Patent Publication Number: US-5254299-A

Title: Method of improving melt spinning of linear ethylene polymers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 428,280, filed Oct. 27, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,686 which itself is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/339,335, filed Apr. 17. 1989, now U.S. Pat. 4,990,204 which itself is a continuation-in-part of Application Ser. No. 07/114,169, filed Oct. 27, 1987, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,922. All of the above applications and patents are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a method of improving the melt spinnability of linear polyethylene. More particularly, the invention relates to using high shear tortuous path filtration media when melt spinning linear polyethylene prior to extrusion through a spinneret. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Thermoplastic polymers, e.g., polyester and polypropylene, are known to be able to be melt extruded into monofilament and strand of denier greater than 15 denier per filament (dpf), especially greater than 30 dpf. 
     Convenient references which relate to fibers and filaments, including those of man-made thermoplastics, and incorporated herein by reference, are, for example: 
     (a) Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Interscience, New York, Vol. 6 (1967) pp. 505-555 and Vol. 9 (1968) pp. 403-440. 
     (b) Man-Made Fiber and Textile Dictionary, published by Celanese Corporation: 
     (c) Fundamentals of Fibre Formation--The Science of Fibre Spinning and Drawing, by Andrzij Ziabicki, published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, London/New York, 1976: 
     (d) Man-Made Fibres, by R. W. Moncrieff, published by John Wiley &amp; Sons. London/New York, 1975: 
     (e) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 16 for &#34;Olefin Fibers&#34; published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 1981, 3rd Edition. 
     In conformity with commonly accepted vernacular or jargon of the fiber and filament industry, the following definitions apply to the terms used in this disclosure: 
     A &#34;monofilament&#34; (a.k.a. monofil) refers to an extruded individual strand of denier greater than 15, usually greater than 30; 
     A &#34;fine denier fiber or filament&#34; refers to an extruded strand of denier less than about 15; 
     A &#34;multi-filament&#34; (a.k.a. multifil) refers to simultaneously extruded fine denier filaments formed as a bundle of fibers, generally containing at least 3, preferably at least about 15-100 fibers and can be several hundred or several thousand; 
     &#34;Staple fibers&#34; refers to fine denier strands which have been formed at, or cut to, staple lengths of generally about 1 to about 8 inches; 
     An &#34;extruded strand&#34; refers to an extrudate formed by passing polymer through a forming-orifice, such as a die. 
     Practitioners are aware that it is easier to make a coarse monofilament yarn of 15 denier than to make a multi-filament yarn of 15 denier. It is also recognized that the mechanical and thermal conditions experienced by a bundle of filaments, whether in spinning staple fibers or in multi-filament yarns, are very different to those in spinning monofilaments. The fact that a given man-made polymer can be extruded as a monofilament, does not necessarily herald its use in fine denier or multi-filament extrudates. 
     Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been shown to be melt spun into fine diameter fiber, i.e., fiber denier less than about 15 dpf, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,907, incorporated herein by reference. Difficulties arise, however, when one tries to melt spin LLDPE to a denier size less than about 6 dpf for a specified length of time, while minimizing filament breaks. Spinning LLDPE to a fiber size of less than about 6 dpf, preferably to about 3-4 dpf is especially desirable in personal care types of products, such as baby diaper coverstock and feminine hygiene products, to ensure uniform coverage at low basis weights. 
     Melt spinning LLDPE into fine denier fiber, e.g., 15 dpf, and subsequently mechanically drawing is not acceptable for obtaining fiber having a denier less than about 6 dpf, especially when that fiber is utilized in a thermal bonding application. Not only does the secondary drawing step create an additional process limitation, but also causes high shrinkage of that fiber when the fiber is later thermally bonded into fabric, creating poorly bonded fabric. 
     When the fiber is made via a spunbond process, a secondary drawing step is not an option and the fiber must be melt drawn without fiber breakage to its final diameter. In spunbond applications such as baby diaper coverstock, the desired final diameter is usually about 3-4 dpf. The small diameter ensures uniform coverage of the fabric and adequate bonded fabric strength from the fibers which are thermally bonded. 
     Many process limitations or choices exist in a staple fiber manufacturing line or in a spunbond fabric manufacturing line, and many of these have been optimized for melt spinning a particular type of polymer for maximum effect. These process steps include extruder screw design, polymer melt spinning temperature, quench (i.e., cooling) temperature, polymer throughput, spinneret design (e.g., die hole size, entrance angle, and hole concentration), and of course, polymer design. 
     One process limitation, the spin pack filtration media, has traditionally been used to remove gross contamination and prevent die plugging in melt spinning various polymers. The spinnerets used in the melt extrusion usually have very small diameter holes (on the order of approximately 600 micrometers diameter) and polymer contamination can create plugging of the spinneret and subsequent equipment shutdown. 
     Historically, thermoplastic polymers have utilized various kinds of filtration media, usually commensurate with the degree of contamination. Typical melt spinning filtration consists of multilayered screen packs, sand, bauxite type filtration and sintered metal filters. Modern polymers such as polypropylene or polyethylene typically use a three layer screen pack (e.g., 325/60/20 mesh screens sandwiched together) immediately prior to extrusion through the spinneret die to remove incidental gross contamination, since modern polymers are generally free of fine particulate contamination. The function of the filtration media has been to remove this incidental gross contamination (e.g., dirt or insoluble particles). Modern polymers, however, are usually uncontaminated with respect to fine particles, precluding the need for filtration finer than the three layer screen packs described above. 
     Melt spinning linear polyethylene, especially LLDPE, using little or no filtration (e.g., single layer screen packs) is difficult, especially when trying to spin into finer denier fiber (i.e., fiber having a denier of less than about 6 dpf) with minimal fiber breaks. The choice of filtration media immediately prior to extrusion through a spinneret die has now been discovered to affect the ability of linear ethylene polymers to be melt drawn into finer diameter fiber. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been discovered that by inducing higher shear and micro-mixing in a spin pack just prior to extrusion through a spinneret die, using, e.g., sintered metal filter media, the melt spinnability of one or more linear ethylene polymers can be surprisingly improved, preferably melt drawing into a fiber of less than about 6 denier per filament. The improvement is especially pronounced when using increasingly higher shear media while melt spinning at least one linear ethylene polymer having a weight average molecular weight of more than about 1×10 5  as measured using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with a low angle laser light scattering (LALLS) detector and melt spinning to a denier of about 9 dpf or less. 
     In another aspect, the invention is a method of reducing die swell of a molten linear ethylene polymer. The method comprises imparting high shear to the molten linear ethylene polymer just prior to extrusion of the polymer through a die. The method of reducing die swell is especially effective when further comprising the step of melt spinning the molten linear ethylene polymer into a fiber having a diameter less than about 6 denier per filament. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 graphically displays data from Example 1, Tables 4 and 7, for melt spinning two linear polyethylenes at a throughput rate of about 0.403 grams/minute/hole and at a melt temperature of 224° C. 
     FIG. 2 graphically displays data from the comparative examples (Table 1) for melt spinning polypropylene at a melt temperature of 233° C., and from Example 1, Tables 4 and 7, for melt spinning two linear polyethylenes at a melt temperature of 224° C., both at a throughput rate of about 0.164 grams/minute/hole. 
     FIG. 3 graphically shows the GPC molecular weight distribution curves for four linear ethylene polymers. 
     FIG. 4 graphically shows the GPC-LALLS molecular weight distribution curves for four linear ethylene polymers. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Manufacture of linear polyethylene is disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,698, incorporated herein by reference, and involves coordination catalysts of the &#34;Ziegler&#34; type or &#34;Phillips&#34; type and includes variations of the Ziegler type, such as the Natta type. These catalysts may be used at very high pressures, but may also (and generally are) used at very low or intermediate pressures. The use of coordination-type catalysts for copolymerizing ethylene with higher alkenes to make linear low density polyethylene and ultra low density polyethylene copolymers having densities between about 0.88 g/cc and about 0.94 g/cc is disclosed variously in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,699,457; 2,846,425; 2,862,917; 2,905,645; 3,058,963; 4,076,698; and 4,668,752, incorporated herein by reference. The products made by these coordination catalysts are generally known as &#34;linear&#34; polymers because of the substantial absence of branched chains of polymerized monomer units pendant from the main polymer &#34;backbone.&#34; It is these linear polymers to which the present invention pertains. 
     Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE) typically have a density between about 0.88 grams/cubic centimeter (g/cc) and about 0.94 g/cc. The density of the polyethylene is lowered by copolymerizing ethylene with minor amounts of at least one alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated alkene(s) having from 3 to 20 carbons per alkene molecule (e.g., 1-propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1,9-decadiene and 1,7-octadiene), preferably 4 to 8 carbon atoms (e.g., 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene) and most preferably 8 carbons per alkene molecule (i.e., 1-octene). The amount of the alkene comonomer is generally sufficient to cause the density of the linear low density polymer to be substantially in the same density range as low density polyethylene (LDPE), due to the alkyl side chains on the polymer molecule, yet the polymer remains in the &#34;linear&#34; classification; they are conveniently referred to as &#34;linear low density polyethylene.&#34; 
     High density polyethylene (HDPE) can also be used in the improved melt spinning method of the present invention. High density polyethylene has a density in the range of from about 0.941 g/cc to about 0.965 g/cc. HDPE can be made either by polymerizing ethylene homopolymer, or by polymerizing ethylene with minor amounts of at least one alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated alkene(s) having from 3 to 20 carbons per alkene molecule. 
     The polymerization processes can be a solution polymerization process, or, e.g., a slurry polymerization process for manufacturing HDPE. Both the solution polymerization process and the slurry polymerization process are well known to those skilled in the art. 
     Thus, the density of the linear ethylene polymers useful in the improved melt spinning method in the present invention is from about 0.88 g/cc to about 0.965 g/cc, preferably from about 0.94 g/cc to about 0.965 g/cc, and especially from about 0.95 g/cc to about 0.965 g/cc. 
     The polymerization process can also occur in multiple reactors, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,342 or by using multiple catalysts, as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,217, both incorporated herein by reference, creating linear ethylene polymers having broad molecular weight distributions, and sometimes multimodal molecular weight distribution curves. 
     The molecular weight distribution of the linear ethylene polymers useful in the present invention is indicated and measured by I 10  /I 2  according to ASTM D-1238, Conditions (N) (190° C./10 kilograms) and (E), respectively. Molecular weight distribution can be achieved by varying catalytic conditions, reactor conditions or feed percentages. Blends of polyethylenes can also be used to prepare the linear ethylene polymers for use in the present invention. Such blends can be prepared by blending separate and discrete polyethylene polymers, or polymerizing the polyethylene polymer in-situ in multiple reactors, (e.g. the technique disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,914,342). It is important that the linear polyethylene(s) be well mixed when using discrete polymer blends. 
     The molecular weight of the linear ethylene polymers useful in the present invention is indicated and measured by melt index according to ASTM D-1238, Condition (E) (i.e., 190° C./2.16 kilograms): also known as I 2  and can vary from about 0.01 grams/10 minutes to about 3000 grams/10 minutes. 
     Additives, (e.g., anti-oxidants, pigments, hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic agents, etc.), may be incorporated into the linear ethylene polymers to the extent that they do not interfere with the melt spinning performance. 
     During research to determine the differences between various production melt spinning lines and small pilot melt spinning lines, it was discovered that finer filtration or higher shear media placed in the spin pack immediately prior to extrusion through a spinneret die enables finer diameter fibers to be continuously melt spun from linear ethylene polymers with fewer spinning breaks. This experience is somewhat contradictory to fundamental LLDPE processing procedure of lower shear processing. The recognized policy for melt processing linear ethylene polymers, especially LLDPE, is to utilize as low as shear as possible, since higher shear conditions are suspected of increasing the potential for cross-linking the polymer, leading to even more extrusion difficulties. 
     Commercial fiber and nonwoven manufacturers have traditionally used coarse layered screen packs to spin polypropylene (PP) merely as an aid to remove gross contamination. We have discovered that removal of these screens altogether has an insignificant effect on the melt spinning of PP, since modern fiber grade polymers such as PP are supplied relatively clean and free of contamination. Polypropylene, therefore, seems to be insensitive to these shear/filtration effects, since our experiments show that PP can be drawn down to fine diameter with little difficulty without filtration media in the spin pack at all. 
     Using layered screens, or, using the same type of coarse filtration screens used when spinning PP, does not allow commercial fiber and nonwoven fabric manufacturers to melt spin fiber grade linear ethylene polymers to finer diameter fiber, especially less than about 6 dpf, for extended time periods without fiber breakage. 
     By imparting higher shear just prior to extrusion of the linear ethylene polymer through the die, the melt spinning of the linear ethylene polymer is improved such that the linear ethylene polymer is melt drawn into a fiber of less than about 6 denier per filament. The method of the present invention can be used on any melt spinning line which can be modified by inserting the high shear media into the spin pack just prior to extrusion of the linear ethylene polymer through the spinneret die. High shear media found to be effective for improving the melt spinning of linear ethylene polymers include sintered metal filters (e.g., those having 100 micrometers or less tortuous path size, especially about 40 micrometers or less), and multiple layers of screen mesh (e.g., two or more layers of 400 mesh screens) and sand. Generally, the amount of shear and micro-mixing applied to the linear ethylene polymer immediately prior to extrusion through a spinneret die is dependent upon the molecular weight of the ethylene polymer; i.e., the higher the molecular weight of the linear ethylene polymer, the more intensive the shear required to melt spin the linear ethylene polymer into fiber having a denier less than about 6  dpf. Other high shear media can work as well, but it important that enough shear is imparted to the linear ethylene polymer to allow the melt spun diameter to be about 6 dpf or less with little fiber breakage. 
     It is also important that the high shear media be placed immediately prior to the die, without much void space in order that the linear ethylene polymer molecules are not re-entangled, thus negating the effects of the shear media. Typical melt spinning operations which can use this invention include melt blowing spinning lines, spunbonded spinning lines and staple fiber melt spinning lines. This invention is especially effective when used in melt spinning equipment which operates at throughput rates of at least 0.1 grams/minute/hole, preferably at least 0.4 grams/minute/hole. The staple fiber melt spinning lines include both the conventional spinning lines (e.g., those which have a secondary drawing step separate and apart from the melt drawing step) and compact melt spinning lines (e.g., those which have the secondary drawing step in line with the melt drawing step, attached to the same piece of equipment). 
     Experimental Procedure 
     For Comparative Example 1 and for Example 1, the spinning system is a small pilot conventional spinning line. This melt spinning line has a one inch diameter extruder which is operated at a fixed 1500 pounds per square inch (psi) pressure screw feed pressure, feeding a Zenith gear pump (1.168 cubic centimeters/revolution) which feeds the spin pack. 
     The spin pack is comprised of 18 sintered metal filters (manufactured by MOTT Metallurgical Corp.) which can have different nominal pore sizes which effect filtration (and, as we have discovered for linear ethylene polymers in the present invention--shear) of a polymer by the tortuous path method. The sintered metal filters are pressure fitted into a metal breaker plate for support and sealing. Each of these sintered metal filters measures about 4.4 cm length by about 1 cm diameter and are cylindrically shaped. Total available surface area of the 18 filters is about 259 cm 2 . For the data labeled &#34;NONE&#34;, the breaker plate alone was installed into the spin pack without filters. The spinneret used in the filter experiments has 108 holes, hole diameter of 600 μm and a hole length to diameter (L/D) ratio of 4 to 1. The experiments performed without filters use a 68 hole spinneret, with other parameters remaining the same (diameter, L/D, throughput per hole, etc). 
     Only the first godet station is used, as the measurements are intended to characterize the maximum melt draw of the polymer under a given set of conditions, with no additional secondary drawing. The godet temperature was at room temperature for all of the experiments. The godet has a maximum speed of about 3200 revolutions per minute (1577 meters/minute) which is the mechanical limitation of the equipment. 
     The polymer to be tested is loaded into the hopper feeding the extruder, melted and conveyed to the gear pump, metered into the spin pack and extruded through the spinneret. The extruded fibers are wrapped around the godet (having a circumference of about 0.478 meters) and the godet speed is gradually increased in increments of about 50-100 rpm until about 5% of the fibers have broken (about 5 fibers using a 108 hole spinneret). The maximum godet speed at which 5% of the fibers break is then recorded and the trial repeated. Each experiment began by starting the fiber line on the godet at about 300-400 rpm. Quench flow is minimal with all quench zones closed and the quench air temperature at ambient (about 25° C.). 
     Fiber denier is calculated using the folowing formula: ##EQU1## 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     Polypropylene Without Shear 
     Using a pilot conventional melt spinning line, a fiber grade polypropylene (MFR=30 grams/10 minutes (ASTM D-1238, Condition 230° C./2.16 kg)) is melt spun at two temperatures, three throughputs and four filtration severities (no filters, 100 μm, 40 μm and 10 μm sintered metal filters) with the net result being that the fiber spun to very small diameters (often maximizing our spinning velocities) with minimal to no fiber breaks under all conditions. Tables 1 and 2 display the comparative example data for polypropylene: 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polypropylene                                                             
Melt Temperature = 233° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.403       &gt;3200      ≦2.37                           
            0.164       2850       1.08                                   
            0.082       1500       1.03                                   
40 μm    0.403       &gt;3200      ≦2.37                           
            0.164       &gt;3200      ≦0.96                           
            0.082       2200       0.7                                    
100 μm   0.403        3300**    2.3                                    
            0.164        3200**    1.29                                   
            0.082       1900       0.81                                   
NONE*       0.403        3200**    ≦2.37                           
            0.164        3200**    ≦1.29                           
            0.082       1700       0.91                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used 108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 *68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                               
 **Maximum rpm without fiber breakage                                     
 
    
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polypropylene                                                             
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 260° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
40 μm    0.403        3200*     ≦2.37                           
            0.164        3200*     ≦0.96                           
            0.082       2450       0.63                                   
100 μm   0.403        3300**    ≦2.37                           
            0.164        3200**    ≦0.96                           
            0.082       1900       0.61                                   
NONE*       0.403        3200**    ≦2.37                           
            0.164        3200**    ≦0.96                           
            0.082       1700       0.59                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used; 68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 **Maximum rpm without fiber breakage                                     
 
    
     As the data indicate, polypropylene can be melt drawn down to very fine denier without fiber breakage with or without shear, thus demonstrating polypropylene&#39;s insensitivity to the effects of shear just prior to extrusion through the spinneret. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Linear Polyethylene 
     Linear low density polyethylene (ethylene/1-octene copolymer), with and without anti-oxidant, melt index of about 12 grams/10 minutes (ASTM D-1238, Condition 190° C./2.16 kg), density of 0.935 g/cc, is melt spun into fiber at three temperatures, three throughputs and four filtration severities (no filters, 100 μm, 40 μm and 10 μm sintered metal filters) and tested for minimum fiber size at maximum melt draw godet spinning speed. Tables 3-8 below summarize melt spinning results for this linear low dernsity polyethylene, both unstabilized and stabilized. 
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (w/o additives)                                              
Melt Temperature = 204° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.164       1400       2.21                                   
            0.082        700       2.21                                   
40 μm    0.403       1400       2.81                                   
            0.164        750       2.38                                   
            0.082        400       3.09                                   
100 μm   0.403       2450       3.1                                    
            0.164       1150       2.69                                   
            0.082        600       2.57                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (w/o additives)                                              
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 224° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.403       2300       3.3                                    
             0164       2100       1.47                                   
            0.082       1000       1.54                                   
40 μm    0.403       2500       3.04                                   
            0.164       1650       1.87                                   
            0.082        900       1.72                                   
100 μm   0.403       1750       4.34                                   
            0.164       1150       2.69                                   
            0.082        900       1.72                                   
NONE*       0.403       1700       4.46                                   
            0.164       1050       2.94                                   
            0.082        950       1.63                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used; 68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 
    
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (w/o additives)                                              
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 260° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.403        700*      10.84                                  
             0164       2600       1.19                                   
            0.082       1400       1.1                                    
40 μm    0.403       1300       5.84                                   
            0.164       2400       1.29                                   
            0.082       1400       1.1                                    
100 μm   0.403        &lt;350**    &gt;21.7                                  
            0.164       1950       1.58                                   
            0.082       1250       1.24                                   
NONE*       0.403         500**    ≧15.2                           
            0.164       2000       1.54                                   
            0.082       1300       1.19                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used; 68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 **Quench difficulties; the polymer was too hot at high throughputs       
 
    
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (with 1000 ppm antioxidant)                                  
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 204° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.164       2000       1.54                                   
            0.082        900       1.72                                   
40 μm    0.403        3200*     ≦2.37                           
            0.164       1750       1.76                                   
            0.082        850       1.82                                   
100 μm   0.403       2700       2.81                                   
            0.164       1800       1.72                                   
            0.082        950       1.63                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *Maximum melt draw speed                                                 
 
    
     FIG. 1 graphically represents the effect of pore size on minimum melt drawn fiber denier for both the linear unstabilized polyethylene and the linear stabilized polyethylene, at a throughput rate of about 0.403 grams/minute/hole and at a melt temperature of about 224° C. As the graph indicates, using higher shear media, especially while stabilizing the polyethylene, enables the polyethylene to be melt drawn to a finer diameter. 
     FIG. 2 graphically represents the effect of pore size on minimum melt drawn fiber denier for polypropylene and both the linear unstabilized polyethylene and the linear stabilized polyethylene, at a throughput rate of about 0.164 grams/minute/hole. The polyethylene melt temperature is about 224° C., as compared to the polypropylene melt temperature of about 233° C. 
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (with 1000 ppm antioxidant)                                  
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 224° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.403       &gt;3200**    ≦2.37                           
            0.164       2400       1.29                                   
            0.082       1200       1.29                                   
40 μm    0.403       3100       2.45                                   
            0.164       2000       1.54                                   
            0.082        950       1.63                                   
100 μm   0.403       2500       3.04                                   
            0.164       2050       1.51                                   
            0.082       1350       1.14                                   
NONE*       0.403       2600       2.92                                   
            0.164       1700       1.82                                   
            0.082        700       2.21                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used; 68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 **Maximum melt draw speed                                                
 
    
     As the graph indicates, polypropylene has minimum reduction in fiber diameter as a function of increasing shear in a spin pack, indicating very little effect on the spinning performance of polypropylene. The melt spinning performance of polyethylene, however, improves when increasing the shear media in the spin pack, especially while stabilizing the polyethylene and enables the polyethylene to be melt drawn to a finer diameter. 
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Polyethylene (with 1000 ppm antioxidant)                                  
108 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D                                
Melt Temperature = 260° C.                                         
                                   Calculated                             
            Throughput  Godet Speed                                       
                                   denier per                             
Filter &#34;Pore Size&#34;                                                        
            (gm/min/hole)                                                 
                        (rpm)      filament                               
______________________________________                                    
10 μm    0.403         1050***  7.23                                   
            0.164       &gt;3300**    ≦0.94                           
            0.082       2100       0.74                                   
40 μm    0.403         1050***  7.23                                   
            0.164       2700       1.14                                   
            0.082       2050       0.75                                   
100 μm   0.403       1050       7.23                                   
            0.164       2000       1.54                                   
            0.082       1850       0.83                                   
NONE*       0.403       1700       4.46                                   
            0.164       2450       1.26                                   
            0.082       1550       1                                      
______________________________________                                    
 *No filters used; 68 hole spinneret/600 μm holes/4:1 L/D              
 **Maximum melt draw speed                                                
 ***Quench difficulties; the polymer was too hot at high throughputs      
 
    
     As tha data indicate, use of high shear filtration media immediately prior to extrusion of a stabilized or unstabilized linear ethylene polymer through a spinneret die enables that linear ethylene polymer to be melt drawn to finer diameter for extended periods of time, with minimal fiber breakage. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Four linear ethylene polymer blends (ethylene/1-octene copolymers) are each made in an in situ-polymerized solution process two reactor system operated in series. Weight average molecular weight (using GPC and GPC-LALLS) is measured for each of the four linear ethylene polymer blends. 
     The solutions for study by GPC-LALLS are prepared by dissolving the samples in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) for at least 4 hours at 160° C. All samples are prepared on a weight to weight basis by dissolving a weighted amount of resin in a weighed amount of solvent. The concentration in g/ml is determined using 1.304 g/ml for the density of TCB at 145° C. The target concentration is 0.002 g/ml. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used as a free radical scavenger at a concentration of 250 ppm. 
     The LALLS measurements are made using a Chromatix Model KMX-6 Low Angle Laser Light Scattering instrument. This instrument incorporates a He-Ne laser source with a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers. 
     The GPC used in this study is a Waters 150-C GPC/ALC. Molecular weights are calculated using internally developed data reduction techniques. Actual reported molecular weights are determined by integrating the LALLS output voltage. 
     Table 9 lists the parameters used and the conditions of the GPC-LALLS measurements. 
     
                       TABLE 9                                                     
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Experimental Conditions and Constants                                     
Used In The GPC-LALLS Measurements                                        
______________________________________                                    
Columns        Three 18 inch packed in-house,                             
               pore sizes - 1 × 10.sup.4, 1 × 10.sup.5, 1     
               × 10.sup.6                                           
               Angstroms.sup.1                                            
Flow Rate      1.03 ml/min                                                
Injection Volume                                                          
               300 ml                                                     
Interdetector Delay                                                       
               14 sec                                                     
DRI Detector   Sensitivity = 256                                          
               Scale Factor = 8                                           
LALLS          Scattering Angle = 6-7°                             
               Field Stop = 0.15 mm                                       
Sample Concentration                                                      
               0.25 g/50 ml                                               
dn/dc          -0.104 ml/g                                                
Refractive index of TCB                                                   
               1.502 at 145° C.                                    
Temperature    145° C.                                             
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 These pore sizes are based on the Waters&#39; definition of pore sizes
 i.e., the extended chain length of a molecule of polystyrene which is jus
 large enough to be totally excluded from all the pores of a column.      
 
    
     Table 10 lists the properties of the four linear ethylene polymers: 
     
                       TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
       l.sub.2          Density                                           
                               M.sub.w                                    
                                     M.sub.w                              
Example                                                                   
       (g/10 min)                                                         
                 l.sub.10 /l.sub.2                                        
                        (g/cc) (GPC) (GPC-LALLS)                          
______________________________________                                    
2A     11.89     10.32  .9543  64,500                                     
                                     1.02 × 10.sup.5                
2B     9.84      10.56  .9529  69,600                                     
                                     1.71 × 10.sup.5                
2C     10.8      10.93  .9531  63,800                                     
                                     1.94 × 10.sup.5                
2D     12.28     10.06  .9531  59,900                                     
                                     2.10 × 10.sup.5                
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     Each linear ethylene polymer blend is melt spun on a conventional spinning line using different degrees of shear media and is rated in terms of spinning efficiency, i.e., the number of complete fiber packages which are spun divided by the number of total fiber packages which are attempted to be spun. The target fiber diameter is about 9 dpf in each case. The data shown in Tables 11, 12 and 13 clearly demonstrate that linear ethylene polymers having a higher weight average molecular weight (M w ) as measured by GPC-LALLS can be melt spun more efficiently when a higher shear media is applied just prior to extrusion through the spinneret. 
     
                       TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
325 mesh screens                                                          
             Spinning                                                     
Example      Efficiency (%)                                               
______________________________________                                    
2A           98.6                                                         
2B           81.7                                                         
2C           41.7                                                         
2D           0                                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Double 400 mesh screens                                                   
             Spinning                                                     
Example      Efficiency (%)                                               
______________________________________                                    
2B           95                                                           
2C           90.8                                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
40 micron sintered metal*                                                 
             Spinning                                                     
Example      Efficiency (%)                                               
______________________________________                                    
2D           92.7                                                         
______________________________________                                    
 *Throughput is about 63% of that used in Tables 11 and 12                
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Two linear ethylene polymers (both ethylene/1-octene interpolymers) are extruded at two throughputs through a melt spinning system and evaluated for die swell. The extrudate is collected into a vegetable oil bath which is placed approximately 1 inch from the die. The spinneret had only a single hole (diameter of 1350 micrometers or 0.053 inches). For each extrudate, 3 to 6 diameter measurements are made at 90 degree angles about the extrudate, at a point about 0.25 inches from the leading end. Base polymer properties are shown in 
     Table 14: 
     
                       TABLE 14                                                    
______________________________________                                    
        Melt Index         Density                                        
Polymer (g/10 min)                                                        
                  l.sub.10 /l.sub.2                                       
                           (g/cc) Comments                                
______________________________________                                    
3A      11.89     10.32    0.9543 Broad MWD                               
3B      ˜12 ˜6.5                                              
                           ˜0.95                                    
                                  Narrow MWD                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The die swell results, calculated as the square of the ratio of the thickness of the extrudate divided by the hole size, with and without use of sintered metal filters, is shown in Table 15: 
     
                       TABLE 15                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                    Die Swell for Filter                                  
       Throughput   conditions                                            
Polymer  (g/min)        None    40 μm                                  
______________________________________                                    
3A       1.52           1.4301  1.1590                                    
3A       2.8            1.3197  0.9225                                    
3B       1.5            1.4663  1.0438                                    
3B       2.8            1.4755  1.0342                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     As the data clearly indicate, linear ethylene polymers which are extruded through higher shear media, (e.g., sintered metal filters) have lower die swell, and are thus examples of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     A linear ethylene polymer blend comprising a discrete polymer blend of 90 percent by weight of the total blend of an ethylene-1-octene copolymer having a melt index of 18 grams/10 minutes and a density of about 0.93 grams/cubic centimeter and 10 percent by weight of an ethylene-1-octene copolymer having a melt index of 105 grams/10 minutes and a density of about 0.953 grams/cubic centimeter is melt spun on a spunbond melt spinning line, using a throughput rate of about 0.8 grams/minute/hole and two different shear media in the spin pack. Table 16 describes the minimum stable fiber diameter obtained when using different shear media: 
     
                       TABLE 16                                                    
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                 Minimum Fiber Size                                       
Filter Media     (DPF)                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Screenpack*      4.5                                                      
40 micron sintered metal                                                  
                 2.3                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 *Six layer screen pack of 20/20/20/60/325/60 mesh