Patent Publication Number: US-9884527-B2

Title: Skid aid

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/524,922, fled Jul. 29, 2009, which is the U.S. national stage application of International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2008/000654, filed Jan. 31. 2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to a skid aid for motor cars. To enable people to learn to control motor cars when they are sliding or breaking away, there are training courses on skidding. On these courses, skids are brought about deliberately and, as far as possible, under control. Skid pans are set up to allow this to be learnt, Skid pans are given special surfacings which, when wet, provide appreciably less friction for the rubber of the types of a vehicle than the usual surfacings for roads such as asphalt or concrete. Such surfacings are suitable only for circuits intended for training in skidding and are tied to a particular location and cost-intensive to produce. 
     Known from WO 2006/018566 are a device for reproducing driving conditions on a slippery road for a wheeled vehicle and a method of fitting the device. The device comprises a tread strip which is detachable from the wheel of the vehicle and whose adhesion is less than the adhesion of the wheel of the vehicle. The tread strip is drawn onto a deflated tyre. After this, the tyre is pumped up. The surface of the tread strip then forms the surface which makes contact with the surface below and the tyre is no longer in direct contact with the surface below. Polyurethane is proposed as a material tier the tread strip. On the inside, the surface of the tread strip is intended to be of a form such that it is able to engage in the tread of the tyre. A disadvantage of this device is that it cannot be fixed in place on the tyre with sufficient security unless the tread strip and the tyre have patterns which are matched to one another and which will engage in one another. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a skid aid of the kind represented by a tread strip which can be drawn onto a tyre. It is intended to enable skidding to be practised with a motor car on conventional road surfacings, e.g. on an empty car-park or on sections of road, having asphalt or concrete surfacings, which have been temporarily blocked off for the duration of a skid course. This skid aid is intended to be easy to fit and to be able to be fixed securely to the tyre. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This object is achieved by a tyre overlay according to claim  1 . 
     An annular lyre overlay for drawing onto the rolling surfaces of tyres produces a skid aid which can be inexpensively produced, which can be used in an individualised way and which can be employed on any surface below. A tyre overlay of this kind has, on its outside, a tread whose friction with the road surfacing determines behaviour in a skid and, on its inside, a gripping surface which has to make a union with the tyre. The tyre overlay is so designed that contact between the rolling surface of the tyre and the road surfacing is prevented by the tyre overlay when the tyre overlay has been drawn onto a tyre. What may therefore be provided on a tyre is a single ring per tyre, or else a plurality of rings next to one another. The tread and the gripping surface may also be interrupted in the direction of travel. At the interruptions, which extend in the direction of travel or which cross the rolling surface, the rubber of the tyre is simply not allowed to come into contact with the road surfacing. In accordance with the invention, the tyre overlay then has, as a continuation of the overlay strip, a flange which can be brought into abutment with the side of the tyre. The tyre overlay is therefore L-shaped in cross-section and laterally of the tread there is thus a flange which counteracts any displacement of the tyre overlay transversely to the direction of rotation of the tyre. It may also be U-shaped in form in cross-section, which means that there are two flanges laterally of the tread which counteract any displacement of the tyre overlay transversely to the direction of rotation of the tyre. 
     The tyre overlay is intended for a given diameter of tyre and is of an inside diameter sized to correspond to the diameter of the tyre. The width of the tyre however may vary in this case, thus enabling the same tyre overlay to be used for tyres of different widths. However, the ring which has the tread and the gripping surface of the tyre overlay is usefully of substantially the same width as the rolling surface of the tyre for which it is made. As a result the tyre is unable to make contact with the road surfacing apart from by downward pressure and the tyre overlay does not project beyond the rolling surface of the tyre to any degree which will be a nuisance. 
     The gripping surface which can be brought into contact with the tyre may be patterned to ensure that a good connection is made to the tyre. This patterning of the gripping surface advantageously has teeth which, when the tyre is inflated, are pressed into the rubber of the tyre. One steep and one shallowly-sloped side are usefully formed on these teeth. The orientation of the teeth is advantageously such as to permit displacement in only one sense in the direction defined by the axis of the wheel, namely in that sense in which the flange is pressed against the side of the wheel and thus prevents displacement. The steep side prevents a displacement of the tyre overlay, transversely to the direction of travel, which would cause an increase in the distance between the flange and the tyre. The shallowly-sloped side permits a displacement of the tyre overlay, transversely to the direction of travel, which causes a decrease in the distance between the flange and the tyre. This gives the advantage that only one flange needs to be present, and this flange is pressed against the side of the tyre when the tyre overlay is placed under load. This stops the tyre overlay from detaching from the tyre when in use. 
     Because the tyre overlay is matched to the diameter of the tyre for which it is intended, it can be drawn onto an uninflated tyre, in which case it stays held on the tyre after the latter has been pumped up. 
     The tyre overlay is usefully manufactured from a plastics material which generates substantially less friction against the road surfacing than the rubber of the tyre. The friction from, and hence the skidding characteristics, of the car fitted with the tyre overlays can be acted on by the choice of material. 
     A suitable material for the tyre overlay is for example PVC or polyurethane. Materials which are better in respect of skidding characteristics but more expensive are for example polytetrafluoroethylene (trademark designation: Teflon®) or polyamides such as the preferred Nylon®. The tyre overlay may contain lubricants in solid form which have a low coefficient of friction and excellent abrasion resistance. A material of this kind is for example Nylatron®, NSM, a polyamide. By adjusting the components in the additives and in the plastics material, different frictional properties can be set and as long a working life as possible obtained. The tyre overlay, or rather the plastics parts of the tyre overlay which are responsible for the frictional property, are (preferably moulded. The tyre overlay may however also be wound. The tyre overlay is advantageously formed to be stiff so that only a small area of the tread comes into contact with the surface of the road. 
     The overlay strip is advantageously formed to be bevelled laterally such that the tread merges into a side face at an angle of between 60 and 30°. An angle which is useful for manufacture is around 45°. With bevels of this kind, it is ensured that the tyre overlay will not catch on the road surfacing by an edge but will slide over smallish elevations on the road surfacing by virtue of the obliquely extending side face. For this purpose, the side faces are formed to follow a straight line in cross-section as far as possible, i.e. the side-faces are situated on surfaces forming the envelopes of cones. This has the advantage that the likelihood of the wheel fitted with the tyre overlay butting against the road surfacing when skidding sideways will remain the same throughout the life of the tyre overlay. By contrast, if the transition from the tread to the outer side-face of the flange were rounded, then as the tread was increasingly abraded the transition would more abruptly angle as the tyre overlay was increasingly worn away. The more abrupt the angle between the tread and the side-face, the greater is the risk of the wheel catching on the road surfacing by this abrupt edge. This produces impacts in the axial direction of the wheel which can be largely avoided by the preferred obtuse angle at the transition. 
     To fit a tyre overlay, it is drawn onto the tyre fitted on the rim while the tyre is not under pressure and the tyre is then pumped up. The tyre is advantageously pumped up hard, namely to 300 or 400 kPa for example. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective diagram of a tyre overlay of L-shaped cross-section. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective diagram of a tyre overlay of U-shaped cross-section having an interrupted tread. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay having a lateral flange and longitudinal patterning. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay having very small lateral flanges and a longitudinally divided tread. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay having a lateral flange and a fabric inlay. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-section through a tyre having a tyre overlay having lateral flanges of metal and a longitudinally divided tread and having longitudinal patterning on each of the divided parts. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS BY REFERENCE TO THE DRAWINGS 
     The tyre overlay  11  which is shown schematically in  FIG. 1  is annular. It has an overlay strip  13  which forms a tread  17  on the outside and a gripping surface  15  on its inside. Formed on one side of this overlay strip  13  is a flange  21 . After the fitting process, this flange  21  usefully rests against the outer side of the tyre. Not only does this enable the tyre overlay to be fitted without taking the wheel off the car but it also forms an abutment in the preferred direction which stops the overlay strip from being displaced on the tyre. It has in fact been found that, in use, the tyre overlay tends to shift on the tyre from the outside inwards rather than from the inside outwards. Use therefore moves the flange into abutment with the side of the tyre. 
     The overlay strip  13  is formed to be of uniform thickness. Its diameter and width are matched to the dimensions of the tyre for which it is intended. The width is suitable for tyres of different widths because it merely has to ensure that the rolling face of the tyre cannot come into contact with the surfacing of the road. The thickness of the overlay strip may be between 4 mm and 35 mm. Preferred thicknesses are between 8 and 20 mm. In current models the thickness of the material is 20 mm. So that the tyre overlay stays held on the tyre, the gripping surface may be fitted with studs  23 , edges or the like. 
     To allow the tyre overlay to be fixed on the tyre, the air is let out of the tyre sufficiently to enable the overlay strip  13  to be slid over the tyre. The tyre is then pumped up again. The pumping up increases the circumference of the tyre somewhat and the tyre overlay is thus held on the tyre in such a way as to be resistant to slipping. The connection between the tyre and the tyre overlay is improved by the elevations  23  on the gripping surface  15 . What happens is that these dig into the tread of the tyre when the latter is inflated. To prevent any change in the lengthwise size of the overlay strip, it may be reinforced. Glass-fibres or plastics fibres may be incorporated as a reinforcement. 
     However, the overlay strip need not be of a continuous form as shown in  FIG. 1 . It may also be of an interrupted form as shown in  FIG. 2 . However, for this purpose it is necessary for a surrounding ring to be provided at both ends of the interruptions which extend transversely to the direction of travel, which ring is able to withstand the tensile force on the tyre overlay which is generated when the tyre is inflated. This one or these two surrounding rings may take the form of flanges  21 ,  25 . Shown in  FIG. 2  is a tyre overlay of this kind having two flanges  21 ,  25 . Like a snow-chain, these surrounding rings, or at least one of the two, may be formed to be closable and openable. The ring may also take the form of a wire rope. A tyre overlay of this kind has for example two wire ropes which can be opened and which can each be closed to form a ring. A plurality of strips is spread between these two wire ropes. These strips each form the tread on their outside and the gripping surface on their inside. Between the strips, there are interruptions at which the tyre can be seen. However, at the interruptions, the tyre lies beyond the tread of the tyre overlay by the thickness of the strip, which means that it cannot come into contact with the surfacing of the road. At the interruptions, the edges of the strips stop the tyre overlay from slipping relative to the tyre. The two lateral flanges or clamping rings stop the tyre overlay from being pulled off the tyre sideways due to forces which occur in use. 
     Some embodiments are shown in cross-section in  FIGS. 3 to 8 . It goes without saying that in amended representations the embodiments could be provided with a planar flange or a clamping-ring flange on both sides and that the overlay strip  13  could then be interrupted in the longitudinal direction. In each of the present representations the rim is designated  30  and the tyre  40 . The tyre overlay is consistently designated  11  in the different embodiments. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the tyre overlay  11  is provided with a single flange  21  of a planar form. The tyre overlay can therefore be slid over the tyre  40  from the outside. R can be used for wider and narrower tyres. The flange  21  serves not only to allow the tyre overlay  11  to rest against the tyre laterally and thus not to shift relative to the tyre transversely to the direction of travel. Thanks to the fact that it takes the form of a planar member, the flange also serves more to give the tyre overlay stiffness. The consequence of this stiffness which is increased by virtue of the planar flange is that the tyre overlay  11  cannot be pressed flat in the region where it is in contact with the surface of the road. The area of contact with the road surfacing is therefore very small. 
     The elevations  23  take the form of teeth. These teeth are formed to be one-sided. Towards the flange  21  they have a steep side and away from the flange they have a shallowly-sloped side. The most that the tyre overlay  11  can therefore be displaced by pressures in the axial direction of the wheel is inwards (towards the right in the drawing), until the flange  21  rests against the side of the wheel. When there are forces acting in the opposite direction, the teeth hook into the rubber of the tyre. Should a slight shift occur nevertheless, it is cancelled out again when forces again act in the opposite direction. The wheel overlay therefore does not detach from the wheel in use. 
     What is certainly characteristic of skidding is that the wheel slides across the surface below transversely to its direction of travel. When this happens the tread  17  of the wheel overlay  11  slides transversely to the direction of travel of the wheel. So that impacts in this direction remain relatively small and the behaviour while skidding remains calculable, it is necessary for the wheel overlay  11  not to catch on the surface below. To encourage this, a side-face  27  which slopes down (or which slopes up from the surface below) obliquely is formed to continue on from the tread  11 . The angle between the surface below and this side-face  27  is in the range of between 30 and 60°. The angle made by the material of the wheel overlay at this transition between the tread and the side-face  27  is therefore between 150 and 120°. Thanks to the obtuse-angled configuration at this point, the transition is designed always to remain the same regardless of the degree to which the tread is worn away and any catching of this edge on the surface below always remains equally unlikely. 
     There are two flanges  21 ,  25  present on the tyre overlay shown in  FIG. 4 . This tyre overlay is therefore made for a given width of tyre. It cannot be fitted to wider tyres. Fitting is more difficult because the width of the opening in the flanges is less than the diameter of a tyre which fits. 
     The tyre overlay shown in  FIG. 5  once again has only the outer flange  21 . The tyre overlay forms a patterned overlay strip  13 . It is provided with traction-resistant reinforcements  29  made of two wire ropes or hanks of synthetic fibre. The tread is grooved in the direction of travel. At least initially, the contact area of the tyre overlay  11  on the road surfacing is therefore smaller than in the case of a non-patterned tread. As wear increases however, the tread becomes less patterned. The reinforcement  29  stops the tyre overlay from stretching and thus its diameter from enlarging and the connection between the tyre overlay and the tyre from becoming looser. 
     The tyre overlay  11  shown in  FIG. 6  is also a case where two flanges  21 ,  25  are present. The reinforcement is distributed within the thickness of the material of the overlay strip. The overlay strip is divided into two rings. The two can be arranged on the tyre independently of one another. They may also be partly connected together. Teeth  23  as shown in  FIG. 3  may be provided. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , an overlay strip  13  is once again provided with one outer flange  21 . This overlay strip stays held in place simply by virtue of the friction between the tyre and the gripping surface of the tyre overlay. The tyre overlay is provided with a fabric reinforcement  29 . To increase the grip between the tyre overlay and the tyre, the gripping surface  15  of the overlay may be made rough by sprinkling-in carborundum. 
     Finally, in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 8  there is a retaining structure  33  formed after the fashion of a snow-chain. To it are fixed bodies for skidding  31  which form the tread  17 . This tyre overlay can be tensioned like a snow-chain, for which reason it can be fitted without the tyre pressure needing to be reduced and increased again. The retaining structure  33  forms in this case two lateral flanges  21 ,  25  which stop the tyre overlay  11  from slipping in the direction of the axis of the wheel. 
     It will at once be apparent that the different features of the embodiments shown can be combined with one another almost as desired. These embodiments therefore have to be seen as an indication of the variety of modifications which are possible to tyre overlays of this kind and not in any way as limiting the scope of the independent claim, which is drafted in general terms. 
     To sum up, the invention can be described as an annular tyre overlay  11  for drawing onto the rolling surface of tyres  40 , which has a tread  17  on its outside and a gripping surface  15  on its inside and which is so designed that contact between the rolling surface of the tyre  40  and the surfacing of the road is prevented by the tyre overlay  11  when the tyre overlay has been drawn onto a tyre. The said tyre overlay  11  is provided with a flange  21  which stops the tyre overlay  11  from shifting in one sense in the axial direction of the wheel. Advantageously, the tyre overlay is additionally stiffened by a flange  21  of planar form to keep the contact area on the surface below small.