Patent Publication Number: US-2021166098-A1

Title: Transaction and id cards having selected texture and coloring

Description:
This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/718,596, filed May 21, 2015, which claims priority based on a provisional application titled TRANSACTION AND ID CARDS WITH CONTROLLED COLORING bearing Ser. No. 62/001,706 filed May 22, 2014 whose teachings are incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims priority based on a provisional application titled CERAMIC TRANSACTIONAL AND IDENTIFICATION CARDS WITH CONTROLLED COLORING bearing Ser. No. 62/074,305 filed Nov. 3, 2014 whose teachings are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the manufacture of metal cards having varied coloring and texture. In particular, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for producing transactional and ID cards, or any like document, having a metal layer where the card can be made to have a variety of colors and textures. This invention also relates to cards having a core layer of ceramic material and to metal cards with decorative ceramic layers. 
     It has become desirable to provide metal or ceramic cards for the high end market to impart a sense of wealth and distinction to the card holder. It is also desirable to provide metal cards with different colors and textures to further enhance eye and touch appeal and/or provide a degree of personalization. 
     It is known to use physical vapor deposition (PVD) to color metal transaction cards, but PVD is limited in its color range and is also relatively expensive. PVD is also highly dependent upon the substrate upon which it is being deposited. PVD is a vacuum process with high heat and batch operation that is expensive requiring individual racking and turning of parts for even distribution of color. It also subjects the metal to high temperature which can shrink and warp the metal 
     In some metal cards, printed PVC layers or other polymers are used to decorate the outside of cards. The use of these polymeric layers has undesirable traits such as minimum print thickness, loss of weight in the metal card due to polymeric thickness, and challenges of lamination of dissimilar materials. Use of different thicknesses and compounds can also cause the parts to warp or bow due to uneven shrinkage during platen lamination. 
     It is an object of this invention to overcome these and other problems and to enable the manufacture of metal cards and/or ceramic cards having a wide range of colors and textures. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Cards made in accordance with the invention include a specially treated thin decorative layer attached to either side, or both sides, of a thick core layer of metal, ceramic coated metal or polymer, or solid ceramic material, where the thin decorative layer is designed to provide selected color(s) and/or selected texture(s) to a surface of the cards. Decorative layers for use in practicing the invention include: (a) an anodized metal layer; or (b) a layer of material derived from plant or animal matter (e.g., wood, leather); or (c) an assortment of aggregate binder material (e.g., cement, mortar, epoxies) mixed with laser reactive materials (e.g., finely divided carbon); or (d) a ceramic layer; and (e) a layer of crystal fabric material. The cards may be dual interface smart cards which can be read in a contactless manner and/or via contacts. 
     The manufacture of metal cards in accordance with the invention includes the preparation and treatment of a generally thin decorative layer and attaching the decorative layer to a thick metal substrate; where the thin decorative layer is designed to provide selected color(s) and/or selected texture(s) primarily to the front surface of the metal cards but also to the back of the cards. 
     Where the thin decorative layer is an anodized metal layer, the metal layer is prepared and treated to have a selected color for imparting the coloring to the card. Adding color (colorizing) to metal layers by anodizing is preferable to the PVD process for several reasons. Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal surface into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant. anodic oxide finish. Thus, coloring a metal by anodizing is highly desirable. Aluminum is ideally suited to anodizing. However, other nonferrous metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zinc, niobium, tantalum, or any other metal which can be anodized, can be used to practice the invention. 
     As for aluminum films, for example, the anodic oxide structure originates from the aluminum substrate and is composed entirely of aluminum oxide. This aluminum oxide is not applied to the surface like paint or plating, but is fully integrated with the underlying aluminum substrate, so it cannot chip or peel. It has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as coloring and sealing. 
     Anodizing may be accomplished by immersing the aluminum into an acid electrolyte bath (tank) and passing an electric current through the medium. A cathode is mounted to the inside of the anodizing tank; the aluminum acts as an anode, so that oxygen ions are released from the electrolyte to combine with the aluminum atoms at the surface of the part being anodized. Anodizing is, therefore, a matter of highly controlled oxidation—the enhancement of a naturally occurring phenomenon. Color may be introduced by running the anodized foil through a dye bath of the appropriate (desired) color and then a sealer bath. 
     Using a colorized anodic layer upon a metal layer provides more flexibility and cost savings. Use of printed anodic material to replace polymeric materials overcomes these challenges since the metal is denser than the polymer and does not have the minimum print thickness limitations. This composition and method may be used on all transaction and ID card types including contactless, contact, and dual interface smart cards. 
     In accordance with the invention, the color and/or texture of an anodized layer may be further modified by: (a) dying the anodized layer a single color or multiple colors, or (b) by printed graphics through techniques such as screen printing, sublimation printing, or any digital print system. The anodized metal layer may be further modified through techniques such as laser engraving, mechanical engraving, die cutting, or embossing. The anodized metal layer may be used on the card as a full faced material (i.e., extending the full length and width of the card), as a patch, a stripe, or other decorative design. The anodized metal may be laser marked, or otherwise engraved or marked such that base or noble metals may be electroplated to the anodized surface in a selective pattern or flood coal 
     In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the imparting of color to multilayered metal cards is achieved using at least one anodized colored metal layer and selectively modifying the other layers, which may or may not be colored, to provide a desired artistic and/or functional effect. 
     Where the decorative layer is a layer of material derived from plant matter (e.g., wood) special care must be taken to treat the decorative layer to preserve the original (unique) pattern and texture before and during the attachment of the decorative layer to a metal substrate. Texture as used herein refers to the visual and especially tactile quality of a surface. This includes the feel, touch, appearance and graininess of the surface. 
     Likewise, where the decorative layer is a layer of material derived from animal matter (e.g., leather) special processes were developed to treat the decorative layer to preserve the original (unique) pattern and texture before and during the attachment of the decorative layer to a metal substrate. 
     Also, where the decorative layer is a layer of material derived from an assortment of aggregate binder material (e.g., cement, mortar, epoxies) mixed with laser reactive materials (e.g., finely divided carbon) special arrangements are made to produce cards with top surfaces having desired color and texture. 
     Also, various ceramic materials having selected texture and color may be used to form decorative layers attached to a metal substrate. 
     Thus, the thin decorative layer may be a veneer layer of textured materials which may be natural and/or of a non-metallic nature which are prepared and treated to provide unique and/or selected texture to the card surface. 
     Cards embodying the invention include a thin decorative layer and a thick core layer of metal, ceramic coated metal, ceramic coated polymer, or solid ceramic material. In addition, the cards may include a number of different polymeric layers. Still further, metal cards embodying the invention may include an integrated circuit chip and antennas for enabling RF transmission of signals between the cards and a card reader. These cards are “smart” cards capable of also functioning as contact cards, and/or dual interface (contact and/or contactless). 
     Still further, cards embodying the invention may include a pocket formed in the top surface of the card to enable the placement therein of one or more of the decorative layers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the accompanying drawings, which are not drawn to scale, like reference characters denote like components; and 
         FIG. 1  is a cross sectional diagram of colored layers combined to form a metal card with controlled coloring in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 1A  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating the removal of portions of the top layer of the card shown in  FIG. 1  displaying different colors; 
         FIG. 1B  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating the removal of portions of the two top layers of the card shown in  FIG. 1  displaying still more colors; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional diagram of selected layers used to form a card having metal and polymeric layers embodying the invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross sectional diagram of a dual interface smart card having colored layers and a metal layer and polymeric layers embodying the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is an exploded view of the layers and components of a card of the type shown in  FIG. 3  (except that the adhesive layers have been omitted); 
         FIG. 5  is a cross sectional diagram of a card which includes an embossable layer of thermally set polymer layer attached to an anodized aluminum foil layer; 
         FIG. 5A  is a cross sectional diagram showing a surface embossed card of the type shown in  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of a card having four colored layers to form a card in accordance with the invention: 
         FIG. 6A  is a cross sectional diagram of the card shown in  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 6B  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating that an anodized aluminum layer  14  may be formed having multi-colored levels; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating in  FIGS. 7A through 7E  some of the process steps to form a metal card with a natural wood veneer in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating in  FIGS. 8A through 8D  some of the process steps to form a metal card with a cement veneer in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating in  FIGS. 9A through 9E  some of the process steps to form a metal card with a natural leather veneer in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 10A  is a top view of a pocket formed in the top surface of a metal substrate;  FIG. 10B  is a cross sectional diagram showing a decorative layer attached to the pocket of  FIG. 10A ; 
         FIG. 10C  is cross sectional diagram showing additional layers attached to the bottom surface of the metal substrate; 
         FIG. 10D  is a top isometric view of a metal substrate in which a pocket is formed to position therein a decorative layer which may be, for example, an anodized metal layer or any veneer layers shown, for example, in  FIGS. 7A, 8A or 9A ; 
         FIG. 10E  is a top isometric view of the card of  FIG. 10D  with a decorative layer inserted in the pocket and attached to the metal substrate; 
         FIG. 11  is a highly simplified cross sectional diagram showing decorative layers attached to the top and bottom surfaces of a metal substrate; 
         FIG. 11A through 11C  are cross sectional diagrams showing that the decorative layers attached to the top and bottom surfaces of a metal substrate may be different; 
         FIG. 11D  is a cross sectional diagram showing ceramic and decorative layers attached to the top and bottom surfaces of a metal substrate; 
         FIG. 11E  is a cross-sectional diagram of a metal card with a ceramic decorative layer to which a laser source is applied for modifying the appearance and texture of the card; 
         FIG. 11F  is a cross sectional diagram showing one type of thin decorative layer (anodized aluminum) attached to the top and bottom surfaces of a metal substrate in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross section diagram of a card with an optional polymer layer attached to the bottom side of a decorative layer; 
         FIGS. 12A and 12B  are bottom views of a signature panel and a magnetic stripe attached to the underside of a polymer layer or an anodized aluminum foil; 
         FIG. 13A  is a cross sectional diagram of a card with a colored anodized aluminum foil attached to a metal substrate in accordance with the invention; 
         FIG. 13B  is a diagram illustrating some of the process steps to form the card in accordance with the invention. 
         FIG. 13C  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating the formation of a pattern in the anodized aluminum layer of  FIG. 13A ; 
         FIG. 13D  is a cross sectional diagram illustrating the result of electroplating the pattern formed in the anodized aluminum layer of  FIG. 13A  with a noble metal; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross sectional diagram of a card with a ceramic core and decorative layers; 
         FIG. 14A  is an isometric top view of a pocket formed in a ceramic core layer; and 
         FIG. 14B  is an isometric top view of a decorative layer attached to the pocket of  FIG. 14A . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Metal Cards with at Least One Anodized Layer 
       FIG. 1  shows one embodiment of a metal based transactional card  10  having a number of different colored layers. In  FIG. 1 , card  10  includes a colorized hard-coat top layer  12  overlying an anodized aluminum foil layer  14 . The hard coat layer  12  may be attached to the anodized layer  14  by any known or suitable manner (e.g., by being bonded, sprayed on and cured, attached via an adhesive or carrier layer, or transferred from a carrier sheet). Layer  14  is attached via an adhesive layer  15  to a base metal layer  16 . Layers  12  and  14  are designed to have selected colors which are used to provide the card  10  with a different colored and decorative appearance. The color of layers  12  and  14  may be combined with the color of the base metal layer  16  to provide the card with a still greater range of colors and decorative patterns. 
     In the manufacture of the cards, the thickness of hard coat layer  12  will typically be 2 to 50 microns, the thickness of aluminum foil layer  14  may be in the range of 0.0005 inches to 0.014 inches, and the thickness of metal layer  16  may be in the range of 0.005 inches to 0.032 inches. Note that layer  12  is optional and that layer  14  is primarily intended to provide a decorative (coloring) function. 
     Layer  12  provides a scratch resistance surface and can also provide a colored layer. The hard coat layer  12  may be formed of nano-particles, such as silicate nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, silicon dioxide crystalline nano-particles, or any other suitable nano-particles with a suitable carrier such as a solvent, water based, or UV curable acrylates, vinyls, urethane or the like. The hard coat can be applied by coating techniques such as spraying, gravure, reverse roll, direct roll, or slot coating. 
     The hard coat layer  12  may be applied to a card, or to a subassembly used in forming a card, by means of a special carrier layer. The special carrier enables a release layer and a hard coat layer to be attached to the special carrier layer to form a subassembly which can then be attached and transferred to another subassembly to form an intermediate assembly from which the carrier and release layers can be removed, leaving the hard coat layer as the top and/or bottom layer of the card. The hard coat layer may be clear or colored. Color is added to the hard coat layer by adding pigments or dyes to either the adhesive layer or mixed with the hard coat vehicle itself 
     The second layer  14  is comprised of a colored anodic metal layer which is shown to be attached via an adhesive layer  15  to a base metal layer  16 . The layer  14  could also be bonded and laminated to the underlying layer  16 . The anodized metal layer  14  is shown to be of aluminum. However, the anodized layer  14  may be titanium, zinc, niobium, tantalum or any other metal which can be anodized. In accordance with the invention, an anodized layer may by further modified by: (a) dying the anodized layer a single color or multiple colors, or (b) by printed graphics through techniques such as screen printing, sublimation printing, or any digital print system. The anodized metal layer  14  may be further modified through techniques such as laser engraving, mechanical engraving, die cutting, or embossing. The anodized metal layer may be used on the card as a full faced material (i.e., extending the full length and width of the card), as a patch, a stripe, or other decorative design. 
     Using a colorized anodic layer  14 , instead of a polymer layer, upon a colored metal layer  16  provides more flexibility and cost savings. Use of printed anodic material to replace polymeric materials overcomes the challenges present when using polymers since the metal is denser than the polymer and does not have the minimum print thickness limitations. This composition and method may be used on all transaction and ID card types including contactless, contact, and dual interface smart cards. 
     The base or substrate metal layer  16  used in cards embodying the invention may be any suitable metal, such as stainless steel, bronze, copper, titanium, or any alloy which gives the card most of its body (structure) and weight. 
     The layers  12 ,  14 ,  15 , and  16  may be combined in one or more lamination steps using heat, pressure, and/or UV curing.  FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B  illustrate the construction of a multi layered metal transaction card where essentially the entire body of the card is metal and whose color can be controlled. A signature panel and a magnetic stripe (not shown) could be attached (directly or indirectly via a polymer layer) to the underside of metal layer  15  shown in  FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B  to form a complete transaction card. 
     In  FIGS. 1, 1A and 1B  there is shown a laser  101  for applying a laser beam to a card  10 . The power level of the laser  10  is controlled by a power controller  103 . Controlling the power level of the laser enables the manufacture of cards whose colors can be varied and controlled. The laser can be used to ablate selected portions of the hard coat layer  12  and of the anodized layer  14 . In addition, the laser can be used to change the color of the base metal layer  16  by controlling (varying) the power level and polarization of the laser (e.g., this may be termed a type of diffraction lasering). In this manner the color and texture of each card may be controlled and varied. 
       FIG. 1A  illustrates that a desirable color contrast may be created by selectively laser ablating or engraving the top layer  12 , allowing the 2 nd  layer  14  to show through. This can be achieved with discrete, optimized laser parameters or engraving techniques. 
       FIG. 1B  illustrates that a second set of parameters may be used to remove selected portions of the anodic layer  14 , showing the base metal  16  underneath. This allows for a multi-color gradient on the metal card, which may include the base metal finish itself. This aesthetic look is highly desirable in the marketplace. 
     Note that only a single anodized layer is shown in the drawings. However, more than one (i.e., multiple) anodized suitable metal layers could be used. For example, since there is one anodized layer per piece of Aluminum, multiple aluminum layers could be included. 
     Hybrid Metal—Polymer Cards 
       FIG. 2  is a cross sectional diagram of a card  10  which includes the coloring layers shown in  FIG. 1  and, in addition, includes a polymeric layer  18  which is attached to the underside of metal layer  16  by adhesive layer  17 . The assembly comprised of layers  12 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16 ,  17  and  18  can be laminated to produce a “Hybrid” card comprising a combination of metal layers and at least one polymer layer. The polymer layer  18  may be of any suitable material (e.g., PVC, PC, PET, etc . . . ). The polymer layer  18  may include a magnetic stripe and a signature panel. Alternatively, a magnetic stripe and a signature panel may added subsequently after the cards have been separated from the sheet on which multi cards are being formed. 
     Wireless, Contact or Dual Interface Cards 
       FIG. 3  is a cross sectional diagram of a Hybrid dual interface metallic smart card having coloring layers embodying the invention and  FIG. 4  is an exploded view of the layers and components of a card of the type shown in  FIG. 3  (except that the adhesive layers have been omitted).  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate that cards of selected texture and coloring embodying the invention may be made to include all the components needed to make each card a “smart” card. As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the “smart” cards are made to include an integrated circuit module  109  which includes an integrated circuit (IC)  110  (a semiconductor processor chip or micro chip) and a module antenna  112  for RF (wireless/contactless) transmission. The module  109  and its IC  110  are designed to interface with a reader (not shown). The module  109  and its IC  110  may also include contacts ( 116 ,  118 ) extending to the periphery of the card and along the surface of the card to make contact with a reader. The module  109  and its IC  110  may be used as part of a contactless (wireless) system and/or as a direct contact system and/or as a dual interface (contact and/or contactless) system. In  FIG. 3 , the card  10  includes a ferrite layer  20  attached via adhesive layer  19  to the underside of the metal layer  16 . A booster antenna formed on, or in, layer  22  is located between the ferrite layer  20  and the polymer layer  18 . The ferrite layer  20  is introduced to prevent the metal layer  16  from attenuating incoming and outgoing RF signals thereby enabling RF transmission between a card reader (not shown) and the chip  110 . There is a cut out through the top layers of the card for the module  109  to fit through. The polymer layer  18  may include a magnetic stripe and a signature panel or an additional layer  24  may be attached to layer  18  to provide these functions. With the addition of a colored hard coat layer  12  and the anodized metal layer  14 , “smart” dual interface metallic-hybrid cards formed as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4  can be made to have desired color and texture characteristics and also function as any regular smart hybrid or metal card. 
       FIGS. 5 and 5A  are cross sectional diagrams of a card like the one shown in  FIG. 2  but which, in addition, also includes an embossable copolymer layer  24  (identified in the Figs. as a polyester layer) formed on top of the anodized aluminum film layer  14 . A card  10  may be formed as shown in  FIG. 5  by assembling the layers  12 ,  24 ,  14 ,  16  and  18  and attaching the layers by means of bonding and/or using adhesive layers  15 ,  17 ,  23 . The assembly can then be laminated and embossed by means of embossing and laminating plates  55   a,    55   b  to produce an embossed image on the top layer as shown in  FIG. 5A  or in the other top layers  24  and  14  (layer  12  is optional and may not be used on all cards).  FIGS. 5 and 5A  thus illustrate how the coloring and texture of cards can be controlled and modified by embossing. 
     Alternatively, the embossable layer  24  may be a curable polymer and an adhesive layer subsequently attached. The hard coat layer  12  may be placed on the embossable layer before or after the embossing step. During lamination, the embossing plate  55   a  can be used to emboss a desired image into the co-polyester layer  24  (layer  24  can be any embossable polymer) and also to emboss the anodized metal layer  14  below it. The co-polyester layer  24  (as well as the hard coat layer) provides a scratch resistant layer and the embossing provides a tactile component desirable to the industry. That is, the embossed surface can provide a textured feel to the card. The hard coat layer  12  provides additional protection on top of the polyester and its carrier provides a release from the embossing plate. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view and  FIG. 6A  is a cross sectional diagram of a metal transaction card with which can display four (4) different colors and a variety of graphical and textural features. By way of example, the top layer  12  may be a black colored hard coat layer which can provide a background that is more scratch resistant and less expensive than PVD. A second layer  14  of anodized aluminum attached to layer  12  may be colored pink. A third metal layer  16  attached to layer  14  is colored gray. A fourth layer  161 , typically of thin plastic (but which may also be a metal layer), attached to layer  16  is colored silver. A laser source  101  can be used to produce a textured and a controlled colored card. A first set of laser settings removes selected portion of the hard coat layer  12  revealing the anodized layer beneath. This is pink in the example and may be used for text or graphics. A second laser setting removes portions of the pink anodized aluminum layer  14  to produce gray features of the metal layer  16 . A third laser setting removes portions of the gray metal layer to produce silver colored features of layer  161 . Intermediate gradients may be produced by partially removing each layer. This opens up a variety of artistic and textural possibilities on metal transaction cards not previously possible. 
       FIG. 6B  illustrates that the anodized layer  14  can be formed to contain many different colored sub-layers ( 141 ,  142 ,  143 ,  144 ). That is, layer  14  is a multi-colored layer. During the anodizing process, different colors may be introduced to different sub-segments (sub-layers) of the aluminum layer. The different colors may be displayed by lasering down through the different sub-layers of layer  14  to display the different colored levels. Instead of lasering, the different colors may be displayed by mechanical engraving or other means of material removal. The additional layers may also be colorized hard coat layers solely or in combination with metal layers. 
     As discussed above, cards embodying the invention may be formed as shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6  by first assembling selected polymeric and metals layers and bonding or adhesively attaching them. The various layers are generally laminated at temperatures ranging from 200 F to 500 F under effective pressures of 50 to 500 PSIA. Typically, a first set of optimized laser or mechanical engraving parameters are used to remove the colored, transfer hard coat (e.g.,  12 ) showing the colored, anodized layer beneath. Then, a second set of optimized laser or mechanical engraving parameters are used to remove portions of the colored anodizing layer ( 14 ), revealing the metal beneath. In the case of  FIGS. 6 and 6A  a third set of optimized laser or mechanical engraving parameters may be used to reveal another colored layer ( 161 ). The various layers may be further mechanically engraved through the anodized metal to the main body of the card, typically stainless steel. As a final step in making the cards, cards are cut to size and final processing such as hot stamp is completed. 
     The anodized aluminum layer is thus used as a thin decorative layer (see DLa, DLb in  FIG. 11 ). In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a thin decorative layer includes at least one anodized metal layer to add color and/or texture to a card. The cards may also include additional layers of different colors which may be assembled and laminated with the anodized metal layer to form multi layered cards. The cards may be processed (e.g., by lasering) to produce cards having different colors and texture. A controlled varying laser power device (or any like functional device) may be applied to multi layered cards to remove selected portions of the different layers to alter the color and pattern being displayed and the texture of the card. 
     In the manufacture of cards embodying the invention it has become important for commercial and aesthetic reasons to produce metal cards with certain texture and color and to maintain the texture and color. As already discussed and shown above, metal cards embodying the invention may be formed to include a core metal layer  16  with a decorative layer (e.g.,  14 , or DLa in  FIG. 11 ) above the metal layer  16 . Alternatively, a decorative layer (e.g., DLa, DLb in  FIG. 11 ) may be formed above and below the core metal layer  16 , or only below the core metal layer. 
     Cards with Wood Veneer 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the manufacture of a “textured” metal card having a thin decorative layer which is selected to be an actual wood layer positioned on the top surface of the card. Note that the use of “wood” is by way of example only and is meant to include any material derived from a (living) plant having similar characteristics to wood. The use of a wood layer (or any like material) is aesthetically significant since it has unique properties. That is, the grain and appearance of an actual wood strip is virtually impossible to duplicate and represents a high level of individuality. However, significant problems exist in maintaining the texture and appearance of the actual wood layer used in forming cards. These are overcome in the manufacture of cards in accordance with the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the following procedure or steps may be used:
         1- As shown in  FIG. 7A , a natural wood veneer layer  700  with low lignin content is selected. The use of a wood layer with low lignin content makes it easier to maintain the appearance of the wood layer through the various lamination and processing steps to form a card.   2- Pretreat the wood layer  700  having a top surface  701  and a bottom surface  703 , as shown in  FIG. 7B :
           a- Sand down back surface  703  of wood layer  700  until wood layer has desired thickness. The range of the wood veneer and all the other veneers may range from 0.001 inches to 0.014 inches.   b- Apply an oil film  711 , such as linseed oil, to top surface  701  of wood layer  700 ; the oil layer  711  ensures that the moisture contained in the wood layer and its general appearance is maintained when the wood undergoes lamination. It was found that applying a thin oil film (e.g., of linseed oil) was very significant in maintaining the wood layer in good condition through the lamination process. The oil replaces the water in the wood structure with higher boiling point materials.   
           3- Form an assembly  750 , as shown in  FIG. 7C , which includes the treated wood layer  700  attached to a metal substrate  16  with an adhesive  15   a.  The adhesive layer  15   a  may include an acid modified polyolefin or may be any suitable adhesive. Typically, layer  700  will have a thickness ranging between 0.001 inches 0.014 inches and metal layer  16  will have a thickness ranging between of 0.005 inches and 0.032 inches.   4- Laminate the assembly  750  as shown in  FIG. 7D  using platens  75   a  and  75   b.      5- Note that platens  75   a  and/or  75   b  could also include embossing plates (not shown) to enable the assembly  750  to be embossed and laminated at the same time.   6- Chamfer the wood layer  700  as shown in  FIG. 7E  so as to cut away (a right-angled edge or corner) to make a symmetrical sloping edge and minimizes problems of the edges of the card fraying or peeling back.
 
Cards with Cement Veneer
       

       FIG. 8  illustrates the manufacture of a “textured” metal card having a thin decorative layer which is selected to be a veneer layer  800  of an aggregate binder material. The aggregate binder material may be, for example, cement, mortar, epoxies and glues, mixed with laser reactive materials such as finely divided carbon or commercially available laser additives, In  FIG. 8A , the layer  800  is shown to be a cement layer mixed with carbon material. But, as noted above, the cement may be another of the materials mentioned. The use of a cement layer provides a unique tactile feel. However, significant problems exist in producing cards having certain texture and color and in maintaining the texture and providing images with high level of contrast. These are overcome in the manufacture of these cards in accordance with the invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the following procedure or steps may be used to treat an aggregate binder material (e.g., cement) and enhancing color contrast of the treated cards.
         1- A shown in  FIG. 8A , form a cement layer  800  from a cement mix in which carbon material (e.g., carbon soot) has been added to produce a grayish colored cement layer  800 .   2- Grind down top and or bottom surfaces ( 801 ,  803 ) of layer  800  to produce a layer with desired thickness which typically ranges between 0.001 inches and 0.010 inches.   3- Use laser apparatus  101  to laser the cement layer as shown in  FIG. 8B  to produce a desired pattern (regions  804 ). The laser  101  vaporizes the carbon particles in selected regions producing a white pattern which contrasts to the gray background.   4- The lasered cement layer  800  may then be attached to a metal substrate  16  via a suitable adhesive layer  15   b  to form assembly  850  as shown in  FIG. 8C .   5- Alternatively to step 3 above, the unlasered cement layer  800  may first be attached to the metal substrate  16  and then lasered.   6-  FIG. 8D  illustrates that a layer  800   a  can be formed using an epoxy material mixed with carbon particles. The layer  800   a  can be directly attached to a metal substrate  16 . The layer  800   a  can be subjected to a lasering procedure before it is attached to metal base  16  or after it is so attached. The use of an epoxy material eliminates the need for an additional adhesive layer and provides a very strong bond between the epoxy layer  800   a  and the underlying metal substrate  16 , which may for example be steel or any other suitable metal.
 
Cards with Leather Veneer
       

       FIG. 9  illustrates the manufacture of a “textured” metal card having a thin decorative layer which is selected to be an actual leather veneer layer positioned on the top surface of the card. Note that any like animal derive material may be used instead. As in the case of the “natural” or “actual” wood layer, the use of an actual leather layer is significant since it has many unique properties. That is, the grain and richness of appearance and the pattern displayed by an actual leather layer is virtually impossible to duplicate and represents a high level of personalization. However, significant problems exist in maintaining the texture and appearance of the “natural” leather layer used in forming cards. These are overcome in the manufacture of cards in accordance with the invention.
         Referring to  FIG. 9 , the following procedure or steps may be used to form a card:   1. As shown in  FIG. 9A , there is a selecting step. That is, select a natural leather layer  900  having a natural unique pattern on its top surface  901 .   2. Then there is a leather processing or treatment for preparing the backside  903  of the leather layer  900  so the leather layer has the desirable thickness and the bottom surface is adapted to accept an adhesive. A typical thickness will be in the range of 0.003 to 0.014 inches. Though this can be made thinner and thicker.   3. Then there is an embossing step as s shown in  FIG. 9B . A desired pattern is embossed on the top surface  901  of first (1 st ) leather layer  900 .   4. A highly novel feature employed to laminate the leather layer  900  to an underlying metal substrate  16  also enables the production of a mirror image of the embossed pattern. Of great significance is that the lamination procedure for securing the embossed leather layer  900  to the underlying metal substrate  16  preserves all the fine features of the leather  900  layers as well as the embossed pattern. This is accomplished as follows. An assembly  910  is formed as shown in  FIG. 9C  which includes:
           a- The embossed 1 st  leather layer  900  attached via an adhesive layer  15   c  to a metal substrate layer  16 ; and   b- A blank (un-embossed) leather layer  902  (i.e., 2 nd  leather layer) having its top surface facing the embossed surface  901  of 1 st  leather layer  900  is shown placed between the embossed leather layer  900  and a platen  75   a.  Layer  902  may be like layer  900  or may be any similar leather like material. Layer  902  is selected to have the same or similar texture to layer  900 .   
           5. As shown in  FIG. 9D , the assembly  910  undergoes a lamination step. Due to the proper selection of layers  900  and  902  (and appropriate lamination pressures), the lamination process maintains the features and pattern embossed in 1 st  leather layer  900  intact to produce an assembly or sub assembly  950 , as shown in  FIG. 9E .   6. At the same time the embossed pattern is transferred (as a mirror image) to the top surface  911  of 2 nd  leather layer  902  which can then be used to emboss a subsequent leather layer, or like layer as shown in  FIG. 9E . This is significant in that the “unembossed” leather layers (e.g.,  902 ) becomes the template for the manufacture of a next series of cards; thereby producing continuous generation.
 
Cards with Pocket for Decorative Layers/Patches
       

     The edges of the veneer layers may be subjected to fraying and to peeling. One approach to avoid this problem is to chamfer the edges of the veneer layers as shown in  FIG. 7E . Another approach is to form a pocket  981  in the top surface of metal cards as shown in  FIG. 10 .  FIG. 10A  is a top view of a card with a cut out  981  to form a pocket in the top surface of the card. The pocket may be formed using any known technique. The edges d 1  and d 2  may be in the range of 0.01 to 1.125 inches and may be uneven or form an artistic pattern.  FIG. 10B  is a cross sectional view showing that an anodized aluminum layer  14  or any veneer layer (e.g.,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ) may be attached via a suitable adhesive  15   c  to the top inside surface of the card&#39;s pocket  981  cut out from core metal layer  16 . This arrangement is elegant and protects the edges of the anodized or veneer layers from being frayed, worn, or peeling. 
       FIG. 10C  illustrates that a polymer, aluminum or ceramic layer may be attached to the underside of the metal substrate. 
       FIG. 10D  is an isometric top view of metal layer  16  in which the pocket  981  has been formed. For purpose of illustration the pocket is shown not to be symmetrically located. The pocket  981  may be made a small or large portion of the card surface with regular or irregular borders.  FIG. 10E  illustrates that any decorative layer (DL) may be attached to, or formed within, the pocket  981 . This includes anodized aluminum layers, various veneer layers discussed above as well as any other decorative veneer layers or substance. This includes, by way of example, a presently commercially available product termed Swarovski Elements Crystal Fabric. This material includes a carrier material that is completely covered by millions of tiny cut and round crystals. It is elastic, tear resistant and extremely light. The carrier material features low temperature glue so that is may be applied to a variety of surfaces by low temperature heating. This glue may be replaced with a more aggressive adhesive for harsher environments. 
     In other embodiments of the invention, small pockets of very limited area (e.g., a small portion of the surface area of the card) having virtually any shape can be formed in the card for the inclusion therein of any decorative material. 
     The above is by way of illustration. In general. in accordance with the invention various methods and apparatus have been shown for treating a thin anodized metal layer and/or a selected thin veneer layers for attachment to a thick metal substrate for producing cards having desired color and texture characteristics.
         Metal cards embodying the invention may be formed as shown in  FIG. 11  to include a core metal layer  16  with a decorative layer (DLa) above the metal layer and a decorative layer (DLb) below the metal layer. Each one of the decorative layers DLa and DLb may be: (a) an anodized metal layer, (b) a plant derived material veneer layer, such as wood; (c) an animal derived material veneer layer, such as leather; (d) an aggregate binder material veneer layer, such as cement or epoxy mixed with laser reactive materials; (e) a ceramic layer; or (f) a layer of crystal fabric material. That is, one decorative layer (e.g., DLa) may be any one of the layers identified in a-f, above, and the other decorative layer (e.g., DLb) may be like DLa or a different one of the layers identified in a-f.       

     In  FIG. 11A  a leather layer  900  is attached via an adhesive  15   c  to one side (top surface in the figure) of the metal substrate  16  and an anodized aluminum layer  14  is attached to the other side (bottom surface in the figure) of the metal substrate. In this figure (and in  FIGS. 11B and 11C  below) one type of thin decorative layer (e.g., leather) is attached to the top of a metal substrate and a different thin decorative layer (e.g., anodized aluminum) is attached to the bottom surface of the metal substrate. 
     In  FIG. 11B  a leather layer  900  is attached via an adhesive  15   c  to one side (top surface) of the metal substrate  16  and a ceramic veneer layer  990  is attached to the other side (bottom surface) of the metal substrate. 
     In  FIG. 11C  an anodized aluminum foil  14   a  is attached via an adhesive  15  to one side (top surface) of the metal substrate  16  and a ceramic veneer layer  990  is attached to the other side (bottom surface) of the metal substrate. A signature panel  123  and a magnetic stripe  125  are shown attached to the ceramic layer  990 .
           FIGS. 11B and 11C  illustrate that a decorative veneer layer may be a layer of ceramic material  990 . Ceramic materials have very desirable characteristics because they may be made to have virtually any color and can be attached (bonded) to the metal substrate without using an adhesive. The layer of ceramic material may be applied directly (e.g., sprayed on) to the metal substrate  16  and then baked on or cured to the metal  16 . In addition,  FIGS. 11B and 11C  illustrate that one of the decorative layers may be a veneer layer of one type (leather, anodized aluminum) and the other decorative layer may be of a different type( e.g., ceramic).     FIG. 11D  illustrates that a metal substrate  16  may have a decorative layer DLa and a ceramic layer  990   a  attached to tis top surface and a decorative layer DLb and a ceramic layer  990   b  attached to its bottom surface. Due to the wide range of different color and textures available to the decorative layers and the ceramic layers, cards may be made with a very wide range of coloring and textures.     FIG. 11E  shows a laser source  101  which can be used to laser engrave a decorative ceramic layer  990   a  attached to the top surface of a metal substrate  16  having a like or different decorative layer DLb attached to the bottom surface of layer  16 . the ceramic layer  990   a  also may be modified with mechanical or chemical engraving, inkjet printing, laser marking and other methods known to the art to provide a desired artistic effect.     FIG. 11F  shows a metal substrate  16  with an anodized aluminum foil  14   a  attached to its top surface and an anodized aluminum foil  14   b  attached to its bottom surface. Foils  14   a  and  14   b  may have different colors, thicknesses and shapes.     FIG. 12  is a cross sectional diagram of a metal card showing a structure similar to that of  FIG. 11F . The card has an anodized aluminum layer  14   a  attached via an adhesive  15  to one side (top surface in the figure) of a metal substrate  16  and another anodized aluminum layer  14   b  attached via an adhesive  17  to the other side (bottom surface in the figure) of the metal substrate. Anodized layers  14   a  and  14   b  are decorative layers attached to the metal layer  16 . A polymer layer  121  is shown attached to the bottom side of layer  14   b.  As shown in  FIG. 12A , layer  121  may be a clear polymer layer so that the coloring and decorative features of layer  14   b  can be displayed and seen. A signature panel  123  and a magnetic stripe  125  are formed on the surface of layer  121 .   The use of Layer  121  is optional. As shown in  FIG. 12B , the bottom layer of the card may be layer  14   b  (i.e., no polymer layer is used). In a particular embodiment, Applicants used a thermoset type adhesive to attach a signature panel  123  and a mag stripe  125  directly to the anodized aluminum layer  14   b.        FIG. 13A  illustrates the coloring and decorative features of cards embodying the invention. In  FIG. 13A , the top anodized layer  14   a  has a top region  141  which, by way of example, is colored blue. The thickness of region  141  may range from less than 0.1 microns to more than 5 microns. (However it should be understood that it is subject to a wide variation). Layer  14   a  is attached via adhesive layer  15  to the core metal substrate  16  which in turn is attached via an adhesive  17  to a decorative layer DLb which may be any layer of the type identified as (a) through (f), above.       

     As shown in  FIG. 13B , after the layers shown in  FIG. 13A  are assembled (see box  1041 ), a pattern may be formed by removing selected portions of the anodic material in region  141  (see box  1042 ), leaving the underlying uncolored aluminum foil. That is, the portion of layer  14  or  14   a  below region  141 . The removal of material in region  141  may be done by means of a laser or by any other suitable means. For example, if a laser is used, the laser just removes material in layer  141  until it gets past region  141 , baring the rest of layer  141 . This is illustrated in  FIG. 13C , which shows the pattern limited to removal of selected portions of the blue colored material in region  141 , The lasered assembly can then be subjected to an electroplating process (see box  1043 ), with a metal such as gold or any suitable metal, for electroplating the selected metal on or within the pattern formed in the anodic region  141 . The pattern formed may have the appearance shown in  FIG. 13D . The card may be further processed (completed), as shown in box  1044 , to include any and all additional features to form all types of cards as discussed above. 
     Ceramic Cards 
     
         
         
           
               FIG. 14  illustrates that a card  10   a  can be formed with a ceramic core  131  which can be designed to provide a predetermined color. A decorative layer DLa can be attached to the top side of the ceramic core and/or another decorative layer DLb can be attached to the bottom side of the core layer. The decorative layer DLa may be the same as the decorative layer DLb; but they need not be the same.  FIG. 14A  illustrates that a pocket  981  can be formed within the ceramic layer for the placement therein of a decorative layer (DL) as shown in  FIG. 14B . The decorative layer may be any layer of the type discussed above or any other suitable material. The ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non-metal. Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline. They are formed by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials tend to be strong, stiff, brittle, chemically inert, and non-conductors of heat and electricity. 
           
         
       
    
     It is desirable to use ceramic cards for similar reasons that it is desirable to use metal cards. In the modem transactional card market, it is often desirable to obtain a ‘premium’ feel, look, or tactile feature that may be marketed to an affluent market. These transactional cards may be used as debit cards, credit cards, or pre-paid cards. As part of this premium feel, a card that is heavier than a standard plastic card is often desired, as well as an increased durability of the card body. In order to achieve these desired effects, several card constructions utilizing ceramic components are described herein, including exemplary embodiments in the form of: a solid ceramic card, a card containing ceramic inserts, and a card utilizing a ceramic coating. 
     A solid ceramic card may be created using injection molding to its desired shape followed by sintering to create nominal dimensions of a standard sized card: 3.37″×2.125″×0.03″ (although not limited to any particular size). Pockets may be created in the injection molding process to allow insertion of functional features such as a magnetic stripe, contact or dual interface chip module, a booster antenna for dual interface cards, holograms, signature panel or branding. The ceramic card body may also be created from larger blocks of ceramic and machined to desired size. The ceramic part may also be 3D printed for production. In preferred embodiments, the ceramic may comprise a sintered zirconia dioxide, but may also comprise one or more of the following oxides, without limitation: alumina, beryllia, ceria, ceramide, carbide, boride, nitride or silicide. 
     A solid ceramic card provides functional advantages to existing premium, metal cards in that it does not have to be significantly machined, does not produce electrostatic discharge, and does not interfere with RF radiation for contactless transactions. Aesthetically, the solid ceramic card may be obtained in a variety of colors by adding pigment to the ceramic compound and may be further changed by laser marking, adding desired features such as a laser signature or decorative design feature. Security elements such as through holes, windows, or microtext may also be added via laser, mechanical, or chemical engraving, or by any method known in the field. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 11B, 11C   11 D, and  11 E, transaction cards comprising metal-ceramic composites containing metal and ceramic may also be provided. In one embodiment, ceramic inserts may be placed into metal and metal-plastic cards to create unique features and increase the available color, texture, and laser features on the card while maintaining most of the weight of a metal card. For example, such inserts may be attached by milling a pocket in the core, placing an adhesive in the pocket, and adhering the ceramic insert in the pocket. In another embodiment, the ceramic insert and a milled pocket may respectively be configured such that a press fit holds the ceramic insert in place. In still another embodiment, the core may have one or more tapped holes disposed in the edges thereof such that the core serves as a frame, in which set screws disposed in the tapped holes hold the ceramic insert within the frame. The attachment of ceramic inserts to a core, however, is not limited to any particular method. 
     Metal core cards, with dual and single sided ceramic coatings may also be provided (see  FIGS. 11B, 11C, 11D and 11E ). The metal core may comprise a solid 0.024″ to 0.030″ (but not limited to any particular thickness) metal such as but not limited to metals comprising: brass, steel, nickel, palladium, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum or any other suitable metal or metal alloy known to the art. The metal core may also comprise a composite construction, such as a core containing a first metal 0.001″-0.029″ thick (although not limited to any particular thickness) bonded to a second metal 0.001″-0.029″ thick (although not limited to any particular thickness), or any plurality of layers composing a desired thickness of the card. This composite material may be desired for a specific weight or color that may show when the ceramic is laser marked. Utilizing composite metals may also increase cost efficiency. Metal-plastic composite cards with single and dual sided ceramic coatings may achieve desired manufacturing costs, weights, and artistic effects. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a 0.02″ thick metal core (such as steel) may be bonded to a 0.007″ thick PVC layer on one side with a ceramic coating on the un-bonded surface of the metal core. The ceramic may be applied as a spray coating, which is then thermally, air, or UV cured. After curing, the coating is typically 0.001″-0.003″ thick, depending on the desired look of the coating. These coatings may be produced in a variety of colors. Typically, the coating is composed of ceramic microparticles containing zirconia dioxide, aluminum disilicide, and a curable resin binder suspended in a volatile organic carrier solution, such as a CERAKOTE® ceramic coating, manufactured by or on behalf of NIC Industries, Inc. Once sprayed and cured, the coating provides a unique color and texture to the cards along with an extremely durable finish, typically reaching several thousand Taber abrader cycles. The ceramic coating may be modified with mechanical or chemical engraving, inkjet printing, laser marking and other methods known to the art to provide a desired artistic effect, such as to include a design on the card, such as is shown, for example, in  FIG. 11E . A magnetic stripe, signature panel, branding, hologram and other functional features of the transactional card may be applied directly to the ceramic surface (see  123 ,  125 , in  FIG. 11C ), or a pocket may be created (se  FIG. 10C ), such as by mechanical or laser engraving, to allow such features to bond to the metal core. 
     Thus, an exemplary method for producing an exemplary ceramic card with a metal core may comprise the following steps:
         1. Provide metal core sheet. (Optional—Step of providing the metal core may comprise laminating a metal foil, such as aluminum foil, to one or more surfaces of an inner subcore, in which the subcore may comprise any material, but typically metal or plastic).   2. Add fixturing to metal core, such as adding fixturing holes and fixtures used for holding the sheet in place while the next steps are performed.   3. Create surface features, such as pockets. for example, for holding a booster antenna for use in connection with an RFID chip, which can be disposed below the ceramic layer. Also, pockets in the core may be provided that ultimately result in depressions in the ceramic coating into which later component s (such as the RFID chip) can be attached at the end of processing, to provide for a smooth surface in the final product.   4. Apply surface finish to core (bead blasting, tumbling, brushing, etc.)   5. Coat with ceramic on one or both sides.   6. Laser mark ceramic coated metal sheet with designs or other surface features, and make any other mechanical, chemical, or laser modifications needed to facilitate later attachment of other components. For example, edges of any pockets or depressions may be processed for a better fit of features to be added in a subsequent step or areas where an adhesive is later applied may be roughened for better adhesion.   7. Cut sheet into card blanks, such as using CNC (computer numerical control) machine   8. Apply functional and security features (mag stripe, chip, hologram, etc.) to individual card blanks. As noted above, such features may fit in a pocket created earlier in the process or adhesively attached to an area that has been roughened. The magnetic stripe, however, is preferably applied directly on the ceramic coating, because of the benefits of application onto a surface that is as planar and flat as possible.       

     In the identification card market, which is traditionally composed of composite plastics or polycarbonate, ceramics offers new possibilities to increase card lifespan and making the cards much more challenging to counterfeit. Colored and clear ceramic coatings may be applied to plastic cores to create significantly more durable materials as tested by ISO standard flexibility and wear testing. Additionally, these materials are much harder to counterfeit and allow for unique laser marking properties as well as inclusion of unique phosphors in the ceramic which can shift incident light up or downfield, creating a unique light “watermark” as part of the ID.