Patent Publication Number: US-2006000296-A1

Title: Synchronization of sample and data collection

Description:
BACKGROUND  
      Embodiments of the present invention relate to the collection, testing and evaluation of samples.  
      In the analysis, identification, and discovery processes, samples are collected from humans and animals for evaluation in the field or in a laboratory. For example, in the treatment of diseases, biological sample are collected for evaluation and testing. In the collection process, it is desirable to accurately identify and associate a sample with a particular donor (i.e. specific human or animal origin). Additional data that may be required to be associated with the sample can include the date and time of collection, the location of collection, and demographic and personal or descriptive information about the donor. The collected data should also be accurately linked to the sample. Inaccurate identification or inaccurate association can lead to false identification, improper diagnosis, or erroneous treatment of the donor. Proper sample identification can also reduce the risk of improper use of a collected sample, for example, erroneous identification of a specimen blood type in a transplantation operation can lead to the rejection and ultimate fatality of a organ identified by a particular blood type.  
      However, conventional sample collection systems and methods allow numerous opportunities for errors to occur during the collection process. For example, in the collection of blood in a hospital, a doctor fills out a paper form requesting a particular test to be performed on an individual. The individual carries the paper form to a blood lab, where a phlebotomist reviews the document and selects appropriate containers, which are typically Vacutainers® Becton, Dickinson and Company, N.J., USA. In the collection process, the operator inserts a needle into a sample donor, which is connected to a tube that feeds a secondary needle that is inserted into a container. A negative pressure in the container sucks in blood to fill the container. Thereafter, the operator selects a second container and repeats the procedure to fill it, and so on, until a specific number of containers are filled to contain the requisite amount of blood needed for a prescribed test. Each container may require different sample sizes, or is made from different materials, or is pre-filled with different sample modifying agents, and consequently, the operator has to select the correct containers. Also, before or after the containers are filled, the operator has to print out suitable labels that specify the patient name, doctor, and type of test to be performed, and adhere the labels on the correct containers. In the busy hospital environment, the operator is often distracted during sample collection, and as a result, can select the wrong types of containers or remove the secondary needle from a container before it is properly filled. When a larger number of sample are taken from one donor in a number of different containers, the chances of mislabeling individual containers is also more likely. In addition, when a number of different blood withdrawals are being simultaneously conducted, there is always a possibility that the containers are inadvertently associated with the wrong patient, leading to an erroneous diagnosis or treatment of that patient.  
      The correlation of a sample with the erroneous donor becomes increasingly probable when a large number of sample are taken from a group of separate donors, especially in a field environment. In the diagnosis and prevention of epidemics, operators are sent out into the field to retrieve large numbers of sample from different donors. For example, in the outbreak of SARS, thousands of sample were collected from people across wide rural areas of China; and in outbreaks of mad cow disease, millions of brain tissue sample are collected from slaughtered cows. In such field situations, it becomes more likely that a sample will be inadvertently associated with the wrong donor. Also, the possibility of mislabeling an individual container in a large set is more likely with the increased number of containers and donors. This can lead to false determination of an outbreak region, resulting in the failure to quickly identify and contain the sources of outbreak of an epidemic, and eventually leading to the loss of many lives and substantial economic repercussions. Improper sample identification can also increase the risk of inadvertent exposure to sample contaminated with a hazardous material, germ or virus.  
      The accuracy of correlating a sample with the correct donor becomes even more important when the collected samples are processed in automated robotic systems. Automated robotic systems with inventory control software (example: LIMS—laboratory information management system) allow rapid and efficient testing of large collections of sample. However, the automated testing process is entirely dependent upon the accuracy of sample identification and correlation with the proper source.  
      Reducing the number of times and duration a sample is handled is also desirable because each instance of sample handling is an opportunity for a mistake or accident to happen. Minimization of human contact with collected sample increase safety. Additionally, a reduction in sample handling reduces time and cost in sample collection, processing, and testing. Reducing the number of times information related to a particular sample is transcribed is also highly desirable because each instance of transcription of information introduces an opportunity for error. A device that allows information to be entered only once greatly reduces potential errors and lowers operating costs.  
      It is further desirable to ensure that the sample is collected in a sufficient quantity for the intended testing procedure. Most testing procedures require a minimum amount of sample for accurate results. When sample are returned for testing because there is an insufficient material to carry out the required test—substantial time, money, and effort is wasted. Additionally, a new sample must be collected when information on a particular donor is critical. Obtaining the second sample is time consuming, expensive, and stressful for the donor, and can also be difficult if the donor&#39;s location is no longer known.  
      Thus, it is desirable to have a sample collection system that reduces errors in the collection of sample. It is further desirable to have a system capable of collecting the desired amount of a sample in a container without improper termination of the collection process. It is also desirable to increase the accuracy of correlation of containers and donors, especially when collecting large numbers of sample. It is further desirable to collect field sample in outlying areas without inadvertently mislabeling of the sample. It is also desirable to reduce the number of times and duration a sample is handled. It is further desirable to ensure that samples are collected in sufficient quantity for their intended tests. Further, it is desirable to have a sample collection system capable of minimizing the number of times sample information needs to be entered or transcribed.  
     SUMMARY  
      A sample collector to collect sample has a chassis with a plurality of receptacles in the chassis. Each receptacle is sized to receive a container and has a restraint positioned about the receptacle to restraint the container in the receptacle. The restraint has an open position that allows a container to be inserted into, or released from, the receptacle, and a locked position in which the container cannot be removed from the receptacle. A controller is also provided to determine at least one status signal, and in response to the status signal, send to the restraint, either of (i) an open signal to set the restraint to the open position, (ii) a lock signal to set the restraint to the locked position, or (iii) a stand-by signal to maintain the open or locked position of the restraint.  
      A method of collecting sample in the sample collector comprises placing a container in the receptacle in the chassis. The container is restrained in the receptacle by setting the restraint to the locked position in which the restraint locks-in the container. A sample may be provided in the container. The container is released by setting the restrain to the open position when the container is filled with the sample and any other required data collection and/or status signales have been completed.  
    
    
     DRAWINGS  
      These features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings which illustrate exemplary features of the invention:  
       FIG. 1  is a perspective schematic view of an embodiment of a sample collector;  
       FIG. 2  is a perspective partial sectional view of another version of a sample collector and receptacle;  
       FIG. 3  is a perspective partial sectional view of yet another type of receptacle;  
       FIG. 4  is a sectional side view of a receptacle with a container inside, an associated container detector, restraint, weight sensor, and label reader;  
       FIG. 5  is a sectional side view of another type of receptacle with a container inside, an associated container detector, restraint, weight sensor, and label reader;  
       FIGS. 6A and 6B  are sectional side views of another type of receptacle with a container inside and an associated restraint in the open and closed positions, respectively;  
       FIG. 6C  is a perspective view of an annular clasp having a locking slot and ID tag that can be slipped over a container;  
       FIG. 7  is a sectional side view of another type of receptacle with a container inside and an associated restraint;  
       FIG. 8  is a schematic of an embodiment of a controller of the sample collector;  
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of the hierarchal control structure of a computer program of the controller of  FIG. 8 ;  
       FIG. 10  is a flowchart of an embodiment of a sample collection process;  
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart of an embodiment of the control of the LEDs of the sample collector;  
       FIG. 12  is a perspective schematic view of a chair station with an exploded enlarged diagram of the control face of the sample collector attached to the chair station;  
       FIG. 13  is a perspective schematic view of an enclosed mobile collector station; and  
       FIG. 14  is a perspective schematic view of a hand held collector station.  
    
    
     DESCRIPTION  
      An embodiment of a sample collector  20  to collect one or more samples  22  in predefined containers  24 , is for example, shown in  FIG. 1 . The samples  22  collected may include, for example, biological specimens such as blood, urine, feces, bodily fluids, soft tissue and bacterial cultures; or other specimens such as water, minerals, air or soil. The sample  22  can be attached, adsorbed, or stabilized within the containers  24  by using special surfaces, reagents, or adsorbent materials. The containers  24  vary in size, shape, and contents, depending on the sample  22  being collected and the requirements of the testing or analysis process. For example, containers  24  for collecting blood typically comprise semi-transparent plastic tubes  28  sealed at their open end with a penetrable cap  32 , and that enclose a volume maintained at sub-atmospheric pressure to collect the blood sample  22 , such as for example, a Vacutainer® Becton, Dickinson and Company, N.J., USA. The containers  24  can be made in different sizes to collect different volumes of blood, varying both in length and diameter, and they can also be pre-loaded with different materials in the container. The pre-loaded materials can be, for example, heparin to inhibit coagulation of blood or sodium citrate. For most applications, the container  24  is also translucent or transparent to allow visual or optical determination of the level of sample  22  in the container.  
      The collector  20  comprises a chassis  40  with one or more receptacles  44  to receive the containers  24 . The chassis  40  surrounds the receptacles  44  to provide structural integrity to the receptacle  44 . In one version, the chassis  40  comprises a box  48  that has enclosed surfaces  52  that surround three receptacles  44   a - c  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The receptacles  44   a - c  are disposed in the box  48  so that when containers  24   a - c  are inserted in the receptacles, a portion  50  of each container  24   a - c  extends out of the box  48 , to allow an operator to visually detect a sample level  193  of the sample  22  received in the container  24  is outside the box  48 . The receptacles  44  can also receive a minimum portion of the container  24  that is necessary to secure the container in the receptacle so that the size of the collector  20  can be minimized for portable applications.  FIG. 2  shows a sample collector  20  comprising an open frame  56  of cross-connected beams  58  without walls (not shown) that forms a rectangular or X-configuration which allows an operator to see the entire contents of the containers  24  within the open frame  56 . Optionally, a shield  60  can also be mounted on the open frame  56  (as shown) to allow an operator to view the contents of containers  24  while obscuring the view of the containers  24  from the sample donor.  
      Each of the receptacles  44  in the chassis  40  is shaped and sized to receive a container  24 . For example, the container  24  is a hollow cylinder  70  having a flat round end  72 , as shown in  FIG. 2 , the receptacle  44  comprises an internal surface  73  that is also cylindrical in shape and that ends in a flat round bottom  74  that is shaped to receive. As another example, when the container  24  is a half-cylindrical tube  76  with a half-cylinder end  78 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , the receptacle  44  has matching half-cylinder end  79 . In a further example, when the container  24  is a hollow cylinder  70  having a rounded tapered end  80 , the receptacle  44  is also shaped with cylindrical internal surfaces  73  that follow the contour of the external surfaces  82  of the cylinder  70  and has a rounded cup surface  84  that receives the rounded tapered end  80  of the cylinder  70 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . Alternatively, the receptacle  44  can also be shaped with a tapered conical end (not shown) or with a reversed spherical end with a recessed dome (also not shown), to match corresponding shapes of the container  24 .  
      The receptacle  44  can also guide the containers  24  so that each container  24  becomes oriented in a particular direction. For example, the receptacle  44  and container  24  can have matching asymmetric shapes so that the container  24  has a particular orientation when properly inserted in a receptacle, as shown in  FIG. 3 . In the version shown, the container  24  is a half-cylindrical tube  76  that fits into a receptacle  44  that is also shaped like a matching half-cylinder hollow  86 . The asymmetric shaped receptacle  44  with a semi-circular rounded side  87  and a flat side  88  also holds the container  24  more securely by preventing rotational slippage. Instead of an asymmetric shape, the receptacle  44  can also have an orientation tab  90  that guides an orienting slot  92  in the body of the container  24  so that the container  24  always sits in the receptacle  44  facing a particular direction as shown in  FIG. 2 . Conversely, the orienting slot  92  can be located inside the receptacle  44  and the cylinder  70  of the container  24  can have an orientation tab  90  that fits into the orientation slot  92  (not shown). The orientation tab  90  can be an elongated track or a short protrusion as shown in  FIGS. 2 and 4   
      In one version, a container detector  96  is provided about the receptacle  44  to detect the presence of a container  24  in the receptacle  44 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . The container detector  96  can be a touch or pressure sensitive device mounted about the internal surfaces  73  of the receptacle  44  so that a container  24  inserted into the receptacle  44  comes in contact with the detector  96 . A suitable touch sensor comprises a contact switch or electrical resistance device that generates a signal on being touched by a container  24 . A suitable container detector  96  can also be an optical beam  98  that is broken (as shown), an electrical circuit that is opened or closed, or a secondary function of a sample sensor (such as a pressure sensitive sensor as described below) that indicates when a container  24  has been inserted sufficiently far into the receptacle  44 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the container detector  96  can be a combination of a paired beam source  99  and beam receiver  100 . The beam source  99  generates an optical beam  98  which passes through the empty volume of a receptacle  44  in which there is no container  24  to be received by the beam receiver  100 . However, when a container  24  is inserted into the path of the beam  98 , the body of the container itself, or a beam blocking tag  102  on the container  24  blocks the optical beam  98  from the beam receiver  100  to indicate detection of a container  24  in the receptacle  44 . The container detector  96  generates a status signal comprising a container received signal which indicates if a container  24  is properly received in a receptacle  44 . When the container  24  is improperly placed into the receptacle  44 , the container detector  96  can also generate a container received signal that indicates that the container  24  is improperly placed into the receptacle  44  to allow ejection of the container  24 .  
      A restraint  104  is positioned about each receptacle  44  in the chassis  40  to restrain the container  24  in the receptacle, as for example, shown in FIGS.  4  to  7 . Generally, the restraint  104  has an open position that allows a container  24  to be inserted into, or released from, the receptacle  44 ; and a locked position in which the container  24  is locked into and cannot be removed from the receptacle  44 . The restraint can generate a status signal comprising a restraint status signal that contains information on the position and status of the restraint. One version of a restraint  104  that is positioned near the bottom portion  105  of the receptacle  44  in the chassis  40  to restrain the container  24 , is shown in  FIG. 4 ,  FIGS. 6A  (open position) and  6 B (locked position). The restraint  104  comprises a locking pin  122  that is inserted into a corresponding locking slot  124  in the body of the container  24 . The locking pin  122  and slot  124  are positioned to be on matching portions of the container  24  and receptacle  44 . The locking pin  122  has a tapered end  123  that is oriented so that the slope of the taper faces the opening of the receptacle  44 , such that during insertion of a container  24 , the locking pin  122  is pushed aside by the downward force exerted by the downwardly pressed sidewall  108  of the container  24  on the tapered end  123 , which in turn, generates a force against a locking spring  126  to push back the locking pin  122 , as shown in  FIG. 6A . When the container  24  has been inserted sufficiently deep into the receptacle  44 , the locking pin  122  encounters a locking slot  124  and extends into it because the locking spring  126  expands outward from a compressed position exerting a biasing force on the locking pin  122 , as shown in  FIG. 6B . Removal of the container  24  is prevented when the locking pin  122  of the restraint  104  is set into the locked position in the locking slot  124 . To retract the locking pin  122  to remove the container  24 , an electromagnetic solenoid  128  is powered by an electromagnetic power supply  130 , causing magnetization of the armature  132 , which attracts and pulls back the metal disc  133  mounted on the axial pin  134  attached to the locking pin  122  to retract the pin  122 . Thus, when the restraint  104  is set to the open position, the locking pin  122  is pulled out of the locking slot  124  and held in this position to allow the container  24  to be removed from the receptacle  44 . Typically, the armature  132  is a metal disc  133 , and optionally also the axial pin  134 , are made from ferromagnetic materials, such as iron or ferrite materials. The axial pin  134  is sized to fit into, and slide in and out of, the locking spring  126 .  
      While the locking slot  124  is shown as integral to the sidewall  108  of the container  24 , the slot  124  can also be in an annular clasp  136  slipped over the sidewall  108  of the container  24  prior to insertion of the container  24  into the receptacle  44 , as shown in  FIG. 6C . Additionally, the annual clasp  136  may also have an ID tag  184  associated with it. The annular clasp  136  is useful when the containers  24  have a predetermined shape, such as a cylindrical shape, such as the aforementioned Vacutainers®.  
      In another version, the restrain comprises a clamp  106  having a pad  103  that grips the sidewall  108  of the container  24  with frictional forces shown in  FIG. 4 . The pad  103  is biased against the container  24  by a spring  105  that sits inside a spring housing  107  and pushes against the clamp  106 . The container pushes aside the pad  103  when inserted into the receptacle until the pad  103  traverses the rounded tapered end  80  of the container and reaches the flat sidewall  108  where the spring  105  behind the pad  103  is fully compressed and firmly secures the container  24 . To remove the container  24 , it is rotated and eased around until the rounded tapered end  80  gradually slides over the pad allowing the spring to expand into the additional distance between the pad  103  and container sidewall  108 , and thus, reducing the force exerted by the spring  105  via the pad  103  on the container  24  allowing its removal.  
      Another version of a restraint  104  comprises a pair of clamps  106   a,b  that grip opposing sides of the sidewalls  108  of containers  24 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . The clamps  106   a,b  are oriented such that during insertion of a container  24 , they are pushed aside and generates minimal friction (not shown). When removal of the container  24  is attempted with the restraint  104  set to the closed position (as shown), the sidewalls  108  of the container  24  pull the clamps  106   a,b  toward the container  24 . The action of pulling the clamps  106   a,b  into the sidewall  108  of the container  24  generates a force sufficient for friction between the clamps  106   a,b  and the container  24  to inhibit removal of the container  24 . In the version shown, the clamps  106   a,b  each comprise gripping pads  112   a,b  having a toothed surface  114   a,b.  The gripping pads  112   a,b  are connected to lever arms  110   a,b  that pivot on spring arms  118   a,b , which are biased toward the container sidewall  108  by an spring enclosed within a solenoid  120   a,b.  To set the clamps into the open position the solenoid  120   a,b  retracts the lever arms  110   a,b  when activated.  
      Another version of restraint  104 , as shown in  FIG. 7 , comprises a locking wedge  140  that is spring biased against the sidewall  108  of the container  24 . The locking wedge  140  is biased by a locking spring  126  that is inside a lock cylinder  142  and presses against a back face  144  of the locking wedge  140 . The front face  146  of the locking wedge  140  is shaped so that the sidewall  108  of the container  24  when initially inserted into the receptacle  44 , pushes the locking pin back into the lock cylinder  142  and compresses the locking spring  126 . When the container  24  is inserted a sufficient distance into the receptacle, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the locking wedge  140  encounters a locking slot  124  that matches the shape of the wedge  140 , causing the wedge  140  to become locked into the slot  124  to lock in the container  24 . To allow removal of the container  24 , a drive  148  is activated to withdraw a plunger  150  behind the locking spring  126 , which retracts the locking spring  126  to withdraw the locking wedge  140  from the slot  124 , thus, freeing the container  24  for removal.  
      An ejector  160  within the receptacle  44  can also be provided to eject a container  24  that is not properly inserted in the receptacle  44 , of the wrong type, or upon completion of the sample collection process, as shown in FIGS.  2  thru  5 . Generally, the ejector  160  comprises a compressible ejection spring  162  located at the bottom portion  105  of the receptacle  44 . The ejector can also generate a status signal comprising an ejector signal containing information about the position and status of the ejector. Initially, when a container  24  is inserted in the receptacle  44 , the flat round end  72  of the container  24  in  FIG. 2 , or the half-cylinder end  78  of the container  24  in  FIG. 3 , compresses the spring  162  until the container  24  is restrained by a restraint (not shown). Referring to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the ejection spring  162  can also be mounted to press against a cup  164  which has a rounded cup surface  84  that receives the rounded end  80  of the container  24 . The restraints  104  about the receptacle  44  prevent the container  24  from being pushed back upwards by the spring  162 . When ejection of the container  24  is desired the restraints  104  are set to the open position to allow the ejection spring  162  to push back the container  24  upwards to eject the container from the receptacle.  
      A blocker  170  can also be used to block insertion of a container  24  in a receptacle  44 . In one version, the blocker  170  comprises a blocking plate  172  that is connected to a drive shaft  173  powered by a blocking drive  174 , as shown in  FIG. 3  in the retracted position. The blocking plate  172  can be a circular disc, as shown, or any other shape that would operate to prevent the motion of the container  24  into the receptacle  44 . The blocking plate  172  slides into position into the receptacle  44  through a blocking slot  176  when the blocking drive  174  is triggered by a blocking signal. Alternatively, a restraint  104  can also serve as a blocker  172  by being activated to be in a locked (or closed) position when the receptacle  44  is empty such that a container  24  cannot be inserted into the receptacle  44  once the restraint  104  is locked. The blocker can generate a status signal comprising a blocker signal that contains information about the position and status of the blocker.  
      A tag reader  180  is provided to read an identification (ID) tag  184  on a received container  24  containing information about the container. The tag reader  180  can be an optical sensor  186  that scans the ID tag  184  with a laser beam  187  that rapidly scans though a fixed viewing angle, as shown in  FIG. 4 . The tag reader  180  can also be bar code reader  188  that reads an ID tag  184  comprising a set of bar codes on the container  24  that forms the ID tag  184 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . The orientation of the container  24  can be set to assist in allowing the tag reader  180  to read the ID tag  184 . The ID tag  184  can contain information relating to an encoded and unique serial number and can also contain information about the type, size, properties, volume, manufacturer, or use of a particular container; and may also identify reagents that are maintained inside the container  24  for particular applications, for example, reagents that prevent blood from clotting. The ID tag  184  can also be pre-printed and affixed to the container  24  with information about the sample  22 , such as the donor, the volume or weight of sample  22  to be collected, the location of collection, and other data that is associated with the donor. The ID tag  184  can also be a printed label, bar code or an RF tag. Data collected during sample collection can also be uploaded into the memory of the RF tag. The tag reader  180  generates a status signal comprising a container tag signal that contains the information read from the ID tag  184  on the container  24  and transmits the signal to the controller  200 . The tag reader  180  can also generate a status signal comprising a container void signal which would indicate if the container is defective or otherwise void, for example, if the container has already been used.  
      A sample sensor  190 , which may be an optoelectronic sensor having a beam source  191   a  that transmits an optical beam  194  to a facing beam receiver  191   b.  When sample  22  is gradually added to the container  24  it eventually breaks the optical beam  194  which causes the sample sensor to generate a status signal comprised of a sample signal to the controller  200  indicating that the presence of a sample  22  in the container has been detected. The amount or volume of sample  22  introduced into the container  24  can also be detected when the source and receiver  191   a,b  being mounted facing each other near a sample end  192  of the receptacle  44  at a height corresponding to the desired sample level  193 . The sample sensor  190  can also be a weight detecting sensor  195  mounted on the surface  84  of the receptacle  44  that is directly below the container  24  to detect the weight of the resting container  24 , such as a piezoelectric pressure sensitive devices, as shown in  FIG. 5 . By sample level  193  it is meant a level of fluid, or a weight of sample  22 , that is received in the container  24 . Optionally, the sample sensor  190  can also perform a calibrated measurement of the amount of sample  22  actually received in a container  24  and generate a signal in proportion to the amount of sample  22  that is outputted as the sample signal. When a container  24  that is initially inserted into a receptacle  44  already has sample into or is not clean, the sample sensor  190  can also generate a sample signal that indicates an error, namely that the inserted container is not empty.  
      A controller  200  is provided to control operation of the restraint  104  and other systems and hardware of the sample collector  20 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . Typically, the controller  200  comprises a computer  204  having a central processing unit (CPU)  208 , such as a Pentium processor commercially available from Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif., coupled to a memory  210  and peripheral computer components. The memory  210  may include a removable storage  212 , such as a CD, floppy drive, or flash memory; a non-removable storage  214 , such as a hard drive; and random access memory (RAM)  216 . The controller  200  may further comprise a hardware interface  218  comprising analog or digital input and output boards, motor controller boards, and solenoids. An operator can communicate with the controller  200  via a display  220  and data input device  222 . To select a particular screen or function, the operator enters the selection using the data input device  222 , which may be a keyboard or light pen. An input output (IO) hub  224  is provided to receive and transmit signals to the external environment, and has various conventional internal and external ports  226 ,  228 , respectively. The controller  200  also interfaces through the IO hub  224  to a receptacle controller  230 , which may be located in the computer or in the chassis  40  of the sample collector  20 , and that contains hardware interface boards that can receive and send signals to a plurality of receptacles  44   a,b,  as schematically shown in  FIG. 8 .  
      The computer  204  can also communicate with an external host computer  232 , which stores patient information, sample collection procedures, or even patient medical history and safety information. For example, in a hospital, a host computer  232  maintained at a central location in the hospital can be used to collect and store all patient and testing data, which is then made available to other local computers  204  through a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).  
      The controller  200  also comprises a computer readable program  250  stored in the memory  210 . The computer readable program  250  comprises program code capable of evaluating received data signals and operating the receptacle components of the collector  20  by sending instructions via instruction signals. The computer readable program  250  may be written in any conventional programming language. Suitable program code is entered into single or multiple files using a conventional text editor and stored or embodied in computer-usable medium of the memory. If the entered code text is in a high level language, the code is compiled, and the resultant compiler code is then linked with an object code of pre-compiled library routines. To execute the linked, compiled object code, the user invokes the object code, causing the CPU to read and execute the code to perform the tasks identified in the program.  
      An illustrative control structure of an embodiment of a suitable computer readable program  250  is shown in  FIG. 9 . The program  250  controls the mechanical devices, sensors, and feedback displays  220  of the sample collector  20 . The program  250  also communicates with externally attached devices, other computers, and generally manages the sample collection process. When initially activated, the program  250  begins by running a diagnostic instruction set  252  to determine if the sample collector  20  is functioning properly. Additionally, the diagnostic instruction set  252  determines the number and type of devices available both internally and externally. Next a login procedure set  254  is used to determine status of the operator, which can include the identification of the operator, the level of authority that the operator has for data access, sample collection, device configuration, and other operational procedures. The level of authority associated with a specific operator may be stored in a Look-up Table within the memory  210  accessible to the computer  204 . Next a mode selection set  256  allows the operator to choose the mode of operation. Available modes include a sample collection mode and a maintenance procedures mode. Other modes can be added to facilitate the collection process if necessary. Additionally, the operator has the opportunity to set and change parameter settings for sample collection.  
      The sample collection instruction set  260  controls the sample collection process, an example of which is illustrated in  FIG. 9 . For example, the sample collection instruction set  260  can include instruction sets to perform the tasks of procedure determination  262 , sample qualification  264 , data qualification  266 , sample container qualification  268 , printer instructions  270 , restraint control  269 , and results recording  272 . The sample collection instruction set  260  can also perform additional functions such as data collection  274 , donor identification  276 , external instructions retrieval  278 , and machine generated information  280 . The instruction set  260  can also perform further tasks, such as checking to see if an identified sample donor has additional outstanding requests for sample collection. The instruction set  260  also allows the operator to override steps in the sample collection procedure if the operator has been allowed these privileges.  
      The procedure determination instruction set  262  determines the sample collection procedure to be performed and returns information describing the requirements of the sample collection procedure from a Look-up Table to the sample collection instruction set  260 . The Look-up Table can be stored in the memory  210  as local or removable memory, or on a network depending upon the frequency of updating required for sample collection procedures. A sample collection procedure can specify the number of samples  22  required, the type of containers  24  to be used, the data required to be associated with the sample  22 , the level and amount of error correction, the method of results recording, and other parameters necessary to complete the sample collection process.  
      The sample collection procedure can be determined through a variety of methods. Three such methods are by default, by the operator, or by a Look-up Table. The specific method used to determine the sample collection procedure is specified during the mode selection  256  stage of the program  250  and can be further specified by an operator using the configuration instruction set  290 . After the sample collection procedure is determined, the procedure determination instruction set  262  then looks up the requirements for the collection procedure and returns this information to the sample collection instruction set  260 .  
      When a default sample collection procedure is specified the procedure determination instruction set  262  returns the default setting. When an operator determines the sample collection procedure the data input device  222  is used by the operator to indicate suitable choices. The sample collection instruction set  260  may indicate to the operator a list of possible collection procedures retrieved from a Look-up Table. The list of possible collection procedures can be limited by using information available to the program. For example, when a container  24  specific for a single or limited set of collection procedures has previously been inserted into the device then the list of possible collection procedures indicated to the operator can be limited by this container type.  
      When a Look-up Table is used to specify the collection procedure a variety of different methods can be used. These methods include querying a Look-up Table by a sample donor&#39;s identification, by non-donor specific information, by information generated from machine read forms, or by information delivered to the device from an external source. The specific method used to determine the sample collection procedure via a Look-up Table is specified during the mode selection  256  stage of the program and can be further specified by an operator using the configuration instruction set  290 .  
      When the identity of a sample donor is used to determine the sample collection procedure, a Look-up Table containing collection procedures to be performed for specific sample donors is used. The identity of the donor is determined using the donor identification instruction set  276  and the Look-up Table is queried for uncompleted sample collection procedures associated with the specific donor.  
      When non-donor specific information is used to determine the sample collection procedure, a Look-up Table containing collection procedures to be performed for specific instances is used. Non-donor specific information can be a specific time of day, location, or other parameter that has been pre-assigned to determine a sample collection procedure. The non-donor specific information is determined and a Look-up Table is queried for the sample collection procedures associated with the specific non-donor specific information.  
      When machine generated information  280  is used to determine the sample collection procedure a Look-up Table containing collection procedures is used. The machine generated information that specifies the collection procedure is returned after executing the machine generated information instruction set  280 . For example, a form is provided indicating the type of collection procedure to be performed. The form is machine read, translated, and the collection procedure indicated is returned.  
      The external instructions retrieval instruction set  278  is used to retrieve information from the memory  210  or an external source, such as the host computer  232 , which is stored in an external Look-up Table containing sample collection procedures. The collection procedure information is returned after executing the external source information instruction set  278 . For example, the host computer  300  can send a request for a specific sample collection procedure to the device by using a network connection. This triggers the external source instruction set  282  that then calls the external instructions retrieval instruction set  278 .  
      The sample qualification instruction set  268  determines the completeness of sample collection as specified by sample collection procedure. The instruction set  268  collects information about the collected sample  22  and compares the readings to the sample collection procedure requirements. Information about the collected sample  22  can include the presence or absence of sample in a container  24 , the level or amount of sample in the container  24  as indicated by the sample signal, and other parameters that may be required to insure a properly collected sample. For example, when a sample collection procedure requires a minimum level of sample to be collected. The sample qualification instruction set  268  would determine the sample quantity, compare it against the sample collection procedure specification, and return the results.  
      The data qualification instruction set  266  determines the completeness of data collection as specified by sample collection procedure. The instruction set  266  collects information about collected data and compares the information to the sample collection procedure requirements. This information can include the presence or absence of data, the quality or amount of data collected, the ID tag  184  of the sample container  24  indicated by the container tag signal, and other parameters that may be required to insure a properly collected sample  22 . For example, when a sample collection procedure requires a minimum of data to be collected, the data qualification instruction set  266  would determine the data quantity, compare it against the specification, and return the results. The data qualification instruction set  266  generates a status signal comprising a data received signal that indicates whether data to be associated with a container  24  is received and complete.  
      The data collection instruction set  274  collects the data specified by the sample collection procedure. The instruction set  274  allows the operator to input the specified data by different ways including via keyboard, touch screen, machine readable forms, bar code scanner, thermometer, fingerprint scanner, blood pressure monitor, mouse, and other input devices. Information that is available to the collector  20  and does not require operator input is collected automatically. This includes status signals such as the container tag signal, the sample signal, and the container detector signal. Additional information may include the date, time, location, donor identification, information available via a network, and other values available to the collector  20 .  
      The data collection instruction set  274  also uses error detection and correction methods to improve the quality of the data collected. The level and amount of error checking is specified by the sample collection procedure, by the mode selection  256  stage of the program, and can be further specified by an operator using the configuration instruction set  290 . Error detection and correction methods can include the comparison of inputted data to expected ranges, the double checking of machine read forms by the operator, the double checking of machine read forms by an automatic system, the use of completion aids to help the operator when an input is incorrect but similar to an expected input, and by other error detection and correction methods.  
      The sample container qualification instruction set  268  determines the appropriateness of an inserted container  24  as specified by sample collection procedure. For example, the container qualification instruction set  268  can determine a status signal by evaluating a container received signal to determine if the container is properly received in the receptacle. The container qualification instruction set  268  can also determine a container type signal to determine the type of container that has been received in the sample receptacle by collecting information about the container  24  and comparing the readings to those specified by the sample collection procedure. Information about the container  24  can also include the presence or absence of sample  22  by determining a sample signal, a unique container identifier, the size or volume of the container, the manufacturer, the preloaded contents, the readability of the ID tag by determining a container tag signal, and other parameters that may be required to insure a properly collected sample  22 . For example, when a sample collection procedure requires a container  24  with a minimum container volume, a unique ID tag, and for the container  24  to be empty, the sample qualification instruction set  268  determines these parameters, compare them against the sample collection procedure specifications, and return the results in the form of a status signal.  
      The restraint control instruction set  269  controls operation of the restraints  104 . A status signal is determined by for example, the container qualification instruction set  268 , sample qualification instruction set  264 , data qualification instruction set  266 , results recording instruction set  272 , data collection instruction set  274 , or other instruction sets. The status signal can indicate receipt of one or more proper containers  24  into the receptacles  44 , filling of the containers  24  to the desired levels, determination of a proper label on a container  24 , or other containers related signals. The restraint control instruction set  269  receives the status signal and in response to the status signal, sends to the restraint  104  anyone of (i) an open signal to set the restraint  104  to the open position, (ii) a lock signal to set the restraint  104  to the locked position, or (iii) a stand-by signal to maintain the open or locked position of the restraint  104 . For example, if the status signal indicates that the wrong type of container  24  is received in a receptacle, the restraint control instruction set  269  sends to the particular restraint  104 , an open signal to set the restraint to the open position if the restraint is already set to a locked position upon insertion of a container  24  into the receptacle  44 , or a stand-by signal if the restraint  104  is already in the open position. Conversely, if the status signal indicates that the correct type of container  24  is received in a receptacle  44 , the restraint control instruction set  269  sends to the restraint  104  a lock signal to lock-in the container  24 . Similarly, when the status signal indicates that a sample, or the proper amount of sample has been received in the container  24 , the restraint control instruction set  269  sends to the restraint  44  an open signal to open the restraint to open it and allow the container  24  to be removed from the receptacle  44 . A another example would be when the status signal indicates a proper container, proper sample amount, proper data collection, proper restraint position, proper ejector position, proper blocker position, and proper results recording, the restraint control instruction set  269  then sends to the restraint  44  an open signal to open the restraint to open it and allow the container  24  to be removed from the receptacle  44 .  
      The results recording instruction set  272  collects all available data from the sample collection device, program, and process and records this information as specified by the sample collection procedure. The instruction set  272  can generate a status signal comprised of a results recording signal that contains information on the outcome of the recording procedure. Available data can include results from the data collection instruction set  274 , the data qualification instruction set  266 , the sample qualification instruction set  264 , the container qualification instruction set  268 , the procedure determination instruction set  262 , the diagnostic procedures  252 , the login procedures  254 , date, time, location, temperature, device serial number, or other available data.  
      The locations, medium, and methods of data recording are specified by the sample collection procedure. Recording locations can include internal and external locations relative to the device, removable and fixed hardware, across a network to a distant device, and other locations. Multiple locations for data storage may be specified. Recording mediums can include dynamic and static random access memory, magnetic media, optical media, printed media, and other media. Methods of data recording can include un-encrypted information, encrypted information, or a combination of the two. If specified by the sample collection procedure, external Look-up Tables, accessible via a network, are updated by the results recording instruction set  272 . For example, if a sample collection procedure was completed as required by an external Look-up Table then this Look-up Table can be modified to indicate the procedure is complete.  
      If the sample collection procedure requires the generation of printed media the printer instruction set  270  is called. The printer instruction set  270  controls internal and external printing devices. The instruction set  270  can also convert data into different symbologies, which can include text, character based languages, one-dimensional bar codes, two dimensional codes, and other symbologies. The instruction set  270  can also encrypt data before sending it to the printing device. Format and control information for different printing devices is stored in a Look-up Table. When specified by the sample collection procedure the printer instruction set  270  may allow the operator the option for duplicate printing or other printing functions. For example, a sample collection procedure may require the generation of an ID tag or label to be affixed onto the container. This label is specified to display all the information collected during the sample collection process, in an encrypted format, and as a machine readable two dimensional code. The printer instruction set  270  would then encrypt the data, generates the two dimensional code, and instructs the printer to print the label.  
      The donor identification instruction set  276  determines the identity of the sample donor. The identity of the donor can be determined and inputted by the operator, an optical reader capable of scanning a donor&#39;s identity card or papers, a magnetic reader capable of reading a donor&#39;s identity card, a fingerprint reader capable of determining the donor&#39;s identity from fingerprints, and other devices. The method used to determine a donor&#39;s identity is specified by the mode selection  256  stage of the program and can be further specified by an operator using the configuration instruction set  290 . The sample collection procedure can also specify a series of preferred methods and excluded methods for donor identification. Multiple methods of donor identification can be specified to insure the highest level of certainty of the donor&#39;s identity.  
      The machine generated information instruction set  280  collects information from external devices and translates this information into a usable format for the program. The collected information may be delivered by scanning of documents, wireless transmission from external devices, and other input methods. The method to be used is specified by the mode selection  256  stage of the program and can be further specified by an operator using the configuration instruction set  290 . The sample collection procedure can also specify a series of preferred methods and excluded methods for machine generated information.  
      The external source instruction set  282  receives unsolicited information from external sources, such as the host computer  232 . This information arrives without a query from the program. Information can arrive for a variety of purposes. These purposes include requests for specific collection procedures to be performed, updates for software, updates for Look-up Tables, and other information necessary to operate the device. When the information is received the instruction set determines the appropriate way to handle the data and calls the appropriate instruction sets.  
      The maintenance procedures instruction set  282  allows the operator to reconfigure the sample collection device and program, and can include instruction sets that perform the tasks of uploading data, software and database updating, diagnostics, configuration, and other tasks necessary for the operation and upkeep of the device. For example, the maintenance procedures instruction set  282  can include, for example, an upload data instruction set  284 , software and database updating instruction set  286 , diagnostic instruction set  288 , and configuring system instruction set  290 .  
      The upload data instruction set  284  transfers data from the controller&#39;s memory  210  to external computer memory such as that of the host computer  232  or other systems or devices. The instruction set  284  can also encrypt data to secure the data during the transfer. External memory systems and devices can include removable memory cards, removable memory media, and remote databases accessible using a communications network. The operator can select the method of data transfer and the destination of the data.  
      The software and database updating instruction set  286  allows the operator to check for updates, choose updates for download, and install updates. These updates can include modification of the sample collection procedure Look-up Tables, modification of configuration settings, modification of controller software, modification of user rights and privileges, and modification of other aspects of the device necessary for the operation of the device.  
      The diagnostic instruction set  288  allows the operator to test specific components of device and aids in the interpretation of the results. The instruction set  288  can also upload the results of diagnostic tests to an external device using a network.  
      The configuring system instruction set  290  allows the operator to configure procedures, data sources, printer settings, device configuration, encryption settings, communication protocols, and other settings necessary for the operation of the device.  
     EXAMPLES  
      The following examples illustrate embodiments of the present invention, and methods of practicing the invention, but should not be used to limit the invention in scope or content. Other embodiments as apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are included in the scope of the present invention.  
     Example 1  
      A physician orders a sample collection for a specific test for a specific donor. This is recorded in a network accessible Look-up Table. The sample donor arrives at a sample collection facility. The donor is identified to the sample collection device and the sample collection procedure is identified. The sample collection procedure is carried out by the operator. In this system the operator does not need to know how the sample  22  is to be tested. The donor does not have to carry any forms that can be lost, and the operator does not need to know the personal identity of the sample donor if a non-name identification system is used. The privacy of the sample donor can be protected throughout the process with only the physician having access to the results of the test. In another configuration even the physician could be excluded from knowing the results of the test and only the donor could have access to the results.  
      An operator can control the collector  20  using a data input device  222  comprising control switches  300  that are mounted on a display panel of the collector  20 , through data input entered from the device  222  itself, or through an external controller  200  that is in communication with the collector  20 . The control switches  300  can send control signals to facilitate sample collection, and may include operational functions such as abort, void, yes, no, up, down, and power on/off. For example, one control switch  300  can serve as an abort button that sends an abort signal to the controller  200  to abort the sample collection procedure. Upon receiving the abort signal, the controller  200  sends instructions to a restraint  104  to maintain an open position to allow an operator to manually remove a container  24 . The switches  300  can also be used in conjunction with the audio/visual feedback display  220  to program, test, and operate the collector  20 . The operator can also enter data using the data input device  222  that communicates with the controller  200 . The entered data is accepted and stored in a data Look-up Table of the memory  210  of the computer  204 . The operator may enter the data in response to menus or screens displayed on the display  220  that are generated by a data collection instruction set  274  of the computer program  250 . The controller  200  can also sends out control signals in response to received data signals or instructions signals. The control signals can be provided in different communication protocols, such as wireless protocols include WiFi/Airport, infrared/IrDA, and Bluetooth. Hard wired protocols include TCP/IP, USB, IEEE-1394, Ethernet, and other parallel and serial protocols.  
      In one version, the controller  200  receives a signal that includes information about at least one status signal (status signal). In response to the status signal, the controller  200  sends a control signal to the restraint  104 , comprising either (i) an open-up signal to set the restraint  104  to the open position, (ii) a lock-up signal to set the restraint  104  to the locked position, or (iii) a stand-by signal to continue to maintain the open or locked position of the restraint  104 . The controller  200  can operate the restraint  104  in response to the received status signal to ensure proper receipt of containers  24 , identify an incorrectly received container, ensure collection of the proper amount of sample  22 , insure proper collection of data, correlate data with the container, correct sample  22  identification, insure operator safety, and other functions.  
      The following examples illustrate different versions of the collector  20 , however, other versions and other functions as would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the present invention.  
      The sample collection process can be initiated in a number of different ways. For example, the operator can initiate the sample collection process by indicating the type of collection procedure to the controller  200 , which would then display the number and type of containers  24  that need to be loaded into the collector  20 . The operator can check an external source, such as for example, a patient record, list of outstanding sample or biometric information keyed to patient record, to determine the sample  22  requirements and the necessary collection procedure. This includes using the donor&#39;s identity to check for required collection procedures and/or authorize a procedure by confirming the identity of the patient. The donor&#39;s identity can be determined using a variety of methods including scanning a donor&#39;s identity card or identity bracelet, or using a biometric method.  
      The operator can also determine the type of collection procedure required from a hospital form filled out by a physician or nurse practitioner that indicates the type of sample  22  required and the associated collection procedure, and load the desired containers  24  into the sample  22  receptacle  44 . When the form is machine readable, the operator presents the machine readable form to a form reader which scans the form and communicates with the controller  200  to determine the type of collection procedure needed. The form reader can be a scanner  304  to read the form and a text or table processor program to extract the needed information from the form. The machine readable form can also be structured similarly as a questionnaire, especially in situations where the donor may have to provide written agreement and/or consent for a procedure, such as in the form of a signature, the complete image of the signature, can be communicated to the controller  200 . Further, complete images of each form can be communicated to and stored by the controller  200 , and all this information can be associated with the container. The controller  200  decodes the form to determine the collection procedure or other data, displays the number and type of containers  24  that need to be loaded into the collector  20 , and can also generate labels for the containers  24  or transmit information to the ID tags on the containers  24  to specify donor identification, analysis to be performed on sample  22 , or other information about the sample  22 .  
      In yet another method, the collection process is started when information is retrieved by the controller  200  from a host computer  232  upon entry of the sample donor&#39;s identification number or name by the operator. The operator can check an external source such as a patient record, list of outstanding samples, biometric information keyed to patient record or other sources, that indicates the patient identity or even the type of collection procedure that is necessary. The donor&#39;s identity can also be determined using a variety of methods including scanning a donor&#39;s identity card or identity bracelet, or using a biometric method.  
      Insertion of a proper container, or a set of containers  24 , into the receptacle  44  of the chassis  40 , can also initiate a collection procedure or may result in the controller  200  asking the operator for further data or other information before the collection procedure is determined. When containers  24  are placed in the receptacle  44 , the container detector  96  of the collector  20  sends a container recieved status signal to the controller  200 . The tag reader  86  then reads the ID tag on the container to determine the type or other identity of the container  24  and generates an appropriate status signal. The type and scope of the collection procedure is then determined by the operator and the controller  200  displays the number and type of containers  24  that need to be loaded into the collector  130 .  
      After initiation of a collection procedure, the requisite number and type of containers  24  are loaded into the collector  20 . When an empty container  24  is placed in a receptacle  44 , the container detector  96  detects the presence of the container  24  and sends a status signal to the controller  200  that indicates proper receipt of the container. If the container  24  is not received properly, for example, not fully inserted in the receptacle  44 , the detector sends a status signal indicating improper container receipt to the controller  200 . The controller  200  evaluates the status signal for each container  24  and if any container  24  is not properly received, the controller  200  sends a control signal to the restraint  104  to cause the restraint  104  to open from a lock position, remain open, or open and eject the container. In one implementation, when an empty container  24  is placed in the receptacle  44  in the chassis  40 , the container  24  is initially restrained in the receptacle  44  because the restraint  104  is of a type that automatically engages to a locked position when a container  24  is inserted in the receptacle  44 . Thereafter, the container detector  96  determines if the container  24  is properly received in the receptacle  44  and sends a status signal to the controller  200 . In another implementation, the restraint  104  remains in an open position when an empty container  24  is placed in the associated receptacle  44 . Only after verification of the proper placement of the container  24  is the restraint  104  locked around the container. A control switch  300 , designated as an abort switch, can also be provided so that an operator can activate the switch to send an abort signal to the controller  200 , which upon receiving the abort signal opens the restraint  104  or keeps it open.  
      After a container  24  is placed in a receptacle  44 , the tag reader  180  reads the ID tag  184  on the container  24  and sends a status signal containing the read-in information to the controller  200 , which evaluates the information by comparing it to data stored in a Look-up Table, and then sends a control signal to the restraint  104  and optional ejector, in relation to a determination of a status of the container. For example, the restraint  104  may be set to the locked position by a lock-up control signal from the controller  200  after the controller  200  determines from the status signal that the ID tag  184  identifies the correct type of container, or that the ID tag  184  contains correct information for the associated sample  22  to be inserted in the container. Alternatively, the container  24  is released or ejected when the status signal indicates that the type or information on the ID tag  184  of the container  24  is unreadable, the container  24  is of the incorrect type for the required collection procedure, or the ID tag  184  of the container  24  bears a unique identifier that lists the container  24  to be unacceptable, for example, voided from another process or already filled.  
      After proper receipt and identification of a container, a yellow light signal is provide to the operator who then starts the sample  22  retrieval process from a donor. For example, when blood is to be collected from a person, the operator inserts a butterfly needle into a vein of a donor. The needle is connected to a tube that has a device to puncture the seal of the container  24  at the opposite end. Sub-atmospheric pressure in the container  24  facilitates the flow of blood from the donor into the container. After sample  22  is received in a container, the sample sensor  190  generates a sample  22  status signal that indicates whether a container  24  has received sample  22  and sends it to the controller  200 . The sample status signal can also indicate the level of the sample  22  received in the container. When sufficient sample  22  is collected, as determined by the controller  200  comparing the actual sample level to a desired level in a Lookup Table, the controller  200  indicates a status of completion for the container  24  by activating a green light near a particular container  24 . The controller  200  can also activate the red light near the container, for example, by flashing the light, and send a signal to release or eject the container  24  when the sample level sensor determines a non-zero amount of sample  22  present for a container  24  that is expected to be empty. The controller  200  evaluates the sample level signal by comparing the measured sample level signal to a desired sample level value in a Look-up Table for that particular type container  24  or future analysis of the container. The Look-up Table contains previously entered or stored sample levels that are each associated with a particular container, particular analysis, or which are specifically entered or received for the particular container  24  in the receptacle  44 . A separate set of parameters for sample collection completion is used in particular instances where a sample  22  that needs to be collected does not fit into standard collection procedures, for example, when the sample  22  are being collected for outside processing (unique labeling requirements), for the transfer of sample  22  already collected into a new container, or when an operator overrides conventional procedures to apply a special procedure.  
      The controller  200  may also receive a status signal that indicates whether data to be associated with the container  24  has been received. This is an important feature to reduce errors in sample  22  identification when multiple sample are received in the collector  20 , especially in a field environment. In this version, when an operator activates the collector  20 , the controller  200  requests the data that is to be associated with the sample  22 , at the onset of sample collection, during sample collection, or afterwards. For example, in one version, when a number of containers  24  are placed in the receptacle  44 , the display can show a request for “sample identification” and provide data fields corresponding to the number of received containers  24 . The associated sample  22  ID data fields may include, for example, donor identity and ID number, location, and tests to be performed. In more complex scenarios, for example in field sample collection during a disease outbreak of unknown origin, the number of associated data fields may number in the tens to hundreds with each field containing complex responses. After the requisite information is entered, the computer program of the controller  200  records a status signal that indicates completion of data entry. This signal may be used as a trigger to release or eject the containers  24  when the sample collection process is completed assuming all other sample collection procedures and statuses have been completed. In another version, the controller  200  requests for, and receives data from a networked source or host computer, after the operator enters a donor ID name or number, and upon receipt of the data, records the appropriate data received signal. The controller  200  may also, upon command from the operator, send control signals to a printer to instruct the printer to print out the data entry fields as on label feedstock for fixing as labels on the filled containers  24 .  
      The containers  24  in the receptacle  44  are released by the controller  200  upon completion of sample collection, and an optional data received status, by setting the restrain to the open position, and optionally, activating the ejector springs to eject the containers  24 . The containers  24  may also be released only after the controller  200  verifies completion of the sample collection process which is determined by the sample level status signal, the data acquisition and association signal, and other status signals that may be required by specific sample collection procedures. Additional requirements for container release may include that a proper identifier label has been affixed to the container, and optionally, determination that the information entered on an identifier label is correct. Information can also be printed directly onto the container  24  automatically, by the operator, or through the uploading of data onto a RF tag that is associated with the container. Color printing allows for more options when adding information to a container. When privacy issues are important the identifier label can also be encrypted to protect the donor&#39;s identity, sample  22  type, or testing purpose. The sample  22  identifier labels can be printed by the controller  200  using a conventional printer, and thereafter attached to each container  24  by the operator.  
      The collector  20  can use a document scanner  304  to communicate information to the controller  200 . This information can be scanned forms, documents, or images that pertain to the type of sample collection procedure or to the sample themselves. Information contained on the forms can be recorded as digital images or can be interpreted. This information would be linked to the container&#39;s unique ID and/or to the sample donor&#39;s ID. An example of interpretation is when a form, containing a series sample collection procedures followed by boxes for check marks, is scanned and converted from the image into a signal to the controller  200  to perform the specific collection procedures indicated by the check marks. The scanner  304  can be built into the collector  20 , mounted near the collector  20  and in communication with collector  20 , or in communication with an external controller  200 .  
      A digital camera can be used to communicate information to the controller  200 . The digital camera can provide images of the sample donor or associated information relevant to the sample collection procedure. This information would be linked to the container&#39;s unique ID and/or to the sample donor&#39;s ID. The camera can be built into the collector  20 , mounted near the collector  20  and in communication with collector  20 , or in communication with an external controller  200 .  
      The controller  200  may also determine the location of receipt of a particular sample  22  or set of sample, and store the information in an associated Table in the memory. A global positioning system (GPS) can be connected to the controller  200  to provide appropriate geographical coordinates, or alternatively, the controller  200  can also request location coordinates from the operator.  
      The controller  200  can also be connected to a biometric sensor for biometric data collection that also communicates with the controller  200 . The biometric sensor can scan fingerprints, retinal scans, digital photos, or can even determine a combination of weight, height, or shape of individual. The biometric data signal can be used by the controller  200  to determine or verify the identity of a sample donor using stored data or by comparing the biometric data to data retrieved from an external host computer. Biometric data can also be used to regulate operator access to the controller  200 —similar to a password.  
      The controller  200  can also have the ability to control other devices, such as for example, but not limited to scanners, bar code readers, printers, digital cameras, keyboards, scales, thermometers for external environmental and internal sample donor measurements, other devices that characterize the sample donor or environment, finger print readers, iris readers, and other biometric devices. A variety of communication protocols can be employed to this purpose including, wireless protocols such as WiFi/Airport, infrared/IrDA, and Bluetooth; hard wired protocols such as TCP/IP, USB, IEEE-1394, Ethernet, and other parallel and serial protocols. For example, the controller  200  can be connected to a hand operated bar code scanner can be used to confirm information of a patient or donor as determined by a scan of the persons ID tag.  
      The controller  200  can also provide various visual and auditory signals to indicate the progress and status of the collection process, using light emitting diodes (LED) or text and graphs on the display  220  as shown in  FIG. 11 . For example, a simple visual representation could consist of three LEDs  306  each capable of generating a red, yellow, or green color, placed near the opening of each receptacle  44 . Each LED would indicate the status of a different part of the collection process, with the first LED indicating the status of the receptacle  44  for receiving the container, the second LED indicating the status of sample collection, and the third LED indicating the status of data collection. The color green can indicate a state of completion, yellow—a state of waiting, and red—an error. For example, the LED can operate as an error indicator that receives an error signal and indicates an error mode when an incorrect sample container  24  is inserted into a receptacle, the container  24  contains sample, or the container  24  is improperly placed. Sound generation can also be used to indicate progression of the collection process, errors, or draw attention of the operator to a particular state of the collector  20 . Graphical and text based information can be used to provide detail about the collection process or to display tree-structured menus for operation.  
      The sample collector can be a mobile station, as shown in  FIG. 1 , that can be carried to a bedside in a hospital to facilitate the bedside collection of a sample, or placed on a table by a patient&#39;s chair in a clinical laboratory. The sample collector  20  can also be fixed to a solid surface to facilitate the collection process. A variety of methods can be used including straps, bolts, suction devices, magnetic holders, and/or high friction pads. For example, the chassis  40  of the collector  20  can be fitted onto a mobile cart and a PC is provided on the cart to control the collector. A portable power source may also be fitted into the mobile cart (not shown). The collector  20  can also be integrated into a piece of furniture, such as a desk, chair ( FIG. 12 ), or counter top. Integration can be advantageous to the collection process when the donor of a sample  22  feels uncomfortable around medical devices.  
      In the hospital or blood collection laboratory, the collector  20  can be used in a fixed station, such as a phlebotomists station in a hospital or clinical lab, as shown in  FIG. 12 . In this version, the collector  20  comprises a controller  200  that is a personal computer to control the apparatus, and can be mounted near or in the phlebotomists chair. The apparatus PC can also be networked with a local area network (LAN) to receive and distribute data via a wireless or hardwire connection such as the WiFi protocol or Ethernet protocol. The fixed station collector can also be mounted on a floor stand with legs that are sized to allow an operator easy access to the controls and sample  22  receptacle  44 . The floor stand can also have a working table area to receive papers and other items.  
      In the field environment, when it is necessary to collect sample from humans, animals, or the environment, the collector  20  is mounted in a field station unit, as shown in  FIG. 13 . The field station unit comprises the majority of controlling functions that otherwise might be left to an external personal computer. Size and power consumption would be minimized to facilitate portability and extended use away from power sources and other information infrastructure. An example of this would be an increase of the internal memory storage capacity of the device and the addition of internal rechargeable batteries  312 . A portable carrying case  302  can enclose all the elements necessary to complete the collection process. One preferred carrying case  302  can be a briefcase into which is mounted the core elements of the controller  200 , the computer  204 , the collector, and the power supply (battery pack)  312  with additional devices such as a scanner  304 , a label printer, or other devices enclosed as needed. Storage spaces  314  can be provided for unfilled and filled containers  24 , printer consumables, and other materials needed for the collection process. Power ports  316  and data ports  308  can be included on the side of the enclosure to facilitate recharging of the power supply and transfer of data. The collector  20  is self-contained with a controlling interface and data ports  308  mounted on the chassis  40  of the collector. A controller  200  that is a laptop or portable digital assistant (PDA)  310  device can be used to facilitate data entry and association with the proper sample. Portable power supplies, such as a battery pack  312 , can also be used to power the collector  20  and controller  200 .  
      When sample collection requires a highly mobile operator the collector  20  can also be in the form of a hand held device, as shown in  FIG. 14 . One version involves a hinged device (similar in shape to a flip mobile phone). When opened, the device exposes a region for inserting and restraining containers  24 . A display  220  is provided to display information about the collection process. An input device, such as a thumb sized keyboard is used to enter information about the collection process, the sample collected, and to control the sample collector  20 .  
      The present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to exemplary versions thereof, however, other versions are possible, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, other arrangements of the sample collector  20  can also be used depending on the application. Also, alternative restraints can be designed, for example, another type of restraint could employ a system of latches to lock into a groove in the body of the container. Further, relative terms, such as first and second, inner and outer, top and bottom, if used, are provided only to illustrate the invention and are interchangeable with one another. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.