Patent Publication Number: US-2022217585-A1

Title: Method for managing telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators, computer program product and corresponding devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371 as the U.S. National Phase of Application No. PCT/EP2020/064458 entitled “METHOD FOR MANAGING TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESOURCES DYNAMICALLY ALLOCATED TO A PLURALITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS, COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT AND CORRESPONDING DEVICES” and filed May 25, 2020, and which claims priority to FR 1905642 filed May 28, 2019, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The field of the development is that of the implementation of telecommunications networks, for example a fixed-access, radio-mobile, fixed-access and radio-mobile convergent, etc. telecommunications network. 
     The development relates more particularly to the management of the resources (e.g., resources implemented in the local loop, radio resources, virtualised resources, etc.) in such telecommunications networks. 
     The development has numerous uses, in particular, but not exclusively, in the field of the telecommunications networks compliant with the latest-generation or future-generation 3GPP (for 3rd Generation Partnership Project) standards. 
     Description of the Related Technology 
     The sharing of telecommunications networks with roaming between operators has become a strategic issue for operators in order to reduce their network coverage costs especially in black spots, that is to say not covered by networks, and for which it can be costly for operators to deploy their specific infrastructures. In particular in the zones with low population density, most often an operator deploys a network, e.g. a mobile network, first and foremost to ensure connectivity for its clients, but also for clients of other operators not having deployed infrastructure in the geographic zone. An option alternative to this option involves deploying a telecommunications infrastructure shared by several operators, each operator financing a part of the infrastructure according to an agreement signed among the operators. According to the case, one or more parts of the mobile communication infrastructure can be shared. Thus, in certain cases, only the physical access infrastructure (pylons, antennas, buildings, etc.) is shared. In other cases the access network or the entire communication network is shared. This option of sharing networks remains rather difficult to implement because of the security and administration problems that this causes for the clients and the operators. In this context, the idea of a module (implemented in software or hardware form) common to several operators allowing each operator to dynamically propose and/or obtain telecommunications resources is put forward. For example, the TM Forum (formerly TeleManagement Forum) is working, in particular via the Catalyst project, on such a module and on the associated methods for managing the resources common to various operators according to a structure of the type of that shown in  FIG. 1 . More particularly,  FIG. 1  shows a module  100  for centralised management of telecommunications resources that can be allocated dynamically to a first operator MNO-A and to a second operator MNO-B (here mobile operators). The first operator MNO-A interacts with the module  100  via a module  110 A, the function of which is to represent the first operator MNO-A to the module  100  in question. Likewise, the second operator MNO-B interacts with the module  100  via a module  110 B representing the second operator MNO-B to the module  100 . 
     The module BSS-A implements the functionalities allowing to take charge of a range of telecommunications services by the first operator MNO-A. Likewise, the module BSS-B implements the functionalities allowing to take charge of a range of telecommunications services by the second operator MNO-B. 
     The function of intelligent management IM-A of the first operator MNO-A is in charge:
         on the one hand of predicting the state (lack or overabundance) of the resources by observing the network infrastructure NETINF-A (such an infrastructure comprising for example one or more network nodes) and of communicating them to the module  110 A. The resources in question are for example the capacity in a base station, or in the service to a local loop, or resources, called virtualised, implemented upstream of a network in order to implement virtualised functions, etc.;   on the other hand of applying the orders coming from the module  110 A and of applying them to the network infrastructure NETINF-A.       

     Likewise, the function of intelligent management IM-B of the second operator MNO-B implements the same functionalities, i.e. on the one hand predicting the state (lack or overabundance) of the resources by observing the network infrastructure NETINF-B (such an infrastructure comprising for example one or more network nodes) and communicating them to the module  110 B, and on the other hand applying the orders coming from the module  110 B and applying them to the network infrastructure NETINF-B. 
     Thus, exchanges of resources between the operators MNO-A and MNO-B can occur dynamically via the module  100 . The requests for resources as well as the offers of resources of each operator MNO-A, MNO-B are made to the module  100  by the corresponding modules  110 A and  110 B. 
     However, such modules and associated methods for managing the resources concentrate on the automation of the exchanges of resources between operators without addressing the accompanying issues related to the regulation of the exchanges in question. 
     There is therefore a need to overcome the shortfalls/disadvantages of the prior art, in particular in terms of regulation of the exchanges of telecommunications resources among operators desiring to obtain and/or offer such resources. 
     SUMMARY OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE ASPECTS 
     In one embodiment of the development, a method is proposed for managing telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators. According to such a method, at least one module for centralised management of the resources carries out the following steps:
         receiving a request for resources emitted by a module, called requesting module, representing one of the plurality of telecommunications operators, called requesting operator, to said at least one module for centralised management of the resources;   sending, to the requesting module and in response to the request, at least one offer of resources.       

     Said at least one offer of resources comprises:
         a piece of information, called piece of common objective information, representing a resource management objective common to the plurality of telecommunications operators; and/or   at least one piece of reliability information from at least one other of the plurality of telecommunications operators, called offering operator, proposing said at least one offer of resources.       

     Thus, the development proposes a novel and inventive solution for dynamically managing telecommunications resources (e.g. the capacity in a base station, or in the service to a local loop, or virtualised resources moved upstream of a network in order to implement virtualised functions (e.g. CUs, Central Units, in the sense of the 3GPP, 3rd Generation Partnership Project)) in the context in which a plurality of operators (e.g. mobile and/or fixed) seek to obtain and/or offer such resources. 
     More particularly, according to the method proposed, the offers emitted by the module (software or hardware) for centralised management of the resources intended for the plurality of operators comprise information allowing to regulate the exchanges of resources among operators. For example, the piece of reliability information allows the requesting operator to form an opinion on the quality of the resources that the offering operator proposes. Likewise, the piece of common objective information allows to incite the requesting operator to accept offers of resources that are in line with the common objective. Thus, an overall behaviour of the various operators seeking to obtain and/or offer such resources that goes beyond their simple self-interest is obtained. 
     Alternatively, the module for centralised management of the resources can be distributed to each operator and the information recorded in the module in question can in this case also be certified by consensus by each operator as a certified distributed register. 
     According to one embodiment, said at least one module for centralised management of the resources further carries out a reception of said at least one offer of resources emitted by at least one module, called offering module, representing said at least one offering operator to said at least one module for centralised management of the resources. 
     Thus, the offering operator optimises the use of its resources when they are unused. 
     According to one embodiment, said at least one module for centralised management of the resources further carries out a reception of a piece of information emitted by the requesting module and representing a certified acceptance of an offer of resources out of said at least one offer of resources sent to the requesting module. The acceptance is certified by a consensus obtained on a set of results of moderating functions applied to the offer of resources. The moderating functions are associated with the various operators of the plurality of operators. For example, the acceptance is certified when the ratio between on the one hand the number of results of moderating functions representing an agreement with the fact that the offer is accepted by the operator having received it and on the other hand the total number of results of moderating functions is greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g. 50%, 66%, etc.). Thus, all of the operators seeking to obtain and/or offer the resources can verify that the acceptance of the offer by the requesting operator respects one or more previously defined rules. These can be for example regulatory constraints emitted by a regulatory body (e.g. for the radio coverage of a given geographic zone). 
     In one embodiment of the development, it is proposed that the requesting module carry out the following steps:
         sending at least one request for resources to said at least one module for centralised management of the resources;   receiving at least one offer of resources emitted by said at least one module for centralised management of the resources in response to said at least one request.       

     Said at least one offer of resources comprises:
         the piece of common objective information; and/or said at least one piece of reliability information from said at least one offering operator.       

     Thus, the piece of reliability information allows for example the requesting operator to form an opinion on the quality of the resources that the offering operator proposes. Likewise, the piece of common objective information allows to incite the requesting operator to accept offers of resources that are in line with the common objective. Thus, an overall behaviour of the various operators seeking to obtain and/or offer such resources that goes beyond their simple self-interest is obtained. 
     According to one embodiment, the requesting module further carries out a certified acceptance of an offer of resources out of said at least one offer of resources sent by said at least one module for centralised management of the resources. The offer of resources is accepted while taking into account the piece of common objective information and/or said at least one piece of reliability information. The acceptance is certified by a consensus obtained on a set of results of moderating functions applied to the offer of resources, the moderating functions being associated with the various operators of the plurality of operators. 
     For example, the acceptance is certified when the ratio between on the one hand the number of results of moderating functions representing an agreement with the fact that the offer is accepted by the operator having received it and on the other hand the total number of results of moderating functions is greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g. 50%, 66%, etc.). Thus, all of the operators seeking to obtain and/or offer the resources can verify that the acceptance of the offer by the requesting operator respects one or more previously defined rules. These can be for example regulatory constraints emitted by a regulatory body (e.g. for the radio coverage of a given geographic zone for a mobile operator). 
     According to one embodiment, the requesting module further carries out a sending, to said at least one module for centralised management of the resources, of a piece of information representing the acceptance in a certified manner of the offer of resources. 
     Thus, the certified transaction is recorded in a certified manner in the module(s) for centralised management of the resources. 
     According to one embodiment, the requesting module further carries out an update of the piece of reliability information relating to the offering operator having proposed the offer of resources accepted in a certified manner. 
     Thus, the requesting operator grades the offer made by the offering operator. For example, such a grade relates to the quality of the resources offered, if the transaction has indeed been carried out all the way to the end, etc. Such a grade is for example based on grades transmitted to the operator by clients that are users of terminals connected to the resources proposed by the offering operator (e.g. via SMS (Short Message Service) or USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) notifications, or by mechanisms of web services). The reverse mechanism can be provided in the module representing the offering operator which can thus grade the transaction accepted by the requesting operator. 
     According to one embodiment, the piece of common objective information is a function of a sum of pieces of information representing an individual management objective of the resources, called piece of individual objective information, of each operator of the plurality of telecommunications operators. 
     According to one embodiment, the piece of common objective information is a function of a piece of penalty information and the offer of resources is accepted while seeking to minimise the penalty in order to achieve the common objective. 
     For example the penalty is expressed as a sum of individual penalties corresponding to the implementation of a tit for tat criterion applied on the one hand to the resources accepted by the requesting operator and on the other hand to the resources offered by the same operator. Thus, an operator is incited to balance the exchanges of resources by offering as many resources (e.g. resources of a certain type) as it requests (e.g. resources of another type) in order for the piece of common objective information to represent an achieved common objective. 
     According to one embodiment, the requesting module carries out an update of the piece of individual objective information of the requesting operator after the acceptance in a certified manner of the offer of resources. 
     The development also relates to a computer program comprising program code instructions for the implementation of the method as described above, according to any one of its various embodiments, when it is executed on a computer. 
     In one embodiment of the development, a device is proposed for centralised management of telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators. Such a management device comprises a reprogrammable calculation machine or a dedicated calculation machine configured to implement the steps of the management method according to the development as carried out by the aforementioned module for centralised management of telecommunications resources (according to any one of the various aforementioned embodiments). 
     Thus, the features and advantages of this device are the same as those of the corresponding steps of the management method described above. Consequently, they are not described in more detail. 
     In one embodiment of the development, a device is proposed representing, to at least one module for centralised management of telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators, one of the plurality of telecommunications operators. Such a management device comprises a reprogrammable calculation machine or a dedicated calculation machine configured to implement the steps of the management method according to the development as carried out by the aforementioned module representing a telecommunications operator of the plurality of telecommunications operators (according to any one of the various aforementioned embodiments). 
     Thus, the features and advantages of this device are the same as those of the corresponding steps of the management method described above. Consequently, they are not described in more detail. 
     In one embodiment of the development, a node of a telecommunications network is proposed. Such a network node comprises at least one device out of the aforementioned devices (according to any one of the various aforementioned embodiments), i.e. a device for centralised management of telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators and a device representing, to at least one module for centralised management of telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a plurality of telecommunications operators, one of the plurality of telecommunications operators. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Other objectives, features and advantages of the development will appear more clearly upon reading the following description, given as a simple illustrative example, and non-limiting, in relation to the drawings, among which: 
         FIG. 1 , already discussed above in the section “Prior art and its disadvantages”, shows various modules allowing several operators to dynamically propose and/or obtain telecommunications resources according to a known technique; 
         FIG. 2  shows various modules allowing several operators to dynamically propose and/or obtain telecommunications resources according to an embodiment of the development; 
         FIG. 3  shows the steps of a method for managing the resources implemented by the various modules of  FIG. 2  according to an embodiment of the development; and 
         FIG. 4  shows an example of a structure of a device allowing the implementation of the steps of the management method of  FIG. 3  according to an embodiment of the development. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     The general principle of the development is based on the use of one or more pieces of information accompanying the offers of resources emitted by a module for centralised management of telecommunications resources to the various operators seeking to obtain and/or offer resources via the module for centralised management in question. More particularly, an offer of resources emitted according to the technique described comprises a piece of information, called piece of common objective information, representing a resource management objective common to all of the various operators seeking to obtain and/or offer resources via the module for centralised management of the resources, and/or a piece of reliability information from the telecommunications operator proposing the offer of resources in question. Thus, an overall behaviour of the various operators seeking to obtain and/or offer resources via the module for centralised management that goes beyond their simple self-interest is obtained. 
     In the present application, it is noted in general that the term module can correspond both to a software component and to a hardware component or a set of software and hardware components. A software component itself corresponds to one or more computer programs or subprograms or more generally to any element of a program capable of implementing a function or a set of functions as described for the module(s) in question. Likewise, a hardware component corresponds to any element of a hardware assembly capable of implementing a function or a set of functions for the module(s) in question (integrated circuit, chip card, memory card, etc.). In this case, the hardware component is in the form of a device configured to implement a function or a set of functions as described for the module(s) in question. 
     Now, in relation to  FIG. 2 , a shared module  200  for centralised management of the telecommunications resources dynamically allocated to a first operator MNO-A and to a second operator MNO-B, as well as modules  210 A and  210 B representing the operators MNO-A and MNO-B to the module  200 , are presented. Such modules  200 ,  210 A and  210 B allow in particular the operators MNO-A and MNO-B to dynamically propose and/or obtain telecommunications resources according to an embodiment of the development. More particularly, the telecommunications operators MNO-A and MNO-B here are mobile operators. Two user terminals UEA 1  and UEA 2  are clients of the operator MNO-A and use the connectivity resources that are allocated to the operator MNO-A. A terminal UEB is a client of the operator MNO-B and uses the connectivity resources that are allocated to the operator MNO-B. 
     In other embodiments, all or a part of the operators dynamically proposing and/or obtaining telecommunications resources from the module  200  are fixed operators, fixed-mobile convergent operators, Wi-Fi hotspot operators, enterprise network operators, local network operators, or any other type of operator using telecommunications resources. In other embodiments, the module  200  manages the resources for more than two operators. 
     Returning to  FIG. 2 , the module  200  integrates new functionalities with respect to the known module  100 . More particularly, the module  200  integrates at least three modules for each operator. With regard to the operator MNO-A, the following are associated with it:
         a module  200 Am implementing a moderating function regulating the exchanges of resources according to one or more predefined moderation rules (e.g. rules coming from regulatory constraints emitted by a regulatory body);   a module  200 Af storing a piece of reliability information associated with the operator MNO-A; and   a module  200 Ao storing a piece of individual objective information, i.e. associated with the operator MNO-A, for management of the telecommunications resources.       

     These various functionalities are described in more detail below in relation to  FIG. 3 . Moreover, the module  200  integrates the same functionalities associated with the operator MNO-B via corresponding modules  200 Bm,  200 Bf and  200 Bo. The module  200  also integrates a module  200   o  storing a piece of common objective information, i.e. representing a resource management objective common to the operators MNO-A and MNO-B. 
     Each of the various aforementioned modules, i.e.  200 ,  210 A,  200 Am,  200 Af,  200 Ao,  210 B,  200 Bm,  200 Bf,  200 Bo and  200   o  is shown here as a single entity. However, in other embodiments, all or part of the modules in question are implemented in a distributed manner, for example via a technology of the DLT (for Distributed Ledger Technology) type. In other embodiments, a single module (implemented in a distributed manner or not) implements both a subset or all of the functionalities of the aforementioned modules, i.e.  200 ,  210 A,  200 Am,  200 Af,  200 Ao,  210 B,  200 Bm,  200 Bf,  200 Bo and  200   o.    
     The modules  200 Ao and  200 Af associated with the operator MNO-A and the modules  200 Bo and  200 Bf associated with the operator MNO-B record individual information (i.e. associated with the corresponding operators MNO-A and MNO-B) that can then be aggregated anonymously to deduce therefrom a piece of shared information, e.g. to obtain a common objective and/or a shared reliability index as described below in relation to  FIG. 3 . 
     Now, in relation to  FIG. 3 , the steps of a method for managing the resources implemented by the modules of  FIG. 2  according to an embodiment of the development are now presented. 
     During a step E 300 , the module  200  receives an offer of resources emitted by the module  210 A on behalf of the operator MNO-A. For example, the offer made by the operator MNO-A is characterised by the identifier of the offer, a date of beginning of availability of the resources, a date of end of availability of the resources, a volume of resources offered, a location and the identifier of the module  210 A. Thus, the operator MNO-A behaves like an operator offering resources that are available, that is to say not used for its own clients or not made available to another operator for the period in question. Thus, the operator MNO-A optimises the use of its resources by proposing them to other operators. Such an offer is for example certified and recorded in the module  200 . 
     During a step E 310 , the module  200  receives a request for resources emitted by the module  210 B on behalf of the operator MNO-B. For example, the request made by the operator MNO-B is related to a temporary need for connectivity resources. Such a request is for example characterised by an identifier, a date of beginning of the need for resources, a duration of use of the resources, a volume of resources, a location and the identifier of the module  210 B. Such a request is for example certified and recorded in the module  200 . 
     During a step E 320 , the module  200  requests and receives from the module  200   o  the piece of common objective information. Such a piece of information represents a resource management objective common to the operators MNO-A and MNO-B. This involves for example setting an objective allowing to maximise the participation of the modules  210 A and  210 B of the operators MNO-A and MNO-B (e.g. the number of offers of resources or of requests for resources made), or to make the modules in question cooperate. 
     For example, the piece of common objective information is calculated on the basis of a single formula set by consensus by all of the operators MNO-A and MNO-B working with the module  200  via the modules  210 A and  210 B. In alternatives, the piece of common objective information is a function of a sum of pieces of information representing an individual objective of management of the resources, called piece of individual objective information, of each operator MNO-A and MNO-B. In other words the piece of common objective information is a function of Σ i l i , with l i  being the piece of individual objective information of the operator having the index i out of the set of operators MNO-A and MNO-B. Such a piece of individual objective information is for example representative of an objective for radio coverage over a given geographic zone, or representative of a quality-of-service objective, or representative of an objective for guaranteed minimum bitrate or capacity over a given time period, etc. 
     In alternatives, the piece of common objective information is also a function of a piece of penalty information that the requesting module  210 B seeks to minimise in order to achieve the common objective (e.g. when it decides or not to accept the offer made by the module  210 A according to the mechanism described below in relation to step E 350 ). For example, the penalty P is expressed as the sum of individual penalties each associated with the transactions carried out by the corresponding operator MNO-A or MNO-B. In other words, P=Σ i P i , with P i  being the individual penalty of the operator having the index i out of the set of operators MNO-A and MNO-B. 
     For example the individual penalty P i  corresponds to the implementation of a tit for tat criterion applied on the one hand to the resources accepted by the operator having the index i and on the other hand to the resources previously offered by the same operator. Thus, an operator is incited to balance the exchanges of resources by offering as many resources as it requests. For example: 
     
       
         
           
             
               P 
               i 
             
             = 
             
                
               
                 log 
                 ( 
                 
                   
                     nbr 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     of 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     offers 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     of 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     the 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     operator 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     having 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     the 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     index 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     i 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     accepted 
                   
                   
                     nbr 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     of 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     offers 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     accepted 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     by 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     the 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     operator 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     having 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     the 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     index 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     i 
                   
                 
                 ) 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In these alternatives, the piece of common objective information is for example proportional to: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 ∑ 
                 i 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 I 
                 i 
               
             
             - 
             
               α 
               ⁢ 
               P 
             
           
         
       
     
     with α being a coefficient associated with the importance given to the penalty P. Thus, each operator MNO-A, MNO-B is incited to balance the exchanges of resources by offering as many resources (e.g. resources of a certain type) as it requests (e.g. resources of another type) in order to minimise the penalty P. The common objective is thus achieved. 
     In certain embodiments, the module  200  only processes the offers and/or requests for resources for operators for which the piece of individual objective information P i  is between predetermined thresholds. 
     During a step E 330 , the module  200  requests and receives from the module  200   f  a piece of reliability information from the operator MNO-A proposing the offer of resources. 
     Such a piece of reliability information comes for example from a grading by the other operators already having carried out a transaction with the operator MNO-A as described below in relation to step E 380 . In other embodiments, the piece of reliability information corresponds to a quality of experience index identified by the users of the operators MNO-A and MNO-B (e.g. over a geographic zone), or to an index of quality of service over a given time period (example measurement of quality of the networks recovered by measurement tools of the type “mon réseau” or “Ookla speedtest”). 
     During a step E 340 , the module  200  sends to the module  210 B, in response to the request received during the step E 310 , an offer of resources corresponding here to the offer emitted by the module  210 A and received by the module  200  during the step E 300 . 
     In other embodiments, the module  200  sends several offers of resources to the module  210 B in response to the request received during the step E 310 . This is for example the case when the operator MNO-A makes several offers (e.g. each relating to resources of different natures), or in embodiments in which more than two operators make offers of resources to the module  200 , etc. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , the offer of resources sent by the module  200  to the module  210 B comprises the piece of common objective information received during the step E 320  and the piece of reliability information received during the step E 330 . Thus, the piece of reliability information allows the requesting operator MNO-B to form an opinion on the quality of the resources that the offering operator MNO-A proposes. Likewise, the piece of common objective information allows to incite the requesting operator MNO-B to accept offers of resources that are in line with the common objective. As described above in relation to  FIG. 2 , the calculation of the common objective involves information provided by all of the operators MNO-A and MNO-B to the module  200  via the modules  210 A and  210 B. Thus, an overall behaviour of the various operators MNO-A and MNO-B seeking to obtain and/or offer such resources that goes beyond their simple self-interest is obtained. 
     In certain embodiments, the step E 320  or the step E 330  is not implemented and the offer of resources sent by the module  200  to the module  210 B of the requesting operator MNO-B only comprises one piece of information out of the piece of common objective information and the piece of reliability information. When only the piece of reliability information is sent with the offer of resources, the piece of common objective information can be sent secondarily in addition to the offer of resources. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , during a step E 350 , the module  210 B of the requesting operator MNO-B accepts the offer received while taking into account the piece of common objective information and/or the piece of reliability information accompanying the offer. 
     In other embodiments in which the module  200  sends several offers of resources to the module  210 B in response to the request received during the step E 310 , the module  210 B accepts one (or more) offers received while taking into account the piece of common objective information (e.g. while seeking to minimise the penalty P as described above in relation to step E 320 ) and/or the piece of reliability information accompanying the corresponding offer. 
     In other embodiments, the offer is accepted while taking into account other criteria specific to the operator MNO-B (e.g. its individual objective of management of the resources). 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , the acceptance of the offer of resources is certified via a consensus obtained on a set of results of moderating functions applied to the offer of resources received during step E 340 . The moderating functions are implemented in the modules  200 Am and  200 Bm respectively associated with the operators MNO-A and MNO-B. The chain that forms the moderating functions is initialised by the module  200 Bm, loops over all the moderating functions and terminates once again on the module  200 Bm. 
     As described above in relation to  FIG. 2 , the modules  200 Ao or  200 Af, as well as  200 Bo or  200 Bf, are each represented here as a single entity. However, in other embodiments, all or a part of the modules in question are implemented in a distributed manner, for example via a technology of the DLT type. In other embodiments, a single module (implemented in a distributed manner or not) simultaneously implements a subset or all of the functionalities of the modules in question. 
     For example, it is decided that a consensus is obtained when the ratio between, on the one hand, the number of results of moderating functions that represents an agreement with the fact that the offer is accepted by the operator having received it and, on the other hand, the total number of results of moderating functions is greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g. 50%, 66%, etc.). Thus, all of the operators seeking to obtain and/or offer the resources can verify that the acceptance of the offer by the requesting operator MNO-B respects one or more previously defined rules. 
     More particularly, a moderating function can take into account one (or more) predetermined rules (e.g. regulatory constraints emitted by a regulatory body) as well as external data (e.g. for cellular operators, the public data on location of the antennas, the data on densifications of population for a given geographic zone, etc.) in order to evaluate an offer of resources made to a given operator. For example, on the basis of such data, the moderating functions can: 
     identify whether the resource offered in a given cell allows to increase the coverage or the capacity (co-sited cell or not). The location of the cell allows to know the density of people in the zone covered by the cell. This allows to estimate the rate of coverage of the territory as well as the rate of coverage of the population. This result can also be used by an external regulator to validate the respect of the regulations in terms of coverage. Indeed, via the dynamic allocation of the resources carried out via the module  200 , the rate of coverage of an operator MNO-A or MNO-B may vary continually over time, which can lead to difficulties in knowing whether the operators MNO-A and MNO-B respect the regulatory constraints over time; 
     identify the weight of each transaction between the operators MNO-A and MNO-B with a weighting that varies over time. For example, the greater the weight given to a transaction, the more the constraints observed by the moderating functions must be respected. Thus, the first transactions have for example a zero weight to incite the operators MNO-A and MNO-B to exchange resources. The weight can then vary according to certain criteria for example such as: 
     an operator MNO-A or MNO-B provides only resources and loses resource capacities not allowing it to respect given regulatory constraints. The weight of its transactions thus increases; 
     an operator MNO-A or MNO-B shares resources with other operators, which allows to increase the capacity of each operator and allows to reduce the electricity consumption of the infrastructures. The weight of its transactions thus decreases; 
     an operator MNO-A or MNO-B requests resources and as soon as it reaches the minimum coverage threshold, the weight of its transactions is increased to incite it to continue to invest in its network; and 
     cancel an offer if it does not respect the rules of the moderating functions when it has reached a certain weight. 
     During a step E 360 , the module  210 B of the requesting operator MNO-B sends to the module  200  a piece of information representing the acceptance in a certified manner of the offer of resources received during the step E 340 . Thus, the certified transaction (i.e. the offer accepted in a certified manner) is recorded in a certified manner in the module  200 . 
     During a step E 370 , the resources are exchanged between the operators MNO-A and MNO-B. For example the terminal UEB, a client of the operator MNO-B, is temporarily attached to a base station managed by the operator MNO-A. To do this, a technique as described in the application FR1763063 is for example implemented in order for the operator MNO-B to access the resources offered by the operator MNO-A. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , during a step E 380 , each of the operators MNO-A and MNO-B is invited via the corresponding module  210 A or  210 B to grade the reliability of the other operator in order to update the piece of reliability information from the other operator. 
     For example, the operator MNO-B bases its grade on the fact that the resources were indeed made available or not. On its part, the operator MNO-A bases its grade for example on the fact that the operator MNO-B effectively made a payment in exchange for the resources obtained. According to other examples, the operator MNO-B bases its grade on the quality of the resources offered. More particularly, grades are transmitted to the operator MNO-B by clients that are users of terminals connected to the resources proposed by the offering operator (e.g. via SMS (Short Message Service) or USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) notifications or via campaigns of tests (e.g. Minimizing drive tests 3GPP TS 37.320), or by the measurement tools in the terminals of the type “mon réseau” or “Ookla speedtest”, or by mechanisms of web services). A homogenisation of the grades can also be carried out (average adjustment for example) to overcome the problem of the clients that are more demanding than others. This homogenisation can also be continued in a cell between operators in order to estimate whether the cell is of interest. 
     Returning to  FIG. 3 , during a step E 390 , the requesting module  210 B carries out an update of the piece of individual objective information of the requesting operator MNO-B after the acceptance in a certified manner of the offer of resources. 
     Thus, the piece of common objective information can also be updated by the module  200  on the basis of the piece of individual objective information of the operator MNO-B updated according to the mechanisms described above in relation to step E 320 . 
     Now, in relation to  FIG. 4 , an example of a structure of a device  400  allowing to implement the steps of the method for managing the resources of  FIG. 3  according to an embodiment of the development is presented. 
     The device  400  comprises a random-access memory  403  (for example a RAM memory), a processing unit  402  equipped for example with a processor, and controlled by a computer program stored in a read-only memory  401  (for example a ROM memory or a hard disk). Upon initialisation, the code instructions of the computer program are for example loaded into the random-access memory  403  before being executed by the processor of the processing unit  402 . This  FIG. 4  only illustrates a particular manner, among several possible, of carrying out the device  400  in order for it to carry out certain steps of the management method according to the development (according to any one of the embodiments and/or alternatives described above in relation to  FIG. 3 ). Indeed, these steps can be carried out indifferently on a reprogrammable calculation machine (a PC computer, a DSP processor or a microcontroller) executing a program containing a sequence of instructions, or on a dedicated calculation machine (for example a set of logic gates such as an FPGA or an ASIC, or any other hardware module). 
     In the case in which the device  400  is carried out with a reprogrammable calculation machine, the corresponding program (that is to say the sequence of instructions) can be stored in a storage medium that is removable (for example such as a diskette, a CD-ROM or a DVD-ROM) or not, this storage medium being partly or totally readable by a computer or a processor. 
     In certain embodiments, the device  400  implements any one of the modules  200 ,  210 A,  200 Am,  200 Af,  200 Ao,  210 B,  200 Bm,  200 Bf,  200 Bo and  200   o.    
     In certain embodiments, the device  400  implements several or the totality of the modules  200 ,  210 A,  200 Am,  200 Af,  200 Ao,  210 B,  200 Bm,  200 Bf,  200 Bo and  200   o.    
     In certain embodiments, the device  400  is included in a network node.