Patent Publication Number: US-2009226814-A1

Title: Microporous membrane, battery separator and battery

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related by subject matter to commonly-assigned application, Attorney Docket No. 2008EM061, filed Mar. 7, 2008. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a microporous membrane having standard deviation of permeability of 15 seconds or less across the membrane in the transverse direction (“TD”), and a puncture strength of 3,500 mN or more. The microporous membrane can be used as a battery separator. The microporous membrane also has good heat-shrinkage and compression resistance properties. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a microporous membrane, to battery separators comprising such a microporous membrane, to batteries utilizing such battery separators, and to the use of such a battery as a source or sink of electric charge. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Microporous membranes are useful as separators for primary batteries and secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium-polymer secondary batteries, nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, nickel-zinc secondary batteries, silver-zinc secondary batteries, etc. When the microporous membrane is used as a battery separator, particularly for lithium ion batteries, the membrane&#39;s performance significantly affects the battery&#39;s properties, productivity, and safety. Accordingly, the microporous membrane should have appropriate permeability, mechanical properties, heat resistance, dimensional stability, shut down properties, melt down properties, etc. It is desirable for such batteries to have a relatively low shutdown temperature and a relatively high meltdown temperature for improved battery safety properties, particularly for batteries exposed to high temperatures under operating conditions. High separator permeability is desirable for high capacity batteries. A separator with high mechanical strength is desirable for improved battery assembly and fabrication. A uniformly high permeability distribution across the separator surface is an important physical property. The permeability uniformity of a microporous membrane can be characterized by a distribution of air permeability values at two or more points along a line parallel to TD. A relatively high air permeability is can be characterized by a relatively small standard deviation among the measured the air permeability values. Air permeability is frequently expressed in terms of a “Gurley” value equal to the number of seconds needed to pass 100 cm 3  of air through 1.0 square inch of material at standard pressure. The Gurley value is conventionally expressed as a number of seconds per 100 cm 3  or as a number of seconds (the “per 100 cm 3 ” being understood). When the air permeability is relatively uniform, e.g., when it has approximately the same value at different points along TD, less trimming of the membrane is needed to produce a membrane having appropriate permeability specifications, which results in less waste and an increase in membrane production line yield. 
     The optimization of material compositions, stretching conditions, heat treatment conditions, etc., has been proposed to improve the properties of microporous membranes used as battery separators. For example, JP6-240036A discloses a microporous polyolefin membrane having improved pore diameter and a sharp pore diameter distribution. The membrane is made from a polyethylene resin containing 1% or more by mass of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight (“Mw”) of 7×10 5  or more, the polyethylene resin having a molecular weight distribution (weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight) of 10 to 300, and the microporous polyolefin membrane having a porosity of 35 to 95%, an average penetrating pore diameter of 0.05 to 0.2 μm, a rupture strength (15 mm width) of 0.2 kg or more, and a pore diameter distribution (maximum pore diameter/average penetrating pore diameter) of 1.5 or less. This microporous membrane is produced by extruding a melt-blend of the above polyethylene resin and a membrane-forming solvent through a die, stretching the gel-like sheet obtained by cooling at a temperature from the crystal dispersion temperature (“Tcd”) of the above polyethylene resin to the melting point +10° C., removing the membrane-forming solvent from the gel-like sheet, re-stretching the resultant membrane to 1.5 to 3 fold as an area magnification at a temperature of the melting point of the above polyethylene resin −10° C. or less, and heat-setting it in a single stage at a temperature from the crystal dispersion temperature of the above polyethylene resin to the melting point. 
     WO 1999/48959 discloses a microporous polyolefin membrane having suitable strength and permeability, as well as a uniformly porous surface without local permeability variations. The membrane is made of a polyolefin resin, for instance, high density polyethylene, having an Mw of 50,000 or more and less than 5,000,000, and a molecular weight distribution of 1 or more to less than 30, which has a network structure with fine gaps formed by uniformly dispersed micro-fibrils, having an average micro-fibril size of 20 to 100 nm and an average micro-fibril distance of 40 to 400 nm. This microporous membrane is produced by extruding a melt-blend of the above polyolefin resin and a membrane-forming solvent through a die, stretching a gel-like sheet obtained by cooling at a temperature of the melting point of the above polyolefin resin −50° C. or higher and lower than the melting point, removing the membrane-forming solvent from the gel-like sheet, re-stretching it to 1.1 to 5 fold at a temperature of the melting point of the above polyolefin resin −50° C. or higher and lower than the melting point, and heat-setting it in a single stage at a temperature from the crystal dispersion temperature of the above polyolefin resin to the melting point. 
     WO 2000/20492 discloses a microporous polyolefin membrane of improved permeability which is characterized by fine polyethylene fibrils having an Mw of 5×10 5  or more, the composition comprising polyethylene. The microporous polyolefin membrane has an average pore diameter of 0.05 to 5 μm, and the percentage of lamellas at angles θ of 80 to 100° relative to the membrane surface is 40% or more in longitudinal and transverse cross sections. This polyethylene composition comprises 1 to 69% by weight of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of 7×10 5  or more, 1 to 98% by weight of high density polyethylene and 1 to 30% by weight of low density polyethylene. This microporous membrane is produced by extruding a melt-blend of the above polyethylene composition and a membrane-forming solvent through a die, stretching a gel-like sheet obtained by cooling, heat-setting it in a single stage at a temperature from the crystal dispersion temperature of the above polyethylene or its composition to the melting point +30° C., and removing the membrane-forming solvent. 
     WO 2002/072248 discloses a microporous membrane having improved permeability, particle-blocking properties and strength. The membrane is made using a polyethylene resin having an Mw of less than 380,000. The membrane has a porosity of 50 to 95% and an average pore diameter of 0.01 to 1 μm. This microporous membrane has a three-dimensional network skeleton formed by micro-fibrils having an average diameter of 0.2 to 1 μm connected to each other throughout the overall microporous membrane, and openings defined by the skeleton to have an average diameter of 0.1 μm or more and less than 3 μm. This microporous membrane is produced by extruding a melt-blend of the above polyethylene resin and a membrane-forming solvent through a die, removing the membrane-forming solvent from the gel-like sheet obtained by cooling, stretching it to 2 to 4 fold at a temperature of 20 to 140° C., and heat-treating the stretched membrane it in a single stage at a temperature of 80 to 140° C. 
     WO 2005/113657 discloses a microporous polyolefin membrane having suitable shutdown properties, meltdown properties, dimensional stability, and high-temperature strength. The membrane is made using a polyolefin composition comprising (a) polyethylene resin containing 8 to 60% by mass of a component having a molecular weight of 10,000 or less, and an Mw/Mn ratio of 11 to 100, wherein Mn is the number-average molecular weight of the polyethylene resin, and a viscosity-average molecular weight (“Mv”) of 100,000 to 1,000,000, and (b) polypropylene. The membrane has a porosity of 20 to 95%, and a heat shrinkage ratio of 10% or less at 100° C. This microporous polyolefin membrane is produced by extruding a melt-blend of the above polyolefin and a membrane-forming solvent through a die, stretching the gel-like sheet obtained by cooling, removing the membrane-forming solvent, and annealing the sheet. 
     With respect to the properties of battery separators, permeability, mechanical strength, shut down properties and melt down properties, but also properties related to heat shrinkage, have recently been given importance. Especially important to battery manufacturers is that the separators have low heat shrinkage, while maintaining high permeability and heat resistance. In particular, electrodes for lithium ion batteries expand and shrink according to the intrusion and departure of lithium, and an increase in battery capacity leads to larger expansion ratios. Because separators are compressed when the electrodes expand, it is also desired that the separators when compressed suffer as little a decrease as possible in electrolytic solution retention. 
     Moreover, even though improved microporous membranes are disclosed in JP6-240036A, WO 1999/48959, WO 2000/20492, WO 2002/072248, and WO 2005/113657, further improvements are still needed, particularly membranes having low heat shrinkage, good porosity and uniformly high permeability distribution across the membrane, while maintaining high strength and heat resistance. It is thus desired to form battery separators from such microporous membranes. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In an embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing a microporous membrane having a relatively high strength and a relatively uniform air permeability, comprising stretching the microporous polymeric membrane in at least one planar direction in a dry orientation zone at an elevated temperature and then heat-setting the microporous polymeric membrane in at least a first stage and a final stage, the first stage being upstream of the final stage, the temperature of the first stage being at least 15° C. cooler than the temperature of the final stage, and the temperature of the first stage being the same as or higher than the temperature of the dry orientation zone. 
     The invention also relates to the membrane made by such a method. When the membrane comprises polyethylene, the temperature of the dry orientation stage should be in the range of 40° C. cooler than Tcd to Tcd. The first heat setting stage should be, e.g., no more than 10° C. warmer than the polyethylene&#39;s crystal dispersion temperature. 
     The membrane is stretched along at least one planar direction during dry orientation, e.g., uniaxially or biaxially, e.g., by gripping the membrane along its edges with a plurality of pairs of tenter clips which move from upstream to downstream along a pair of continuous rails or tracks. The configuration of the tracks determines the direction and amount of stretching. In an embodiment, the edges of the microporous polymeric membrane are also gripped during heat-setting to regulate the change in the width of the membrane during the heat setting step. The membrane&#39;s width can be held constant or decreased during heat-setting, e.g., by adjusting pairs of tenter clips to reduce in the width of the membrane. Therefore, in one embodiment, the invention relates to heat setting a microporous polymeric membrane in at least a first stage and a final stage, the first stage being upstream of the final stage and the temperature of the first stage being at least 15° C. cooler than the temperature of the final stage, and wherein the microporous polymeric membrane has a an initial size in at least one planar direction (e.g., TD) after dry orientation but before heat setting and a final size after heat setting in the planar direction, the final size being in the range of from 5% to 20% of the initial size. 
     In an embodiment, the microporous polymeric membrane is produced by steps comprising (1) combining a polyolefin composition and at least one diluent or solvent, for example a membrane-forming solvent, to form a polyolefin solution, the polyolefin composition comprising (a) from about 50 to about 100% of a first polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, (b) from about 0 to about 40% of a second polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, and (c) from about 0 to about 50% of a polypropylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100 and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, percentages based on the mass of the polyolefin composition, (2) extruding the polyolefin solution through a die to form an extrudate, (3) cooling the extrudate to form a cooled extrudate having a high polyolefin content, (4) stretching the cooled extrudate in at least one direction at a stretching temperature of from about Tcd of the combined polyethylene of the cooled extrudate to about Tm to form a stretched sheet, (5) removing at least a portion of the diluent or solvent from the stretched sheet to form a membrane, (6) stretching the membrane in a dry orientation zone to a magnification of, e.g., from about 1.1 to about 2 fold in at least one direction to form a stretched membrane at an elevated temperature (e.g., Tcd or lower), (7) heat-setting the stretched membrane product of step (6) to form the microporous membrane, said heat-setting being conducted in at least two stages wherein at least one earlier (upstream) heat-setting stage is conducted at a temperature different from and lower than that of one or more of the later (downstream) stages and the temperature of the first heat setting stage being the same as or higher than the temperature of the stretching zone. 
     In an embodiment, the invention relates to a microporous membrane comprising polyolefin, the membrane having:
         (a) a machine direction in the plane of the membrane and a thickness direction perpendicular to both the plane of the membrane and the machine direction;   (b) a width W in a transverse direction perpendicular to both the thickness direction and the machine direction, the value of W being determined before membrane slitting;   (c) a plurality of air permeability values in the thickness direction at points along the transverse direction from an initial point to a final point, the standard deviation of the air permeability values being no more than 20 seconds,
           (i) the initial and final points being equidistant along the transverse direction from a point W/2, and   (ii) the distance between the initial and final points measured along the transverse direction being at least 75% of W; and at least one of   
           (d) a puncture strength of 3,500 mN or more;   (e) a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 105° C. of 10% or less;   (f) a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 130° C. of 30% or less.       

     In a related embodiment, the microporous membrane has at least one of a TD shrinkage ratio at 105° C. of 5% or less; a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 130° C. of 15% or less; or a TMA shrinkage in the molten state at about 140° C. of 10% or less. The microporous membrane can be a polymeric membrane, which polymeric membrane comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, or both. For example, the membrane can comprise (a) from about 50 to about 100% of a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, (b) from about 0 to about 40% of a second polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, and (c) from about 0 to about 50% of a polypropylene having a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100 and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, percentages based on the mass of the membrane. 
     The microporous membrane of the invention can be a microporous polymeric membrane. The term “polymeric” in this sense means “contains one or more polymer”. In addition to polymer, polymeric membranes can optionally contain other components, e.g., organic and/or inorganic materials such as a filler material. When the microporous polymeric membrane contains polyolefin, and optionally other components, it can be referred to as a polyolefin membrane. The term polymer is used here in the broad sense, and includes, e.g., oligomers, polymers, copolymers, and the like, e.g., any product of a polymerization reaction, and is inclusive of homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc. The term “copolymer(s)” refers to polymers formed by the polymerization of at least two different monomers. For example, the term “copolymer” includes the copolymerization reaction product of ethylene and an alpha-olefin (α-olefin), such as by way of example only propylene or 1-hexene. However, the term “copolymer” is also inclusive of, for example, the copolymerization of a mixture of ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene. 
     Microporous membranes that benefit from the staged heat-setting step of the invention include microporous membranes produced by a “wet” manufacturing process, which uses in addition to polymer (and optionally other components) a diluent or solvent to assist in imparting porosity to the membrane. But the invention is not limited to such membranes. For example, the staged heat-setting step of the invention is also applicable to microporous membranes produced in a “dry” process, e.g., a process using polymer and optionally other materials, but without a significant amount of diluent or solvent. 
     When the microporous membrane to be subjected to the staged heat treatment step of the invention is produced in a wet process from and extrudate of a polyolefin solution containing polyolefin and diluent, the resins used in forming the polyolefin solution can comprise, for example, (a) from about 50 to about 100%, for example from about 50 to about 80%, of a first polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5 , for example from about 2.5×10 5  to about 4×10 5 , and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, for example from about 5 to about 50, (b) from about 0 to about 40%, for example from about 10 to about 30%, of a second polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6 , for example from about 1×10 6  to about 3×10 6 , and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, for example from about 5 to about 50, and (c) from about 0 to about 50%, for example from about 0 to about 40%, of a polypropylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, for example from about 8×10 5  to about 1.5×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100, for example from about 1 to about 50, and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, for example from about 100 to about 120 J/g. The microporous membrane may suitably comprise 50% or less by mass of polypropylene obtained from polypropylene resin and 50% by mass or more of polyethylene obtained from polyethylene resins, based on the mass of the microporous membrane. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     It is observed for polymeric membranes that heat setting at a relatively high temperature is needed to produce a microporous membrane of relatively high air permeability and relatively high puncture strength. For example, for microporous polymeric membranes containing polyethylene, it is observed that a heat setting temperature in the range of about 90° C. to about 127° C. is needed to produce a microporous polymeric membrane having an air permeability of 300 seconds (Gurley) or less and a pin puncture strength of 3,500 mN or more, with relatively longer times needed at lower heat set temperature. 
     As a practical matter, given the diminished production line yield, relatively low heat-set temperatures for long heat-set times is considered undesirable. It is also observed, that a relatively low heat set temperature results in a microporous membrane of relatively low pin puncture strength. While increasing heat-set temperature results in improved yield and improved pin puncture strength, it is also observed to result in a degradation in air permeability uniformity, particularly near the edges of the microporous membrane. In particular, it is observed that using a relatively high heat-set temperature (e.g., approximately 127° C. for microporous membranes containing polyethylene) results in a membrane having significantly degraded standard deviation of Gurley values as measured at points along TD from one edge of the film to the other, compared to the standard deviation of Gurley values before heat-setting. 
     While not wishing to be bound by any theory or model, it is believed that the degradation of standard deviation of Gurley values results from the presence of non-uniform residual strain in the microporous film, particularly in TD, before the heat-setting step. For microporous membrane produced by a wet process, the residual strain potentially results from, e.g., non-uniform shear on the polyolefin solution as it transits the die during extrusion, non-uniform strain distribution during the wet orientation step (e.g., when tenter clips attached to a pantograph grip the edges of the membrane), non-uniform thermal distribution (e.g., hot spots) during stretching and/or drying, or non-uniform strain distribution during the dry orientation step. For microporous membrane made by a dry process, such residual strain can result from non-uniformity of the die shape during sheet forming and dry orientation. 
     The invention is based in part on the discovery that dry orientation followed by heat-setting a microporous membrane in at least two stages, with the initial (upstream) stage operating at least 15° C. cooler than the temperature of the final (downstream) and with the temperature of the initial stage at the same temperature as the dry orientation zone or higher can provide a significant improvement in the membrane&#39;s pin puncture strength, and air permeability uniformity (standard deviation of measured air permeability Gurley values at points along TD). 
     The dry orientation and staged heat-setting of the invention is applicable not only to microporous membranes produced by a wet process, but also to those produced by a dry process. In an embodiment, the microporous membrane is a monolayer membrane. The choice of production method is not critical, and any method capable of forming a microporous membrane from polymeric starting materials can be used, including conventional methods such as those such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,183 and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,213 which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In another embodiment, the microporous membrane is multi-layer membrane, i.e., one having at least two layers. For the sake of brevity, the production of the microporous membrane will be mainly described in terms of a monolayer microporous polymeric membrane produced by a wet process although those skilled in the art will recognize that the same staged heat-setting techniques can be applied to the production of membranes or membranes having two or more layers. 
     [1] Materials Used to Produce the Microporous Membrane 
     (1) Polyolefin Composition 
     In an embodiment, the invention relates to a method for making a microporous polymeric membrane film having a good balance of important properties, including excellent porosity, low heat shrinkage and uniformly high permeability distribution across the membrane, while maintaining high permeability and heat resistance, with good mechanical strength and compression resistance. The microporous polymeric membrane is produced from one or more polymeric resins and a diluent or solvent. When more than one polymeric resin is used, e.g., more than one polyolefin (e.g., polyethylene) resin, the resins can be combined, e.g., by melt-blending, dry-mixing, etc. to form a polymeric (e.g., polyolefin) composition. For the sake of brevity, the production of a microporous polyolefin membrane will be described, though the invention is applicable to other microporous membranes. 
     The polyolefin composition can comprise, for example, (a) from about 50 to about 100% of a first polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, (b) from about 0 to about 40 of a second polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, and (c) from about 0 to about 50% of a polypropylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100 and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, percentages based on the mass of the polyolefin composition. 
     The polyolefin resins will now be described in more detail. 
     (a) Polyethylene Resins 
     In an embodiment, the microporous polyolefin membrane is produced from at least one polyethylene resin, i.e., the first polyethylene resin. 
     (i) Composition 
     The first polyethylene resin has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100. A non-limiting example of the first polyethylene resin for use herein is one that has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 4×10 5 , for example about 3×10 5 , and a molecular weight distribution of form about 5 to about 50. The first polyethylene resin can be an ethylene homopolymer, or an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, such as, for example, one containing a small amount, e.g., about 5 mole %, of a third α-olefin. The third α-olefin, which is not ethylene, is preferably propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene or combinations thereof. Such copolymer is preferably produced using a single-site catalyst. Although it is not critical, the first polyethylene can have terminal unsaturation of, e.g., two or more per 10,000 carbon atoms in the polyethylene. Terminal unsaturation can be measured by, e.g., conventional infrared spectroscopic methods. 
     The second polyethylene resin, when present, can be for example an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) resin, having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100. A non-limiting example of the second polyethylene resin for use herein is one that has a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 3×10 6 , for example about 2×10 6 , and a molecular weight distribution of form about 5 to about 50. The second polyethylene resin can be an ethylene homopolymer, or an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, such as, for example, one containing a small amount, e.g., about 5 mole %, of a third α-olefin. The third α-olefin, which is not ethylene, can be, for example, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene or combinations thereof. Such copolymer is preferably produced using a single-site catalyst. 
     (ii) Molecular Weight Distribution Mw/Mn 
     Mw/Mn is a measure of molecular weight distribution. The larger this value, the wider the molecular weight distribution. The Mw/Mn of the overall polyethylene composition for use herein is preferably from about 2 to about 300, for example from about 5 to about 50. When the Mw/Mn is more than 100, the percentage of a lower molecular weight component is too high, resulting in decrease in the strength of the resulting microporous membrane. The Mw/Mn of polyethylene (homopolymer or an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer) can be properly controlled by a multi-stage polymerization. The multi-stage polymerization method is preferably a two-stage polymerization method comprising forming a high molecular weight polymer component in the first stage, and forming a low molecular weight polymer component in the second stage. In the polyethylene composition for use herein, the larger the Mw/Mn, the larger difference in Mw exists between higher molecular weight polyethylene and lower molecular weight polyethylene, and vice versa. The Mw/Mn of the polyethylene composition can be properly controlled by the molecular weights and mixing ratios of components. 
     (b) Polypropylene Resin 
     While not required, the microporous polyolefin membrane can be produced from polyethylene and polypropylene. 
     (i) Composition 
     The polypropylene resin for use herein has a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, for example from about 8×10 5  to about 1.5×10 6 , a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, for non-limiting example from about 100 to about 120 J/g, and a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100, for example from about 1 to about 50, and can be a propylene homopolymer or a copolymer of propylene and another, i.e. a fourth, olefin, though the homopolymer is preferable. The copolymer may be a random or block copolymer. The fourth olefin, which is an olefin other than propylene, includes α-olefins such as ethylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, etc., and diolefins such as butadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, etc. The percentage of the fourth olefin in the propylene copolymer is preferably in a range that does not deteriorate the properties of the microporous membrane such as heat resistance, compression resistance, heat shrinkage resistance, etc., and is preferably less than about 10 mole %, e.g., from about 0 to less than about 10 mole %. 
     The amount of polypropylene resin in the polyolefin composition is 50% or less by mass based on 100% of the mass of the polyolefin composition. When the percentage of polypropylene is more than 50% by mass, the resultant microporous membrane has relatively lower strength. The percentage of polypropylene resin may be from about 0 to about 50% by mass, for example from about 0 to about 40%, e.g., about 30%, of the polyolefin composition. 
     In an embodiment, the polypropylene resin has a weight average molecular weight Mw of from about 0.8×10 6  to about 1.5×10 6 , for example from about 0.9×10 6  to about 1.4×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100, for example from about 1 to about 50, and a heat of fusion of about 80 J/g or higher, for example from about 90 to about 120 J/g. Optionally, the polypropylene has one or more of the following properties: (i) the polypropylene is isotactic; (ii) a heat of fusion of the polymeric composition is greater than about 108 J/g, or more than about 110 J/g, or more than about 112 J/g (the heat of fusion for the polymeric composition can be determined by conventional methods, e.g., Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)); (iii) a melting peak (second melt) of at least about 160° C.; (iv) the polypropylene has a Trouton&#39;s ratio of at least about 15 when measured at a temperature of about 230° C. and a strain rate of 25 sec −1 ; (v) an elongational viscosity of at least about 50,000 Pa sec at a temperature of 230° C. and a strain rate of 25 sec −1 ; (vi) a high melting point (Tm), e.g., greater than about 166° C., or even greater than about 168° C., or even greater than about 170° C. (the melting point can be determined by conventional methods, e.g., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)); (vii) a molecular weight that is greater than about 1.75×10 6 , or even greater than about 2×10 6 , or even greater than about 2.25×10 6 , such as, for example greater than about 2.5×10 6 ; (viii) a Melt Flow Rate (MFR) at 230° C. and 2.16 kg weight of less than about 0.01 dg/min (i.e., a value is low enough that the MFR is essentially not measurable; Melt Flow Rate can be determined in accordance with conventional methods, such as ASTM D 1238-95 Condition L); (ix) exhibits stereo defects of less than about 50 per 10,000 carbon atoms, or less than about 40, or less than about 30, or even less than about 20 per 10,000 carbon atoms, e.g., the polypropylene can have fewer than about 10, or fewer than about 5 stereo defects per 10,000 carbon atoms; (x) a meso pentad fraction of greater than about 96 mol % mmmm pentads; and/or (xi) an amount extractable species (extractable by contacting the polypropylene with boiling xylene) of 0.5 wt. % or less, or 0.2 wt. % or less, or even 0.1 wt. % or less based on the weight of the polypropylene. 
     Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) data can be obtained using a PerkinElmer Instrument, model Pyris 1 DSC. Samples weighing approximately 5.5-6.5 mg are sealed in aluminum sample pans. The DSC data are recorded by first heating the sample to 200° C. at a rate of 150° C./minute, called first melt (no data recorded). The sample is kept at 200° C. for 10 minutes before a cooling-heating cycle is applied. The sample is then cooled from 200° C. to 25° C. at a rate of 10° C./minute, called crystallization, and then kept at 25° C. for 10 minutes and heated to 200° C. at a rate of 10° C./minute, called second melt. The thermal events in both crystallization and second melt are recorded. The melting temperature (T m ) is the peak temperature of the second melting curve and the crystallization temperature (T c ) is the peak temperature of the crystallization peak. 
     The molecular weight distribution of the polymeric composition can be, e.g., within the relatively narrow range of from about 2.5 to about 7. As used herein, “molecular weight” means weight average molecular weight (Mw). Mw is determined using Gel Permeation Chromatography as described below. Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) means Mw divided by number average molecular weight (Mn). (For more information, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,753 to Cozewith et al. and references cited therein, and in Verstrate et al., 21  Macromolecules  3360 (1998)). The “Mz” value is the high average molecular weight value, calculated as discussed by A. R. Cooper in C ONCISE  E NCYCLOPEDIA OF  P OLYMER  S CIENCE AND  E NGINEERNG  638-39 (J. I. Kroschwitz, ed. John Wiley &amp; Sons 1990). Molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn (“MWD”) is the ratio of weight average molecular weight (“Mw” as determined by gel permeation chromatography, hereinafter “GPC”) to number average molecular weight (“Mn” as determined by GPC described below). 
     Molecular weight (weight-average molecular weight, Mw, and number-average molecular weight, Mn) can be determined using a High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatograph (GPC PL 220, Polymer Laboratories), equipped with a differential refractive index detector (DRI). Three PLgel Mixed-B columns (Polymer Laboratories) are used. The nominal flow rate is 1.0 cm 3 /min, and the nominal injection volume is 300 μL. The various transfer lines, columns and the DRI detector are contained in an oven maintained at 160° C. This technique is discussed in “ Macromolecules , Vol. 34, No. 19, pp. 6812-6820 (2001)” which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Solvent for the GPC analysis is filtered Aldrich reagent grade 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing ˜1000 ppm of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). The TCB is degassed with an online degasser before entering the SEC. Polymer solutions are prepared by placing dry polymer in a glass container, adding the desired amount of above TCB solvent, then heating the mixture at 160° C. with continuous agitation for about 2 hours. The concentration of UHMWPP solution is 0.25 mg/ml. 
     The separation efficiency of the column set is calibrated using a series of narrow MWD polystyrene (“PS”) standards, which reflects the expected MW range for samples and the exclusion limits of the column set. Eighteen individual polystyrene standards, ranging from Mp ˜580 to 10,000,000, are used to generate the calibration curve. The polystyrene standards are obtained from Polymer Laboratories (Amherst, Mass.). A calibration curve (log Mp vs. retention volume) is generated by recording the retention volume at the peak in the DRI signal for each PS standard, and fitting this data set to a 2nd-order polynomial. Samples are analyzed using WaveMetrics, Inc. IGOR Pro. 
       13 C NMR data is obtained at 100 MHz at 125° C. on a Varian VXR 400 NMR spectrometer. A 90° C. pulse, an acquisition time of 3.0 seconds, and a pulse delay of 20 seconds are employed. The spectra are broad band decoupled and acquired without gated decoupling. Similar relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser effects are expected for the methyl resonances of polypropylenes, which are generally the only homopolymer resonances used for quantitative purposes. A typical number of transients collected is 2500. The sample is dissolved in tetrachlorethane-d 2  at a concentration of 15% by weight. All spectral frequencies are recorded with respect to an internal tetramethylsilane standard. In the case of polypropylene homopolymer, the methyl resonances are recorded with respect to 21.81 ppm for mmmm, which is close to the reported literature value of 21.855 ppm for an internal tetramethylsilane standard. The pentad assignments used are well established. 
     The amount of extractable species (such as relatively low molecular weight and/or amorphous material, e.g., amorphous polyethylene) is determined by solubility in xylene at 135° C., according to the following procedure. Weigh out 2 grams of sample (either in pellet or ground pellet form) into 300 ml conical flask. Pour 200 ml of xylene into the conical flask with stir bar and secure the flask on a heating oil bath. Turn on the heating oil bath and allow melting of the polymer by leaving the flask in oil bath at 135° C. for about 15 minutes. When melted, discontinue heating, but continue stirring through the cooling process. Allow the dissolved polymer to cool spontaneously overnight. The precipitate is filtered with Teflon filter paper and then dried under vacuum at 90° C. The quantity of xylene soluble is determined by calculating the percent by weight of total polymer sample (“A”) less precipitate (“B”) at room temperature [soluble content =((A−B)/A)×100]. 
     The following Mark-Houwink coefficients are used to calculate PP base Mw and PS base MW respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 k (dL/g) 
                 α 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 PS 
                  1.75 × 10−4 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 PP 
                 2.288 × 10−4 
                 0.705 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     (2) Other Components 
     In addition to the above components, the polyolefin solution can contain (a) additional polyolefin and/or (b) heat-resistant polymer resins having melting points or glass transition temperatures (Tg) of about 170° C. or higher, in amounts that do not result in a deterioration of the properties of the microporous membrane (puncture strength, air permeability, etc.), for example 10% or less by mass based on the polyolefin composition. 
     (a) Additional Polyolefins 
     The additional polyolefin can be at least one of (a) polybutene-1, polypentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1, polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, each of which may have an Mw of form 1×10 4  to 4×10 6 , and (b) a polyethylene wax having an Mw of form 1×10 3  to 1×10 4 . Polybutene-1, polypentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1, polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene are not restricted to homopolymers, but may be copolymers containing still other α-olefins. 
     (b) Heat-Resistant Resins 
     The heat-resistant resins can be, for example, (a) amorphous resins having melting points of about 170° C. or higher, which may be partially crystalline, and (b) completely amorphous resins having Tg of about 170° C. or higher and mixtures thereof. The melting point and Tg are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to method JIS K7121. Specific examples of the heat-resistant resins include polyesters such as polybutylene terephthalate (melting point: about 160-230° C.), polyethylene terephthalate (melting point: about 250-270° C.), etc., fluororesins, polyamides (melting point: 215-265° C.), polyarylene sulfide, polyimides (Tg: 280° C. or higher), polyamide imides (Tg: 280° C.), polyether sulfone (Tg: 223° C.), polyetheretherketone (melting point: 334° C.), polycarbonates (melting point: 220-240° C.), cellulose acetate (melting point: 220° C.), cellulose triacetate (melting point: 300° C.), polysulfone (Tg: 190° C.), polyetherimide (melting point: 216° C.), etc. 
     (c) Content 
     The total amount of the additional polyolefin and the heat-resistant resin is preferably 20% or less, for example from about 0 to about 20%, by mass per 100% by mass of the polyolefin solution. 
     [2] Production of the Microporous Membrane 
     For the sake of brevity, the production of the microporous membrane is described in terms of the wet process, though the invention is not limited thereto. Consequently, in an embodiment, the invention relates to a method for producing the microporous membrane comprising the steps of (1) combining certain specific polyolefins (generally in the form of polyolefin resins) and at least one solvent or diluent to form a polyolefin solution, (2) extruding the polyolefin solution through a die to form an extrudate, (3) cooling the extrudate to form a cooled extrudate, (4) stretching the cooled extrudate at a certain specific temperature to form a stretched sheet, (5) removing at least a portion of the solvent or diluent from the stretched sheet, (6) stretching the membrane in a dry orientation zone, to form a solvent/diluent-removed membrane, and (7) heat-setting the membrane product of step (6) to form the microporous membrane, said heat-setting being conducted in at least two stages wherein at least one earlier heat-setting stage is conducted at a temperature different from and lower than that of one or more of the later stages. A heat-setting treatment step (4i), a heat roll treatment step (4ii), and/or a hot solvent treatment step (4iii) may be conducted between the steps (4) and (5), if desired. Following step (7), a cross-linking step (8) with ionizing radiations, a hydrophilizing treatment step (8i) and/or a surface-coating treatment step (8ii) may be conducted after the step (7), if desired. 
     (1) Preparation of the Polyolefin Solution 
     The polyolefin resins may be combined with at least one solvent or diluent to prepare a polyolefin solution. Alternatively, the polyolefin resins may be combined, for example, by melt-blending, dry mixing, etc., to make a polyolefin composition, which is then combined with at least one solvent or diluent to prepare a polyolefin solution. The polyolefin solution may contain, if desired, various additives such as anti-oxidants, fine silicate powder (pore-forming material), etc., in amounts which do not cause a deterioration in the properties of the microporous membrane produced therefrom, generally less than 5 wt. % in aggregate based on the weight of the polyolefin solution. 
     To enable stretching at relatively higher magnifications, the diluent or solvent, e.g., a membrane-forming solvent, is preferably liquid at room temperature. The liquid solvents can be, for example, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons such as nonane, decane, decalin, p-xylene, undecane, dodecane, liquid paraffin, mineral oil distillates having boiling points comparable to those of the above hydrocarbons, and phthalates liquid at room temperature such as dibutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, etc. To more effectively obtain an extrudate having a stable solvent content, a non-volatile liquid solvent such as liquid paraffin can be used. In an embodiment, one or more solid solvents which are miscible with the polyolefin composition during, for example, melt-blending, but solid at room temperature may be added to the liquid solvent. Such solid solvents are preferably stearyl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, paraffin waxes, etc. In another embodiment, solid solvent can be used without liquid solvent. However, when only the solid solvent is used it can be more difficult to evenly stretch the extrudate. 
     The viscosity of the liquid solvent is preferably from about 30 to about 500 cSt, more preferably from about 30 to about 200 cSt, when measured at a temperature of 25° C. When the viscosity at 25° C. is less than 30 cSt, the polyolefin solution may foam, resulting in difficulty in blending. On the other hand, when the viscosity is more than 500 cSt, the removal of the liquid solvent can be difficult. 
     Though not particularly critical, the uniform melt-blending of the polyolefin solution is preferably conducted in a double-screw extruder to prepare a high concentration polyolefin solution. The diluent or solvent, e.g., a membrane-forming solvent, may be added before starting melt-blending, or supplied to the double-screw extruder in an intermediate portion during blending, though the latter is preferable. 
     The melt-blending temperature of the polyolefin solution is preferably in a range of the melting point (“Tm”) of the polyethylene resin +10° C. to Tm +120° C. The melting point can be measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to JIS K7121. In an embodiment, the melt-blending temperature is from about 140 to about 250° C., more preferably from about 170 to about 240° C., particularly where the polyethylene resin has a melting point of about 130 to about 140° C. 
     To obtain a good membrane structure, the concentration of the polyolefin composition in the polyolefin solution is preferably from about 15 to about 50% by mass, more preferably from about 20 to about 45% by mass, based on the mass of the polyolefin solution. 
     The ratio L/D of the screw length L to the screw diameter D in the double-screw extruder is preferably in a range of from about 20 to about 100, more preferably in a range of from about 35 to about 70. When L/D is less than 20, melt-blending can be inefficient. When L/D is more than 100, the residence time of the polyolefin solution in the double-screw extruder can be too long. In this case, the membrane&#39;s molecular weight deteriorates as a result of excessive shearing and heating, which is undesirable. The cylinder of the double-screw extruder preferably has an inner diameter of from about 40 to about 100 mm. 
     In the double-screw extruder, the ratio Q/Ns of the amount Q (kg/h) of the polyolefin solution charged to the number of revolution Ns (rpm) of a screw is preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.55 kg/h/rpm. When Q/Ns is less than 0.1 kg/h/rpm, the polyolefin can be damaged by shearing, resulting in decrease in strength and meltdown temperature. When Q/Ns is more than 0.55 kg/h/rpm, uniform blending cannot be achieved. Q/Ns is more preferably from about 0.2 to about 0.5 kg/h/rpm. The number of revolutions Ns of the screw is preferably 180 rpm or more. Though not particularly critical, the upper limit of the number of revolutions Ns of the screw is preferably about 500 rpm. 
     (2) Extrusion 
     The components of the polyolefin solution can be melt-blended in the extruder and extruded from a die. In another embodiment, the components of the polyolefin solution can be extruded and then pelletized. In this embodiment, the pellets can be melt-blended and extruded in a second extrusion to make a gel-like molding or sheet. In either embodiment, the die can be a sheet-forming die having a rectangular orifice, a double-cylindrical, hollow die, an inflation die, etc. Although the die gap is not critical, in the case of a sheet-forming die, the die gap is preferably from about 0.1 to about 5 mm. The extrusion temperature is preferably from about 140 to about 250° C., and the extruding speed is preferably from about 0.2 to about 15 m/minute. 
     (3) Formation of Cooled Extrudate 
     The extrudate from the die is cooled to form a cooled extrudate, generally in the form of a high polyolefin content gel-like molding or sheet. Cooling is preferably conducted at least to a gelation temperature at a cooling rate of about 50° C./minute or more. Cooling is preferably conducted to about 25° C. or lower. Such cooling sets the micro-phase of the polyolefin separated by the membrane-forming solvent. Generally, the slower cooling rate provides the gel-like sheet with larger pseudo-cell units, resulting in a coarser higher-order structure. On the other hand, a higher cooling rate results in denser cell units. A cooling rate of less than 50° C./minute can lead to increased crystallinity, making it more difficult to provide the gel-like sheet with suitable stretchability. Usable cooling methods include bringing the extrudate into contact with a cooling medium such as cooling air, cooling water, etc.; bringing the extrudate into contact with cooling rollers, etc. 
     By high polyolefin content, we mean the cooled extrudate comprises at least about 15%, for example from about 15 to about 50%, polyolefin derived from the resins of the polyolefin composition, based on the mass of the cooled extrudate. When the polyolefin content is less than about 15% or more than 50% of the cooled extrudate it can be more difficult to form the microporous membrane. The cooled extrudate preferably has a polyolefin content at least as high as that of the polyolefin solution. 
     (4) Stretching the Cooled Extrudate 
     The cooled extrudate, generally in the form of a high polyolefin content gel-like molding or sheet, is then stretched in at least one direction. While not wishing to be bound by any theory or model, it is believed that the gel-like sheet can be uniformly stretched because the sheet contains the diluent or solvent. The gel-like sheet is preferably stretched to a predetermined magnification after heating by, for example, a tenter method, a roll method, an inflation method or a combination thereof. The stretching may be conducted monoaxially or biaxially, though the biaxial stretching is preferable. In the case of biaxial stretching, any of simultaneous biaxial stretching, sequential stretching or multi-stage stretching (for instance, a combination of the simultaneous biaxial stretching and the sequential stretching) may be used, though the simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferable. The amount of stretch in either direction need not be the same. 
     The stretching magnification of this stretching step can be, for example, 2 fold or more, preferably 3 to 30 fold in the case of monoaxial stretching. In the case of biaxial stretching, the stretching magnification can be, for example, 3 fold or more in any direction, namely 9 fold or more, such as 16 fold or more, e.g., 25 fold or more, in area magnification. An example for this stretching step would include stretching from about 9 fold to about 49 fold. Again, the amount of stretch in either direction need not be the same. With the area magnification of 9 fold or more, the pin puncture strength of the microporous membrane is improved. When the area magnification is more than, for example, 400 fold, stretching apparatuses, stretching operations, etc., involve large-sized stretching apparatuses, which can be difficult to operate. 
     To obtain a good microporous structure, the stretching temperature of this stretching step is relatively high, preferably from about the crystal dispersion temperature (“Tcd”) of the combined polyethylene content of the cooled extrudate to about the melting point (“Tm”), e.g., in a range of Tcd to Tm of the combined polyethylene content. When the stretching temperature is lower than Tcd, it is believed that the combined polyethylene content is so insufficiently softened that the gel-like sheet is easily broken by stretching, failing to achieve high-magnification stretching. 
     The crystal dispersion temperature is determined by measuring the temperature characteristics of dynamic viscoelasticity according to ASTM D 4065. Because the combined polyethylene content herein has a crystal dispersion temperature of about 90 to 100° C., the stretching temperature is from about 90 to 125° C.; preferably form about 100 to 125° C., more preferably from 105 to 125° C. 
     The above stretching causes cleavage between polyolefin, e.g., polyethylene, lamellas, making the polyolefin phases finer and forming large numbers of fibrils. The fibrils form a three-dimensional network structure. The stretching is believed to improve the mechanical strength of the microporous membrane and expands its pores, making the microporous membrane suitable for use as a battery separator. 
     Depending on the desired properties, stretching may be conducted with a temperature distribution in a thickness direction, to provide the microporous membrane with further improved mechanical strength. The detailed description of this method is given by Japanese Patent 3347854. 
     (5) Removal of the Solvent or Diluent 
     For the purpose of removing (washing away, displacing or dissolving) at least a portion of the solvent or diluent, a washing solvent is used. Because the polyolefin composition phase is phase-separated from the diluent or solvent phase, the removal of the solvent or diluent provides a microporous membrane. The removal of the solvent or diluent can be conducted by using one or more suitable washing solvents, i.e., one capable of displacing the liquid solvent from the membrane. Examples of the washing solvents include volatile solvents, e.g., saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, etc., chlorinated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, etc., ethers such as diethyl ether, dioxane, etc., ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, etc., linear fluorocarbons such as trifluoroethane, C 6 F 14 , etc., cyclic hydrofluorocarbons such as C 5 H 3 F 7 , etc., hydrofluoroethers such as C 4 F 9 OCH 3 , C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5 , etc., perfluoroethers such as C 4 F 9 OCF 3 , C 4 F 9 OC 2 F 5 , etc., and mixtures thereof. 
     The washing of the stretched membrane can be conducted by immersion in the washing solvent and/or showering with the washing solvent. The washing solvent used is preferably from about 300 to about 30,000 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the stretched membrane. The washing temperature is usually from about 15 to about 30° C., and if desired, heating may be conducted during washing. The heating temperature during washing is preferably about 80° C. or lower. Washing is preferably conducted until the amount of the remaining liquid diluent or solvent becomes less than about 1% by mass of the amount of liquid solvent that was present in polyolefin solution prior to extrusion. 
     The microporous membrane deprived of the diluent or solvent can be dried by a heat-drying method, a wind-drying (e.g., air drying using moving air) method, etc., to remove remaining volatile components from the membrane, e.g., washing solvent. Any drying method capable of removing a significant amount of the washing solvent can be used. Preferably, substantially all of the washing solvent is removed during drying. The drying temperature is preferably equal to or lower than Tcd, more preferably 5° C. or more lower than Tcd. Drying is conducted until the remaining washing solvent becomes preferably 5% or less by mass, more preferably 3% or less by mass, per 100% by mass (on a dry basis) of the microporous membrane. Insufficient drying undesirably can lead to decrease in the porosity of the microporous membrane by the subsequent heat treatment, resulting in poor permeability. 
     6) Re-Stretching the Membrane 
     The diluent or solvent-deprived and/or dried membrane is stretched in a stretching zone at least monoaxially at a predetermined magnification. Since this stretching step follows the stretching of the extrudate, it can be referred to as a “second” stretching step, a “re-stretching” step, or, more commonly, a “dry orientation” step. Dry orientation can be carried out according to conventional methods as those described for example in PCT Patent Applications WO 2008/016174 and WO 2007/117042, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The re-stretching of the membrane can be conducted, for example, at an elevated temperature, by a tenter method, etc., as in the first stretching step (4). The re-stretching may be monoaxial or biaxial. In the case of biaxial stretching, any one of simultaneous biaxial stretching or sequential stretching may be used, though the simultaneous biaxial stretching is preferable. Because the re-stretching is usually conducted on the membrane in a long sheet form, which is obtained from the stretched gel-like sheet, the directions of MD and TD (where MD means “machine direction”, i.e., the direction of membrane travel during processing, and TD means “transverse direction”, i.e., a direction orthogonal to both the MD and the horizontal surface of the membrane) in the re-stretching is usually the same as those in the stretching of the cooled extrudate. While not required, the re-stretching can be at a magnification factor somewhat greater than that used in the stretching of the cooled extrudate. Stretching magnification in this step can e.g., from about 1.1 to about 2 fold in at least one direction, for example from about 1.2 to about 1.6 fold. Stretching need not be to the same magnification in each direction. Moreover, the amount of stretching during dry orientation can be used to compensate for the amount of stretching of the extrudate. For example, if stretching magnification used in step (4) is at or near the lower end of its stretching range, then the stretching magnification used in step (6) can be at a relatively higher value in the range of from about 1.1 to about 2, e.g., above 1.5. Likewise, if stretching magnification used in step (4) is at or near the lower end of its range, then the stretching magnification used in step (6) can be at a relatively lower value in the range of from about 1.1 to about 2, e.g., less than 1.5. 
     The dry orientation (second stretching or re-stretching) step can be conducted in a stretching zone, the zone being at a second stretching temperature in the range of Tcd or lower, e.g., in a range of Tcd −40° C. to Tcd, or in a range of Tcd −20° C. to Tcd. When the second stretching temperature is higher than Tcd it is believed that the membrane significantly shrinks in a direction to perpendicular to MD and TD during re-stretching, resulting in low permeability and much property distribution across the membrane in TD. When the second stretching temperature is lower than Tcd −40° C., it is believed that the polymer in the membrane is insufficiently softened so that the membrane might be broken by stretching, i.e., a failure to achieve uniform stretching. In an embodiment where the polymer comprises polyethylene, the second stretching temperature can be in the range of from about 60° C. to about 100° C., for example from about 70° C. to about 100° C. 
     The monoaxial stretching magnification of the membrane in this step (6), as mentioned above, is preferably from about 1.1 to about 2 fold. A magnification of 1.1 to 2 fold generally provides the membrane of the present invention with a structure having a large average pore size. In the case of monoaxial stretching, the magnification can be from 1.1 to 2 fold in a longitudinal or transverse direction. In the case of biaxial stretching, the membrane may be stretched at the same or different magnifications in each stretching direction, though preferably the same, as long as the stretching magnifications in both directions are within 1.1 to 2 fold. 
     When the second stretching magnification of the membrane is less than 1.1 fold, it is believed that the membrane structure of the present invention has poorer permeability and compression resistance in the membrane. When the second stretching magnification is more than 2 fold, the fibrils formed are too fine, and it is believed that the heat shrinkage resistance of the membrane is reduced. This second stretching magnification is preferably from about 1.2 to about 1.6 fold. 
     The stretching rate is preferably 3%/second or more in a stretching direction. In the case of monoaxial stretching, stretching rate is 3%/second or more in a longitudinal or transverse direction. In the case of biaxial stretching, stretching rate is 3%/second or more in both longitudinal and transverse directions. A stretching rate of less than 3%/second decreases the membrane&#39;s permeability, and provides the membrane with large unevenness in properties (particularly, air permeability) in a width direction when stretched in a transverse direction. The stretching rate is preferably 5%/second or more, more preferably 10%/second or more. Though not particularly critical, the upper limit of the stretching rate is preferably 50%/second to prevent rupture of the membrane. 
     (7) Heat Treatment 
     The membrane product of step (6) is thermally treated to a predetermined width (heat-set) in a heat-setting step having at least two stages. It is believed that heat-setting the membrane stabilizes crystallization and makes uniform lamellas in the membrane. The heat-setting stages are generally conducted with the edges of the membrane fixed at the desired width. Conventional methods, such as tenter methods or roller methods can be used. The heat-setting temperatures in each stage are preferably in a range of from about 20° C. below Tcd (“Tcd−20° C.”) to Tm. Further, at least one earlier (upstream) heat-setting stage is conducted at a temperature different from and lower than that of the other later (downstream) heat-setting stages. Still further, the heat-setting in the first stage is conducted at a temperature of about 10° C. above (warmer than) Tcd (“Tcd+10° C.”) or lower, preferably in a range of about Tcd−10° C. to about Tcd. The temperature difference between the first stage (i.e., the “initial” or most upstream heat set stage) and the last stage (i.e., the “final” or most downstream heat set stage) is about 15° C. or higher, preferably about 20° C. or higher, more preferably 25° C. to 40° C. or higher. In an embodiment, at least three heat-set stages are used. In another embodiment, at least five heat stages are used. The first heat setting stage is downstream of the dry orientation zone of step (6). The temperature of the first heat setting stage should be the same temperature as the dry orientation zone (or the downstream end of the dry orientation zone if there is a temperature gradient within the dry orientation zone) or higher (warmer). 
     It is believed that using too low a heat-setting temperature can make it more difficult to produce a membrane having adequate pin puncture strength, tensile rupture strength, tensile rupture elongation and heat shrinkage resistance, while using too high a heat-setting temperature can make it more difficult to produce a membrane of sufficient permeability. 
     The membrane is heat set for a total time over all stages generally in the range of about 1 to about 200 seconds, typically 20 to about 90 seconds, e.g., from about 25 to about 80 seconds. The time per stage can be independently selected. For example, each heat-set time in each stage can be in the range of 0.2 to 195 seconds, or about 5 to about 50 seconds. In an embodiment, the microporous polymeric membrane comprises polyolefin, e.g., polyethylene, or polyethylene and polypropylene, and the temperature of the first heat-set stage is no more that 10° C. warmer than the polyethylene&#39;s Tcd. Generally, the heat set-stages are arranged from upstream to downstream with no intervening process steps, but this is not required. For example, one or more stages of rollers, including heated rollers can be used between the heat set stages. 
     Heating a microporous polymeric membrane generally causes the membrane to shrink in size. During heat-setting, the edges of the membrane are gripped, e.g., by tenter clips fixing the edges of the membrane, and the tendency toward shrinkage during heating provides a tension in the plane of the membrane which is resisted by the gripping of the pairs of clips disposed on opposite edges of the membrane. The pairs of clips are generally mounted along an opposed pair of continuous rails or tracks (one at each edge of the membrane), and closing/opening means for the clips are provided so that the heat-setting process can be operated continuously if desired as the membrane advances in the machine direction from downstream to upstream along the production line. The rails or tracks can be configured so that the tenter clips traverse a path which keeps the width of the membrane constant during a heat-set stage, or alternatively, a path which results in a decrease in the size of the membrane, e.g., in TD, MD, or both MD and TD. For example, the path of the clips can be such as to cause the membrane to decrease in width (TD) from an initial width before heat setting to a final size in the range of from about 1% to about 30%, or about 5% to about 20% less than the initial width. While not required, the amount of membrane width reduction can be set independently in each heat set stage. 
     In an embodiment, the membrane contains polyethylene or polyethylene and polypropylene, and the temperature of the initial heat-set stage is 20° C. below (cooler) than polyethylene&#39;s Tcd, but the same as or warmer than the temperature of the dry orientation zone. Optionally, the temperature of each successive heat-set stage is the same as or is increased over that of the preceding heat-set stage. For example, one embodiment has five heat-set stages: an initial stage, a second stage immediately downstream of the initial stage, a third stage immediately downstream of the second stage, a fourth stage immediately downstream of the third stage and immediately upstream of the final stage, and a final stage. The temperature of the stages can increase monotonically and then level out, e.g., temperature of the initial stage is in the range of, e.g., 85° C. to 95° C., such as 90° C.; the temperature of the second stage is in the range of, e.g., 95° C. to 115° C., such as 100° C. or 110° C.; the temperature of the third stage is in the range of, e.g., 115° C. to 125° C., such as 110° C. or 120° C.; the temperature of the fourth stage is in the range of, e.g., 115° C. to 127° C., for example 127° C.; and the temperature of the final stage is in the range of, e.g., 120° C. to 127° C., for example 127° C. 
     The term “stage temperature” means the average temperature within the stage, which can be determined, e.g., by locating thermocouples at various points inside the stage (generally along the machine direction) and then taking the numerical average (arithmetic mean) of the thermocouple values. 
     In an embodiment, the microporous polymeric membrane contains (a) from about 50 to about 80% of a first polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 4×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 50, (b) from about 10 to about 30% of a second polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 3×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 50, and (c) from about 0 to about 40% of a polypropylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of about 8×10 5  to about 1.5×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 50, and a heat of fusion of from about 100 to about 120 J/g, percentages based on the mass of the polyolefin composition. The following table contains examples of selected heat-set conditions for a membrane produced from such a polyolefin composition. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Stage 
                 Temp. ° C. 
                 Temp. ° C. 
                 Temp. ° C. 
                 Temp. ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 st   
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
                 90 
               
               
                 2 nd   
                 110 
                 100 
                 100 
                 110 
               
               
                 3 rd   
                   
                 120 
                 110 
                 120 
               
               
                 4 th   
                   
                   
                 120 
                 127 
               
               
                 5 th   
                   
                   
                   
                 127 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an embodiment, the temperature of the stretching zone is in the range of 70° C. to 90° C., the temperature of the initial stage is in the range of 90° C. to 127° C., the temperature of the second stage is in the range of 120° C. to 127° C., the temperature of the third and fourth stages are in the range of 125° C. to 127° C. 
     As described in connection with step (6), dry orientation is characterized by a change in the planar size of the membrane from an initial size to a final size. The size change can be accomplished by gripping the edges of the membrane with opposed pairs of enter clips traveling along a pair of continuous rails or tracks. When the rails are configured to diverge, the distance between the opposed pairs of tenter clips increases, and the membrane is stretched. The downstream end of the dry orientation step is defined as the point at which there is no further stretching of the membrane, e.g., when the pair of rails stop diverging. Heat setting of the membrane at the sized fixed at the conclusion of the dry orientation step (or smaller) can begin immediately at the conclusion of the dry orientation step. While not required, the dry orientation zone and heat-setting stages can be located within a single piece of process equipment, e.g., a tenter machine contained in an enclosure (e.g., approximately adiabatic) divided into regions (approximately isothermal within each region) having independent temperature control. 
     The heat setting of each heat-set stage can be operated under conventional heat-set conditions. Two such conditions are referred to as “thermal fixation” or “thermal relaxation”. The term “thermal fixation” refers to heat-setting carried out while maintaining the magnification selected during dry orientation, e.g., by the opposed pairs of tenter clips. The term “thermal relaxation” refers to heat-setting carried out, e.g., with the opposed pairs of tenter clips set to provide a magnification that is smaller than the magnification used during dry orientation. 
     In an embodiment, staged heat-setting is carried out continuously. In another embodiment, staged heat-setting is carried out semi-continuously or intermittently, e.g., by carrying out dry orientation of the membrane, and then after an appropriate time interval has elapsed, carrying out heat-setting. The path of the tenter clips can be set to cause the membrane to relax (or shrink) in the heat-setting step in the direction(s) of stretching to achieve a final magnification of about 0.7 to about 0.99 fold compared to the size of the membrane, e.g., at the start of the heat-setting step of (7). The membrane can relax at the ratio of from about 1% to about 30%, preferably from about 5% to about 20% based on the membrane size at the start of the heat-setting step of (7). The membrane can relax in TD, MD, or both. 
     It has been discovered that staged heat-setting provides a microporous membrane with a more uniform high permeability distribution across the membrane. After staged heat setting, the microporous membrane exhibits standard deviation of permeability in the TD, for example from about 10 to about 15 (seconds) or less, a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 105° C. of 10% or less, for example from about 0.5 to about 5% or less, a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 130° C. of 10% or less, for example from about 10 to about 25% or less, and a pin puncture strength of 3,500 mN or greater. 
     An annealing treatment can be conducted after the heat-setting step. Annealing differs from heat-set in that no force or load is applied to the microporous membrane, and may be conducted by using, e.g., a heating chamber with a belt conveyer or an air-floating-type heating chamber. The annealing may also be conducted continuously after the heat-setting with the tenter clips slackened. The annealing temperature is preferably Tm or lower, more preferably in a range from about 60° C. to about Tm −5° C. Annealing is believed to provide the microporous membrane with improved permeability and strength. 
     Optionally, the stretched sheet between steps (4) and (5) may be heat-set. While the heat-setting method may be conducted the same way as described above for step (7), this is not required, and conventional single-stage heat-setting can be used. 
     Still further, at least one surface of the stretched sheet from step (4) may be brought into contact with one or more heater rollers following any of steps (4) to (7). The roller temperature is preferably in a range of from Tcd +10° C. to Tm. The contact time of the heat roll with the stretched sheet is preferably from about 0.5 second to about 1 minute. The heat roll may have a flat or rough surface. The heat roll may have a suction functionality to remove the solvent. Though not particularly critical, one example of a roller-heating system may comprise holding heated oil in contact with a roller surface. 
     Still further, the stretched sheet may be contacted with a hot solvent between steps (4) and (5). A hot solvent treatment turns fibrils formed by stretching to a leaf vein form with relatively thick fiber trunks, providing the microporous membrane with large pore size and suitable strength and permeability. The term “leaf vein form” means that the fibrils have thick fiber trunks, and thin fibers extending in a complicated network structure from the trunks. The details of the hot solvent treatment method are described in WO 2000/20493. 
     (8) Cross-Linking 
     The heat-set microporous membrane may be cross-linked by ionizing radiation rays such as α-rays, β-rays, γ-rays, electron beams, etc. In the case of irradiating electron beams, the amount of electron beams is preferably from about 0.1 to about 100 Mrad, and the accelerating voltage is preferably form about 100 to about 300 kV. The cross-linking treatment elevates the melt down temperature of the microporous membrane. 
     (8i) Hydrophilizing Treatment 
     The heat-set microporous membrane may be subjected to a hydrophilizing treatment (a treatment that makes the membrane more hydrophilic). The hydrophilizing treatment may be a monomer-grafting treatment, a surfactant treatment, a corona-discharging treatment, etc. The monomer-grafting treatment is preferably conducted after the cross-linking treatment. 
     In the case of surfactant treatment hydrophilizing the heat-set microporous membrane, any of nonionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants may be used, and the nonionic surfactants are preferred. The microporous membrane can be dipped in a solution of the surfactant in water or a lower alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, etc., or coated with the solution by a doctor blade method. 
     (8ii) Surface-Coating Treatment 
     While not required, the heat-set microporous membrane resulting from step (7) can be coated with porous polypropylene, porous fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, porous polyimides, porous polyphenylene sulfide, etc., to improve melt down properties when the membrane is used as a battery separator. The polypropylene used for the coating preferably has Mw of form about 5,000 to about 500,000, and a solubility of about 0.5 grams or more in 100 grams of toluene at 25° C. Such polypropylene more preferably has a racemic diade fraction of from about 0.12 to about 0.88, the racemic diade being a structural unit in which two adjacent monomer units are mirror-image isomers to each other. The surface-coating layer may be applied, for instance, by applying a solution of the above coating resin in a good solvent to the microporous membrane, removing part of the solvent to increase a resin concentration, thereby forming a structure in which a resin phase and a solvent phase are separated, and removing the remainder of the solvent. Examples of good solvents for this purpose include aromatic compounds, such as toluene or xylene. 
     [3] Structure, Properties, and Composition of Microporous Membrane 
     (1) Structure 
     The microporous membrane of the invention is a porous membrane having a composition derived from the polymer resins used to produce the membrane. As used herein, the term “pore size” is analogous to the pore diameter in the case where the pores are approximately cylindrical. The thickness of the membrane generally is in the range of from about 1 to 100 μm, typically 5 to 50 μm. 
     Because the microporous membrane of the invention has relatively large internal space and openings due to coarse domains, it has suitable permeability and electrolytic solution absorption, with little air permeability variation when compressed. This microporous membrane also has relatively small internal space and openings which influence safety properties of the membrane when used as a battery separator, such as shutdown temperature and shutdown speed. Accordingly, lithium ion batteries such as, for example, lithium ion secondary batteries comprising separators formed by such microporous membrane have suitable productivity and cyclability while retaining their high safety performance. 
     (2) Properties 
     The microporous membrane of the present invention exhibits a standard deviation of air permeability among a plurality of points across the membrane in along TD of 15 or less, or less, for example from about 5 to about 15 seconds or less; and one or more of the following properties a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 105° C. of 10%, for example from about 0.5 to about 5%; a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 130° C. of 30% or less, for example about 25% or less, a pin puncture strength of 3,500 mN or greater, and a thickness variation after heat compression (absolute value) of less than 10, preferably 9 or less. 
     The membrane exiting the heat-setting step is deformed along its edge as a result of the tenter clips gripping the membrane. This portion of the membrane is generally cut way by slitting (cutting off) a portion of the membrane adjacent to each edge. The slitting can be operated continuously, e.g., by locating cutting blades oriented parallel to the machine direction a desired distance inward (along TD) from the edge of the membrane. The edge material is cut off and conducted away from the process. Generally, the slitting reduces the width of the membrane to about 90% to about 95% of the width of the membrane exiting the heat set step. This slitting step can be referred to as a “first” slitting step when additional slitting is used downstream, e.g., in order to produce microporous membrane of a desired final width for battery manufacturing. 
     The membrane&#39;s air permeability through the membrane can be measured at selected points along TD (i.e., across the membrane). Unless the contexts indicates otherwise, the term “air permeability” as used herein refers to the arithmetic mean (i.e., the numerical average) of the measured values. While not required, a plurality of measurement points approximately equally spaced along TD and referenced to the center line of the membrane (parallel to the machine direction) are used to determine the air permeability and the standard deviation of air permeability. Since the measured points are referenced to the center line of the membrane, the measurements can be made before or after slitting. 
     In an embodiment, the selected air permeability points are along TD and located between initial and final points, the initial and final points being optionally equidistant along TD from the center line of the membrane. The distance between the initial point and final point can be, e.g., about 75%, or alternatively about 80%, or alternatively 90%, or alternatively about 95% of the width of the membrane after the heat setting step but before slitting, i.e., before first slitting and any slitting downstream of first slitting. While air permeability and the standard deviation of air permeability can be determined with an initial point and final point only, typically those points and a plurality of points along TD are use to determine those values; e.g., at least five points, or at least ten points, or at least 20 points, or at least 40 points. For example, the number of points can be in the range of ten to thirty points, and, optionally, the points can be equally spaced along TD at a convenient interval, e.g., the distance between adjacent measurement points can be in the range of about 25 mm to about 100 mm. 
     The term “μ” refers to the arithmetic mean of the air permeability values (Gurley values, measured in seconds per 100 cm 3 ) determined at the measurement points along TD. The standard deviation of the measured air permeability values “σ” is defined as the square root of the variance, i.e., 
     
       
         
           
             
               σ 
               = 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         
                           ( 
                           
                             AP 
                             - 
                             μ 
                           
                           ) 
                         
                         2 
                       
                     
                     N 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 
                   1 
                   2 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where AP are the measured air permeability values (Gurley values) at each measurement point and N is the number of measurement points. 
     The membrane can be characterized by a heat shrinkage value measured at 105° C., which can be measured as follows. A sample of the microporous membrane is cut along the TD and MD directions to provide a square shape 100 mm long on its sides (i.e., 100 mm in TD and 100 mmin MD). The sample is then heated in thermal equilibrium (e.g., in an oven) at a temperature of 105° C. for eight hours, and then cooled. The shrinkage ratio in MD (expressed as a percent) is equal to the length of the sample in MD before heating divided by the length of the sample in MD after heating times 100 percent. The shrinkage ratio in TD (expressed as a percent) is equal to the length of the sample in TD before heating divided by the length of the sample in TD after heating times 100 percent. 
     The membrane can also be characterized by a heat shrinkage value measured at 130° C. This value can be of particular significance since 130° C. is generally within the operating temperature range of a lithium ion secondary battery during charging and discharging, albeit near the upper (shut-down) end of this range. The measurement is slightly different from the measurement of heat shrinkage at 105° C., reflecting the fact that the edges of the membrane parallel to the transverse direction are generally fixed within the battery, with a limited degree of freedom allowed for expansion or contraction (shrinkage) in the transverse direction, particularly near the center of the edges parallel to the machine direction. Accordingly, a square sample of microporous film measuring 50 mm along TD and 50 mm along MD is mounted in a frame, with the edges parallel to TD fixed to the frame (e.g., by tape) leaving a clear aperture of 35 mm in MD and 50 mm in TD. The frame with sample attached is then heated in thermal equilibrium (e.g., in an oven) at a temperature of 130° C. for thirty minutes, and then cooled. TD heat shrinkage generally causes the edges of the film parallel to MD to bow slightly inward (toward the center of the frame&#39;s aperture). The shrinkage ratio in TD (expressed as a percent) is equal to the length of the sample in TD before heating divided by the narrowest length (within the frame) of the sample in TD after heating times 100 percent. 
     When the heat shrinkage ratio after being exposed to 105° C. for 8 hours exceeds 10% in the transverse direction, heat generated in batteries with the microporous membrane separators can cause the shrinkage of the separators, making it more likely that short-circuiting occurs near the edges of the separators. Similarly, when the heat shrinkage ratio after being exposed to 130° C. for 30 minutes exceeds 30% in the transverse direction, heat generated in batteries using the microporous membrane separators can make it more likely that short-circuiting occurs near the edges of the separators. Preferably, the heat shrinkage ratio is from about 0.5 to about 5% at 105° C., and from about 10 to about 55% at 130° C. 
     The microporous membranes generally have a shut down temperature of 140° C. or lower, and a melt down temperature of 145° C. or higher. Melt down temperature is measured by the following procedure: A rectangular sample of 3 mm×50 mm is cut out of the microporous membrane such that the long axis of the sample is aligned with the transverse direction of the microporous membrane as it is produced in the process and the short axis is aligned with the machine direction. The sample is set in a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA/SS6000 available from Seiko Instruments, Inc.) at a chuck distance of 10 mm, i.e., the distance from the upper chuck to the lower chuck is 10 mm. The lower chuck is fixed and a load of 19.6 mN applied to the sample at the upper chuck. The chucks and sample are enclosed in a tube which can be heated. Starting at 30° C., the temperature inside the tube is elevated at a rate of 5° C./minute, and sample length change under the 19.6 mN load is measured at intervals of 0.5 second and recorded as temperature is increased. The temperature is increased to 200° C. The melt down temperature of the sample is defined as the temperature at which the sample breaks, generally at a temperature in the range of about 145° C. to about 200° C. A particular commercial grade battery separator has a melt down temperature of 145° C., so that or higher temperatures than that are preferred, i.e. 145° C. or higher. 
     Maximum shrinkage in the molten state is measured by the following procedure: Using the procedure described for the measurement of melt down temperature, the sample length measured in the temperature range of from 135° C. to 145° C. are recorded. The maximum shrinkage in the molten state is defined as the sample length between the chucks measured at 23° C. (L1 equal to 10 mm) minus the minimum length measured generally in the range of about 135° C. to about 145° C. (equal to L2) divided by L1, i.e., [L1−L2]/L1*100%. A particular commercial grade battery separator has a thermal mechanical analysis maximum shrinkage in the molten state at 140° C. of 30%, so a lower percentages than that is preferred, i.e. 20% or less. 
     In preferred embodiments, the microporous membrane of the present invention also has at least one of the following properties. 
     (a) Air Permeability of from about 20 to about 400 Seconds/100 cm 3  (Converted to the Value at 16 μm Thickness) 
     When the membrane&#39;s air permeability measured according to JIS P8117 is from 20 to 400 seconds/100 cm 3 , batteries with separators formed by the microporous membrane have suitably large capacity and good cyclability. When the air permeability is less than 20 seconds/100 cm 3 , shutdown does not sufficiently occur because pores are so large that they cannot fully close when the temperatures inside the batteries are elevated at 140° C. or more. Air permeability P 1  is measured on a microporous membrane having a thickness T 1  according to JIS P8117 is converted to air permeability P 2  at a thickness of 16 μm by the equation of P 2 =(P 1 ×16)/T 1 . The air permeability measurement can be made at a plurality of locations along TD and averaged. A standard deviation for the measured values is equal to the square root of the variance. 
     (b) Porosity of from about 25 to about 80% 
     When the porosity is less than 25%, the microporous membrane is generally less useful as a battery separator. When the porosity exceeds 80%, battery separators formed by the microporous membrane are believed to have insufficient strength, which can result in the short-circuiting of battery&#39;s electrodes. 
     Porosity is measured by a weight method using the formula: Porosity %=100×(w2−w1)/w2, wherein “w1” is the actual weight of film and “w2” is the assumed weight of 100% polyethylene. 
     (c) Pin Puncture Strength of 3,500 mN or More (Converted to the Value at 20 μm Thickness) 
     The membrane&#39;s pin puncture strength (converted to the value at membrane thickness of 20 μm) is represented by the maximum load measured when the microporous membrane is pricked with a needle of 1 mm in diameter with a spherical end surface (radius R of curvature: 0.5 mm) at a speed of 2 mm/second. When the pin puncture strength is low, e.g., less than 3500 mN/20 μm, it is generally more difficult to produce a battery having sufficient protection against internal short-circuiting. The pin puncture strength is preferably 4,000 mN/16 μm or more, for example, more preferably 4,500 mN/20 μm or more. The pin puncture measurement can be made at a plurality of locations along TD and averaged. A standard deviation for the measured values is equal to the square root of the variance. 
     (d) Tensile Strength of 100,000 kPa or More 
     A tensile strength of 100,000 kPa or more in both longitudinal and transverse directions (measured according to ASTM D-882 using a 10 mm wide rectangular test piece), is characteristic of suitable durable microporous membranes, particularly when used as battery separators. The tensile rupture strength is preferably about 100,000 kPa or more, for example about 135,000 kPa or more. 
     (e) Tensile Elongation of 100% or More 
     A tensile elongation of 100% or more in both longitudinal and transverse directions (measured according to ASTM D-882 using a 10 mm wide rectangular test piece), is characteristic of suitably durable microporous membranes, particularly when used as battery separators. 
     (f) Thickness Variation Ratio (Absolute Value) of 20% or Less after Heat Compression 
     The thickness variation ratio after heat compression at 90° C. under pressure of 2.2 MPa for 5 minutes is generally 20% (expressed as an absolute value) or less per 100% of the thickness before compression. Thickness can be measured as in (h) below. Thickness variation ratio is calculated by the formula of (average thickness after compression—average thickness before compression)/(average thickness before compression)×100. 
     Batteries comprising microporous membrane separators with a thickness variation ratio of 20% or less, preferably 10% or less, have suitably large capacity and good cyclability. 
     (g) Air Permeability after Heat Compression of 700 sec/100 cm 3  or Less 
     Each microporous membrane having a thickness of T 1  is heat-compressed under the above conditions, and measured with respect to air permeability P 1  according to JIS P8117. 
     The microporous membrane when heat-compressed under the above conditions generally has air permeability (Gurley value) of 700 sec/100 cm 3  or less. Batteries using such membranes have suitably large capacity and cyclability. The air permeability is preferably 675 sec/100 cm 3  or less. 
     (h) Average Thickness (μm) 
     The thickness of each microporous membrane is measured by a contact thickness meter at 5 cm longitudinal intervals over a width of 30 cm, and averaged. A standard deviation for the measured values is equal to the square root of the variance. 
     The thickness meter used is a Litematic made by Mitsutoyo Corporation. The thickness of the membrane generally is in the range of from about 1 to 100 μm, typically 10 to 100 μm. 
     (3) Microporous Membrane Composition 
     The microporous polymeric membrane generally comprises the polymer of the resin or resins used to produce the membrane. When the membrane is produced in a wet process, a small amount of washing solvent and/or process solvent can also be present, generally in amounts less than 1 wt % based on the weight of the microporous polyolefin membrane. A small amount of polymer molecular weight degradation might occur during processing, but this is acceptable. In an embodiment where the polymer is polyolefin and the membrane is produced in a wet process, molecular weight degradation during processing, if any, causes the value of Mw/Mn of the polyolefin in the membrane to differ from the Mw/Mn of the polyolefin solution by no more than about 50%, or no more than about 1%, or no more than about 0.1%. 
     (1) Polyolefin 
     An embodiment of the microporous membrane of the present invention comprises (a) from about 50 to about 100% of a first polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5 , for example from about 2.5×10 5  to about 4×10 5 , and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, for example from about 5 to about 50, (b) from about 0 to about 40% of a second polyethylene having a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6 , for example from about 1×10 6  to about 3×10 6 , and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100, for example from about 5 to about 50, and (c) from about 0 to about 50% of a polypropylene having a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, for example from about 8×10 5  to about 1.5×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100, for example from about 1 to about 50, and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, for example from about 100 to about 120 J/g, percentages based on the mass of the membrane. 
     (a) Polyethylene 
     (i) Composition 
     The first polyethylene has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 5×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100. A non-limiting example of the first polyethylene for use herein is one that has a weight average molecular weight of from about 2.5×10 5  to about 4×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of form about 5 to about 50. The first polyethylene can be an ethylene homopolymer, or an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, such as, for example, one containing a small amount, e.g., about 5 mole %, of a third α-olefin. The third α-olefin, which is not ethylene, is preferably propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene or combinations thereof. Such copolymer is preferably produced using a single-site catalyst. 
     The second polyethylene, for example an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), is optional and has a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 5×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of from about 5 to about 100. A non-limiting example of the second polyethylene for use herein is one that has a weight average molecular weight of from about 1×10 6  to about 3×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of form about 5 to about 50. The second polyethylene can be an ethylene homopolymer, or an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, such as, for example, one containing a small amount, e.g., about 5 mole %, of a third α-olefin. The third α-olefin, which is not ethylene, can be, for example, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene or combinations thereof. Such copolymer is preferably produced using a single-site catalyst. 
     (ii) Molecular Weight Distribution Mw/Mn of the Polyethylene in the Microporous Membrane 
     Though not critical, the Mw/Mn of the polyethylene in the membrane is preferably from about 5 to about 100, for example from about 5 to about 50. When the Mw/Mn is less than 5, the percentage of a higher molecular weight component is too high to conduct melt extrusion easily. On the other hand, when the Mw/Mn is more than 100, the percentage of a lower molecular weight component is too high, resulting in decrease in the strength of the resulting microporous membrane. It is noted that some degradation of Mw from that of the starting resins may occur during manufacturing of the membrane by the present method, for example the Mw of the first and/or second polyethylene in the membrane product may be lower than that of the first and/or second polyethylene resins in the polyolefin composition portion of the polyolefin solution of method step (1). 
     (a) Polypropylene 
     (i) Composition 
     The polypropylene has a weight average molecular weight of about 5×10 5  or higher, for example from about 8×10 5  to about 1.5×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of from about 1 to about 100, for example from about 1 to about 50, and a heat of fusion of 90 J/g or higher, for example from about 100 to about 120 J/g, and can be a propylene homopolymer or a copolymer of propylene and another, i.e. a fourth, olefin, though the homopolymer is preferable. The copolymer may be a random or block copolymer. The fourth olefin, which is an olefin other than propylene, includes α-olefins such as ethylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1,4-methylpentene-1, octene-1, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, styrene, etc., and diolefins such as butadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, etc. The percentage of the fourth olefin in the propylene copolymer is preferably in a range that does not deteriorate the properties of the microporous membrane such as heat resistance, compression resistance, heat shrinkage resistance, etc., and is preferably less than about 10 mole %, e.g., from about 0 to less than about 10 mole %. Again, it is noted that some degradation of Mw from that of the starting resins may occur during manufacturing of the membrane by the present method, for example the Mw of the polypropylene in the membrane product may be lower than that of the polypropylene resin in the polyolefin composition portion of the polyolefin solution of method step (1). 
     The heat of fusion is determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC is conducted using a TA Instrument MDSC 2920 or Q1000 Tzero-DSC and data analyzed using standard analysis software. Typically, 3 to 10 mg of polymer is encapsulated in an aluminum pan and loaded into the instrument at room temperature. The sample is cooled to either −130° C. or −70° C. and heated to 210° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./minute to evaluate the glass transition and melting behavior for the sample. The sample is held at 210° C. for 5 minutes to destroy its thermal history. Crystallization behavior is evaluated by cooling the sample from the melt to sub-ambient temperature at a cooling rate of 10° C./minute. The sample is held at the low temperature for 10 minutes to fully equilibrate in the solid state and achieve a steady state. Second heating data is measured by heating this melt crystallized sample at 10° C./minute. Second heating data thus provides phase behavior for samples crystallized under controlled thermal history conditions. The endothermic melting transition (first and second melt) and exothermic crystallization transition are analyzed for onset of transition and peak temperature. The area under the curve is used to determine the heat of fusion (ΔH f ). 
     In an embodiment, the amount of polypropylene in the membrane is 50% or less by mass based on the total mass of polyolefin in the membrane. 
     (2) Other Components 
     In addition to the above components, the membrane can contain an additional polyolefin and/or heat-resistant polymer having melting points or glass transition temperatures (Tg) of about 170° C. or higher. 
     (a) Additional Polyolefin 
     The additional polyolefin can be one or more of (a) polybutene-1, polypentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1, polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, each of which may have an Mw of from 1×10 4  to 4×10 6 , and (b) a polyethylene wax having an Mw of form 1×10 3  to 1×10 4 . Polybutene-1, polypentene-1, poly-4-methylpentene-1, polyhexene-1, polyoctene-1, polyvinyl acetate, polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene are not restricted to homopolymers, but may be copolymers containing other α-olefins. 
     (b) Heat-Resistant Polymer 
     The heat-resistant polymers are preferably (i) amorphous polymers having melting points of about 170° C. or higher, which may be partially crystalline, and/or (ii) amorphous polymers having a Tg of about 170° C. or higher. The melting point and Tg are determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to JIS K7121. Examples of the heat-resistant polymers include polyesters such as polybutylene terephthalate (melting point: about 160 to 230° C.), polyethylene terephthalate (melting point: about 250 to 270° C.), etc., fluororesins, polyamides (melting point: 215 to 265° C.), polyarylene sulfide, polyimides (Tg: 280° C. or higher), polyamide imides (Tg: 280° C.), polyether sulfone (Tg: 223° C.), polyetheretherketone (melting point: 334° C.), polycarbonates (melting point: 220 to 240° C.), cellulose acetate (melting point: 220° C.), cellulose triacetate (melting point: 300° C.), polysulfone (Tg: 190° C.), polyetherimide (melting point: 216° C.), etc. 
     (c) Content 
     The total amount of the additional polyolefin and the heat-resistant polymer in the membrane is preferably 20% or less by mass per 100% by mass of the membrane. 
     [4] Battery Separator 
     The microporous membranes of the invention are useful as battery separators. In an embodiment, the microporous membranes of the present invention have a thickness of from about 3 to about 200 μm, or from about 5 to about 50 μm, or from about 7 to about 35 μm, though the most suitable thickness is properly selected depending on the type of battery to be manufactured. 
     [5] Battery 
     Though not particularly critical, the microporous membranes of the present invention may be used as separators for primary and secondary batteries, particularly such as lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium-polymer secondary batteries, nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, nickel-zinc secondary batteries, silver-zinc secondary batteries, particularly for lithium ion secondary batteries. 
     The lithium ion secondary battery comprises a cathode and an anode laminated via a separator, and the separator contains an electrolyte, usually in the form of an electrolytic solution (“electrolyte”). The electrode structure is not critical. Conventional structures are suitable. The electrode structure may be, for instance, a coin type in which a disc-shaped positive and anodes are opposing, a laminate type in which planar positive and anodes are alternately laminated, a toroidal type in which ribbon-shaped positive and anodes are wound, etc. 
     The cathode usually comprises a current collector, and a cathodic active material layer capable of absorbing and discharging lithium ions which is formed on the current collector. The cathodic active materials may be inorganic compounds such as transition metal oxides, composite oxides of lithium and transition metals (lithium composite oxides), transition metal sulfides, etc. The transition metals may be V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, etc. Preferred examples of the lithium composite oxides are lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, lithium manganate, laminar lithium composite oxides based on α-NaFeO 2 , etc. The anode comprises a current collector, and a negative-electrode active material layer formed on the current collector. The negative-electrode active materials may be carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, coke, carbon black, etc. 
     The electrolytic solution can be a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent. The lithium salt may be LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiPF 4 (CF 3 ) 2 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 , lower aliphatic carboxylates of lithium, LiAlCl 4 , etc. These lithium salts may be used alone or in combination. The organic solvent may be an organic solvent having a high boiling point and high dielectric constant such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, etc.; and/or organic solvents having low boiling points and low viscosity such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, dimethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, etc. These organic solvents may be used alone or in combination. Because the organic solvents having high dielectric constants generally have high viscosity, while those having low viscosity generally have low dielectric constants, their mixtures are preferably used. 
     When the battery is assembled, the separator is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the separator (microporous membrane) is provided with ion permeability. The impregnation treatment is usually conducted by immersing the microporous membrane in the electrolytic solution at room temperature. When a cylindrical battery is assembled, for instance, a cathode sheet, a microporous membrane separator and an anode sheet are laminated in this order, and the resultant laminate is wound to a toroidal-type electrode assembly. The resultant electrode assembly is charged/formed into a battery can and then impregnated with the above electrolytic solution, and the battery lid acting as a cathode terminal provided with a safety valve is caulked to the battery can via a gasket to produce a battery. 
     The present invention will be explained in more detail referring to Examples below without intention of restricting the scope of the present invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     A polyolefin composition comprising (a) 80% first polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of 3.0×10 5  and a molecular weight distribution of 8.6, (b) 20% second polyethylene resin having a weight average molecular weight of 2.0×10 6  and a molecular weight distribution of 8, and (c) no added polypropylene resin, is prepared by dry-blending, percentages by mass of the polyolefin composition. The polyethylene resin in the composition has a melting point of 135° C., a crystal dispersion temperature of 100° C., and an Mw/Mn of 14.4
         The Mw and Mw/Mn of polyethylene are measured by a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) method under the following conditions.   Measurement apparatus: GPC-15° C. available from Waters Corporation,   Column: Shodex UT806M available from Showa Denko K.K.,   Column temperature: 135° C.,   Solvent (mobile phase): o-dichlorobenzene,   Solvent flow rate: 1.0 ml/minute,   Sample concentration: 0.1% by weight (dissolved at 135° C. for 1 hour),   Injected amount: 500 μl,   Detector: Differential Refractometer available from Waters Corp., and   Calibration curve: Produced from a calibration curve of a single-dispersion, standard polystyrene sample using a predetermined conversion constant.       

     Thirty parts by mass of the resultant polyolefin composition is charged into a strong-blending double-screw extruder having an inner diameter of 58 mm and L/D of 42, and 70 parts by mass of liquid paraffin (50 cst at 40° C.) is supplied to the double-screw extruder via a side feeder. Melt-blending is conducted at 210° C. and 200 rpm to prepare a polyethylene solution. This polyethylene solution is extruded from a T-die mounted to the double-screw extruder. The extrudate is cooled while passing through cooling rolls controlled at 40° C., to form a cooled extrudate, i.e., gel-like sheet. 
     Using a tenter-stretching machine, the gel-like sheet is simultaneously biaxially stretched at 115° C. to 5 fold in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The stretched gel-like sheet is immersed in a bath of methylene chloride controlled at 25° C. to remove the liquid paraffin to an amount of 1% or less by mass of the amount of liquid paraffin present in the polyolefin solution, and dried by an air flow at room temperature. The dried membrane is re-stretched (dry orientation) by a tenter stretching machine to a magnification of 1.4 fold in a transverse direction at 90° C. Following stretching, the dried membrane is heat-set by tenter-type machine in four separate stages at 90° C. for 10 seconds in the first stage, 127° C. for 10 seconds in the second stage, 127° C. for 10 seconds in the third stage, and 127° C. for 10 seconds in the fourth stage, to produce a microporous membrane. The film in all four heat-setting stages is held constant. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Example 1 is repeated except the re-stretching is conducted at 70° C. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Example 1 is repeated except the re-stretching is conducted at 100° C., the heat-setting is conducted at 100° C. for 10 seconds in the first stage and the film relaxes (shrinks) in TD in the third stage to a width that is 15% smaller than the film width at the upstream end of the first heat set stage. The width of the film in the fourth stage of is maintained at the same width as in the third stage. The fourth stage is maintained at the same temperature as the fourth stage of Example 1. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Example 3 is repeated except the re-stretching is conducted at 90° C., the heat-setting is conducted at 90° C. for 10 seconds in the first stage and 120° C. for 10 seconds in the second stage. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     Example 1 is repeated except the film relaxes (shrinks) in TD in the third stage at the to a width that is 15% smaller than the film width at the upstream end of the first heat set stage. The width of the film in the fourth stage of is maintained at the same width as in the third stage. The fourth stage is maintained at the same temperature as the fourth stage of Example 1. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     Example 5 is repeated except the re-stretching is at a magnification of 1.2 fold in the transverse direction and the film relaxes (shrinks) in TD in the third stage to a width that is 17% smaller than the film width at the upstream end of the first heat set stage. The width of the film in the fourth stage of is maintained at the same width as in the third stage. The fourth stage is maintained at the same temperature as the fourth stage of Example 1. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     Example 4 is repeated except for the polyolefin composition comprising 50% first polyethylene, 20% second polyethylene, and 30% polypropylene having a weight average molecular weight of 1.1×10 6 , a molecular weight distribution of 5.0, and a heat of fusion of 114 J/g, and the temperature of each heat-setting stage is 126° C. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     Example 1 is repeated except the re-stretching and all heat-set stages are maintained at 127° C. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
     Comparative Example 1 is repeated except the temperature of the first heat set stage is 90° C. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
     Comparative Example 1 is repeated except the film relaxes (shrinks) in TD in the third stage to a width that is 15% smaller than the film width at the upstream end of the first heat set stage. The width of the film in the fourth stage of is maintained at the same width as in the third stage. The fourth stage is maintained at the same temperature as the fourth stage of Comparative Example 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 
     Comparative Example 3 is repeated except the temperatures of the heat-setting stages are all 90° C. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 
     Comparative Example 2 is repeated except the film relaxes (shrinks) in TD in the third stage to a width that is 15% smaller than the film width at the upstream end of the first heat set stage. The width of the film in the fourth stage of is maintained at the same width as in the third stage. The fourth stage is maintained at the same temperature as the fourth stage of Comparative Example 1. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 
     Example 1 is repeated except the re-stretching is conducted at 50° C. The membrane is broken when it is re-stretched. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 
     Example 7 is repeated except the re-stretching and heat set stages are all at 126° C. 
     Properties 
     The properties of the multi-layer microporous membranes obtained in the Examples and Comparative Examples are measured by the methods described in section [3](2). The results are shown in the following table. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 PROPERTIES 
                 Ex 1 
                 Ex 2 
                 Ex 3 
                 Ex 4 
                 Ex 5 
                 Ex 6 
                 Ex 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thickness μm 
                 18.5 
                 19.4 
                 19.2 
                 19.4 
                 20.1 
                 20.2 
                 18.7 
               
               
                 Air Perm. 
                 198 
                 210 
                 261 
                 243 
                 259 
                 291 
                 288 
               
               
                 Porosity % 
                 41.5 
                 40.9 
                 38.7 
                 38.8 
                 38.9 
                 39.7 
                 44.5 
               
               
                 Punct. Strength 
                 4880 
                 4753 
                 4694 
                 4655 
                 4596 
                 4606 
                 4998 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 126420 
                 127400 
                 134652 
                 134750 
                 133280 
                 136220 
                 133280 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 151900 
                 153860 
                 141120 
                 142100 
                 142100 
                 138180 
                 145040 
               
               
                 Tensile Elongation 
                 165 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 165 
                 170 
                 150 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 175 
                 170 
                 190 
                 200 
                 170 
                 180 
                 180 
               
               
                 Heat Shrinkage 105° C. 
                 3.6 
                 3.5 
                 3.8 
                 4.0 
                 3.8 
                 2.0 
                 3.0 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 4.0 
                 4.2 
                 3.2 
                 3.3 
                 3.1 
                 3.5 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 Heat Shrinkage 130° C. 
                 17.3 
                 16.6 
                 19.1 
                 19.1 
                 17.6 
                 14.8 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 24.2 
                 24.4 
                 22.7 
                 23.2 
                 22.0 
                 19.5 
                 24.2 
               
               
                 STDEV of thickness in TD 
                 0.18 
                 0.22 
                 0.36 
                 0.30 
                 0.32 
                 0.34 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 STDEV of air permeability in TD 
                 9.1 
                 10.9 
                 13.5 
                 12.5 
                 12.8 
                 13.1 
                 14.7 
               
               
                 STDEV of puncture strength in TD 
                 8.2 
                 9.8 
                 9.2 
                 8.6 
                 9.9 
                 8.7 
                 10.2 
               
               
                 Thick. Var Aft. Heat Comp. % 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 9 
                 8 
                 8 
                 6 
               
               
                 (abs. Val.) 
               
               
                 Air Perm. Aft. Heat Comp. 
                 465 
                 470 
                 512 
                 480 
                 477 
                 486 
                 662 
               
               
                 Melt Down Temp. ° C. 
                 151 
                 151 
                 150 
                 150 
                 150 
                 149 
                 173 
               
               
                 Max. Shrinkage %* 
                 19.9 
                 22.4 
                 11.0 
                 12.9 
                 12.3 
                 9.6 
                 16.3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
                 Comp 
               
               
                 PROPERTIES 
                 Ex 1 
                 Ex 2 
                 Ex 3 
                 Ex 4 
                 Ex 5 
                 Ex 6 
                 Ex 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Thickness μm 
                 19.4 
                 19.6 
                 20.5 
                 21.5 
                 20.0 
                 — 
                 19.5 
               
               
                 Air Perm. 
                 247 
                 231 
                 303 
                 86 
                 294 
                 — 
                 312 
               
               
                 Porosity % 
                 40.8 
                 40.7 
                 38.1 
                 56.2 
                 38.3 
                 — 
                 44.0 
               
               
                 Punct. Strength 
                 4802 
                 4851 
                 4655 
                 3479 
                 4606 
                 — 
                 5047 
               
               
                 Tensile Strength 
                 134260 
                 132300 
                 132300 
                 88220 
                 129360 
                 — 
                 138180 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 141120 
                 141200 
                 134260 
                 82320 
                 135240 
                 — 
                 147000 
               
               
                 Tensile Elongation 
                 160 
                 155 
                 170 
                 180 
                 175 
                 — 
                 150 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 180 
                 175 
                 190 
                 220 
                 205 
                 — 
                 190 
               
               
                 Heat Shrinkage 105° C. 
                 1.5 
                 1.4 
                 2.6 
                 16.5 
                 2.8 
                 — 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 3.9 
                 4.0 
                 3.0 
                 14.2 
                 3.5 
                 — 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 Heat Shrinkage 130° C. 
                 16.0 
                 11.3 
                 17.5 
                 26.5 
                 19.3 
                 — 
                 22.0 
               
               
                 MD//TD 
                 22.5 
                 24.1 
                 18.3 
                 33.1 
                 19.7 
                 — 
                 24.7 
               
               
                 STDEV of thickness in TD 
                 0.32 
                 0.30 
                 0.48 
                 0.12 
                 0.45 
                 — 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 STDEV of air permeability in TD 
                 18.9 
                 17.3 
                 20.4 
                 4.5 
                 20.1 
                 — 
                 21.2 
               
               
                 STDEV of puncture strength in TD 
                 12.6 
                 12.3 
                 13.5 
                 3.2 
                 12.9 
                 — 
                 14.6 
               
               
                 Thick. Var Aft. Heat Comp. % 
                 9 
                 9 
                 11 
                 22 
                 17 
                 — 
                 8 
               
               
                 (Abs. Val.) 
               
               
                 Air Perm. Aft. Heat Comp. 
                 611 
                 595 
                 598 
                 410 
                 475 
                 — 
                 580 
               
               
                 Melt Down Temp. ° C. 
                 151 
                 151 
                 150 
                 149 
                 150 
                 — 
                 172 
               
               
                 Max. Shrinkage %* 
                 19.0 
                 21.6 
                 11.1 
                 17.0 
                 13.6 
                 — 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Maximum Shrinkage in Molten State (% at about 140° C.) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is noted from Table 1 that the microporous membranes of the present invention exhibit a standard deviation of air permeability across the membrane in the transverse direction of 15 seconds per 100 cm 3  (Gurley) or less, air permeability of from 20 to 300 seconds/100 cm 3 /20 μm thickness, a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 105° C. of 10% or less, a TD heat shrinkage ratio at 130° C. of 30% or less, and a TMA maximum shrinkage in the molten state at about 140° C. of 30% or less, a puncture strength of 3,500 or greater, and a thickness variation after heat compression of 10 or less (Absolute Value), a melt down temperature of 149 or higher, a porosity of 35% or greater, a tensile strength (MD and TD) of 125,000 kPa or more, a tensile elongation (MD and TD) 150 to 200, a standard deviation in thickness along TD of 0.18 μm, a standard deviation of pin puncture strength along TD of 15 or less, and an air permeability after heat compression of 670 or less. On the other hand, the microporous membrane products of the Comparative Examples exhibit generally either too poor a standard deviation of air permeability along TD, or too low a pin puncture strength, too poor a tensile strength (in MD and TD), too poor a TD heat shrinkage at 105° C. and 130° C., or too poor a thickness variation after 
     Battery separators formed by the microporous polyolefin membranes of the present invention provide batteries with suitable safety, heat resistance, storage properties and productivity.