base station to determine, based on a negotiation with the second base station, handover parameters that include a beamforming configuration that the user device is to use to directionally form uplink transmission beams when connecting to the wireless network through the second base station and that is based, at least in part, on the transmitted first and second uplink signals; and receive, from the first base station and by transceiver, a handover command, the handover command directing the user device to connect to the wireless network through the second base station in accordance with the determined handover parameters. 
     Example 10: The user device as recited in example 9, wherein the first uplink signal to the first base station is a Sounding Reference Signal. 
     Example 11: The user device as recited in example 10, wherein the first uplink signal comprises multiple SRS uplink signals transmitted via a plurality of uplink beams formed by the user device as part of a beam-sweeping operation. 
     Example 12: The user device as recited in any one of examples 9 to 11, wherein the second uplink signal to the second base station is a Sounding Reference Signal. 
     Example 13: The user device as recited in example 12, wherein the second uplink signal comprises multiple SRS uplink signals transmitted via a plurality of uplink beams formed by the user device as part of a beam-sweeping operation. 
     Example 14: The user device as recited in any of examples 9 to 13, wherein the handover manager application is further configured to cause the user device to determine a downlink-quality report. 
     Example 15: The user device as recited in example 14, wherein the downlink-quality report is determined based on one or more of a Downlink Control Information signal, a Radio Resource Control signal, a Channel State Information-Resource Information signal, or a Synchronization Signal Block signal received from either or both of the first base station and the second base station. 
     Example 16: A base station (e.g., a first base station) comprising: a transceiver; an interface to another (e.g., second) base station; and a processor and computer-readable storage media comprising instructions to implement a handover manager application, the handover manager application configured to cause the (first) base station to: measure, via circuitry of the transceiver, a signal strength of an uplink received from a user device that is connected to a wireless network through the (first) base station; determine an uplink-quality report based on the measured signal strength of the received uplink signal from the user device; determine, based on a negotiation with the other (second) base station through the interface to the other (second) base station, handover parameters, the determination based, at least in part, on the determined uplink-quality report and the handover parameters including a beamforming configuration that the user device is to use to directionally form uplink transmission beams when connecting to the wireless network through the other (second) base station; and transmit, to the user device via the transceiver, a handover command, the transmission of the handover command directing the user device to connect to the wireless network through the other (second) base station in accordance with the negotiated handover parameters. 
     Example 17: The (first) base station as recited in example 16, wherein the (first) base station supports uplink and downlink communications with the user device via a wireless link that conforms to a 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long-Term Evolution or Fifth-Generation New Radio protocol. 
     Example 18: The (first) base station as recited in example 16 or 17, wherein the interface to the (second) base station is an Xn interface. 
     Example 19: The (first) base station as recited in any of examples 16 to 18, further comprising a Multiple Input and Multiple Output antenna array. 
     Example 20: The (first) base station as recited in example 19, wherein the MIMO antenna array is configurable for beamforming and beamsweeping.