Patent Publication Number: US-2021167330-A1

Title: Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/436,833, filed Jun. 10, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/727,670, filed Jun. 1, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,319,944, which claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0114517, filed on Aug. 29, 2014, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of all of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Recently, display apparatuses are variously used. Also, as the display apparatuses have become small in thickness and light weight, a usage range of the display apparatuses has extended. 
     In particular, display apparatuses have been replaced with portable thin flat panel display apparatuses. 
     A display apparatus may have a display area on a substrate so as to generate visible rays toward a user, and a display device that emits light may be formed in the display area. 
     In order to protect the display device from foreign substances, an encapsulation layer or an encapsulation member is formed on the display device. 
     However, when the durability of the encapsulation member is reduced and thus the encapsulation member does not properly protect the display device, the improvement in durability and image quality of the display apparatus is limited. 
     In particular, when the encapsulation member does not stably cover the display device but is delaminated or damaged, an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation member deteriorates, thus affecting the durability and the image quality of the display apparatus. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention include a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a display apparatus includes a substrate having a central area and a peripheral area around the central area, the central area having a display area. The display apparatus further includes a display area inorganic layer on the display area and extending to a portion of the peripheral area; and an encapsulation inorganic layer on the display area inorganic layer, covering the display area, and having an edge that is in parallel with or extending over an edge of the display area inorganic layer. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer may be smaller than the substrate, and the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer may be spaced from an edge of the substrate. 
     The display area inorganic layer may be smaller than the substrate, and the edge of the display area inorganic layer may be spaced from an edge of the substrate. 
     At least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer may extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer and thus may be on the substrate. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer may include a main area and a shadow area that is connected to the main area and is closer to an edge of the substrate than the main area is. 
     The main area may extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer, and the shadow area may be on the substrate. 
     An edge of the main area may not extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer, and the shadow area may contact a side surface of the display area inorganic layer. 
     The shadow area may have a sloped side surface. 
     The display apparatus may further include a separate member that is separate from the display area inorganic layer, the shadow area of the encapsulation inorganic layer may not extend over the separate member, and the shadow area may not be closer to an edge of the substrate than the separate member. 
     The shadow area may contact a side surface of the separate member. 
     The shadow area may be separate from a side surface of the separate member. 
     The separate member may include the same material as the display area inorganic layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a barrier layer between the substrate and the display area inorganic layer. 
     At least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer may extend over an edge of the barrier layer. 
     At least one edge of the barrier layer may extend over the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a separate member that is separate from the display area inorganic layer, and the shadow area of the encapsulation inorganic layer may not extend over the separate member so as not to be closer to an edge of the substrate than the separate member, and the separate member may be on the barrier layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a separate member that is separate from the display area inorganic layer, and the shadow area of the encapsulation inorganic layer may not extend over the separate member so as not to be closer to an edge of the substrate than the separate member, and the separate member may include the same material as the barrier layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include an encapsulation organic layer between the display area inorganic layer and the encapsulation inorganic layer so as to cover the display area. 
     The encapsulation organic layer may be smaller than the display area inorganic layer. 
     The encapsulation organic layer may be smaller than the encapsulation inorganic layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a blocking member that is closer to an edge of the substrate than the encapsulation organic layer is. 
     The blocking member may include a plurality of the blocking members. 
     Heights of the plurality of the blocking members may differ. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer may include a plurality of stacked inorganic layers. 
     The display apparatus may further include an encapsulation organic layer covering the display area, and the encapsulation organic layer may be between the plurality of stacked inorganic layers of the encapsulation inorganic layer and may be smaller than the plurality of stacked inorganic layers. 
     The encapsulation organic layer may include a plurality of organic layers, and at least one of the plurality of organic layers may be between one of the plurality of stacked inorganic layers of the encapsulation inorganic layer and the display area inorganic layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a functional layer between the display area inorganic layer and the encapsulation inorganic layer. 
     The functional layer may include a layer adapted to control a refractive index of a visible ray. 
     The display apparatus may further include a first protective layer between the functional layer and the encapsulation inorganic layer. 
     The display apparatus may further include a second protective layer on the encapsulation inorganic layer, and the second protective layer may be larger than the encapsulation inorganic layer. 
     The substrate may include an organic material. 
     The display area may have at least one display device; and a thin film transistor (TFT) electrically connected to the at least one display device and including an active layer, a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode, and the display area inorganic layer may contact at least one selected from the active layer, the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode. 
     The display area inorganic layer may correspond to at least one of a gate insulating layer and an interlayer insulating layer, wherein the gate insulating layer may insulate the active layer from the gate electrode and the interlayer insulating layer may insulate the source electrode and the drain electrode from the gate electrode. 
     The at least one display device may include a first electrode, a second electrode, and an intermediate layer that is between the first electrode and the second electrode and includes an organic emission layer. 
     According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus including a substrate having a central area and a peripheral area around the central area, is provided. The method includes forming a display area inorganic layer on the display area, the display area inorganic layer extending to a portion of the peripheral area; and forming an encapsulation inorganic layer that covers the display area, the encapsulation inorganic layer being located on the display area inorganic layer, and having an edge that is in parallel with or extending over an edge of the display area inorganic layer. 
     The forming the encapsulation inorganic layer may be performed by using a deposition method. 
     The forming the encapsulation inorganic layer may include patterning the encapsulation inorganic layer by using a mask so as to make the encapsulation inorganic layer be separate from at least one edge of the substrate. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the line II-II of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus of  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus, according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the line III-Ill of  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIGS. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus of  FIG. 13 ; 
         FIG. 24  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the line IV-IV of  FIG. 24 ; 
         FIGS. 26, 27, and 28  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus of  FIG. 25 ; 
         FIG. 29  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 30  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the lines VA-VA and VB-VB of  FIG. 29 ; 
         FIG. 31  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the lines VI-VIA and VI-VIB of  FIG. 31 ; 
         FIG. 33  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 34  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus, taken along the lines XA-XA and XB-XB of  FIG. 33 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As the present invention allows for various changes and numerous embodiments, particular embodiments will be illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the written description. Effects and features of the present invention and methods of accomplishing the same may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The present invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. 
     Hereinafter, in one or more embodiments, while such terms as “first,” “second,” etc., may be used, such components must not be limited to the above terms, and the above terms are used only to distinguish one component from another. 
     Hereinafter, in one or more embodiments, a singular form may include plural forms, unless there is a particular description contrary thereto. 
     Hereinafter, in one or more embodiments, terms such as “comprise,” “include,” “including,” or “comprising” are used to specify existence of a recited feature or component, not excluding the existence of one or more other recited features or one or more other components. 
     Hereinafter, in one or more embodiments, it will also be understood that when an element such as layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element, or intervening elements such as layer, region, or component may also be interposed therebetween. Further, when a first element is described as being “coupled” or “connected” to a second element, the first element may be “directly coupled” or “directly connected” to the second element, or may be “indirectly coupled” or “indirectly connected” to the second element with one or more other elements interposed therebetween. 
     In the drawings, for convenience of description, the sizes of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. For example, a size and thickness of each element may be random for convenience of description, thus, one or more embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. 
     Hereinafter, in one or more embodiments, X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis may not be limited to three axes on a rectangular coordinate system but may be interpreted as a broad meaning including the three axes. For example, the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis may be perpendicular to each other or may indicate different directions that are not perpendicular to each other. 
     In one or more embodiments, an order of processes may be different from what is described. For example, two processes that are sequentially described may be concurrently or substantially simultaneously performed, or may be performed in an opposite order to the described order. 
     Hereinafter, one or more embodiments of the present invention will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Those components that are the same or are in correspondence are rendered the same reference numeral regardless of the figure number, and redundant explanations are omitted. 
     As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  1000  according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  1000 , taken along the line II-II of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the display apparatus  1000  includes a substrate  101 . A central area CA having a display area DA and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  101 . 
     A display area inorganic layer  110  and an encapsulation inorganic layer  120  are formed on the substrate  101 . 
     Each of the components/structures is described in more detail below. 
     The substrate  101  may include various materials. In more detail, the substrate  101  may be formed of a glass material, a metal material, or one or more suitable organic materials and/or other suitable materials. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  101  may be a flexible substrate  101 . Here, the flexible substrate  101  indicates a substrate having flexibility that is adapted to be bent, curved, folded, and/or rolled (e.g., with relative ease). The flexible substrate  101  may be formed of ultra-thin glass, metal, or plastic. For example, when plastic is used, the substrate  101  may be formed of polyimide (PI) but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto and thus one or more of various suitable materials may be used. 
     The display apparatus  1000  may be formed in various suitable ways. In an embodiment, a process may be performed on a mother substrate so as to make the mother substrate include a plurality of the display apparatuses  1000 , and then a cutting process may be performed so that the plurality of the display apparatuses  1000  may be formed. In another embodiment, one display apparatus  1000  may be formed on one mother substrate. 
     The substrate  101  is partitioned into the peripheral area PA and the central area CA. In more detail, the peripheral area PA indicates an area adjacent to edges of the substrate  101 , and the central area CA indicates an area that is inwardly positioned, compared to the peripheral area PA. 
     The central area CA may include at least one display area DA. 
     The display area DA may include at least one display device (not shown), e.g., an organic light-emitting device (OLED) for displaying images. Also, a plurality of pixels may be disposed in the display area DA. 
     A non-display area (not shown) may be formed around the display area DA. In more detail, the non-display area may be formed surrounding the display area DA. In an embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to a plurality of sides of the display area DA. In another embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to one side of the display area DA. 
     In another embodiment, only the display area DA may be arranged in the central area CA. That is, the non-display area may be formed only in the peripheral area PA. 
     A pad area (not shown) may be formed in the non-display area. In this regard, a driver or a plurality of pad units (not shown) may be disposed in the pad area. 
     The display area inorganic layer  110  is formed on the substrate  101 . In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  110  is formed on the display area DA. For example, the display area inorganic layer  110  may be formed below the display device that is arranged in the display area DA, may be formed adjacent to the display device, or may be formed adjacent to one of a plurality of members included in the display device. 
     The display area inorganic layer  110  may be formed in the display area DA and may extend over a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     In an embodiment, at least one edge from among edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  may be separate from (e.g., spaced from) an edge of the substrate  101 . That is, a portion of a top surface of the substrate  101  may not be covered by the display area inorganic layer  110  but may be exposed at an area that corresponds to a gap between the at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  110  and the edge of the substrate  101 . 
     The display area inorganic layer  110  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the display area inorganic layer  110  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  110  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to an edge of the substrate  101 . In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to all edges of the substrate  101 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  120  covers the display area DA on the substrate  101  and is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . For example, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed so as to cover the display device that is arranged in the display area DA. By covering the display area DA, in more detail, by covering the display device, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may block or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . Also, at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  extends further than an edge of the display area inorganic layer  110 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  110  and thus may contact the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  and thus may contact the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a modified example of the display apparatus  1000  of  FIG. 2 . Referring to  FIG. 3 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  includes a main area  120   a  and a shadow area  120   b . That is, when the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed, e.g., when the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed by deposition using a mask (not shown), the shadow area  120   b  may be formed via a space between the mask and the substrate  101 . The shadow area  120   b  may have a sloped side surface, and in some cases, the sloped side surface may have a curved surface. 
     The deposition may be performed in various ways, e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD) may be used. 
     When the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed by deposition using the mask, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may have a pattern separate from (e.g., spaced from) an edge of the substrate  101 . 
     The main area  120   a  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 , may extend over an edge of the display area inorganic layer  110 , and thus may contact the top surface of the substrate  101 . That is, the main area  120   a  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is a structure or component that corresponds to the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  of  FIG. 2 . 
     The shadow area  120   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be connected to an edge of the main area  120   a , may be separate from (e.g., spaced from) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  110 , and may be disposed on (e.g., may be directly on or contact) the substrate  101 . 
     The at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 through 3  or all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  in an embodiment exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  and thus are formed on (e.g., formed directly on or contact) the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     That is, since an edge area of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  contacts the top surface of the substrate  101 , it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  from being delaminated from the display area inorganic layer  110 , so that an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be improved. 
     In an embodiment, when the substrate  101  is formed of an organic material such as plastic, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  contacts the top surface of the substrate  101 , so that it is possible to efficiently decrease or prevent delamination of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  from the substrate  101  while the display apparatus  1000  is manufactured or is used. For example, when a high temperature process or a high moisture process is performed during the manufacture of the display apparatus  1000 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may contract or expand such that a stress may occur in the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . Here, the substrate  101  including the organic material may relieve the stress of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . 
     By doing so, the display apparatus  1000  having flexibility such as bending or folding for an increase in user convenience may be easily embodied. 
     Also, since at least one edge of the substrate  101  is separate from (e.g., spaced from) the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 , a portion of the top surface of the substrate  101  is not covered but is exposed in the peripheral area PA that is adjacent to the edge of the substrate  101 . The exposed area of the substrate  101  substantially prevents or completely prevents propagation of cracks that occur during a cutting process for separation in the manufacture of the display apparatus  1000 . 
       FIGS. 4 through 11  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus  1000  of  FIG. 2 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , a barrier layer  102  is formed on the substrate  101 . The barrier layer  102  is disposed between the substrate  101  and the display area inorganic layer  110 . The barrier layer  102  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials, e.g., the barrier layer  102  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the barrier layer  102  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . Also, at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  exceeds (e.g., extends beyond or further than) edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  and the barrier layer  102 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  110  and the edge of the barrier layer  102  and then may contact a top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  and respective edges of the barrier layer  102  and then may contact the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, a side surface of the display area inorganic layer  110  and a side surface of the barrier layer  102  may be formed in parallel with each other. 
     The barrier layer  102  may block or substantially block foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen from penetrating via or through the substrate  101 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an encapsulation organic layer  140  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . The encapsulation organic layer  140  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  110  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . 
     An edge of the encapsulation organic layer  140  does not extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer  110 . That is, the encapsulation organic layer  140  may be formed so as to be smaller than the display area inorganic layer  110 . By doing so, the encapsulation organic layer  140  may be separate from (or spaced from) the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation organic layer  140  may be formed so as to be smaller than the display area inorganic layer  110  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . 
     The encapsulation organic layer  140  may cover a display area DA on the substrate  101 , e.g., the encapsulation organic layer  140  may cover a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA. 
     The encapsulation organic layer  140  may block, substantially block or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. In particular, the encapsulation organic layer  140  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be used together and thus may improve an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . Also, the encapsulation organic layer  140  may easily form a planar surface. 
     The encapsulation organic layer  140  may be formed of one or more of various suitable organic materials, e.g., the encapsulation organic layer  140  may include a resin. In an embodiment, the encapsulation organic layer  140  may include an epoxy-based resin, an acryl-based resin, and/or a polyimide-based resin. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a blocking member  150  is further added to a structure shown in  FIG. 5 . In more detail, the blocking member  150  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 , and is closer to an edge of the substrate  101  than the encapsulation organic layer  140  is. By doing so, when the encapsulation organic layer  140  is formed, it is possible to decrease, substantially prevent, or prevent overflowing of a material of the encapsulation organic layer  140  or the encapsulation organic layer  140  toward the edge of the substrate  101 . 
     The blocking member  150  may be disposed between the display area inorganic layer  110  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . 
     One blocking member  150  may be formed as shown in  FIG. 6  or a plurality of the blocking members  150  may be formed as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the blocking member  150  may include a first blocking member  151  and a second blocking member  152 , and a height of the second blocking member  152  may be greater than a height of the first blocking member  151 . That is, the height of the second blocking member  152  that is closer to the edge of the substrate  101 , compared to the blocking member  151 , may be greater than the height of the first blocking member  151 , and by doing so, when the encapsulation organic layer  140  is formed, an abnormal overflow of the encapsulation organic layer  140  or an abnormal overflow of the material of the encapsulation organic layer  140  may be primarily blocked or substantially blocked by the first blocking member  151  and then may be secondarily and efficiently blocked or substantially blocked by the second blocking member  152 . 
     Although not illustrated, in some embodiments, the blocking member  150  may include at least three blocking members (not shown), and heights of the three blocking members may vary. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., a first inorganic layer  121  and a second inorganic layer  122 . The first inorganic layer  121  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 , and the second inorganic layer  122  is formed on the first inorganic layer  121 . 
     The first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  cover the display area DA on the substrate  101  and are formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . For example, the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may be formed so as to cover a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA. The first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may cover the display area DA, e.g., may cover the display device and thus may block, substantially block or decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     The first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  are formed on the display area inorganic layer  110 . Also, at least one edge of the first inorganic layer  121  and at least one edge of the second inorganic layer  122  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) an edge of the display area inorganic layer  110 . That is, the edges of the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  110  and then may contact a top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  110  and then may contact the top surface of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, a side surface of the first inorganic layer  121  and a side surface of the second inorganic layer  122  may be formed in parallel with each other. 
     The first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials or may be formed by using at least one of the aforementioned materials that form the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . The first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122  may be formed of the same material or different materials. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG. 8 , in some embodiments, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may include at least three inorganic layers. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , as in the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 , the encapsulation organic layer  140  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 , and the blocking member  150  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110  so as to prevent an overflow of a material of the encapsulation organic layer  140 . 
     Due to a structure in which the encapsulation organic layer  140  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 , an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be improved. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 , and the encapsulation organic layer  140  includes a plurality of organic layers, i.e., a first organic layer  141  and a second organic layer  142 . 
     The first organic layer  141  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  110  and the first inorganic layer  121 , and the second organic layer  142  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 . 
     The first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142  of the encapsulation organic layer  140  may be formed so as to be smaller than the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 . That is, compared to edges of the first inorganic layer  121  and the second inorganic layer  122 , edges of the first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142  may be further distant (e.g., further away or further spaced) from an edge of the substrate  101 . 
     In an embodiment, the second organic layer  142  may be formed so as to be larger than the first organic layer  141 . That is, the edge of the second organic layer  142  may be closer to the edge of the substrate  101 . 
     The blocking member  150  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  110  and includes the first blocking member  151  and the second blocking member  152 . Due to the first blocking member  151  and the second blocking member  152 , an overflow of materials of the first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142  may be prevented, substantially prevented or reduced. In particular, a height of the second blocking member  152  is greater than a height of the first blocking member  151 , so that the materials of the first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142  are primarily blocked or substantially blocked by the first blocking member  151  and then may be blocked or substantially blocked by the second blocking member  152 , and since the height of the second blocking member  152  that is adjacent to the edge of the substrate  101  is greater than the height of the first blocking member  151 , it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent overflow of the materials of the first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142  toward the edge of the substrate  101 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , compared to the embodiment of  FIG. 10 , the display apparatus  1000  further includes a functional layer  160 , a first protective layer  170 , and a second protective layer  180 . For convenience of description, the embodiment of  FIG. 11  is described with reference to differences therebetween. 
     The second blocking member  152  of the blocking member  150  includes a first layer  152   a  and a second layer  152   b . However, in another embodiment, the second blocking member  152  may be a single layer as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     The functional layer  160  may include a capping layer  161  and a cover layer  162 . The capping layer  161  may protect a top layer of a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  1000 . Also, the cover layer  162  may be formed on the capping layer  161 , may protect the capping layer  161  and the display device, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  1000 . The cover layer  162  may include lithium fluoride (e.g., LiF). 
     The first protective layer  170  may be formed on the functional layer  160  and below the first organic layer  141 . The first protective layer  170  may include an inorganic material, e.g., oxide or nitride. In an embodiment, the first protective layer  170  may include aluminum oxide, e.g., Al 2 O 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the first protective layer  170  may be formed to be larger than the functional layer  160  and to be smaller than the first organic layer  141 . In another embodiment, the first protective layer  170  may be formed to be larger than the first organic layer  141  and the second organic layer  142 . 
     The second protective layer  180  may be formed on the second inorganic layer  122  and may include an inorganic material such as oxide and/or nitride. In an embodiment, the second protective layer  180  may include aluminum oxide, e.g., Al 2 O 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the second protective layer  180  may be formed so as to be larger than the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  and thus may cover the encapsulation inorganic layer  120 , so that an edge of the second protective layer  180  may contact a top surface of the substrate  101 . Here, the edge of the second protective layer  180  may be separate from (or spaced from) an edge of the substrate  101 , so that a portion of the top surface of the substrate  101  may not be covered by the second protective layer  180  but may be exposed. 
     By using the second protective layer  180 , a delamination problem of the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may be efficiently decreased or prevented. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIGS. 4 through 11 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the embodiments of  FIGS. 4 through 11  and/or other embodiments may have a structure in which the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  includes the main area  120   a  and the shadow area  120   b.    
       FIG. 12  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  2000 , according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  2000 , taken along the line III-III of  FIG. 12 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12 and 13 , the display apparatus  2000  includes a substrate  201 . A central area CA having a display area DA and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  201 . 
     A display area inorganic layer  210  and an encapsulation inorganic layer  220  are formed on the substrate  201 . 
     Each of the components/structures is described in detail. 
     The substrate  201  may include one or more of various suitable materials. In more detail, the substrate  201  may be formed of a glass material, a metal material, one or more suitable organic materials and/or other suitable materials. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  201  may be a flexible substrate  201 . Here, the flexible substrate  201  indicates a substrate having flexibility that is adapted to be bent, curved, folded, and/or rolled (e.g., with relative ease). The flexible substrate  201  may be formed of ultra-thin glass, metal, or plastic. For example, when plastic is used, the substrate  201  may be formed of polyimide (PI) but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto and thus various materials may be used. 
     The display apparatus  2000  may be formed in one or more of various suitable ways. In an embodiment, a process may be performed on a mother substrate so as to make the mother substrate include a plurality of the display apparatuses  2000 , and then a cutting process may be performed so that the plurality of the display apparatuses  2000  may be formed. In another embodiment, one display apparatus  2000  may be formed on one mother substrate. 
     The substrate  201  is partitioned into the peripheral area PA and the central area CA. In more detail, the peripheral area PA indicates an area adjacent to edges of the substrate  201 , and the central area CA indicates an area that is inwardly positioned, compared to the peripheral area PA. 
     The central area CA may include at least one display area DA. 
     The display area DA may include at least one display device (not shown), e.g., an OLED for displaying images. Also, a plurality of pixels may be disposed in the display area DA. 
     A non-display area (not shown) may be formed around the display area DA. In more detail, the non-display area may be formed surrounding the display area DA. In an embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to a plurality of sides of the display area DA. In another embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to one side of the display area DA. 
     In another embodiment, only the display area DA may be arranged in the central area CA. That is, the non-display area may be formed only in the peripheral area PA. 
     A pad area (not shown) may be formed in the non-display area. In this regard, a driver or a plurality of pad units (not shown) may be disposed in the pad area. 
     The display area inorganic layer  210  is formed on the substrate  201 . In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  210  is formed on the display area DA. For example, the display area inorganic layer  210  may be formed below the display device that is arranged in the display area DA, may be formed adjacent to the display device, or may be formed adjacent to one of a plurality of members or components included in the display device. 
     The display area inorganic layer  210  may be formed in the display area DA and may extend over a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     In an embodiment, at least one edge from among edges of the display area inorganic layer  210  may be separate from (or spaced from) an edge of the substrate  201 . That is, a portion of a top surface of the substrate  201  may not be covered by the display area inorganic layer  210  but may be exposed at an area that corresponds to a gap between the at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  210  and the edge of the substrate  201 . 
     The display area inorganic layer  210  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the display area inorganic layer  210  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  210  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to an edge of the substrate  201 . In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to all edges of the substrate  201 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  220  covers the display area DA on the substrate  201  and is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . For example, the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed so as to cover the display device that is arranged in the display area DA. By covering the display area DA, in more detail, by covering the display device, the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may block, substantially block or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . Also, at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed in parallel with an edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . That is, at least one side surface of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be formed in parallel with a side surface of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be formed in parallel with respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a modified example of the display apparatus  2000  of  FIG. 13 . Referring to  FIG. 14 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  includes a main area  220   a  and a shadow area  220   b . That is, when the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed, e.g., when the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed by deposition using a mask (not shown), the shadow area  220   b  may be formed via a space between the mask and the substrate  201 . The shadow area  220   b  may have a sloped side surface, and in some cases, the sloped side surface may have a curved surface. The shadow area  220   b  contacts the side surface of the display area inorganic layer  210  and contacts the top surface of the substrate  201 . 
     The main area  220   a  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 , is in parallel with the edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 , and does not extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . That is, the main area  220   a  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is a component or structure that corresponds to the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  of  FIG. 13 . 
     The shadow area  220   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is connected to an edge of the main area  220   a  and is separate from (or spaced from) the edge of the substrate  201 . 
     The at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  in the embodiment of  FIGS. 12 through 14  or all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  in another embodiment are formed in parallel with one or more edges of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     By doing so, it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent, or to decrease delamination of the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  from the display area inorganic layer  210 , such delamination resulting in deterioration or elimination of an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . In particular, even when the shadow area  220   b  is formed as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the shadow area  220   b  is not formed on a top surface of the display area inorganic layer  210  but is formed at the side surface of the display area inorganic layer  210  and the top surface of the substrate  201 . Therefore, it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent, or to decrease delamination of the shadow area  220   b  from the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     In an embodiment, when the substrate  201  is formed of an organic material such as plastic, the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  and the shadow area  220   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  contact the top surface of the substrate  201 , so that it is possible to efficiently decrease delamination of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  from the substrate  201  while the display apparatus  2000  is manufactured or is used. For example, when a high temperature process or a high moisture process is performed during the manufacture of the display apparatus  2000 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may contract or expand such that a stress may occur in the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . Here, the substrate  101  including the organic material may relieve the stress of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . 
     By doing so, the display apparatus  2000  having flexibility such as bending or folding for an increase in user convenience may be easily embodied. 
     Also, since at least one edge of the substrate  201  is separate from (or spaced from) the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 , a portion of the top surface of the substrate  201  is not covered but is exposed in the peripheral area PA that is adjacent to the edge of the substrate  201 . The exposed area of the substrate  201  completely prevents, substantially prevents or reduces propagation of cracks that occur during a cutting process for separation in the manufacture of the display apparatus  2000 . Also, the flexibility of the display apparatus  2000  is improved so that user convenience may be increased. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a modified example of the display apparatus  2000  of  FIG. 13 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 15 , a barrier layer  202  is formed on the substrate  201 . The barrier layer  202  is disposed between the substrate  201  and the display area inorganic layer  210 . The barrier layer  202  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials, e.g., the barrier layer  202  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the barrier layer  202  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The barrier layer  202  may be formed so as to be larger than the display area inorganic layer  210 . The barrier layer  202  may be separate from (or spaced from) an edge of the substrate  201 , i.e., the barrier layer  202  may be formed so as to be smaller than the substrate  201 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . The barrier layer  202  may be larger than the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . 
     In an embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may include a main area  220   a  and a shadow area  220   b . The main area  220   a  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 , is in parallel with the edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 , and does not extend over the edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     The shadow area  220   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be connected to an edge of the main area  220   a  and thus may contact a side surface of the display area inorganic layer  210  and a top surface of the barrier layer  202 . 
     The barrier layer  202  may block or substantially block foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen from penetrating via or through the substrate  201 . 
       FIGS. 17 through 23  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus  2000  of  FIG. 13 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , an encapsulation organic layer  240  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . The encapsulation organic layer  240  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  210  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . 
     An edge of the encapsulation organic layer  240  does not extend over an edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . That is, the encapsulation organic layer  240  may be formed so as to be smaller than the display area inorganic layer  210 . By doing so, the encapsulation organic layer  240  may be separate from (or spaced from) a top surface of the substrate  201 . 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation organic layer  240  may be formed so as to be smaller than the display area inorganic layer  210  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . 
     The encapsulation organic layer  240  may cover a display area DA on the substrate  201 , e.g., the encapsulation organic layer  240  may cover a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA. 
     The encapsulation organic layer  240  may block or substantially block, or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. In particular, the encapsulation organic layer  240  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be used together and thus may improve an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . Also, the encapsulation organic layer  240  may easily form a planar surface. 
     The encapsulation organic layer  240  may be formed of one or more of various suitable organic materials, e.g., the encapsulation organic layer  240  may include a resin. In an embodiment, the encapsulation organic layer  240  may include an epoxy-based resin, an acryl-based resin, and/or a polyimide-based resin. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18 , a blocking member  250  is further added to a structure shown in  FIG. 17 . In more detail, the blocking member  250  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210  so as to be closer to an edge of the substrate  201  than the encapsulation organic layer  240 . By doing so, when the encapsulation organic layer  240  is formed, it is possible to decrease, prevent, or substantially prevent overflow of a material of the encapsulation organic layer  240  or the encapsulation organic layer  240  toward the edge of the substrate  201 . 
     The blocking member  250  may be disposed between the display area inorganic layer  210  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . 
     One blocking member  250  may be formed as shown in  FIG. 18  or a plurality of the blocking members  250  may be formed as shown in  FIG. 19 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , the blocking member  250  may include a first blocking member  251  and a second blocking member  252 , and a height of the second blocking member  252  is greater than a height of the first blocking member  251 . That is, the height of the second blocking member  252  that is closer to the edge of the substrate  201 , compared to the blocking member  251 , may be greater than the height of the first blocking member  251 , and by doing so, when the encapsulation organic layer  240  is formed, an abnormal overflow of the encapsulation organic layer  240  or an abnormal overflow of a material of the encapsulation organic layer  240  may be primarily blocked or substantially blocked by the first blocking member  251  and then may be secondarily and efficiently blocked or substantially blocked by the second blocking member  252 . 
     Although not illustrated, the blocking member  250  may include at least three blocking members (not shown), and heights of the three blocking members may vary. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., a first inorganic layer  221  and a second inorganic layer  222 . The first inorganic layer  221  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 , and the second inorganic layer  222  is formed on the first inorganic layer  221 . 
     The first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  cover the display area DA on the substrate  201  and are formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . For example, the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed so as to cover a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA. The first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  may cover the display area DA, e.g., may cover the display device and thus may block, substantially block, or decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     The first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  are formed on the display area inorganic layer  210 . Also, at least one edge of the first inorganic layer  221  and at least one edge of the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed in parallel with an edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     In an embodiment, a side surface of the first inorganic layer  221  and a side surface of the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed in parallel with each other. 
     In another embodiment, an edge of the first inorganic layer  221  and an edge of the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed in parallel with the edge of the display area inorganic layer  210 . 
     The first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials or may be formed by using at least one of the aforementioned materials that form the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 . The first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222  may be formed of the same material or different materials. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG. 20 , in some embodiments, the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may include at least three inorganic layers. 
     Referring to  FIG. 21 , as in the embodiment of  FIG. 20 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222 , the encapsulation organic layer  240  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222 , and the blocking member  250  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210  so as to prevent or substantially prevent an overflow of the material of the encapsulation organic layer  240 . 
     Due to a structure in which the encapsulation organic layer  240  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222 , an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be improved. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  includes a plurality of inorganic layers, i.e., the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222 , and the encapsulation organic layer  240  includes a plurality of organic layers, i.e., a first organic layer  241  and a second organic layer  242 . 
     The first organic layer  241  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  210  and the first inorganic layer  221 , and the second organic layer  242  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  221  and the second inorganic layer  222 . 
     In an embodiment, the second organic layer  242  may be formed so as to be larger than the first organic layer  241 . 
     The blocking member  250  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  210  and includes the first blocking member  251  and the second blocking member  152 . Due to the first blocking member  251  and the second blocking member  252 , an overflow of materials of the first organic layer  241  and the second organic layer  242  may be prevented or substantially prevented. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , compared to the embodiment of  FIG. 23 , the display apparatus  2000  further includes a functional layer  260 , a first protective layer  270 , and a second protective layer  280 . For convenience of description, the embodiment of  FIG. 22  is described with reference to differences therebetween. 
     The second blocking member  252  of the blocking member  250  includes a first layer  252   a  and a second layer  252   b . However, in another embodiment, the second blocking member  252  may be a single layer. 
     The functional layer  260  may include a capping layer  261  and a cover layer  262 . The capping layer  261  may protect a top layer of a display device (not shown) that is arranged in the display area DA, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  2000 . Also, the cover layer  262  may be formed on the capping layer  261 , may protect the capping layer  261  and the display device, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  2000 . The cover layer  262  may include lithium fluoride (e.g., LiF). 
     The first protective layer  270  may be formed on the functional layer  260  and below the first organic layer  241 . The first protective layer  270  may include an inorganic material, e.g., oxide or nitride. In an embodiment, the first protective layer  270  may include aluminum oxide, e.g., Al 2 O 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the first protective layer  270  may be formed to be larger than the functional layer  260  and to be smaller than the first organic layer  241 . In another embodiment, the first protective layer  270  may be formed to be larger than the first organic layer  241  and the second organic layer  242 . 
     The second protective layer  280  may be formed on the second inorganic layer  222  and may include an inorganic material such as oxide and/or nitride. In an embodiment, the second protective layer  280  may include aluminum oxide, e.g., Al 2 O 3 . 
     In an embodiment, the second protective layer  280  may be formed so as to be larger than the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  and thus may cover the encapsulation inorganic layer  220 , so that an edge of the second protective layer  280  may contact a top surface of the substrate  201 . Here, the edge of the second protective layer  280  may be separate from (or spaced from) an edge of the substrate  201 , so that a portion of the top surface of the substrate  201  may not be covered by the second protective layer  280  but may be exposed. 
     By using the second protective layer  280 , a delamination problem of the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  may be efficiently decreased or prevented. 
     Although not illustrated in  FIGS. 17 through 23 , as illustrated in  FIG. 14 or 16 , the embodiments of  FIGS. 17 through 23  may have a structure in which the encapsulation inorganic layer  220  includes the main area  220   a  and the shadow area  220   b.    
       FIG. 24  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  3000 , according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  3000 , taken along the line IV-IV of  FIG. 24 .  FIGS. 26 through 28  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus  3000  of  FIG. 25 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 24 and 25 , the display apparatus  3000  includes a substrate  301 . A central area CA having a display area DA and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  301 . 
     A display area inorganic layer  310  and an encapsulation inorganic layer  320  are formed on the substrate  301 . 
     Each of the components/structures is described in detail. 
     The substrate  301  may include one or more of various suitable materials. In more detail, the substrate  301  may be formed of a glass material, a metal material, one or more suitable organic materials, and/or other suitable materials. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  301  may be a flexible substrate  301 . Here, the flexible substrate  301  indicates a substrate having flexibility that is adapted to be bent, curved, folded, and/or rolled (e.g., with relative ease). The flexible substrate  301  may be formed of ultra-thin glass, metal, and/or plastic. For example, when plastic is used, the substrate  301  may be formed of polyimide (PI) but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto and thus one or more of various suitable materials may be used. 
     The display apparatus  3000  may be formed in one or more of various suitable ways. In an embodiment, a process may be performed on a mother substrate so as to make the mother substrate include a plurality of the display apparatuses  3000 , and then a cutting process may be performed so that the plurality of the display apparatuses  3000  may be formed. In another embodiment, one display apparatus  3000  may be formed on one mother substrate. 
     The substrate  301  is partitioned into the peripheral area PA and the central area CA. In more detail, the peripheral area PA indicates an area adjacent to edges of the substrate  301 , and the central area CA indicates an area that is inwardly positioned, compared to the peripheral area PA. 
     The central area CA may include at least one display area DA. 
     The display area DA may include at least one display device (not shown), e.g., an OLED for displaying images. Also, a plurality of pixels may be disposed in the display area DA. 
     A non-display area (not shown) may be formed around the display area DA. In more detail, the non-display area may be formed surrounding the display area DA. In an embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to a plurality of sides of the display area DA. In another embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to one side of the display area DA. 
     In another embodiment, only the display area DA may be arranged in the central area CA. That is, the non-display area may be formed only in the peripheral area PA. 
     A pad area (not shown) may be formed in the non-display area. In this regard, a driver or a plurality of pad units (not shown) may be disposed in the pad area. 
     The display area inorganic layer  310  is formed on the substrate  301 . In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  310  is formed on the display area DA. For example, the display area inorganic layer  310  may be formed below the display device that is arranged in the display area DA, may be formed adjacent to the display device, or may be formed adjacent to one of a plurality of members or components included in the display device. 
     The display area inorganic layer  310  may be formed in the display area DA and may extend over a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     In an embodiment, at least one edge from among edges of the display area inorganic layer  310  may be separate from (or spaced from) an edge of the substrate  301 . That is, a portion of a top surface of the substrate  301  may not be covered by the display area inorganic layer  310  but may be exposed at an area that corresponds to a gap between the at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  310  and the edge of the substrate  301 . 
     The display area inorganic layer  310  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the display area inorganic layer  310  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  310  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     A separate member  310   a  that is separate from (or spaced from) the display area inorganic layer  310  is formed. The separate member  310   a  may be disposed closer to the edge of the substrate  301  than the at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  310  may be. 
     In an embodiment, the separate member  310   a  may be separate from (or spaced from) the edge of the substrate  301 . 
     In an embodiment, the separate member  310   a  may be formed of the same material as the display area inorganic layer  310 , and in this case, the separate member  310   a  and the display area inorganic layer  310  may be concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) formed. 
     The peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to an edge of the substrate  301 . In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to all edges of the substrate  301 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  320  covers the display area DA on the substrate  301  and is formed on the display area inorganic layer  310 . For example, the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is formed so as to cover the display device that is arranged in the display area DA. By covering the display area DA, in more detail, by covering the display device, the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may block or substantially block, or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  310 . Also, at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  extends further than an edge of the display area inorganic layer  310 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  310  and thus may contact the top surface of the substrate  301 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  310  and thus may contact the top surface of the substrate  301 . 
     In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  includes a main area  320   a  and a shadow area  320   b . That is, when the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is formed, e.g., when the encapsulation inorganic layer  120  is formed by deposition using a mask (not shown), the shadow area  320   b  may be formed via a space between the mask and the substrate  301 . 
     The shadow area  320   b  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  310  and the separate member  310   a . The shadow area  320   b  does not extend over the separate member  310   a . That is, as illustrated in  FIG. 25 , the shadow area  320   b  may contact a side surface of the separate member  310   a , but in another embodiment, the shadow area  320   b  may be separate from (or spaced from) the side surface of the separate member  310   a.    
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     Since an edge area of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320 , i.e., the shadow area  320   b , may contact the top surface of the substrate  301  and may also contact the side surface of the display area inorganic layer  310 , it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent deterioration and/or elimination of an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  caused by the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  being delaminated from the display area inorganic layer  310 . 
     By doing so, the display apparatus  3000  having flexibility such as bending or folding for an increase in user convenience may be easily embodied. 
     Also, since at least one edge of the substrate  301  is separate from (or spaced from) the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320 , a portion of the top surface of the substrate  301  is not covered but is exposed in the peripheral area PA that is adjacent to the edge of the substrate  301 . The exposed area of the substrate  301  completely prevents or substantially prevents propagation of cracks that occur during a cutting process for separation in the manufacture of the display apparatus  3000 . Also, the flexibility of the display apparatus  3000  is improved so that user convenience may be increased. 
       FIGS. 26 through 28  illustrate modified examples of the display apparatus  3000  of  FIG. 25 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 26 , a barrier layer  302  is formed on the substrate  301 . The barrier layer  302  is disposed between the substrate  301  and the display area inorganic layer  310 . The barrier layer  302  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. For example, the barrier layer  302  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the barrier layer  302  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The separate member  310   a  is formed on the barrier layer  302 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  310 . Also, the shadow area  320   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is disposed between the display area inorganic layer  310  and the separate member  310   a . The shadow area  320   b  may contact a top surface of the barrier layer  302 . 
     The shadow area  320   b  does not extend over the separate member  310   a.    
     The barrier layer  302  may block or substantially block foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen that penetrates via the substrate  301 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 27 , a separate member  302   a  is formed on the substrate  301  and is separate from (or spaced from) the barrier layer  302 . 
     In an embodiment, the separate member  302   a  may be formed of the same material as the barrier layer  302 , and in this case, the separate member  302   a  and the barrier layer  302  may be concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) formed. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  320  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  310 . Also, the shadow area  320   b  of the encapsulation inorganic layer  320  does not extend over the separate member  302   a . In an embodiment, the shadow area  320   b  may contact a side surface of the barrier layer  302  and a side surface of the display area inorganic layer  310 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 27 , the shadow area  320   b  is separate from (or spaced from) the separate member  302   a , but in another embodiment, the shadow area  320   b  may contact a side surface of the separate member  302   a.    
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 28 , a separate member having multiple layers, i.e., a first separate member  302   a  and a second separate member  310   a , may be formed on the substrate  301 . 
     Although not illustrated in  FIGS. 25 through 28 , a structure of the aforementioned embodiment including an encapsulation organic layer, a blocking member, or the like, i.e., a structure of the encapsulation organic layer, the functional layer, and the blocking member that are shown in  FIGS. 5 through 11  may be applied to the embodiments of  FIGS. 25 through 28 . 
       FIG. 29  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  4000 , according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 30  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  4000 , taken along the lines VA-VA and VB-VB of  FIG. 29 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 29 and 30 , the display apparatus  4000  includes a substrate  401 . A central area CA having a display area DA, and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  401 . 
     A display area inorganic layer  410  and an encapsulation inorganic layer  420  are formed on the substrate  401 . 
     Each of the components/structures is described in detail. 
     The substrate  401  may include one or more of various suitable materials. In more detail, the substrate  401  may be formed of a glass material, a metal material, one or more of suitable organic materials, and/or other suitable materials. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  401  may be a flexible substrate  401 . Here, the flexible substrate  401  indicates a substrate having flexibility that is adapted to be bent, curved, folded, and/or rolled (e.g., with relative ease). The flexible substrate  401  may be formed of ultra-thin glass, metal, and/or plastic. For example, when plastic is used, the substrate  401  may be formed of polyimide (PI) but one or more embodiments are not limited thereto and thus one or more of various suitable materials may be used. 
     The display apparatus  4000  may be formed in various ways. For example, a process may be performed on a mother substrate so as to make the mother substrate include a plurality of the display apparatuses  4000 , and then a cutting process may be performed so that the plurality of the display apparatuses  4000  may be formed. In an embodiment, one display apparatus  4000  may be formed on one mother substrate. 
     The substrate  401  is partitioned into the peripheral area PA and the central area CA. In more detail, the peripheral area PA indicates an area adjacent to edges of the substrate  401 , and the central area CA indicates an area that is inwardly positioned, compared to the peripheral area PA. 
     The central area CA may include at least one display area DA. 
     In order to display an image, at least one display device OD may be disposed in the display area DA. The display device OD may include various types of a device, e.g., may be an OLED. 
     Also, a plurality of pixels may be disposed in the display area DA, and the at least one display device OD may be disposed in each of the plurality of pixels. 
     A non-display area (not shown) may be formed around the display area DA. In more detail, the non-display area may be formed surrounding the display area DA. In an embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to a plurality of sides of the display area DA. In another embodiment, the non-display area may be formed to be adjacent to one side of the display area DA. 
     In another embodiment, only the display area DA may be arranged in the central area CA. That is, the non-display area may be formed only in the peripheral area PA. 
     A pad area (not shown) may be formed in the non-display area. In this regard, a driver or a plurality of pad units (not shown) may be disposed in the pad area. 
     A barrier layer  402  is formed on the substrate  401 . The barrier layer  402  is formed on the display area DA and extends to the peripheral area PA. In an embodiment, the barrier layer  402  may be omitted. 
     A thin film transistor (TFT) may be formed on the display area DA on the barrier layer  402 . The TFT that is formed on the display area DA functions as a part of a circuit for driving the display device OD. The TFT may also be formed on the non-display area. 
     Hereinafter, it is assumed that the TFT is a top gate type TFT in which an active layer  405 , a gate electrode GE, a source electrode  406 , and a drain electrode  407  are sequentially formed. 
     However, the present embodiment is not limited thereto, and various types of a TFT including a bottom gate type TFT, may be used as the TFT. 
     The active layer  405  is formed on the barrier layer  402 . The active layer  405  may include a semiconductor material, e.g., amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon. However, the present embodiment is not limited thereto, and the active layer  405  may include one or more of various suitable materials. In an embodiment, the active layer  405  may include an organic semiconductor material. 
     In another embodiment, the active layer  405  may include an oxide semiconductor material. For example, the active layer  405  may include oxide including a material selected from metal elements of groups  12 ,  13 , and  14  consisting of zinc (Zn), indium (In), gallium (Ga), tin (Sn), cadmium (Cd), germanium (Ge), and hafnium (Hf), and a composition thereof. 
     A gate insulating layer  411  is formed on the active layer  405 . The gate insulating layer  411  may be formed as multiple layers or a single layer including an inorganic material such as silicon oxide and/or silicon nitride. The gate insulating layer  411  insulates the active layer  405  from the gate electrode GE. 
     In an embodiment, the gate insulating layer  411  as the display area inorganic layer  410  may be formed not only on the display area DA but may also extend to a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     The gate electrode GE is formed on the gate insulating layer  411 . The gate electrode GE may be connected to a gate line (not shown) that applies an ON signal or an OFF signal to the TFT. 
     The gate electrode GE may be formed of a low resistance metal material. For example, the gate electrode GE may be formed as multiple layers or a single layer including a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and/or Titanium (Ti). 
     An interlayer insulating layer  412  is formed on the gate electrode GE. The interlayer insulating layer  412  insulates the gate electrode GE from the source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407 . 
     In an embodiment, the interlayer insulating layer  412  as the display area inorganic layer  410  may be formed not only on the display area DA but may also extend to a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     That is, the gate insulating layer  411  and the interlayer insulating layer  412  may be formed as the display area inorganic layer  410  on the barrier layer  402  in the peripheral area PA. 
     The interlayer insulating layer  412  may be formed as multiple layers or a single layer including an inorganic material. For example, the inorganic material may be metal oxide or metal nitride, in more detail, the inorganic material may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and/or zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ). 
     The source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407  are formed on the interlayer insulating layer  412 . Each of the source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407  may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including a highly conductive material. 
     The source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407  are formed so as to contact the active layer  405 . 
     A passivation layer  408  is formed on the source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407  so as to cover the TFT. 
     The passivation layer  408  removes a step caused by the TFT, provides a planarized layer over the TFT, and thus prevents or substantially prevents a defect from occurring in the display device OD such as an OLED due to unevenness due to the TFT. The passivation layer  408  may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including an organic material. The organic material may include polymer derivatives having commercial polymers such as Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or Polystylene (PS), and a phenol group, an acryl-based polymer, an imide-based polymer, an arylene ether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinylalcohol-based polymer, or a combination thereof. Also, the passivation layer  408  may be formed as a multi-stack including an inorganic insulating layer and an organic insulating layer. 
     The display device OD is formed on the passivation layer  408 . The display device OD is electrically connected to the TFT. 
     The display device OD includes a first electrode FE, a second electrode SE, and an intermediate layer IM disposed between the first electrode FE and the second electrode SE. 
     The first electrode FE is electrically connected to one of the source electrode  406  and the drain electrode  407 . Referring to  FIG. 30 , the first electrode FE may be electrically connected to the drain electrode  407 . 
     The first electrode FE may have one of various suitable forms. For example, the first electrode FE may be patterned as an island form. 
     The first electrode FE may be formed of one or more of various suitable materials. That is, the first electrode FE may include at least one selected from the group of transparent conductive oxide materials including indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), indium gallium oxide (IGO), and aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). Also, the first electrode FE may include metal such as silver (Ag) having high reflectance. 
     The intermediate layer IM may include an organic emission layer including a small molecular organic material or a polymer molecular organic material. In an embodiment, the intermediate layer IM includes the organic emission layer and may further include one or more layers selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer. 
     The organic emission layer may be formed in each of OLEDs. In this case, the OLEDs may emit red light, green light, and blue light, respectively. However, one or more embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto, and the organic emission layer may be commonly formed in the OLEDs. For example, a plurality of organic emission layers that emit red light, green light, and blue light may be vertically stacked or mixed and thus may emit white light. Those skilled in the art would know that color combination for emitting white light is not limited to the aforementioned description. In this case, a color conversion layer or a color filter may be separately arranged to convert the emitted white light to a predetermined color. 
     The second electrode SE may be formed of one or more of various suitable conductive materials. For example, the second electrode SE may be formed as multiple layers or a single layer including at least one of lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), lithium fluoride (LiF), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), and an alloy including at least two of these materials. 
     A pixel-defining layer PDL is formed on the passivation layer  408 . In more detail, after the pixel-defining layer PDL is formed while not covering an area (e.g., a predetermined area) of the first electrode FE, the intermediate layer IM is formed on the area of the first electrode FE that is not covered by the pixel-defining layer PDL, and the second electrode SE is formed on the intermediate layer IM. 
     The pixel-defining layer PDL may be formed of at least one inorganic insulating material selected from polyimide, polyamide, an acryl resin, benzocyclobutene, and a phenol resin by using a spin coating method. 
     Although not illustrated on the second electrode SE, in an embodiment, a functional layer (not shown) and a first protective layer (not shown) as those of  FIG. 11  may be further formed thereon. 
     The features of the functional layer and the first protective layer are the same or substantially the same as described above, thus, detailed descriptions thereof are omitted here. 
     The gate insulating layer  411  and the interlayer insulating layer  412  as the display area inorganic layer  410  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the display area inorganic layer  410  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the display area inorganic layer  410  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     The peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to an edge of the substrate  401 . In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be disposed adjacent to all edges of the substrate  401 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  420  covers the display area DA on the substrate  401 . That is, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  is formed on the second electrode SE of the display device OD. The encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may cover the display area DA, e.g., the display device OD, and thus may block or substantially block, or may decrease penetration of foreign substances such as moisture or oxygen into the display area DA. 
     In the peripheral area PA, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  is formed on the display area inorganic layer  410 . Also, at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  extends over an edge of the display area inorganic layer  410 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  410  and then may contact a top surface of the substrate  401 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  410  and then may contact the top surface of the substrate  401 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     Although not illustrated, in an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include a main area (not shown) and a shadow area (not shown). That is, a structure of  FIG. 3  may be applied to the present embodiment. 
     Also, in an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  410  and then may be formed on the top surface of the substrate  401 . 
     That is, since an edge area of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  contacts the top surface of the substrate  401 , it is possible to prevent or substantially prevent the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  from being delaminated from the display area inorganic layer  410 , so that an encapsulation characteristic of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may be improved. 
     In an embodiment, when the substrate  401  is formed of an organic material such as plastic, the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  contacts the top surface of the substrate  401 , so that it is possible to efficiently decrease or prevent delamination of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  from the substrate  401  while the display apparatus  4000  is manufactured or is used. For example, when a high temperature process or a high moisture process is performed during the manufacture of the display apparatus  4000 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may contract and expand such that a stress may occur in the encapsulation inorganic layer  420 . Here, the substrate  401  including the organic material may relieve the stress of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420 . 
     By doing so, the display apparatus  4000  having flexibility such as bending or folding for an increase in user convenience may be easily embodied. 
     Also, since at least one edge of the substrate  401  is separate from (or spaced from) the edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420 , a portion of the top surface of the substrate  401  is not covered but is exposed in the peripheral area PA that is adjacent to the edge of the substrate  401 . The exposed area of the substrate  401  completely prevents or substantially prevents propagation of cracks that occur during a cutting process for separation in the manufacture of the display apparatus  4000 . Also, the flexibility of the display apparatus  4000  is improved so that user convenience may be increased. 
     Although not illustrated, the embodiments of  FIGS. 5 through 11  may be selectively applied to the present embodiment. 
     That is, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , an encapsulation organic layer (not shown) may be formed on the display device OD on the display area DA and may extend lengthwise and thus may be disposed between the display area inorganic layer  410  and the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  in the peripheral area PA. 
     Also, the present embodiment may further include a blocking member (not shown) of  FIG. 6  or a plurality of blocking members (not shown) of  FIG. 7 . 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include a plurality of inorganic layers. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include a plurality of inorganic layers, an encapsulation organic layer (not shown) may be disposed between the plurality of inorganic layers that are adjacent to each other, and a blocking member (not shown) may be formed on the display area inorganic layer  410  so as to prevent or reduce an overflow of a material of the encapsulation organic layer. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  may include a plurality of inorganic layers (not shown) and may further include an encapsulation organic layer (not shown). At least one blocking member (not shown) may block or reduce an overflow of a material of the encapsulation organic layer. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the display apparatus  4000  may further include a functional layer (not shown), a first protective layer (not shown), and a second protective layer (not shown). 
     Also, structures of the embodiments of  FIGS. 12 through 28  may be selectively applied to the present embodiment, so that a structure in which at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  is formed in parallel with at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  410 , a structure in which the encapsulation inorganic layer  420  includes a main area and a shadow area, and/or a structure in which a separate member is further included, is available. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  5000 , according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 32  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  5000 , taken along the lines VI-VIA and VI-VIB of  FIG. 31 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 31 and 32 , the display apparatus  5000  includes a substrate  501 . A central area CA having a display area DA, and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  501 . 
     Compared to the display apparatus  4000  of the previous embodiment, the display apparatus  5000  of the present embodiment is different in a structure of a buffer layer  503 , an encapsulation inorganic layer  520 , an encapsulation organic layer  540 , and a blocking member  550 . For convenience of description, differences therebetween are mainly described. 
     A barrier layer  502  is formed on the substrate  501 . The buffer layer  503  is formed on the barrier layer  502 . The buffer layer  503  may provide a planar surface on the substrate  501  and may primarily block or substantially block foreign substances or moisture that penetrates via the substrate  501 . Since the buffer layer  503  is not an essential element, the buffer layer  503  may not be arranged. 
     A TFT may be formed on the display area DA on the buffer layer  503 . The TFT that is formed on the display area DA functions as a part of a circuit for driving the display device OD. The TFT may also be formed on a non-display area. 
     The TFT includes an active layer  505 , a gate electrode GE, a source electrode  506 , and a drain electrode  507 . 
     The active layer  505  is formed on the buffer layer  503 . A gate insulating layer  511  is formed on the active layer  505 . In an embodiment, the gate insulating layer  511  as a layer of the display area inorganic layer  510  may be formed not only on the display area DA but may also extend to a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     The gate electrode GE is formed on the gate insulating layer  511 . An interlayer insulating layer  512  is formed on the gate electrode GE and insulates the source electrode  506  and the drain electrode  507  from the gate electrode GE. 
     In an embodiment, the interlayer insulating layer  512  as a layer of the display area inorganic layer  510  may be formed not only on the display area DA but may also extend to a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     That is, the gate insulating layer  511  and the interlayer insulating layer  512  may be formed as the display area inorganic layer  510  on the barrier layer  502  in the peripheral area PA. 
     The source electrode  506  and the drain electrode  507  are formed on the interlayer insulating layer  512 . Each of the source electrode  506  and the drain electrode  507  may be formed as a single layer or multiple layers including a highly conductive material. 
     The source electrode  506  and the drain electrode  507  are formed so as to contact the active layer  505 . 
     A passivation layer  508  is formed on the source electrode  506  and the drain electrode  507  so as to cover the TFT. 
     The display device OD is formed on the passivation layer  508 . The display device OD is electrically connected to the TFT. 
     The display device OD includes a first electrode FE, a second electrode SE, and an intermediate layer IM disposed between the first electrode FE and the second electrode SE. 
     A pixel-defining layer (PDL) is formed on the passivation layer  508 . In more detail, after the pixel-defining layer is formed while not covering an area (e.g., a predetermined area) of the first electrode FE, the intermediate layer IM is formed on the area of the first electrode FE that is not covered by the pixel-defining layer, and the second electrode SE is formed on the intermediate layer IM. 
     Although not illustrated on the second electrode SE, in an embodiment, a functional layer (not shown) and a first protective layer (not shown) of  FIG. 11  may be further formed. The features of the functional layer and the first protective layer are the same or substantially the same as described above, thus, detailed descriptions thereof are omitted here. 
     The gate insulating layer  511  and the interlayer insulating layer  512  of the display area inorganic layer  510  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  520  covers the display area DA on the substrate  501 . The encapsulation inorganic layer  520  includes a first inorganic layer  521  and a second inorganic layer  522 . 
     The encapsulation organic layer  540  includes a plurality of organic layers, i.e., a first organic layer  541  and a second organic layer  542 . 
     The first organic layer  541  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  521  and the second electrode SE of the display device OD, and the second organic layer  542  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  521  and the second inorganic layer  522 . 
     In an embodiment, the second organic layer  542  may be formed so as to be larger than the first organic layer  541 . 
     The blocking member  550  is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  512  of the display area inorganic layer  510  and includes a first blocking member  551  and a second blocking member  552 . The first blocking member  551  and the second blocking member  552  may prevent or substantially prevent an overflow of materials of the first organic layer  541  and the second organic layer  542 . 
     The second blocking member  552  includes a first layer  552   a  and a second layer  552   b.    
     The blocking member  550  may be formed of one or more of various suitable materials. In the present embodiment, the first blocking member  551  and the first layer  552   a  of the second blocking member  552  may be formed of the same material, e.g., a material of the passivation layer  508 . 
     The second layer  552   b  of the second blocking member  552  may be formed of the pixel-defining layer. 
     At least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  extends over an edge of the display area inorganic layer  510 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  510  and then may contact a top surface of the substrate  501 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  510  and then may contact the top surface of the substrate  501 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     Although not illustrated, the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may include a main area (not shown) and a shadow area (not shown). That is, a structure of  FIG. 3  may be applied to the present embodiment. 
     Also, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  may exceed respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  510  and then may be formed on the top surface of the substrate  501 . 
     Although not illustrated, structures of the embodiments of  FIGS. 12 through 28  may be selectively applied to the present embodiment, so that a structure in which at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  is formed in parallel with at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  510 , a structure in which the encapsulation inorganic layer  520  includes a main area and a shadow area, and/or a structure in which a separate member is further included, is available. 
       FIG. 33  illustrates a plan view of a display apparatus  6000 , according to another embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 34  is a cross-sectional view of the display apparatus  6000 , taken along the lines XA-XA and XB-XB of  FIG. 33 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 33 and 34 , the display apparatus  6000  includes a substrate  601 . A central area CA having a display area DA, and a peripheral area PA disposed around the central area CA are defined on the substrate  601 . 
     For convenience of description, differences between the present embodiment and the previous embodiments are mainly described. 
     A barrier layer  602  is formed on the substrate  601 . A buffer layer  603  is formed on the barrier layer  602 . Since the buffer layer  603  is not an essential element, the buffer layer  603  may not be arranged. 
     A TFT may be formed on the display area DA on the buffer layer  603 . The TFT that is formed on the display area DA functions as a part of a circuit for driving the display device OD. The TFT may also be formed on a non-display area. 
     The TFT includes an active layer  605 , a gate electrode GE, a source electrode  606 , and a drain electrode  607 . 
     A first circuit member PCU 1  may be formed in the peripheral area PA or the non-display area. The first circuit member PCU 1  may have one or more of various suitable forms and may include a circuit active layer CA, a circuit gate electrode CG, a circuit source electrode CS, and a circuit drain electrode CD. 
     The first circuit member PCU 1  may transfer an electric signal for driving the display device OD to the display device OD or may convert the electric signal. 
     The active layer  605  and the circuit active layer CA are formed on the buffer layer  603 . A gate insulating layer  611  is formed on the active layer  605  and the circuit active layer CA. 
     The gate electrode GE is formed on the gate insulating layer  611 . Also, the circuit gate electrode CG is formed on the gate insulating layer  611 . 
     An interlayer insulating layer  612  is formed on the gate electrode GE and the circuit gate electrode CG. In the present embodiment, the interlayer insulating layer  612  as a layer of the display area inorganic layer  610  may be formed on the display area DA and may extend to a portion of the peripheral area PA. 
     That is, the gate insulating layer  611  and the interlayer insulating layer  612  may be formed as the display area inorganic layer  610  on the barrier layer  602  in the peripheral area PA. Also, the buffer layer  603  may extend to the barrier layer  602 . 
     The source electrode  606  and the drain electrode  607  are formed on the interlayer insulating layer  612 . Also, the circuit source electrode CS and the drain electrode  607  are formed on the interlayer insulating layer  612 . 
     In the present embodiment, a second circuit member PCU 2  may be disposed on the interlayer insulating layer  612 . The second circuit member PCU 2  may transfer an electric signal for driving the display device OD to the display device OD or may convert the electric signal. 
     A passivation layer  608  may be formed on the source electrode  606  and the drain electrode  607  so as to cover the TFT. Also, the passivation layer  608  may cover the first circuit member PCU 1 . 
     The display device OD is formed on the passivation layer  608 . The display device OD is electrically connected to the TFT. That is, as illustrated in  FIG. 34 , the display device OD may be electrically connected to the drain electrode  607 . 
     The display device OD includes a first electrode FE, a second electrode SE, and an intermediate layer IM disposed between the first electrode FE and the second electrode SE. 
     A pixel-defining layer (PDL) is formed on the passivation layer  608 . In more detail, after the pixel-defining layer is formed while not covering an area (e.g., a predetermined area) of the first electrode FE, the intermediate layer IM is formed on the area of the first electrode FE that is not covered by the pixel-defining layer, and the second electrode SE is formed on the intermediate layer IM. 
     Although not illustrated on the second electrode SE, in an embodiment, a functional layer (not shown) and a first protective layer (not shown) of  FIG. 11  may be further formed. The features of the functional layer and the first protective layer are the same or substantially the same as described above, thus, detailed descriptions thereof are omitted here. 
     The gate insulating layer  611  and the interlayer insulating layer  612  of the display area inorganic layer  610  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  620  is formed so as to cover the display area DA on the substrate  601 . The encapsulation inorganic layer  620  includes a first inorganic layer  621  and a second inorganic layer  622 . 
     A functional layer  660  is formed on the display device OD. The functional layer  660  may include a capping layer  661  and a cover layer  662 . The capping layer  661  may protect the second electrode SE that is a top layer of the display device OD arranged in the display area DA, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device OD, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  6000 . Also, the cover layer  662  may be formed on the capping layer  661 , may protect the capping layer  661  and the display device OD, may control a refractive index of a visible ray realized by the display device OD, and thus may improve luminescent efficiency of the display apparatus  6000 . The cover layer  662  may include lithium fluoride (e.g., LiF). 
     The capping layer  661  may be formed larger than the display device OD so as to cover the display device OD. In the present embodiment, the cover layer  662  may be smaller than the capping layer  661 . 
     The first protective layer  670  may be formed on the functional layer  660  and may include an inorganic material, e.g., oxide and/or nitride. In the present embodiment, the first protective layer  670  may include aluminum oxide, e.g., Al 2 O 3 . 
     The first protective layer  670  may be formed larger than the functional layer  660  and may be formed smaller than a first organic layer  641 . In an embodiment, the first protective layer  670  may be formed larger than the first organic layer  641  and the second organic layer  642 . 
     The encapsulation organic layer  640  includes a plurality of organic layers, i.e., the first organic layer  641  and the second organic layer  642 . 
     The first organic layer  641  is disposed between the first protective layer  670  and the first inorganic layer  621  in the display area DA, and the second organic layer  642  is disposed between the first inorganic layer  621  and the second inorganic layer  622 . 
     The second organic layer  642  may be formed larger than the first organic layer  641 . 
     A blocking member  650  is formed on the interlayer insulating layer  612  of the display area inorganic layer  610  and includes a first blocking member  651 , a second blocking member  652 , and a third blocking member  653 . The first blocking member  651 , the second blocking member  652 , and the third blocking member  653  may block or substantially block an overflow of materials of the first organic layer  641  and the second organic layer  642 . 
     The second blocking member  652  includes a first layer  652   a  and a second layer  652   b . The third blocking member  653  includes a first layer  652   a , a second layer  652   b , and a third layer  652   c.    
     The blocking member  650  may be formed of one or more of various suitable materials. In the present embodiment, the first blocking member  651  may be formed of the same material as the passivation layer  608  or the pixel-defining layer. Also, the first layer  652   a  and the second layer  652   b  of the second blocking member  652  may be formed of the same material as the passivation layer  608  and the pixel-defining layer. 
     Also, each of the first layer  652   a , the second layer  652   b , and the third layer  652   c  of the third blocking member  653  may be formed of the same material as at least one selected from the passivation layer  608  and the pixel-defining layer. 
     A conductive member MUP may be disposed below the first layer  653   a  of the third blocking member  653 . 
     At least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  extends over an edge of the display area inorganic layer  610 . That is, the at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may exceed (e.g., may extend further than or beyond) the edge of the display area inorganic layer  610  and then may contact a top surface of the substrate  601 . 
     In an embodiment, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may exceed (e.g., extend beyond or further than) respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  610  and then may contact the top surface of the substrate  601 . 
     The encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may be formed of one or more of various suitable inorganic materials. 
     In an embodiment, the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may include oxide, nitride, and/or oxynitride. In more detail, the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may include silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiO x N y ). 
     Although not illustrated, the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may include a main area (not shown) and a shadow area (not shown). That is, a structure of  FIG. 3  may be applied to the present embodiment. 
     Also, all edges of the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  may exceed respective edges of the display area inorganic layer  610  and then may be formed on the top surface of the substrate  601 . 
     Although not illustrated, structures of the embodiments of  FIGS. 12 through 28  may be selectively applied to the present embodiment, so that a structure in which at least one edge of the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  is formed in parallel with at least one edge of the display area inorganic layer  610 , a structure in which the encapsulation inorganic layer  620  includes a main area and a shadow area, and/or a structure in which a separate member is further included, is available. 
     According to the one or more of the above embodiments of the present invention, the display apparatus may have improved durability. 
     It should be understood that the exemplary embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. 
     While one or more embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims, and their equivalents.