Patent Publication Number: US-6036226-A

Title: Inflator capable of modulation air bag inflation rate in a vehicle occupant restraint apparatus

Description:
This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. provisional application No. 60/037,234, filed Feb. 3, 1997. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to vehicle occupant restraints and more particularly to a &#34;smart&#34; airbag apparatus capable of modulating inflation characteristics in response to collision and occupant parameters. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Many vehicles on the road today include airbags installed in steering wheels, dashboards, and more recently, doors. These airbags are designed to protect a vehicle occupant against both front and side impact collisions by rapidly inflating the airbag to absorb much of the collision energy that would otherwise be transferred to the occupant. 
     Such conventional airbags are inflated based on a single threshold test: if a predetermined vehicle deceleration occurs in a collision, airbag inflation is triggered. Thereafter, airbag deployment occurs at a predetermined inflation rate. Both the triggering threshold and the inflation rate are not modified based on the type of vehicle collision, or the many different occupant variables, such as occupant weight, occupant position at the moment of impact, etc. 
     This inability to modulate inflation characteristics has resulted in serious injuries, even deaths, because of the existence of airbags in the vehicles had not been equipped with. This is because the explosive force of inflating airbags impacting occupants, particularly infants, the elderly, and those not wearing seat belts, can be more harmful than the accidents would otherwise have been. 
     Therefore, a need exists for a &#34;smart&#34; airbag apparatus which provides modulated airbag deployment based upon dynamics of the collision and occupant parameters. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An objective of the invention is to provide a vehicle occupant restraint apparatus capable of modulated airbag deployment. 
     Additional objectives and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the following description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. 
     In accordance with the objectives and purpose of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention comprises an occupant restraint apparatus for installation in a vehicle. The apparatus includes an airbag and an inflator. The inflator includes a combustion chamber in fluid communication with the airbag, a reservoir containing a liquid propellant, a port fluidically interconnecting the combustion chamber and the liquid propellant reservoir, an inflation initiator operable, in response to an accident involving the vehicle, to pressurize the liquid propellant reservoir, such that the liquid propellant is injected through the port into the combustion chamber for ignition and generation of combustion gases to inflate the airbag. The apparatus further includes a sensor for generating a signal indicative of an accident parameter, and a controller for varying a combustion rate of the liquid propellant in the combustion chamber in accordance with the sensor signal, thereby modulating an inflation rate of the airbag. 
     In accordance with another aspect, the present invention comprises an airbag inflator including a housing, a combustion chamber provided in the housing, a reservoir provided in the housing for containing a liquid propellant, a piston slidingly received in the housing and having a first piston head separating the combustion chamber from the liquid propellant reservoir, an injection port, and a pyrotechnic initiator. The pyrotechnic initiator is detonated in response to a vehicle accident to pressurize the combustion chamber and to ignite liquid propellant injected into the combustion chamber from the reservoir through the injection port during a regenerative pumping stroke of the piston, where combustion of the injected liquid propellant occurs to produce airbag inflation gasses. The airbag inflator further includes a controller operable to vary a rate of the piston&#39;s regenerative pumping stroke according to at least one accident parameter, thereby modulating a rate of airbag inflation during airbag deployment. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one embodiment of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principals of the invention. In the drawings: 
     FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a &#34;smart&#34; airbag inflator, partially in block diagram form, configured in accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 2 is a side view of an injection port tube member utilized in the embodiment of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     In accordance with the present invention, and as embodied herein, an airbag apparatus, generally indicated at 10, comprises an inflator, generally indicated at 14, for inflating an airbag 12 in response to a vehicle accident. Inflator 14 includes a cylindrical housing 16 closed off at its left end by a rear closure, generally indicated at 18, and at its right end by a front endwall 20. The rear closure 18 includes an annular wall 21 integrally formed with a forwardly extending tube 22, and a rearwardly extending annular chamber 24. The rear closure 18 and front endwall 20 are fixed in place by suitable means, such as welded joints, to prevent fluid leakage. 
     The cylindrical housing 16 is machined to provide a stepped bore for receiving a piston, generally indicated at 30, which includes a radial piston head 32 and a rearwardly extending skirt 34 slidingly received in housing bore 28. The piston skirt 34 is terminated in an annular piston head 36 that is slidingly received between housing bore 38 and an outer cylindrical wall 40 of rear closure 18. This annular piston head 36 operates in an annular chamber 46 and is sealed against fluid leakage by suitable means, such as O-rings 42, 44. 
     Radial piston head 32 divides the interior portion of cylindrical housing 16 defined by bore 28 into a combustion chamber 48 and an annular reservoir 49 containing liquid propellant 50. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,973 to Giovanetti and U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,561 to Mandzy et al., which are herein incorporated by reference, the liquid propellant may be a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate-based liquid monopropellant. A particular suitable propellant composition comprises, by mass, approximately 60% hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) as an oxidizer, 20% triethyl ammonium nitrate (TEAN) as a fuel, and 20% water as a diluent. 
     A central injection port 51, drilled axially through the piston head 32, is normally closed by a terminal portion 54 of tube 22, which serves as a needle valve element. Thus, terminal portion 54 is slidingly received in injection port 51 and is machined with an annular groove accommodating an O-ring 54a, to provide a fluid seal with the injection port sidewall. As seen in FIG. 2, at least a pair of diametrically opposed, longitudinal grooves 52 are cut in the peripheral surface of tube 22, beginning an appropriate distance rearwardly of injection port 51 and extending back to annular wall 21. Also as seen in FIG. 2, at least one additional longitudinal groove 56 is cut in the tube peripheral surface, beginning at O-ring 54a and extending rearwardly to annular wall 21. 
     Seated in the shouldered central opening of annular wall 21 is a squib 62, which is held in place by a snap ring retainer 66 and annular plug 68. The interior of tube 22 forwardly of squib 62 stores a solid propellant booster charge 72. This booster charge 72 may be boron potassium nitrate, which is ignited by electrically initiated detonation of the squib 62. The byproducts of the booster charge combustion exit tube 22 through an opening 74 in terminal portion 54, which is normally closed by a frangible seal 76. 
     When squib 62 is fired to ignite the booster charger 72, seal 76 is ruptured, and combustion gases flow into combustion chamber 48, which is then pressurized. To permit initial rearward movement of piston 30 sufficient to open the forward end of groove 56 to the combustion chamber 48, an appropriate volume of a compressible fluid, such as air, is included in liquid propellant reservoir 49. The communication then created between liquid propellant reservoir 49 and the combustion chamber 48 through groove 56 allows liquid propellant 50 to flow into the combustion chamber 48 for combustion. Due to the differences in the surface areas of the piston head 32 facing the reservoir 49 and the piston head surface facing the combustion chamber 48 resulting from the presence of the cylindrical skirt 34, the fluid pressure in the reservoir 49 always exceeds the fluid pressure in the combustion chamber 48. Consequently, regenerative pumping of the liquid propellant from the reservoir 49 into the combustion chamber 48 is achieved. As piston 30 progresses through its rearward stroke, grooves 52 open into combustion chamber 48, thereby increasing the opening area of injection port 51, and the injection rate of liquid propellant into the combustion chamber 48 increases accordingly. Liquid propellant injection into the combustion chamber 48 by regenerative pumping and its combustion continues until piston head 32 bottoms out against annular wall 21, at which point the entire volume of liquid propellant has been pumped from reservoir 49 into the combustion chamber 48 and combusted to complete airbag deployment. 
     Chamber 24 provided between outer cylindrical wall 40 and inner cylindrical wall 41 of closure 18 slidingly receives an annular piston 80. The forward end of chamber 24 is vented to the atmosphere, as indicated at 81. Inner cylinder wall 41 of closure 18 extends rearwardly to mount a collar 88, which, in turn, mounts an annular electromagnet 86. Field piece 90 of this electromagnet, together with collar 88, inner cylindrical wall 41, and piston 80, define an annular chamber 84, which communicates with annular chamber 46 through a plurality of orifices or a single annular orifice indicated at 92. 
     In accordance with a feature of the present invention, chambers 46 and 84 are filled with a variable viscosity damper fluid, such as a magneto-rheological fluid 83. Magneto-rheological fluids, such as carbonyl iron particles suspended in silicone oil, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,330 to Carlson et al., have a unique property in that viscosity can be controlled by a magnetic field. 
     As can be seen in FIG. 1, as piston 30 strokes rearwardly to pump liquid propellant 50 into combustion chamber 48 for combustion, piston head 36 is driven rearwardly through chamber 46. Magneto-rheological fluid 83 is thus forced to flow through orifices 92 from chamber 46 into chamber 84, and piston 80 is driven forwardly through chamber 24, which serves as a containment reservoir for the fluid 83. By controlling the viscosity of fluid 83 and thus its rate of flow through orifices 92 using a controllable magnetic field produced by electromagnet 86, a variable retarding force can be exerted on the rearward stroke of piston 30. Since the rate of rearward stroke of piston 30 governs the liquid propellant combustion rate, and, in turn, airbag inflation rate, the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by electromagnet 86 can be advantageously utilized to control airbag inflation rate on a real time basis. Thus, if no current is applied to electromagnet 86, the viscosity of damper fluid 83 is at its lowest value and the airbag inflation is at a maximum rate. When current is applied to the electromagnet 86 to produce a high magnetic field, piston stroke can be dramatically retarded to produce a gentle airbag deployment. In fact, a magnetic field of maximum magnitude can actually stop the flow of damper fluid through orifices 92, which will arrest the rearward stroke of piston 30 and thus stop further airbag inflation. Between no magnetic field and maximum magnetic field are an infinite number of airbag inflation profiles that can be produced by real time variations of the magnetic field during an inflation period. 
     Further in accordance with the present invention, the magnetic field produced by electromagnet 86 is varied in response to signals produced by a sensor suite 94, including, for example, a crash severity sensor 96, a rear-facing infant seat sensor 98, an occupant weight sensor 100, a dashboard proximity sensor 102, and a seat belt sensor 104, etc. A central processing unit 106 processes the sensor outputs according to an appropriate algorithm, such as to modulate the airbag inflation rate during deployment according to a particular scenario of collision and occupant parameters. 
     Completing the description of inflator 10, a generally cup-shaped partition 108 is inserted into housing 16 in press-fit relation, with its open end closed by front endwall 20 and its closed end portion defining a forward boundary 110 for combustion chamber 48. A convoluted sleeve 112 serves to retain the position of partition 108 in the manner described in commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,784, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     The interior of cup-shaped partition 108 provides a swirl chamber 122 in fluid communication with combustion chamber 48 through a plurality of equiangularly spaced swirl ports 124 in partition wall section 110. The term &#34;swirl&#34; is intended to characterize ports 124 as being configured to achieve a circular or swirling flow of fluid (combustion gases) in chamber 122 upon entry from combustion chamber 48. For this purpose, ports 124 may be drilled through partition wall section 110 at an oblique angle such that gases enter chamber 122 closely tangential to the inner cylindrical surface of the partition wall section 110. The benefits achieved by utilization of swirl ports 124 are discussed in the cited application Ser. No. 08/800,189. 
     From swirl chamber 122, gas flow is through equiangularly spaced swirl ports 126 in partition wall section 108 into an annular chamber 128. Swirl ports 130 in cylindrical wall 16 permit gas flow from annular chamber 128 into an annular plenum chamber 132 provided between an outer cylindrical shell 134 and cylindrical wall 16. Preferably, a ring 135 of porous media of suitable heat exchanging material, such as braided steel mesh screens, is positioned in plenum chamber 132, which the gases flow through and are cooled en route to a plurality of vent holes 136 in shell 134 leading to the airbag 12. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the vehicle occupant restraint apparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirt of the invention. For example, the damper fluid may comprise an electro-rheological fluid whose viscosity is controlled by an electric field to vary flow rate through orifice 92 and thus the damping force exerted against the rearward stroke of regenerative pumping piston 30. It will also occur to those skilled in the art that, rather than a rheological hydraulic fluid, the desired modulated damping of the piston&#39;s regenerative pumping stroke could be achieved by varying the opening area of orifice 92, such as to vary the flow rate of a conventional hydraulic damping fluid through the orifice. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the present invention cover modifications and variations thereof, provided they come within the spirt of the appended claims and thus equivalents.