Patent Publication Number: US-2019169878-A1

Title: Pressurized chemical theft deterrent device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/862,548 (Attorney Docket No. SKLKP001C1) by Perrenoud, et al., filed on Jan. 4, 2018, titled, “Pressurized Chemical Theft Deterrent Device,” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/449,571 (Attorney Docket No. SKLKP001) by Perrenoud, et al., filed on Mar. 3, 2017, titled “Pressurized Chemical Theft Deterrent Device,” which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/304,106 (Attorney Docket No. SKLKP001P) by Perrenoud, et al., filed on Mar. 4, 2016, titled “Pressurized Chemical Theft Deterrent Device,” which are both incorporated by reference herein in their entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to theft deterrent devices, and more particularly, to theft deterrent devices containing pressurized chemical deterrents. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bicycle theft is a serious problem among bicycle owners. Traditional methods for preventing bicycle theft are inefficient and outdated. For example, the standard U-lock was invented in the 1970s and is no longer as effective as when it first came onto the market due to the fast paced evolution of technology providing newer and easier methods of stealing bicycles equipped with the standard U-lock. For example, given the power of today&#39;s tools, a bicycle thief can cut through a standard U-lock in a matter of seconds using the right tools. 
     Many companies have attempted to solve this problem by developing several different methods for curbing circumvention of a bicycle lock such as a U-lock. Such methods include making it possible to use fingerprints to open the lock, notifying a user after the bikes have been stolen using various technologies, or most commonly, simply making the lock stronger and more difficult to break. Unfortunately, these attempts still prove ineffective at ultimately preventing bicycle theft, which usually occur within 16 months of ownership. Thus, there is a need for an improved theft deterrent device that is effective against state of the art bicycle theft tools. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary of the disclosure in order to provide a basic understanding of certain embodiments of the present disclosure. This summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure and it does not identify key/critical elements of the present disclosure or delineate the scope of the present disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts disclosed herein in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a theft deterrent device. The theft deterrent device includes a locking portion and a shackle. The locking portion includes a locking mechanism. The shackle includes a shackle wall and is configured to house a chemical deterrent within the shackle wall. The chemical deterrent is pressurized while being housed inside the shackle such that a breach in the integrity of the shackle wall causes an aerosolized release of the chemical deterrent. 
     In some embodiments, the aerosolized release of the chemical deterrent only occurs if the breach to the integrity of the shackle is deep enough to pierce the containment chamber housing the chemical deterrent. In some embodiments, the shackle comprises a hollow tube utilized as the containment chamber for housing the chemical deterrent. In some embodiments, the shackle wall has a strength and thickness sufficient for providing resistance to or delayed cutting by a cutting tools. In some embodiments, the shackle wall is comprised of hardened medium carbon steel. 
     In some embodiments, the shackle includes a containment chamber to provide an effective aerosolized release of the chemical deterrent. In some embodiments, the shackle includes an inner lining surrounding a containment chamber for the chemical deterrent to prevent or mitigate corrosive effects of the chemical deterrent. In some embodiments, the inner lining comprises a chemically resistant polymer. In some embodiments, the chemical resistant polymer is selected from the group of epoxy resin, polyolefin, or a fluoropolymer based compound, and/or the combinations thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the locking portion comprises a crossbar. In some embodiments, the shackle is generally U-shaped. In some embodiments, the locking portion also includes a containment chamber for housing the chemical deterrent. 
     In some embodiments, the chemical deterrent comprises a solution comprising an irritant element or a lachrymatory agent, an odorous element, a dye, and a propellant. In some embodiments, the chemical deterrent further includes binding elements, solvents, and preservatives. In some embodiments, the irritant element or lachrymatory agent comprises one or more of capsaicinoid (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide, etc.), 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, dibenzoxazepine, phenacyl chloride, or syn-propanethial-S-oxide. In some embodiments, the odorous element comprises one or more of butyric acid, thiols (ethanethiol, methanethiol, propanethiol, butanethiol, etc.), propionic acid, putrescine, cadaverine, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, or ammonium sulfide. In some embodiments, the propellant comprises one or more of butane, propane, diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, or methyl chloride. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure of the chemical deterrent is defined by the equilibrium vapor of propellant used in the formula of a particular chemical deterrent. In some embodiments, the chemical deterrent includes an amount of propellant sufficient to create a containment pressure inside the shackle or the locking portion between 70 and 100 PSI at 20° C. In some embodiments, the chemical deterrent is pressurized while being inserted into the shackle via filling an elastic container with the chemical deterrent. 
     A theft deterrent system is also provided in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The theft deterrent system comprises a locking portion, the locking portion including a locking mechanism; and a shackle comprising a shackle wall, the shackle configured to house one or more containments containing a chemical deterrent within the shackle wall, the chemical deterrent being pressurized while being housed in the shackle such that a breach in the integrity of the shackle wall causes an aerosolized release of the chemical deterrent, wherein the locking portion is adapted to connect across open ends of the shackle upon operation of the locking mechanism. The one or more containment are sub-divided into chambers, and adjacent chambers are connected through a nozzle configured therebetween. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate particular embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary bicycle lock taking the form of a U-lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a detail view of another exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exploded view of another exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a fragmentary enlarged exploded view of an exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a sectional view of the crossbar insert of an exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a diagram of one example of the releasing of the chemical deterrent upon an attempt to cut through an exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a diagram of an exemplary containment chamber configured inside the shackle walls of an exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a diagram of another exemplary crossbar of an exemplary lock, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a diagram of another exemplary bicycle lock that is not generally U-shaped, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS 
     Reference will now be made in detail to some specific examples of the present disclosure including the best modes contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the present disclosure. Examples of these specific embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the present disclosure is described in conjunction with these specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the present disclosure to the described embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. 
     For example, the techniques of the present disclosure will be described in the context of particular interlocking parts or chemical compositions. However, it should be noted that the techniques of the present disclosure apply to various other parts or compositions. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. Particular example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process operations have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the present disclosure. 
     Various techniques and mechanisms of the present disclosure will sometimes be described in singular form for clarity. However, it should be noted that some embodiments include multiple iterations of a technique or multiple instantiations of a mechanism unless noted otherwise. For example, a system uses a processor in a variety of contexts. However, it will be appreciated that a system can use multiple processors while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure unless otherwise noted. Furthermore, the techniques and mechanisms of the present disclosure will sometimes describe a connection between two entities. It should be noted that a connection between two entities does not necessarily mean a direct, unimpeded connection, as a variety of other entities may reside between the two entities. For example, a processor may be connected to memory, but it will be appreciated that a variety of bridges and controllers may reside between the processor and memory. Consequently, a connection does not necessarily mean a direct, unimpeded connection unless otherwise noted. 
     Overview 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for preventing bicycle theft, and serve as a deterrent lock. Existing bicycle locks deter bike thieves by becoming more durable and difficult to be severed (e.g., becoming larger and heavier), but they lack a deterrent as a defense mechanism against the bike thieves. For example, equipped with an angle grinder or bottle jack, thieves can break the most robust locks within a couple of minutes, not the mention that as locks evolve and become stronger, so do the tools that thieve can use to breach them. Embodiments of the present disclosure utilize an approach to protect personal properties by providing a lock that is configured with a deterrent that is released airborne into the atmosphere to cause an effect on a thief so as to stop the thief from completing the attempt after being exposed to the deterrent. When a thief tries to grind or break through a lock in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a potent, though non-toxic and legally compliant formula in reasonable concentrations, compound escapes from the lock. Once the compound is airborne, the effects of the compound on a thief are manifested quickly to make it nearly impossible for the thief to continue the attempt at theft. Such effects include, but not limited to physical conditions in which sight is compromised, breathing becomes difficult or obstructed, and quick or almost immediate vomiting is induced. 
     In some embodiments, if the thief manages to succeed at stealing the bicycle despite the quick or almost immediate effect of deterrence to the thief, the bicycle that the thief steals nevertheless becomes more difficult for the thief or any party to sell for some period of time for at least two reasons: 1) the distinct smell of the compound will persist for some period of time, and 2) the dye released that will mark the bicycle as a stolen goods and the dye can be detected under a black light. Thus, it is difficult for a stolen bicycle to be re-sold in a short period of time. Furthermore, the compound also spreads to and compromises the clothing and/or personal belongings and/or equipment of the thief after the theft. To the owner of the bike, thorough removal of the compound from the bicycle takes time but it is a worthwhile compromise to protect the property. On the other hand, for a thief, when a quick sell business model is shattered, stealing a bicycle protected by a lock in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is no longer an viable economic decision. 
     EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary bicycle lock taking the form of a u-lock in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Bicycle lock  100  has a shackle  102  and a locking portion  104  connected across the open ends of the shackle  102 . The shackle  102  is configured to insert into the locking portion  104 , and held in place by a locking mechanism configured within the locking portion  104  Here, the locking portion  104  is illustrated as a crossbar. The lock user generally places part of the element to be secured, as well as an immovable or affixed element such as, for example, a post, tree or railing, into the space (e.g., the U shaped space in this example) between the crossbar and the shackle, forming a physical coupling between the two and preventing someone from being able to remove the secured element without operating the locking mechanism. In order to be able to release the secured element, one has to either operate the locking mechanism, or physically break or cut the lock. 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism comprises the use of a key to turn a lock cylinder, or an electric motor operated by an electronic circuit when appropriate digital credentials are provided for example, via a contactless radio frequency based communication protocol, or via biometrics, or any suitable locking technologies. Granted that, to prevent one from successfully releasing the secured element without operating the locking mechanism, the lock has to be physically resilient (to actions such as for example, cutting and pulling), it&#39;s impossible to prevent someone from using a tool sufficiently powerful to overcome physical resiliency. Besides, the lock remaining practical and usable is another factor to be kept in mind when it comes to larger and heavier locks being more resilient physically. In some embodiments, the lock  100  contains a chemical deterrent. In some embodiment, the shackle  102 , the crossbar  104  or both contain a chemical deterrent of a formula that, when released, exposes someone, who attempts to cut or otherwise breach the lock, to the effects of the deterrent. In some embodiments, the effects of a deterrent include, but not limited to, an unpleasant smell, which causes physical discomfort such as nausea and/or potentially involuntary reflex, e.g., vomiting, or the like; or a potent irritant such as lachrymatory agents, causing severe physical distress and incapacitation or the like, and/or the combinations thereof. In some embodiments, this combination of measures prevent a thief from completing the physical destruction of the lock, as well as provides a strong deterrent to an attempt of the theft in the first place. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a detail view of another exemplary lock  200  in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, Shackle  102  include a shackle wall  202 , the wall having an outer surface, an inner surface, a thickness and forming an inside volume. As shown here in  FIG. 2 , in some embodiments the shackle wall  202  takes of the form of a hollow tube, which is configured to contain a pressurized chemical deterrent. A container  204  inside crossbar  104  also is configured to contain a pressurized chemical formula. The hollow tube  202  is preferably made of a material that has the following characteristics: strength, toughness, ductility and durability, such as, for example, steel, or hardened steel. In some embodiments, the thickness of the tube&#39;s wall is sufficient to provide resistance against cutting by tools and/or delay the action by more powerful tools. In some embodiment, the thickness is at least 3 mm when the tube is made of a hardened medium carbon steel. The inner diameter of the tube  202  is configured to provide a volume so that the chemical deterrent is contained and released in an effective amount against the person attempting to cut the shackle. In one embodiment, the inner diameter is about 10 mm, providing a total inner volume of about 40 ml. 
     In some embodiments, due to the potentially corrosive nature of the chemical deterrent, the walls of the tube  202  are coated with an inner lining of a layer of protective material, for example, a thin film of chemically resistant polymer such as an epoxy resin or a fluoropolymer based coating (PTFE, ECTE, FEP, etc.). The container  204  is protected by the outer wall of the crossbar  104  (for example, in one example, at least 3 mm when the crossbar  104  is made of hardened steel). In some embodiments, the crossbar  104  is made up of a similar or identical material as the hollow tube  202 , and the container&#39;s material simply needs to withstand the pressure and the corrosiveness from the chemical deterrent housed inside. In this case, the container  204  is made of, for example, polymer that fulfills those characteristics, such as a polyolefin (polyethylene or polypropylene) or a polyvinyl chloride or the like. In some embodiments, the pressure inside the hollow tube  202  and the container  204  is both defined primarily by the equilibrium vapor pressure of the propellant used. For example, the afore mentioned pressures is typically between about 70 and about 100 PSI at 20° C. 
     In one embodiment, the propellant and the chemical formula are heterogeneously combined so that they&#39;re both released under pressure when the containment is breached. In some embodiments, a high volume of propellant which doesn&#39;t contribute to the deterrent effect is required. In another embodiment, requiring significantly less propellant to achieve the same or higher pressure, the propellant and the chemical formula are separated by a slider  206  on each side of the shackle  202  respectively, with an O-ring in their center groove. The propellant is contained towards the side of the O-ring facing the crossbar inserts. The deterrent is contained in the tube  202  between the sides of the O-ring facing away from the crossbar inserts. The O-ring creates a seal between the sides of the slider  206  such that the chemical formula and the propellant don&#39;t mix. In some embodiments, a small amount of the propellant in liquid form is required (enough to fill the entire volume of the shackle  202  when in gaseous form), hence a small amount of volume is necessary at each ends of the shackle to contain it. The will exerts pressure on the slider  206 , which in turn transfers that pressure to the chemical formula. Since there&#39;s pressure exerted from both sliders, the chemical formula is under twice the vapor equilibrium pressure of the propellant. For example, at 20° C., from 140 to 200 PSI. When the containment is breached where the chemical formula is stored, it will be released at full pressure; and if the containment is breached where propellant is stored, half the propellant volume store din the shackle will be released, followed by the chemical formula once the slider  206  slides past the breach, under at half the initial pressure configured onto the deterrent. As the chemical formula is released, one or both sliders will slide through the tube, as the liquid propellant evaporates to maintain the equilibrium vapor pressure. 
     The sliders  206  are more effective if made of a material with a low coefficient of friction on steel, such as brass, polyethylene PTFE, or the like. In some embodiments, depending on the composition chosen for the chemical deterrent, chemical resistance is also required as well of the sliders  206 . In one example, PTFE, which offers both a low coefficient of friction and chemical resistance, is a good choice for the material for the sliders  206 . Similarly, the O-ring  518 , which is configured to sit in the slider&#39;s center groove, also needs chemical resistance. In some embodiments, a fluoroelastomer such as, for example, Viton, or a perfluoroelastomer such as, for example, Kalrez or Perlast, is utilized as the materials for the O-ring  518 . 
     In some embodiments, instead of crossbar inserts  304  and  306 , two crossbar inserts  304  will be used. In other embodiments, two crossbar inserts  306  will be used. 
     In some embodiments, the crossbar  104  has a tubular construction. In some embodiments, the crossbar  104  is cylindrical, having a diameter greater than the diameter of the crossbar inserts of the shackle. The crossbar  104  is configured with a pair of aligned openings in the side of the crossbar and spaced apart from each other by a distance corresponding to the distance between the open ends (e.g., crossbar inserts as shown later) of the shackle  102 . 
     In some embodiments, the inside volume of the tube  202  is the containment chamber, which contains chemical deterrent directly. In some embodiments, the inside volume of the tube  202  is further configured to house separate one or more containment chambers, e.g., small-sized containers made of the materials described for the container  204 , the separate containment chambers containing chemical deterrents. In some embodiments, the inside volume of tube  202  functions as both the containment chamber and the housing for separate containment chambers. In some embodiments, the inside surface of the crossbar  104  is protected the protective layer such as the thin film described above. 
       FIG. 3  depicts an exploded view of an exemplary lock  300  in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the shackle is further shown to have an outer layer  302 , in addition to the hollow tube  202 . The open ends of the shackle are coupled with crossbar inserts  304  and  306 , respectively. Here, crossbar insert  306  is illustrated in a cross-section view, and crossbar insert  304  is illustrated in a perspective view. In some embodiments, the outside of the crossbar is protected an outer layer as the shackle. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a fragmentary enlarged exploded view of the exemplary crossbar  400  in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Here, inserts  304  and  306  are not part of the crossbar  400 . In addition to container  204 , crossbar is further shown to contain a locking mechanism  408  and a locking cam  406  operated by the locking mechanism. In some embodiments, the locking mechanism comprises a lock cylinder as shown herein. In some other embodiments, the locking mechanism  408  comprises an electric motor (not shown here). The locking mechanism  408  can also comprise any type of locks, e.g., magnetically operated locks, combination lock, and the like. The locking cam  406  is coupled to the locking mechanism  408  so that when actuated, it turns in unison. As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the locking cam  406  is coupled to the locking mechanism  408  which is a lock cylinder such that when the lock cylinder is operated by a corresponding key, the locking cam  406  turns in unison. In some embodiments not shown here, the locking cam  406  is coupled to the locking mechanism  408  which is a motor such that when the motor is actuated by a corresponding electronic circuit board, the locking cam  406  turns in unison. In some embodiments, a pair of cam pins  404 , are both inserted into the grooves of locking cam  406  and the slots in locking bar  402 . The cam pins  404  slide in the locking cam&#39;s grooves to move the locking bars  402  back and forth, depending on the rotational direction of the locking mechanism  408 , thus changing from a locked position to a unlocked position and vice versa. Locking bars  402  prevent crossbar inserts  304  and  306  from being removed from the crossbar when in locked position as depicted in  FIG. 4 . Preferably, the locking bars  402  has high ductility to resist attacks such as pulling on the lock. In some embodiments, the locking bar  402  are made of high ductility steel or the like. 
       FIG. 5  depicts a sectional view  500  of the crossbar insert of a fragmentary exemplary lock in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The crossbar insert can be crossbar inserts  306  and  304 , which in turn can be the same. For the purposes of simplicity, only crossbar insert  306  is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Crossbar insert  306  has a generally cylindrical insert body having an open end to couple to the open end of the tube  202 . The cylindrical body also is tapered to form an tip end at the end that inserts into the crossbar  104 . The insert body further includes a groove configured on the side thereof, the width of the groove matching the width of the crossbar that comes into a locking position when the locking mechanism is operated. The depth of the groove is sufficient to provide a secure locking position between the crossbar insert  306  and the crossbar. In addition, the depth of the groove does not extend beyond where the hole/channel  506  is positioned. The crossbar insert  306  comprises a check valve. In one embodiment as shown here in  FIG. 5 , the check valve comprises coiled spring  512 , valve ball  510  and press fit retaining insert  508 , held in place through an interference fit. In another embodiment not shown here, check valve comprises a elastomer based flap valve held in place by an interference fit. In yet another embodiment not shown here, a self-healing polymer instead of a check valve is used. The check valve leads to hole  506 , allowing the tube  202  of the shackle  102  to be filled under pressure with chemical deterrent or just the liquid propellant if sliders  206  are used. In some embodiments, filling the tube  202  of the shackle comprises using a custom built elastomer or rubber based nozzle matching the shape of the press fit insert to achieve a liquid tight seal, when the check valve is used as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . In some other embodiments, a hollow needle in the case of an elastomer flap valve design and the self-healing polymer alternative, connected to a container filled with the chemical deterrent or the liquid propellant when sliders  206  are used. Once the tube  202  of the shackle is filled, the hole in the tip of crossbar insert  306  is permanently sealed with mechanisms such as solder or an epoxy resin, thus the check valve&#39;s corrosion resistance and effectiveness is minimal, as it only needs to prevent reverse flow for the few seconds or minutes until the permanent seal is put in place. Crossbar inserts  304  and  306  are adapted to be coupled to the hollow tube  202  by permanently mating shaft  502  to hole  504 . In some embodiments, the mating comprises an interference fit or screw-threading one side onto the other, combined with either a welding or gluing operation to ensure a permanent mating, a stronger mating and a liquid proof seal If two crossbar inserts  304  are used, then the shackle is filled while maintaining the shackle and its contents at a low enough temperature to ensure that the propellant remains liquid. If the sliders  206  are used, the volume  514  contains the propellant in liquid form; and volume  516 , which extends all the way to the other slider on the other side of the shackle  202 , contains the chemical formula. The center groove of sliders  206  contain a O-ring  518  to provide a static and dynamic seal. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a diagram of one example of the releasing of the chemical deterrent upon an attempt to cut through an exemplary lock  600  in accordance to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Here, a cutting tool  604  is shown cut at the lock  600  at the shackle  102 . In other scenarios, cutting tool  604  can be used to cut at the lock at crossbar  104  (not shown). In this example, when blade saw  602  of the cutting tool  604  cuts deep enough to pierce the containment of chemical deterrent  606 , the contents under pressure is released in an aerosolized form, as depicted in  FIG. 6 . Any tool can be used to breach the lock, for example, a reciprocal saw, angle grinder, bolt cutters, or the like. The released aerosolized contents is sufficient in volume (in either case where the crossbar  104  or the shackle  102  is attacked) to incapacitate the individual attempting to break the lock  600 . In some embodiments, the mating of  502  to  504  (not shown here) is configured to resist less pulling force than what&#39;s required to forcefully pull the fully assembled shackle  102  out of the crossbar  104  so that in a pulling attack on the lock  600 , the chemical deterrent  606  is also released. 
     In some embodiments, the chemical formula  606  comprises one or more of the following elements: a potent irritant element, such as lachrymatory agents, a foul smelling element, a colored dye or pigment, a propellant, and a number of additional elements that don&#39;t serve any active purpose but necessary for the formula to be produced. For example, the additional elements can comprise binding elements, solvents, anti-freeze, preservatives, or the like. In some embodiments, the irritant element is extremely potent. In some embodiments, the smelling element is extremely foul smelling. In some embodiments, the dye or pigment is bright colored. 
     In some embodiments, the irritants or lachrymatory agents comprises one or more of capsaicinoid (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide), 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, dibenzoxazepine, phenacyl chloride, syn-propanethial-S-oxide. 
     In some embodiments, the foul smelling element comprises one or more of butyric acid, thiols (1,3-Propanedithiol, isobethanethiol, methanethiol, propanethiol, butanethiol), propionic acid, putrescine, cadaverine, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide. 
     In some embodiments, the propellant comprises one of butane, isobutene, propane, diethyl ether, dimethyl ether, methyl chloride (chloromethane). 
     In one embodiment, an inflatable stretchable elastomer or rubber (e.g., similar to a party balloon) container, connected to the exit hole  506  of the check valve, is inflated with the chemical deterrent  606 , inside hollow tube  202 . The elastomer or rubber, is chosen to resist the corrosion of the chemical deterrent and hence protecting hollow tube  202  from corrosive attack. In some embodiments, a fluoroelastomer, such as Dupont&#39;s Kalrez proprietary perfuloroelastomer is used. In some other embodiments a TFEP based solution, such as the proprietary Aflas is used 
       FIG. 7  depicts a diagram of an exemplary containment chamber configured inside the shackle walls of the exemplary lock in accordance of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiment, an elastomer tube, resistant the corrosion of the chemical deterrent (fluoroelastomer for instance), matching the diameter of hollow tube  202 , is configured to have internal chambers. In some embodiments, as shown here in  FIG. 7 , the elastomer tube  700 , internally subdivided longitudinally into four or more sections of equal size, is inserted into hollow tube  202 . Each section  702  of the tube  700  is connected internally to the two adjacent sections  702  with a nozzle  704 , which releases the chemical deterrent contained in those sections in a fine aerosolized form, when the pressure differential allows it. This provides effectiveness of aerosolizing the chemical deterrent under a variety of different cutting attacks on the shackle  102 . This also ensures that the aerosolized release of the chemical deterrent is extended in duration. In some embodiments, the sections are filled simultaneously and uniformly by connection the end of each one to the check valve&#39;s exit hole  506 . In other embodiments, the crossbar insert  306  does not have a check valve, exit hole  506  extends all the way to the tip, and a check valve is integrated to the elastomer&#39;s tube  700 , connected to exit hole  506  and to each section directly. In some embodiments, a similar multi-sectional design with a nozzle leading from each adjacent section to the other, is used on the crossbar container  204 , to achieve the same aerosolizing improvement. 
     In one embodiment, when the cutting tool first breaches the containment, only one section  702  will be breached. If the breach is large enough, the contents of that section  704  will be released fairly rapidly. The pressure thus drops in that section, and the two adjacent sections  702  starts releasing their contents into this breached section via the nozzles  704  connecting them, optimizing the decreolization effect and controlling the speed of release, thus increasing and prolonging the exposure to the individual operating the cutting tool and increasing the degree of discomfort caused. 
     In some embodiments, the lock mechanism  408  is a padlock, and accordingly shackle  102  is substantially shorter than the illustrated shackle  102  in  FIG. 1 , and the length of the crossbar  104  is reduced as well. In other embodiments, the lock comprises a rotating shackle instead of a removable shackle to reduce the shackle length exposed to potential attacks on the lock. The chemical deterrent is included in both crossbar  104  and shackle  102  in a manner similar to the above description for the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 1-7 . 
     In some embodiments, the locking mechanism  408  comprises a disc brake lock, and accordingly the crossbar  104  is shaped such that a disc brake is inserted in between the main body of the crossbar  104 . Thus, when a short shackle  102  bridges the gap between the two sides of the crossbar  104  to achieve the locked state, upon going through one of the many holes of the disc brake, the rotation is restricted and thus the wheel the disc brake mounted to no longer rotates, immobilizing the vehicle it is attached to. 
     In some embodiments, the chemical deterrent is contained within a number of small containers, for example, spheres or dodecahedron having a nozzle exit hole. In some embodiments, the exit hole is of a small size. Such small containers are filled at a low temperature, about below the propellant&#39;s boiling point. When the propellant is in stable liquid form, the container is inserted inside hollow tube  202  and container  204 , to the extent of as many as possible to fit therein. The remaining volume of  202  and  204  is then filled with the chemical deterrent. When the outer containment is breached, the chemical deterrent is released through the breach, the pressure drops, and therefore small containers inside start releasing their contents through their nozzles, in a controlled and aerosolized manner. In some embodiments, the aerosolizing is optimized. 
     In some embodiments, to improve the effectiveness of the irritant element, the dispersal radius of the aerosolized chemical deterrent needs to reach approximately 1.5 m. The foul smelling element has a much wider area of effect. To increase or decrease the dispersal radius and the internal pressure of the containers, the equilibrium vapor pressure needs to be varied. In some embodiments, the size of the dispersal radius is inversely proportional to the duration of the dispersal. In one embodiment, the propellant having a lower vapor pressure is selected to increase the duration of the release and lower the dispersion radius, which is effective for use primarily or exclusively indoors. In another embodiment, the propellant having a higher vapor pressure is selected to increase the dispersion radius and decrease the duration of the release, which is effective for use primarily outdoors. The range of internal pressures that can be achieved with common propellants varies from about 15 to about 750 PSI. 
       FIG. 8  depicts another exemplary crossbar  800  of an exemplary lock in accordance of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 8 , two ceramic bars  802  are configured on a side of the crossbar  800  respectively, within the confines and hence protection of the outer steel cylinder. In some embodiments, the bars  802  are mounted to the container  204 , which comprises of a polymer material, would provide an amount of shock absorption to offset the inherent ceramic brittleness. Since most steel cutting wheels are incapable of cutting through ceramic, except for tools such as diamond cutting wheels, it is more difficult for the crossbar  800  to be cut through. Since diamond wheels are much slower at cutting steel than specialized cutting wheels, the attack using such wheels is slowed down. In other embodiments, the chemical formula container  204  is replaced by a polymer frame with materials such as elastomeric or foam based ceramic support elements or the like, which allows for better shock absorption combined with thicker ceramic bars. In other embodiments, a flexible ceramic bar is configured to be inserted into the tube  202  of shackle  102 , with or without the presence of the chemical formula, conferring significantly enhanced cutting resistance to the Shackle  102 . In one embodiment, for the ceramic bar to be configured as flexible, small pieces of ceramic embedded are in an elastomeric substrate to confer both the required flexibility, to match the general U shape of the shackle, and to provide for the shock resistance. In another embodiment, the flexible ceramic comprises segments configured to link to each other, in a manner such as how metal watch bracelets or Rado ceramic watches configure linked segments to allow the overall shape of the bracelets to be able to conform to the shape of a wearer&#39;s wrist. 
       FIG. 9  depicts another exemplary lock  900  in accordance of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Here,  FIG. 9  depicts a car steering wheel lock, which significantly impairs the turning of the wheel when locked into place by lock  900 . In some embodiments, a key operated locking mechanism  904  is locked onto the steering wheel  902 , such that the constraining bar  906  can&#39;t be removed from the wheel and impairs the rotation of the wheel, by physically touching upon elements such as the car&#39;s dashboard and console. In some embodiments, the pressurized chemical deterrent is contained within a hollow chamber  908  of the constraining bar  906 . When a thief attempts to cut the bar  906  to regain full rotation of the steering wheel, the pressurized contents are released, incapacitating the thief and making it intolerable to remain inside the vehicle. 
     While the present disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in the form and details of the disclosed embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended that the present disclosure be interpreted to include all variations and equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Although many of the components and processes are described above in the singular for convenience, it will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that multiple components and repeated processes can also be used to practice the techniques of the present disclosure.