Patent Publication Number: US-2017353153-A1

Title: Corded lattice based floating photovoltaic solar field with independently floating solar modules

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/851,403 filed Mar. 7, 2013, PCT Patent Application PCT/IL2014/050215, filed Mar. 5, 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/771550, filed Aug. 31, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,712,108, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herewith. 
    
    
     FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In existing floating photovoltaic systems, the solar modules are rigidly fixed on an anchored floating platform, a rigid or semi-rigid anchored floating framework, or an anchored platform made up of interconnected floating rafts. These types systems are disadvantageous because they require inter alia a) a large quantity of materials which may complicate the assembly process and make installation expensive and b) significant strengthening of the structure and the anchoring mechanism due to the accretion of wind-generated drag and elevation forces on the system. 
     In principle one could take a solar module, place it on floats, anchor it and leave it to freely float. Also, one could connect a number of modules and create a solar field in the form of a floating carpet. However such a system of any appreciable size may not withstand the action of waves and wind. Wind loads on the modules will accumulate causing weak links to break, while wave action may cause the floating carpet to deform. 
     Placing the floating carpet under tension may either break the connections between the modules or the modules themselves. For this reason, a floating carpet of free floating modules e.g. modules not connected in a rigid or semi-rigid structure, do not exist in practice and present an unmet need. 
     SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 
     The present disclosure provides a system comprising solar-electric generating modules, such as photovoltaic modules, and a method for construction of such a system on the surface of a water body in such a way as to maintain the ability of the system to float on the surface of the water in a defined area while allowing flexibility and a degree of freedom of movement to the individual modules. 
     The system maintains its integrity in the presence of winds and waves. The system is constructed such that all the elements are under tensile or compressive stress, without bending or twisting stresses, thus maintaining the form and shape of the system while allowing movement and flexibility to accommodate wind loads and movement of the water surface due to environmental forces such as waves and tides. 
     In one aspect, provided herein is a floating solar field system comprising a frame to which an internal corded lattice is attached and having solar-electric generating modules positioned in the lattice. The lattice is a system of tensed interconnected cords forming a network of polygonal cells with a node at each corner. Nodes in defined points of the cords provide defined connection points for at least some of the modules and prevent the relative shift of the modules between nodes. The solar-electric generating modules may be for example, photovoltaic modules. The modules may be connected to the nodes, to each other or both to a node and to each other. In some embodiments, the modules are connected to one or more nodes directly or indirectly. 
     The frame of the system may be contiguous or may be segmented. A segmented frame may be polygonal, where the term polygonal refers to a closed plane figure bounded by three or more line segments, for example three, four, five, six, seven or more line segments. For example a triangle is a three sided polygon, a quadrilateral is a four sided polygon, a pentagon is a five sided polygon and the like. In the system described herein for example, a number of floating beams may form a closed segmented frame, while frame cords connected to these beams form them into a regular polygonal shape and radial anchoring cords keep the polygon in place. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the floating device, the floating frame may be constructed of a single floating rigid member or a plurality of rigid floating sections which are permanently and rigidly connected together. 
     In yet another embodiment of the floating device, the floating frame may be constructed of a Torus filled with a gas, for example air. 
     In some embodiments, the segmented frame is made from rigid floating segments, joined at hinges, hinged joints, and capable of maintaining a polygonal structure through the use of tension frame cords. In an alternative embodiment of the floating device, the floating frame may be constructed of a single floating rigid member, for example a circular (i.e. circle, oval, ovoid) member and includes a plurality of lattice tension cord catches. 
     In some preferred embodiments, the frame is a segmented polygonal frame with frame cords connected to the frame beams, for example at hinged joints, and lattice tension cords attached to the frame, for example via the hinged joints or via lattice tension cord catches. 
     The system may further include one or more photo-voltaic modules floating inside the abovementioned corded lattice, for example within one or more cells and where the corded lattice is connected by means of lattice tension cords to the frame formed by the floating beams. 
     According to some embodiments, the floating photo-voltaic modules are not rigidly connected but are loosely or flexibly connected with one or more nodes of said corded lattice and/or with each other, and/or with any other elements of the floating solar field. In some embodiments each module is attached directly to one or more nodes. In some embodiments, each nodule is attached indirectly to one or more nodes. 
     In some embodiments, a plurality of floating polygons of approximately the same size and each with a number of segments divisible by 6, are connected in a honeycomb structure sharing mutual segments or hinges. 
     According to some preferred embodiments, the planes of the photo-voltaic modules are independently slightly tilted for example between 5-45 degrees in relation to the horizon. Each individual floating photo-voltaic module may be held buoyant by a floatable means, for example a float made of a floatable material such as polymerized foam which may be attached to one or more photo-voltaic module via an attachment means. In some embodiments, one or more of the photo-voltaic modules has an extension, such as a leg, to which the floatable means are attached. 
     The floatable material may be shaped such that the floating photo-voltaic modules are able to independently change their angle of tilt relative to the horizon, in response to varying wind loads and waves, resulting in reduced wind resistance. 
     In preferred embodiments, the device comprises a floating frame comprising individual rigid segments. These segments, also known as floating frame beams, are connected one to another by a connection means, for example hinged joints. In some embodiments, each frame beam has a frame link at each of its two ends and the frame links may be attached to one another by an eye bolt, for example. Furthermore, each given hinge/hinged joint is connected via frame cords to at least two other hinges, one on either side of the given hinge, where each of the two other hinges are the closest hinged joints not immediately adjacent to the given adjacent hinge (e.g. one hinge removed). 
     In alternative embodiments each given hinge may be connected via additional frame cords to one or more additional hinges that are non-adjacent to the given hinge. 
     A lattice of lattice cords may be connected to the floating frame using lattice tension cords which are attached to the hinged joints of the floating frame beams. A plurality of photovoltaic modules is placed within the lattice formed by the lattice cords. The device may be anchored to the shore or to the bed of the water body upon which the system is floating, using an anchoring means, for example anchoring cords. 
     According to some preferred embodiments of the floating device, the corded lattice may be constructed of segments of cords interspersed with rigid “U”-Link sections shaped such that they are partially above water and partially submerged, and provide an unhindered passage for mobile floating elements to traverse the corded lattice. 
     In some embodiments, each solar module (e.g. photovoltaic module) is tilted relative to the horizon such that a first end is higher than a second end due to each respective first and second individual floats having different submerged and above-water parts. For example, the floats of the higher end are differently shaped than the lower end floats enabling a tilt angle of the module and enabling reduction of wind forces acting upon the module by reducing the module tilt angle when there is wind, without the use of any external control or power. This design provides an advantage over the known systems. 
     In some embodiments, the device further comprises a mobile floating service gantry configured to travel within the internal corded lattice. The connecting elements (e.g. U links) between at least some of the nodes are rigid and at least partially submerged enabling passage of the floating service gantry. 
     In some embodiments, the floating service gantry includes a deck and two floating hulls, wherein the deck straddles the floating modules and the floating hulls of the gantry float on either side of the floating modules wherein the gantry can travel along a designated or undesignated service lane. Such a service lane may be for example an empty row of cells or a space between rows of cells. 
     In other embodiments the device further comprises within the floating lattice a plurality of floating service bridges, which may or may not be interconnected, and which provide access to the individual modules for purposes of service and maintenance. 
     In yet other embodiments, two or more devices may be interconnected, for example via their frames, to form a larger floating device which may be anchored by a single anchor attached to a peripheral frame. 
     In further embodiments, the device includes one or more electrical connection of the photovoltaic modules to the shore via electrical cables. In some embodiments, each row of modules is electrically connected by an electric cable which may run the length of the row of modules. The electrical cables may be gathered at one or more connection boxes from which electricity may be transferred to the shore, for example by means of an electric cable to an electric load. 
     The frame of the device is anchored to the shore or to the water bed. In some embodiments, anchoring of the device is such that the position of the field is maintained under conditions of changing water depth, without the anchor exercising significant vertical submersing force upon the floating solar field, enabled by the use of a buoy and a weight in between the device and a land based or a water-bed based anchor. 
     In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of constructing a floating solar photovoltaic device, comprising: 
     anchoring a floating frame to a land or a water bed anchor; 
     suspending an internal corded lattice inside the floating frame forming a plurality of polygonal cells with nodes at their corners; and 
     attaching a plurality of independently floating solar photovoltaic modules to at least a plurality of the cells at their nodes or to each other. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises a gantry, configured to travel within the internal corded lattice. The floating photo-voltaic modules may be serviced by means of mobile floating service gantries, free to travel in service lanes between the photovoltaic modules within the corded lattice or by floating service bridges within the lattice. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced. 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a view from above of a device with a segmented frame as disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing of a segmented frame with the frame cords as disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic drawing of a segmented frame with the frame cords as disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic drawing of a portion of polygonal cells formed by the lattice of the device disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic drawing of an exemplary rigid “U”-Links in the lattice. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic drawing of an array of Photo-Voltaic modules in the cells of the device disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic drawing of a cell enclosing free floating photo-voltaic modules. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic drawing of a mobile floating service gantry positioned within the device disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic drawing of a mobile floating service gantry for the device disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic drawing of an alternative embodiment of the device disclosed herein with floating service bridges. 
         FIG. 11  is an enlarged view of the modules in  FIG. 10 . 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic drawing of a floating frame beam disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross section of the floating frame beam shown in  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14  is an exploded view of a hinged floating frame beam joint from the top. 
         FIG. 15  is an exploded view of a hinged floating frame beam joint from the side. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic drawing of an example of a photo-voltaic module with floats. 
         FIG. 17  is a side view of the photo-voltaic module with floats shown in  FIG. 16 . 
         FIGS. 18 a -18 c    which present a side view of the self-adjusting photo-voltaic module under the influence of wind, wherein  FIG. 18 a    illustrates the system under the influence of varying wind loads,  FIG. 18 b    illustrates the system under the influence of strong wind loads from one side (left side) and  FIG. 18 c    illustrates the system under the influence of strong wind loads from an opposite side (right side). 
         FIG. 19  is a side view of a photo-voltaic module with floats, indicating various geometrical properties regarding the size and shape of the module floats. 
         FIGS. 20 a  and 20 b    provide graphs representing a mathematical simulation demonstrating the effectiveness of the abovementioned embodiment of self-adjusting photo-voltaic module floats under the influence of wind, wherein  FIG. 20 a    illustrates the drag force acting upon a photovoltaic module tilted at 15° to the surface of the water and  FIG. 20 b    illustrates the elevation force acting upon a photovoltaic module tilted at 15° to the surface of the water. 
         FIG. 21  provides a scheme of anchoring the device to the shore. 
         FIG. 22  provides a scheme of anchoring the device to the bed of a water body. 
         FIG. 23  is an exploded view of two modules attached to nodes in a cell. 
         FIG. 24  is a scheme of electrical connections of the device. 
         FIGS. 25 a  and 25 b    are illustrations showing possible links between floating frames to form a larger system, wherein  FIGS. 25 a  and 25 b    have 12 and 18 floating beams, respectively. 
     
    
    
     Note that all figures are not necessarily to scale. 
     DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     It is appreciated that certain features of the disclosure, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the present disclosure, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable combination or as suitable in any other described embodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the context of various embodiments are not to be considered essential features of those embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without those elements. 
     Although the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 
     The patent application mentioned in this specification is herein incorporated in its entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting. 
     An all tension, cord-based floating photo-voltaic solar electric device is now presented. For the purposes of this document a “cord” is meant to mean an example of a cable, wire, chain, rope or other flexible medium that is used to brace various elements of the system described below. 
     The term “frame cords” refers to cables, wire, chains or the like that attach to the frame and may assist in maintaining a polygonal shape to a segmented frame. “Frame cords” are also known as “guy strings” or “chordal cords”. The frame cords and all other cords mentioned herein including but not limited to lattice cords, lattice tension cords, module cords, and anchoring cords may be made from materials such as Stainless Steel, Rope, Glass Fibers or any other flexible material, and may be from about  1 mm to about 20 mm in diameter, from about 2 mm to about 15 mm in diameter or from about 2 mm to about 8 mm in diameter. 
     The “system” may also be referred to as an “installation” or “device” and includes a floatable frame which may be contiguous or segmented, an internal lattice suspended from the frame by suspension means and forming a lattice of polygonal cells with nodes at their corners; and independently floating solar photovoltaic modules present within a plurality of the cells and attached to the nodes directly or indirectly. 
     Polygonal refers to a closed plane figure bounded by three or more line segments. For example three, four, five, six, seven or more line segments. For example a triangle is a three sided polygon, a quadrilateral is a four sided polygon, a pentagon is a five sided polygon and the like. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the system  10  comprises a floating frame  100  including a number of individual rigid segments called floating frame beams  102  connected by hinged joints  104 . The floating frame  100  is positioned on the surface of a water body  106 . The floating frame  100  may be held in a rigid shape by a series of frame cords  108  which are attached to the hinged joints  104  at the extremities of the floating frame beams  102 . A lattice of lattice cords  110  may be connected to the floating frame  100  by a number of lattice tension cords  112  which may be attached to the hinged joints  104  of the floating frame beams  102 . Within the lattice formed by the lattice cords  110 , a plurality of photovoltaic modules  114  is present. Finally, the entire assembly may be anchored to the shore  116  or to the bed of the water body  106  upon which the system is floating, by means of anchoring cords  118 . 
     In an alternative embodiment of the system, the floating frame  100  may be constructed of a single floating rigid member (not shown) or a plurality of rigid floating sections (not shown) which are connected together. In some embodiments the rigid sections are permanently connected together. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  the connections of the frame cords  108  to the floating frame  100  are shown. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2  it is shown that the frame cords  108  may be connected between the hinged joints  104  at the extremities of each two adjacent floating frame beams  102  of the floating frame  100 . In this example each hinged joint  104  may be joined by frame cords  108  which connect hinged joints  104  that are at a distance of 2 hinged joints  104  to the right and left of each respective hinged joint  104 . These are non-binding examples and it is appreciated that not every hinged joint  104  is necessarily connected to 2 hinged joints  104  at the same distance from each other as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3  an exemplary alternative embodiment is shown of the connections where additional frame cords  108  may be connected between the hinged joints  104  at the extremities of any two of the floating frame beams  102  of the floating frame  100 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , an example of an embodiment of a portion of the lattice/internal corded lattice is shown. Sets of lattice cords  110  are strung in such a way that they periodically cross at defined points known as nodes  400 . At these nodes  400  the lattice cords  110  are fastened to each other. The polygon shaped space defined by the boundaries formed in this case by four of the lattice cords  110  is called a lattice cell  402  and is a four sided rectangle. Even though a 4 sided polygon is illustrated and described here, other polygons may be formed such as triangular or hexagonal which can be formed by the lattice cords  110 . 
     Referring further to  FIG. 4 , it may be seen that in one embodiment, a plurality of the lattice cords  110  can be connected to a plurality of “U”-links  404  at the nodes  400 . Note that not all of the lattice cords  110  are connected to “U”-links  404 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , an embodiment of the “U”-links  404  is shown. The link  404  is constructed of a rigid material such as stainless steel and is in the shape such as that of the letter “U”, or of the letter “V”, or of an open topped rectangle or any other shape which allows both extremities of the link  404  to be above the surface of the water while a portion of the link  404  is simultaneously submerged. Floats  502  constructed of a material such as a closed cell polymer foam ensure that the extremities of the “U”-link  404  are situated above the water surface  106  when the “U”-links  404  are submersed in water. The lattice cords  110  may be connected to the extremities of the “U”-link  404  by means for example of a quick release clip  500 . The “U”-links  404  thus provide a continuous connection of the lattice cords  110  while affording a service lane  504  at the water surface  106  across the line of the lattice cords  110 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 6 , an example of an embodiment of an array of photovoltaic modules  114  in the system  10  is shown in further detail. A number of photovoltaic modules  114  for example one, two or more modules  114  are present within a plurality of lattice cells  402  of the lattice formed by the lattice cords  110  and are loosely fastened to the nodes  400  of the lattice or to an adjacent module  114 , by a fastening means either directly or indirectly, such as a module cords  600 . Some lattice cells may remain empty  602  and not contain any modules. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , details of a single cell  402  within the lattice of the system are shown. The photovoltaic modules  114  are connected to the nodes  400  of the lattice cords  110 , or to another module  114  in the same cell  402  by means of the module cords  600 . The lengths of the module cords  600  are designed such that the floating modules  114  have freedom to move slightly within the lattice cell  402 , but cannot collide with each other and are constrained to a defined area. By this method, the forces (wind, waves etc.) acting upon each module  114  are transmitted to the main lattice cords  110 , and thence to the external floating frame (not shown) in such a way as to isolate each module  114  from the forces acting upon other neighboring modules  114  in other cells  402 . The module cords  600  can be attached to nodes  400  or to the adjacent module  114  by any means known to those skilled in the art such as quick release clips  500 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 8 , the details of an example of servicing means of the system are shown. A mobile service gantry  800  can be supported by two floating gantry hulls also known as pontoons  802  in such a way as to be positioned above the floating modules  114  and the bottommost part of the gantry body (not including the pontoon part)  800  is higher than the highest point of the modules  114 . The pontoons  802  are free to move along the channel formed by the lattice cords  110 , allowing the mobile service gantry  800  to access the modules  114  along a given column. “U”-links  404  or other shaped links as described above connect the horizontal lattice cords  110  between columns of floating modules  114  allowing the passage of the hulls  802  of the mobile service gantry  800  from one cell  402  to the next in an uninterrupted fashion. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9  a detailed schematic drawing is shown of an example of a floating service gantry  800  as described above. The floating service gantry  800  may include a deck  902  which may be made of a rigid water resistant material such as aluminum and which is supported by two floating pontoons  802  constructed of a rigid member mounted on a floatation material. An exemplary construction of the floating pontoons  802  may be similar to that used in the construction of the floating frame beams  102  shown in  FIG. 12  below. A guard rail  900  may be provided on the gantry deck  902  to afford safety support for maintenance crew using the gantry  800 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10  an example of an alternative embodiment of the floating photovoltaic system is shown. A plurality of photovoltaic modules  114  are present within the cells  402  of the lattice formed by the lattice cords  110  and are fastened in a not taught manner to the nodes  400  by a set of module cords  600 . A plurality of floating auxiliary service bridges  1000  is provided, interconnected by a primary service bridge  1002 , which provide access to the photovoltaic modules  114  for maintenance. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , details of the cell  402  of an alternative embodiment shown in  FIG. 10 , are shown. The photovoltaic modules  114  are free floating within the lattice formed by the lattice cords  110 , and fastened in a non-taught manner to the lattice nodes  400  by a set of module cords  600 . Floating service bridges  1000  can run the length of the lattice providing access to the photovoltaic modules  114  for purposes of maintenance. The service bridges  1000  are supported and stabilized by service bridge floats  1100  that can be connected perpendicular to the service bridges  1000  at regular intervals. The photovoltaic modules  114  are free to move to a certain degree within the lattice but are constrained to a defined area and do not collide with each other. By this method, the forces (wind, waves etc.) acting upon each photovoltaic module  114  can be transmitted to the lattice cords  110 , and thence to the external floating frame (not shown) of the system in such a way as to isolate each photovoltaic module  114  from the forces acting upon its neighboring photovoltaic modules  114  and to distribute the overall force acting upon the external floating frame of the system. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , an isometric view of the floating frame beams  102  is shown. Frame beams  102  could be constructed of a light, water-resistant yet strong and rigid material such as aluminum and is traversed at two or more points along its length by outriggers  1200 . The frame beam  102  can be supported along its length by a number of foam floats  1202 . At its two extremities, the frame beam  102  can be attached to frame links  1204 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , a cross section of the floating frame beam  102  is shown. The floating frame beam  102  is supported by foam floats  1202  which provide buoyancy. Due to the nature of the system design, no or minimal bending or twisting stresses act upon the floating frame beam  102  thus lending stability and strength to the entire system. The outriggers  1200  are constructed of a light, water-resistant yet strong and rigid material such as aluminum and can be connected to the floating frame beam  102  for example at right angles. The outriggers  1200  are supported at their extremities by outrigger floats  1300  providing rotational stability to the floating frame beams  102 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , the connections between the floating frame beams  102  is shown in a top view. Frame links  1204  are rigidly fastened to the ends of the frame beams  102 . These frame links  1204  may be made of a rigid material such as stainless steel. Two adjacent frame links  1204  can be in contact in an overlapping fashion, and a connection means such as frame link eye-bolt  1400  connects the two overlapping frame links  1204  in such a way that the frame links  1204  are unable to disconnect from each other, while at the same time are able to rotate freely around the eye-bolt  1400  thus providing a flexible angle between the two frame links  1204 . The assembly thus formed is called a hinged joint  104  and is used as a point of fastening at least two of the frame cords  108  and any number of lattice tension cords  112  from zero up to as many as needed. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , one embodiment of the connections between the segments of the frame beams  102  is shown in a side view, for example the eye bolt  1400  connects the frame links  1204 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 16 , a schematic view is shown of a number of photovoltaic module floats  1600 ,  1602  fastened to the underside of the photovoltaic modules  114 . The module floats  1600 ,  1602  are shaped such that when immersed in the water, under conditions of no wind, the surface/face of the module  114  floats at a tilt angle to the horizontal surface of the water. The purpose of this tilt is to enable optimization of sunlight collection on the photovoltaic modules  114 , and to allow water to flow freely off the face of the modules  114  under gravitational force when required for purposes of cleaning the modules  114  for example by washing with water, and to allow rainfall or spray from the water surface to drain off the modules  114 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 17  a side view of the photovoltaic module  114  attached to module floats  1600 ,  1602  is shown. It can be seen that the module floats  1600  on a first higher end  1702  of the module  114  are not identical in shape and size to the module floats  1602  on the second lower end  1704  of the module  114 . The floats  1600  and  1602  may each have two parts, a submerged part and an above the surface part. The submerged part of the lower end float  1602  may have two parts, an upper submerged part  1604  and a lower submerged part  1606  of differing cross sections. This will be explained herein below. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 18 a    provided is one exemplary embodiment of the system under the influence of varying wind loads.  FIG. 18 a    shows the photovoltaic modules  114  floating on the surface of the water  106  under conditions of no wind. Due to the unique structure of the module mount afforded by module floats  1600 ,  1602  the module  114  may form a tilt angle of, for example, approximately 15 degrees to the water surface  106 . According to some embodiments the tilt angle may be from 5-45 degrees. This is accomplished by ensuring that the submerged volume of module float  1600  and the submerged volume of module float  1602  are equal and that the density of the material from which the module floats  1600  and module floats  1602  is essentially identical. As the weight of module  114  is evenly distributed across the module floats  1600  and  1602 , the module  114  rests at the angle defined by the relative heights of module floats  1600  and floats  1602 . A tilt angle may be optimized for the maximum exposure to the sunlight, and also facilitate washing (natural or initiated). 
     Considering now the case under which a strong wind  1800  is experienced from the direction at left of the figure as shown in  FIG. 18 b   . Due to the vertical component vector of the force of the wind  1800  on the module  114 , a rotational moment  1802  is experienced by the module  114 , increasing the vertical force acting on floats  1600  and  1602 . This increased force drives float  1600  and therefore first higher end  1702  deeper in the water while float  1602  and therefore second lower end  1704  remains substantially in its rest position (or depresses slightly) due to the shape of the floats  1600 ,  1602 . The rotation of the module  114  thus reduces the action cross section presented by the module  114  to the wind  1800 , with the resultant reduction in the horizontal component of the wind force. 
     Considering now the case under which a strong wind  1800  is experienced from the direction at the right of the figure as shown in  FIG. 18 c   . Due to the upward vertical component vector of the force of the wind  1800  on the module  114 , a rotational moment  1802  is experienced by the module  114 , increasing the upward vertical force acting on floats  1600 ,  1602 . This increased force lifts float  1602  and therefore second lower end  1704  out of the water while float  1600  and therefore first higher end  1702  remains substantially in its rest position (or lifts slightly) due to the shape of the floats  1600 ,  1602 . The rotation of the module  114  thus reduces the action cross section presented by the module  114  to the wind  1800 , with the resultant reduction in the horizontal component of the wind force. 
     This mechanism ensures that the force exerted by the wind  1800  on the entire array of the system is minimal, and thus allows the use of a lighter more flexible construction. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 19 , various geometrical conditions regarding the size and shape of the module floats  1600 ,  1602  are discussed. 
     Let: 
     α=the tilt angle between the module surface and the horizontal (e.g. surface of the water); 
     b=distance between centers of high module float  1600  and low module float  1602 ; 
     Vb-high=Volume of submerged section of float b-high; 
     Vb-low=Volume of submerged section of float b-low; 
     V=total volume of submerged sections of all floats of a module; 
     Sb-high=The sum of surface cross sections of all underwater floats on high module floats  1600 ; 
     Sb-low=The sum of surface cross sections of all upper parts  1604  of all submerged floats on low module floats  1602 ; 
     Sa-high=The sum of surface cross sections of all above water floats on high module floats  1600 ; 
     Sa-low=The sum of surface cross sections of all above water floats on low module floats  1602 ; 
     ha=Height of float above water on high module float  1600 ; 
     hb=Height of the upper part  1604  of the submerged float on low module float  1602 ; 
     And where: 
     Vb-high=Vb-low 
     V=P/ρ where P=Weight of modules+Frame in Kg and ρ=1,000 Kg/m 3    
     The following conditions must apply: 
     h a ≧b * tgα and h b ≧b * tga 
     S b-high &gt;V/b* tgα S b-low &lt;V/4*b* tgα 
     S a-high &lt;V/4*b* tgα S a-low &gt;V/b* tga 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 a   , a mathematical simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the photovoltaic module mount discussed above, in reducing the wind generated forces acting upon a floating module. The horizontal axes X represent the wind speed in meters/second at the height of the modules above the water. The vertical axes Y represent, on a logarithmic scale, the various forces experienced by the module expressed in Newtons. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 a    the drag force per square meter acting upon a photovoltaic module tilted at 15° respective to the surface of the water is shown as a function of the speed of the wind incident upon the photovoltaic module. Curve A represents the force acting upon a photovoltaic module mounted on a standard fixed mount while Curve B represents the force acting upon an identical photovoltaic module mounted on a floating mount of the system. Still referring to  FIG. 20 a    the vertical axis Y represents the drag force experienced by the module expressed in Newtons. In this instance the drag force experienced by the module in Curve B is shown to be reduced by a factor of over two orders of magnitude at high wind speeds relative to the drag force experienced by the module in Curve A. 
     Referring to  FIG. 20 b    the elevation force per square meter acting upon a photovoltaic module tilted at 15° respective to the surface of the water is shown as a function of the speed of the wind incident upon the photovoltaic module. 
     The vertical axis Y represents the vertical elevation force experienced by the module expressed in Newtons. Curve A represents the force acting upon a photovoltaic module mounted on a standard fixed mount while Curve B represents the force acting upon an identical photovoltaic module mounted on a floating mount of the system. Still referring to  FIG. 20 b    the vertical axis Y represents the elevation force experienced by the module expressed in Newtons. In this instance the elevation force experienced by the module in Curve B is shown to be reduced by a factor of over an order of magnitude at high wind speeds relative to the elevation force experienced by the module in Curve A. 
     The embodiment shown in  FIG. 20  and discussed above, is just one possible embodiment of the principle involved in which a module is floated on the water surface by means of module floats and in which the module floats are asymmetric and afford resistance to further immersion in the water on one side of the module and further elevation out of the water on the other side of the module. Other embodiments of this principle are known to those skilled in the art. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 21  a method of anchoring the installation is shown. An anchoring cord  118  can be fastened on one end to a hinged joint  104  of the floating frame  100  of the system. The other end of the anchoring cord  118  is attached to an anchoring buoy  2100 . The anchoring buoy  2100  can be further connected by an anchoring cord  118  to a tension weight  2102  which is submerged in the water  106 . The tension weight  2102  may be further connected by an anchoring cord  118  to a bollard  2104  mounted securely on the shore  116  of the water body  106 . The vertical downward force of the tension weight  2102  may be deconstructed into two vectors, the vertical one being countered by the upward force due to the buoyancy of the buoy  2100 , and the horizontal one exerting tension on the floating frame  100  of the system towards the shoreline  116 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 22 , an alternative method of anchoring the system is shown, for cases for example where the system is distant from the shoreline. An anchoring cord  118  can be fastened on one end to a hinged joint  104  of the floating frame  100  of the system. The other end of the anchoring cord  118  is attached to an anchoring buoy  2100 . The anchoring buoy  2100  is further connected by an anchoring cord  118  to a tension weight  2102  which is submerged in the water  106 . The tension weight  2102  is further connected by an anchoring cord  118  to an anchoring block  2200  positioned on the water bed  2202  of the water body  106 . The vertical downward force of the tension weight  2102  may be deconstructed into two vectors, the vertical one being countered by the upward force due to the buoyancy of the buoy  2100 , and the horizontal one exerting tension on the floating frame  100  of the system towards the position of the anchoring block  2200 . 
     The anchoring block  2200  may be replaced by any other method of securing the anchoring cord  118  to the water bed  2202 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 23 , an exemplary embodiment of the structure and function of the nodes  400  is shown. The nodes  400  serve to connect the lattice cords  110  as well as for securing the module cords  600  and the “U”-Links  404 . The module cords  600  can be connected to the nodes  400  via a means such as a quick release clip  500 . The purpose of this connection is to ensure the accurate location of the modules  114  with respect to the lattice cords  110  and to isolate the stresses acting on each module  114  from the other modules  114 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 24  we see an exemplary embodiment of the electrical connection of photovoltaic modules  114  by means of electrical cabling  2400 . Each row of modules  114  can be electrically connected by an electric cable  2400 . The electric cabling  2400  may run the length of the row of modules. The electrical cables  2400  may be gathered at one or more connection boxes  2402 . From there the electricity is transferred to the shore  116 , for example by means of an electric cable  2400  to an electric load  2404 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 25 a  and 25 b   , we see an example of an embodiment of a method of linking together a number of floating frames  100  to form a larger installation of two or more devices. When the number of frame beams  102  in each floating frame  100  is X, and X may be expressed as X=6N where N is an integer, it is possible to pack the floating frames  100  such that they share common frame beams  102  and/or common frame hinged joints  104 . This structure then provides added strength to the overall system as well as reducing cost. The structure is repeating and may be extended to any required size. The case where N=1 is trivial, and  FIG. 20  shows the case for two examples where N=2 and N=3 ( FIG. 25 a    and  FIG. 25 b    representing  12  and  18  floating beams  102 , respectively). In some of the embodiments, anchoring of the installation is accomplished by connection to the frame hinges  104  of the peripheral floating beams  102  and the entire system may use one anchoring system connected to a peripheral frame. 
     Although various embodiments have been described herein, many modifications and variations to those embodiments may be implemented. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. The foregoing description and following claims are intended to cover all such modification and variations. 
     Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. 
     Citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the invention. 
     Section headings are used herein to ease understanding of the specification and should not be construed as necessarily limiting.