Patent Publication Number: US-11386779-B2

Title: Systems and methods for achieving road action consensus, for example among autonomous vehicles, in a network of moving things

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/591,937, filed on May 10, 2017, which makes reference to, claims priority to, and claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,196, filed on Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Achieving Road Action Consensus, for Example Among Autonomous Vehicles, in a Network of Moving Things,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is also related to: 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/221,997, titled “Integrated Communication Network for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,016, titled “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,042, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,066, titled “Systems and Methods for Monitoring a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,077, titled “Systems and Methods for Detecting and Classifying Anomalies in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,098, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,121, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Connectivity a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,135, titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,145, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,150, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a User of a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,168, titled “Systems and Methods for Data Storage and Processing for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,183, titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicle Traffic Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,186, titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,190, titled “Systems and Methods for Port Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/222,192, titled “Communication Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,828, titled “Utilizing Historical Data to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,930, titled “Using Anchors to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,368, titled “Systems and Methods for Inter-Application Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,372, titled “Systems and Methods for Probing and Validating Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/250,544, titled “Adaptive Rate Control for Vehicular Networks,” filed on Nov. 4, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,878, titled “Systems and Methods for Reconfiguring and Adapting Hardware in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/253,249, titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 10, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,421, titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 19, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/265,267, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Coverage and Throughput of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 9, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,858, titled “Channel Coordination in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,854, titled “Systems and Methods for Network Coded Mesh Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 20, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/260,749, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Fixed Access Point Coverage in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 30, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,715, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility Controllers and Their Network Interactions in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/281,432, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing and Triggering Handovers of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 21, 2016; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/268,188, titled “Captive Portal-related Control and Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 16, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,678, titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/272,750, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 30, 2015; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,662, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 14, 2016; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,243, titled “Systems and Methods for Adapting a Network of Moving Things Based on User Feedback,” filed on Jan. 22, 2016; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,764, titled “Systems and Methods to Guarantee Data Integrity When Building Data Analytics in a Network of Moving Things,” Jan. 14, 2016; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,515, titled “Systems and Methods for Self-Initialization and Automated Bootstrapping of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 25, 2016; 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/295,602, titled “Systems and Methods for Power Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 16, 2016; and 
     U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/299,269, titled “Systems and Methods for Automating and Easing the Installation and Setup of the Infrastructure Supporting a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 24, 2016. 
     Each of these applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Current networks of moving things, for example networks comprising autonomous vehicles, are unable to adequately support achieving consensus for performing road actions. As a non-limiting example, current networks of moving things are unable to adequately support a network comprising a complex array of both moving and static nodes, for example associated with autonomous and/or manually controlled vehicles. Limitations and disadvantages of conventional methods and systems will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such approaches with some aspects of the present methods and systems set forth in the remainder of this disclosure with reference to the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows a diagram of a metropolitan area network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C  show a plurality of network configurations illustrating the flexibility and/or and resiliency of a communication network, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of an example communication network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of an example communication network, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  shows a diagram of various example vehicle control scenarios, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of an example method for managing road actions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  shows a flow diagram of an example method for managing road actions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of an example network node, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     Various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for achieving road action consensus in a network of moving things. As non-limiting examples, various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for achieving road action consensus in vehicles (e.g., autonomous vehicles, manually controlled vehicles, etc.) of a network of moving things. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer to physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As used herein, for example, a particular processor and memory (e.g., a volatile or non-volatile memory device, a general computer-readable medium, etc.) may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code. Additionally, a circuit may comprise analog and/or digital circuitry. Such circuitry may, for example, operate on analog and/or digital signals. It should be understood that a circuit may be in a single device or chip, on a single motherboard, in a single chassis, in a plurality of enclosures at a single geographical location, in a plurality of enclosures distributed over a plurality of geographical locations, etc. Similarly, the term “module” may, for example, refer to a physical electronic components (i.e., hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. 
     As utilized herein, circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled, or not enabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory setting or trim, etc.). 
     As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any element of the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. That is, “x and/or y” means “one or both of x and y.” As another example, “x, y, and/or z” means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. That is, “x, y, and/or z” means “one or more of x, y, and z.” As utilized herein, the terms “e.g.,” and “for example,” “exemplary,” and the like set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular examples only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “includes,” “comprising,” “including,” “has,” “have,” “having,” and the like when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, for example, a first element, a first component or a first section discussed below could be termed a second element, a second component or a second section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Similarly, various spatial terms, such as “upper,” “lower,” “side,” and the like, may be used in distinguishing one element from another element in a relative manner. It should be understood, however, that components may be oriented in different manners, for example an electronic device may be turned sideways so that its “top” surface is facing horizontally and its “side” surface is facing vertically, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. 
     With the proliferation of the mobile and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, etc.) and logistics for such things to become connected to each other (e.g., in the contexts of smart logistics, transportation, environmental sensing, etc.), a platform that is for example always-on, robust, scalable and secure that is capable of providing connectivity, services and Internet access to such things (or objects), anywhere and anytime is desirable. Efficient power utilization within the various components of such system is also desirable. 
     Accordingly, various aspects of the present disclosure provide a fully-operable, always-on, responsive, robust, scalable, secure platform/system/architecture to provide connectivity, services and Internet access to all mobile things and/or static things (e.g., devices, machines, people, access points, end user devices, sensors, etc.) anywhere and anytime, while operating in an energy-efficient manner. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a platform that is flexibly configurable and adaptable to the various requirements, features, and needs of different environments, where each environment may be characterized by a respective level of mobility and density of mobile and/or static things, and the number and/or types of access to those things. Characteristics of various environments may, for example, include high mobility of nodes (e.g., causing contacts or connections to be volatile), high number of neighbors, high number of connected mobile users, mobile access points, availability of multiple networks and technologies (e.g., sometimes within a same area), etc. For example, the mode of operation of the platform may be flexibly adapted from environment to environment, based on each environment&#39;s respective requirements and needs, which may be different from other environments. Additionally for example, the platform may be flexibly optimized (e.g., at design/installation time and/or in real-time) for different purposes (e.g., to reduce the latency, increase throughput, reduce power consumption, load balance, increase reliability, make more robust with regard to failures or other disturbances, etc.), for example based on the content, service or data that the platform provides or handles within a particular environment. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, many control and management services (e.g., mobility, security, routing, etc.) are provided on top of the platform (e.g., directly, using control overlays, using containers, etc.), such services being compatible with the services currently deployed on top of the Internet or other communication network(s). 
     The communication network (or platform), in whole or in part, may for example be operated in public and/or private modes of operation, for example depending on the use case. The platform may, for example, operate in a public or private mode of operation, depending on the use-case (e.g., public Internet access, municipal environment sensing, fleet operation, etc.). 
     Additionally for example, in an implementation in which various network components are mobile, the transportation and/or signal control mechanisms may be adapted to serve the needs of the particular implementation. Also for example, wireless transmission power and/or rate may be adapted (e.g., to mitigate interference, to reduce power consumption, to extend the life of network components, etc. 
     Various example implementations of a platform, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, are capable of connecting different subsystems, even when various other subsystems that may normally be utilized are unavailable. For example, the platform may comprise various built-in redundancies and fail-recovery mechanisms. For example, the platform may comprise a self-healing capability, self-configuration capability, self-adaptation capability, etc. The protocols and functions of the platform may, for example, be prepared to be autonomously and smoothly configured and adapted to the requirements and features of different environments characterized by different levels of mobility and density of things (or objects), the number/types of access to those things. For example, various aspects of the platform may gather context parameters that can influence any or all decisions. Such parameters may, for example, be derived locally, gathered from a neighborhood, Fixed APs, the Cloud, etc. Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, ask for historical information to feed any of the decisions, where such information can be derived from historical data, from surveys, from simulators, etc. Various aspects of the platform may additionally, for example, probe or monitor decisions made throughout the network, for example to evaluate the network and/or the decisions themselves in real-time. Various aspects of the platform may further, for example, enforce the decisions in the network (e.g., after evaluating the probing results). Various aspects of the platform may, for example, establish thresholds to avoid any decision that is to be constantly or repeatedly performed without any significant advantage (e.g., technology change, certificate change, IP change, etc.). Various aspects of the platform may also, for example, learn locally (e.g., with the decisions performed) and dynamically update the decisions. 
     In addition to (or instead of) failure robustness, a platform may utilize multiple connections (or pathways) that exist between distinct sub-systems or elements within the same sub-system, to increase the robustness and/or load-balancing of the system. 
     The following discussion will present examples of the functionality performed by various example subsystems of the communication network. It should be understood that the example functionality discussed herein need not be performed by the particular example subsystem or by a single subsystem. For example, the subsystems present herein may interact with each other, and data or control services may be deployed either in a centralized way, or having their functionalities distributed among the different subsystems, for example leveraging the cooperation between the elements of each subsystem. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure provide a communication network (e.g., a city-wide vehicular network, a shipping port-sized vehicular network, a campus-wide vehicular network, etc.) that utilizes vehicles (e.g., automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, forklifts, human-operated vehicles, autonomous and/or remote controlled vehicles, etc.) as Wi-Fi hotspots. Note that Wi-Fi is generally used throughout this discussion as an example, but the scope of various aspects of this disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, other wireless LAN technologies, PAN technologies, MAN technologies, etc., may be utilized. Such utilization may, for example, provide cost-effective ways to gather substantial amounts of urban data, and provide for the efficient offloading of traffic from congested cellular networks (or other networks). In controlled areas (e.g., ports, harbors, etc.) with many vehicles, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may expand the wireless coverage of existing enterprise Wi-Fi networks, for example providing for real-time communication with vehicle drivers (e.g., human, computer-controlled, etc.) and other mobile employees without the need for SIM cards or cellular (or other network) data plans. 
     Vehicles may have many advantageous characteristics that make them useful as Wi-Fi (or general wireless) hotspots. For example, vehicles generally have at least one battery, vehicles are generally densely spread over the city at street level and/or they are able to establish many contacts with each other in a controlled space, and vehicles can communicate with  10   x  the range of normal Wi-Fi in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, reserved for intelligent transportation systems in the EU, the U.S., and elsewhere. Note that the scope of this disclosure is not limited to such 5.9 GHz wireless communication. Further, vehicles are able to effectively expand their coverage area into a swath over a period of time, enabling a single vehicle access point to interact with substantially more data sources over the period of time. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an affordable multi-network on-board unit (OBU) is presented. Note that the OBU may also be referred to herein as a mobile access point, Mobile AP, MAP, etc. The OBU may, for example, comprise a plurality of networking interfaces (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, 4G, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The OBU may, for example, be readily installed in or on private and/or public vehicles (e.g., individual user vehicles, vehicles of private fleets, vehicles of public fleets, etc.). The OBU may, for example, be installed in transportation fleets, waste management fleets, law enforcement fleets, emergency services, road maintenance fleets, taxi fleets, aircraft fleets, etc. The OBU may, for example, be installed in or on a vehicle or other structure with free mobility or relatively limited mobility. The OBU may also, for example, be carried by a person or service animal, mounted to a bicycle, mounted to a moving machine in general, mounted to a container, etc. 
     The OBUs may, for example, operate to connect passing vehicles to the wired infrastructure of one or more network providers, telecom operators, etc. In accordance with the architecture, hardware, and software functionality discussed herein, vehicles and fleets can be connected not just to the cellular networks (or other wide area or metropolitan area networks, etc.) and existing Wi-Fi hotspots spread over a city or a controlled space, but also to other vehicles (e.g., utilizing multi-hop communications to a wired infrastructure, single or multi-hop peer-to-peer vehicle communication, etc.). The vehicles and/or fleets may, for example, form an overall mesh of communication links, for example including the OBUs and also fixed Access Points (APs) connected to the wired infrastructure (e.g., a local infrastructure, etc.). Note that OBUs herein may also be referred to as “Mobile APs,” “mobile hotspots,” “MAPs,” etc. Also note that fixed access points may also be referred to herein as Road Side Units (RSUs), Fixed APs, FAPs, etc. 
     In an example implementation, the OBUs may communicate with the Fixed APs utilizing a relatively long-range protocol (e.g., 802.11p, etc.), and the Fixed APs may, in turn, be hard wired to the wired infrastructure (e.g., via cable, tethered optical link, etc.). Note that Fixed APs may also, or alternatively, be coupled to the infrastructure via wireless link (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). Additionally, clients or user devices may communicate with the OBUs using one or more relatively short-range protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, etc.). The OBUs, for example having a longer effective wireless communication range than typical Wi-Fi access points or other wireless LAN/PAN access points (e.g., at least for links such as those based on 802.11p, etc.), are capable of substantially greater coverage areas than typical Wi-Fi or other wireless LAN/PAN access points, and thus fewer OBUs are necessary to provide blanket coverage over a geographical area. 
     The OBU may, for example, comprise a robust vehicular networking module (e.g., a connection manager) which builds on long-range communication protocol capability (e.g., 802.11p, etc.). For example, in addition to comprising 802.11p (or other long-range protocol) capability to communicate with Fixed APs, vehicles, and other nodes in the network, the OBU may comprise a network interface (e.g., 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, any combination thereof, etc.) to provide wireless local area network (WLAN) connectivity to end user devices, sensors, fixed Wi-Fi access points, etc. For example, the OBU may operate to provide in-vehicle Wi-Fi Internet access to users in and/or around the vehicle (e.g., a bus, train car, taxi cab, public works vehicle, etc.). The OBU may further comprise one or more wireless backbone communication interfaces (e.g., cellular network interfaces, etc.). Though in various example scenarios, a cellular network interface (or other wireless backbone communication interface) might not be the preferred interface for various reasons (e.g., cost, power, bandwidth, etc.), the cellular network interface may be utilized to provide connectivity in geographical areas that are not presently supported by a Fixed AP, may be utilized to provide a fail-over communication link, may be utilized for emergency communications, may be utilized to subscribe to local infrastructure access, etc. The cellular network interface may also, for example, be utilized to allow the deployment of solutions that are dependent on the cellular network operators. 
     An OBU, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, may for example comprise a smart connection manager that can select the best available wireless link(s) (e.g., Wi-Fi, 802.11p, cellular, vehicle mesh, etc.) with which to access the Internet. The OBU may also, for example, provide geo-location capabilities (e.g., GPS, etc.), motion detection sensors to determine if the vehicle is in motion, and a power control subsystem (e.g., to ensure that the OBU does not deplete the vehicle battery, etc.). The OBU may, for example, comprise any or all of the sensors (e.g., environmental sensors, etc.) discussed herein. 
     The OBU may also, for example, comprise a manager that manages machine-to-machine data acquisition and transfer (e.g., in a real-time or delay-tolerant fashion) to and from the Cloud. For example, the OBU may log and/or communicate information of the vehicles. 
     The OBU may, for example, comprise a connection and/or routing manager that operates to perform routing of communications in a vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-infrastructure multi-hop communication. A mobility manager (or controller, MC) may, for example, ensure that communication sessions persist over one or more handoff(s) (also referred to herein as a “handover” or “handovers”) (e.g., between different Mobile APs, Fixed APs, base stations, hot spots, etc.), among different technologies (e.g., 802.11p, cellular, Wi-Fi, satellite, etc.), among different MCs (e.g., in a fail-over scenario, load redistribution scenario, etc.), across different interfaces (or ports), etc. Note that the MC may also be referred to herein as a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA), a Network Controller, etc. Note that the MC, or a plurality thereof, may for example be implemented as part of the backbone, but may also, or alternatively, be implemented as part of any of a variety of components or combinations thereof. For example, the MC may be implemented in a Fixed AP (or distributed system thereof), as part of an OBU (or a distributed system thereof), etc. Various non-limiting examples of system components and/or methods are provided in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/222,098, filed Sep. 22, 2015, and titled “Systems and Method for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Note that in an example implementation including a plurality of MCs, such MCs may be co-located and/or may be geographically distributed. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure also provide a Cloud-based service-oriented architecture that handles the real-time management, monitoring and reporting of the network and clients, the functionalities required for data storage, processing and management, the Wi-Fi client authentication and Captive Portal display, etc. 
     A communication network (or component thereof) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may, for example, support a wide range of smart city applications (or controlled scenarios, or connected scenarios, etc.) and/or use-cases, as described herein. 
     For example, an example implementation may operate to turn each vehicle (e.g., both public and private taxis, buses, trucks, etc.) into a Mobile AP (e.g., a mobile Wi-Fi hotspot), offering Internet access to employees, passengers and mobile users travelling in the city, waiting in bus stops, sitting in parks, etc. Moreover, through an example vehicular mesh network formed between vehicles and/or fleets of vehicles, an implementation may be operable to offload cellular traffic through the mobile Wi-Fi hotspots and/or Fixed APs (e.g., 802.11p-based APs) spread over the city and connected to the wired infrastructure of public or private telecom operators in strategic places, while ensuring the widest possible coverage at the lowest possible cost. 
     An example implementation (e.g., of a communication network and/or components thereof) may, for example, be operable as a massive urban scanner that gathers large amounts of data (e.g., continuously) on-the-move, actionable or not, generated by a myriad of sources spanning from the in-vehicle sensors or On Board Diagnostic System port (e.g., OBD2, etc.), interface with an autonomous vehicle driving system, external Wi-Fi/Bluetooth-enabled sensing units spread over the city, devices of vehicles&#39; drivers and passengers (e.g., information characterizing such devices and/or passengers, etc.), positioning system devices (e.g., position information, velocity information, trajectory information, travel history information, etc.), etc. 
     Depending on the use case, the OBU may for example process (or computer, transform, manipulate, aggregate, summarize, etc.) the data before sending the data from the vehicle, for example providing the appropriate granularity (e.g., value resolution) and sampling rates (e.g., temporal resolution) for each individual application. For example, the OBU may, for example, process the data in any manner deemed advantageous by the system. The OBU may, for example, send the collected data (e.g., raw data, preprocessed data, information of metrics calculated based on the collected data, etc.) to the Cloud (e.g., to one or more networked servers coupled to any portion of the network) in an efficient and reliable manner to improve the efficiency, environmental impact and social value of municipal city operations and transportation services. Various example use cases are described herein. 
     In an example scenario in which public buses are moving along city routes and/or taxis are performing their private transportation services, the OBU is able to collect large quantities of real-time data from the positioning systems (e.g., GPS, etc.), from accelerometer modules, etc. The OBU may then, for example, communicate such data to the Cloud, where the data may be processed, reported and viewed, for example to support such public or private bus and/or taxi operations, for example supporting efficient remote monitoring and scheduling of buses and taxis, respectively. 
     In an example implementation, small cameras (or other sensors) may be coupled to small single-board computers (SBCs) that are placed above the doors of public buses to allow capturing image sequences of people entering and leaving buses, and/or on stops along the bus routes in order to estimate the number of people waiting for a bus. Such data may be gathered by the OBU in order to be sent to the Cloud. With such data, public transportation systems may detect peaks; overcrowded buses, routes and stops; underutilized buses, routes and stops; etc., enabling action to be taken in real-time (e.g., reducing bus periodicity to decrease fuel costs and CO 2  emissions where and when passenger flows are smaller, etc.) as well as detecting systematic transportation problems. 
     An OBU may, for example, be operable to communicate with any of a variety of Wi-Fi-enabled sensor devices equipped with a heterogeneous collection of environmental sensors. Such sensors may, for example, comprise noise sensors (microphones, etc.), gas sensors (e.g., sensing CO, NO 2 , O 3 , volatile organic compounds (or VOCs), CO 2 , etc.), smoke sensors, pollution sensors, meteorological sensors (e.g., sensing temperature, humidity, luminosity, particles, solar radiation, wind speed (e.g., anemometer), wind direction, rain (e.g., a pluviometer), optical scanners, biometric scanners, cameras, microphones, etc.). Such sensors may also comprise sensors associated with users (e.g., vehicle operators or passengers, passersby, etc.) and/or their personal devices (e.g., smart phones or watches, biometrics sensors, wearable sensors, implanted sensors, etc.). Such sensors may, for example, comprise sensors and/or systems associated with on-board diagnostic (OBD) units for vehicles, autonomous vehicle driving systems, etc. Such sensors may, for example, comprise positioning sensors (e.g., GPS sensors, Galileo sensors, GLONASS sensors, etc.). Note that such positioning sensors may be part of a vehicle&#39;s operational system (e.g., a local human-controlled vehicle, an autonomous vehicle, a remote human-controlled vehicle, etc.) Such sensors may, for example, comprise container sensors (e.g., garbage can sensors, shipping container sensors, container environmental sensors, container tracking sensors, etc.). 
     Once a vehicle enters the vicinity of such a sensor device, a wireless link may be established, so that the vehicle (or OBU thereof) can collect sensor data from the sensor device and upload the collected data to a database in the Cloud. The appropriate action can then be taken. In an example waste management implementation, several waste management (or collection) trucks may be equipped with OBUs that are able to periodically communicate with sensors installed on containers in order to gather information about waste level, time passed since last collection, etc. Such information may then sent to the Cloud (e.g., to a waste management application coupled to the Internet, etc.) through the vehicular mesh network, in order to improve the scheduling and/or routing of waste management trucks. Note that various sensors may always be in range of the Mobile AP (e.g., vehicle-mounted sensors). Note that the sensor may also (or alternatively) be mobile (e.g., a sensor mounted to another vehicle passing by a Mobile AP or Fixed AP, a drone-mounted sensor, a pedestrian-mounted sensor, etc.). 
     In an example implementation, for example in a controlled space (e.g., a port, harbor, airport, factory, plantation, mine, etc.) with many vehicles, machines and employees, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may expand the wireless coverage of enterprise and/or local Wi-Fi networks, for example without resorting to a Telco-dependent solution based on SIM cards or cellular fees. In such an example scenario, apart from avoiding expensive cellular data plans, limited data rate and poor cellular coverage in some places, a communication network in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure is also able to collect and/or communicate large amounts of data, in a reliable and real-time manner, where such data may be used to optimize harbor logistics, transportation operations, etc. 
     For example in a port and/or harbor implementation, by gathering real-time information on the position, speed, fuel consumption and CO 2  emissions of the vehicles, the communication network allows a port operator to improve the coordination of the ship loading processes and increase the throughput of the harbor. Also for example, the communication network enables remote monitoring of drivers&#39; behaviors, behaviors of autonomous vehicles and/or control systems thereof, trucks&#39; positions and engines&#39; status, and then be able to provide real-time notifications to drivers (e.g., to turn on/off the engine, follow the right route inside the harbor, take a break, etc.), for example human drivers and/or automated vehicle driving systems, thus reducing the number and duration of the harbor services and trips. Harbor authorities may, for example, quickly detect malfunctioning trucks and abnormal trucks&#39; circulation, thus avoiding accidents in order to increase harbor efficiency, security, and safety. Additionally, the vehicles can also connect to Wi-Fi access points from harbor local operators, and provide Wi-Fi Internet access to vehicles&#39; occupants and surrounding harbor employees, for example allowing pilots to save time by filing reports via the Internet while still on the water. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of a communication network  100 , in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure. Any or all of the functionality discussed herein may be performed by any or all of the example components of the example network  100 . Also, the example network  100  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. 
     The example network  100 , for example, comprises a Cloud that may, for example comprise any of a variety of network level components. The Cloud may, for example, comprise any of a variety of server systems executing applications that monitor and/or control components of the network  100 . Such applications may also, for example, manage the collection of information from any of a large array of networked information sources, many examples of which are discussed herein. The Cloud (or a portion thereof) may also be referred to, at times, as an API. For example, Cloud (or a portion thereof) may provide one or more application programming interfaces (APIs) which other devices may use for communicating/interacting with the Cloud. 
     An example component of the Cloud may, for example, manage interoperability with various multi-Cloud systems and architectures. Another example component (e.g., a Cloud service component) may, for example, provide various Cloud services (e.g., captive portal services, authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services, API Gateway services, etc.). An additional example component (e.g., a DevCenter component) may, for example, provide network monitoring and/or management functionality, manage the implementation of software updates, etc. A further example component of the Cloud may manage data storage, data analytics, data access, etc. A still further example component of the Cloud may include any of a variety of third-partly applications and services. 
     The Cloud may, for example, be coupled to the Backbone/Core Infrastructure of the example network  100  via the Internet (e.g., utilizing one or more Internet Service Providers). Though the Internet is provided by example, it should be understood that scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     The Backbone/Core may, for example, comprise any one or more different communication infrastructure components. For example, one or more providers may provide backbone networks or various components thereof. As shown in the example network  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a Backbone provider may provide wireline access (e.g., PSTN, fiber, cable, etc.). Also for example, a Backbone provider may provide wireless access (e.g., Microwave, LTE/Cellular, 5G/TV Spectrum, etc.). 
     The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise one or more Local Infrastructure Providers. The Backbone/Core may also, for example, comprise a private infrastructure (e.g., run by the network  100  implementer, owner, etc.). The Backbone/Core may, for example, provide any of a variety of Backbone Services (e.g., AAA, Mobility, Monitoring, Addressing, Routing, Content services, Gateway Control services, etc.). 
     The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may comprise any of a variety of characteristics, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the Backbone/Core may be compatible with different wireless or wired technologies for backbone access. The Backbone/Core may also be adaptable to handle public (e.g., municipal, city, campus, etc.) and/or private (e.g., ports, campus, etc.) network infrastructures owned by different local providers, and/or owned by the network implementer or stakeholder. The Backbone/Core may, for example, comprise and/or interface with different Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) mechanisms. 
     The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, support different modes of operation (e.g., L2 in port implementations, L3 in on-land public transportation implementations, utilizing any one or more of a plurality of different layers of digital IP networking, any combinations thereof, equivalents thereof, etc.) or addressing pools. The Backbone/Core may also for example, be agnostic to the Cloud provider(s) and/or Internet Service Provider(s). Additionally for example, the Backbone/Core may be agnostic to requests coming from any or all subsystems of the network  100  (e.g., Mobile APs or OBUs (On Board Units), Fixed APs or RSUs (Road Side Units), MCs (Mobility Controllers) or LMAs (Local Mobility Anchors) or Network Controllers, etc.) and/or third-party systems. 
     The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may, for example, comprise the ability to utilize and/or interface with different data storage/processing systems (e.g., MongoDB, MySql, Redis, etc.). The Backbone/Core Infrastructure may further, for example, provide different levels of simultaneous access to the infrastructure, services, data, etc. 
     The example network  100  may also, for example, comprise a Fixed Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Fixed Hotspot Access Network  200  are shown at  FIG. 2 . The example network  200  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. 
     In the example network  200 , the Fixed APs (e.g., the proprietary APs, the public third party APs, the private third party APs, etc.) may be directly connected to the local infrastructure provider and/or to the wireline/wireless backbone. Also for example, the example network  200  may comprise a mesh between the various APs via wireless technologies. Note, however, that various wired technologies may also be utilized depending on the implementation. As shown, different fixed hotspot access networks can be connected to a same backbone provider, but may also be connected to different respective backbone providers. In an example implementation utilizing wireless technology for backbone access, such an implementation may be relatively fault tolerant. For example, a Fixed AP may utilize wireless communications to the backbone network (e.g., cellular, 3G, LTE, other wide or metropolitan area networks, etc.) if the backhaul infrastructure is down. Also for example, such an implementation may provide for relatively easy installation (e.g., a Fixed AP with no cable power source that can be placed virtually anywhere). 
     In the example network  200 , the same Fixed AP can simultaneously provide access to multiple Fixed APs, Mobile APs (e.g., vehicle OBUs, etc.), devices, user devices, sensors, things, etc. For example, a plurality of mobile hotspot access networks (e.g., OBU-based networks, etc.) may utilize the same Fixed AP. Also for example, the same Fixed AP can provide a plurality of simultaneous accesses to another single unit (e.g., another Fixed AP, Mobile AP, device, etc.), for example utilizing different channels, different radios, etc.). 
     Note that a plurality of Fixed APs may be utilized for fault-tolerance/fail-recovery purposes. In an example implementation, a Fixed AP and its fail-over AP may both be normally operational (e.g., in a same switch). Also for example, one or more Fixed APs may be placed in the network at various locations in an inactive or monitoring mode, and ready to become operational when needed (e.g., in response to a fault, in response to an emergency services need, in response to a data surge, etc.). 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. Also, the example Fixed Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wired communication link to one or more Backbone Providers, to the Mobile Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Devices, and to the Environment. The Environment may comprise any of a variety of devices (e.g., in-vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; autonomous vehicle networks, devices, and sensors; maritime (or watercraft) and port networks, devices, and sensors; general controlled-space networks, devices, and sensors; residential networks, devices, and sensors; disaster recovery &amp; emergency networks, devices, and sensors; military and aircraft networks, devices, and sensors; smart city networks, devices, and sensors; event (or venue) networks, devices, and sensors; underwater and underground networks, devices, and sensors; agricultural networks, devices, and sensors; tunnel (auto, subway, train, etc.) networks, devices, and sensors; parking networks, devices, and sensors; security and surveillance networks, devices, and sensors; shipping equipment and container networks, devices, and sensors; environmental control or monitoring networks, devices, and sensors; municipal networks, devices, and sensors; waste management networks, devices, and sensors, road maintenance networks, devices, and sensors, traffic management networks, devices, and sensors; advertising networks, devices and sensors; etc.). 
     The example network  100  of  FIG. 1  also comprises a Mobile Hotspot Access Network. Various example characteristics of such a Mobile Hotspot Access Network  300  are shown at  FIG. 3 . Note that various fixed network components (e.g., Fixed APs) are also illustrated. The example network  300  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. 
     The example network  300  comprises a wide variety of Mobile APs (or hotspots) that provide access to user devices, provide for sensor data collection, provide multi-hop connectivity to other Mobile APs, etc. For example, the example network  300  comprises vehicles from different fleets (e.g., aerial, terrestrial, underground, (under)water, etc.). For example, the example network  300  comprises one or more mass distribution/transportation fleets, one or more mass passenger transportation fleets, private/public shared-user fleets, private vehicles, urban and municipal fleets, maintenance fleets, drones, watercraft (e.g., boats, ships, speedboats, tugboats, barges, etc.), emergency fleets (e.g., police, ambulance, firefighter, etc.), etc. 
     The example network  300 , for example, shows vehicles from different fleets directly connected and/or mesh connected, for example using same or different communication technologies. The example network  300  also shows fleets simultaneously connected to different Fixed APs, which may or may not belong to different respective local infrastructure providers. As a fault-tolerance mechanism, the example network  300  may for example comprise the utilization of long-range wireless communication network (e.g., cellular, 3G, 4G, LTE, etc.) in vehicles if the local network infrastructure is down or otherwise unavailable. A same vehicle (e.g., Mobile AP or OBU) can simultaneously provide access to multiple vehicles, devices, things, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof) and/or using a different respective communication technology for each. Also for example, a same vehicle can provide multiple accesses to another vehicle, device, thing, etc., for example using a same communication technology (e.g., shared channels and/or different respective channels thereof, and/or using a different communication technology). 
     Additionally, multiple network elements may be connected together to provide for fault-tolerance or fail recovery, increased throughput, or to achieve any or a variety of a client&#39;s networking needs, many of examples of which are provided herein. For example, two Mobile APs (or OBUs) may be installed in a same vehicle, etc. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , the example Mobile Hotspot Access Network is shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to one or more End User Device, and to the Environment (e.g., to any one of more of the sensors or systems discussed herein, any other device or machine, etc.). Though the Mobile Hotspot Access Network is not shown having a wired link to the various other components, there may (at least at times) be such a wired link, at least temporarily. 
     The example network  100  of  FIG. 1  also comprises a set of End-User Devices. Various example end user devices are shown at  FIG. 4 . Note that various other network components (e.g., Fixed Hotspot Access Networks, Mobile Hotspot Access Network(s), the Backbone/Core, etc.) are also illustrated. The example network  400  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. 
     The example network  400  shows various mobile networked devices. Such network devices may comprise end-user devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, laptop computers, webcams, personal gaming devices, personal navigation devices, personal media devices, personal cameras, health-monitoring devices, personal location devices, monitoring panels, printers, etc.). Such networked devices may also comprise any of a variety of devices operating in the general environment, where such devices might not for example be associated with a particular user (e.g. any or all of the sensor devices discussed herein, vehicle sensors, municipal sensors, fleet sensors road sensors, environmental sensors, security sensors, traffic sensors, waste sensors, meteorological sensors, any of a variety of different types of municipal or enterprise equipment, etc.). Any of such networked devices can be flexibly connected to distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, mobile hotspot access networks, etc., using the same or different wired/wireless technologies. 
     A mobile device may, for example, operate as an AP to provide simultaneous access to multiple devices/things, which may then form ad hoc networks, interconnecting devices ultimately connected to distinct backbone networks, fixed hotspot, and/or mobile hotspot access networks. Devices (e.g., any or all of the devices or network nodes discussed herein) may, for example, have redundant technologies to access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, for example for fault-tolerance and/or load-balancing purposes (e.g., utilizing multiple SIM cards, etc.). A device may also, for example, simultaneously access distinct backbone, fixed hotspot access networks, and/or mobile hotspot access networks, belonging to the same provider or to different respective providers. Additionally for example, a device can provide multiple accesses to another device/thing (e.g., via different channels, radios, etc.). 
     Referring back to  FIG. 1 , the example End-User Devices are shown with a wireless communication link to a backbone provider (e.g., to one or more Backbone Providers and/or Local Infrastructure Providers), to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment. Also for example, the example End-User Devices are shown with a wired communication link to a backbone provider, to a Fixed Hotspot Access Network, to a Mobile Hotspot Access Network, and to the Environment. 
     The example network  100  illustrated in  FIG. 1  has a flexible architecture that is adaptable at implementation time (e.g., for different use cases) and/or adaptable in real-time, for example as network components enter and leave service.  FIGS. 5A-5C  illustrate such flexibility by providing example modes (or configurations). The example networks  500 - 570  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. For example and without limitation, any or all of the communication links (e.g., wired links, wireless links, etc.) shown in the example networks  500 - 570  are generally analogous to similarly positioned communication links shown in the example network  100  of  FIG. 1 . 
     For example, various aspects of this disclosure provide communication network architectures, systems, and methods for supporting a dynamically configurable communication network comprising a complex array of both static and moving communication nodes (e.g., the Internet of moving things). For example, a communication network implemented in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure may operate in one of a plurality of modalities comprising various fixed nodes, mobile nodes, and/or a combination thereof, which are selectable to yield any of a variety of system goals (e.g., increased throughput, reduced latency and packet loss, increased availability and robustness of the system, extra redundancy, increased responsiveness, increased security in the transmission of data and/or control packets, reduced number of configuration changes by incorporating smart thresholds (e.g., change of technology, change of certificate, change of IP, etc.), providing connectivity in dead zones or zones with difficult access, reducing the costs for maintenance and accessing the equipment for updating/upgrading, etc.). At least some of such modalities may, for example, be entirely comprised of fixed-position nodes, at least temporarily if not permanently. 
     For illustrative simplicity, many of the example aspects shown in the example system or network  100  of  FIG. 1  (and other Figures herein) are omitted from  FIGS. 5A-5C , but may be present. For example, the Cloud, Internet, and ISP aspects shown in  FIG. 1  and in other Figures are not explicitly shown in  FIGS. 5A-5C , but may be present in any of the example configurations (e.g., as part of the backbone provider network or coupled thereto, as part of the local infrastructure provider network or coupled thereto, etc.). 
     For example, the first example mode  500  is presented as a normal execution mode, for example a mode (or configuration) in which all of the components discussed herein are present. For example, the communication system in the first example mode  500  comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode  500  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via a wired link. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode  500  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links. 
     Though not shown in the first example mode  500  (or any of the example modes of  FIGS. 5A-5C ), one or more servers may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network and/or the local infrastructure network.  FIG. 1  provides an example of Cloud servers being communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network via the Internet. 
     As additionally shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode  500  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the first example mode  500  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link shown in the first example mode  500  of  FIG. 5A  between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless. 
     The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the first example mode  500  to be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network, the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the first example mode  500  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the first example mode  500  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link. 
     In the first example mode  500  (e.g., the normal mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer system) via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or local infrastructure provider network). 
     Similarly, in the first example mode  500  (e.g., the normal mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. 
     For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network). 
     As discussed herein, the example networks presented herein are adaptively configurable to operate in any of a variety of different modes (or configurations). Such adaptive configuration may occur at initial installation and/or during subsequent controlled network evolution (e.g., adding or removing any or all of the network components discussed herein, expanding or removing network capacity, adding or removing coverage areas, adding or removing services, etc.). Such adaptive configuration may also occur in real-time, for example in response to real-time changes in network conditions (e.g., networks or components thereof being available or not based on vehicle or user-device movement, network or component failure, network or component replacement or augmentation activity, network overloading, etc.). The following example modes are presented to illustrate characteristics of various modes in which a communication system may operate in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The following example modes will generally be discussed in relation to the first example mode  500  (e.g., the normal execution mode). Note that such example modes are merely illustrative and not limiting. 
     The second example mode (or configuration)  510  (e.g., a no backbone available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the backbone provider network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the second example mode  510  comprises a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the second example mode  510  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the second example mode  510  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link(s) shown in the second example mode  510  of  FIG. 5A  between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless. 
     The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the second example mode  510  to be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network, the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the second example mode  510  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the second example mode  510  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link. 
     In the second example mode  510  (e.g., the no backbone available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer, etc.) via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, and/or the local infrastructure provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network). 
     Similarly, in the second example mode  510  (e.g., the no backbone available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the fixed hotspot access network, and/or the local infrastructure provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. 
     For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or fixed hotspot access network). 
     The second example mode  510  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, due to security and/or privacy goals, the second example mode  510  may be utilized so that communication access to the public Cloud systems, the Internet in general, etc., is not allowed. For example, all network control and management functions may be within the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., wired local network, etc.) and/or the fixed access point network. 
     In an example implementation, the communication system might be totally owned, operated and/or controlled by a local port authority. No extra expenses associated with cellular connections need be spent. For example, cellular connection capability (e.g., in Mobile APs, Fixed APs, end user devices, environment devices, etc.) need not be provided. Note also that the second example mode  510  may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network is normally available but is currently unavailable (e.g., due to server failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The third example mode (or configuration)  520  (e.g., a no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the local infrastructure provider network, the fixed hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the third example mode  520  comprises a backbone provider network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the third example mode  520  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 5A , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the third example mode  520  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. 
     The mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the third example mode  520  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the third example mode  520  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Note that in various example implementations any of such wireless links may instead (or in addition) comprise a wired (or tethered) link. 
     In the third example mode  520  (e.g., the no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a computer, etc.) via the mobile hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). 
     Similarly, in the third example mode  520  (e.g., the no local infrastructure and fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). 
     In the third example mode  520 , all control/management functions may for example be implemented within the Cloud. For example, since the mobile hotspot access network does not have a communication link via a fixed hotspot access network, the Mobile APs may utilize a direct connection (e.g., a cellular connection) with the backbone provider network (or Cloud). If a Mobile AP does not have such capability, the Mobile AP may also, for example, utilize data access provided by the end-user devices communicatively coupled thereto (e.g., leveraging the data plans of the end-user devices). 
     The third example mode  520  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the third example mode  520  may be utilized in an early stage of a larger deployment, for example deployment that will grow into another mode (e.g., the example first mode  500 , example fourth mode  530 , etc.) as more communication system equipment is installed. Note also that the third example mode  520  may be utilized in a scenario in which the local infrastructure provider network and fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The fourth example mode (or configuration)  530  (e.g., a no fixed hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the fixed hotspot access network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the fourth example mode  530  comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode  530  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode  530  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links. 
     As additionally shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode  530  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fourth example mode  530  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. 
     The mobile hotspot access network is further shown in the fourth example mode  530  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the fourth example mode  530  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. 
     In the fourth example mode  530  (e.g., the no fixed hotspots mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). 
     Similarly, in the fourth example mode  530  (e.g., the no fixed hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the mobile hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. 
     For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the mobile hotspot access network and/or backbone provider network). 
     In the fourth example mode  530 , in an example implementation, some of the control/management functions may for example be implemented within the local backbone provider network (e.g., within a client premises). For example, communication to the local infrastructure provider may be performed through the backbone provider network (or Cloud). Note that in a scenario in which there is a direct communication pathway between the local infrastructure provider network and the mobile hotspot access network, such communication pathway may be utilized. 
     For example, since the mobile hotspot access network does not have a communication link via a fixed hotspot access network, the Mobile APs may utilize a direct connection (e.g., a cellular connection) with the backbone provider network (or Cloud). If a Mobile AP does not have such capability, the Mobile AP may also, for example, utilize data access provided by the end-user devices communicatively coupled thereto (e.g., leveraging the data plans of the end-user devices). 
     The fourth example mode  530  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the fourth example mode  530  may be utilized in an early stage of a larger deployment, for example a deployment that will grow into another mode (e.g., the example first mode  500 , etc.) as more communication system equipment is installed. The fourth example mode  530  may, for example, be utilized in a scenario in which there is no fiber (or other) connection available for Fixed APs (e.g., in a maritime scenario, in a plantation scenario, etc.), or in which a Fixed AP is difficult to access or connect. For example, one or more Mobile APs of the mobile hotspot access network may be used as gateways to reach the Cloud. The fourth example mode  530  may also, for example, be utilized when a vehicle fleet and/or the Mobile APs associated therewith are owned by a first entity and the Fixed APs are owned by another entity, and there is no present agreement for communication between the Mobile APs and the Fixed APs. Note also that the fourth example mode  530  may be utilized in a scenario in which the fixed hotspot access network is normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The fifth example mode (or configuration)  540  (e.g., a no mobile hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the mobile hotspot access network and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the fifth example mode  540  comprises a backbone provider network, a local infrastructure provider network, a fixed hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode  540  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode  540  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Also note that in various example configurations, the backbone provider network may also be communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network via one or more wireless (or non-tethered) links. 
     As additionally shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode  540  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network (or any component thereof), fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. Also note that in various example configurations, the local infrastructure provider network may also, at least temporarily, be communicatively coupled to the mobile hotspot access network (or any component thereof) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. 
     Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the fifth example mode  540  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the backbone provider network, the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link(s) shown in the fifth example mode  540  of  FIG. 5B  between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless. 
     The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the fifth example mode  540  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the fifth example mode  540  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. 
     In the fifth example mode  540  (e.g., the no mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). 
     Similarly, in the fifth example mode  540  (e.g., the no mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network, the local infrastructure provider network, and/or the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the fixed hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network and/or backbone provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. 
     For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network and/or the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). Also for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the backbone provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or local infrastructure provider network). Additionally for example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network and/or the backbone provider network). 
     In the fifth example mode  540 , in an example implementation, the end-user devices and environment devices may communicate directly to Fixed APs (e.g., utilizing Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.). Also for example, the end-user devices and/or environment devices may communicate directly with the backbone provider network (e.g., utilizing cellular connections, etc.). 
     The fifth example mode  540  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation in which end-user devices and/or environment devices may communicate directly with Fixed APs, such communication may be utilized instead of Mobile AP communication. For example, the fixed hotspot access network might provide coverage for all desired areas. 
     Note also that the fifth example mode  540  may be utilized in a scenario in which the fixed hotspot access network is normally available but is currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The sixth example mode (or configuration)  550  (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, mobile hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the sixth example mode  550  comprises a backbone provider network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the sixth example mode  550  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. 
     Also shown in  FIG. 5B , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the sixth example mode  550  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the backbone provider network may be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. 
     The end-user devices are also shown in the sixth example mode  550  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. 
     In the sixth example mode  550  (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the backbone provider network. Similarly, in the sixth example mode  550  (e.g., the no fixed/mobile hotspots and local infrastructure mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the backbone provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). 
     The sixth example mode  550  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, for example in which an end-user has not yet subscribed to the communication system, the end-user device may subscribe to the system through a Cloud application and by communicating directly with the backbone provider network (e.g., via cellular link, etc.). The sixth example mode  550  may also, for example, be utilized in rural areas in which Mobile AP presence is sparse, Fixed AP installation is difficult or impractical, etc. 
     Note also that the sixth example mode  550  may be utilized in a scenario in which the infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, and/or mobile hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The seventh example mode (or configuration)  560  (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the backbone provider network, mobile hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the seventh example mode  560  comprises a local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5C , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the seventh example mode  560  (or configuration) via one or more wired (or tethered) links. For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wired links. Note that such a wired coupling may be temporary. 
     Also, though not explicitly shown, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to any or all of the other elements present in the seventh example mode  560  (or configuration) via one or more wireless links (e.g., RF link, non-tethered optical link, etc.). For example, the local infrastructure provider network may be communicatively coupled to the fixed hotspot access network (or any component thereof), the end-user devices, and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Note that the communication link shown in the seventh example mode  560  of  FIG. 5C  between the local infrastructure provider network and the fixed hotspot access network may be wired and/or wireless. 
     The fixed hotspot access network is also shown in the seventh example mode  560  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Additionally, the end-user devices are also shown in the seventh example mode  560  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. 
     In the seventh example mode  560  (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an end-user device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network. As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an end-user device and a server via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an end user device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). 
     Similarly, in the seventh example mode  560  (e.g., the no backbone and mobile hotspots available mode), information (or data) may be communicated between an environment device and a server via the fixed hotspot access network and/or the local infrastructure provider network. Also for example, an environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). As will be seen in the various example modes presented herein, such communication may flexibly occur between an environment device and a server (e.g., communicatively coupled to the local infrastructure provider network) via any of a variety of different communication pathways, for example depending on the availability of a network, depending on bandwidth utilization goals, depending on communication priority, depending on communication time (or latency) and/or reliability constraints, depending on cost, etc. For example, information communicated between an environment device and a server may be communicated via the local infrastructure provider network (e.g., skipping the fixed hotspot access network). 
     The seventh example mode  560  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example controlled space implementation, Cloud access might not be provided (e.g., for security reasons, privacy reasons, etc.), and full (or sufficient) coverage of the coverage area is provided by the fixed hotspot access network, and thus the mobile hotspot access network is not needed. For example, the end-user devices and environment devices may communicate directly (e.g., via Ethernet, Wi-Fi, etc.) with the Fixed APs 
     Note also that the seventh example mode  560  may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network and/or fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     The eighth example mode (or configuration)  570  (e.g., the no backbone, fixed hotspots, and local infrastructure available mode) may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the first example mode  500 , albeit without the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, fixed hotspot access network, and communication links therewith. For example, the communication system in the eighth example mode  570  comprises a mobile hotspot access network, end-user devices, and environment devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5C , and in  FIG. 1  in more detail, the mobile hotspot access network is shown in the eighth example mode  570  to be communicatively coupled to the end-user devices and/or environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. Further, the end-user devices are also shown in the eighth example mode  570  to be communicatively coupled to the environment devices via one or more wireless links. Many examples of such wireless coupling are provided herein. 
     In the eighth example mode  570  (e.g., the no backbone, fixed hotspots, and local infrastructure available mode), information (or data) might not (at least currently) be communicated between an end-user device and a server (e.g., a coupled to the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, etc.). Similarly, information (or data) might not (at least currently) be communicated between an environment device and a server (e.g., a coupled to the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, etc.). Note that the environment device may communicate with or through an end-user device (e.g., instead of or in addition to the mobile hotspot access network). 
     The eighth example mode  570  may be utilized for any of a variety of reasons, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. In an example implementation, the eighth example mode  570  may be utilized for gathering and/or serving data (e.g., in a delay-tolerant networking scenario), providing peer-to-peer communication through the mobile hotspot access network (e.g., between clients of a single Mobile AP, between clients of respective different Mobile APs, etc.), etc. In another example scenario, the eighth example mode  570  may be utilized in a scenario in which vehicle-to-vehicle communications are prioritized above vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. In yet another example scenario, the eighth example mode  570  may be utilized in a scenario in which all infrastructure access is lost (e.g., in tunnels, parking garages, etc.). 
     Note also that the eighth example mode  570  may be utilized in a scenario in which the backbone provider network, local infrastructure provider network, and/or fixed hotspot access network are normally available but are currently unavailable (e.g., due to equipment failure, due to communication link failure, due to power outage, due to a temporary denial of service, etc.). 
     As shown and discussed herein, it is beneficial to have a generic platform that allows multi-mode communications of multiple users or machines within different environments, using multiple devices with multiple technologies, connected to multiple moving/static things with multiple technologies, forming wireless (mesh) hotspot networks over different environments, connected to multiple wired/wireless infrastructure/network backbone providers, ultimately connected to the Internet, Cloud or private network infrastructure. 
       FIG. 6  shows yet another block diagram of an example network configuration, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example network  600  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. Notably, the example network  600  shows a plurality of Mobile APs (or OBUs), each communicatively coupled to a Fixed AP (or RSU), where each Mobile AP may provide network access to a vehicle network (e.g., comprising other vehicles or vehicle networks, user devices, sensor devices, etc.). 
       FIG. 7  shows still another block diagram of an example communication network  700 , in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example network  700  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. Notably, the example network  700  shows a plurality of vehicles (or Mobile APs, or MAPs, or OBUs)  752 ,  754 ,  756 , and  758 , each communicatively coupled to a Fixed AP (or RSU)  742 ,  744 , and  748  and/or a cellular network  706 , where each Mobile AP may provide network access to a vehicle network (e.g., comprising other vehicles or vehicle networks, user devices, sensor devices, etc.), for example a Wi-Fi network to which end user devices may connect, with which communication with sensors may be performed, etc. The example network  700  may also, for example, comprise a plurality of Network Controllers  732 ,  734 , and  738 . The example network  700  may also, for example, comprise any of a variety of interconnected networks (e.g., Private Networks  702 , the Internet  704 , Telecommunication Networks  706 , etc.). One or more servers of the Cloud may, for example, be accessible via Cloud APIs  760 . 
     The Mobile APs  752 ,  754 ,  756 , and  758  may, for example, be communicatively coupled to various sensors (e.g., always, as the Mobile APs travel within range of such sensors, etc.). For example, in the example scenario shown in  FIG. 7 , a first MAP  752  is communicatively coupled to a first sensor  771  (e.g., Sensor  1 ) and a set of sensors  772  (e.g., Sensor  2 , Sensor  3 , Sensor  4 , and Sensor  5 ), which may for example be co-located; a second MAP  754  is communicatively coupled to a sixth sensor  773 ; and an M th  MAP  758  is communicatively coupled to a seventh sensor  774 . The Mobile APs may, for example move in and out of communication range of the various sensors. The Mobile APs may, for example when in-range of such sensors, gather information from such sensors in a power-efficient and network-efficient manner, many examples of which are provided herein. 
     Due to the frequent interactions between vehicles in dense urban environments, it may, in various scenarios, be beneficial to track who (or what) is at fault when there is a crash, an unexpected event at a road intersection, a traffic jam, etc. Also, with the advent of autonomous vehicles, to avoid undesirable situations (e.g., crashes, accidents in general, traffic blockages, etc.), it may be beneficial to ensure that vehicle actions and interactions are well coordinated and agreed in advance. 
     Generally, the critical actions or events are performed by vehicles that are considered trusted in the network. Thus, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, there are provided centralized and secure systems to perform the vehicle decisions and to enforce (or implement) such decisions in the network. Herein, when a decision is made or taken, such decision may, for example, refer to a plan that includes a trajectory to implement (e.g., during a particular period or window of time, etc.) and/or the implementation of such trajectory. 
     When operating in urban environments, agreements regarding road (or travel) actions to take may need to be made quickly and/or locally (e.g., by an electronic system of the vehicle performing the action, by a neighbor node of the vehicle performing the action, etc.). In various implementation scenarios, it might not be practical to contact and negotiate with a centralized entity. Accordingly, in various implementation, the vehicles, Fixed APs, other sources of information, etc., that can be connected to the vehicular network may be implemented with enough intelligence to allow vehicles to take and agree, in real-time and in a distributed way, on actions that vehicles should take that can influence their travel (or trajectory or path or flight, etc.). 
     Those distributed actions may, for example, be driven by the local context of the vehicles, and may also be driven by the context required to globally optimize some action on the road (e.g., level of reduced congestion, less traveling distance, less time spend in traffic jams, less fuel consumption and/or pollution emission, etc.). For example, each vehicle may be periodically advertised by (or provided with) global context that may influence its decision, such as expected time to arrive at the destination if the vehicle turns right in the next road intersection, the number of traffic lights if the vehicle turns left in the next road intersection, etc. 
     In an example implementation a blockchain-based approach may be utilized to allow the distributed agreement of actions between vehicles, where vehicles (or actions) may be trusted by each other. However, in order to trust a vehicle, a blockchain-based approach may include solving a problem (e.g., a cryptopuzzle hash, etc.), which might not effectively fit with the Internet of Things (IoT) where, for example, the CPU constraints or latency requirements are tight, for example requiring a delay, which may for example exceed many minutes, for most interactions which cannot effectively deal with the substantial mobility and the dynamics of vehicular environments, for example for a plan for traveling through an intersection. Therefore, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, a solution to achieve a local and quick consensus between vehicles is provided, which has substantially lower latency, and/or has further agreements that make editing of the past information (e.g., information regarding actions taken, etc.) more difficult. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a system and method are provided which are able to make and agree on plans (ahead of time) that nodes must follow in vehicular environments in the context of the Network of Moving Things. An agreement may, for example, be made between parties (vehicles) which cannot be modified without agreement from both parties. Such an agreement may, for example, concern future actions that will be taken to avoid crashes. 
     In general, the system may be built on top of trusted entities that are able to reach a consensus on vehicle action(s) to take. Based on, for example, the priority/severity/impact/time to perform of a specific decision, this can be performed by a centralized entity that knows the entire network, distributed and in a peer-to-peer way by Mobile/Fixed APs that can see each other nearby, by an AP in a specific region that knows the entire context of that region, any combination thereof, etc. As discussed herein, the context of a particular scenario may determine the entity(s) that makes the decision. 
     The system may, for example, be driven by context that is carried by vehicles in a delay-tolerant fashion, as it can also include feedback or context acquired from other entities that are nearby the location of interest (e.g., cameras, radars, traffic lights, etc.) that are authenticated and trusted in the network ahead of time. 
     In order to make decisions in advance that are driven, at least in part, by historical and/or predictable/deterministic context related to the vehicular environment/location in which the decision will be implemented, as well as to allow nodes to transport and share those decisions that can influence (or not) the future decisions taken by other nodes in the network, a system implemented in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure may be flexible and dynamic enough to distribute at least a portion of the intelligence and decision making capabilities among the different nodes to allow the timely making and implementing (or enforcement) of those decisions in the network when possible (or necessary or desirable). 
     For example, with regard to such decisions, in an example implementation all (or most) of the decisions may be linked with accurate timing information (e.g., utilizing clocks synchronized to GPS time), linked with information regarding neighbors nearby the location in which a decision will be (or was) implemented, vehicle trajectory information (e.g., speed, direction, vehicle actuator linear or rotary position, etc.), etc. The decisions may, for example, be influenced by information received from any of a variety of sources (e.g., from Mobile APs, Fixed APs, Cloud servers, Network Controllers, general communication network sources, as well as other sources of information that are considered trusted (e.g., vehicle sensors, off-vehicle sensors, cameras, traffic lights systems, emergency warning systems, road condition sensors, any or all of the sensors discussed herein, etc.). 
     In accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the system, implemented in a vehicular environment, may provide higher priority on attending to (e.g., making, implementing, etc.) decisions to be implemented by vehicles moving at a relatively high speed, vehicles that are traveling on congested roads, emergency vehicles (e.g., ambulances, law enforcement vehicles, fire fighter vehicles, paramedics, rescue teams, etc.), vehicles that are close to other vehicles, etc. For example, in an example scenario in which a first vehicle is moving at twice the speed of a second vehicle, all other considerations equal, the first vehicle may be given priority over the second vehicle. Also for example, in an example scenario in which a first vehicle is on the open road and a second vehicle is in congested bumper-to-bumper traffic, all other considerations equal, the second vehicle may be given priority over the first vehicle. An emergency vehicle may, for example, be given priority over a personal vehicle. Additionally for example, in an example scenario in which a first vehicle is known to produce more pollution than a second vehicle (e.g., based on measurements, based on engine size, based on weight or load being hauled, based on engine type, etc.), the first vehicle may be given priority based on the theory that maintaining operation of the first vehicle at a constant speed if possible may ultimately reduce overall pollution. Conversely, in an example scenario, for example in which operation of environmentally responsible vehicles is being incentivized, electrical vehicles, fuel-cell vehicles, hybrid vehicles, small engine vehicles, etc., may be given priority over vehicle types that are know to be more damaging to the environment. 
     Example scenarios will now be presented to demonstrate various aspects of the present disclosure. It should be understood that such examples are provided herein merely for illustrative purposes and are not to be construed as limiting. 
       FIG. 8  shows a diagram of various example vehicle control scenarios, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example scenarios  800  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  900 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. 
     In a first scenario  810 , a Mobile AP is installed, for instance in an autonomous vehicle  818 . In the example scenario  810 , the vehicle  818  is moving at a very high speed, and is thus quickly approaching an intersection. In the example scenario  810 , the system determines the best path (or trajectory) the vehicle should trust and implement at the intersection, as well as at the respective times associated with any significant trajectory alterations (e.g., time of turn, time of speed change, etc.). The system makes the trajectory decision for the intersection based, at least in part, on the context of the intersection being approached by the vehicle  818 . Since, in the example scenario  810 , there are no other vehicles nearby that came from the intersection, the Mobile AP of the vehicle  818  might not have current trusted intersection context information on which to determine a best decision that it should implement in that intersection. The Mobile AP may, however, contact the Fixed AP  814  nearby (e.g., having a coverage area that covers the intersection and/or an adjacent coverage area), which may provide the best (e.g., most recent, trusted, etc.) context information for the intersection. Note that the MAP may contact a plurality of Fixed APs that may have context information for the intersection (e.g., a second FAP that acts as a back-up for a first FAP, etc.). For example, the Fixed AP  814  may gather intersection context information from all vehicles leaving the intersection. The Fixed AP  814  may also, for example, contact other nearby Fixed APs (e.g., the Fixed AP  816 ) or other Mobile APs for context information about the intersection. Also for example, the Fixed AP  814  may contact Cloud sources  805  (e.g., databases, servers, central traffic or fleet controllers, etc.) to acquire context information about the intersection. The vehicle  818  (e.g., a Mobile AP or vehicle control circuitry thereof) may then process such information and/or interface to determine a best action to take and/or may interact with a server of the Cloud  805  to identify (e.g., agree upon, negotiate, etc.) a best action to take. Note that a Fixed AP may have responsibility for a plurality of intersections (or roads, on/off ramps, parking lots, etc.) or regions. 
     In a second example scenario  820 , the vehicles  822 ,  824 , and  826  are all approaching an intersection, and they should thus agree on the best path each one should take (e.g., resulting in a choreographed sequence of trajectory maneuvers that is both safe and efficient) through the intersection. Since there is a Fixed AP  816  nearby that can reliably communicate with all of the vehicles, the Fixed AP  816  may influence the routes followed by each of the vehicles  822 ,  824 , and  826 . In an example scenario, the vehicles  822 ,  824 , and  826  may communicate with the Fixed AP  816  (e.g., directly or via multi-hop wireless communications, for example through a Mobile AP of the vehicle  822 , etc.), and thus the Fixed AP  816  may have all of the context information required to determine and share the best actions to take in that intersection. 
     Note that the Fixed AP  816 , when making these decisions, may consider trusted messages (e.g., advertisements, etc.) from one or more trusted sources of the Cloud  805 , from other nearby trusted Fixed APs (e.g., Fixed AP  814 , etc.), from a trusted Network Controller  812 , from trusted Mobile APs, etc., about vehicles that are approaching the intersection at a high speed (e.g., refer to the first scenario  810  discussed herein). For example, when a vehicle is moving at a high speed, there may be less time (or more risk or more difficulty) associated with altering its planned trajectory once determined and agreed upon. In the second example scenario  820 , the Fixed AP  816  may receive information from the Fixed AP  814  (or other node) regarding travel actions already established for the vehicle  818 , and may thus consider the planned actions for the vehicle  818  when developing the best set of actions for the vehicles  822 ,  824 , and  826  (e.g., even in a scenario in which the vehicles  822 ,  824 , and  826  are not directly aware of the vehicle  818 ). For example, the Fixed AP  814  may consider actions of a vehicle that is relatively distant from an intersection when developing road action plans for other vehicles that are at (or relatively near) the intersection. 
     As discussed herein, a single FAP may have primary responsibility for a plurality of intersections or other traffic areas of interest. Another FP may have secondary responsibility for any of such intersections or other traffic areas of interest. A Mobile AP may contact any of such FAPs looking for context information from which to make road action decisions, road action instructions, etc. 
     In a third example scenario  830 , there are presently no Fixed APs (or no trusted Fixed APs) available to assist the Mobile APs (or vehicle control systems associated therewith) to make the best overall decisions. In such case, and if each of vehicles  832 ,  834 , and  836  will follow planned paths that will not limit the actions taken by the others (e.g., the vehicle  834  will proceed forward, while the other vehicles  832  and  836  will both turn right), the vehicles  832 ,  834 , and  836  may share the respective actions they are planning to perform with the other vehicles, and the vehicles  832 ,  834 , and  836  may locally agree on implementing those actions. In this example scenario  830 , there may be no need to involve another entity (e.g., contacting a server or controller of the Cloud  805 , contacting an AP, etc.). 
     In a fourth example scenario  840 , the traffic light system is malfunctioning, and this information is broadcast through Wi-Fi transceivers coupled with the traffic lights. In the example scenario  840 , the traffic light system is considered a trusted source by the system. The vehicles  842  and  844  may communicate with each other (e.g., utilizing Mobile AP links, etc.) and agree on the one that will proceed through the intersection first, since both vehicles want to move through the intersection and cross each other&#39;s path. In this example scenario  840 , for example due to high buildings, only one vehicle  844  has a communication pathway (e.g., via a cellular link, etc.) with the Cloud  805 , so such vehicle  844  may assume a leader role and contact the Cloud  805  to gather all the relevant context information that the vehicle  844  may then analyze to determine and share the actions that should be performed by both vehicles  842  and  844  in the intersection. Note that the traffic light system (or general traffic control system, for example, controlling speed, direction, lane selection, on/off ramp usage, etc.) may be determined to be malfunctioning in any of a variety of manners. For example, a traffic control system (or system monitoring the traffic control system operation) may transmit a message indicating whether the traffic control system is functioning properly. Also for example, failure to communicate with a traffic control system may be taken as a sign that the traffic control system is not functioning properly. Additionally for example, vehicles (or MAPs thereof) encountering anomalies while interacting with the traffic control system (e.g., having to take reactive evasive maneuvers, having to stop suddenly, etc.) may transmit messages to other vehicles (or MAPs thereof, or FAPs associated therewith, etc.) to indicate that the traffic control system may be malfunctioning. 
     In performing the vehicle action determination and/or implementation discussed herein, a system implemented in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure provides safety and security. Such safety and security may, for example, be provided utilizing secure methods, messaging and/or protocols. For example, methods may be implemented that ensure the decisions are made and shared among all of the relevant nodes available in the region in which the decisions are implemented (or enforced) in a trusted and secure fashion. 
     A consensus protocol may, for example, allow a set of nodes to eventually agree on a single value in a noisy network. Achieving a consensus in a vehicular network may, for example, comprise characteristics of a Byzantine Generals Problem. For example, messages may be lost, malicious nodes may attempt to tamper with a decision, a decision must be made in finite time (termination), etc. Also, when the environment changes in a significant manner, the nodes may run (or re-run) the consensus protocol to decide on the new actions (or values). The consensus may, for example, be decided by a commander/leader and/or interactively among the nodes. As discussed herein, several different approaches may be takin within the scope of this disclosure. Such approaches may be universal and/or may be selected based on particular operational context. Such approaches may, for example, comprise a centralized approach, a decentralized approach, a distributed approach, etc. 
     In an example centralized approach (or environment), the nodes may be coordinated by a single entity, the leader (e.g., a Cloud server, a Fixed AP near a traffic light, etc.). For example, all involved nodes may send their context (e.g., vehicle information, trajectory or route information, operational parameters about the vehicle, sensor information of sensors on-board or off-board the vehicle, etc.) to the leader. Note that any or all of the context information may be provided a priori by the Cloud to the Fixed AP. The leader may then, for example, retrieve the information, make the decision and push the decision to every node. All nodes may then generally agree and implement the decision accordingly. If a node is unable (or unwilling) to implement the decision, the node may then contact the leader with an explanation, and the leader may modify the decision if necessary (e.g., time permitting, etc.). In an example implementation, a Fixed AP may maintain context information for all intersections or all traffic areas in its coverage area, may maintain vehicle context information for all vehicles having MAPs within its coverage area, etc. 
     Various example scenarios presented herein provided leaders such as Access Points, Fog-Computing nodes, and the Cloud (e.g., servers or controllers thereof). The selection of such leaders may, for example, be based on latency requirements. For example, selecting a local Fixed AP as a leader may be necessary when selecting a Cloud entity as the leader is associated with a predicted latency that is higher than acceptable. A vehicle may, for example, ask the leader for its action at the next road intersection, the Cloud can send the action, etc. Such communication may, for example, be synchronous (e.g., including a vehicle asking for an action in a pull system, etc.), asynchronous (e.g., a trusted leader sending action decisions to vehicles in a push system), or a combination thereof. Note that in a scenario in which a vehicle inquires about an action, such inquiry may trigger a consensus process involving any number of other nodes. Note that current or predicted latency and/or latency needs may vary in real-time. For example, latency needs (e.g., time constraints, etc.) may be tighter in congested and/or chaotic situations, time constraints may be looser on open roads, etc. Similarly, latency performance (e.g., how long it takes a node to make a road action decision, etc.) may be better during periods of low traffic (or low network utilization), etc. In an example scenario involving particular small latency requirements, the vehicle (or MAP thereof) may determine that there is no time to trigger a consensus process, and that the vehicle must act autonomously based on the context information already stored at the vehicle, detected by the vehicle sensors, etc. 
     In an example scenario, a vehicle may autonomously determine a road action while waiting for a vehicle-based (or MAP-based) consensus to completely, while waiting for road action instructions from a FAP, while waiting for road action instructions from a cloud-based central controller, etc. In such a scenario, if higher-level road action instructions are received (or received with at least a threshold amount of time before the road action need be implemented), the vehicle may implement road actions accordingly. For example, a road action determined by multi-vehicle consensus may be preferred to the autonomously determined road action, but only if such consensus is reached in time for each participating vehicle to prepare for and perform its respective road action. Similarly for example, a road action determined by a Fixed AP or cloud-based central controller may be preferred to the autonomously determined road action and/or a road action determined by MAP-based consensus, but only if such instructions are received in time for each participating vehicle to prepare for and perform its respective road action. Note that a universal acknowledgement may be required, or such a strategy could be run open loop. 
     In an example decentralized approach, the nodes (e.g., all nodes, all relevant nodes, etc.) may agree on a leader or a set of leaders to make the decision, for example assuming that the vehicles are strongly connected to each other, which is a typical scenario at a road intersection. For example, it may be assumed that all nodes are available and there are no failures). 
     The nodes may, for example run a leader election algorithm based, at least in part, on any of a variety of techniques, for example Raft, Paxos or mesh leader election algorithms. Many examples of such techniques may be utilized, various examples are provided by U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/415,196, filed on Oct. 31, 2016, and titled “Systems and Methods for Achieving Road Action Consensus, for Example Among Autonomous Vehicles, in a Network of Moving Things,” which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     To perform such decisions, each node (e.g., vehicle, Mobile AP, etc.) involved in a consensus may periodically broadcast its context to its neighbors and/or the context can be sent to the nodes before the algorithm begins. 
     In an example scenario, when arriving at a specific road intersection, all nodes may determine whether they are able to see each other, so that the nodes may ensure that all of the nodes share the same context. Then, the nodes may converge on selecting the leader based on a deterministic value of the context such as the vehicle speed, proximity to the road intersection, level of trust, identity of the node, type of vehicle, vehicle traffic management capabilities, software version, number of passengers, fleet association, etc. For example, in an example scenario, municipal vehicles (e.g., buses, trains, street cars, maintenance vehicles, etc.) may have more capable (e.g., more expensive) systems and thus may generally be selected as leaders. Also for example, the respective system capabilities of each vehicle may be compared (e.g., system types, version numbers, release dates, etc.) so that the vehicle with the most capable system is selected to be the leader. 
     In an example distributed approach (e.g., fully distributed, etc.), for example like MANETs, the vehicles may coordinate with each other and make decisions without a leader and be able to tolerate and/or recover from failures, since the vehicles are not always able to see each other. These scenarios may, for example, occur when a node is unable to reach the Cloud, when there is not enough time for a Cloud-based (or FAP-based) solution, when a node is not able to see all nodes involved in an interaction, etc. 
     The scenario can be determined by each node, after inspecting the context shared by their neighbors, which may be able to see other nodes that the first is not able to see (e.g., a node can share its context, as well as the IDs and other information of the nodes they are able to see). When a node determines it may be unable to contact all the actors involved in a decision regarding an interaction, the node may make the most suitable decision, or leverage on the decision taken by other nodes nearby, or take the same action previously taken in the same scenario, which is probabilistic-driven. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, a system may improve its performance over time, resulting in improved decision-making. For example, after executing a plan, which comprises a trajectory to follow over a particular time, the actual trajectory may be compared with the planned one. For example, to minimize subsequent deviations from planned trajectories, information of the actual implementation, may inform future plans. 
     Such operation may have real-time immediate implications or long term implementations for the decision making. For example, when there is an unexpected event (e.g., a collision, a road obstruction, etc.) occurring, the vehicles quickly contact the Cloud to determine if any decisions should be reconsidered. The Cloud may also then consider such information when performing future decisions. 
     In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, the network of moving things may include any of a variety of types of vehicles (e.g., road vehicles, drones, planes, boats, etc.), which may negotiate with each other (and/or a central controller) and agree on trajectories they must each follow in order to avoid colliding, storing the agreement in a trusted manner. When there is a collision, a trusted element (e.g., node, module, database, etc.) storing the trajectories (or paths) of the vehicles may then be consulted to determine which moving thing was at fault (e.g., to determine which vehicle was in the wrong (or misunderstood) place at the wrong time, etc.). Such knowledge may, for example, lead to improvement of the overall traffic control system, may assist insurance companies in and/or public safety departments with identifying the cause (or fault) of an unfortunate event. Since such knowledge may originate from many more nodes than those directly involved in an incident, such knowledge may be more reliable overall for identifying an at-fault party. 
     As an additional example of road action determination,  FIG. 9  shows a flow diagram of an example method  900  for managing road actions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example method  900  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, networks, and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  1000 , and  1100 , discussed herein. For example, any or all aspects of the example method  900  of  FIG. 9  may be implemented by a Mobile AP (or other network node, for example, a Fixed AP, a Network Controller, a cloud server, a central controller, etc.). 
     The example method  900  begins executing at block  905 . The example method  900  may begin executing in response to any of a variety of causes or conditions, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the example method  900  may begin executing upon power-up or reset of a system implementing the method  900 . Also for example, the method  900  may begin executing in response to a received signal from another network node (e.g., a cloud server node, a Fixed AP, a Mobile AP, a Network Controller, an OBD system of a vehicle, etc.). Further for example, the method  900  may begin executing in response to a location-determining system determining that the node (e.g., a Mobile AP, etc.) implementing the method  900  is traveling toward a traffic intersection or other traffic control area. In general, the example method  900  may begin executing in response to any of a variety of causes or conditions. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular cause or condition. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  910 , comprise providing WLAN services to client devices in and/or around a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle in which a Mobile AP is installed, etc.). Block  910  may comprise providing the WLAN services in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the present disclosure provides numerous characteristics of a Mobile AP (or Fixed AP, etc.) that provides WLAN services (e.g., Wi-Fi-based WLAN services, etc.) to client devices that are within communication range of the Mobile AP. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  920 , comprise communicating with other access points (e.g., MAPs, FAPs, etc.), base stations, etc. Block  920  may comprise communication with such other access points in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the present disclosure provides numerous characteristics of a Mobile AP (or Fixed AP, etc.) that communicates with other access points (e.g., MAPs, FAPs, etc.), base stations, etc. For example, such communication may be performed over DSRC links, cellular links, etc. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  930 , comprise receiving traffic information from one or more other Mobile APs. Such traffic information may, for example, comprise vehicle context information, for example describing vehicle movement (e.g., velocity, speed, location, etc.) or planned movement (or route) characteristics, vehicle autonomous operation capability information, vehicle health information, OBD data, etc. Such traffic information may, for example, comprise traffic intersection context information (or context information for any traffic control area, for example, an on/off ramp, a parking area, a busy street, a toll plaza, a highway or roadway, etc.). Various examples of such traffic intersection (or other controlled area) context information are provided herein. Such traffic intersection context information may, for example, comprise information regarding traffic control system state (or operation), for example traffic light status or planned status. Also for example, such intersection context information may comprise information regarding the amount of congestion at an intersection, obstacles at an intersection, traffic flow rate through an intersection, duration of planned traffic control signals, etc. 
     Block  930  may comprise receiving the traffic information synchronously or asynchronously, for example by requesting such information from other MAPs, by receiving such information in an unsolicited manner, etc. 
     Note that block  930  may also comprise forwarding information received from other MAPs to the other MAPs, to one or more FAPs, to one or more central controllers, etc. For example, as discussed herein, in various implementations, such other nodes may be involved with road action decisions and/or may serve as repositories for traffic-related information (e.g., vehicle context information, intersection (or other controlled area) context information, etc. 
     The received traffic information may also, for example, comprise information indicating a road action that the MAP (or a vehicle carrying the MAP), and/or other MAPs, is to take. For example, as discussed herein, a leader MAP (or a distributed group of MAPs) may be selected to make road actions decisions for a particular choreographed set of maneuvers. In such a scenario, the traffic information may be received from the leader MAP and may direct the MAP (or vehicle thereof) to perform a particular one or more road actions. 
     In general, block  930  may comprise receiving traffic information from one or more other Mobile APs. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular type of traffic information. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  940 , comprise receiving traffic information from one or more FAPs. Such traffic information may, for example, comprise any or all of the intersection (or controlled region) and/or vehicle context information discussed herein. Such traffic information may, for example, comprise traffic intersection context information (or context information for any traffic control area, for example, an on/off ramp, a parking area, a busy street, a toll plaza, a highway or roadway, etc.). Various examples of such traffic intersection (or other controlled area) context information are provided herein. Such traffic intersection context information may, for example, comprise information regarding traffic control system state (or operation), for example traffic light status or planned status. Also for example, such intersection context information may comprise information regarding the amount of congestion at an intersection, obstacles at an intersection, traffic flow rate through an intersection, duration of planned traffic control signals, etc. As discussed herein, a FAP may be assigned to control (e.g., as a primary FAP controller, as a secondary FAP controller, etc.) one or more intersections within communication range of the FAP. In an example implementation, such a FAP may serve as the primary storage and source of information concerning such intersections. The FAP may then, for example, process such information (e.g., in combination with vehicle context information) to determine road actions and/or may provide such information to the MAPs so that the MAPs may utilize such information to make MAP-based road action decisions. 
     Such traffic information may, for example, comprise vehicle context information, for example describing vehicle movement (e.g., velocity, speed, location, etc.) or planned movement (or route) characteristics, vehicle autonomous operation capability information, vehicle health information, OBD data, etc. As discussed herein with regard to intersection information, the FAP (or another node coupled thereof) may serve as the primary storage and source of vehicle information. For example, in such an implementation, a MAP may receive vehicle information for vehicles associated with other MAPs from the FAP and/or directly from the MAPs. In a scenario in which information concerning another vehicle is received from the MAP of the vehicle and from a FAP, the receiving MAP may determine that the information received directly from the MAP is more accurate than the information received from the FAP (e.g., if such information from the different sources conflicts). 
     The received traffic information may also, for example, comprise information indicating a road action that the MAP (or a vehicle carrying the MAP) is to take. For example, as discussed herein, a leader MAP (or a distributed group of MAPs) may be selected to make road actions decisions for a particular choreographed set of maneuvers. In such a scenario, the traffic information may be received from the leader MAP and may direct the MAP (or vehicle thereof) to perform a particular one or more road actions. 
     Block  940  may comprise receiving the traffic information synchronously or asynchronously, for example by requesting such information from the FAP(s), by receiving such information in an unsolicited manner, etc. In an example scenario, if a MAP is approaching an intersection (or a series of intersections) and has not received up-to-date context information for the intersection and/or nearby vehicles, the MAP may request the information from the FAP (or other nodes). 
     In general, block  940  may comprise receiving traffic information from one or more Fixed APs. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular type of traffic information. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  950 , comprise determining a road action for the vehicle associated with the MAP (e.g., in which the MAP is installed, etc.). As discussed herein, such a determination may be performed autonomously by the MAP, for example based at least in part on the information received at blocks  930  and/or  940 . Also as discussed herein, such a determination may be made in concert with other MAPs at or near the intersection (e.g., through negotiations, by selecting a leader MAP for making the determination, etc.). Many examples of selecting a leader for a determination are provided herein, for example in the discussion of  FIG. 8 , etc. Additionally, as discussed herein, such a determination may be originated at a FAP, NC, cloud server, central controller, etc. Thus, depending on the particular scenario, the MAP may make its own determination and/or may receive the determination from another node. In a manner similar to selecting a leader, the algorithm utilized for determining road actions may be selected, depending on real-time circumstances (e.g., latency needs, emergency status, the presence of unanticipated vehicles or other obstacles, etc.). 
     Block  950  may comprise the MAP system selecting between an autonomously-determined action and an action received from another node. For example, such selection may be priority-based. In an example scenario, the MAP may choose to follow instructions received from a central controller, over those received from a FAP, over those received from another MAP, over those autonomously determined. Note that in an emergency scenario, for example in which a dangerous or unexpected situation is sensed (e.g., an obstacle is detected at an unexpected location), the MAP may revert to utilizing its autonomously-determined road action, at least until the dangerous or unexpected situation has passed. For example, when no higher-priority road action information is received (e.g., from a FAP, from an NC, from a cloud server, etc.), the MAP may attempt to reach a local road action consensus with other MAPs at or near an intersection. If such attempt fails, the MAP may then autonomously determine the road actions for its vehicle. 
     Block  950  may, for example, comprise the MAP system determining road actions based on a universally-downloaded algorithm (or road action optimization instructions). As discussed herein, a central controller or other node may provide an algorithm designed to optimize particular traffic-related parameters, weighted to favor movement of prioritized vehicles through an intersection over disfavored vehicles, emphasizing the reduction of pollutants associated with starting/stopping freight vehicles, etc. The MAP may then execute the algorithm utilizing the traffic information received at blocks  930  and/or  940 . In an example scenario, a selected leader MAP for a choreographed set of maneuvers may execute the algorithm and inform the other MAPs of the result. In another example scenario, each MAP may independently execute the algorithm, which should yield the same resulting road action plan if each MAP has the same algorithm and the same input information. Note that, as discussed herein, the MAP may have back-up emergency control to respond to unforeseen events, which may include another MAP (or vehicle thereof) not traveling as expected. 
     In general, block  950  may comprise determining a road action for the vehicle associated with the MAP. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular manner of performing such determining. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  960 , comprise implementing (or managing) the determined road action. Block  960  may comprise performing such implementing in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. 
     Block  960  may, for example, comprise the MAP interacting with a dedicated vehicle control system of a vehicle, for example, providing road action movements, times, conditions, etc., which when executed will result in the vehicle making the desired movement. Block  960  may, for example, comprise monitoring the movement of the vehicle of the MAP, monitoring the movements of other vehicles, monitoring intersection and vehicle context, etc., for example to sure that the movement choreography is playing out as expected. Additionally, as will be discussed next, the MAP may report information regarding the monitoring. For example, the MAP may maintain a record of actual vehicle movement, intersection conditions, behavior of traffic control systems local to the intersection, unexpected deviations from a movement plan (on the part of the MAP&#39;s vehicle or any vehicle or object), etc. 
     In general, block  960  may comprise implementing (or managing) the determined road action. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular manner of implementing or managing. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  970 , comprise communicating traffic information to other nodes (e.g., other MAPs, FAPs, Network Controllers, cloud servers, central traffic controllers, etc.). Block  970  may comprise performing such communicating in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. 
     For example, as mentioned herein, during a vehicle&#39;s travel to, through, and from a traffic intersection (or other controlled area), the MAP may monitor vehicle and traffic intersection context. As the MAP is near the traffic intersection (e.g., moving toward the intersection, moving through the intersection, moving from the intersection, sitting stationary, etc.), the MAP may communicate information indicative of such monitoring to other nodes. For example, the MAP may communicate such information to other MAPs (e.g., of vehicles traveling toward the intersection, other vehicles with which the MAP was coordinating movements with, other MAPs as a multi-hop communication upstream to infrastructure nodes, etc.). 
     Also for example, the MAP may communicate such information to one or more FAPs. As mentioned herein, one or more FAPs may be responsible for coordinating movement of vehicles through one or more respective intersections (or other controlled areas). In such an implementation, block  970  may comprise the MAP communicating current information (e.g., vehicle context information, intersection context information, information regarding whether a recommended road action (or set thereof) was implemented and how well it worked, etc.). Block  970  may, for example, comprise performing such communicating utilizing any one or more of the types of communication links discussed herein. 
     Block  960  may, for example, comprise communicating the traffic information synchronously (e.g., in response to an inquiry or poll from the destination node, etc.) or asynchronously (e.g., when the MAP has the necessary processing cycles and/or communication bandwidth to safely perform such communicating). 
     In general, block  970  comprises communicating traffic information to other nodes. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular type of communicating, or by characteristics of any particular information communicated. 
     The example method  900  may, at block  995 , comprise performing continued processing. Block  995  may comprise performing any of a variety of types of continued activity, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. 
     For example, block  995  may comprise directing execution flow of the example method  900  to any of the other blocks of the example method  900 , or any portion of such blocks. Also for example, block  995  may comprise directing execution flow of the example method  900  to any other method block or step or function discussed herein. 
     As a further example of road action determination,  FIG. 10  shows a flow diagram of an example method  1000  for managing road actions, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example method  1000  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example methods, networks, and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 , and  1100 , discussed herein. For example, any or all aspects of the example method  1000  of  FIG. 10  may be implemented by a Fixed AP (or other network node, for example, a Mobile AP, a Network Controller, a cloud server, a central controller, etc.). In an example scenario, one or more Mobile APs may be operating in accordance with the example method  900  of  FIG. 9 , and one or more Fixed APs may be operating in accordance with the example method  1000  of  FIG. 10 . 
     The example method  1000  begins executing at block  1005 . The example method  1000  may begin executing in response to any of a variety of causes or conditions, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the example method  1000  may begin executing upon power-up or reset of a system implementing the method  1000 . Also for example, the method  1000  may begin executing in response to a received signal from another network node (e.g., a cloud server node, a Fixed AP, a Mobile AP, a Network Controller, an OBD system of a vehicle, etc.). In general, the example method  1 - 000  may begin executing in response to any of a variety of causes or conditions. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular cause or condition. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1010 , comprise providing communication network access to other nodes. Block  910  may comprise providing the communication network access in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example, the present disclosure provides numerous characteristics of a Fixed AP (or Mobile AP, etc.) that provides communication network access services (e.g., DSRC-based access, cellular-based access, etc.) to other devices that are within communication range of the Fixed AP. The communication network may, for example, comprise a communication network, many example characteristics of which are provided herein. For example, block  910  may comprise a Fixed AP providing Internet or cloud access to Mobile APs (or clients thereof), to other Fixed APs, etc. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1020 , comprise receiving traffic information from other nodes. Such traffic information may comprise characteristics of any or all of the types of traffic information discussed herein (e.g., traffic intersection context information, vehicle context information, road action information, etc.). Block  1020  may, for example, comprise a node (e.g., a FAP, etc.) receiving such information from Mobile APs that are traveling (or have traveled) through an intersection (or other controlled area). Also for example, block  1020  may comprise the node (e.g., a FAP, etc.) receiving such information from a FAP (e.g., a redundant FAP, a FAP with primary or secondary responsibilities for an intersection, etc.). Additionally for example, block  1020  may comprise the node (e.g., a FAP, etc.) receiving such information from a cloud server or central controller, from a network controller, etc.). 
     Block  1020  may, for example, comprise receiving the information in a solicited or unsolicited manner. For example, the node (e.g., a FAP, etc.) implementing the method  1000  may comprise sending inquiry (or poll) messages to traffic control systems or traffic monitoring systems at intersections for which the node is responsible, and receiving the information in response to such messages. Also for example, block  1020  may comprise receiving such information in an unsolicited manner, for example periodically, upon state change of the traffic control system, etc. 
     In another example scenario, block  1020  may comprise sending inquiry (or poll) messages to MAPs of vehicles that are traveling through (or have traveled through, or are traveling toward) an intersection, and receiving the information from the MAPs in response to such messages. Also for example, block  1020  may comprise receiving such information from the MAPs in an unsolicited manner, for example periodically, when a MAP is passing through an intersection, when a MAP has successfully passed through the intersection, as a MAP is traveling toward an intersection, etc. 
     In yet another example scenario, block  1020  may comprise sending inquiry (or poll) messages to other FAPs that are associated with particular vehicles or intersections (or other controlled areas). For example, block  1020  may comprise a secondary FAP for an intersection sending inquiry messages to a primary FAP for the intersection, for example to ensure that each FAP has the same information. 
     In still another example scenario, a central controller (e.g., a cloud server) that oversees operation of the FAPs (e.g., for traffic-related functionality) may update traffic and/or vehicle information of the FAPs by propagating current intersection (or other controlled area) and/or vehicle information to the FAPs. 
     Block  1020  may comprise receiving the traffic information from the other nodes through any of the types of communication links discussed herein. For example, block  1020  may comprise receiving the information through wired (or tethered optical) communication infrastructure, block  1020  may comprise receiving the traffic information from other FAPs or from MAPs over DSRC links, etc. 
     In general, block  1020  may comprise receiving traffic information from other nodes. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular manner of receiving such information or by characteristics of any particular type of traffic information. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1030 , comprise communicating traffic information to other nodes. Block  1030  may comprise performing such communicating in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. 
     For example, block  1030  may comprise communicating any or all of the information received at block  1020  to any of the other nodes discussed herein. For example, block  1030  may comprise communicating information regarding traffic intersections (or other controlled areas) and information regarding vehicles to MAPs of vehicles within communication range of the node (e.g., a FAP, etc.). For example, as discussed herein, a FAP may have traffic control responsibilities for one or more traffic intersections (or other controlled areas) within communication range of the FAP. The FAP may, for example at block  1030 , communicate traffic information regarding such intersections and/or associated vehicles to the vehicles in the FAPs coverage area, to the respective vehicles near a respective intersection (or controlled area), etc. 
     As discussed herein, the FAP may pass intersection and/or vehicle context information on to the Mobile APs for the MAPs to utilize in making their own road action decisions and/or the FAP may make the road action decisions and communication such decisions to the MAPs. 
     Block  1030  may, for example, comprise a FAP communicating the traffic information to a peer FAP. For example, a FAP having primary responsibilities for a particular traffic intersection may communicate the traffic information to a FAP having secondary responsibilities for the traffic intersection (or vice versa). Block  1030  may also, for example, comprise a FAP communicating the traffic information to an upstream node (e.g., to a network controller, to a cloud server or central controller, etc.). 
     The node (e.g., a FAP) may communicate the information in any of a variety of manners. For example, a FAP may unicast the information to each MAP, a FAP may multi-case the information for an intersection to a multicast group of MAPs at or near the intersection, a FAP may broadcast the information to all MAPs within the FAP&#39;s coverage area, etc. 
     Block  1030  may comprise communicating the information in a synchronous and/or asynchronous manner. For example as discussed herein, Mobile APs may solicit intersection and/or road action information from a FAP. Also, cloud servers or central controllers may solicit intersection and/or vehicle information from a FAP. Block  1030  may, for example, comprise communicating the traffic information periodically, as soon as new information is received, etc. 
     In an example scenario, block  1030  may comprise determining respective locations and/or routes of MAPs in its coverage area, identifying a respective group of MAPs for each intersection based on MAP locations and intersection locations, and communicating information for each intersection to the respective group of MAPs for each intersection. 
     In general, block  1030  may comprise communicating traffic information to other nodes. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular type of traffic information or of any particular manner of communicating such traffic information. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1040 , comprise determining road actions. Block  1040  may comprise a node (e.g., a FAP, NC, cloud server, central controller, etc.) determining road actions for vehicles in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. For example and without limitation, the discussions of  FIGS. 8 and 9  include many examples of road action determination. 
     For example, as discussed herein a FAP may make road action decisions, or such decisions may be made at other nodes (e.g., other FAPs, Network Controllers, cloud servers, central controllers, etc.). Thus, the FAP may originate some or all of the road action decisions and/or may pass through decisions made by other nodes. 
     In an example scenario in which a FAP has responsibility for controlling traffic through an intersection in its coverage area, the FAP may maintain enough context information regarding the interaction and the vehicles in its coverage area to have an accurate picture of not only the immediate context of the intersection, but also of the future context of the intersection. For example, the FAP has knowledge of the traffic that is traveling toward the intersection, where a local traffic controller or Mobile AP at the intersection might not have such knowledge. The FAP may thus be uniquely suited to make road action decisions for the vehicles. In addition, with regard to latency, the FAP may be close enough to the intersections, and have a small enough area of responsibility, to provide low latency for road action determinations. For example, a central controller for an entire metropolitan area might not have the necessary processing power and access to the necessary communication link bandwidth to effectively control the movements of all vehicles in a timely manner. 
     Block  1040  may comprise performing such road action determining by executing an optimization algorithm designed to achieve one or more emphasized goals. For example, as discussed herein, block  1040  may offer movement priority through an intersection for environmentally responsible vehicles, for ride share or multi-occupancy vehicles, etc. Block  1040  may also offer movement priority through an intersection for mass transit vehicles, for scheduled vehicles of a fleet that are behind schedule, for emergency vehicles during the course of an emergency, etc. In another example scenario, the optimization algorithm may be designed to achieve maximum overall vehicle throughput through the intersection, for example in the absence of special circumstances. 
     In general, block  1040  may comprise determining road actions for vehicles. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular manner of performing such determining. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1050 , comprise communicating the determined road actions to the MAPs of the vehicles. Block  1050  may comprise performing such communicating in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. Note that, as discussed herein, the communicated information may also (or alternatively) include intersection and/or vehicle context information from which MAPs can make their own road action decisions (e.g., as a group, autonomously, etc.). 
     Block  1050  may, for example, comprise communicating such information utilizing any or all of the types of communication links discussed herein. For example, in an example scenario, a FAP may communicate the road action information (or context information) to a MAP over a DSRC link, through a multi-hop DSRC link through one or more FAPs and/or MAPs, etc. 
     Block  1050  may, for example, comprise performing such communicating in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. The example, block  1050  may comprise communicating such information to a MAP upon request (e.g., requested by a MAP that is approaching a vehicle, etc.). Also for example, block  1050  may comprise asynchronously pushing such information to a MAP (e.g., when a FAP (or other node) determines that the MAP is approaching an intersection or other controlled traffic area). Additionally, for example, block  1050  may comprise continually communicating updated road action information to all MAPs operating within the coverage area of the FAP (or other node). 
     In general, block  1050  may comprise communicating the determined road actions to the MAPs of the vehicles. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular manner of performing such communicating. 
     The example method  1000  may, at block  1060 , comprise receiving feedback traffic information from the MAPs. Block  1060  may comprise performing such receiving in any of a variety of manners, non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. 
     For example, as discussed herein with regard to block  970  of the example method  900  of  FIG. 9 , MAPs may communicate context information for traffic intersections (or other controlled areas) or vehicles. Block  1060  may, for example, comprise receiving such information from the MAPs. 
     The received information may, for example, comprise updated vehicle and/or intersection context information. Also for example, the received information may comprise information indicating a level of success for the performed road actions. For example, such information may comprise information indicating deviations from a planned road action, unexpected circumstances that may have caused deviation from the planned road action. Also for example, such information may comprise information indicating traffic intersection and/or vehicle context information that was determined by the MAP to be incorrect. Additionally, for example, such information may comprise information indicating temporary and/or permanent intersection conditions that were not previously identified. 
     Block  1060  may comprise receiving information from the MAPs in a synchronous (e.g., solicited) and/or asynchronous (e.g., unsolicited) manner. For example, in an example scenario, a MAP may communicate the information whenever the MAP has information prepared to communicate. Also for example, block  1060  may comprise the node (e.g., FAP, etc.) communicating a message to a MAP (e.g., a MAP that has just passed through an intersection) requesting the information from the MAP. 
     In general, block  1060  may comprise receiving feedback traffic information from the MAPs. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by characteristics of any particular traffic information or by characteristics of any particular manner of receiving such information. 
     As explained herein, the example methods may be performed in one or more of any of a variety of network nodes. A non-limiting example of a network and/or node implementation is provided at  FIG. 11 . 
       FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of various components of an example network node, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The example node  1100  may, for example, share any or all characteristics with the other example networks and/or network components  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 - 570 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 , and  1000 , discussed herein. For example, any or all of the components of the example node  1100  may perform any or all of the method steps presented herein. 
     The network node  1100  may, for example, comprise any of the network nodes discussed herein, for example an access point (AP) node (e.g., a Mobile AP, a Fixed AP, etc.), a Network Controller, a Cloud server and/or database, a vehicle control system, etc. The example node  1100  may comprise a variety of components (or modules), non-limiting examples of which are provided herein. Note that any or all of the components (or modules) may be housed in a single housing, but such configuration is not required. For example, in an example implementation, components (or modules) associated with providing access point services may be housed in a first housing, and components (or modules) associated with controlling vehicle movement may be housed in a second housing that is communicatively coupled to the first housing. 
     The example node  1100  may, for example, comprise a communication interface (I/F) module  1120  (e.g., including a cellular communication interface module, mobile network communication interface module, Wi-Fi communication interface module, user/client communication interface module, etc.) that operates to perform any or all of the wireless and/or wired communication functionality for the node  1100 , many examples of which are provided herein (e.g., communication with sensors external to (or of) the node  1100 , communication with the onboard diagnostic (OBD) system of a vehicle in which the node  1100  is installed, communication with an autonomous vehicle control system of a vehicle in which the node  1100  is installed, communication with peer nodes, communication with Mobile APs and/or Fixed APs, communication with Network Controllers, communication with client devices, backhaul communication, Cloud server communication, etc.). The communication interface (I/F) module  1120  may, for example, operate in accordance with any of a variety of cellular communication protocols, 3G, 4G, LTE, wireless LAN communication protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, etc.), wireless PAN communication protocols (e.g., Bluetooth, etc.), 802.11p or DSRC, satellite communication protocols, fiber or cable communication protocols, LAN protocols (e.g., Ethernet, etc.), TCP/IP, etc. 
     The example node  1100  may, for example, comprise a vehicle action module  1130  that operates to perform any or all of the vehicle action functionality discussed herein. The example vehicle action module  1130  may, for example, comprise hardware and/or software that operate to implement any or all of the node&#39;s vehicle action control functionality discussed herein. For example, the vehicle action module  1130  may operate to perform any or all of the operations discussed herein in the discussion of  FIGS. 8-10  and the other portions of the present disclosure. 
     The example node  1100  may, for example, comprise a Master Control Module  1110  that generally manages operation of the node  1100  at a high level. Such Master Control Module  1110  may, for example, comprise various aspects of an operating system for the node  1100 . 
     The example node  1100  may further, for example, comprise one or more applications  1150  executing on the node  1100  (e.g., client management applications, security applications, power management applications, vehicle monitoring applications, location services applications, sensor interface applications, etc.). 
     The example node  1100  may also comprise one or more processors  1180  and memory devices  1190 . The processor(s)  1180  may, for example, comprise any of a variety of processor characteristics. For example, the processor(s)  1180  may comprise one or more of a general purpose processor, RIS processor, microcontroller, ASIC, DSP, video processor, etc.). The memory device(s)  1190  may, for example comprise any of a variety of memory characteristics. For example, the memory device(s)  1190  may comprise a volatile memory, non-volatile memory, etc. The memory device(s)  1190  may, for example, comprise a non-transitory computer-readable (or machine-readable) medium that comprises software instructions that when executed by the processor(s)  1180 , cause the node  1100  (or modules or entities thereof) to perform any or all of the functionality discussed herein (e.g., with regard to the example methods discussed herein, etc.). The memory device(s)  1190  may, for example, store node information (e.g., CNL information, Wi-Fi hotspot list information, NIB information, configurable cost function information, etc.). The memory device(s)  1190  may also, for example, store any or all of the context information discussed herein (e.g., vehicle context information, intersection context information, etc.). The memory device(s)  1190  may additionally, for example, store any or all of the information discussed herein regarding vehicle travel (or trajectory) actions to take, actions taken, etc. 
     As explained herein, the functionality (e.g., vehicle action determination and/or implementation functionality, etc.) discussed herein may be performed in a single node, for example any or all of the nodes discussed herein, but may also be performed in a distributed manner in which respective portions of the functionality discussed herein are performed by respective nodes. 
     In accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, examples of the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,192, titled “Communication Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for integrating such networks and/or components with other networks and systems, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/221,997, titled “Integrated Communication Network for A Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for synchronizing such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,016, titled “Systems and Methods for Synchronizing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,042, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for monitoring such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,066, titled “Systems and Methods for Monitoring a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for detecting and/or classifying anomalies in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,077, titled “Systems and Methods for Detecting and Classifying Anomalies in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing mobility in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,098, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing connectivity in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,121, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Connectivity a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for collecting sensor data in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,135, titled “Systems and Methods for Collecting Sensor Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for interfacing with such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,145, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for interfacing with a user of such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,150, titled “Systems and Methods for Interfacing with a User of a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for data storage and processing in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,168, titled “Systems and Methods for Data Storage and Processing for a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for vehicle traffic management in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,183, titled “Systems and Methods for Vehicle Traffic Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for environmental management in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,186, titled “Systems and Methods for Environmental Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing port or shipping operation in such networks and/or components, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/222,190, titled “Systems and Methods for Port Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Sep. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing the accuracy of positioning or location information based at least in part on historical data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,828, titled “Utilizing Historical Data to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing the accuracy of position or location of positioning or location information based at least in part on the utilization of anchors, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/244,930, titled “Using Anchors to Correct GPS Data in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing communication between applications, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,368, titled “Systems and Methods for Inter-Application Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for probing, analyzing and/or validating communication, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/246,372, titled “Systems and Methods for Probing and Validating Communication in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Oct. 26, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for adapting communication rate, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/250,544, titled “Adaptive Rate Control for Vehicular Networks,” filed on Nov. 4, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for reconfiguring and adapting hardware, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,878, titled “Systems and Methods for Reconfiguring and Adapting Hardware in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for optimizing the gathering of data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/253,249, titled “Systems and Methods for Optimizing Data Gathering in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 10, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing delay tolerant networking, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,421, titled “Systems and Methods for Delay Tolerant Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 19, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for improving the coverage and throughput of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/265,267, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Coverage and Throughput of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for coordinating channel utilization, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,858, titled “Channel Coordination in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for implementing a network coded mesh network in the network of moving things, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/257,854, titled “Systems and Methods for Network Coded Mesh Networking in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 20, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for improving the coverage of fixed access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/260,749, titled “Systems and Methods for Improving Fixed Access Point Coverage in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Nov. 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing mobility controllers and their network interactions, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/273,715, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing Mobility Controllers and Their Network Interactions in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 31, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing and/or triggering handovers of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/281,432, titled “Systems and Methods for Managing and Triggering Handovers of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 21, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing captive portal-related control and management, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/268,188, titled “Captive Portal-related Control and Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 16, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for extrapolating high-value data, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/270,678, titled “Systems and Methods to Extrapolate High-Value Data from a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 22, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing remote software updating and distribution, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/272,750, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Software Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Dec. 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for providing remote configuration updating and distribution, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,662, titled “Systems and Methods for Remote Configuration Update and Distribution in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 14, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Still further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for adapting the network, for example automatically, based on user feedback, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,243, titled “Systems and Methods for Adapting a Network of Moving Things Based on User Feedback,” filed on Jan. 22, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Yet further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for enhancing and/or guaranteeing data integrity when building or performing data analytics, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/278,764, titled “Systems and Methods to Guarantee Data Integrity When Building Data Analytics in a Network of Moving Things,” Jan. 14, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Also, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for performing self-initialization and/or automated bootstrapping of mobile access points, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/286,515, titled “Systems and Methods for Self-Initialization and Automated Bootstrapping of Mobile Access Points in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Jan. 25, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Additionally, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for managing power supply and/or utilization, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/295,602, titled “Systems and Methods for Power Management in a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 16, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     Further, in accordance with various aspects of this disclosure, the networks and/or components thereof presented herein are provided with systems and methods for automating and easing the installation and setup of the infrastructure, non-limiting examples of which are provided in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/299,269, titled “Systems and Methods for Automating and Easing the Installation and Setup of the Infrastructure Supporting a Network of Moving Things,” filed on Feb. 24, 2016, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In summary, various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for achieving road action consensus in a network of moving things. As non-limiting examples, various aspects of this disclosure provide systems and methods for achieving road action consensus in vehicles (e.g., autonomous vehicles, manually controlled vehicles, etc.) of a network of moving things. While the foregoing has been described with reference to certain aspects and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular example(s) disclosed, but that the disclosure will include all examples falling within the scope of the appended claims.