Patent Publication Number: US-2020281192-A1

Title: Compositions and methods for imposing seed quality

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/946,680 filed Feb. 28, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/096,228 filed Dec. 29, 2014, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     Seed quality is critical to both seed companies and farmers alike as it can affect, for example, the quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, the uniformity of seed at desirable sizes and shapes, seed shelf-life, seed germination and crop yields. 
     It is therefore a goal of seed production to produce seeds with high viability over a wide range of field conditions. The ability of a seed to germinate under a wide range of field conditions, particularly stress conditions, is characterized as “seed vigor.” Improving seed vigor carries many advantages for farmers and the seed industry. For example, enhanced seed vigor can increase crop yields, result in more uniform emergence, and improve resistance to environmental stresses. Thus, better performing seed, especially under adverse conditions, offers clear benefits to farmers. Additionally, seed companies benefit from high vigor seeds through the reduction of replant refunds when seed fails to perform because of, for example, environmental stress. 
     Enhanced seed vigor would also improve seed shelf-life, allowing seed to maintain high viability when carried over from one growing season to the next, without being “reworked.” “Reworking” of seed that has dropped below acceptable germination levels involves blending the low germination seed with higher germination seed to achieve a blend having acceptable minimum germination levels. Such “reworked seed,” however, suffers from reduced viability, and is thus subject to limitations such as the need to be planted quickly and under favorable germination conditions. Further, seeds are commonly treated with insecticides and/or fungicides to protect them from pests before and after planting. If seed that has been treated with insecticide and/or fungicide cannot be “reworked,” it may require disposal by various and potentially costly processes. 
     Additionally, because farmers often do not have equivalent seed handling and storage facilities as seed companies, seed saved and stored by farmers may be subjected to more stressful conditions thereby reducing viability. Historically, farmers compensated for this drop in viability by increasing their seeding rate. Increased seeding rates, however, can lead to inefficient planting, such as overcrowding. Enhanced seed vigor reduces the need to increase seeding rates and would allow farmers to maintain seeds with high viability, even under stressful conditions. 
     Yield of desirable sizes and shapes of seed is a further seed quality directly affecting the quantity and proportion of saleable seed. For example, an increased proportion of saleable seed means that seeds were more uniformly produced at commercially acceptable sizes and shapes (i.e., a greater percentage of harvested seed exhibits commercially acceptable sizes and shapes). Uniformity in desirable sizes and shapes aid in mechanical planter efficiency. In addition, variations in harvested seed may require recalibration of equipment or other operational adjustments during seed production. 
     Accordingly, the present disclosure provides, among other things, compositions (e.g., treatments) and methods that result in one or more of the following: enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. 
     The present disclosure is directed to compositions (e.g., seed crop treatments) comprising cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof, and one or more agrichemicals. 
     The present disclosure is further directed to a method of preparing a seed crop treatment comprising combining cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof with one or more agrichemicals. 
     The present disclosure is also directed to a method of producing seeds comprising treating a stand of seed crops with a seed crop treatment that comprises cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for improving seed quality based on the present inventor&#39;s discovery that a seed assemblage obtained from a stand of seed crops treated with a chemical composition, such as a seed crop treatment, that comprises cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof unexpectedly improves one or more seed qualities compared to a control. Improved seed qualities may include, but are not limited to, enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. 
     Seed quality can be evaluated by germination tests, such as warm germination, cold germination, and saturated cold germination. These types of tests are commonly used to predict seed germination and emergence. Among these tests, the saturated cold germination test exposes the seeds to cold, wet, and oxygen deficient stress, and is thus considered probative of seed germination viability over a range of field conditions. 
     The term “stand of seed crops” refers to a living assemblage of seed crops. A stand can be measured by determining the total dry mass of seed crops in an area. 
     The term “seed crops” refers to any type of plant from which seed may be harvested. The term “seed crops” includes monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots). Examples of monocots include, but are not limited to, maize (corn and includes all varieties), sorghum, wheat, rice, barley, and oats. Examples of dicots include, but are not limited to, soybean, alfalfa, tomato, sunflower, cotton, and flowers, such as geranium, impatiens, and pansy. 
     The term “seed assemblage” refers to a collection of seeds harvested from a stand of seed crops. 
     The term “effective amount” means an amount sufficient to improve one or more qualities of a seed assemblage compared to a control. Improved qualities may include, but are not limited to, enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. Other improved qualities may include those to enhance production or marketability of the seed assemblage not already mentioned. The quality may further be something measured or qualitatively evaluated in a seed assemblage, such as chemical and/or physical characteristics. 
     Desirable bag weight refers to seed bag weights that are desirable for a particular seed crop. For example, desirable bag weight may be less than 60 lbs., such as from about 48 lbs. to about 54 lbs., for certain seed crops, such as corn. Desirable bag weights for other seed crops can take into consideration factors, such as optimizing seed planting machinery and/or state of seed crop (i.e., live or heavy coated). 
     As used herein, “a control” refers to a seed assemblage obtained from a stand of seed crops not subjected to a composition disclosed herein, wherein the stand of seed crops is a similar type and is harvested at a similar maturity stage as the stand of seed crops treated with a composition disclosed herein to which the comparison is made. In some instances, the control also refers to a seed assemblage obtained from a similarly sized stand of seed crops as the stand treated with a composition disclosed herein. In some instances, the control further refers to a seed assemblage obtained from a stand of seed crops grown under conditions similar to those for the stand treated with a composition disclosed herein. For example, in some instances, the stand of seed crops that produces the control seed assemblage and the stand of seed crops treated with a composition disclosed herein may be subjected to similar, ideal or non-ideal growing conditions for comparing one or more seed qualities, e.g., seed vigor levels. Moreover, the control in some instances refers to prior knowledge or historical characteristics (e.g., seed vigor, saleable seed, uniformity, etc.) of a seed assemblage from a stand of seed crops. 
     The term “saleable seed” refers to seed that is viable and is of commercially acceptable size and shape. For example, an increased proportion of saleable seed means that seeds were more uniformly produced at commercially acceptable sizes and shapes (i.e., a greater percentage of harvested seeds exhibit commercially acceptable sizes and shapes). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a seed assemblage obtained from a stand of seed crops treated with a seed crop treatment described herein exhibits at least a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 percent increase, such as at least a 2 percent increase or at least a 5 percent increase, in the quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed compared to a control. 
     The term “seed vigor” refers to a measure of the quality of a seed assemblage based on certain properties, such as percent germination, which can predict seed germination and emergence under a wide range of field conditions, particularly stress conditions. The methodology of the present disclosure can be followed to produce a seed assemblage that is characterized by enhanced seed vigor, as determined by seed vigor testing. The level of seed vigor possessed by a collection of seeds can be determined by a variety of techniques. One such technique is known as the saturated cold germination test. According to the Seed Vigor Testing Handbook by the Association of Official Seed Analysts (2009), the saturated cold germination test is the most stressful of various cold-test procedures for determining the vigor of a seed assemblage. In this test, the soil or planting medium is maintained at 100% water holding capacity for the duration of the test, which also subjects seeds to sub-optimal temperatures and soil-borne pathogens. These conditions evaluate seeds based on their response to three stress factors: imbibitional chilling injury, attack by soil-borne pathogens, and limited oxygen availability. These harsh conditions can allow testers to discriminate between seed assemblages differing in vigor, and thus the saturated cold germination test can act as a good indicator of seed quality for many crops. 
     Thus, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, a seed assemblage exhibits enhanced seed vigor if it has a higher germination percentage in the saturated cold germination test when compared to a control. In some embodiments, a seed assemblage obtained from a stand of seed crops treated with a seed crop treatment described herein exhibits at least a 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 percent increase, such as at least a 2 percent increase, at least a 5 percent increase, at least a 10 percent increase, or at least a 15 percent increase in percent germination over a control in the saturated cold germination test. 
     While the saturated cold germination test is one technique that may be used to measure the level of seed vigor of a seed assemblage, the present disclosure is not so limited and contemplates the use of other seed vigor tests. Similarly, while germination is a measurable seed property for purposes of determining the level of seed vigor of a seed assemblage, the present disclosure also contemplates the measurement of other seed properties for purposes of determining vigor. 
     The term “agrichemicals” (or “agrochemicals”) refers to chemicals for use in agriculture. Examples of agrichemicals include, but are not limited to, pesticides (including bactericides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides), fertilizers, desiccants, defoliants (some, but not all, defoliants are desiccants), plant growth regulators, adjuvants (such as, surfactants and crop oil concentrates), and combinations thereof. The agrichemicals may be in various forms such as solid (e.g., crystalline, pellets, granules, dust), semi-solid, liquid, and/or vapor. 
     The term “dissolved” or “dissolving” is not limited to any particular degree of dissolution. For example, when “dissolving” an amount of salt in one or more solvents, the amount may be incompletely or completely dissolved, including forming unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated solutions. 
     The term “physiological maturity” refers to the seed development stage at which time translocation of nutrients to the seed stops. 
     The term “solvent” encompasses liquids, solids, semi-solids, and gases. For example, cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof may be combined with one or more solvents by, e.g., mixing, dissolving, suspending, incorporating, milling, granulating, or any other way of bringing the components together. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context dictates otherwise. 
     Seed Crop Treatments 
     In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a seed crop treatment comprises cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof, and one or more agrichemicals. A “combination thereof” may be a combination of elements from two different classes (e.g., a combination of an acceptable salt of cyanate and a cyanate ester) and/or a “combination thereof” may be a combination of elements within the same class (e.g., a combination of an acceptable salt of cyanate and an acceptable salt of thiocyanate). The one or more agrichemicals may be in a form, including, but not limited to, a solid, semi-solid, liquid, gas, or combinations thereof. Thus, the seed crop treatment is not necessarily limited to any particular type of preparation. For example, components that comprise the treatment may be combined, e.g., by mixing, dissolving, suspending, incorporating, milling, granulating, or any other way of combining the components. 
     Cyanate is an anion with the chemical formula written as [OCN] −  or [NCO] − . Similarly, thiocyanate is an anion with the chemical formula written as [SCN] −  or [NCS] − . Cyanate or thiocyanate may be produced or obtained via several different pathways. Commonly, they are manufactured in their salt forms, such as alkali cyanates or thiocyanates. For example, alkali cyanates may be produced by reacting alkali carbonates with urea. Examples of acceptable salts of cyanate include, but are not limited to, lithium cyanate, sodium cyanate, potassium cyanate, calcium cyanate, magnesium cyanate, ammonium cyanate, and cyanate amines, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine cyanate salts. Examples of acceptable salts of thiocyanate include, but are not limited to, lithium thiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, calcium thiocyanate, magnesium thiocyanate, ammonium thiocyanate, and thiocyanate amines, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine thiocyanate salts. 
     The acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof may be in any form, e.g., solid form, such as crystals, powders, granules, pellets, and the like. 
     The acceptable salt may be combined with (e.g., dissolved in) one or more solvents. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise water. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise the one or more agrichemicals. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise one or more other agrichemicals. Dissolution dissociates the one or more salts into their respective ions (i.e., cyanate and/or thiocyanate, as the case may be). As used herein, a seed crop treatment is said to comprise an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof even if the salt has dissociated in the treatment into its respective ions by, e.g., dissolution. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals are chosen from pesticides (including bactericides (e.g., streptomycin), herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides), fertilizers, desiccants, defoliants (some, but not all, defoliants are desiccants), plant growth regulators, adjuvants, (such as, surfactants and crop oil concentrates), and combinations thereof. Examples of herbicides include, but are not limited to, atrazine, glyphosate, and 2,4-D. Examples of fungicides include, but are not limited to, biological agents, captan, carboxin, difenoconazole, fludioxonil, imazalil, mefenoxam, PCNB, tebuconazole, thiabendazole, thiram, and triadimenol. Examples of insecticides include, but are not limited to, chlorpyriphos, bifenthrin, imidacloprid, lindane, permethrin, tefluthrin, and thiamethoxam. Examples of defoliants include, but are not limited to, sodium chlorate, sodium cacodylate, dimethipin, diuron, endothall, paraquat, pyraflufen-ethyl, tribufos, and thidiazuron. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a desiccant. In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a defoliant. In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol®750. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a herbicide. In certain embodiments, the herbicide comprises glyphosate. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise an insecticide. In certain embodiments, the insecticide comprises bifenthrin. 
     In some embodiments, the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof comprises sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or combination thereof is dissolved in one or more solvents. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise water. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise the one or more agrichemicals, such as those described above, e.g., a defoliant. In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol® 750. 
     The seed crop treatment may be in a form including, but not limited to, a liquid, solid (e.g., crystal), semi-solid, or gas. For example, in some embodiments, the seed crop treatment is in a solid form and is optionally combined with one or more solvents, such as water or other agrichemicals such as those described above. In other embodiments, for example, the seed crop treatment is in a liquid form, including a concentrated liquid form, and is optionally combined with other solvents, such as water or other agrichemicals such as those described above. 
     The seed crop treatment may comprise an effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the effective amount is sufficient to improve one or more qualities of a seed assemblage compared to a control. In certain embodiments, the one or more improved seed qualities are chosen from enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. In certain embodiments, at least one of the improved seed qualities is enhanced seed vigor. 
     In some embodiments, an effective amount of the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof is chosen to achieve a coverage of the acceptable salt ranging from about 20 g to about 0.2 g per acre of field crop. The effective amount in the treatment can therefore vary depending on the type of application (e.g., aerial, ground (machine or backpack)) and the total volume of treatment that is to be applied to the crops. For example, using some techniques, such as ground application, approximately 20 gallons of seed crop treatment might be applied per acre. Thus, the effective amount in the treatment to achieve a coverage of the acceptable salt ranging from about 20 g to about 0.2 g per acre of field crop is about 1 g to about 0.01 g of the acceptable salt per gallon of the treatment. In another example, using some techniques, such as aerial application, approximately 8 gallons of seed crop treatment might be applied per acre. Thus, the effective amount in the treatment to achieve a coverage of the acceptable salt ranging from about 20 g to about 0.2 g per acre of field crop is about 2.5 g to about 0.025 g of the acceptable salt per gallon of the treatment. 
     As described above, the seed crop treatment may be in a concentrated liquid form. This refers to a seed crop treatment in liquid form that is concentrated with cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof such that the treatment may be diluted with additional components to produce a treatment having an effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. The concentrated liquid form itself may contain an effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. 
     The seed crop treatment presently disclosed may further comprise one or more excipients. For example, one or more excipients may include, but are not limited to, nutrients, fillers, binders, carriers, stickers, surfactants, plasticizers, colorants, dyes, dispersants, emulsifiers, flow agents, antifoam agents, lubricants, or any other excipient that may be acceptable for use in agriculture. 
     Methods 
     Also disclosed herein is a method of preparing a seed crop treatment. The method comprises combining cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof with one or more agrichemicals. As described above, the one or more agrichemicals may be in a form, including, but not limited to, a solid, semi-solid, liquid, gas, or combinations thereof. The acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof may be in any form, e.g., solid form, such as crystals, powders, granules, pellets, and the like. 
     The method of combining is not limited to any particular technique. For example, components may be combined by mixing, dissolving, suspending, incorporating, milling, granulating, or any other way of combining the components. 
     In some embodiments, the method further comprises dissolving the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof in one or more solvents prior to the combining step. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise water. 
     In some embodiments, the combining step comprises dissolving the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof in the one or more agrichemicals. 
     Examples of acceptable salts of cyanate and thiocyanate include, but are not limited to, those described above. In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals are chosen from pesticides (including bactericides (e.g., streptomycin), herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides), fertilizers, desiccants, defoliants (some, but not all, defoliants are desiccants), plant growth regulators, adjuvants (such as, surfactants and crop oil concentrators), and combinations thereof. Examples of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and defoliants, include, but are not limited to, those described above. In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a desiccant. In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a defoliant. In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol® 750. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a herbicide. In certain embodiments, the herbicide comprises glyphosate. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise an insecticide. In certain embodiments, the insecticide comprises bifenthrin. 
     In some embodiments, the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof comprises sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or a combination thereof, and the one or more agrichemicals comprise a desiccant. In some embodiments, the acceptable salt comprises sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or a combination thereof, and the one or more agrichemicals comprise a defoliant. In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol® 750. 
     An effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof may be combined with the one or more agrichemicals. In some embodiments, the effective amount is sufficient to improve one or more qualities of a seed assemblage compared to a control. In certain embodiments, the one or more improved seed qualities are chosen from enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. In certain embodiments, at least one of the improved seed qualities is enhanced seed vigor. 
     As described above, in some embodiments, an effective amount of the acceptable salt of cyanate, thiocyanate or combination thereof is chosen to achieve a coverage of the acceptable salt ranging from about 20 g to about 0.2 g per acre of field crop. 
     In a further embodiment, a method of preparing a seed crop treatment comprises combining cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof with one or more agrichemicals, resulting in a concentrated amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. A concentrated amount, as described above, refers to an amount that may be diluted with one or more additional components to yield an effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. The concentrated amount may itself be an effective amount. 
     The method may further comprise including one or more excipients as described above. For example, one or more excipients may include, but are not limited to, nutrients, fillers, binders, carriers, stickers, surfactants, plasticizers, colorants, dyes, dispersants, emulsifiers, flow agents, antifoam agents, lubricants, or any other excipient that may be acceptable for use in agriculture. 
     In another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method of producing seeds comprises treating a stand of seed crops with a chemical composition (or seed crop treatment) comprising cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the chemical composition (or seed crop treatment) further comprises one or more solvents. For example, the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof may be combined with (e.g., dissolved in) one or more solvents. The one or more solvents may comprise water. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise one or more agrichemicals. In certain embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals are chosen from pesticides (including bactericides (e.g., streptomycin), herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides), fertilizers, desiccants, defoliants (some, but not all, defoliants are desiccants), plant growth regulators, adjuvants (such as surfactants and crop oil concentrators), and combinations thereof. Examples of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and defoliants, include, but are not limited to, those described above. 
     The one or more agrichemicals may be in a form, including, but not limited to, a solid, semi-solid, liquid, gas, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a desiccant. In some embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a defoliant. In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol® 750. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise a herbicide. In certain embodiments, the herbicide comprises glyphosate. In other embodiments, the one or more agrichemicals comprise an insecticide. In certain embodiments, the insecticide comprises bifenthrin. 
     In some embodiments, the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof comprises sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sodium cyanate, sodium thiocyanate, or combination thereof is dissolved in one or more solvents. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise water. In some embodiments, the one or more solvents comprise an agrichemical, such as those described above (e.g., a defoliant). In certain embodiments, the defoliant comprises sodium chlorate. In certain embodiments, the defoliant is a defoliant produced by Drexel Chemical Company, such as Defol® 5 or Defol® 750. 
     In some embodiments, the stand of seed crops is treated with an amount of the acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate or combination thereof in a range from about 20 g to about 0.2 g per acre. In certain embodiments, the stand of seed crops is treated with about 20 g, with about 10 g, with about 5 g, with about 2.5 g, with about 1 g, or with about 0.2 g (or any number in between) of the acceptable salt per acre. 
     The chemical composition (or seed crop treatment) may comprise an effective amount of the cyanate, thiocyanate, acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the effective amount is sufficient to improve one or more qualities of a seed assemblage compared to a control. In certain embodiments, the one or more improved seed qualities are chosen from enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. In certain embodiments, at least one of the improved seed qualities is enhanced seed vigor. As described above, the effective amount in the treatment can vary depending on the type of application and the total volume of treatment that is to be applied to the crops. 
     The method of producing seeds may further comprise harvesting the stand of seed crops, wherein a seed assemblage is obtained from the stand having one or more improved qualities compared to a control. The one or more improved qualities may include, but are not limited to, enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. In some embodiments, at least one of the improved qualities is enhanced seed vigor. 
     The step of treating or applying the stand of seed crops with the chemical composition (or seed crop treatment) may take into consideration one or more of the following factors: a development stage of the seed crop at the time of treating or applying; a seed moisture level at the time of treating or applying; and a desired time period between treating or applying and harvesting. 
     For instance, the step of treating or applying the stand of seed crops with the seed crop treatment occurs at a development stage of the seed crop. Treating the seed crop may occur at any stage or combination of stages up to and through physiological seed maturity. For example, treating or applying may occur before or during the period of time when a seed is storing nutrients. In some embodiments, treatment occurs at any stage or combination of stages beginning with fertilization through physiological seed maturity. Further, for example, when the seed crop is maize, the treatment may occur at the grain fill stages. That is, the grain fill period begins with fertilization and initiation of kernel development and ends at a time period approximately 60 days later when the kernels are physiologically mature. For example, treatment of corn may occur at kernel blister stage, kernel milk stage, kernel dough stage, kernel dent stage, physiological maturity stage or at a combination of stages. In some embodiments, the stand of seed crops is treated in the dent stage, such as at early dent, at about to full dent, or at full dent. Treating may occur one or more times during the development stages of the seed crop, such as the grain fill stages of corn, for example once during the kernel blister stage and once again during the dent stage. In certain embodiments, the stand of corn is treated with the seed crop treatment once at full dent. 
     The step of treating or applying the stand of seed crops with the seed crop treatment occurs at a seed moisture level. For example, in some embodiments, when the seed crop is maize, the treatment occurs at a seed moisture level ranging from 30-60%, such as, from 35-55%, 40-50%, 42-48%, or 44-46%. 
     In some embodiments, when the seed crop is maize, the step of treating or applying the stand of seed crops with the seed crop treatment occurs 3 to 30 days (or any number in between) before harvesting, such as, 5 to 25 days, 7 to 18 days, 9 to 14 days, or 10 to 12 days before harvesting. 
     The seed crop treatment may be in a form including, but not limited to, a liquid, solid (e.g., crystal), semi-solid, or gas. In some embodiments, the seed crop treatment is in a solid form, including, but not limited to, crystals, powders, granules, pellets, and the like. In these embodiments, the stand of seed crops may be treated with the seed crop treatment according to any technique that results in the stand of seed crops being contacted with the treatment. For example, the step of treating the stand of seed crops may comprise dusting the stand with the treatment. 
     In other embodiments, the seed crop treatment is in a liquid form, including, but not limited to, solutions and suspensions. In these embodiments, the stand of seed crops may be treated with the seed crop treatment according to any technique that results in the stand of seed crops being contacted with the treatment. For example, the step of treating the stand of seed crops may comprise spraying the stand with the treatment. 
     In some embodiments, the seed crops are chosen from monocots and dicots, as discussed above. In certain embodiments, the seed crops are chosen from maize, sorghum, wheat, rice, barley, oats, soybean, tomato, sunflower, and cotton. 
     As described above, the one or more solvents may comprise one or more agrichemicals, or the seed crop treatment may otherwise further comprise one or more agrichemicals. In some embodiments, the stand of seed crops is treated with the seed crop treatment at a crop growth stage that is suitable or even optimal for treatment with the one or more agrichemicals. For example, in embodiments where the one or more agrichemicals is a defoliant, the stand of seed crops may be treated with the seed crop treatment at a crop growth stage that is suitable or even optimal for defoliation. 
     In the context of the present disclosure, a stand of seed crops may be harvested to obtain a seed assemblage. The present disclosure is not limited by any particular harvesting technique. For example, harvesting the stand of seed crops may be performed according to known or optimal times and techniques in the art for the type of seed crop to be harvested. 
     In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a seed assemblage is obtained by a method comprising treating a stand of seed crops with a seed crop treatment that comprises cyanate, thiocyanate, an acceptable salt of cyanate or thiocyanate, an ester of cyanate or thiocyanate, an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or a combination thereof, and harvesting the stand of seed crops, wherein a seed assemblage is obtained from the stand having one or more improved qualities compared to a control. The one or more improved qualities may include, but are not limited to, enhanced seed vigor, increased quantity and/or proportion of saleable seed, increased uniformity of seed shape and size, and desirable bag weight. In some embodiments, at least one of the improved qualities is enhanced seed vigor. 
     The compositions and methods described herein will be further described by the following non-limiting examples, which are intended to be exemplary. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     In an actively growing seed corn field scheduled to be treated with Drexel Defol® 750, four test plots were evaluated. Two plots were treated with Drexel Defol® 5, a sodium chlorate formulation containing 5 pounds of active sodium chlorate per gallon, and with varying amounts of cyanate anions. Sodium cyanate salt was used as the source of cyanate for its compatibility with sodium chlorate. The results of these two treatments were compared to an untreated check and a plot treated with Defol® 750, which contained 7.5 pounds of active sodium chlorate per gallon. The amount of active sodium chlorate applied in the three treated plots was equivalent. 
     The test conditions and treatments for each plot are summarized below. 
     Test Conditions:
         Crop: Inbred Seed Corn   Variety: A0036RMQKZ×HCL4011   Plot Sizes: 5 acres for Plots 1-3; 7 acres for Plot 4   Plot Location: Near Oxford, Wis.   Season/Year: Summer/2013   Corn Stage: Full Dent   Application Equipment: Case Patriot Sprayer   Application Conditions: Temperature: 86° F.
           Sky: Sunny   Wind: 4 mph   
           Application Diluent: Water   Application Volume: 20 gallons per acre   Number of full days between application and harvest: 24 days   Post Harvest Seed   Treatment: CruiserMaxx® Corn 250       

     Test Plot Treatments:
         Plot 1—Untreated Check
           Plot Size: 5 acres   
           Plot 2—Treatment A
           Defol® 5: 4.8 quarts per acre   Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 75.2 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 5 acres   
           Plot 3—Treatment B
           Defol® 5: 4.8 quarts per acre   Sodium cyanate: 15.9 grams per acre   Water: 75.2 quarts per acre   Plot size: 5 acres   
           Plot 4—Defol® 750 Treatment Check
           Defol® 750: 3.2 quarts per acre   Water: 76.8 quarts per acre   Plot size: 7 acres   
               

     Samples of corn seed from each of the four test plots were evaluated for seed size, shape, as well as germination under certain test conditions: warm germination, cold germination and saturated cold germination. Each of the four evaluated categories (i.e., 26/21 Round, 21/17 Round, 26/21 Flat, 21/17 Flat) constituted desirable and saleable seed size and shape. Evaluation was performed at Biodiagnostics, Inc., River Falls, Wis. The results were as follows: 
     Plot 1 
     Untreated Check 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Size 
                   
                 Units 
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                 Saturated 
               
               
                 Range 
                   
                 (Bags) per 
                 Bag (Unit) 
                 Warm 
                 Cold 
                 Cold 
               
               
                 (1/16 th   
                   
                 1000 
                 Weight 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
               
               
                 inches) 
                 Shape 
                 Bushels 
                 (Pounds) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 26/21 
                 Round 
                 403 
                 61.8 
                 100 
                 92 
                 81 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Round 
                 166 
                 44.8 
                 99 
                 90 
                 76 
               
               
                 26/21 
                 Flat 
                 278 
                 51.8 
                 100 
                 95 
                 79 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Flat 
                 82 
                 40.6 
                 95 
                 89 
                 79 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Saleable 
                 929 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Units 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 2 
     Treatment A 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Size 
                   
                 Units 
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                 Saturated 
               
               
                 Range 
                   
                 (Bags) per 
                 Bag (Unit) 
                 Warm 
                 Cold 
                 Cold 
               
               
                 (1/16 th   
                   
                 1000 
                 Weight 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
               
               
                 inches) 
                 Shape 
                 Bushels 
                 (Pounds) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 26/21 
                 Round 
                 450 
                 59.1 
                 100 
                 97 
                 95 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Round 
                 184 
                 43.5 
                 99 
                 97 
                 92 
               
               
                 26/21 
                 Flat 
                 249 
                 49.4 
                 100 
                 98 
                 98 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Flat 
                 96 
                 38.0 
                 98 
                 97 
                 94 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Saleable 
                 979 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Units 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 3 
     Treatment B 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Size 
                   
                 Units 
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                 Saturated 
               
               
                 Range 
                   
                 (Bags) per 
                 Bag (Unit) 
                 Warm 
                 Cold 
                 Cold 
               
               
                 (1/16 th   
                   
                 1000 
                 Weight 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
               
               
                 inches) 
                 Shape 
                 Bushels 
                 (Pounds) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 26/21 
                 Round 
                 487 
                 59.2 
                 100 
                 92 
                 94 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Round 
                 228 
                 43.2 
                 98 
                 93 
                 91 
               
               
                 26/21 
                 Flat 
                 190 
                 49.4 
                 99 
                 90 
                 95 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Flat 
                 69 
                 36.4 
                 96 
                 91 
                 93 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Saleable 
                 974 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Units 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 4 
     Defol® 750 Treatment Check 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Size 
                   
                 Units 
                 Estimated 
                   
                   
                 Saturated 
               
               
                 Range 
                   
                 (Bags) per 
                 Bag (Unit) 
                 Warm 
                 Cold 
                 Cold 
               
               
                 (1/16 th   
                   
                 1000 
                 Weight 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
                 Germination 
               
               
                 inches) 
                 Shape 
                 Bushels 
                 (Pounds) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 26/21 
                 Round 
                 482 
                 60.8 
                 100 
                 90 
                 84 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Round 
                 180 
                 44.6 
                 99 
                 91 
                 80 
               
               
                 26/21 
                 Flat 
                 224 
                 50.0 
                 99 
                 98 
                 83 
               
               
                 21/17 
                 Flat 
                 60 
                 39.9 
                 96 
                 92 
                 81 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Saleable 
                 946 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Units 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results showed that treatment of the growing corn seed crops with small amounts of cyanate (Plots 2 &amp; 3) surprisingly produced significantly higher yields of seeds in desirable and saleable sizes and shapes over both the Untreated Check (Plot 1) and the Defol® 750 Treatment Check (Plot 4). 
     Moreover, treatment of the corn seed crops with small amounts of cyanate (Plots 2 &amp; 3) unexpectedly produced seeds with a dramatic increase in seed vigor over both the Untreated Check (Plot 1) and the Defol® 750 Treatment Check (Plot 4) as evidenced by the increased germination percentages in the saturated cold germination test. 
     The results also showed some tendency of the Defol® 750 to slightly increase germination percentage in the saturated cold germination test. This increase was likely a function of the Defol® 750 plot yielding seeds in the larger 26/21 size category than the untreated check, as opposed to the Defol® 750 having an actual impact on seed germination. 
     The growing conditions in the summer of 2013 for the experiments in Example 1 were about average with around normal temperatures and rainfall for the time of year. 
     Example 2 
     Additional field plots were tested using three different corn hybrids: Hybrid 1 (E16-D2507VT3P), Hybrid 2 (E17-D2905VT3P), and Hybrid 3 (Heitman-D3910VT2P). 
     Hybrid 1 
     Three test plots were evaluated for Hybrid 1. One plot was treated with a combination of Drexel Defol® 5—a sodium chlorate formulation containing 5 pounds of active sodium chlorate per gallon—and cyanate (sodium cyanate salt was used as the source of cyanate for its compatibility with sodium chlorate). The results of this treatment were compared to an untreated check and plot treated with Defol® 750, containing 7.5 pounds of active sodium chlorate per gallon. 
     The test conditions and treatments for each plot are summarized below. 
     Test Conditions:
         Crop: Inbred Seed Corn   Variety: D2507VT3P   Plot Location: Jackson, Wis.   Season/Year: Summer/2014   Corn Stage at Application: to Full Dent   Moisture at Application: 42%   Application Equipment: Case Patriot Sprayer   Application Conditions: Temperature: 88-90° F.
           Sky: Clear   Wind: 2-3 mph   
           Application Diluent: Water   Application Volume: 20 gallons per acre   Number of full days between application and harvest: 8 days   Post Harvest Seed Treatment: CruiserMaxx® Corn 250       

     Test Plot Treatments:
         Plot 1—Untreated Check
           Plot Size: Balance of Field   
           Plot 2—Treatment A
           Defol® 5: 4.8 quarts per acre   Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 75.2 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
           Plot 3—Defol® 750 Treatment Check
           Defol® 750: 3.2 quarts per acre   Water: 76.8 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
               

     Samples of corn seed from each of the three test plots were evaluated for desirable/saleable seed size and shape, as well as germination under certain test conditions: warm germination, cold germination and saturated cold germination. Each of the four evaluated categories (i.e., 24/21 Round, 21/17 Round, 24/21 Flat, 21/17 Flat) constituted desirable and saleable seed size and shape. The results were as follows: 
     Plot 1—Check 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 34.8% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 0 
                 ABOVE 25 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 334 
                 61.4 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
                   
               
               
                 21/17R 
                 418 
                 48.8 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                 55.59% 
                   
                   
                 78.09% 
                 % SR OF ALL RDS 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 105 
                 53.9 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/17F 
                 106 
                 45 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                 50.24% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % SF OF ALL FL 
               
               
                   
                 963 
                   
                 393% 
                 394% 
                 390% 
                   
                 5 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 2—Defol® 5+Cyanate 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 33.4% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                  0 
                 ABOVE 25 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 270 
                 59.1 
                 100% 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/17R 
                 422 
                 43.5 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                 60.98% 
                   
                   
                 70.33% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 117 
                 49.4 
                  99% 
                 100% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/17F 
                 175 
                 38 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                 59.93% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 984 
                   
                 396% 
                 394% 
                 393% 
                   
                 12 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 3—Defol® 750 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 31.1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                  0 
                 ABOVE 25 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 309 
                 59.9 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/17R 
                 413 
                 48.8 
                  96% 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                 57.20% 
                   
                   
                 73.30% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 109 
                 51.9 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/17F 
                 154 
                 42.6 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                 58.56% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 985 
                   
                 392% 
                 395% 
                 393% 
                   
                 12 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Hybrid 2 
     Four test plots were evaluated for Hybrid 2. One plot was treated with a combination of Drexel Defol® 5 and cyanate (sodium cyanate salt was used as the source of cyanate for its compatibility with sodium chlorate). Another plot was treated with cyanate alone (i.e., without Defol® 5). The results of these treatments were compared to an untreated check and a plot treated with Defol® 750. 
     The test conditions and treatments for each plot are summarized below. 
     Test Conditions:
         Crop: Inbred Seed Corn   Variety: D2905VT3P   Plot Location: New Haven, Wis.   Season/Year: Summer/2014   Corn Stage at Application: to Full Dent   Moisture at Application: 44%   Application Equipment: Case Patriot Sprayer   Application Conditions: Temperature: 88-90° F.
           Sky: Clear   Wind: 2-3 mph   
           Application Diluent: Water   Application Volume: 20 gallons per acre   Number of full days between application and harvest: 10 days   Post Harvest Seed Treatment: CruiserMaxx® Corn 250       

     Test Plot Treatments:
         Plot 1—Untreated Check
           Plot Size: Balance of Field   
           Plot 2—Treatment A
           Defol® 5: 4.8 quarts per acre   Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 75.2 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
           Plot 3—Defol® 750 Treatment Check
           Defol® 750: 3.2 quarts per acre   Water: 76.8 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
           Plot 4—Treatment B
           Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 80 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
               

     Samples of corn seed from each of the three test plots were evaluated for desirable/saleable seed size and shape, as well as germination under certain test conditions: warm germination, cold germination and saturated cold germination. Each of the four evaluated categories (i.e., 24/21 Round, 21/16 Round, 24/21 Flat, 21/16 Flat) constituted desirable and saleable seed size and shape. The results were as follows: 
     Plot 1—Untreated Check 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 34.8% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                 GRAMS 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                  5 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24/21R 
                 283 
                 61.2 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/16R 
                 377 
                 46.2 
                  98% 
                  95% 
                  88% 
                 57.12% 
                   
                   
                 66.20% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 183 
                 51.9 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/16F 
                 154 
                 41.3 
                  98% 
                  96% 
                  93% 
                 45.70% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 997 
                   
                 394% 
                 386% 
                 378% 
                   
                 17 
                 BELOW 17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 2—Defol® 5+Cyanate 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 31.3% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                  0 
                 ABOVE 25 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 179 
                 60 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/16R 
                 532 
                 45.1 
                  97% 
                  98% 
                  96% 
                 74.82% 
                   
                   
                 64.58% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 121 
                 48.2 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/16F 
                 269 
                 36.9 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                 68.97% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1101 
                   
                 393% 
                 390% 
                 390% 
                   
                 36 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 3—Defol® 750 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 32.8% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 1 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 257 
                 61 
                 100% 
                  97% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/16R 
                 451 
                 46.8 
                  97% 
                  97% 
                  91% 
                 63.70% 
                   
                   
                 70.10% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 129 
                 52.8 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/16F 
                 173 
                 41.9 
                  99% 
                  96% 
                  95% 
                 57.28% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1010 
                   
                 394% 
                 387% 
                 383% 
                   
                 21 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 4—Cyanate 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 33.5% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 5 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 24/21R 
                 253 
                 60.5 
                  98% 
                  96% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 21/16R 
                 392 
                 45.7 
                  96% 
                  96% 
                  92% 
                 60.78% 
                   
                   
                 63.05% 
               
               
                 24/21F 
                 180 
                 51.6 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 21/16F 
                 198 
                 40.5 
                  96% 
                  98% 
                  95% 
                 52.38% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1023 
                   
                 389% 
                 389% 
                 383% 
                   
                 21 
                 BELOW 17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Hybrid 3 
     Four test plots were evaluated for Hybrid 3. One plot was treated with a combination of Drexel Defol® 5 and cyanate (sodium cyanate salt was used as the source of cyanate for its compatibility with sodium chlorate). Another plot was treated with cyanate alone (i.e., without Defol® 5). The results of these treatments were compared to an untreated check and a plot treated with Defol® 750. 
     The test conditions and treatments for each plot are summarized below. 
     Test Conditions:
         Crop: Inbred Seed Corn   Variety: D3910VT2P   Plot Location: Springville, Wis.   Season/Year: Summer/2014   Corn Stage at Application: Very early start of dent   Moisture at Application: 50-55%   Application Equipment: Case Patriot Sprayer   Application Conditions: Temperature: 88-90° F.
           Sky: Clear   Wind: 2-3 mph   
           Application Diluent: Water   Application Volume: 20 gallons per acre   Number of full days between application and harvest: 17 days   Post Harvest Seed Treatment: CruiserMaxx® Corn 250       

     Test Plot Treatments:
         Plot 1—Untreated Check
           Plot Size: Balance of Field   
           Plot 2—Treatment A
           Defol® 5: 4.8 quarts per acre   Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 75.2 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
           Plot 3—Defol® 750 Treatment Check
           Defol® 750: 3.2 quarts per acre   Water: 76.8 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
           Plot 4—Treatment B
           Sodium cyanate: 6.4 grams per acre   Water: 80 quarts per acre   Plot Size: 16 acres   
               

     Samples of corn seed from each of the three test plots were evaluated for desirable/saleable seed size and shape, as well as germination under certain test conditions: warm germination, cold germination and saturated cold germination. Each of the four evaluated categories (i.e., 25/20 Round, 20/16 Round, 25/20 Flat, 20/16 Flat) constituted desirable and saleable seed size and shape. The results were as follows: 
     Plot 1—Untreated Check 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 35.0% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                 GRAMS 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 6 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25/20R 
                 278 
                 61.2 
                  99% 
                  93% 
                  90% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 20/16R 
                 170 
                 44.9 
                  99% 
                  87% 
                  77% 
                 37.95% 
                   
                   
                 46.19% 
               
               
                 25/20F 
                 345 
                 53.5 
                 100% 
                  93% 
                  80% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20/16F 
                 177 
                 42 
                  96% 
                  81% 
                  63% 
                 33.91% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 970 
                   
                 394% 
                 354% 
                 310% 
                   
                 15 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 2—Defol® 5+Cyanate 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 30.2% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 0 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25/20R 
                 209 
                 53.3 
                 100% 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 20/16R 
                 249 
                 40.5 
                  99% 
                  96% 
                  97% 
                 54.37% 
                   
                   
                 39.52% 
               
               
                 25/20F 
                 358 
                 46.3 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20/16F 
                 343 
                 37.1 
                  98% 
                  97% 
                  97% 
                 48.93% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1159 
                   
                 396% 
                 390% 
                 391% 
                   
                 34 
                 BELOW 17 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 3—Defol® 750 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 28.6% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 2 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25/20R 
                 202 
                 53 
                  99% 
                  98% 
                  99% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 20/16R 
                 218 
                 38.2 
                  98% 
                  95% 
                  97% 
                 51.90% 
                   
                   
                 35.21% 
               
               
                 25/20F 
                 386 
                 46.1 
                  99% 
                  99% 
                 100% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20/16F 
                 387 
                 35.5 
                  97% 
                  98% 
                  98% 
                 50.06% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1193 
                   
                 393% 
                 390% 
                 394% 
                   
                 38 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Plot 4—Cyanate 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 HARVEST MOISTURE = 34.1% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EST. 
                 EST. 
                 WARM 
                 COLD 
                 SUPER 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 UNITS 
                 BAG WT. 
                 GERM 
                 GERM 
                 COLD 
                   
                 4 
                 ABOVE 25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25/20R 
                 234 
                 57 
                  99% 
                  97% 
                  95% 
                   
                   
                   
                 % RDS 
               
               
                 20/16R 
                 218 
                 42.7 
                  96% 
                  95% 
                  92% 
                 48.23% 
                   
                   
                 43.25% 
               
               
                 25/20F 
                 361 
                 50.6 
                  99% 
                  96% 
                  95% 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 20/16F 
                 232 
                 40.1 
                  98% 
                  95% 
                  90% 
                 39.12% 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1045 
                   
                 392% 
                 383% 
                 372% 
                   
                 23 
                 BELOW 17 
                   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the data for Hybrid 1, the combination of Defol® 5 and cyanate produced an increased quantity and proportion (i.e., increased uniformity) of seed at saleable sizes and shapes compared to the Untreated Check. The Defol® 5+cyanate treatment also resulted in an increased proportion (i.e., increased uniformity) of seed at saleable sizes and shapes compared to the Defol® 750 treatment alone (60.98% vs. 57.20% at 24/21R and 21/17R; 59.93% vs. 58.56% at 24/21F and 21/17F). 
     As shown in the data for Hybrid 2 and Hybrid 3, the cyanate treatment alone produced higher yields and proportions of seed at desirable and saleable sizes and shapes than the Untreated Checks. The combination of Defol® 5 and cyanate produced even greater yields and proportions of seed at desirable and saleable sizes and shapes than the Untreated Checks. The Defol® 5 and cyanate treatment also resulted in an increased proportion of seed at saleable sizes and shapes compared to the Defol® 750 treatment alone (e.g., Hybrid 2: 74.82% vs. 63.70% at 24/21R and 21/16 R; 68.97% vs. 57.28% at 24/21F and 21/16F). 
     Additionally, based on the super cold germination percentage, treatment with the cyanate alone and with the Defol® 5+cyanate produced seeds with increased seed vigor over the Untreated Checks, particularly for Hybrid 3. Compared to the experiments in Example 1, however, the experiments in Example 2 showed much less discrimination in the super cold germination test. This was largely due to the near-perfect growing conditions for the plots in Example 2. In particular, the growing conditions in the summer of 2014 for the experiments in Example 2 were exceptional for corn and seed corn production, with cooler than average temperatures and near to slightly above average rainfall for the time of year. 
     The cyanate treatment alone and the combination of Defol® 5 with cyanate led to more desirable bag weights. In every experiment in Examples 1 and 2, the Defol® 5+cyanate treatment led to estimated bag weights at or below 60 lbs at desirable and saleable seed sizes and shapes. For example, for the largest round seed size for each experiment in Examples 1 and 2, the combination of Defol® 5 and cyanate reduced the estimated bag weight to a more desirable weight compared to the Untreated Check. The cyanate treatment alone for Hybrids 2 and 3 also reduced the estimated bag weight to a more desirable weight compared to the Untreated Check.