Patent Publication Number: US-2015086785-A1

Title: Reinforced polyolefin compositions and related products and methods

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/618,730, filed Mar. 31, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein as if set forth herein in full. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to reinforcing agents for polyolefin polymers, reinforced polyolefin compositions and related products and methods. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers, are used in a variety of applications. One significant application is for use in transportation vehicles, and particularly automobiles, for both internal and external components. For example, polypropylene is a widely used in automobile applications. However, for many applications, polypropylene lacks sufficient rigidity for optimal performance. Reinforcing fillers may be added to help improve flexural properties for enhanced rigidity. Many of these reinforcing fillers have a platy particle morphology (e.g., talc) or fiber-shaped particle morphology with a high aspect ratio (e.g., glass fibers, wollastonite). Talc may require high concentrations to obtain significantly improved flexural properties, which may significantly increase the density of the reinforced polypropylene composition and accordingly also the weight of the transportation vehicle. Fiber-shaped reinforcement fillers may permit the use of lower concentrations to achieve significant improvement in flexural properties, but fiber-shaped materials tend to be more expensive and are not necessarily easy to handle or readily disperse in the polymer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A first aspect of the invention involves reinforced polyolefin composition comprising a polyolefin polymer component and a granular particulate anhydrite reinforcing agent, or filler. The anhydrite reinforcing agent is comprised of granular particles having a small weight average particle size. The reinforcing agent may be used at a low loading, or concentration, to enhance flexural properties (e.g., flexural strength, flexural modulus) for use in a variety of applications. Surprisingly, the anhydrite reinforcing agent provides a reinforcement benefit without significant degradation of notched impact strength. Rather, notched impact strength may also increase with use of the anhydrite reinforcing agent at low loading levels. This is a significant benefit for polyolefin compositions, which may otherwise suffer from low notched impact strength. The granular particulate anhydrite reinforcing agent provides an alternative to the use of fiber reinforcing agents for many applications. 
     A number of feature refinements and additional features are applicable to the first aspect of the invention. These feature refinements and additional features may be used individually or in any combination. As such, each of the following features may be, but are not required to be, used with any other feature or combination of the first aspect. 
     The polyolefin polymer component may be comprised of only a single polyolefin polymer or may comprise a blend of different polyolefin polymers. A polyolefin polymer of the polyolefin polymer component may be a homopolymer or a copolymer. Such a copolymer may be a copolymer including ethylene and propylene repeating units. Such a polyolefin homopolymer may be a polyethylene homopolymer or a polypropylene homopolymer. In preferred implementations the polyolefin component comprises polypropylene homopolymer. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may be in the form of soluble anhydrite, insoluble anhydrite or a combination of soluble and insoluble anhydrite. 
     In preferred implementations, the anhydrite reinforcing agent comprises insoluble anhydrite. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may comprise less than 0.5 weight percent, less than 0.3 weight percent, less than 0.25 weight percent or even less than 0.2 weight percent of water. 
     By granular, it is meant that the anhydrite reinforcing agent is in a particulate form comprising mostly or substantially only particles that are not substantially elongated in shape, in that the particles may have a low aspect ratio (ratio of particle length to diameter). The anhydrite particles may have an aspect ratio of smaller than 3:1, smaller than 2:1 smaller than 1.5:1, smaller than 1.25:1 or approximately 1:1 (no elongation). The granular shape of particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent may result from comminution of anhydrite material, or from comminution or of calcium sulfate dihydrate or hemi-hydrate, which may be a mineral form (e.g., gypsum), that is then calcined to form anhydrite. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a weight-average particle size of at least 0.5 micron, 1 micron, 1.5 microns, 2 microns or 3 microns. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a weight average particle size that is no larger than 20 microns, 15 microns, 12 microns, 10 microns, 8 microns, 6 microns, 5 microns, 4 microns or 3 microns. In some preferred embodiments, the anhydrite reinforcing agent has a weight average particle size in a range of from 2 microns to 10 microns. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a particle size distribution such that at least 90 weight percent of the particles are smaller than 5 times the weight average particle size, 4 times the weight average particle size, 3 times the weight average particle size or 2 times the weight average particle size. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a particle size distribution such that at least 90 weight percent of the particles are larger than 0.2 times the weight average particle size, 0.25 times the weight average particle size, 0.3 times the weight average particle size or 0.4 times the weight average particle size. In some preferred embodiments, the anhydrite reinforcing agent has a particle size distribution such that at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent are no larger than 60 microns, 50 microns, 40 microns, 30 microns, 20 microns, 15 microns, 10 microns, 7 microns, 6 microns or 5 microns. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a particle size distribution such that at least 90 weight percent of the particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent are at least 0.1 micron, 0.25 micron, 0.5 micron, 1 micron or 2 microns. As will be appreciated, a weight average particle size means that 50 percent by weight of the particles are larger and 50 percent by weight of the particles are smaller than that size. Such a size is often referred to as a “D50” particle size. Likewise, a size at which 90 weight percent of the particles are smaller than that size may be referred to as the “D90” size, a size at which 10 weight percent of the particles are smaller than that size may be referred to as the “D10” size. 
     The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a purity of at least 90 percent, at least 95 percent, at least 97 percent, at least 98 percent or at least 99 percent. By having a purity of at least a certain percentage, it is meant that anhydrite makes up at least that weight percentage of the anhydrite reinforcing agent. 
     The anhydrite reinforcing agent may comprise particles that are surface-treated, for example to promote thorough mixing and dispersion of the reinforcing agent particles in the polyolefin component. Such surface-treated particles may be surface-treated with one or more of the following: a silane, aluminate, a titanate, a zirconaluminate and a fatty acid. Surface treatment of such surface-treated particles may include a material covalently coupled with or adhered to (e.g., adsorbed, physically absorbed, chemisorbed) to a surface of the anhydrite particles. Alternatively, the particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent may be not surface-treated, in that the surface of the particles has not been chemically treated to modify anhydrite surface properties. 
     Anhydrite particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent may be substantially nonporous particles. Anhydrite particles of the anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a specific gravity that is substantially that of pure anhydrite. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a bulk density of at least 0.2 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.3 gram per cubic centimeter or 0.4 gram per cubic centimeter. The anhydrite reinforcing agent may have a bulk density of not more than 1 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.9 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.8 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.7 gram per cubic centimeter or 0.6 gram per cubic centimeter. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may comprise the anhydrite reinforcing agent in an amount in a range having a lower limit of 1.5 weight percent, 2 weight percent, 2.5 weight percent, 3 weight percent or 4 weight percent weight percent and an upper limit of 17 weight percent, 15 weight percent, 12 weight percent, 10 weight percent, 7.5 weight percent, 6 weight percent or 5 weight percent. For some preferred embodiments, the anhydrite reinforcing agent is present in an amount of from 2.5 to 7.5 weight percent of the reinforced polyolefin composition. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may comprise the polyolefin polymer component in an amount of at least 80 weight percent, 85 weight percent, 90 weight percent, 93 weight percent, 95 weight percent or 97 weight percent. The reinforced polyolefin composition may comprise the polyolefin polymer component in an amount of not more than 98 weight percent, 97 weight percent or 95 weight percent. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may include one or more minor components in addition to the polyolefin polymer component and the anhydrite reinforcing agent. Such a minor component may include, for example, a pigment, processing aid or stabilizer. The total of all components in the reinforced polyolefin composition other than the polyolefin polymer component and the anhydrite reinforcing agent may be present in an amount of no more than 10 weight percent, 5 weight percent, 3 weight percent or 2 weight percent. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a flexural strength (e.g., per ASTM D790) of at least 6000 psi, at least 6100 psi, at least 6200 psi, at least 6300 psi, at least 6500 psi or at least 6700 psi. The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a flexural strength of (e.g., per ASTM D790) of at least 10%, 15%, 20% or 25% larger than the flexural strength of a comparison composition that is the same as the reinforced polyolefin composition except without the anhydrite reinforcing agent. The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a flexural modulus, tangent, (e.g., per ASTM D790) of at least 220 kpsi, 225 kpsi, 230 kpsi, 250 kpsi, 275 kpsi or 300 kpsi. The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a flexural modulus, tangent (e.g., per ASTM D790) of at least 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% or 35% greater than the flexural modulus, tangent of a comparison composition that is the same as the reinforced polyolefin composition except without the anhydrite reinforcing agent. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a notched Izod impact strength (e.g., per ASTMcD256) of at least 0.5, at least 0.52, at least 0.54 or at least 0.57 ft-lb/in. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a heat deflection temperature (e.g., per ASTMD 648) at 66 psi of at least 58° C., at least 59° C., at least 60° C., at least 63° C., at least 65° C. or at least 70° C.; and at 264 psi of at least 95° C., at least 97° C., at least 100° C., at least 105° C., at least 110° C. or at least 115° C. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a specific gravity of smaller than 1.015 grams per cubic centimeter, 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter, 1 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.97 gram per cubic centimeter, 0.94 gram per cubic centimeter or 0.925 gram per cubic centimeter. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may have a melt flow index in grams per 10 minutes (e.g., per ASTM D1238, 230° C., 2.16 kilogram) of less than 20, less than 15, less than 13 or less than 12. The reinforced polyolefin composition may have such a melt flow index that is no more than 25 percent, no more than 20 percent, no more than 15 percent, or no more than 10 percent greater than a melt flow index of a comparison composition that is the same as the reinforced polyolefin composition except excluding the reinforcing agent. 
     The reinforced polyolefin composition may be in the form of a product. The product may be a product for use in a transportation vehicle. The transportation vehicle may be a wheeled transportation vehicle, such as an automobile (e.g., passenger automobile, bus, truck) or a rail vehicle (e.g., a train). The transportation vehicle may be an aviation vehicle (e.g., airplane, helicopter). The product may be an interior component of such a transportation vehicle or may be an exterior component of such a transportation vehicle. The product form may be a bumper cover, or portion thereof, for a wheeled transportation vehicle. The product form may be a dashboard, or a portion thereof, for a transportation vehicle. 
     A second aspect of the invention involves a product comprising the reinforced polyolefin composition of the first aspect of the invention. 
     A number of feature refinements and additional feature are applicable to the second aspect of the invention. These feature refinements and additional features may be used individually or in any combination. As such, each of the following features may be, but are not required to be used with any feature combination of the second aspect. 
     The product may be any of the product forms described with respect to the first aspect of the invention. The product may be an injection molded product. 
     A third aspect of the invention involves a method for making a product comprising the reinforced polyolefin composition of the first aspect of the invention. The method or use comprises injection molding the reinforced polyolefin composition into a desired product form. 
     A fourth aspect of the invention involves use of reinforced polyolefin composition of the first aspect of the invention to manufacture an injection-molded part for a transportation vehicle. 
     A number of feature refinements and additional features are applicable to the third and fourth aspects of the invention. These feature refinements and additional features may be used individually or in any combination. As such, each of the following features may be but are not required to be used with any other feature or combination of the third or fourth aspects. 
     The product may be as described with respect to the first aspect or the second aspect of the invention. 
     A fifth aspect of the invention provides a granular particulate anhydrite reinforcing agent product. The granular particulate anhydrite reinforcing agent product may be as described with respect to the granular anhydrite reinforcing agent of the first aspect of the invention. 
     Additional aspects and additional features and feature refinements that may be used with any of the aspects of the invention are provided within the discussion below. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Anhydrite, or anhydrous calcium sulfate, may be prepared by calcination of calcium sulfate dihydrate (e.g., gypsum) or calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate to drive off bound water. “Soluble” anhydrite refers to anhydrite that will readily take up water when exposed to moisture and “insoluble” anhydrite refers to anhydrite that will not take up significant water when exposed to moisture. Preparing insoluble anhydrite generally requires significantly higher calcination temperatures than required to prepare soluble anhydrite. Insoluble anhydrite also sometimes referred to as “dead burned” anhydrite. 
     As used herein, “particulate” and “particulate form” mean that a material is in the form of a batch of particles, regardless of whether the batch of particles is separate from other materials or is intimately mixed with other materials (e.g., particulate reinforcing agent mixed with a polyolefin polymer component). 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the granular particulate anhydrite reinforcing agent of a fine particle size may be advantageously used to prepare reinforced polyolefin compositions with significant improvement in mechanical properties, and especially flexural properties, at a low loading (concentration) of the reinforcing agent. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Some aspects of the present invention are further described in the following examples that are intended as illustrations only. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages and ratios reported in the following examples are on a weight basis. 
     Five different sample calcium sulfate powders are tested for use as a reinforcing agent in polypropylene. The powders tested as sample reinforcing agents are summarized in Table 1. 
                             TABLE 1               Sample               Reinforcing Agent   Powder Particulate Type   Calcium Sulfate Form                  WA   Commercially available whisker product   Hydrated between hemi-           with high aspect ratio calcium sulfate   hydrate and anhydrite,           whiskers (fibers) on the order of tens of   initially containing about 3%           microns or more in length, also   water           including some larger chunks           WB   Whisker product of WA after calcining   Hydrated between hemi-           for 3 hours at 110° C.   hydrate and anhydrite, with               lower water content than WA       WC   Whisker product of WA after calcining   Soluble anhydrite           for 3 hours at 210° C.           WD   Whisker product of WA after calcining   Insoluble anhydrite           for 3 hours at 650° C.           G   Granular powder with D50 of about 12   Insoluble anhydrite           microns, D10 of about 3 microns and               D90 of about 52 microns (by laser               analysis), obtained by comminuting               high-purity mineral gypsum and then               calcining the comminuted powder to               insoluble anhydrite form                    
Materials, other than the sample reinforcing agents, are as follows:
         Polypropylene—Profax 6301 (Equister) Homopolymer flakes, 12 MFR;   B225—BASF Anti-oxidant Iraganox 1010 and heat stabilizer Irgafos 168;   Zinc stearate—Acid neutralizer;   Calcium stearate—Acid neutralizer; and   MD 1024—metal deactivator (BASF, Ciba Geigy).       

     Example 1 
     Test formulations of reinforced polypropylene are prepared. To prepare each test formulation, 0.15% B225, 0.1% zinc stearate and 0.15% MD 1024 are dry blended with polypropylene flakes. Sample reinforcing agent is blended with polypropylene flakes in a dry blender prior to compounding. Sample WA is pre-dried at 100 C for 16 hours prior to compounding and the other powders are not subjected to additional drying. The dry blends of are melt mixed using 40:1 L/D, 25 mm OD, ZE-25 co-rotating twin screw extruder. The dry blends are fed at the main feed port with feeder auger speed adjusted to 125 rpm to get 3 kg/hour rate with screw speed of 350 rpm. The barrel temperatures are set to: Feeder-360-375-390-410-410-420-420° F. Strands are air cooled and pelletized. ASTM test specimens are molded using Battenfeld 30 T machine at 375-390-410° F. with 60 psi back pressure, 250 rpm screw speed, 1500 psi injection pressure, and 20 seconds cooling time. A control formulation with polypropylene and the same amount of stabilizers, but without a sample reinforcing agent, is also melt mixed using a twin screw extruder prior to molding test specimens. In addition to the control formulation, various test formulations are prepared with approximately 5%, 20% or 40% loading of WA, WB, WC, WD or G sample reinforcing agents. 
     Molded samples are conditioned at 23° C. for 18 hours prior to testing. The following tests are conducted on molded samples:
         (1) Melt flow rate (MFR)—ASTM D 1238—230° C., 2160 gm weight, 5 minute preheat;   (2) Density—ASTM D 792—23° C.;   (3) Tensile modulus, % elongation strength—ASTM D 638, Type IV bars, 2 ipm speed;       

     (4) Flexural strength and modulus—ASTM D 790—125 mil thick bars, 0.5 ipm, 23° C.;
         (5) Notched Izod Impact strength—ASTM D 256, 7.5 J hammer, 125 mil thick samples;   (6) Unnotched Izod Impact strength—ASTM D 256, 7.5 J hammer, 124 mil thick sample;   (7) Gardner Impact strength—ASTM 5628, 2 lb hammer, ½″ D tup-125 mil thick discs;   (8) heat distortion temperature (HDT), ASTM D 648, 2° C./minute, 100 mm span, 66 psi and 264 psi fiber stress, 125-250 mil thick samples;   (9) Ash test, 850° C., 30 minutes in air; and   (10) Extrusion of films to check for dispersion.       

     The following tests are conducted on the sample reinforcing agents only:
         (1) Bulk density; and   (2) Color L*a*b*C and brightness of CSW samples.       

     Results are summarized in Tables 2-5. All but sample reinforcing agent G had very low bulk density. 
     During film extrusion at 190° C., some volatiles fumes were coming off for all but formulations with sample G. The MFR of test compositions did not increase significantly even when the sample reinforcing agent loading was increased from 5 to 40 w/w. Normally MFR will decrease with addition of filler. Extruded films did not show any visible sign of aggregates. However, there seems to be water or volatiles in compounds. 
     Remarkably, the test formulations containing 5% of the granular sample G performed generally as well as or better than test formulations containing 5% of the whisker samples WA, WB, WC or WD. In particular the 5% G test formulation showed a higher flexural modulus, 1%, and a higher flexural strength than the any of the other 5% samples, including WD. This would be unexpected for a granular material as compared to a fiber, or whisker, material. 
     The densities reported for the 40% WC and 40% WD test formulations appear larger than expected and may have problems. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample Reinforcing Agent Measured Properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 WA 
                 WB 
                 WC 
                 WD 
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Bulk density, 
                 0.358 
                 0.327 
                 0.326 
                 0.401 
                 0.605 
               
               
                 untapped g/cc 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 a 
                 0.23 
                 0.16 
                 0.21 
                 0.49 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 b 
                 0.97 
                 0.92 
                 0.85 
                 1.09 
                 0.42 
               
               
                 L 
                 96.54 
                 96.04 
                 95.22 
                 96.53 
                 96.93 
               
               
                 Berge Brightness 
                 85.78 
                 85.04 
                 83.39 
                 84.58 
                 89.65 
               
               
                 ASTM E 313 
                 2.01 
                 1.87 
                 1.79 
                 2.44 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 Yellowness 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Control And 5%Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                   
                 ASTM 
                   
                   
                 5% 
                 5% 
                 5% 
                   
               
               
                 Samples 
                 Property 
                 Test 
                   
                 Control 
                 WA 
                 WB 
                 WD 
                 5% G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 Ash , 850 C., 30 minutes 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 0 
                 5.7 
                 6 
                 6.1 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 0 
                 5.9 
                 4.6 
                 6.2 
                 4.9 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 0 
                 5.8 
                 5.3 
                 6.15 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Shore D Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 75 +/− 2  
                 73 +/− 1 
                 74 +/− 1 
                 74 +/− 1 
                 74 +/− 1 
               
               
                   
                 Barcol Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 45 
                 47 
                 47 
                 53 
                 53 
               
               
                 5 
                 Specific Gravity, g/cc, 23 
                 D792 
                 g/cc 
                 0.903 
                 0.939 
                 0.939 
                 0.945 
                 0.938 
               
               
                   
                 C. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 MFR, 230 C., 2160 gms 
                 D1238 
                 g/10′ 
                 11 
                 10.22 
                 10.6 
                 11 
                 11 
               
               
                 5 
                 Tensile Strength, 23 C., 2 
                 D638 
                 psi 
                 4679 
                 4617 
                 4665 
                 4632 
                 4724 
               
               
                   
                 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ yield, 23 C., 2 ipm  
                 D638 
                 % 
                 12 
                 12 
                 11 
                 12 
                 11 
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ break, 23 C., 2 
                 D638 
                 % 
                 80 
                 46 
                 31 
                 53 
                 27 
               
               
                   
                 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 0.5 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 178 
                 187 
                 194 
                 209 
                 211 
               
               
                   
                 ipm, 0.5-5 lb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 5-10 lb 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 155 
                 174 
                 178 
                 177 
                 190 
               
               
                 5 
                 1% Secant modulus 
                 D638 
                 Kpsi 
                 87 
                 80 
                 91 
                 84 
                 87 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Mod, Tangent, Kpsi, 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 188 
                 202 
                 245 
                 271 
                 265 
               
               
                   
                 0.025-0.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex modulus, 1%, Kpsi 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 187 
                 198 
                 236 
                 256 
                 263 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Strength, psi 
                 D790 
                 psi 
                 5420 
                 5591 
                 6203 
                 6517 
                 6900 
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 13.46 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 Avg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 3.44 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 sdt. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft- 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/in 
                 0.4 
                 0.46 
                 0.37 
                 0.6 
                 0.44 
               
               
                   
                 lb/in, mean 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft- 
                 D256 
                 ft-ln/in 
                 0.05 
                 0.048 
                 0.05 
                 0.081 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 lb/in, std. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched impact break 
                 D256 
                 CB/HB/PB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
               
               
                   
                 mode 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Gardener Drop Impact 
                 D5420 
                 lb-inch 
                 72 
                 12 
                 12 
                 11 
                 18 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 66 psi 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 59 
                 61 
                 77.3 
                 61.6 
                 67.1 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 55 
                 64.6 
                 73.1 
                 70 
                 67 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 57 
                 62.8 
                 75.2 
                 65.8 
                 67.05 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 264 psi, 13 mm × 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 101.2 
                 108.6 
                 109.1 
                 102.5 
                 87 
               
               
                   
                 6.25 mm × 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 103 
                 109 
                 113.2 
                 124 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 102.1 
                 108.8 
                 111.15 
                 113.25 
                 84 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 20% Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                   
                 ASTM 
                   
                 Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Samples 
                 Property 
                 Test 
                   
                 20% WB 
                 20% WD 
                 20% G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 Ash , 850 C., 30 minutes 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 18.2 
                 19.6 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 18 
                 19.1 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 18.1 
                 19.35 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                 Shore D Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 75 +/− 1 
                 75 +/− 1 
                 76 +/− 1 
               
               
                   
                 Barcol Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 52 
                 54 
                 55 
               
               
                 5 
                 Specific Gravity, g/cc, 23 C. 
                 D792 
                 g/cc 
                 1.03 
                 1.045 
                 1.029 
               
               
                 5 
                 MFR, 230 C, 2160 gms 
                 D1238 
                 g/10′ 
                 12.6 
                 11 
                 10 
               
               
                 5 
                 Tensile Strength, 23 C., 2 ipm 
                 D638 
                 psi 
                 4452 
                 4638 
                 4547 
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ yield, 23 C., 2 ipm 
                 D638 
                 % 
                 10 
                 8.6 
                 9.4 
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ break, 23 C., 2 ipm 
                 D638 
                 % 
                 21 
                 18 
                 18 
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 0.5 ipm, 0.5- 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 248 
                 331 
                 218 
               
               
                   
                 5 lb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 5-10 lb 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 216 
                 270 
                 210 
               
               
                 5 
                 1% Secant modulus 
                 D638 
                 Kpsi 
                 93 
                 91 
                 85 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Mod, Tangent, Kpsi, 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 388 
                 441 
                 346 
               
               
                   
                 0.025-0.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex modulus, 1%, Kpsi 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 343 
                 389 
                 333 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Strength, psi 
                 D790 
                 psi 
                 7339 
                 7893 
                 7663 
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, Avg 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 11.51 
                 10.85 
                 14.13 
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 1.01 
                 1.84 
                 1.56 
               
               
                   
                 sdt. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft-lb/in, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/in 
                 0.48 
                 0.41 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                 mean 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft-lb/in, 
                 D256 
                 ft-ln/in 
                 0.06 
                 0.054 
                 0.159 
               
               
                   
                 std. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched impact break mode 
                 D256 
                 CB/HB/ 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 PB 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Gardener Drop Impact 
                 D5420 
                 lb-inch 
                 10 
                 12 
                 17 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 66 psi 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 66 
                 72.6 
                 62.5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 66 
                 73 
                 59.1 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 66 
                 72.8 
                 60.8 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 264 psi, 13 mm × 6.25 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 137 
                 127.2 
                 128 
               
               
                   
                 mm × 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 84 
                 136 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 110.5 
                 131.6 
                 129 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Control And 40% Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. 
                   
                 ASTM 
                   
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
                 40% 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 Property 
                 Test 
                   
                 WB 
                 WC 
                 WD 
                 G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 Ash, 850 C, 30 minutes 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 37 
                 37.4 
                 37.3 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 37 
                 36.9 
                 36.9 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 37 
                 37.15 
                 37.1 
                 38 
               
               
                   
                 Shore D Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 77 
                 77 
                 77 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                 Barcol Hardness 
                   
                 23 C. 
                 59 
                 61 
                 59 
                 59 
               
               
                 5 
                 Specific Gravity, g/cc, 23 
                 D792 
                 g/cc 
                 1.21 
                 1.25 
                 1.259 
                 1.204 
               
               
                   
                 C. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 MFR, 230 C., 2160 gms 
                 D1238 
                 g/10′ 
                 12.6 
                 13.2 
                 12.9 
                 9 
               
               
                 5 
                 Tensile Strength, 23 C., 2 
                 D638 
                 psi 
                 4145 
                 4274 
                 4249 
                 4266 
               
               
                   
                 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ yield, 23 C., 2 ipm  
                 D638 
                 % 
                 7 
                 6 
                 5 
                 5 
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ break, 23 C., 2 
                 D638 
                 % 
                 16 
                 13 
                 11 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 0.5 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 NA 
                 448 
                 407 
                 291 
               
               
                   
                 ipm, 0.5-5 lb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 5-10 lb 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 340 
                 348 
                 361 
                 268 
               
               
                 5 
                 1% Secant modulus 
                 D638 
                 Kpsi 
                 95 
                 160 
                 271 
                 203 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Mod, Tangent, Kpsi, 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 558 
                 617 
                 704 
                 453 
               
               
                   
                 0.025-0.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex modulus, 1%, Kpsi 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 467 
                 505 
                 542 
                 418 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Strength, psi 
                 D790 
                 psi 
                 7952 
                 8014 
                 8535 
                 7983 
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 5.73 
                 5.44 
                 5.88 
                 6.74 
               
               
                   
                 Avg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact, 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc  
                 0.42 
                 0.53 
                 0.156 
                 1.55 
               
               
                   
                 sdt. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft- 
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/in 
                 0.29 
                 0.28 
                 0.29 
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 lb/in, mean 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact ft- 
                 D256 
                 ft-ln/in 
                 0.129 
                 0.137 
                 0.137 
                 0.154 
               
               
                   
                 lb/in, std. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched impact break 
                 D256 
                 CB/HB/P 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
               
               
                   
                 mode 
                   
                 B 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Gardener Drop Impact 
                 D5420 
                 lb-inch 
                 12 
                 10 
                 12 
                 9 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 66 psi 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 104.3 
                 98 
                 95.4 
                 85.3 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 107.6 
                 103.6 
                 106 
                 81 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 105.95 
                 100.8 
                 100.7 
                 83.15 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 264 psi, 13 mm × 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 143.2 
                 142.3 
                 140.8 
                 136 
               
               
                   
                 6.25 mm × 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 139.8 
                 141.7 
                 141 
                 140.6 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 C. 
                 141.5 
                 142 
                 140.9 
                 138.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Test formulations of reinforced polypropylene are prepared in a manner similar to Example 1. In each formulation, 0.45% B225, 0.25% calcium stearate and 0.45% MD 1024 are dry blended with polypropylene flakes. Sample reinforcing agent is blended with polypropylene flakes in a dry blender and then compounded, extruded and tested in a manner similar to Example 1. Test formulations are prepared with approximately 2.5%, 5%, and 15% of WD or G sample reinforcing agent powder. Results are summarized in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 No. 
                   
                 ASTM 
                   
                 Test Formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Samples 
                 Property 
                 Test 
                   
                 2.5% WD 
                 5% WD 
                 10% WD 
                 15% WD 
                 2.5% G 
                 5% G 
                 10% G 
                 15% G 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2 
                 Ash , 850 C., 30 minutes 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 6.1 
                 9.9 
                 15.4 
                 2.42 
                 5.1 
                 10.99 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 Residue % 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 6.2 
                 10.21 
                 15.54 
                 2.98 
                 4.9 
                 10.01 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 Average 
                   
                   
                 3 
                 6.15 
                 10.055 
                 15.47 
                 2.7 
                 5 
                 10.5 
                 14 
               
               
                   
                 Shore D Hardness 
                   
                 23° C. 
                 72 +/− 2 
                 74 +/− 1 
                 75 +/− 1 
                 75 +/− 1 
                 70 
                 74 +/− 1 
                 75 +/− 1 
                 76 +/− 1 
               
               
                   
                 Barcol Hadrness 
                   
                 23° C. 
                 48 
                 52 
                 52 
                 52 
                 48 
                 53 
                 52 
                 52 
               
               
                 5 
                 Specific Gravity, g/cc,  
                 D792 
                 g/cc 
                 0.92 
                 0.937 
                 0.967 
                 0.997 
                 0.922 
                 0.938 
                 0.968 
                 1.011 
               
               
                   
                 23 C. 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 MFR, 230 C, 2160 gms 
                 D1238 
                 g/10&#39; 
                 11.4 
                 13 
                 13 
                 12.6 
                 11.5 
                 11.6 
                 11.6 
                 12 
               
               
                 5 
                 Tensile Strength, 23 C.,  
                 D638 
                 psi 
                 4854 
                 4846 
                 4879 
                 4988 
                 4815 
                 4893 
                 4854 
                 4609 
               
               
                   
                 2 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ yield,23 C.,  
                 D638 
                 % 
                 11 
                 11 
                 10 
                 9 
                 12 
                 12 
                 10 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 2 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 % el @ break, 23 C.,  
                 D638 
                 % 
                 94-350 
                 82-363 
                 60-130 
                 24 
                 88-536 
                 72-500 
                 48-190 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                 2 ipm 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus,  
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 175 
                 187 
                 203 
                 223 
                 175 
                 181 
                 192 
                 196 
               
               
                   
                 0.5 ipm, 0.5-5 lb 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Tensile Modulus, 5-10 lb 
                 D638 
                 kpsi 
                 162 
                 172 
                 193 
                 228 
                 167 
                 183 
                 185 
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 1% Secant modulus 
                 D638 
                 Kpsi 
                 109 
                 116 
                 120 
                 130 
                 111 
                 112 
                 116 
                 130 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Mod, Tangent,  
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 227 
                 233 
                 283 
                 317 
                 223 
                 241 
                 249 
                 258 
               
               
                   
                 Kpsi, 0.025-0.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex modulus, 1%, Kpsi 
                 D790 
                 Kpsi 
                 223 
                 225 
                 277 
                 297 
                 218 
                 235 
                 242 
                 252 
               
               
                 5 
                 Flex Strength, psi 
                 D790 
                 psi 
                 6182 
                 6370 
                 6552 
                 7057 
                 6097 
                 6370 
                 6514 
                 6664 
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact,  
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 NB 
                 13.45 
                 11.74 
                 12.56 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 14 
                 11.4 
               
               
                   
                 Avg 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Unnotched Izod Impact,  
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/inc 
                 NB 
                 1.22 
                 2.68 
                 1.29 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 1.52 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 sdt. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact  
                 D256 
                 ft-lb/in 
                 0.53 
                 0.6 
                 0.55 
                 0.53 
                 0.52 
                 0.57 
                 0.55 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
                 ft-lb/in, mean 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched Izod impact  
                 D256 
                 ft-ln/in 
                 0.073 
                 0.05 
                 0.024 
                 0.018 
                 0.025 
                 0.061 
                 0.032 
                 0.074 
               
               
                   
                 ft-lb/in, std. dev 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Notched impact break  
                 D256 
                 CB/HB/ 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
                 CB 
               
               
                   
                 mode 
                   
                 PB 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Gardener Drop Impact 
                 D5420 
                 lb-inch 
                 30 
                 NA 
                 14 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 18 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 66 psi 
                 D648 
                 ° C. 
                 64.8 
                 64.7 
                 72 
                 83.5 
                 59.5 
                 66 
                 62.4 
                 71.2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 66.7 
                 65.3 
                 72 
                 82.7 
                 60.2 
                 66 
                 65.3 
                 73.3 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 ° C. 
                 65.75 
                 65 
                 72 
                 83.1 
                 59.85 
                 66 
                 63.85 
                 72.25 
               
               
                 2 
                 HDT, 264 psi, 13 mm ×  
                 D648 
                 ° C. 
                 113.9 
                 109.6 
                 128.9 
                 132.4 
                 97.5 
                 108 
                 111.9 
                 116 
               
               
                   
                 6.25 mm × 100 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 113.4 
                 105.9 
                 131.3 
                 128.2 
                 97.9 
                 113.8 
                 113.2 
                 118 
               
               
                   
                 Average of two 
                 D648 
                 ° C. 
                 113.65 
                 107.75 
                 130.1 
                 130.3 
                 97.7 
                 110.9 
                 112.55 
                 117 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 6, the G samples perform generally as well as the WD samples at the lower concentrations, with performance particularly good at 5% loading. The WD samples at 15% loading are starting to diverge to a greater degree, and as shown in Example 1 at loadings of 20% and higher the unnotched Izod impact strength of G formulations drops significantly. The high performance of the test formulations with a low loading of sample granular reinforcing agent G relative to corresponding test formulations with whisker-containing sample reinforcing agent WD is remarkable, especially at concentrations of less than 15%, with performance for 2.5% and 5% G formulations being especially good relative to the WD formulations. 
     The foregoing discussion of the invention and different aspects thereof has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to only the form or forms specifically disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and the skill or knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present invention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further intended to explain best modes known for practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in such, or other, embodiments and with various modifications required by the particular applications or uses of the present invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted by the prior art. Although the description of the invention has included description of one or more possible implementations and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter. Furthermore, any feature described or claimed with respect to any disclosed aspect, embodiment or implementation may be combined in any combination with one or more of any other features of any other aspect, embodiment or implementation to the extent that the features are not necessarily technically incompatible, and all such combinations are within the scope of the present invention. 
     The terms “comprising”, “containing”, “including” and “having”, and grammatical variations of those terms, are intended to be inclusive and nonlimiting in that the use of such terms indicates the presence of some condition or feature, but not to the exclusion of the presence also of any other condition or feature. The use of the terms “comprising”, “containing”, “including” and “having”, and grammatical variations of those terms in referring to the presence of one or more components, subcomponents or materials, also include and is intended to disclose the more specific embodiments in which the term “comprising”, “containing”, “including” or “having” (or the variation of such term) as the case may be, is replaced by any of the narrower terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of” or “consisting of only” (or the appropriate grammatical variation of such narrower terms). For example, a statement that some thing “comprises” a stated element or elements is also intended to include and disclose the more specific narrower embodiments of the thing “consisting essentially of” the stated element or elements, and the thing “consisting of” the stated element or elements. Examples of various features have been provided for purposes of illustration, and the terms “example”, “for example” and the like indicate illustrative examples that are not limiting and are not to be construed or interpreted as limiting a feature or features to any particular example. The term “at least” followed by a number (e.g., “at least one”) means that number or more than that number. The term at “at least a portion” means all or a portion that is less than all. The term “at least a part” means all or a part that is less than all. All concentrations disclosed herein are on a weight basis unless otherwise stated or otherwise apparent from the context.