Patent Publication Number: US-2023157166-A1

Title: Organic compound and organic light-emitting element

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present disclosure relates to an organic compound and an organic light-emitting element including the same. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     The organic light-emitting element (hereafter also referred to as “organic electroluminescence element” or “organic EL element”) is an electronic element including a pair of electrodes and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. An electron and a hole being injected from the pair of electrodes generates an exciton of a light-emitting organic compound in the organic compound layer, and the organic light-emitting element emits light when the exciton returns to a ground state. Recently, the organic light-emitting element has significantly progressed so as to enable a low driving voltage, diverse emission wavelengths, high speed responsiveness, and thickness reduction and weight reduction of a light-emitting apparatus to be realized. 
     In this regard, to date, creation of compounds suitable for the organic light-emitting element have been intensively performed. The reason for this is that creation of a compound having excellent element life characteristics is important for providing a high-performance organic light-emitting element. Regarding the compounds created until now, examples of the compound in which an end of a phenylene group in diphenyldiazatriphenylene is substituted with a condensed polycyclic group include Compound 1-A below which is described in US 2014/0034925. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     According to examination of the present inventors, since Compound 1-A has small S 1  (singlet energy) and has room for improvement in thermal properties, when Compound 1-A is used for the organic light-emitting element, an element life is short, and an organic light-emitting element having excellent durability characteristics is not obtained. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure provides an organic compound having excellent element life characteristics when used for an organic light-emitting element. In addition, the present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting element having excellent life characteristics. 
     The organic compound according to the present disclosure is denoted by formula (1) below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formula (1), each of R 1  to R 8  is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a cyano group. 
     A is a structure denoted by A below, * represents a position where bonding is performed. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In A above, B is selected from the group consisting of structures denoted by (B-1) to (B-15) below, * represents a position where bonding is performed. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In (B-1) to (B-15) above, each of R 9  to R 17  is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a cyano group. 
     X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. 
     Further features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  are diagrams illustrating a feature of the compound according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 A  is a schematic sectional view illustrating an example of a pixel of a display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  2 B  is a schematic sectional view illustrating an example of a display apparatus including an organic light-emitting element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an imaging apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  4 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  5 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a foldable display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an illumination apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  6 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a moving object including a vehicle lighting fixture according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wearable device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG.  7 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the wearable device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       Each of  FIG.  8 B  and  FIG.  8 C  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an exposure light source of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Organic Compound 
     An organic compound according to the present embodiment is denoted by formula (1) below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 1  to R 8    
     In formula (1), each of R 1  to R 8  is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a cyano group. 
     Examples of the halogen atom include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, but the halogen atom is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an octyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 1-adamantyl group, and 2-adamantyl group, but the alkyl group is not limited to these. The carbon number of the alkyl group can be 1 or more and 10 or less. 
     Examples of the alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a 2-ethyl-octyloxy group, and a benzyloxy group, but the alkoxy group is not limited to these. The carbon number of the alkoxy group can be 1 or more and 10 or less. 
     Examples of the amino group include an N-methylamino group, an N-ethylamino group, an N,N-dimethylamino group, an N,N-diethylamino group, an N-methyl-N-ethylamino group, an N-benzylamino group, an N-methyl-N-benzylamino group, an N,N-dibenzylamino group, an anilino group, an N,N-diphenylamino group, an N,N-dinaphthylamino group, an N,N-difluorenylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-tolylamino group, an N,N-ditolylamino group, an N-methyl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dianisolylamino group, an N-mesityl-N-phenylamino group, an N,N-dimesitylamino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)amino group, an N-phenyl-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino group, and an N-piperidyl group, but the amino group is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the aryloxy group or the heteroaryloxy group include a phenoxy group and a thienyloxy group, but the aryloxy group or the heteroaryloxy group is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the silyl group include a trimethylsilyl group and a triphenylsilyl group, but the silyl group is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthryl group, a fluoranthenyl group, and triphenylenyl group, but the aromatic hydrocarbon group is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the heterocyclic group include a pyridyl group, an oxazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a carbazolyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, but the heterocyclic group is not limited to these. 
     Examples of the substituent that may be further included in the above-described alkyl group, alkoxy group, amino group, aryloxy group, heteroaryloxy group, silyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, or heterocyclic group include a deuterium atom; halogen atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, a n-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group; alkoxy groups such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and a propoxy group; amino groups, such as a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibenzylamino group, a diphenylamino group, and a ditolylamino group; aryloxy groups such as a phenoxy group; aromatic hydrocarbon groups such as a phenyl group and a biphenyl group; heterocyclic groups such as a pyridyl group and a pyrrolyl group; and cyano groups, but the substituent is not limited to these. 
     A 
     In formula (1), A is a structure denoted by A below, * represents a position where bonding is performed. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     B 
     In A above, B is selected from the group consisting of structures denoted by (B-1) to (B-15) below, * represents a position where bonding is performed. The two Bs may be the same or differ from each other but can be the same. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     R 9  to R 17    
     In (B-1] to (B-15), each of R 9  to R 17  is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a cyano group. 
     Specific examples of the halogen atom, the alkyl group, the alkoxy group, the amino group, the aryloxy group, the heteroaryloxy group, the silyl group, the aromatic hydrocarbon group, or the heterocyclic group include the groups akin to that described with respect to R 1  to R 8 , but the group is not limited to these. The carbon number of the alkyl group can be 1 or more and 10 or less. The carbon number of the alkoxy group can be 1 or more and 10 or less. In this regard, specific examples of the substituent that may be further included in the alkyl group, the alkoxy group, the amino group, the aryloxy group, the heteroaryloxy group, the silyl group, the aromatic hydrocarbon group, or the heterocyclic group include the substituents akin to that described with respect to R 1  to R 8 , but the substituent is not limited to these. 
     X 
     X represents an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. 
     B can be selected from the group consisting of structures denoted by (C-1) to (C-3) below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     B can be selected from the group consisting of structures denoted by (D-1) to (D-6) below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis Method 
     Next, a method for synthesizing the organic compound according to the present embodiment will be described. The organic compound according to the present embodiment is synthesized in accordance with, for example, a reaction scheme described below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Herein, various compounds are obtained by appropriately changing the compounds denoted by (b), (f), and the like above. The method for synthesizing the organic compound according to the present embodiment is not limited to the above-described synthesis scheme, and various synthesis schemes and reagents are usable. In this regard, the synthesis method will be described in detail in the examples. 
     Specific Examples of Organic Compound 
     Specific examples of the organic compound according to the present embodiment will be described below, but the organic compound is not limited to these, as a matter of course. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Exemplary compounds belonging to a group A are compounds in which B has a structure denoted by (B-1) to (B-6) and in which condensed rings B at both ends include a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, or a carbazole ring. These compounds are compounds in which, in particular, the carrier balance is readily adjusted since an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a nitrogen atom is included in the condensed ring B, and the electric charge transportability is enhanced due to plentiful unshared electron pairs included in these atoms. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to a group B are compounds in which B has a structure denoted by (B-7) to (B-11) and in which condensed rings B at both ends are composed of SP 2  carbon. These compounds are compounds having, in particular, excellent stability since the condensed ring is composed of an SP 2  hybrid orbital. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to a group C are compounds in which B has a structure denoted by (B-12) to (B-15) and in which condensed rings B at both ends include a fluorene ring. These compounds including a methyl group at position 9 of the fluorene ring in a direction perpendicular to the in-plane direction of the fluorene ring enables condensed rings to be particularly suppressed from overlapping one another. Further, since including a tertiary alkyl group such as a t-Bu group as R 9  to R 15  enables intermolecular interaction to be suppressed from occurring, the compound has excellent sublimation properties regardless of a large molecular weight. 
     Properties of Organic Compound 
     Next, the properties of the organic compound according to the present embodiment will be described. The organic compound according to the present embodiment has the following characteristics and, therefore, is a compound having high S 1  (singlet energy) and T 1  (triplet energy) and having excellent film performance and sublimation properties. Further, the compound being used enables an organic light-emitting element having excellent light emission efficiency and element durability to be provided. 
     (1) high S 1  and T 1  due to a 1,1′-biphenylene group that has a condensed ring B of three or more rings at position 3′ being bonded to positions 7 and 10 of dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline
 
(2) high compound stability due to two 1,1′-biphenylene groups being included in the molecule, a hydrogen atom being included at a substitution position other than positions 3 and 3′ of the biphenylene group, and no substituent that increases a bonding distance being included
 
     (1) S 1  and T 1  are high due to a 1,1′-biphenylene group that has a condensed ring B of three or more rings at position 3′ being bonded to positions 7 and 10 of dibenzo[f,h] quinoxaline. 
     Regarding the disclosure of the organic compound according to the present embodiment, the present inventors paid attention to the structure of a phenylene chain. Specifically, the organic compound according to the present embodiment has a structure in which a dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring serves as a center and is bonded to each of two condensed rings B of three or more rings with a 1,1′-biphenylene group interposed therebetween. In the structure, since the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring and the condensed ring B of three or more rings are bonded to position 3 and position 3′, respectively, of the 1,1′-biphenylene group serving as a coupling group, S 1  (singlet energy) and T 1  (triplet energy) are increased. 
     In this regard, the results of comparisons of each of S 1  (singlet energy) and T 1  (triplet energy) between Exemplary compound A4 that is the organic compound according to the present embodiment and Comparative compound 1-C are presented in Table 1. Herein, S 1  (singlet energy) and T 1  (triplet energy) were determined based on molecular orbital calculation. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 S 1 (eV) 
                 T 1 (eV) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Exemplary  compound A4 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.58 
                 2.73 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative  compound  1-C 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 3.28 
                 2.63 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As presented in Table 1, S 1  of Exemplary compound A4 is 3.58 eV, and T 1  is 2.73 eV. On the other hand, S 1  of Comparative compound 1-C is 3.28 eV, and T 1  is 2.63 eV. Consequently, it is clear that Exemplary compound A4 exhibits higher values with respect to both S 1  and T 1 . 
     The reason for this is conjectured to be that the coupling group includes a 1,1′-biphenylene structure and that the coupling group is bonded to position 7 and position 10 of the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring. 
     That is, when two 1,1′-biphenylene groups are bonded to position 6 and position 11, respectively, of the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring (positions-6,11-substituted product illustrated in  FIG.  1 B ), in the structure, two benzene rings included in the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring, a benzene ring included in the biphenylene group bonded to position 6, and a benzene ring included in the biphenylene group bonded to position 11 are arranged on a straight line. That is, in the structure, four benzene rings are arranged on a straight line. Consequently, a conjugated system is elongated, and both S 1  and T 1  are reduced. On the other hand, when two 1,1′-biphenylene groups are bonded to position 7 and position 10, respectively, of the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring (positions-7,10-substituted product illustrated in  FIG.  1 A ), in the structure, a pyrazine ring and one of benzene rings included in the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring and one of a benzene ring included in the biphenylene group bonded to position 7 and a benzene ring included in the biphenylene group bonded to position 10 are arranged on a straight line. That is, in the structure, three aromatic or benzene rings are arranged on a straight line. Consequently, a conjugated system being shortened compared with when two 1,1′-biphenylene groups are bonded to position 6 and position 11, respectively, of the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring enables S 1  and T 1  to be increased. 
     Herein, effects of the S 1  energy and the T 1  energy being high will be described. A phosphorescence light-emitting element is an organic light-emitting element which uses T 1  energy for emitting light. A light-emitting layer host material of the organic light-emitting element can have higher T 1  energy than the phosphorescence light-emitting material which emits phosphorescence. Regarding use as a carrier blocking layer around the light-emitting layer, S 1  can be high in addition to high T 1 . In general, the S 1  energy increases with increased T 1  energy. On the other hand, high S 1  energy corresponds to a large band gap. Consequently, regarding use as the light-emitting layer host material or the carrier blocking layer around the light-emitting layer, the stability is high under excessive concentration of excitons or unnecessary electric charge accumulation, and advantages can be provided in element durability. Therefore, the organic compound can have sufficiently high S 1  energy and T 1  energy. 
     The organic compound according to the present embodiment has sufficiently high S 1  energy and T 1  energy since the coupling group such as a 1,1′-biphenylene group is included at position 7 and position 10 of the dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring and the condensed ring B is included at position 3′. Consequently, the organic compound being used as the light-emitting layer host material or the carrier blocking layer of the organic light-emitting element enables an element having a high efficiency and a long life to be provided. 
     In this regard, the calculation technique of the molecular orbital calculation method used a currently widespread density functional theory (DFT). Regarding a functional, B3LYP was used, and regarding a basis function, 6-31G* was used. In this regard, the molecular orbital calculation method was performed based on a currently widespread Gaussian09 (Gaussian09, RevisionC. 01, M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloino, G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T. Nakajima, Y. Honda, O. Kitao, H. Nakai, T. Vreven, J. A. Montgomery, Jr., J. E. Peralta, F. Ogliaro, M. Bearpark, J. J. Heyed, E. Brothers, K. N. Kudin, V. N. Staroverov, T. Keith, R. Kobayashi, J. Normand, K. Raghavachari, A. Rendell, J. C. Burant, S. S. Iyengar, J. Tomasi, M. Cossi, N. Rega, J. M. Millam, M. Klene, J. E. Knox, J. B. Cross, V. Bakken, C. Adamo, J. Jaramillo, R. Gomperts, R. E. Stratmann, O. Yazyev, A. J. Austin, R. Cammi, C. Pomelli, J. W. Ochterski, R. L. Martin, K. Morokuma, V. G. Zakrzewski, G. A. Voth, P. Salvador, J. J. Danneberg, S. Dapprich, A. D. Daniels, O. Farkas, J. B. Foresman, J. V. Ortiz, J. Cioslowski, and D. J. Fox, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford Conn., 2010.). 
     (2) The compound stability is high due to two 1,1′-biphenylene groups being included in the molecule, a hydrogen atom being included at a substitution position other than positions 3 and 3′ of the 1,1′-biphenylene group, and no substituent that increases a bonding distance being included. 
     Regarding the disclosure of the organic compound according to the present embodiment, the present inventors paid attention to the degree of freedom of rotation of a bond included in the organic compound. Specifically, the organic compound according to the present embodiment has a structure in which condensed rings of three or more rings, including a dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline ring, are bonded to position 3 and position 3′ of two 1,1′-biphenylene group. Further, the organic compound according to the present embodiment has a structure in which a hydrogen atom is included at a substitution position other than positions 3 and 3′ of the 1,1′-biphenylene group, and no substituent that increases a bonding distance is included. Consequently, the organic compound has a high degree of freedom of rotation. 
     In this regard, the results of comparisons of the thermal properties between Exemplary compound A4 that is the organic compound according to the present embodiment and Comparative compound 1-A are presented in Table 2. Herein, Comparative compound 1-A is Compound 1-A described in US 2014/0034925. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Glass transition 
                 Crystallization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 temperature 
                 temperature 
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Exemplary compound A4 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 133 
                 not observed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparative example 1-A 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 155 
                 304 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As presented in Table 2, the molecular weight increases and, further, the degree of freedom of rotation of the bond increases due to biphenylene groups that bond the condensed rings B at both ends of the molecular structure. 
     In Comparative compound 1-A, carbazole rings are present as condensed rings at both ends, and a phenylene group serving as a coupling group is included between the carbazole ring and the dibenzoquinoxaline ring at the center. On the other hand, regarding the Exemplary compound A4, it is clear that the degree of freedom of rotation is larger than the Comparative compound 1-A since dibenzofuran rings are present as condensed rings B at both ends, and a biphenylene group serving as a coupling group is included between the dibenzofuran ring and the dibenzoquinoxaline ring at the center. 
     Since the molecular weight increases and, further, the degree of freedom of rotation of the bond increases due to biphenylene groups serving as a coupling group being introduced, the following effects are exerted. 
     First, the molecular weight being increased enables molecular packing in which molecules overlap one another to be suppressed from occurring, crystallization does not readily occur, and amorphousness is enhanced. In this regard, high amorphousness, that is, good film performance, is favorable in use for an organic light-emitting element. The reason for this is that crystal grain boundaries in accordance with fine crystallization, a trap level, and quencher generation do not readily occur during operation of the element due to high amorphousness, and that favorable carrier transportability and highly efficient light emission characteristics are maintained. As a result, an organic light-emitting element having excellent durability and efficiency is provided. 
     Herein, Table 2 presents the results of evaluation of the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature of Exemplary compound A4 and Comparative compound 1-A based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. It can be said that glass transition temperature being higher and the crystallization temperature being high or not observed correspond to high amorphousness and excellent thermal stability. Regarding the DSC measurement, the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature were measured by sealing about 2 mg of sample in an aluminum pan, performing rapid cooling from a high temperature higher than the melting temperature so as to make the sample to take on an amorphous state, and increasing the temperature at a temperature increasing rate of 10° C./min. Regarding a measurement apparatus, DSC 204 F1 produced by NETZSCH was used. 
     Comparative compound 1-A had a glass transition temperature of 155° C., and the crystallization temperature was observed at 304° C. during increasing of the temperature. On the other hand, Exemplary compound A4 had a glass transition temperature of 133° C. and the crystallization temperature was not observed during increasing of the temperature. That is, there is no risk of a thin film formed by heat vapor deposition in a vacuum being crystallized, and it can be said that the compound has high amorphousness and more excellent thermal stability. Therefore, it is possible to provide an organic light-emitting element that is capable of maintaining a stable amorphous film during operation of the element and that has a long life. 
     Second, the degree of freedom of rotation being increased enables the sublimation temperature to be lowered so as to enhance the sublimation properties. When the degree of freedom of rotation is low, the sublimation properties are deteriorated since organic compounds readily aggregate with each other. Regarding Exemplary compound A4, since the molecular weight is simply increased compared with Comparative compound 1-A, the sublimation properties tend to be readily deteriorated. However, since the 1,1′-biphenylene groups are used as the coupling groups of three condensed rings present in the molecule so that the condensed rings are bonded at positions 3 and 3′ of the 1,1′-biphenylene groups, the degree of freedom of rotation is high so that intermolecular stacking is readily avoided. Therefore, a favorable film having no problem in sublimation properties is formed. 
     In this regard, the evaluation of the light emission characteristics and the thermal stability described in the features (1) and (2) of the organic compound according to the present embodiment will be described in the examples later in more detail. 
     In addition, when the organic compound according to the present embodiment further has the following features, the organic compound is particularly suitable for an organic light-emitting element. 
     (3) condensed rings B at both ends including no SP 3  carbon
 
(4) condensed rings B at both ends being bonded to coupling groups at substitution positions without interference due to steric hindrance
 
     These features will be described below. 
     (3) The condensed rings B at both ends include no SP 3  carbon. 
     Regarding the organic compound according to the present embodiment, the dibenzoquinoxaline ring and the biphenylene group serving as the coupling group can include no SP 3  carbon, and, in addition, the condensed rings B at both ends can include no SP 3  carbon. The reason for this is that since a carbon-carbon bond of SP 2  carbon has a large bonding energy, cleavage of the bond is not readily occur during operation of the organic light-emitting element. Consequently, from the viewpoint of an improvement of element durability, the condensed rings B at both ends can have no SP 3  carbon. Specifically, B can have a structure denoted by (B-1) to (B-11), and the condensed ring B can be a phenanthrene ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, or a carbazole ring. 
     (4) The condensed rings B at both ends are bonded to coupling groups at substitution positions without interference due to steric hindrance. 
     In the organic compound according to the present embodiment, the condensed rings B at both ends can be bonded to the coupling groups at substitution positions without interference due to steric hindrance. The reason for this is that when interfere between the condensed ring B and the coupling group due to steric hindrance does not occur, since the bonding distance between the condensed ring B and the coupling group is not readily increased, the bond is not readily cleaved. 
     Herein, the result of a comparison of the bonding distance between Exemplary compound B2 and Exemplary compound B3 is presented in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dihedral angle  
               
               
                   
                 Structure 
                 of bond a 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Exemplary  compound B2 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 36.5° 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary  compound B3 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 57.0° 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 3, the bond between the condensed ring B and the coupling group is denoted as a, and the dihedral angle thereof is presented. The dihedral angle of Exemplary compound B2 is 36.5°, whereas the dihedral angle of Exemplary compound B3 is 57.0°. This means that Exemplary compound B2 has higher planarity under the influence of steric hindrance of a hydrogen atom at peri-position of the phenanthrene ring. A carrier mobility increases with increasing planarity. Regarding a structure having high planarity such as Exemplary compound B2, the heat resistance is improved and a bond is not readily cleaved. 
     Therefore, the condensed ring B can be bonded to the coupling group at a substitution position without interference due to steric hindrance. 
     In this regard, the bonding distance was visualized using the molecular orbital calculation. 
     Organic Light-Emitting Element 
     The organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment includes at least a pair of electrodes composed of an anode and a cathode and an organic compound layer disposed between the electrodes. In the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment, the organic compound layer may be a single layer or a stacked body composed of a plurality of layers provided that a light-emitting layer is included. Herein, when the organic compound layer is a stacked body composed of a plurality of layers, the organic compound layer may include, in addition to a light-emitting layer, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a hole exciton blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and the like. In this regard, the light-emitting layer may be a single layer or a stacked body composed of a plurality of layers. 
     In the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment, the organic compound according to the present embodiment is contained in at least one layer of the organic compound layer. Specifically, the organic compound according to the present embodiment is contained in any one of the light-emitting layer, the hole injection layer, the hole transport layer, the electron blocking layer, the light-emitting layer, the hole exciton blocking layer, the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, and the like. The organic compound according to the present embodiment can be contained in the light-emitting layer. 
     In the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment, when the organic compound according to the present embodiment is contained in the light-emitting layer, the light-emitting layer may be a layer composed of only the organic compound according to the present embodiment or a layer composed of the organic compound according to the present embodiment and other compounds. Herein, when the light-emitting layer is composed of the organic compound according to the present embodiment and other compounds, the organic compound according to the present embodiment may be used as a host of the light-emitting layer or may be used as a guest. Alternatively, the organic compound may be used as an assist material that may be contained in the light-emitting layer. In this regard, the host is a compound having the largest mass ratio in the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer. The guest is a compound that has a smaller mass ratio than the host in the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that has a responsibility for main light emission. The assist material is a compound that has a smaller mass ratio than the host in the compounds constituting the light-emitting layer and that assists the guest in emitting light. In this regard, the assist material is also called a second host. 
     The present inventors performed various research and found that the organic compound according to the present embodiment being used as the host or the assist of the light-emitting layer, in particular, as the host, enables an element which produces high-efficiency and high-luminance optical output and which has very high durability to be obtained. The light-emitting layer may be a single layer or a multilayer and, for example, color mixing may be performed by setting the emission color of the present embodiment to be green color emission and containing a light-emitting material having another emission color. The multilayer means a state in which the light-emitting layer and another light-emitting layer are stacked. In such an instance, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to green. More specifically, the emission color may be a white color or may be an intermediate color. When the color is white, other light-emitting layers emit colors other than green, that is, blue and red. Regarding a film formation method, the film is formed by vapor deposition or coating film formation. The detail will be described later in the example. 
     The organic compound according to the present embodiment may be used as a constituent material of organic compound layers other than the light-emitting layer constituting the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. Specifically, the organic compound may be used as a constituent material of the electron transport layer, the electron injection layer, the hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, the hole blocking layer, and the like. In such an instance, the emission color of the organic light-emitting element is not limited to green. More specifically, the emission color may be a white color or may be an intermediate color. 
     The compound according to the present embodiment can be used in the light-emitting layer in the organic light-emitting element under the following conditions. 
     (1) content of the compound according to the present embodiment used in the light-emitting layer being 30% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less
 
(2) a light-emitting material mixed with the compound according to the present embodiment in the light-emitting layer being a phosphorescence light-emitting material, and the phosphorescence light-emitting material being an organometallic complex including a condensed ring of three or more rings as a ligand
 
     The above-described conditions will be described below. 
     (1) The content of the compound according to the present embodiment used in the light-emitting layer is 30% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less. 
     When the organic compound according to the present embodiment is used for the light-emitting layer, the content can be 30% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less relative to a total light-emitting layer. The organic compound according to the present embodiment has high amorphousness and, therefore, is a material suitable for the host material of the light-emitting layer. When the organic compound is used as the host material, the content is preferably 50% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less and more preferably 70% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less. The compound is a hard-to-crystallize material even when used at a content of 99% by mass and, therefore, realizes a function with excellent characteristics. From the viewpoint of an improvement in the film performance of the light-emitting layer, the organic compound may be used as the assist material. When the organic compound is used as the assist material, the content may be 30% by mass or more and less than 50% by mass. This is caused by the structural feature of the organic compound according to the present embodiment. Since the compound is not readily aggregated so that crystal boundaries due to aggregation of molecules do not readily occur even under operation of the organic light-emitting element, a light-emitting element having excellent characteristics is provided. 
     (2) A light-emitting material mixed with the compound according to the present embodiment in the light-emitting layer is a phosphorescence light-emitting material, and the phosphorescence light-emitting material is an organometallic complex including a condensed ring of three or more rings as a ligand. 
     The organic compound according to the present embodiment is a compound including a condensed ring B of three or more rings at both ends. Consequently, the phosphorescence light-emitting material used with the organic compound according to the present embodiment in the light-emitting layer can have a structure in which π conjugation of the ligand is extended. More specifically, an organometallic complex including a condensed ring of three or more rings in a structure of the ligand can be adopted. The reason for this is that, in a manner similar to the organic compound according to the present embodiment that serves as the host material, the organometallic complex that serves as the guest material having a high-planarity structure enables high-planarity sections to approach one another due to an interaction. More specifically, a planar portion of the host material and a ligand of the organometallic complex readily approach one another. Consequently, it is expected that the intermolecular distance between the host material and the organometallic complex be reduced. 
     Herein, regarding the triplet energy used for the phosphorescence light-emitting material, it is known that energy is transferred due to Dexter electron transfer. In the Dexter electron transfer, energy is transferred by contact of molecules with each other. That is, the intermolecular distance between the host material and the guest material being reduced makes energy transfer from the host material to the guest material to be performed efficiently. The high-planarity organometallic complex that includes a condensed ring of three or more rings in the structure of the ligand being used reduces the intermolecular distance between the host material that is an organic compound according to the present embodiment and the organometallic complex so that energy transfer from the host to the organometallic complex readily occurs. As a result, a high-efficiency organic light-emitting element is provided. 
     In this regard, the high-planarity condensed ring structure of three or more rings included in the ligand denotes, for example, a triphenylene ring, a phenanthrene ring, a fluorene ring, a benzofluorene ring, a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a benzoisoquinoline ring, and a naphthoisoquinoline ring. That is, the organometallic complex in which at least any one of these structures is included in the ligand being used for the light-emitting material enables the organic compound according to the present embodiment to provide a higher-efficiency light-emitting element. 
     Specific Example of Organometallic Complex 
     Specific examples of the organometallic complex are described below, but the organometallic complex is not limited to these, as a matter of course. Specific examples of the organometallic complex include organometallic complexes having a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-1] to [Ir-16] below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In formulae [Ir-1] to [Ir-16], each of Ar 1  and Ar 2  is selected from the group consisting of a deuterium atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and a cyano group, p represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, when p is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar 1 s may be the same or differ from each other, q represents an integer of 0 or more and 4 or less, and when q is 2 or more, a plurality of Ar 2 s may be the same or differ from each other. 
     X is selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom, and a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom. Examples of the substituent of the carbon atom or the nitrogen atom include a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group. 
     m represents an integer of 1 or more and 3 or less, and when m is 2 or more, a plurality of ligands may be the same or differ from each other. 
     A condensed ring bonded to a pyridine ring in formulae [Ir-1] to [Ir-8] and a condensed ring bonded to a benzene ring in formulae [Ir-9] to [Ir-16] may have a substituent such as a deuterium atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, and a cyano group. 
     Examples of the halogen atom, the alkyl group, the alkoxy group, the silyl group, the aromatic hydrocarbon group, and the heterocyclic group in formulae [Ir-1] to [Ir-16] include the materials akin to that described with respect to R 1  to R 8 , but the above are not limited to these materials. The carbon number of the alkyl group is preferably 1 or more and 10 or less. In this regard, specific examples of the substituent that may be further included in the alkyl group, the silyl group, the aromatic hydrocarbon group, or the heterocyclic group include the materials akin to that described with respect to R 1  to R 8 , but the substituent is not limited to these materials. 
     Of the organometallic complexes having a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-1] to [Ir-16] above, organometallic complexes including a condensed ring of three or more rings in the ligand are further favorable. Specifically, the favorable organometallic complex has a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-3] to [Ir-8] or [Ir-11] to [Ir-16] above. Specific examples of the organometallic complex are described below, but the organometallic complex is not limited to these, as a matter of course. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Exemplary compounds belonging to an AA group or a BB group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formula [Ir-3] and are compounds including at least a phenanthrene ring in the ligand. These compounds are compounds having, in particular, excellent stability since the condensed ring is composed of an SP 2  hybrid orbital. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to a CC group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formula [Ir-4] and are compounds including at least a triphenylene ring in the ligand. These compounds are compounds having, in particular, excellent stability since the condensed ring is composed of an SP′ hybrid orbital. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to a DD group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-5] to [Ir-8] and are compounds including at least a dibenzofuran ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a benzonaphthofuran ring, or a benzonaphthothiophene ring in the ligand. These compounds are compounds which are, in particular, easy-to-adjust a carrier balance since the condensed ring includes an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom so that the electric charge transportability is enhanced due to plentiful unshared electron pairs included in these atoms. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to an EE group to a GG group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-6] to [Ir-8] and are compounds including at least a benzofluorene ring in the ligand. These compounds including a substituent at position 9 of the fluorene ring in a direction perpendicular to the in-plane direction of the fluorene ring enables condensed rings to be particularly suppressed from overlapping one another. Consequently, these compounds have, in particular, excellent sublimation properties. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to an HH group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formulae [Ir-11] to [Ir-13] and are compounds including at least a benzoisoquinoline ring in the ligand. These compounds are compounds which are, in particular, easy-to-adjust a carrier balance since the condensed ring includes a nitrogen atom so that the electric charge transportability is enhanced due to an unshared electron pair included in the atom and high electronegativity. 
     Exemplary compounds belonging to an II group are metal complexes having a partial structure denoted by formula [Ir-14] and are compounds including at least a naphthoisoquinoline ring in the ligand. These compounds are compounds which are, in particular, easy-to-adjust a carrier balance since the condensed ring includes a nitrogen atom so that the electric charge transportability is enhanced due to an unshared electron pair included in the atom and high electronegativity. 
     Compounds Other than Organic Compound According to Present Embodiment 
     As the situation demands, a known low-molecular-weight-based or polymer-based hole injection compound or hole transport compound, compound serving as the host, light-emitting compound, electron injection compound, electron transport compound, or the like may be used in combination in addition to the organic compound according to the present embodiment. Examples of these compounds will be described below. 
     The hole transport compound is favorably a material having high hole mobility to facilitate injection of a hole from an anode and to enable the injected hole to be transported to the light-emitting layer. In addition, a material having a high glass transition temperature is favorable to suppress the film quality such as crystallization from deteriorating in the organic light-emitting element. Examples of the low-molecular-weight-based or polymer-based material having hole injection-transport performance include triarylamine derivatives, arylcarbazole derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, stilbene derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, porphyrin derivatives, poly(vinylcarbazole)s, poly(thiophen)s, and other conductive polymers. Further, the above-described hole injection-transport materials are also favorably used for the electron blocking layer. Specific examples of the compound used as the hole injection-transport material will be described below, but the compound is not limited to these, as a matter of course. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the light-emitting material mainly involved in the light-emitting function include condensed ring compounds (for example, fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, and rubrene), quinacridone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, stilbene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, iridium complexes, platinum complexes, rhenium complexes, copper complexes, europium complexes, ruthenium complexes, and polymer derivatives such as poly(phenylenevinylene) derivatives, poly(fluorene) derivatives, and poly(phenylene) derivatives. Specific examples of the compound used as the light-emitting material will be described below, but the compound is not limited to these, as a matter of course. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A compound other than the organic compound according to the present embodiment may be contained as a third component serving as the light-emitting layer host or the light-emission assist material included in the light-emitting layer. Examples of the third component include aromatic hydrocarbon compounds or derivatives thereof, carbazole derivatives, azine derivatives, xanthone derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, organic aluminum complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum, and organic beryllium complexes. 
     In particular, the assist material can be a material having a carbazole skeleton, a material including an azine ring such as a diazine ring or a triazine ring in the skeleton, and a material including xanthone in the skeleton. The reason for this is that these materials are easy-to-adjust the HOMO level and the LUMO level due to a high electron donating property or a high electron attracting property. Since the organic compound according to the present embodiment has a structure in which the condensed rings B of three or more rings are bonded to both ends of a biphenylene chain, the band gap is increased to some extent. Therefore, a material having the above-described skeleton capable of adjusting the HOMO level and the LUMO level is particularly favorable as the assist material. When these assist materials and the organic compound according to the present embodiment are combined, a favorable carrier balance is realized. 
     Specific examples of the compound used as the light-emitting layer host or the light-emission assist material included in the light-emitting layer will be described below, but the compound is not limited to these, as a matter of course. Of the specific examples below, the materials which have a carbazole skeleton and which are favorable as the assist material are EM32 to EM38. The materials which include an azine ring in the skeleton and which are favorable as the assist material are EM35, EM36, EM37, EM38, EM39, and EM40. The materials which include xanthone in the skeleton and which are favorable as the assist material are EM28 and EM30. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The electron transport material may be arbitrarily selected from materials capable of transporting an electron injected from the cathode to the light-emitting layer and is selected in consideration of, for example, a balance with the hole mobility of the hole transport material. Examples of the material having an electron transporting capability include oxadiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, triazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, organic aluminum complexes, and condensed ring compounds (for example, fluorene derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, chrysene derivatives, and anthracene derivatives). Further, the above-described electron transport material is favorably used for the hole blocking layer. Specific examples of the compound used as the electron transport material will be described below, but the compound is not limited to these, as a matter of course. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Configuration of Organic Light-Emitting Element 
     The organic light-emitting element is disposed by forming an insulating layer, a first electrode, an organic compound layer, and a second electrode on a substrate. A protective layer, a color filter, a microlens, and the like may be disposed on the second electrode. When the color filter is disposed, a planarization layer may be disposed between the protective layer and the color filter. The planarization layer may be composed of an acrylic resin or the like. The same applies when the planarization layer is disposed between the color filter and the microlens. 
     Substrate 
     Examples of the substrate include quartz, glass, silicon wafers, resins, and metals. A wiring line and a switching element such as a transistor are provided on the substrate, and an insulating layer may be provided thereon. There is no particular limitation regarding the material for forming the insulating layer provided that it is possible to form a contact hole for forming a wiring line connected to the first electrode and to ensure insulation from a wiring line which is not connected. For example, a resin such as a polyimide, silicon oxide, or silicon nitride may be used. 
     Electrode 
     A pair of electrodes may be used as the electrodes. The pair of electrodes may be an anode and a cathode. 
     When an electric field is applied in the direction of light emission from the organic light-emitting element, an electrode at a higher potential is the anode, and the other is the cathode. It can also be said that an electrode which supplies a hole to the light-emitting layer is the anode, and an electrode which supplies an electron is the cathode. 
     The material constituting the anode can have as large a work function as possible. For example, simple metals, such as gold, platinum, silver, copper, nickel, palladium, cobalt, selenium, vanadium, and tungsten, mixtures containing these, alloys of combination of these, and metal oxides, such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), and indium zinc oxide are usable. In addition, conductive polymers, such as polyanilines, polypyrroles, and polythiophenes, are also usable. 
     One type of these electrode substances may be used alone, or at least two types may be used in combination. In this regard, the anode may be composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. 
     For example, chromium, aluminum, silver, titanium, tungsten, or molybdenum or an alloy or a stacked body of these may be used as a reflection electrode. The above-described materials are capable of functioning as a reflection film having no role as an electrode. For example, an oxide transparent conductive layer of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide, or the like may be used as a transparent electrode, but the material is not limited to these. 
     A photolithography technology may be used for forming the electrode. 
     On the other hand, favorably, the material constituting the cathode has a small work function. Examples include simple metals, such as lithium or other alkali metals, calcium or other alkaline-earth metals, aluminum, titanium, manganese, silver, lead, and chromium, and mixtures containing these. Alternatively, alloys of combinations of these simple metals may also be used. For example, magnesium-silver, aluminum-lithium, aluminum-magnesium, silver-copper, and zinc-silver may be used. Metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) may also be used. One type of these electrode materials may be used alone, or at least two types may be used in combination. The cathode may have a single layer configuration or a multilayer configuration. Of these, silver is favorably used, and a silver alloy is more favorable so as to reduce aggregation of silver. There is no particular limitation regarding the ratio of the alloy provided that aggregation of silver is reduced. For example, silver:other metal may be 1:1, 3:1, or the like. 
     There is no particular limitation regarding the cathode, and the cathode may be a top emission element by using an oxide conductive layer such as ITO or a bottom emission element by using a reflection electrode such as aluminum (Al). There is no particular limitation regarding the method for forming the cathode, and, more favorably, a direct current sputtering method, an alternating current sputtering method, or the like is used since coverage of the film is favorable so that the resistance of the film is readily reduced. 
     Organic Compound Layer 
     The organic compound layer may be formed from a single layer or a plurality of layers. When a plurality of layers are included, the layers may be referred to as a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, or an electron injection layer in accordance with the function of the layer. The organic compound layer is mainly composed of an organic compound but may contain an inorganic atom and an inorganic compound. For example, copper, lithium, magnesium, aluminum, iridium, platinum, molybdenum, or zinc may be contained. The organic compound layer may be disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode or be disposed in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. 
     The organic compound layer (a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and the like) constituting the organic light-emitting element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is formed by a method described below. 
     Regarding the organic compound layer constituting the organic light-emitting element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a dry process, such as a vacuum vapor deposition method, an ionization vapor deposition method, sputtering, or plasma, may be used. In place of the dry process, a wet process in which dissolution into an appropriate solvent is performed, and a layer is formed by a known coating method (for example, spin coating, dipping, a casting method, an LB method, or an ink jet method) may be used. 
     In this regard, when a layer is formed by a vacuum vapor deposition method, a solution coating method, or the like, crystallization and the like does not readily occur, and the stability over time is excellent. In addition, when a film is formed by a coating method, a film may be formed in combination with an appropriate binder resin. 
     Examples of the binder resin include polyvinylcarbazole resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, ABS resins, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, phenol resins, epoxy resins, silicon resins, and urea resins, but the binder resin is not limited to these. 
     One type of the binder resins may be used alone as a homopolymer or a copolymer, or at least two types may be used in combination. Further, as the situation demands, known plasticizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbents, and the like may be used in combination. 
     Protective Layer 
     The protective layer may be disposed on the second electrode. For example, glass provided with a moisture absorbent being bonded to the second electrode enables water and the like to be suppressed from entering the organic compound layer and enables defective display to be suppressed from occurring. In another embodiment, a passivation film of silicon nitride or the like may be disposed on the second electrode so as to suppress water and the like from entering the organic compound layer. For example, the second electrode may be formed and, thereafter, transported to another chamber without breaking a vacuum, and a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 2 μm may be formed by a CVD method so as to serve as the protective layer. After film formation by the CVD method, a protective layer may be formed by using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. There is no particular limitation regarding the material for forming the film by the ALD method, and the material may be silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or the like. Further, a silicon nitride film may be formed by a CVD method on the film formed by the ALD method. The film formed by the ALD method may have smaller film thickness than the film formed by the CVD method. Specifically, the film thickness may be 50% or less and, further, 10% or less. 
     Color Filter 
     A color filter may be disposed on the protective layer. For example, a color filter in consideration of the size of the organic light-emitting element may be disposed on another substrate, and the resulting substrate may be bonded to the substrate provided with the organic light-emitting element, or a color filter may be patterned on the protective layer by using a photolithography technology. The color filter may be composed of a polymer. 
     Planarization Layer 
     The planarization layer may be included between the color filter and the protective layer. The planarization layer is disposed to reduce unevenness of an underlying layer. The layer may also called a resin material layer without limiting the purpose. The planarization layer may be composed of an organic compound and may be a low-molecular-weight compound or a polymer. The planarization layer can be a polymer. 
     The planarization layer may be disposed on and under the color filter, and the constituent materials thereof may be the same or may differ from each other. Specific examples include polyvinylcarbazole resins, polycarbonate resins, polyester resins, ABS resins, acrylic resins, polyimide resins, phenol resins, epoxy resins, silicon resins, and urea resins. 
     Microlens 
     The organic light-emitting element or the organic light emitting apparatus may include an optical member such as a microlens on the light-emitting side thereof. The microlens may be composed of an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, or the like. The microlens may have purposes of increasing the amount of light extracted from the organic light-emitting element or the organic light-emitting apparatus and controlling the direction of the extracted light. The microlens may have a hemispherical shape. In the instance of a hemispherical shape, among tangents in contact with the hemisphere, there is a tangent parallel to the insulating layer, and the contact point between the tangent and the hemisphere is the vertex of the microlens. The vertex of the microlens is determined in the same manner in any sectional view. That is, among the tangents in contact with the semicircle of the microlens in the sectional view, there is a tangent parallel to the insulating layer, and the contact point between the tangent and the semicircle is the vertex of the microlens. 
     The midpoint of the microlens may also be defined. In a section of the microlens, a line segment from a point where an arc shape ends to another point where the arch shape ends is assumed, and the midpoint of the line segment may be referred to as the midpoint of the microlens. The section in which the vertex and the midpoint are determined may be a section perpendicular to the insulating layer. 
     Opposite Substrate 
     An opposite substrate may be disposed on the planarization layer. The opposite substrate is disposed at a position corresponding to the above-described substrate and thus is referred to as an opposite substrate. The opposite substrate may be composed of the same material as the above-described substrate. When the above-described substrate is defined as a first substrate, the opposite substrate may be defined as a second substrate. 
     Pixel Circuit 
     A light-emitting apparatus including the organic light-emitting element may include a pixel circuit connected to the organic light-emitting element. The pixel circuit may be an active matrix-type circuit that independently controls light emission of a first light-emitting element and a second light-emitting element. The active matrix-type circuit may be a voltage programming or current programming circuit. A driving circuit has a pixel circuit for each pixel. The pixel circuit may have a light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the emission luminance of the light-emitting element, a transistor that controls the timing of light emission, a capacitor that holds the gate voltage of the transistor for controlling the emission luminance, and a transistor for connecting to GND without through the light-emitting element. 
     The light-emitting apparatus has a display region and a peripheral region disposed around the display region. The display region includes a pixel circuit, and the peripheral region includes a display control circuit. The mobility of transistors constituting the pixel circuit may be smaller than the mobility of transistors constituting the display control circuit. 
     The slope of the current-voltage characteristics of the transistors constituting the pixel circuit may be smaller than the slope of the current-voltage characteristics of the transistors constituting the display control circuit. The slope of the current-voltage characteristics can be measured based on the so-called Vg-Ig characteristics. The transistors constituting the pixel circuit are transistors connected to light-emitting elements such as a first light-emitting element. 
     Pixel 
     The organic light-emitting apparatus including the organic light-emitting element may include a plurality of pixels. The pixel includes subpixels each emitting light of a color that differ from colors of other subpixels. For example, the subpixels may have emission colors of RGB, respectively. 
     The pixel emits light from a region that is also called a pixel aperture. This region is the same as a first region. The pixel aperture may have a size of 15 μm or less and 5 μm or more. More specifically, the pixel aperture may be, for example, 11 μm, 9.5 μm, 7.4 μm, or 6.4 μm. The distance between the subpixels may be 10 μm or less and may be specifically 8 μm, 7.4 μm, or 6.4 μm. 
     The pixels may have a publicly known arrangement form in plan view. For example, the arrangement form may be the stripe arrangement, the delta arrangement, the PenTile arrangement, or the Bayer arrangement. The subpixels may have any publicly known shape in plan view. For example, the shape may be a hexagon or a quadrangle such as a rectangle or a rhombus. Of course, figures that are not exactly rectangles but are close to rectangles are also regarded as rectangles. The shape of the subpixels and the pixel arrangement may be used in combination. 
     Application of Organic Light-Emitting Element 
     The organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment may be used as a constituent member of a display apparatus or an illumination apparatus. In addition, the organic light-emitting element is used in, for example, an exposure light source of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, a backlight of a liquid crystal display apparatus, and a light-emitting apparatus including a color filter as a white light source. 
     The display apparatus may be an image information processing apparatus that includes an image input unit to which image information is input from an area CCD, a linear CCD, a memory card, or the like and an information processing unit configured to process the input information and that displays an input image on a display unit. The display apparatus may have a plurality of pixels, and at least one of the plurality of pixels may include the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment and a transistor connected to the organic light-emitting element. 
     The display unit included in an imaging apparatus or an ink jet printer may have a touch panel function. There is no particular limitation regarding the driving system of the touch panel function, and the system may be an infrared system, an electrostatic capacitance system, a resistive film system, or an electromagnetic induction system. The display apparatus may be used in a display unit of a multifunctional printer. 
     Next, a display apparatus according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings.  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B  are schematic sectional views illustrating an example of a display apparatus including an organic light-emitting element and a transistor connected to the organic light-emitting element. The transistor is an example of an active element. The transistor may be a thin film transistor (TFT). 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example of a pixel that is a constituent element of a display apparatus according to the present embodiment. The pixel has subpixels  10 . The subpixels are divided into  10 R,  10 G, and  10 B in accordance with the light emission thereof. The emission color may be distinguished based on the wavelength of the light emitted from the light-emitting layer, or the light emitted from the subpixel may be selectively passed through or subjected to color conversion by a color filter or the like. Each subpixel  10  includes a reflection electrode that is a first electrode  2  on an interlayer insulating layer  1 , an insulating layer  3  covering the end of the first electrode  2 , an organic compound layer  4  covering the first electrode  2  and the insulating layer  3 , a transparent electrode that is a second electrode  5 , a protective layer  6 , and a color filter  7 . 
     A transistor and a capacitative element may be disposed in a layer under or in the interior of the interlayer insulating layer  1 . 
     The transistor may be electrically connected to the first electrode  2  through a contact hole or the like not illustrated in the drawing. 
     The insulating layer  3  is also referred to as a bank or a pixel isolation film. The insulating layer  3  is disposed covering the end of the first electrode  2  and surrounding the first electrode  2 . A portion not provided with the insulating layer  3  is in contact with the organic compound layer  4  and serves as a light-emitting region. 
     The organic compound layer  4  includes a hole injection layer  41 , a hole transport layer  42 , a first light-emitting layer  43 , a second light-emitting layer  44 , and an electron transport layer  45 . 
     The second electrode  5  may be a transparent electrode, a reflection electrode, or a semitransparent electrode. 
     The protective layer  6  reduces permeation of moisture into the organic compound layer  4 . The protective layer  6  is a single layer in the drawing but may be a plurality of layers. An inorganic compound layer and an organic compound layer may be included on a layer basis. 
     The color filter  7  is divided into  7 R,  7 G, and  7 B in accordance with the respective color. The color filter  7  may be formed on the planarization layer not illustrated in the drawing. A resin protective layer may be included on the color filter  7 . Alternatively, the color filter  7  may be formed on the protective layer  6 . Alternatively, the color filter  7  may be formed on the opposite substrate such as a glass substrate and, thereafter, may be bonded. 
     A display apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B  includes an organic light-emitting element  26  and a TFT  18  as an example of the transistor. An insulating layer  12  is disposed over a substrate  11  composed of glass, silicon, or the like. An active element such as the TFT  18  is disposed on the insulating layer  12  so that a gate electrode  13 , a gate insulating film  14 , and a semiconductor layer  15  of the active element are disposed. The TFT  18  is composed of a drain electrode  16  and a source electrode  17  in addition to these. An insulating film  19  is disposed over the TFT  18 . An anode  21  constituting an organic light-emitting element  26  is connected to the source electrode  17  through a contact hole  20  formed in the insulating layer  19 . 
     An electrical connection system between the electrodes (anode  21  and cathode  23 ) included in the organic light-emitting element  26  and the electrodes (source electrode  17  and drain electrode  16 ) included in the TFT  18  is not limited to the form illustrated in  FIG.  2 B . That is, any one of the anode  21  and the cathode  23  has to be connected to any one of the source electrode  17  and the drain electrode  16  of the TFT  18 . “TFT” represents a thin film transistor. 
     Regarding the display apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B , the organic compound layer  22  is a single layer in the drawing, but the organic compound layer  22  may be a plurality of layers. A first protective layer  24  and a second protective layer  25  for suppressing the organic light-emitting element  26  from deteriorating are disposed on the cathode  23 . 
     In the display apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B , a transistor is used as a switching element but may be used as another switching element in place of this. 
     The transistor used in the display apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B  is not limited to being a transistor including a single-crystal silicon wafer and may be a thin film transistor including an active layer on the insulating surface of the substrate. Examples of the active layer include single-crystal silicon, non-single-crystal silicon such as amorphous silicon and microcrystalline silicon, and non-single-crystal oxide semiconductors such as indium zinc oxide and indium gallium zinc oxide. The thin film transistor is also referred to as a TFT element. 
     The transistor included in the display apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2 B  may be formed in a substrate such as a Si substrate. Herein, “be formed in a substrate” means that the transistor is produced by working just the substrate such as a Si substrate. That is, the transistor being included in the substrate may be conjectured that the substrate and the transistor are integrally formed. 
     The emission luminance of the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment is controlled by the TFT that is an example of the switching element, and a plurality of organic light-emitting elements being disposed in a plane enables an image to be displayed with the respective emission luminance. In this regard, the switching element according to the present embodiment is not limited to the TFT and may be a transistor formed of a low-temperature polysilicon or an active matrix driver formed on a substrate such as a Si substrate. “On the substrate” may translate into “in the substrate”. Whether the transistor is disposed in the substrate or the TFT is used is selected in accordance with the size of the display unit. For example, when the size is about 0.5 inches, it is favorable that the organic light-emitting element be disposed on the Si substrate. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to the present embodiment. A display apparatus  1000  may include a touch panel  1003 , a display panel  1005 , a frame  1006 , a circuit substrate  1007 , and a battery  1008  between an upper cover  1001  and a lower cover  1009 . The touch panel  1003  and the display panel  1005  are connected to flexible printed circuits FPC  1002  and  1004 , respectively. Transistors are printed onto the circuit substrate  1007 . The battery  1008  is not necessarily installed unless the display apparatus is a portable apparatus or may be installed in a different position even if the display apparatus is a portable apparatus. 
     The display apparatus according to the present embodiment may include a color filter having red, green, and blue colors. The red, green, and blue colors of the color filter may be arranged in the delta arrangement. 
     The display apparatus according to the present embodiment may be used in a display unit of a portable terminal. In such an instance, the display apparatus may have both a display function and an operation function. Examples of the portable terminal include mobile phones such as smart phones, tablets, and head mount displays. 
     The display apparatus according to the present embodiment may be used in a display unit of an imaging apparatus including an optical unit that includes a plurality of lenses and an imaging element that receives light passed through the optical unit. The imaging apparatus may include a display unit that displays information acquired by the imaging element. The display unit may be a display unit exposed to the outside of the imaging apparatus or a display unit disposed in a viewfinder. The imaging apparatus may be a digital camera or a digital camcorder. 
       FIG.  4 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment. An imaging apparatus  1100  may include a viewfinder  1101 , a rear surface display  1102 , an operation unit  1103 , and a housing  1104 . The viewfinder  1101  may include a display apparatus according to the present embodiment. In such an instance, the display apparatus may display not only an image to be imaged but also environmental information, imaging instructions, and the like. The environmental information may include, for example, the intensity of external light, the direction of external light, the moving speed of the subject, and the possibility that the subject may hide behind an obstacle. 
     Since the suitable timing for imaging is a very short period of time, it is desirable to display information as quickly as possible. Accordingly, a display apparatus that includes the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment can be used. This is because the organic light-emitting element has a high response speed. The display apparatus that includes an organic light-emitting element is more suitable than liquid crystal display apparatuses for use in these apparatuses for which a high display speed is required. 
     The imaging apparatus  1100  includes an optical unit not illustrated in the drawing. The optical unit includes a plurality of lenses and forms an image on an imaging element contained in the housing  1104 . The plurality of lenses may adjust the focal point by adjusting their relative positions. This operation may be automatically performed. The imaging apparatus may also be referred to as a photoelectric conversion apparatus. The photoelectric conversion apparatus may employ, instead of a method in which images are successively imaged, imaging methods such as a method in which a difference from the previous image is detected and a method in which images are extracted from continuously recorded images. 
       FIG.  4 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an electronic apparatus according to the present embodiment. An electronic apparatus  1200  includes a display unit  1201 , an operation unit  1202 , and a housing  1203 . The housing  1203  may include circuits, a print substrate having the circuits, a battery, and a communication unit. The operation unit  1202  may be a button or a touch panel-type responsive unit. The operation unit may be a biometric authentication unit configured to, for example, recognize the fingerprints and release the lock. The electronic apparatus that includes a communication unit may also be referred to as a communication apparatus. The electronic apparatus  1200  may include a lens and an imaging element so as to further have a camera function. An image imaged by the camera function is displayed on the display unit  1201 . Examples of the electronic apparatus  1200  include smart phones and notebook personal computers. 
       FIGS.  5 A and  5 B  are schematic diagrams each illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to the present embodiment.  FIG.  5 A  illustrates a display apparatus such as a television monitor or a PC monitor. A display apparatus  1300  includes a frame  1301  and a display unit  1302 . The light-emitting element according to the present embodiment may be used in the display unit  1302 . A base  1303  that supports the frame  1301  and the display unit  1302  are included. The base  1303  is not limited to the form illustrated in  FIG.  5 A . The lower side of the frame  1301  may also function as the base. The frame  1301  and the display unit  1302  may be curved. The radius of curvature thereof may be 5,000 mm or more and 6,000 mm or less. 
       FIG.  5 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the display apparatus according to the present embodiment. A display apparatus  1310  illustrated in  FIG.  5 B  is configured to be foldable and is a so-called foldable display apparatus. The display apparatus  1310  has a first display unit  1311 , a second display unit  1312 , a housing  1313 , and an inflexion point  1314 . Each of the first display unit  1311  and the second display unit  1312  may include the light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. The first display unit  1311  and the second display unit  1312  may be a single display apparatus without a joint. The first display unit  1311  and the second display unit  1312  is separated at the inflexion point. The first display unit  1311  and the second display unit  1312  may display images that differ from each other. Alternatively, an image may be displayed on a set of the first display unit and the second display unit. 
       FIG.  6 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an illumination apparatus according to the present embodiment. An illumination apparatus  1400  may include a housing  1401 , a light source  1402 , a circuit substrate  1403 , an optical filter  1404  for passing the light emitted from the light source  1402 , and a light diffusion unit  1405 . The light source  1402  may include the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. The optical filter  1404  may be a filter that improves the color rendering properties of the light source. The light diffusion unit  1405  effectively diffuses light emitted from the light source and allows the light to reach a wide range, for example, for lighting up. The optical filter  1404  and the light diffusion unit  1405  may be disposed on the light emission side of the illumination. A cover may be optionally disposed on the outermost portion as the situation demands. 
     The illumination apparatus is, for example, an apparatus that illuminates a room. The illumination apparatus may emit light of a color such as white, natural white, or any other color from blue to red. The illumination apparatus may include a light modulating circuit configured to modulate the light. 
     The illumination apparatus may include the organic light-emitting element according to the present disclosure and a power supply circuit connected to the organic light-emitting element. The power supply circuit is a circuit configured to convert alternating current voltage to direct current voltage. The white is a color having a color temperature of 4,200 K, and the natural white is a color having a color temperature of 5,000 K. The illumination apparatus may include a color filter. 
     The illumination apparatus according to the present embodiment may include a heat dissipation unit. The heat dissipation unit dissipates heat in the apparatus to the outside of the apparatus. The heat dissipation unit may be formed of, for example, a metal having a high specific heat or liquid silicon. 
       FIG.  6 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating an automobile which is an example of a moving object according to the present embodiment. The automobile has a tail lamp which is an example of a lighting fixture. An automobile  1500  has a tail lamp  1501 , and the tail lamp  1501  may be lit up when, for example, the brakes are applied. 
     The tail lamp  1501  may include the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. The tail lamp may include a protective member that protects the organic light-emitting element. There is no particular limitation regarding the material for forming the protective member provided that the material has high strength to a certain extent and is transparent, and the protective member can be composed of a polycarbonate or the like. The polycarbonate may be mixed with a furandicarboxylic acid derivative, an acrylonitrile derivative, or the like. 
     The automobile  1500  may include a car body  1503  and a window  1502  installed to the car body  1503 . The window  1502  may be a transparent display unless it is a window for checking the front and the rear of the automobile. The transparent display may include the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. 
     In such an instance, the constituent materials, such as the electrodes, included in the organic light-emitting element are formed of transparent members. 
     The moving object according to the present embodiment may be, for example, a ship, an aircraft, or a drone. The moving object may include a bodywork and a lighting fixture installed to the bodywork. The lighting fixture may emit light to indicate the position of the bodywork. The lighting fixture includes the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. 
     Examples of applications of the display apparatuses according to the embodiments above will be described with reference to  FIGS.  7 A and  7 B . The display apparatuses are applicable to systems that are worn as wearable devices, such as smart glasses, HMDs, and smart contact lenses. An imaging and display apparatus used in such an application example includes an imaging apparatus capable of photoelectrically converting visible light and a display apparatus capable of emitting visible light. 
       FIG.  7 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a wearable device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Glasses  1600  (smart glasses) according to an application example will be described with reference to  FIG.  7 A . An imaging apparatus  1602  such as a CMOS sensor or a SPAD is disposed on the front side of a lens  1601  of the glasses  1600 . The display apparatus according to any of the above-described embodiments is disposed on the back side of the lens  1601 . 
     The glasses  1600  further include a control unit  1603 . The control unit  1603  functions as a power supply that supplies electric power to the imaging apparatus  1602  and the display apparatus. The control unit  1603  controls the operation of the imaging apparatus  1602  and the display apparatus. An optical system for focusing light on the imaging apparatus  1602  is formed on the lens  1601 . 
       FIG.  7 B  is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of the wearable device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Glasses  1610  (smart glasses) according to an application example will be described with reference to  FIG.  7 B . The glasses  1610  have a control unit  1612 . The control unit  1612  includes an imaging apparatus corresponding to the imaging apparatus  1602  illustrated in  FIG.  7 A  and a display apparatus. An optical system for projecting light emitted from the imaging apparatus and the display apparatus in the control unit  1612  is formed on a lens  1611 , and an image is projected on the lens  1611 . The control unit  1612  functions as a power supply that supplies electric power to the imaging apparatus and the display apparatus and controls the operation of the imaging apparatus and the display apparatus. 
     The control unit  1612  may have a gaze detection unit that detects the gaze of the wearer. Infrared rays may be used to detect the gaze. An infrared light-emitting unit emits infrared light to an eyeball of the user who is gazing at a displayed image. The emitted infrared light is reflected by the eyeball, and the reflected light is detected by an imaging unit including a light-receiving element so as to provide an imaged image of the eyeball. The deterioration of the image quality is reduced by providing a reducing unit that reduces light from the infrared light-emitting unit to a display unit in plan view. The gaze of the user to the displayed image is detected from the imaged image of the eyeball imaged with the infrared light. Any publicly known method is applicable to the gaze detection using the imaged image of the eyeball. As an example, a gaze detection method based on the Purkinje image formed by the reflection of irradiation light on the cornea is employed. More specifically, a gaze detection process based on a pupil-corneal reflection method is performed. The pupil-corneal reflection method is used, on the basis of the image of the pupil and the Purkinje image included in the imaged image of the eyeball, to calculate a gaze vector representing the direction (rotation angle) of the eyeball, thereby detecting the gaze of the user. 
     A display apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include an imaging apparatus having a light-receiving element and may control a displayed image of the display apparatus on the basis of the gaze information of the user from the imaging apparatus. Specifically, in the display apparatus, a first field-of-view region at which the user gazes and a second field-of-view region other than the first field-of-view region are determined on the basis of the gaze information. The first field-of-view region and the second field-of-view region may be determined by the control unit of the display apparatus or may be determined by receiving those determined by an external control unit. In the display region of the display apparatus, the display resolution of the first field-of-view region may be controlled to be higher than the display resolution of the second field-of-view region. That is, the resolution of the second field-of-view region may be controlled to be lower than that of the first field-of-view region. 
     The display region includes a first display region and a second display region different from the first display region. A region of higher priority is determined from the first display region and the second display region on the basis of the gaze information. The first display region and the second display region may be determined by the control unit of the display apparatus or may be determined by receiving those determined by an external control unit. The resolution of a region of higher priority may be controlled to be higher than the resolution of a region other than the region of higher priority. That is, the resolution of a region of a relatively low priority may be controlled to be low. 
     The first field-of-view region or the region of higher priority may be determined using AI. The AI may be a model configured to estimate the angle of the gaze and the distance to a target object located in the gaze direction from images of the eyeball by using, as teaching data, images of the eyeball and the actual gaze direction of the eyeball in the images. The AI program may be stored in the display apparatus, the imaging apparatus, or an external apparatus. When the AI program is stored in the external apparatus, the AI program is transmitted through communication to the display apparatus. 
     In the instance of controlling the display on the basis of visual recognition detection, smart glasses further including an imaging apparatus that images an external image can be applied. The smart glasses are capable of displaying the imaged external information in real time. 
       FIG.  8 A  is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. An image forming apparatus  40  is an electrophotographic image forming apparatus including a photosensitive member  27 , an exposure light source  28 , a charge portion  30 , a developing portion  31 , a transfer unit  32 , a transporting roller  33 , and a fixing unit  35 . Light  29  is applied from the exposure light source  28 , and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the surface of the photosensitive member  27 . The exposure light source  28  includes the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment. The developing portion  31  includes a toner and the like. The charge portion  30  charges the photosensitive member  27 . The transfer unit  32  transfers the developed image to a recording medium  34 . The transporting roller  33  transports the recording medium  34 . The recording medium  34  is, for example, paper. The fixing unit  35  fixes the image formed on the recording medium  34 . 
       FIG.  8 B  and  FIG.  8 C  are diagrams illustrating the exposure light sources  28  and are schematic diagrams illustrating the manner in which a plurality of light-emitting portions  36  are arranged on an elongated substrate. An arrow  37  indicates the direction parallel to the shaft of the photosensitive member and the line direction of the arranged organic light-emitting elements. The line direction is the same as the direction of the rotating shaft of the photosensitive member  27 . This direction may be also referred to as the major axis direction.  FIG.  8 B  illustrates a form in which light-emitting portions  36  are arranged in the major axis direction of the photosensitive member  27 .  FIG.  8 C  illustrates a form different from  FIG.  8 B  and illustrates a form in which the light-emitting portions  36  in the first line and the second line are in a staggered arrangement in the line direction. The positions of the light-emitting portions  36  in the first line differ, in the row direction, from the positions of the light-emitting portions  36  in the second line. In the first line, the plurality of light-emitting portions  36  are arranged at a predetermined spacing. In the second line, the light-emitting portions  36  are located at the positions corresponding to the space between the light-emitting portions  36  in the first line. That is, the plurality of light-emitting portions  36  are also arranged at a predetermined spacing in the row direction. The arrangement illustrated in  FIG.  8 C  may translate into, for example, a state in which the light-emitting portions  36  are arranged in a lattice pattern, a state in which the light-emitting portions  36  are arranged in a hound&#39;s-tooth check pattern, or a checkered pattern. 
     As described above, using an apparatus that uses the organic light-emitting element according to the present embodiment enables stable display with good image quality even for a long time to be realized. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present disclosure will be described below with reference to the examples. However, the present disclosure is not limited to these. 
     Example 1 (Synthesis of Exemplary Compound A4) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (1) Synthesis of Compound m-3 
     A 100-ml eggplant flask was charged with reagents and solvents described below. 
     Compound m-1: 1.0 g (2.7 mmol)
 
Compound m-2: 0.2 g (3.3 mmol)
 
     Ethanol: 20 ml 
     Acetic acid: 20 ml 
     The reaction solution was subjected to heat-reflux-agitation in a nitrogen gas stream and agitation was performed for 6 hours. Subsequently, acetic acid was added, and reflux-agitation was performed for 6 hours in a nitrogen gas stream. After the reaction was completed, water and toluene were added and liquid separation was performed. Thereafter, a toluene solution was concentrated and slurry washing with methanol was performed so as to obtain 0.69 g (yield: 65%) of yellow solid Compound m-3. 
     (2) Synthesis of Compound m-5 
     A 100-ml eggplant flask was charged with reagents and solvents described below. 
     Compound m-3: 0.5 g (1.3 mmol)
 
Compound m-4: 0.9 g (2.8 mmol)
 
Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 : 0.05 g
 
     Toluene: 15 ml 
     Ethanol: 8 ml 
     2M-Sodium carbonate aqueous solution: 8 ml 
     The reaction solution was subjected to heat-reflux-agitation in a nitrogen gas stream and agitation was performed for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, water and toluene were added and liquid separation was performed. This was refined through column chromatography (toluene:heptane) and recrystallized with toluene so as to obtain 0.6 g (yield: 80%) of light-yellow solid Compound m-5. 
     (3) Synthesis of Exemplary compound A4 
     A 200-ml eggplant flask was charged with reagents and solvents described below. 
     Compound m-5: 0.4 g (0.65 mmol)
 
Compound m-6: 0.3 g (1.4 mmol)
 
     Pd(dba) 2 : 0.011 g 
     Sphos: 0.024 g 
     Potassium phosphate: 0.34 g 
     Toluene: 12 ml 
     Ethanol: 6 ml 
     Water: 6 ml 
     The reaction solution was subjected to heat-reflux-agitation in a nitrogen gas stream and agitation was performed for 6 hours. After the reaction was completed, filtration was performed, and dissolution into xylene and silica gel adsorption washing were performed. Thereafter, the solvent was concentrated, slurry washing with methanol was performed, and filtration was performed so as to obtain 0.45 g (yield: 81%) of white solid Exemplary compound A4. 
     Exemplary compound A4 was subjected to mass analysis by using MALDI-TOF-MS (Autoflex LRF produced by Bruker). 
     MALDI-TOF-MS 
     measured value: m/z=867, calculated value: C 64 H 38 N 2 O 2 =867 
     Examples 2 to 20 (Synthesis of Exemplary Compound) 
     As presented in Table 4 and Table 5, exemplary compounds in Examples 2 to 20 were synthesized in the manner akin to that in Example 1 except that the raw materials m-2 and m-6 in Example 1 were changed. In this regard, the measured values of m/z measured in the manner akin to that in Example 1 are presented. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Exemplary  
                 Raw material 
                 Raw material 
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 compound 
                 m-2 
                 m-6 
                 m/z 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 2 
                 A1  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 899 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 A2  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 867 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 A3  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 865 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 A8  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 867 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 A16 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 927 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 A17 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 897 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 A19 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 881 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 A21 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 941 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10  
                 A24 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 895 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11  
                 A31 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 903 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Exemplary  
                 Raw material 
                 Raw material 
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 compound 
                 m-2 
                 m-6 
                 m/z 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 12 
                 B1  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  887 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 B2  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  887 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 B7  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  887 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 B13 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  915 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 B18 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1013 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 C1  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  919 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 18 
                 C2  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  919 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 19 
                 C7  
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1143 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 20 
                 C11 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                  947 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 21 
     An organic light-emitting element having a bottom emission type structure in which an anode, a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, and a cathode were successively formed was produced. 
     An ITO film was formed on a glass substrate, and a predetermined patterning was performed so as to form an ITO electrode (anode). At this time, the film thickness of the ITO electrode was set to be 100 nm. The substrate provided with the thus formed ITO electrode was used as an ITO substrate in the steps below. Subsequently, an organic compound layer and an electrode layer presented in Table 6 were continuously formed on the above-described ITO substrate by performing vacuum vapor deposition due to resistance heating in a vacuum chamber at 1.33×10 −4  Pa. In this regard, the electrode area of the opposite electrode (metal electrode layer, cathode) was set to be 3 mm 2 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Film thickness 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cathode 
                 Al 
                 100 
               
               
                 Electron injection 
                 LiF 
                 1 
               
               
                 layer (EIL) 
               
               
                 Electron transport 
                 ET2  
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (ETL) 
               
               
                 Hole blocking 
                 ET11 
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (HBL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Light-emitting 
                 Host 
                 A4 
                 Mass ratio 
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (EML) 
                 Guest 
                 AA2 
                 A4:AA2 = 90:10 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Electron blocking 
                 HT19 
                 15 
               
               
                 layer (EBL) 
               
               
                 Hole transport 
                 HT3  
                 30 
               
               
                 layer (HTL) 
               
               
                 Hole injection 
                 HT16 
                 5 
               
               
                 layer (HIL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Regarding the resulting element, the characteristics of the element were measured and evaluated. The maximum emission wavelength of the light-emitting element was 522 nm, and the maximum external quantum efficiency (E.Q.E.) was 1.3 where that of Comparative example 1 was assumed to be 1.0. Further, a continuous driving test at a current density of 100 mA/cm 2  was performed, and a time when the luminance deterioration rate reached 5% (LT95) was measured. As a result, the ratio of luminance deterioration rate was 1.4 where that of Comparative example 1 was assumed to be 1.0. In the present example, regarding the specific measuring apparatus, the current-voltage characteristics were measured using a microammeter 4140B produced by Hewlett-Packard Company, and the emission luminance was measured using BM7 produced by TOPCON CORPORATION. 
     Examples 22 to 41 and Comparative Example 1 
     Organic light-emitting elements were produced in the manner akin to that in Example 21 except that compounds were appropriately changed to the compounds presented in Table 7. Regarding the resulting elements, the characteristics of the elements were measured and evaluated in the manner akin to that in Example 21. The measurement results are presented in Table 7. In this regard, Comparative compound 1-A used as the host material in Comparative example 1 is Compound 1-A described in US 2014/0034925. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ratio of 
                 Ratio of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 external 
                 illumination 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 EML 
                   
                   
                 quantum 
                 deterioration 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HIL 
                 HTL 
                 EBL 
                 Host 
                 Guest 
                 HBL 
                 ETL 
                 efficiency 
                 rate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 22 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 A1 
                 BB26 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 23 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 A4 
                 AA27 
                 ET12 
                 ET2 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 24 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 A4 
                 AA30 
                 ET11 
                 ET15 
                 1.1 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 25 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 A3 
                 GD10 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 Example 26 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT19 
                 A2 
                 GD10 
                 ET12 
                 ET2 
                 1.3 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 Example 27 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT15 
                 A1 
                 AA26 
                 ET11 
                 ET15 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 28 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT19 
                 B1 
                 BB24 
                 ET12 
                 ET2 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 29 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT15 
                 B1 
                 CC17 
                 ET12 
                 ET2 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 30 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 B3 
                 CC17 
                 ET11 
                 ET15 
                 1.5 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Example 31 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 B2 
                 DD5 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.6 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 Example 32 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 B13 
                 DD31 
                 ET12 
                 ET15 
                 1.2 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Example 33 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 C2 
                 EE1 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Example 34 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT19 
                 C2 
                 EE2 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 35 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 C11 
                 EE29 
                 ET12 
                 ET15 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Example 36 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 C11 
                 DD27 
                 ET12 
                 ET15 
                 1.5 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Example 37 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 C1 
                 DD27 
                 ET11 
                 ET15 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Example 38 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 EM13 
                 HH27 
                 A1 
                 ET2 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 39 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 EM14 
                 GG7 
                 A4 
                 ET15 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Example 40 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 EM13 
                 FF1 
                 A3 
                 ET2 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 Example 41 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 EM14 
                 II2 
                 B1 
                 ET15 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT15 
                 Comparative 
                 GD10 
                 ET11 
                 ET2 
                 1.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 example 1 
                   
                   
                   
                 compound 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1-A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As presented in Table 7, the maximum external quantum efficiency (E.Q.E.) of each example was more than 1.0 relative to that of Comparative example 1, and, therefore, the light-emitting elements of the examples have higher light emission efficiency. The cause of this is due to the compounds according to the present embodiment having larger S 1  and T 1 . In addition, the light-emitting elements according to the examples had longer life. The cause of this is due to the compounds according to the present embodiment having more excellent film performance and sublimation properties. Consequently, using the compounds according to the present embodiment enables the element having higher efficiency and excellent durability characteristics to be provided. 
     Example 42 
     An organic light-emitting element was produced in the manner akin to that in Example 21 except that the organic compound layer and the electrode layer presented in Table 8 were continuously produced. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Film 
               
               
                   
                   
                 thickness 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Cathode 
                 Al 
                 100 
               
               
                 Electron injection 
                 LiF 
                 1 
               
               
                 layer (EIL) 
               
               
                 Electron transport 
                 ET2  
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (ETL) 
               
               
                 Hole blocking 
                 ET11 
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (HBL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Light-emitting 
                 Host 
                 A4 
                 Mass ratio 
                 20 
               
               
                 layer (EML) 
                 Guest 
                 AA2 
                 A4:AA2:EM30 = 
               
               
                   
                 Assist 
                 EM30 
                 60:10:30 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Electron blocking 
                 HT19 
                 15 
               
               
                 layer (EBL) 
               
               
                 Hole transport 
                 HT3  
                 30 
               
               
                 layer (HTL) 
               
               
                 Hole injection 
                 HT16 
                 5 
               
               
                 layer (HIL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Regarding the resulting element, the characteristics of the element were measured and evaluated. The emission color of the light-emitting element was green. In addition, a time when the luminance deterioration rate reached 5% (LT95) was measured in the manner akin to that in Example 21. As a result, the ratio of luminance deterioration rate was 1.8 where that of Comparative example 2 was assumed to be 1.0. 
     Examples 43 to 50 and Comparative Example 2 
     Organic light-emitting elements were produced in the manner akin to that in Example 42 except that compounds were appropriately changed to the compounds presented in Table 9. Regarding the resulting elements, the characteristics of the elements were measured and evaluated in the manner akin to that in Example 42. The measurement results are presented in Table 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Ratio of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 deterioration 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 EML 
                   
                   
                 rate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 HIL 
                 HTL 
                 EBL 
                 Host 
                 Guest 
                 Assist 
                 HBL 
                 ETL 
                 luminance 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 43 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 A1 
                 DD31 
                 ET17 
                 ET26 
                 ET3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Example 44 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 A4 
                 DD27 
                 EM29 
                 ET13 
                 ET2 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 Example 45 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 A4 
                 GD12 
                 EM30 
                 ET13 
                 ET2 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Example 46 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 A3 
                 EE2 
                 EM31 
                 ET16 
                 ET15 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 47 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 B1 
                 EE29 
                 EM39 
                 ET13 
                 ET2 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Example 48 
                 HT16 
                 HT2 
                 HT15 
                 B3 
                 RD9 
                 EM37 
                 ET13 
                 ET2 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Example 49 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 B2 
                 RD7 
                 AA16 
                 ET16 
                 ET15 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Example 50 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 C2 
                 GG7 
                 EM30 
                 ET16 
                 ET15 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 HT16 
                 HT3 
                 HT19 
                 Comparative 
                 DD27 
                 EM29 
                 ET13 
                 ET2 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 example 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 compound 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1-A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The organic compound according to the present disclosure has large S 1  and T 1 , has excellent film performance and sublimation properties, and is a compound suitable for the organic light-emitting element. Consequently, using the organic compound according to the present disclosure as a constituent material of an organic light-emitting element enables the organic light-emitting element having favorable light emission characteristics and durability characteristics to be obtained. 
     While the present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of the following claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures and functions. 
     This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No. 2021-187046, filed Nov. 17, 2021, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.