Patent Publication Number: US-9839663-B2

Title: Formulations containing extracts of Echinacea angustifolia and Zingiber officinale which are useful in reducing inflammation and peripheral pain

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/811,503 filed on Mar. 11, 2013, which is a U.S. National Stage of PCT/EP2011/062421 filed on Jul. 20, 2011, which claims priority to and the benefit of Italian Application No. MI2010A001373, filed on Jul. 26, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to compositions containing lipophilic extracts of  Echinacea  spp. and  Zingiber officinale  which are useful in the topical treatment of itching, peripheral pain, superficial and deep inflammatory and painful states, and pain associated with muscle spasms. The formulations according to the invention are also particularly useful in the treatment of herpes pain and radiodermatitis caused by oncological radiotherapy, with or without fungal or bacterial infections. 
     The formulations can also be used in the cosmetic field to reduce oedema and irritative states of all kinds. 
     STATE OF THE ART 
     Lipophilic extracts of  Echinacea  spp., preferably those of  Echinacea angustifolia  described in EP 0464298, possess anti-inflammatory activity when administered either topically or systemically. It has been demonstrated that their pharmacological activity is attributable to isobutylamides, ligands of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. 
     Isobutylamides possess immuno stimulating activity which characterises the traditional and pharmaceutical use of  Echinacea  extracts. 
     The roots and rhizomes of  Zingiber officinale , variously treated, are used as spices in India and China. The uses described in traditional medicine include the treatment of indigestion, flatulence, diarrhoea, coughing, and other correlated disorders. The extracts of this plant were particularly considered for their antinausea effect. However, the data reported in controlled clinical trials are contradictory, and the US Pharmacopoeia recommends a complete review of the properties attributed to the plant due to the lack of convincing documentation. Some of the conflicting data are partly due to the instability of the active ingredients in the extracts normally used. 
     The extract used in the present invention is a lipophilic extract, stabilised and prepared with carbon dioxide under well-defined supercritical conditions. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now surprisingly been discovered that the combination of lipophilic or partly hydrophilic extracts of  Echinacea  spp roots and rhizomes with lipophilic extracts of  Zingiber officinale  produces a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, greater than can be obtained with uncombined extracts of  Echinacea  and  Zingiber officinale.    
     The combination according to the invention can be used in the treatment of peripheral pain of all kinds, ranging from diabetic neuropathy to radiodermatitis, joint and muscle pain of different origins and herpes pain, even in the absence of specific antiviral treatment. 
     Lipophilic extracts of  Echinacea  spp can be obtained by extraction from the roots or rhizomes with alcohols, ketones or aliphatic ethers, or preferably with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. 
     Extracts of  Zingiber officinale  roots and rhizomes can also be obtained by extraction with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. 
     For the preparation of the extracts contained in the compositions according to the invention, simultaneous extraction of the finely ground roots and rhizomes of  Echinacea  spp. and  Zingiber officinale  with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions is preferred, in varying ratios which are regulated according to the titre of the biomasses of the active ingredients, in particular according to the isobutylamide content for  Echinacea  (expressed as pellitorine or other specific isobutylamides) and the gingerol content for  Zingiber officinale . The ratio of the two biomasses can range between 1:1 and 1:0.1, preferably 1:0.5. The extraction process with supercritical carbon dioxide guarantees the stability of the active components, preventing the formation of compounds such as shogaol and other inactive products of oxidation. 
     The finely ground biomasses are extracted for 1-10 hours, preferably 7 hours, at a temperature of between 40 and 60° C., preferably 50° C., and a pressure of between 200 and 260 bars, preferably 235 bars. The extract is collected in the condenser, and after elimination of water by solubilisation of the oily residue in ethyl acetate containing ascorbyl palmitate and dehydration on anhydrous sodium sulphate, it is concentrated until dry under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 40° centigrade. The extract thus obtained can be directly diluted in oils in the presence of surfactants or phospholipids, or formulated with excipients suitable for administration to animals or humans. 
     In another embodiment, the invention provides a composition containing the combination of lipophilic or partly hydrophilic extracts of  Echinacea  spp roots and rhizomes with lipophilic extracts of  Zingiber officinale  as above described, together with physiologically compatible vehicles and excipients. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is in a form suitable for topical administration. 
     The composition according to the invention can be made by mixing the extracts obtained separately, so that the ratio between the isobutylamides obtained from  Echinacea  spp and gingerol from  Zingiber officinale  is between 1:1 and 1:0.1. For this purpose, an  Echinacea angustifolia  extract described in EP 0464298 can be used, and a lipophilic extract of  Zingiber officinale  prepared by extraction from the roots and rhizomes of the plant with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions similar to those just described, extracting the powder from the roots and rhizomes at pressures of between 230 and 260 bars, preferably 235 bars, and a temperature of between 40 and 60° C., preferably 50° C., for a time ranging between 1 and 10 hours, preferably seven hours; the extract is collected in the condenser and dehydrated in inert gas dissolved in n-hexane or heptane containing a lipophilic antioxidant, preferably ascorbyl palmitate or tocopherol, and concentrated under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. 
     The  Echinacea angustifolia  root extract typically contains 15 to 45% of isobutylamides, while the  Zingiber officinale  rhizome extract contains 15 to 30% gingerol together with other terpenes. 
     The topical compositions according to the invention typically contain 0.1 to 1% by weight of extracts of the two plant species, in particular 0.2 to 0.8% of the compound extract of the two species or 0.1 to 0.3% of  Zingiber officinale  extract and 0.2 to 0.5% of  Echinacea  extract. 
     The composition has proved particularly useful in the topical treatment of itching, peripheral pain, superficial and deep inflammatory and pain states and pain associated with muscle spasms. The formulations are also particularly useful in the treatment of herpes pain and radiodermatitis caused by oncological radiotherapy, with or without fungal or bacterial infections. 
     The compositions according to the invention can also be used in the cosmetic field to reduce oedema and irritative states of all kinds, including those caused by excessive exposure to sunlight. 
     The composition can be applied directly to the skin in the oil in which it is solubilised, or incorporated in creams or ointments suitable for administration. The treatment can be performed one to three times a day, applying a dose of 0.5-5 g of the topical formulation to the part of the body affected by the painful disorder. 
     The pharmaceutical or cosmetic compositions according to the invention will be formulated according to conventional techniques, such as those described in “Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Handbook”, Mack Publishing Co., N.Y., USA. The examples below further illustrate the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Oil Containing Compound Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber    
                 0.3 g 
               
               
                   officinale  (isobutylamides 10 mg/gingerol 1.3 mg) 
                   
               
               
                 Vitamin E 
                 1.0 g 
               
               
                 Argan oil 
                 q.s. for 100 ml 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Oil/Water Emulsion Containing Compound Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale   
                 0.5 g 
               
               
                 (isobutylamides 10 mg/gingerol 1.3 mg) 
                   
               
               
                 Ascorbyl palmitate 
                 0.5 g 
               
               
                 Evening primrose oil 
                 4.0 g 
               
               
                 Polyethylene glycol-20-glyceryl stearate 
                 10.0 g  
               
               
                 C10-C18 triglycerides 
                 10.0 g  
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 5.0 g 
               
               
                 Hydroxylated lanolin 
                 0.5 g 
               
               
                 Hydroxyethylcellulose 
                 0.5 g 
               
               
                 Parabens 
                 0.2 g 
               
               
                 Demineralised water 
                 q.s. for 100.0 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Cream Containing Compound Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
                 0.6 g 
               
               
                 (isobutylamides 20 g/gingerol 2.6 g) 
                   
               
               
                 Vitamin E 
                 1.0 g 
               
               
                 Linseed oil 
                 4.0 g 
               
               
                 Stearic acid 
                 12.0 g  
               
               
                 Glycerin 
                 10.0 g  
               
               
                 Cetostearyl alcohol 
                 2.0 g 
               
               
                 Potassium hydroxide 
                 0.9 g 
               
               
                 Parabens 
                 0.2 g 
               
               
                 Demineralised water 
                 q.s. for 100.0 g 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Oil Containing Extracts of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   Echinacea angustifolia  extract 
                 0.2 g 
               
               
                   
                   Zingiber officinale  extract 
                 0.1 g 
               
               
                   
                 Ascorbyl palmitate 
                 1.0 g 
               
               
                   
                 Argan oil 
                 q.s. for 100 ml 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Preparation of Compound Extract of  Echinacea angustifolia  and  Zingiber officinale    
     10 Kg of a mixture of  Zingiber officinale  roots containing approx. 3% gingerol (1 part) and  Echinacea angustifolia  roots containing approx. 1% isobutylamides (3 parts) is finely ground and extracted with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions at a temperature of 50° C. and a pressure of 235 bars for 7 hours. After extraction, the solvent is eliminated and the extracted material, consisting of an oily residue, is recovered in the condenser and taken up with 1.5 L of ethyl acetate containing 0.5 g of ascorbyl palmitate. The organic solution is dehydrated on Na 2 SO 4  and concentrated under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 30° C. 110 g of a thick, dark yellow oil with a 20% isobutylamide and 12% gingerol content is obtained. This extract can be used “as is” in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Preparation of Lipophilic Extract of  Zingiber officinale    
     10 Kg of  Zingiber officinale  roots containing approx. 1.2% gingerol is finely ground and extracted with carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions at a temperature of 50° C. and a pressure of 235 bars for 7 hours. After extraction, the solvent is eliminated and the extracted material, consisting of an oily residue, is recovered in the condenser and taken up with 1.5 L of hexane containing 0.5 g of ascorbyl palmitate. The organic solution is dehydrated on Na 2 SO 4  and concentrated under vacuum at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. 400 g of a thick, dark yellow oil with a 20% gingerol content is obtained. This extract can be used “as is” in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Evaluation of Analgesic Activity in the Rat 
     The analgesic activity of the composition according to the invention was evaluated with the tail-flick test in the rat. Before treatment, 3 basic measurements were conducted on the animals to ensure that they were suitable for the handling and apparatus involved. The parameters used were 15V of radiant heat and a 15-second cut-off (to prevent irreversible harm to the animals), with evaluation of the tail-flick. The animals were treated with 0.1 ml of oil according to the composition described in example 4, 5 cm from the start of the tail. The analgesic effect was measured 15 and 30 min. after administration. The two individual ingredients of the composition were evaluated with the same experimental model, in a formulation which contained the same amount of active ingredient as the composition described in example 4. The control animals were treated with 0.1 ml of the oil used to dissolve the two ingredients (carrier). The results are set out in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Latency time 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 after 30 
                 % 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                 after 15 min. 
                 % increase 
                 min. 
                 increase 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Carrier 
                  4.5 ± 0.33 
                 — 
                 4.6 ± 0.45 
                 — 
               
               
                 Composition described 
                 12.6 ± 0.61 
                 180 
                 8.5 ± 0.43 
                 84.8 
               
               
                 in example 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Echinacea angustifolia 
                 
                  6.1 ± 0.44 
                 35.5 
                 4.8 ± 0.63 
                 4.4 
               
               
                 lipophilic extract 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Zingiber officinale 
                 
                  4.2 ± 0.63 
                 — 
                 4.6 ± 0.48 
                 — 
               
               
                 Lipophilic extract 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 8 
     Evaluation of Analgesic Activity in Patients Suffering From Osteoarthritis of the Knee 
     40 patients suffering from osteopathy of the knee with constant pain were randomised and treated topically with the oil described in example 1, a placebo (consisting of the carrier alone), or the individual ingredients dissolved in the placebo at the same concentrations as in the oil described in example 1. Efficacy was evaluated on an international analog pain scale with scores from 0 to 10 points, 10 indicating maximum pain and 0 the disappearance of pain. The effect was evaluated 15 and 60 minutes after treatment. 
     The results are set out in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pain (scores) at time 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Treatment 
                 0 
                 15 min. 
                 60 min. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Carrier 
                 8.3 ± 1.7 
                 9.1 ± 2.2 
                 8.2 ± 1.9 
               
               
                 Composition described  
                 9.4 ± 2.6 
                 4.3 ± 0.9 
                 2.5 ± 1.4 
               
               
                 in example 1 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Echinacea angustifolia 
                 
                 8.7 ± 1.4 
                 7.1 ± 1.4 
                 7.8 ± 2.6 
               
               
                 lipophilic extract 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Zingiber officinale 
                 
                 8.2 ± 1.6 
                 7.2 ± 0.6 
                 8.6 ± 1.8 
               
               
                 Lipophilic extract 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 9 
     Effect on Radiation-Induced Itching 
     10 patients suffering from erythema caused by ultraviolet rays were treated with the quantity of a 0.1% solution in olive oil of the extract described in example 1 required to cover the irritated area. The irritation was significantly reduced only 15 minutes after application, while the itching disappeared immediately after application. The carrier proved to have no activity under the same conditions. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     Soft Gelatine Capsules 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Unit composition: 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Lipophilic extract of  Zingiber officinale   
                 12.5 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Lipophilic extract of  Echinacea angustifolia   
                  5.0 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Soya lecithin 
                 10.0 mg 
               
               
                   
                 Flaxeed oil 
                 110.0 mg  
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     EXAMPLE 11 
     Evaluation of Analgesic Activity in Patients Suffering From Osteoarthritis of the Knee 
     60 patients suffering from osteopathy of the knee with constant pain were randomised and treated orally with the capsules described in example 10, a placebo (consisting of the carrier alone), or the individual ingredients dissolved in the placebo at the same amount as in the capsules described in example 10. Efficacy was evaluated on an international analog pain scale with scores from 0 to 10 points, 10 indicating maximum pain and 0 the disappearance of pain. The effect was evaluated 60 and 120 minutes after treatment. 
     The results are set out in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pain (scores) at time 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Treatment 
                 0 
                 60 min. 
                 120 min. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Carrier 
                 7.6 ± 0.9 
                 8.9 ± 1.2 
                 7.4 ± 1.9 
               
               
                 Capsules of example 
                 8.3 ± 1.6 
                 3.5 ± 1.9 
                 2.1 ± 0.6 
               
               
                 10 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Echinacea angustifolia 
                 
                 8.1 ± 0.9 
                 8.1 ± 1.6 
                 7.9 ± 1.6 
               
               
                 lipophilic extract 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 
                   Zingiber officinale 
                 
                 7.9 ± 1.1 
                 7.7 ± 0.9 
                 7.6 ± 0.9 
               
               
                 Lipophilic extract