Patent Publication Number: US-8531102-B2

Title: Display and electronic unit

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The disclosure relates to a display emitting light using an organic Electro Luminescence (EL) phenomenon, and an electronic unit provided with this display. 
     High-performance display devices have been in demand as development of information and communication industry has been accelerated. Among the display devices is an organic EL device that has been attracting attention as a next-generation display device. The organic EL device has an advantage of having not only a wide viewing angle as well as excellent contrast, but also quick response time, to serve as a self-luminous-type display device. 
     The organic EL device has a configuration in which a plurality of layers are laminated. These layers are formed by, for example, vacuum deposition. Typically, there is a method of patterning a layer into a desired shape by interposing a mask with openings between an evaporation source and a substrate. In a case where a large organic EL device is formed using this method, it is necessary to employ a mask meeting the size of a substrate, namely, a large mask. As the mask increases in size, it becomes more flexible, and alignment becomes more difficult due to complication of transportation and the like, thereby decreasing an aperture ratio. For this reason, there has been a disadvantage of degradation in device characteristics. Also, material-utilization efficiency has been low. 
     Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. 1997-167684 and 2002-216957, for example, each disclose a method of producing a pattern with heat transfer printing. However, there is a disadvantage of a high cost for overall manufacturing equipment, because a laser is used as a heat source. 
     Meanwhile, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. H11-40065 and H11-96911 each disclose a method of producing a plasma display panel display. In this method, ink in which a fluorescent material or the like is dissolved in a solvent is dropped directly onto a pixel, and thereby a phosphor layer or a reflective layer is formed. Specifically, a plurality of openings (discharge openings) are provided in one head, and a plurality of lines are formed by one scan. Therefore, material utilization efficiency is high, and it is possible to form a phosphor layer, with an inexpensive unit configuration. 
     SUMMARY 
     However, it is difficult to apply each of the methods disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. H11-40065 and H11-96911 to the organic EL device, for the following reason. In the plasma display panel display, a pitch between the openings is large, and a viscosity of the ink is high. Therefore, the phosphor layer is readily patterned, concurrently with discharge of a droplet. In contrast, as for the organic electroluminescence display, a pitch between openings is small, and moreover, ink in which an organic material is dissolved has a low viscosity as well as a low contact angle, and therefore, wettability is high. Hence, unlike the ink for the plasma display, it is difficult to perform patterning concurrently with discharge. 
     It is desirable to provide a display whose device characteristics may be improved with simple production, and an electronic unit provided with this display. 
     According to an embodiment of the present technology, there is provided a display including a display region and a peripheral region. The display region includes a plurality of pixels, a plurality of first liquid-repellent regions, and a plurality of first lyophilic regions. Each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions is provided in a part or a whole of a portion between the plurality of pixels. Each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions is provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other. In a part or a whole of the peripheral region, a second lyophilic region is formed. 
     According to an embodiment of the present technology, there is provided an electronic unit including a display, the display including: a display region including a plurality of pixels, a plurality of first liquid-repellent regions, and a plurality of first lyophilic regions, each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions being provided in a part or a whole of a portion between the plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions being provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other; and a peripheral region in a part or a whole of which a second lyophilic region is formed. 
     In the display and the electronic unit according to the above-described embodiments of the present technology, the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions and the plurality of first lyophilic regions are provided in the display region, and the second lyophilic region is provided in a part or a whole of the peripheral region. Each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions is provided in a part or a whole of the portion between the plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions is provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other. Therefore, it is possible to perform patterning of an organic layer in a simple way. 
     According to the display and the electronic unit in the above-described embodiments of the present technology, the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions and the plurality of first lyophilic regions are provided in the display region including the plurality of pixels. Each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions is provided in a part or a whole of the portion between the plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions is provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other. Further, the second lyophilic region is provided in a part or a whole of the peripheral region. Therefore, it is possible to perform the patterning of the organic layer in a simple way. This improves device characteristics. In other words, it is possible to provide a full color display with stable characteristics, in a simple way. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are provided to provide further explanation of the technology as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments and, together with the specification, serve to explain the principles of the technology. 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a display according to a first embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2A to 2C  are schematic diagrams used to explain a formation method of the display illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic diagram of the display illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating an example of a pixel driving circuit of the display depicted in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional diagram of the display illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional diagram of an organic EL device of the display illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a display according to a second embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a display according to a comparative example. 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  are plan views each illustrating a configuration of a part of a display according to a third embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a part of a display according to a fourth embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a part of a display according to a fifth embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a part of a display according to a sixth embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a part of a display according to a seventh embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating an example of a display according to an eighth embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 15A and 15B  are schematic diagrams each illustrating a configuration of a photomask. 
         FIGS. 16A to 16C  are diagrams each illustrating another example of the display according to the eighth embodiment of the disclosure, specifically,  FIG. 16A  is a perspective diagram, and  FIGS. 16B and 16C  are cross-sectional diagrams. 
         FIG. 17  is a plan view illustrating an example of a configuration of a part of a display according to a modification of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a cross-sectional diagram of the display illustrated in  FIG. 17 . 
         FIG. 19  is a plan view illustrating another example of the display according to the modification of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 20A and 20B  are schematic diagrams used to explain a shape of the display illustrated in  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 21  is a plan view illustrating still another example of the display according to the modification of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  is a plan view illustrating a schematic configuration of a module including the display in any of the embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  is a perspective diagram illustrating an appearance of an application example 1. 
         FIGS. 24A and 24B  are perspective diagrams of an application example 2, namely,  FIG. 24A  illustrates an appearance when viewed from a front side, and  FIG. 24B  illustrates an appearance when viewed from a back side. 
         FIG. 25  is a perspective diagram illustrating an appearance of an application example 3. 
         FIG. 26  is a perspective diagram illustrating an appearance of an application example 4. 
         FIGS. 27A to 27G  are views of an application example 5, namely, a front view in an open state, a side view in the open state, a front view in a closed state, a left-side view, a right-side view, a top view, and a bottom view, respectively. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments of the disclosure will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. It is to be noted that the description will be provided in the following order. 
     1. First embodiment (a display having first lyophilic regions and first liquid-repellent regions in a display region, and a second lyophilic region in a peripheral region)
         1-1. Patterning method   1-2. Overall configuration of display       

     2. Second embodiment (a display having a second liquid-repellent region in a peripheral region) 
     3. Third embodiment (a display in which first lyophilic regions and a second lyophilic region are continuous with each other) 
     4. Fourth embodiment (a display in which first lyophilic regions and a second lyophilic region are continuous with each other, and which has a narrow region at one end of the first liquid-repellent regions) 
     5. Fifth embodiment (a display having first liquid-repellent regions each having a region width changing along a longitudinal direction) 
     6. Sixth embodiment (a display having first liquid-repellent regions in which projections and depressions are formed along a longitudinal direction) 
     7. Seventh embodiment (a display in which first lyophilic regions with intervals varying among pixels are formed) 
     8. Eighth embodiment (a display in which first liquid-repellent regions and first lyophilic regions are formed of the same material) 
     9. Modification (a display in which a connection section between a cathode electrode and auxiliary wiring is provided in each of first liquid-repellent regions) 
     10. Application examples 
     1. First Embodiment 
     (1-1. Patterning Method) 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a plane configuration of each of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  in a display  1 A according to the first embodiment of the disclosure. In this display  1 A, for example, a plurality of pixels  5  are arranged in a matrix (grid) on a substrate  11 , as the display region  2 . The plurality of pixels  5  are, for example, red pixels  5 R, green pixels  5 G, and blue pixels  5 B, and arranged in lines for each color. These pixels  5  ( 5 R,  5 G, and  5 B) are provided with organic EL devices  10  ( 10 R,  10 G, and  10 B) of corresponding colors, respectively. It is to be noted that here, the red pixel  5 R, the green pixel  5 G, and the blue pixel  5 B combined form one display pixel (pixel). 
     The display region  2  of the display  1 A in the present embodiment are provided with first liquid-repellent regions  2 B and first lyophilic regions  2 A, which divide the plurality of pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B for each color, and are provided around the plurality of pixels arranged in the matrix. The first lyophilic regions  2 A are formed in a region excluding the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B. To be more specific, each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A is formed to surround the plurality of pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B provided in the display region  2 , and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B are formed to divide the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B on the first lyophilic regions  2 A for each color. The first lyophilic regions  2 A and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B together have a function of serving as a bank of ink discharged when the organic EL devices  10  are formed by coating. A desired pixel pattern is formed by thus providing the lyophilic regions that are divided for each color by the liquid-repellent regions. 
     Each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A is used to improve wettability of the ink, and provided continuously in the display region  2  to surround the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B as described above. As a material of the first lyophilic regions  2 A, there is used an inorganic material, e.g., silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), or the like. The first lyophilic regions  2 A are formed by vacuum deposition, CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition), or the like. 
     The first liquid-repellent regions  2 B are provided to prevent excessive wet spread of the ink discharged onto each of the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B lines, specifically, entrance of the link into the adjacent pixel lines. As described above, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B are provided to divide the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B for each color, and surround the pixels as a whole. Examples of a material of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B include organic materials such as polyimide and novolak. Any of these materials is formed into a predetermined shape, and subsequently subjected to a plasma treatment, and thereby liquid repellency is added thereto. 
     Further, a second lyophilic region  3 A is provided in a part or a whole, here a whole, of the peripheral region  3  in the display  1 A of the present embodiment. Improving wettability of the peripheral region by providing the second lyophilic region  3 A makes it easy to form a liquid bead at the time of discharging the ink on each pixel line. This allows continuous discharge of the ink on the pixel lines. It is to be noted that the second lyophilic region  3 A is not limited to this, and may be provided on at least one end side of the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B arranged in lines for each color. Specifically, a bead formation region  4  formed upon starting ink application may be provided as the second lyophilic region, for a reason to be described later. However, there is also a case where the second lyophilic region  3 A is provided at each of both ends to form a symmetric pattern, which is advantageous in or after a production process of an organic layer  15 . It is to be noted that this second lyophilic region  3 A is formed using the same material by the same method as those of the first lyophilic regions  2 A. 
     The organic EL devices  10  ( 10 R,  10 G, and  10 B) of the colors corresponding to the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B, respectively, as described above are provided on the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B of the display region  2 . As will be described later in detail, this organic EL device  10  has a configuration in which an anode electrode  12  (first electrode), a partition wall  14 , the organic layer  15 , and a cathode electrode  16  (second electrode) are laminated in this order (see  FIG. 5 ). Of these, a part of the organic layer  15  is formed by a coating method such as a droplet discharge method. Specifically, the ink, in which an organic material of the organic layer  15  is dissolved in an organic solvent, is arranged on each of the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B, by being discharged from a plurality of discharge openings provided in a head of a slit coater (or a stripe coater). Subsequently, the solvent is removed by heating, and thereby each layer is formed. The ink with the dissolved organic material used in the present embodiment has a low viscosity as well as a low contact angle and thus has high wettability. For this reason, the ink after being discharged is spread on the display region  2  or the peripheral region  3 , which reduces reliability of the substrate remarkably. Further, it is difficult to perform patterning, and furthermore, it is difficult to control a film thickness of each of the color pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B. 
     The organic layer  15  is formed as follows. First, as illustrated in  FIG. 2A , the ink is discharged from the discharge openings of the head of the slit coater, onto outside of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B, in particular, onto the peripheral region  3  on one-end side of the pixels  5  disposed for each color. Thereby, the bead is formed so that the head contacts the substrate  11  via the ink. This allows wettability of a head surface to become uniform. Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 2B , a scan is performed along surfaces of the pixel lines, thereby discharging the ink onto the pixels  5 . At the time, as illustrated in  FIG. 2C , the head moves in a scanning direction while maintaining a state of contacting the substrate  11  via the ink. 
     In formation of the organic layer  15  by such a coating method, formation of the bead is important. For this reason, in the peripheral region  3  surrounding the display region  2 , it is desirable to provide the second lyophilic region  3 A in at least the bead formation region  4  as described above. In the present embodiment, the second lyophilic region  3 A is provided on the entire peripheral region  3 . This suppresses disconnection between the ink and the substrate  11  due to surface tension of the ink or liquid repellency of the substrate  11 , making it easy to maintain connection between the ink and the substrate  11 . In other words, it is possible to perform accurate formation of the organic layer  15  by coating, in each of the color pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B. 
     (1-2. Overall Configuration of Display) 
     Next, an overall configuration of the display  1 A will be described.  FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic configuration of the display  1 A of the present embodiment. This display  1 A is used as an organic EL television unit or the like. As described above, the display region  2  in which the plurality of organic EL devices  10 R,  10 G, and  10 B are arranged in the matrix is formed on the substrate  11 , and the peripheral region  3  is provided to surround the display region  2 . The peripheral region  3  is provided with a signal-line driving circuit  120  and a scanning-line driving circuit  130  which are drivers for image display. 
     Within the display region  2 , a pixel driving circuit  140  is provided.  FIG. 4  illustrates an example of the pixel driving circuit  140 . The pixel driving circuit  140  is an active-type driving circuit formed at a layer below the anode electrode  12  which will be described later. In other words, this pixel driving circuit  140  has a drive transistor Tr 1  as well as a write transistor Tr 2 , a capacitor (a retention capacitor) Cs between these transistors Tr 1  and Tr 2 , and the red organic EL device  10 R (or the green organic EL device  10 G, or the blue organic EL device  10 B). The red organic EL device  10 R is connected to the drive transistor Tr 1  in series between a first power supply line (Vcc) and a second power supply line (GND). The drive transistor Tr 1  and the write transistor Tr 2  are each configured using a typical thin film transistor (TFT), and a configuration thereof is not limited in particular, and may be of, for example, a staggered structure (a so-called bottom-gate type), or an inverted staggered structure (a top-gate type). 
     In the pixel driving circuit  140 , a plurality of signal lines  120 A are arranged in a column direction, and a plurality of scanning lines  130 A are arranged in a row direction. An intersection of each of the signal lines  120 A with each of the scanning lines  130 A corresponds to any of the red organic EL device  10 R, the green organic EL device  10 G, and the blue organic EL device  10 B. Each of the signal lines  120 A is connected to the signal-line driving circuit  120 , and an image signal is supplied from this signal-line driving circuit  120  to a source electrode of the write transistor Tr 2  through the signal line  120 A. Each of the scanning lines  130 A is connected to the scanning-line driving circuit  130 , and a scanning signal is sequentially supplied from this scanning-line driving circuit  130  to a gate electrode of the write transistor Tr 2  through the scanning line  130 A. 
     Further, in the display region  2 , the red organic EL device  10 R producing red light, the green organic EL device  10 G producing green light, and the blue organic EL device  10 B producing blue light are sequentially arranged in a matrix as a whole, as described above. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of a cross-sectional configuration of the display  1 A in the display region  2 . In the display  1 A, a TFT  20  is provided to drive the pixel  5  on the substrate  11  based on, for example, an active matrix system. On the TFT  20 , the organic EL device  10  ( 10 R,  10 G, and  10 B) of the pixel  5  ( 5 R,  5 G, and  5 B) is provided. 
     (TFT) 
     The TFT  20  is a so-called bottom-gate-type TFT, and, for example, an oxide semiconductor is used for a channel (an active layer). In this TFT  20 , a gate electrode  21 , gate insulating films (a first gate insulating film  22  and a second gate insulating film  23 ), an oxide semiconductor layer  24 , a channel protective film  25 , and a source-drain electrode  26  are formed in this order on the substrate  11  made of glass or the like. On the source-drain electrode  26 , a flattening layer  27  used to flatten projections and depressions of the TFT  20  is formed over the entire surface of the substrate  11 . 
     The gate electrode  21  plays a role in controlling a carrier density (here, an electron density) in the oxide semiconductor layer  24 , by using a gate voltage applied to the TFT  20 . This gate electrode  21  is configured using, for example, a single layer film made of one kind, or a laminated film made of two or more kinds, of Mo, Al, aluminum alloys, and the like. It is to be noted that examples of the aluminum alloys include an aluminum-neodymium alloy. 
     The first gate insulating film  22  and the second gate insulating film  23  are formed of a single layer film made of one kind, or a laminated film made of two or more kinds, of SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , silicon nitride oxide (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), and the like. Here, the first gate insulating film  22  and the second gate insulating film  23  are in a two-layer structure. The insulating films  22  and  22  are configured using, for example, a SiO 2  film and a Si 3 N 4  film, respectively. A total film thickness of the gate insulating films  22  and  23  is, for example, about 200 nm to about 300 nm both inclusive. 
     The oxide semiconductor layer  24  contains, as a main component, one or more kinds of oxide, among oxides of indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), Al, and Ti, for example. This oxide semiconductor layer  24  forms a channel in the source-drain electrode  26  by applying a gate voltage. It is preferable that a film thickness of this oxide semiconductor layer  24  be on a level of not causing deterioration in an ON-state current of the thin-film transistor, so that an influence of negative charge to be described later is exerted upon the channel. Specifically, the film thickness is desirably about 5 nm to about 100 nm both inclusive. 
     The channel protective film  25  is formed on the oxide semiconductor layer  24 , and prevents damage to the channel at the time when the source-drain electrode  26  is formed. A thickness of the channel protective film  25  is, for example, about 10 nm to about 300 nm both inclusive. 
     The source-drain electrode  26  is, for example, a single layer film made of one kind, or a laminated film made of two or more kinds, of Mo, Al, copper (Cu), Ti, ITO, TiO, and the like. For example, it is desirable to use a three-layer film in which Mo, Al, and Mo having film thicknesses of about 50 nm, about 50 nm, and about 500 nm, respectively, are laminated in this order. Alternatively, it is desirable to use a metal or a metal compound having a weak tie with oxygen, like a metal compound containing oxygen, such as ITO and titanium oxide. This makes it possible to stably maintain electrical properties of the oxide semiconductor. 
     For the flattening layer  27 , an organic material such as polyimide or novolak is used, for example. A thickness of this flattening layer  27  is, for example, about 10 nm to about 100 nm both inclusive, and, preferably, about 50 nm or less. On the flattening layer  27 , the anode electrode  12  of the organic EL device  10  is formed. 
     (Organic EL Device) 
     The organic EL device  10  is a top-emission-type display device that extracts light from a side (a side closer to the cathode electrode  15 ) opposite to the substrate  11 . The light is produced when holes injected from the anode electrode  12  and electrons injected from the cathode electrode  16  recombine within a light-emitting layer  15 C. Use of the organic EL device  10  of the top-emission type improves an aperture ratio of a light emission section of the display. It is to be noted that the organic EL device  10  of the disclosure is not limited to this configuration, and may be, for example, of a transmission type. In other words, the organic EL device  10  may be a bottom-emission-type display device that extracts the light from the substrate  11 . 
     In the organic EL device  10 , the anode electrode  12  made of a highly reflective material e.g. Al, Ti, or Cr is formed on the flattening layer  27 , when the display  1 A is of the top-emission type, for example. When the display  1 A is of the transmission type, a transparent material e.g. ITO, IZO, or IGZO is used. 
     Here, formed on the anode electrode  12  and the flattening layer  27  excluding the organic layer  15  provided thereon is the first lyophilic region  2 A for which SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , or the like is used. In other words, here, a lyophilic layer  13  is formed. In a part of a region on this lyophilic layer  13 , the first liquid-repellent region  2 B used to pattern the organic layer  15  is formed. That is, here, a liquid-repellant layer  14  is formed. It is to be noted that this liquid-repellant layer  14  also has a role in securing insulation between the anode electrode  12  and the cathode electrode  16  to be described later, and generally functions as a partition wall. This liquid-repellant layer  14  is provided to surround an opening of the pixel  5 , namely, a light emission region, and also provided on a connection section between the source drain electrodes  26  of the TFT  20  and the anode electrode  12 . The liquid-repellant layer  14  is formed of the organic material such as polyimide or novolak as described above, and liquid repellency is added thereto by performing plasma oxidation. 
     The organic layer  15  has, for example, a configuration in which a hole injection layer  15 A, a hole transport layer  15 B, the light-emitting layer  15 C, an electron transport layer  15 D, and an electron injection layer  15 E are laminated sequentially from a side closer to the anode electrode  12 , as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The organic layer  15  is formed by, for example, vacuum deposition, spin coating, or the like. A top face of this organic layer  15  is coated by the cathode electrode  16 . A film thickness, a material, and the like of each layer of the organic layer  15  are not limited in particular, and an example will be described below. 
     The hole injection layer  15 A is a buffer layer provided to enhance efficiency of hole injection to the light-emitting layer  15 C, and also prevent leakage. The thickness of the hole injection layer  15 A is, for example, preferably about 5 nm to about 200 nm both inclusive, and more preferably, about 8 nm to about 150 nm both inclusive. The material of the hole injection layer  15 A may be selected as appropriate considering relations with the electrode and materials of adjacent layers. Examples of this material include polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene vinylene, polythienylene vinylene, polyquinoline, polyquinoxaline, derivatives of these materials, electroconductive polymers such as a polymer including an aromatic amine structure in a main chain or a side chain, metallophthalocyanine (copper phthalocyanine and the like), carbon, and the like. Specific examples of the electroconductive polymers include oligoaniline, and polydioxythiophene such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). 
     The hole transport layer  15 B is provided to increase efficiency of hole transport to the light-emitting layer  15 C. The thickness of the hole transport layer  15 B is, for example, preferably about 5 nm to about 200 nm both inclusive, and more preferably, about 8 nm to about 150 nm both inclusive, depending on the overall configuration of the device. As the material of the hole transport layer  15 B, it is possible to use a luminescent material soluble in an organic solvent. Example of this luminescent material include polyvinylcarbazole, polyfluorene, polyaniline, polysilane, or derivatives of these materials, polysiloxane derivatives each having aromatic amine at a side chain or a main chain, polythiophene as well as derivatives thereof, polypyrrole, and Alq 3 . 
     In the light-emitting layer  15 C, electron-hole recombination takes place and light emission occurs, when an electric field is applied. The thickness of the light-emitting layer  15 C is, for example, preferably about 10 nm to about 200 nm both inclusive, and more preferably, about 20 nm to about 150 nm both inclusive, depending on the overall configuration of the device. Each of the light-emitting layers  15 C may be a single layer or in a layered structure. Specifically, for example, in addition to providing single light-emitting layers  15 CR,  15 CG, and  15 CB of red, green, and blue, respectively, on the hole transport layer  15 B as in the organic EL device  10  of the present embodiment, the blue light-emitting layer may be provided as a common layer of each of the organic EL devices  10 R,  10 G, and  10 B. In this case, the blue light-emitting layer  15 CB is laminated on the red light-emitting layer  15 CR for the red organic EL device  10 R, and on the green organic EL device  10 G for the green light-emitting layer  15 CG. In addition, although not illustrated here, the red light-emitting layer  15 CR, the green light-emitting layer  15 CG, and the blue light-emitting layer  15 CB may be laminated. A white organic EL device is formed by laminating these layers. 
     As the material of the light-emitting layer  15 C, a material corresponding to each color of light emission may be used. Examples of the material include a polyfluorene-based polymer derivative, a (poly)para-phenylene vinylene derivative, a polyphenylene derivative, a polyvinylcarbazole derivative, a polythiophene derivative, a perylene-based pigment, a coumarin-based pigment, a rhodamine-based pigment, and the above-mentioned polymers doped with an organic EL material. As a doped material, it is possible to use, for example, rubrene, perylene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, tetraphenylbutadiene, nile red, coumarin 6, or the like. It is to be noted that as the material of the light-emitting layer  15 C, a mixture of two or more kinds of the above-mentioned materials may be used. In addition, not only the high-molecular-weight materials mentioned above, but low-molecular-weight materials may be combined and used. Examples of the low-molecular-weight materials include benzine, styrylamine, triphenyl amine, porphyrin, triphenylene, azatriphenylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, triazole, imidazole, oxadiazole, polyarylalkane, phenylenediamine, arylamine, oxazole, anthracene, fluorenone, hydrazone, stilbene, as well as derivatives of these materials, a monomer or oligomer of a conjugated heterocyclic system such as a polysilane-based compound, a vinylcarbazole-based compound, a thiophene-based compound, and an aniline-based compound. 
     As for the material of the light-emitting layer  15 C, a material with high luminous efficiency may be used as a luminous guest material, in addition to the materials mentioned above. Examples of this material with high luminous efficiency include organic luminescent materials such as a low-molecular luminescence material, a phosphorescent dye, and a metal complex. 
     It is to be noted that the light-emitting layer  15 C may be, for example, a hole transporting light-emitting layer serving as the hole transport layer  15 B, or an electron transporting light-emitting layer serving as the electron transport layer  15 D which will be described later. 
     The electron transport layer  15 D and the electron injection layer  15 E are provided to enhance efficiency of electron transport to the light-emitting layer  15 C. The total film thickness of the electron transport layer  15 D and the electron injection layer  15 E is, for example, preferably, about 5 nm to about 200 nm both inclusive, and more preferably, about 10 nm to about 180 nm both inclusive, depending on the overall configuration of the device. 
     As the material of the electron transport layer  15 D, it is desirable to use an organic material having a satisfactory electron transport ability. Variation in color of light emission due to a field intensity which will be described later is controlled by increasing transport efficiency of the light-emitting layer  15 C. Specifically, it is preferable to use, for example, an arylpyridine derivative, a benzimidazole derivative, or the like, because this makes it possible to maintain high efficiency of electronic supply, even with a low drive voltage. Examples of the material of the electron injection layer  15 E include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal as well as oxides, complex oxides, fluorides, and carbonates thereof. 
     The cathode electrode  16  has, for example, a thickness of about 10 nm, and, is configured using a material with satisfactory optical transparency and a small work function. Further, it is possible to ensure extraction of light, also by forming a transparent conductive film using an oxide. In this case, it is possible to use ZnO, ITO, IZnO, InSnZnO, or the like. Furthermore, the cathode electrode  16  may be a single layer, but here, for example, has a structure in which a first layer  16 A, a second layer  16 B, and a third layer  16 C are sequentially laminated from a side closer to the anode electrode  12 . 
     It is desirable that the first layer  16 A be formed of a material with satisfactory optical transparency and a small work function. Specific examples of this material include alkaline earth metal such as calcium (Ca) and barium (Ba), alkali metal such as lithium (Li) and cesium (Cs), indium (In), magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), and the like. The specific examples further include alkali metal oxides, alkali metal fluorides, alkaline-earth metal oxides, and alkaline-earth fluorides, such as Li 2 O, Cs 2 Co 3 , Cs 2 SO 4 , MgF, LiF, and CaF 2 . 
     The second layer  16 B is configured using a material with optical transparency and satisfactory conductivity, such as a thin-film MgAg electrode or a Ca electrode. It is preferable that a transparent lanthanoide oxide be used for the third layer  16 C, thereby suppressing deterioration of the electrode. This allows use as a sealing electrode capable of extracting light from the top face. Further, in the case of the bottom emission type, gold (Au), platinum (Pt), AuGe, or the like is used as the material of the third layer  16 C. 
     It is to be noted that the first layer  16 A, the second layer  16 B, and the third layer  16 C are formed by a technique such as vacuum deposition, sputtering, or plasma CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Further, in a case where a drive system of a display using this display device is an active matrix system, the cathode electrode  16  may be formed like a solid film on the substrate  11 , in an insulated state with respect to the anode electrode  12  by the liquid-repellant layer  14  (partition wall) covering a part of the anode electrode  12  and the organic layer  15 . Thereby, the cathode electrode  16  may be used as a common electrode for each pixel. 
     In addition, the cathode electrode  16  may be a mixed layer containing an organic luminescent material such as a quinoline aluminum complex, a styrylamine derivative, a phthalocyanine, or like. In this case, a layer (not illustrated) having optical transparency like one made of MgAg or the like may be additionally provided as the third layer  16 C. Further, it goes without saying that the cathode electrode  16  is not limited to a layered structure as described above, and may have an optimal combination and layered structure, according to a configuration of a produced device. For instance, the cathode electrode  16  of the present embodiment has a layered structure with a function of separating each layer of the electrode. In this layered structure, an inorganic layer (the first layer  16 A) accelerating electron injection into the organic layer  15 , an inorganic layer (the second layer  16 B) controlling the electrode, and an inorganic layer (the third layer  16 C) protecting the electrode are separated. However, the inorganic layer accelerating the electron injection into the organic layer  15  may serve as the inorganic layer controlling the electrode, and these layers may be in a single-layer structure. 
     Furthermore, it is preferable to configure the cathode electrode  16  by using a semi-transmissive and semi-reflective material, when this organic EL device  10  has a cavity structure. Thus, emitted light is extracted from the cathode electrode  16 , after being subjected to multiple interaction between a light reflecting surface located closer to the anode electrode  12  and a light reflecting surface located closer to the cathode electrode  16 . In this case, an optical distance between the light reflecting surface located closer to the anode electrode  12  and the light reflecting surface located closer to the cathode electrode  16  is assumed to be defined by a wavelength of light desired to be extracted, and the film thickness of each layer is assumed to be set to meet this optical distance. In such a display device of the top-emission type, it is possible to improve efficiency of light extraction toward outside and control an emission spectrum, by actively using this cavity structure. 
     A protective layer  17  is provided to prevent entrance of water into the organic layer  15 , and formed using a material with transparency and low permeability, to have a thickness of about 2 μm to about 3 μm both inclusive, for example. The protective layer  17  may be configured using either an insulating material or a conductive material. As the insulating material, an inorganic amorphous insulating material is desirable. Examples of the inorganic amorphous insulating material include amorphous silicon (α-Si), amorphous silicon carbide (α-SiC), amorphous silicon nitride (α-Si 1-x N x ), and amorphous carbon (α-C). Such an inorganic amorphous insulating material does not form grains and thus has low permeability, thereby forming a satisfactory protective film. 
     A sealing substrate  18  is located closer to the cathode electrode  16  in the organic EL device  10 , and seals the organic EL device  10 , in cooperation with an adhesion layer (not illustrated). The sealing substrate  18  is configured using a material such as glass, which is transparent with respect to the light produced in the organic EL device  10 . The sealing substrate  18  is provided with, for example, a color filter and a light-shielding film serving as a black matrix (neither is illustrated). The sealing substrate  18  extracts the light produced in the organic EL device  10 , and also absorbs external light reflected in wiring between the organic EL devices, thereby improving contrast. 
     For example, the color filter and the light-shielding film (neither is illustrated) may be provided on the sealing substrate  18 . The color filter includes a red filter, a green filter, and a blue filter (none is illustrated), which are disposed sequentially. The red filter, the green filter, and the blue filter are each shaped like a rectangle, for example, and formed seamlessly. The red filter, the green filter, and the blue filter are each made of a resin mixed with a pigment, and are adjusted to allow a high light transmittance in a wavelength region of targeted red, green, or blue and a low light transmittance in other wavelength regions. 
     The light-shielding film is configured using, for example, a black resin film or a thin-film filter. The black resin film is mixed with a black coloring agent and having an optical density of not less than 1, and the thin-film filter uses thin-film interference. Of these, the black resin film is desirable, because when the light-shielding film is configured using the black resin film, it is possible to form the light-shielding film easily at a low cost. The thin-film filter is, for example, a filter in which one or more thin films made of metal, a metal nitride, or a metal oxide are laminated, and light is attenuated using the thin-film interference. As a specific example of the thin-film filter, there is a filter in which Cr and chromium oxide (III) (Cr 2 O 3 ) are laminated alternately. 
     Incidentally, it is also possible to form the organic layer  15  by a method such as a coating method or a printing method, other than vacuum deposition and spin coating. Examples of the coating method include a dipping method, a doctor blade method, a discharge coating method, and a spray coating method. Examples of the printing method include an ink-jet method, offset printing, a letterpress printing method, an intaglio printing method, screen printing, and a microgravure coating method. Also, a dry process and a wet process may be used together, depending on a property of each of organic layers and each of members. 
     In this display  1 A, each pixel is supplied with the scanning signal from the scanning-line driving circuit  130  via the gate electrode of the write transistor Tr 2 , and also, the image signal output from the signal-line driving circuit  120  is retained at the capacitor Cs via the write transistor Tr 2 . In other words, the drive transistor Tr 1  is controlled to be ON/OFF according to this signal retained at the capacitor Cs, and thereby a driving current Id is fed to the organic EL device  10 , which causes electron-hole recombination resulting in emission of light. This light is extracted after passing through the anode electrode  12  and the substrate  11  in the case of the bottom emission, or after passing through the cathode electrode  16 , the color filter (not illustrated), and the sealing substrate  18  in the case of the top emission. 
     In the display  1 A of the present embodiment, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B and the first lyophilic regions  2 A are provided in the display region  2 . The first liquid-repellent regions  2 B divide the plurality of pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B for each color, and are provided around the plurality of pixels arranged in the matrix. The first lyophilic regions  2 A are provided in the region excluding the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a desired pixel pattern. In addition, the second lyophilic region  3 A is provided outside of the first liquid-repellent region  2 B, namely, in the peripheral region  3 . Thus, a sufficient bead is formed at the time of applying the ink onto the first lyophilic regions  2 A, and stable application of the ink to the first lyophilic region  2 A is allowed. 
     In this way, in the display  1 A (and an electronic unit) of the present embodiment, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B are provided to divide the color pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B for each color, and the first lyophilic regions  2 A are provided in the region excluding the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B, in the display region  2 . Thus, the organic layer  15  is formed into a desired pixel pattern. In addition, because the second lyophilic region  3 A is provided in the peripheral region  3 , it is possible to form a sufficient liquid bank (bead) in the bead formation. The bead formation serves as a preparatory stage in forming the organic layer  15  by applying the ink to the first lyophilic regions  2 A. This allows stable application of the ink to the first lyophilic region  2 A. In other words, accurate patterning of the organic layer  15  is enabled in a simple way regardless of a density (viscosity) of the ink, which improves device characteristics. Thus, it is possible to provide the display  1 A of full color, having stable characteristics, in a simple way. 
     2. Second Embodiment 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  of a display  1 B in the second embodiment. In the display  1 B of the present embodiment, first lyophilic regions  2 A 1  and first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 1  shaped like those of the display  1 A in the first embodiment are formed in the display region  2 . In the peripheral region  3 , a second lyophilic region  3 A 1  and a second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  are formed. The second lyophilic region  3 A 1  is formed to be identical in shape to a bead formation region  4 , or to include the bead formation region  4 . The second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  is provided in a peripheral section of the peripheral region  3 , thereby surrounding the second lyophilic region  3 A 1 . Thus, the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment, in terms of the peripheral region  3 . 
     In the display  1 B of the present embodiment, the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  is provided outside the second lyophilic region  3 A 1  provided in the peripheral region  3 . This makes it possible to prevent an excessive wet spread of ink, and improve material utilization efficiency, in a bead formation process. In addition, contact between wiring (not illustrated), which is formed in the peripheral region  3 , namely, in the peripheral section in particular, and an organic layer  15  is prevented. Therefore, occurrence of a short circuit is suppressed. 
     It is to be noted that here, the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  is provided over the entire peripheral section of the peripheral region  3 , but is not limited to this. Alternatively, the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  may be formed as a region equal to or greater than a width in a longitudinal direction of the bead formation region, in at least outside of the bead formation region  4 . Further, it is more preferable that the second lyophilic region  3 A 1  be identical in shape to the bead formation region  4 , and other region of the peripheral region  3  be the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1 . This makes it possible to further ensure the bead formation, thereby improving reliability. Moreover, the peripheral region  3  excluding the bead formation region  4  is covered by a liquid-repellant layer. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a short circuit in the wiring due to a foreign matter and the like, allowing an improvement in reliability. 
     Here, there will be described an experimental result in terms of bead formation, bead width, and RGB coloring, in the display  1 A in the first embodiment, the display  1 B in the present embodiment, and a display  101 A in a comparative example. In the comparative example, a liquid-repellent region  102 B is formed over a whole of a peripheral region  103 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     Table 1 provides acceptability of the bead formation, the bead width, and the RGB coloring, in the display  1 A, the display  1 B, and the display  101 A. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Liquid-repellent 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 treatment in first 
               
               
                   
                 liquid-repellent 
                 Bead 
                 Bead 
                 RGB 
               
               
                   
                 regions 
                 formation 
                 width 
                 coloring 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Display 1A 
                 CF 4  plasma 
                 Fair 
                 4 mm 
                 Fair 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 Fair 
                 4 mm 
                 Failure 
               
               
                 Display 1B 
                 CF 4  plasma 
                 Excellent 
                 2 mm 
                 Fair 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 Fair 
                 3.5 mm   
                 Failure 
               
               
                 Display 101A 
                 CF 4  plasma 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
                 Failure 
               
               
                   
                 — 
                 Fair 
                 5 mm 
                 Failure 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As apparent from Table 1, wet spread of the bead is suppressed by providing the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  around the second lyophilic region  3 A 1  in the peripheral region  3 , as compared with the display  1 A in which the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  is not formed in the peripheral region  3 . In contrast, it has been found that the bead is not formed in the display  101  in which the liquid-repellent region  103 B is formed on the entire surface of the peripheral region  103 . Even when the bead is formed in the display  101 , wet spread is wider than those of the beads in other displays. In addition, it has been found that the RGB coloring is enabled, through addition of liquid repellency by subjecting the first liquid-repellent regions to a liquid-repellent treatment with CF 4  plasma or the like. 
     In the display  1 B (and an electronic unit) of the present embodiment, the second liquid-repellent region  3 B 1  is provided around the second lyophilic region  3 A 1  in the peripheral region  3 . Thus, the wet spread of the bead is suppressed, and the material utilization efficiency is improved. In addition, since the contact between the wiring and the organic layer  15  is suppressed, occurrence of a short circuit is prevented. In other words, in addition to effects of the first embodiment, an effect of reducing cost and also improving reliability is produced. 
     The third to eighth embodiments will be described below. It is to be noted that the same elements as those of the first embodiment will be provided with the same characters as those of the first embodiment, in a manner similar to the second embodiment, and the description will be omitted. 
     3. Third Embodiment 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  of a display  1 C in the third embodiment. In the display  1 C of the present embodiment, first lyophilic regions  2 A 2  are formed in the display region  2 , a second lyophilic region  3 A 2  is provided in the peripheral region  3 , and the first lyophilic regions  2 A 2  and the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  are continuous with each other. This is a point different from the first and second embodiments. 
     A head and a substrate  11  are sufficiently connected via ink by forming a bead in a bead formation region  4  of the peripheral region  3 , before application of the ink to pixel lines, namely, the first lyophilic region  2 A 2 . Therefore, stable application of the ink to the first lyophilic region  2 A 2  is possible. However, in a case where the bead formation region  4  and the pixel lines, namely, the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  and the first lyophilic region  2 A 2 , are divided by first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 2  like the first and second embodiments, a change in application quantity or running out of the ink might occur, when the ink straddles the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 2  at the time of continuous application from the bead formation region  4  to the pixel lines. 
     In contrast, in the display  1 C of the present embodiment, a wide section  6  is provided at one end of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 2  formed in the display region  2 . Specifically, the wide section  6  is orthogonal to a longitudinal direction of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 2 , and formed at an end face closer to the bead formation region  4 . Thus, the first lyophilic region  2 A 2  and the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  provided in the peripheral region  3  are made to be continuous with each other. Thus, it is possible to prevent a change in application quantity or running out of the ink due to the ink straddling the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 2 , at the time of application of the ink from the bead formation region  4  within the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  to the first lyophilic region  2 A 2 . This makes it possible to apply the ink to the first lyophilic region  2 A 2  stably. In other words, there is produced an effect of improving manufacturing yield, in addition to the effects of the first and second embodiments. 
     It is to be noted that in the display  1 C of the present embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 9B , a second liquid-repellent region  3 B 2  may be provided outside the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  (in particular, the bead formation region  4 ) in the peripheral region  3  in a manner similar to the second embodiment. This makes it possible to form the bead reliably, thereby improving reliability of the display. This also applies to the fourth to seventh embodiments which will be described below. 
     4. Fourth Embodiment 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  of a display  1 D according to the fourth embodiment. In this display  1 D, first lyophilic regions  2 A 3  and a second lyophilic region  3 A 3  are continuous with each other, like the third embodiment. In the present embodiment, wide sections  6  where the first lyophilic regions  2 A 3  and the second lyophilic region  3 A 3  are continuous with each other are formed at one end of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 3 . Further, wing pieces  7  are provided at one end of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 3 , thereby narrowing a width of each wide section  6  between the adjacent first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 3 . As a result, there are formed narrow regions  6 A of the wide sections  6 , which is a point different from the third embodiment. 
     In the third embodiment, occurrence of events such as running out of the ink at the time of the application is reduced, by making the first lyophilic regions  2 A 2  and the second lyophilic region  3 A 2  continuous with each other. However, there is a possibility that the ink might flow out from the first lyophilic regions  2 A z  into the second lyophilic region  3 A 2 , depending on the viscosity and surface tension of the ink. This leads to a disadvantage that it is difficult to adjust the film thickness of the organic layer  15 , and a distribution of the film thickness in the pixel line occurs. 
     In contrast, in the display  1 D of the present embodiment, the wing pieces  7  are provided at the one end of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 3 , the one end where the wide sections  6  are provided to make the first lyophilic regions  2 A 3  and the second lyophilic region  3 A 3  continuous with each other. Therefore, the narrow regions  6 A are formed. Thus, the wide sections  6  provided at the one end of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 3  are narrowed, and an outflow of the ink applied to the first lyophilic regions  2 A 3  is suppressed. In other words, in addition to the effects of the third embodiment, there is produced an effect of maintaining uniformity of the film thickness in the surface of the organic layer  15  formed by the application, and reducing variations in device characteristic. 
     5. Fifth Embodiment 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  of a display  1 E according to the fifth embodiment. In this display  1 E, a width of each of first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  formed in the display region  2  changes along a longitudinal direction. Specifically, here, a width of each of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 4  is formed to become gradually narrow, from a starting-point side to an endpoint side of application. 
     When formation by application is performed through discharge of ink from a head as in the present embodiment, there is a possibility that the ink might extend to the head side during a coating process, depending on a balance between a shape and surface texture of a head, as well as a viscosity and surface tension of the ink. When the ink extends to the head side, there is a possibility that an application shape might enlarge with a scan, and distribution in application quantity might occur as the scan progresses. When the distribution in the application quantity occurs, it is difficult of control the film thickness, and distribution of the film thickness on the pixel lines takes place. As a result, variations in device characteristic occur. 
     In the display  1 E of the present embodiment in contrast, the width of each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  is made to widen gradually along the longitudinal direction. This suppresses the distribution of the film thickness caused by a change in the application quantity of the ink. Hence, the occurrence of the variations in device characteristic is suppressed. 
     It is to be noted that, in the present embodiment, the width of each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  is made to widen gradually along the longitudinal direction. However, without being limited to this, the width of each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  may be changed as appropriate, depending on a change in the application quantity of the ink discharged from the head. For example, when the application quantity gradually decreases immediately after the application begins, each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  is made to become gradually narrow along the longitudinal direction, in a way opposite to the change in the width of each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  in the present embodiment. This suppresses occurrence of the distribution of the film thickness. 
     6. Sixth Embodiment 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  of a display  1 F according to the sixth embodiment. In this display  1 F, each of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 5  is patterned into a shape following openings of pixels. Specifically, each of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 5  is patterned to be depressed at parts adjacent to the pixels  5  and protrude at parts not adjacent to the pixels  5 , so that the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 5  surround the openings of the pixels intermittently. This is a point different from the first to fifth embodiments. 
     When the ink is applied to the region partitioned by the liquid-repellant layer  14 , and a desired layer (here, the organic layer  15 ) is formed by removing the solvent as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , there is a possibility that a liquid surface of the ink might extend along a sidewall of the liquid-repellant layer  14 , causing a U-shaped or W-shaped distribution of the film thickness. A thick film part in this U-shaped or W-shaped distribution of the film thickness does not emit light, reducing a light-emission area. 
     In the display  1 F of the present embodiment in contrast, the width of each of the first liquid-repellent region  2 B 5  is formed so that depression sections  8 A are provided at the parts adjacent to the pixels  5  and projection sections  8 B are provided at the parts not adjacent to the pixels  5 , to correspond to pixel opening sections defined by first lyophilic regions  2 A 5 . Therefore, the film thickness in each of a long-side direction and a short-side direction of the pixel opening sections is formed uniformly, making it possible to reduce a decrease in the light-emission area. It is to be noted that the shape of each of the projection sections  8 B protruding in the short-side direction of the pixel  5  is not limited to a rectangular shape as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . Entrance of the ink may be improved by rounding right-angle parts. 
     7. Seventh Embodiment 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a partial plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  in a display  1 G according to the seventh embodiment. In this display  1 G, a width of each of first lyophilic regions  2 A 6  and a width of each of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 6  are adjusted for each of pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B of the respective colors forming display pixels, which is a point is different from other embodiments. 
     As a combination of organic EL devices of a display, there is RGBY (yellow), RGBW (white), a single color (e.g., W), YYB, or the like, other than three colors of RGB. It is desirable that the hole injection layer  15 A, the hole transport layer  15 B, and the like of the organic EL device of each color be formed to have the respective film thicknesses varying from device to device, so as to meet an optimum optical interference condition for each color. In order to adjust the film thickness for each device in the first lyophilic regions and the first liquid-repellent regions of the same widths without distinguishing the pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B lines of the respective colors, as in the first to sixth embodiments, there is a method of changing the density of the ink for each pixel line. In this method, an additional facility of adjusting the density of the ink for every pixel line is necessary, and work of changing the ink density in a process is desired. Therefore, there is a disadvantage that producibility is greatly reduced and cost is increased. 
     In the display  1 G of the present embodiment, the widths of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 6  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 6  are adjusted as appropriate for every pixel line of each color. Therefore, it is possible to form the layers having the film thicknesses corresponding to each color, even when the application is performed with the inks of the same densities on the same conditions. In other words, producibility is improved, and cost is reduced. In addition, in the common layers (e.g., the hole injection layer  15 A and the hole transport layer  15 B) for each color, it is possible to achieve desired thicknesses, even when the layers are collectively formed using a surface-coating configuration such as a slit coating method. Therefore, it is possible to further improve the producibility and reduce of the cost. 
     8. Eighth Embodiment 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a display  1 H according to the eighth embodiment. In this display  1 H, first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  dividing pixels  5  (red pixels  5 R, green pixels  5 G, and blue pixels  5 B) disposed in lines and first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  provided to improve wettability of ink are formed of the same material, which is a point different from the above-described embodiments. 
     As a material of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  in the present embodiment, there is a fluorine-containing material, a specific example of which is NPAR515 produced by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. In a method of forming the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  using the above-mentioned material, after an anode electrode  12  is formed on a flattening layer  27 , a solid film made of the fluorine-containing material is formed on the entire surface of each of the flattening layer  27  and the anode electrode  12 , by using a slit coating method, for example. Next, full exposure is performed using a photomask A that has a pattern with transparent regions P and non-transparent regions I. The transparent regions P correspond to the pixels  5  arranged in a matrix as illustrated in  FIG. 15A . As a result, partition walls  34  that partition the pixels  5  are formed. In an applied film formed of the fluorine-containing material, fluorine groups exhibiting liquid repellency are aligned on a film surface. Therefore, the surface of the applied film exhibits liquid repellency, and inside of the applied film exhibits hydrophilicity. In other words, as for the walls  34  formed by the method described above, each of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  is formed on a top face of each of the walls  34 , and each of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  is formed on a side face where the inside is exposed by exposure etching. In the present embodiment, the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  are thus formed in the same process. It is to be noted that as the material of the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7 , any material other than the fluorine-containing material described above may be used, as long as the material is capable of forming a film in which a surface has liquid repellency and inside has hydrophilicity. Moreover, in the formation process of the partition walls  34  described above, although the partition walls  34  are formed by one exposure after the solid film is formed, the shape of the partition walls  34  may be processed by adding an exposure process. The details will be described below. 
       FIG. 16A  is a perspective view of a part of a display region in a display  1 I,  FIG. 16B  is a cross-sectional view of a partition wall  34  viewed in a long-side direction of pixels  5 , and  FIG. 16C  is a cross-sectional view of a partition wall  34  viewed in a short-side direction of the pixels  5 . In this display  1 I, the partition wall  34  between the pixels next to each other in the short-side direction is processed after the above-mentioned full exposure. Specifically, after the full exposure is performed using the photomask A having the pattern corresponding to the respective pixels  5  illustrated in  FIG. 15A , half exposure using a photomask B having a pattern as illustrated in  FIG. 15B , for example, is performed at each position between the pixels next to each other in the short-side direction. It is to be noted that transmission sections P 1  and P 2  have a transmittance of about a few percent, and the transmittance of the transmission sections P 1  is lower than that of the transparent regions P 2 . By adding the exposure using the photomask B, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B formed on the top face is removed, and there is formed the partition wall  34  having a taper angle (θ 2 ,  FIG. 16C ) smaller than a taper angle (θ 1 ,  FIG. 16B ) of the partition wall  34  formed in the long-side direction of the pixels  5 . 
     When a liquid-repellent region is formed on the top face of each of the partition walls  34  adjacent to the pixels  5  in the short-side direction as in the display  1 H described above, a part of the ink applied in a line is accumulated on the liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7 , and thereafter flows randomly into front and back of each of the pixels. For this reason, the organic layer  15  might vary by the pixel  5  in terms of application quantity, namely, film thickness. In contrast, in the display  1 I illustrated in  FIG. 16A , the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  between the pixels next to each other in the short-side direction are removed by the half exposure, and inside of a solid film having hydrophilicity is exposed. Therefore, it is possible to reduce variations in the film thickness among the pixels  5 . In addition, a step is formed on a tapered surface of each of the partition walls  34  formed by the preceding full exposure, by performing the half exposure through use of the photomask B with the transmission sections P 1  and P 2  having the different transmittances, as in  FIG. 15A . Formation of this step allows the taper angle of the partition wall  34  to become small (θ 2 ) through a baking treatment, and prevents step disconnection of the cathode electrode  16  serving as a common electrode among the pixels which is to be formed later. 
     In the display  1 H and the display  1 I of the present embodiment, the first lyophilic regions  2 A 7  and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 7  are formed as the partition walls  34  by using the same material. Therefore, it is possible to form both regions in the same process. Hence, a production process is shortened, and manufacturing yield improves, as compared with the case where the first lyophilic regions  2 A and the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B are formed of different materials as in the first to seventh embodiments. 
     9. Modification 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a plane configuration of a display region  2  and a peripheral region  3  in a display  1 J, according to a modification of the disclosure, and  FIG. 18  illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of the display  1 J. In this display  1 J, a groove  44 A is formed in each of partition walls  44 , where pixels  5  ( 5 R,  5 G, and  5 B) are provided in lines as first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 8 . This groove  44 A serves as a connection section X where a cathode electrode  16  and auxiliary wiring  19  (a third electrode) are electrically connected to each other. The auxiliary wiring  19  reduces contact resistance of the cathode electrode  16 . 
     In a display having a typical configuration, a cathode electrode is connected to auxiliary wiring arranged in a column direction between pixels next to each other in a short-side direction. However, in the display  1  ( 1 A to  1 I), the ink to become the organic layer  15  is applied onto the entire surface of the first lyophilic regions  2 A including each of the color pixels  5 R,  5 G, and  5 B arranged in lines, namely, onto the auxiliary wiring  19 . For this reason, the organic layer  15  lies between the auxiliary wiring  19  and the cathode electrode  16 , failing to achieve good contact, which is a disadvantage. 
     In the present modification in contrast, the groove  44 A passing through the partition wall  44  and reaching the auxiliary wiring  19  is provided in the partition wall  44  that is a first liquid-repellent region  2 B 8  below which the auxiliary wiring  19  is formed as illustrated in  FIG. 17 . This allows formation of the connection section X where the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19  are directly in contact with each other in the groove  44 A, and good connection to be ensured. The grooves  44 A are formed, for example, by performing etching after formation of the partition walls  44 . A taper angle (θ) of each of the partition walls  44  formed at the time is desirably about 30 degrees or more and about 40 degrees or less. It is to be noted that the connection section X between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19  is not limited to a groove shape. In addition, each of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 8  is not limited to a line shape as in the first embodiment, and is applicable to the shape as in each of the second to seventh embodiments. An example will be described below. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates a plane configuration of the display  1 J in which the connection section X between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19  is formed at each of the projection sections  8 B of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 8 . Each of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 5  is patterned to be depressed at the parts adjacent to the pixels  5  and protrude at the parts not adjacent to the pixels  5  as described in the sixth embodiment. It is to be noted that here, the auxiliary wiring is omitted. When the connection section X shaped like a groove is provided in the partition wall  44  described above, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient width of the first liquid-repellent region  2 B 8 , namely, the partition wall  44 , thereby preventing the ink to become the organic layer  15  from entering the groove  44 A. However, an increase in the width of the partition wall  44  narrows an opening region of the pixel  5 , which might reduce an aperture ratio and limit a layout. 
     In a display  1 K illustrated in  FIG. 19  in contrast, in each of projection sections  8 B of each of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 9 , an opening  54 A passing through a partition wall  54  is provided as a connection section X between a cathode electrode  16  and auxiliary wiring  19 . A size of the opening  54 A is not limited in particular. For example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 20A and 20B , it is assumed that a pitch is about 270 μm, a short-side length of a pixel  5  is about 54 μm, a long-side length of the pixel  5  is about 187 μm, spacing (W 1 ) between the pixels  5  in a line is about 82 μm, a width (W A ) of each of first lyophilic regions  2 A 9  is about 74 μm, a width (W B ) of each of first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 9  is about 16 μm. In this case, one side (Lx, Ly) of the opening  54 A is formed to be desirably about 8 μm or more and 62 μm or less. Further, spacing (M) between the projection sections in each of which the opening  54 A is formed is preferably about 8 μm or more and 62 μm or less. It is to be noted that a taper angle (θ 3 ,  FIG. 20B ) of the partition wall  54  formed by the opening  54 A is desirably about 30 degrees or more and about 40 degrees, like the taper angle of the partition wall  34  in the groove  44 A described above. In addition, a shape of the opening  54 A is not limited to a rectangle, and may be a diamond or any circle including an oval, as long as the shape allows the contact between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19 . In this way, by forming the connection section X between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19  in a part not adjacent to the pixel  5 , it is possible to secure good connection between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19 , while maintaining the aperture ratio of the pixel  5 . 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a plane configuration of a display  1 L in which a connection section X is provided on a first liquid-repellent region  2 B 10  at each of both ends, among the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 10  that partition pixels  5  disposed in lines. In the connection section X in each of the display  1 J and the display  1 K described above, there is a case where it is difficult to apply desired ink within the first lyophilic region  2 A without protruding to the connection section X, depending on wettability of the ink, liquid repellency of the partition walls  44  serving as the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B, an application quantity of the ink, or a designed film thickness of an applied film. The display  1 L illustrated in  FIG. 21  eliminates this disadvantage. Among a plurality of partition walls  64  each serving as the first liquid-repellent region  2 B 10 , the partition wall  64  at each of both ends thereof is provided with a groove  64 A, and this groove  64 A serves as the connection section X between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19 . This makes it possible to ensure good connection between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19 , without restricting the application quantity of the ink. 
     In the present modification, the connection section X between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19  is provided in each of the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B 8  to  2 B 10  as illustrated in  FIGS. 17 ,  19 , and  21 . Therefore, it is possible to keep electrical connection well between the cathode electrode  16  and the auxiliary wiring  19 , without depending on a film formation method of the organic layer  15 . 
     10. APPLICATION EXAMPLES 
     It is possible to mount each of the displays  1 A to  1 L, on an electronic unit in each of application examples 1 to 5 as follows, for example. 
     Module and Application Examples 
     The application examples of the displays  1 A to  1 L in the first to eighth embodiments and the modification will be described below. The displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like may be applied to electronic units in all fields, which display externally-input image signals or internally-generated image signals as still or moving images. The electronic units include television receivers, digital cameras, laptop computers, portable terminals such as portable telephones, video cameras, and the like. 
     (Module) 
     Any of the displays  1 A to  1 L in the embodiments and the like is, for example, incorporated into any of various kinds of electronic units such as the application examples 1 to 5 to be described below, as a module illustrated in  FIG. 22 . This module is formed, for example, by providing a region  210  exposed at one side of the substrate  11  from a protective layer  20  and a sealing substrate  30 . In this exposed region  210 , an external connection terminal (not illustrated) is formed by extending wires of the signal-line driving circuit  120  and the scanning-line driving circuit  130 . This external connection terminal may be provided with a flexible printed circuit (FPC)  220  for input and output of signals. 
     Application Example 1 
       FIG. 23  illustrates an external view of a television receiver to which any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like is applied. This television receiver has, for example, an image-display screen section  300  that includes a front panel  310  and a filter glass  320 , and this image-display screen section  300  is configured using any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like. 
     Application Example 2 
       FIGS. 24A and 24B  each illustrate an external view of a digital camera to which any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like is applied. This digital camera includes, for example, a flash emitting section  410 , a display section  420 , a menu switch  430 , and a shutter release  440 . The display section  420  is configured using any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like. 
     Application Example 3 
       FIG. 25  illustrates an external view of a laptop computer to which any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like is applied. This laptop computer includes, for example, a main section  510 , a keyboard  520  for entering characters and the like, and a display section  530  displaying an image. The display section  530  is configured using any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like. 
     Application Example 4 
       FIG. 26  illustrates an external view of a video camera to which any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like is applied. This video camera includes, for example, a main section  610 , a lens  620  disposed on a front face of this main section  610  to shoot an image of a subject, a start/stop switch  630  in shooting, and a display section  640 . The display section  640  is configured using any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like. 
     Application Example 5 
       FIGS. 27A to 27G  illustrate external views of a portable telephone to which any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like is applied. This portable telephone is, for example, a unit in which an upper housing  710  and a lower housing  720  are connected by a coupling section (a hinge section)  730 , and includes a display  740 , a sub-display  750 , a picture light  760 , and a camera  770 . The display  740  or the sub-display  750  is configured using any of the displays  1 A to  1 L of the embodiments and the like. 
     The present technology has been described by using the first to eighth embodiments and the modification, but is not limited to these embodiments and like, and may be variously modified. For example, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B ( 2 B 1  to  2 B 10 ) in the first to eighth embodiments and the modification may be combined with one another. For instance, in addition to the first lyophilic regions  2 A 4  with the widths changing along the longitudinal direction in the fifth embodiment, a narrow section may be formed at one end of the wide section as in the first lyophilic region  2 A 3  in the fourth embodiment. 
     Also, in the first to eighth embodiments and the modification, the first liquid-repellent regions  2 B serving as the partition walls are formed using the organic material such as polyimide or novolak, but are not limited to these materials. The first liquid-repellent regions  2 B may be formed using the fluorine-containing material used in the eighth embodiment. 
     Moreover, the material and the thickness of each layer, or the film formation method and the film formation condition described in the embodiments and the like are not limited, and may be other material and thickness, or other film formation method and film formation condition. For example, the oxide semiconductor is used as the channel in the TFT  20  in the first embodiment, although it is not limited thereto. Silicon or an organic semiconductor may be used. 
     It is possible to achieve at least the following configurations from the above-described exemplary embodiments and the modifications of the disclosure. 
     (1) A display including: 
     a display region including a plurality of pixels, a plurality of first liquid-repellent regions, and a plurality of first lyophilic regions, each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions being provided in a part or a whole of a portion between the plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions being provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other; and 
     a peripheral region in a part or a whole of which a second lyophilic region is formed. 
     (2) The display according to (1), in which the plurality of pixels are arranged in a grid. 
     (3) The display according to (2), in which each of the first liquid-repellent regions is formed continuously in one direction, between the plurality of pixels arranged in the grid. 
     (4) The display according to (1), in which a width of each of the first liquid-repellent regions changes along a longitudinal direction. 
     (5) The display according to (1), in which a projection section or a depression section is formed in a region of each of the first liquid-repellent regions, the region corresponding to each of the pixels. 
     (6) The display according to (1), in which the plurality of pixels are classified into two or more colors, and a space between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions is different for each color. 
     (7) The display according to (1), in which each of the first lyophilic regions and the second lyophilic region are continuous with each other. 
     (8) The display according to (1), in which a wide section is provided in the first lyophilic regions at one end of the first liquid-repellent regions next to each other, and a narrow region is formed in the wide section. 
     (9) The display according to (1), in which one or more organic layers are formed in each of the first lyophilic regions. 
     (10) The display according to (9), in which a surface of each of the organic layers formed in each of the first lyophilic regions is in a lyophilic state. 
     (11) The display according to (1), in which a second liquid-repellent region is formed in a part or a whole of the peripheral region. 
     (12) The display according to (11), in which the second liquid-repellent region is provided between a wiring section provided in the peripheral region and an organic layer. 
     (13) The display according to (12), in which the first lyophilic regions and the second lyophilic region are each formed of a layer made of an inorganic material, and the first liquid-repellent regions and the second liquid-repellent region are each formed of a layer made of an organic material, the organic material being made to be lyophilic by a plasma treatment. 
     (14) The display according to (13), in which the inorganic material is silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), or molybdenum (Mo). 
     (15) The display according to (13), in which the organic material is polyimide or novolak. 
     (16) The display according to (1), in which a partition wall made of a fluorine-containing material is provided around each of the pixels, each of the first liquid-repellent regions is a top face of the partition wall, and each of the first lyophilic regions is a side face of the partition wall. 
     (17) The display according to (16), in which the partition wall has a taper shape, and a taper angle in a long-side direction of the pixels is greater than a taper angle in a short-side direction of the pixels. 
     (18) The display according to (1), in which each of the pixels includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode, the first electrode and the second electrode each applying a predetermined voltage to a light-emitting layer, and the third electrode reducing a wiring resistance of the second electrode, and a connection section between the second electrode and the third electrode is provided within each of the first liquid-repellent regions. 
     (19) The display according to (18), in which the connection section is provided continuously in one direction within a part or a whole of each of the first liquid-repellent regions. 
     (20) The display according to (18), in which the connection section is provided in a part or a whole of each of a plurality of projection sections in each of the first liquid-repellent regions. 
     (21) An electronic unit including a display, the display including: 
     a display region including a plurality of pixels, a plurality of first liquid-repellent regions, and a plurality of first lyophilic regions, each of the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions being provided in a part or a whole of a portion between the plurality of pixels, and each of the plurality of first lyophilic regions being provided between the plurality of first liquid-repellent regions next to each other; and 
     a peripheral region in a part or a whole of which a second lyophilic region is formed. 
     The present disclosure contains subject matter related to that disclosed in Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2011-112381 filed in the Japan Patent Office on May 19, 2011 and Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2012-035312 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Feb. 12, 2012, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     It may be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.