Patent Publication Number: US-7720822-B1

Title: Quality management in a data-processing environment

Description:
BACKGROUND 
   The present invention relates generally to quality management in a data-processing environment. Specifically, it relates to operational risk estimation and control associated with a data processing operation. 
   Errors in documents during a data processing operation, for example, data entry and data transformation are common. These errors may result in significant losses to an organization, especially if a large amount of data is processed. It is therefore important to control the quality of documents. Conventional techniques for controlling the quality of documents include error detection and correction, and determination of parameters for measuring errors. One such measurement parameter can be the percentage of documents with errors. However, these parameters do not directly indicate the impact of the errors to the organization. 
   Further, the conventional techniques for error detection are manual in nature. Errors can be detected by manually checking a set of documents to catch errors and compute the error rate. However, this technique may be error prone since the errors are detected manually. Further, the number of documents to be reviewed for catching errors (rather than just estimating error rates) is a function of the error rate. If the error rate is high, then a high percentage of documents need to be reviewed for catching a higher percentage of errors. Consequently, this technique can be labor intensive and therefore expensive. 
   Another technique for error prevention involves double typing the same document. The two different versions of the same document are compared electronically, and any discrepancies are reviewed and corrected. However, in this case each document needs to be double typed, which can be a labor-intensive exercise. The double typing and the confirmation of its correctness are done on a larger set of the documents. Further, a supervisor has to manually review each discrepancy to detect which of the two operators has made an error, or to correct the errors. Further, manual reviews themselves are prone to errors and result in wastage of labor, money and time. Conventional techniques for detection of errors and correction are therefore cumbersome and expensive. 
   Furthermore, data entry operators can become aware as to when the supervisors are carrying out quality checks, and concentrate on quality for that period. If the process requires double entry of a complete document, it may result in ‘gaming’ of the system by the data entry operators, i.e., they may be lax in the initial data entry and catch errors if there is a discrepancy. 
   In other conventional techniques, critical fields are pre-defined by a supervisor/management. These critical fields are defined on the basis of their subjective criticality. Subsequently, preventive and corrective measures are taken in these critical fields. Further these critical fields themselves are not updated automatically and are only updated periodically during management review. As a result, the quality of the processed document may not be improved beyond a certain extent. 
   Accordingly, there is a need for developing techniques that manage the quality of documents. Such techniques should be cost-effective, scalable, and less time-consuming. There is a need for techniques that can measure error rate, control error rate, predict errors, and enable their subsequent prevention. Further, there is a need for techniques that ensure that the critical fields are identified dynamically and automatically. 
   Further, these techniques should enable benchmarking of organizations, i.e., how well organizations control data processing operational risk relative to one another. Such a benchmark should be comparable across process variations, organization size, document type, etc. Also, measurement schemes for data processing operators and systems should be directly correlated to measures used to evaluate the organizations. This enables true alignment of measurement schemes with performance requirements. These techniques should also deter ‘gaming’ of the system by data entry operators and supervisors. 
   SUMMARY 
   An object of the present invention is to measure the error rates of an organization, or an employee in the organization, associated with processing of data comprising a specific set of information. 
   Another object of the present invention is to measure and control the operational risk of an organization, or an employee in the organization, associated with data processing operations. 
   Yet another object of the present invention is to reduce errors during data processing operations. 
   Various embodiments of the present invention fulfill the objectives mentioned above, by providing methods and systems for quality management of a plurality of documents for a data-processing operation in an entity. Each document comprises at least one field. The entity includes an organization, or one or more employees of the organization. 
   In an embodiment of the invention, the method measures the quality of a plurality of documents in a data-processing operation. A relative operational risk is assigned for errors in each field of the plurality of documents. The assignment is based on the relative operational impact of the errors, and a frequency of errors is determined for each field. Finally, an error rate is determined, based on the relative operational risk and the frequency of errors associated with each field. 
   In another embodiment, a method for quality management of a plurality of documents for a data-processing operation in an entity is provided. The method comprises determination of error rates. Further, critical fields in the documents are dynamically identified based on the relative operational impact and the frequency of errors in the various fields. Errors are then reduced in the critical fields by using, for example, double typing of the data in the critical fields. 
   Further, the occurrence of errors is predicted by determining a correlation between them and a set of process and external attributes. The possibility of occurrence of the errors is notified to a supervisor if the attributes exhibit the characteristics correlated with errors. The supervisor can then take preventive measures. Alternatively, other preventative/corrective actions can be taken based on the predictions. This process of error prediction, error rate computation and error prevention can be performed independently or iteratively, thereby reducing the occurrence of the errors. Further, the set of error correlation attributes and the set of critical fields also get updated depending upon changes in the measured error rate. 
   The quality management system pertaining to the plurality of documents includes means for determining error rates. The means for reducing errors is responsible for reducing errors by focusing on critical fields in the plurality of documents. It also updates the critical fields based on changes in error rates and patterns. The means for predicting the occurrence of errors predicts errors by determining a correlation between the errors and a set of attributes. It also updates the set of attributes based on changes in error rates and patterns. A means for controlling is used to coordinate between the remaining system elements of the quality management system. The means for controlling keeps a tab on the quality of the plurality of documents. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The preferred embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings provided to illustrate and not to limit the invention, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary data-processing environment, suitable for use with the present invention; 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting a method for measuring the quality of a plurality of documents in the data-processing environment, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting a method for reducing errors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart depicting a method for preventing errors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating a system for quality management, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
   

   DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Various embodiments of the present invention relate to quality management of an entity for a data-processing operation and provide methods and systems pertaining to operational risk control in the data-processing operations. Data processing operations include, but are not limited to, data entry, transfer, storage, reporting and transformation. The entity can be an organization such as a business process outsourcing organization or an in-house corporate data processing operation. The entity can also be one or more employees of the organization. Various embodiments of the invention measure error rate associated with a data processing operation for an employee or an organization. This involves identifying the relative operational impact associated with the errors and the frequency of the errors. Further, critical fields, i.e., the fields wherein the product of the relative operational impact of errors and error frequency can be large are identified. 
   In an embodiment of the invention, critical fields are identified based on the frequency of errors and the relative operational impact of the errors in the fields. Data in these critical fields can be double typed to ensure that the errors in these critical fields get reduced. Subsequently, these critical fields can be updated and the process repeated on the new identified critical fields. 
   In another embodiment of the invention, occurrences of errors are also predicted based on the correlation of errors with a set of attributes. Where a high correlation is identified between occurrence of errors and an attribute, a supervisor can be alerted regarding the same. Subsequently, the supervisor can take preventive actions to avoid the occurrence of the errors. In an alternate embodiment, other corrective/preventative measures can be undertaken. The working of the error prediction process is verified by measuring the error rate. The set of attributes is then updated based on the error rate. 
     FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary data-processing environment that is suitable for use with various embodiments of the present invention. The data-processing environment includes a process input block  100  that provides the input data, which is to be processed in the form of transcribed files or documents. This input data is provided to employees  104 ,  106 , and  108  in an organization. The employee can then process the data, for example type in the data into electronic form. Employees  104 ,  106 , and  108  may be for example, medical transcription clerks, and data may be provided to them for medical transcription. For the sake of simplicity, only a few employees have been shown in  FIG. 1 . In actuality, the number of employees may be much higher. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the organization is a business process outsourcing (BPO) organization. While entering data, the employee may make errors. A quality management block  110  controls the occurrence of errors in the document being processed. In general, quality management block  110  is responsible for detecting, preventing, predicting and controlling errors. The processed documents are finally sent to a process output block  112  for delivery. 
     FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting a method for measuring the quality of a plurality of documents for a data-processing operation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. For the purpose of illustration, the method is hereinafter described assuming a data entry operation. 
   Each document can include several fields. An exemplary document can include several fields such as ‘Name’, ‘Address’, ‘Telephone Number’, ‘Email Address’, ‘Social Security Number’, and so on. To process the document, an employee, for example a data entry operator, can enter data in each of these fields. Depending on the purpose for which the document is being processed, some fields may be more important than others, for example, the social security number can be more important than the telephone number. Therefore, an error made while entering the social security number can have a greater impact or ‘operational impact’ than one made while entering the telephone number. In general, each field of a document can have a different operational impact. 
   To measure the quality of the documents, a relative weight or ‘relative operational risk’ (w) is assigned to errors corresponding to each field of the plurality of documents at step  202 . Operational risk refers to the risk of losses due to errors in data processing operations. Relative operational risk implies relative loss incurred due to errors in a field. The assignment is based on the operational impact of the errors, i.e., an error with a larger operational impact is weighted relatively higher than an error that has a smaller operational impact. 
   At step  204 , a frequency (n) of errors is determined for each field in the plurality of documents, i.e., the number of errors in each field is determined. In an embodiment of the invention, n is determined by sampling a set of documents and measuring the number of errors in each field. Exemplary methods to determine n are described in the later part of the description section. 
   At step  206 , an error rate (E) is determined. The error rate E is a measure of how well the operational risk is being controlled. E is a measure of the quality of the plurality of documents and indicates the level of operational risk attributable to the data processing activities of an employee, a group of employees or the organization. The determination of E is based on the values of w and n for a set of fields represented by S={F 1 , F 2 , . . . , F i , . . . } in the plurality of documents, for example, wherein the relative operational risk of a field F i  is w i  and the frequency of errors is n i . Therefore, the relative error rate (e i ) for the field F i  is given as 
                   e   i     =         w   i     ⁢     n   i           ∑   i     ⁢     w   i                 (   1   )               
where n is equal to zero or one for a given observation. In general, the error rate for a document across all the fields in the set S is given as
 
                   e   j     =         ∑   i     ⁢       w   i     ⁢     n   i             ∑   i     ⁢     w   i                 (   2   )               
where n is equal to zero or one for a given observation. The average error rate for a sample of documents is given as
 
                   e   avg     =         ∑     j   =   1     N     ⁢     e   j       N             (   3   )               
i.e.,
 
             e   avg     =         ∑     j   =   1     N     ⁢       w   j     ⁢     n   j           N   ⁢       ∑     j   =   1     N     ⁢     w   j                 
where N is the number of documents in the sample. The average error rate can be normalized to a base of 100 to get the error rate E. Therefore, E=100 implies that each field in each of the documents has errors.
 
   E can be reduced by decreasing the frequency of errors in fields with a larger operational impact. Further, E is independent of parameters such as the structure and size of documents, the total operational impact of errors in the plurality of documents, and the size of the organization. The value of E can be used to determine an expected operational risk (EOR). EOR is the operational risk that is expected from a data processing operation. In an embodiment of the present invention, the EOR is obtained by multiplying e avg  with the operational impact of making an error in every field in each of the plurality of documents. 
   EOR is a measure that can be used in accounting risk reserves and is relevant for regulations such as Sarbanes Oxley and Basel II. Consequently, E is directly related to how the organization as a whole is measured, thus effectively aligning measurement and performance across the layers of the organization. 
   Frequencies of errors in various fields are measured by sampling a set of documents from amongst the plurality of documents. Exemplary methods to sample the documents and identify the frequency of errors in the sampled documents are hereinafter described. 
   In one embodiment of the present invention, a set of documents of which the correct transcriptions (entries) are known a priori, is sampled to estimate error rates. To estimate quality, a statistically significant sample size (greater than 30) is considered. The 95% confidence interval for the estimated error rate is sample mean±2×standard error of mean. It is to be noted that the sample size does not directly depend on the population size or the expected quality. However, the confidence interval could be tighter if the sample standard deviation is smaller. In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more employees type the set of documents for which transcriptions already exist. This generates a new transcribed version of each document from the set of documents. Each new transcription is then electronically compared with its corresponding known transcription, and any discrepancy between the two transcriptions is termed as an error, unless it has already been specified, for example, if it is specified that ‘Lane’ may also be typed as ‘Ln.’, this discrepancy is not considered to be an error. By identifying the number of such errors, n is recorded for each field in the plurality of documents. The recorded values of n are then used to determine E. In this embodiment, the E of a data entry operator is an absolute value, i.e., it is not relative to the error rates of other data entry operators. 
   In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a set of sections is identified in each document from amongst the set of documents for which transcriptions already exist. A section may or may not include one or more fields. Sections from amongst the set of sections are randomly combined to generate a new set of documents, wherein correct transcriptions are known for each component section. The combination process is automated and ensures that each document in the new set of generated documents includes only one instance of each field in the original documents. In this way, a large number of documents with known transcriptions can be generated from a small number of documents with known transcriptions. For example, if there are m documents in the set of documents, and p sections in each document from amongst the set of documents, m p  documents can be generated for sampling. The new set of generated documents is then provided to employees for typing. Each section of each new transcription is electronically compared with the corresponding section in the original set of documents with known transcriptions, and any discrepancy between the two transcriptions is termed as an error. As in the previous embodiment, in this embodiment the E of a data entry operator is an absolute value, i.e., it is not relative to the error rates of other data entry operators. 
   In another embodiment of the present invention, a set of documents is identified randomly from amongst the plurality of documents for the purpose of sampling. For each document in the sample, employees such as data processing operators are paired randomly, to generate a set of (one or more) random pairs of data entry operators. The random pairs are generated such that no employee is in more than one pair for a given document. A document from amongst the set of documents is typed by each data entry operator belonging to a pair from amongst the corresponding set of random pairs of data entry operators. In this way, each document from amongst the set of documents is typed, so that there are at least two versions of each document. The two versions are electronically compared with each other, and any discrepancy is termed as an error. The n is recorded for each field in the plurality of documents. The recorded values of n are then used to determine E. It is to be noted that the E of a data entry operator is relative to the error rates of other data entry operators. This is because a discrepancy could have been caused by either of the data processing operator in the random pair. However, the error rates of multiple random samples are considered for computing the E of the data entry operator. In an embodiment of the invention, the sample can be large enough. As a result, the random pairings of employees can be statistically ‘backed out’, i.e., average relative error rate of a specific employee can be measured. Moreover, the average relative frequency of errors for each field can also be accurately measured. This can be achieved without identifying the data entry operator or operators who have actually made the errors corresponding to the discrepancies. This embodiment eliminates the need for sample documents with correctly known transcriptions. This embodiment is completely automatic and can be reliably carried out in a manner where employees can not become aware of which documents are being used for sampling and therefore can not ‘game’ the sampling. 
   As described earlier, w may be different for different fields. Further, an employee can make more errors in some fields of a document compared to other fields of the same document. Therefore, there can be critical fields in which the product of w and n are higher, compared to other fields. The expected operational risk can be controlled by either controlling n or reducing w in the critical fields. Reducing errors in the critical fields can control the n. Changing operating processes can control the w. 
   In an embodiment of the invention, critical fields within a document can be identified based on e i . In an embodiment, a small set of fields from amongst the complete set of fields can be the critical fields. The employee/organization can substantially improve the overall quality, i.e., control the overall operational risk, by taking corrective/preventive actions in these critical fields. Since the corrective/preventive actions need to be taken in only a small set of fields, a greater proportion of expected operational risk can be avoided while incurring a proportionately lower cost. 
     FIG. 3  is a flowchart of the system for reducing errors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At step  302 , a set of critical fields is identified in the plurality of documents. The identification of this set is based on w and n. The error rate (e) of each field is determined, and the set of fields, of which the values of e are higher than a threshold, are identified as critical fields. For example, if 20% of the set of fields contribute 80% of the total error rate, then these 20% of the set of fields comprise the critical fields. In various embodiments of the invention, the identification of the critical fields can be automated. 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, the threshold is a predetermined value. In another embodiment of the present invention, the threshold depends on the operational impact and the value of n in each field in the plurality of documents. In another embodiment, the threshold is automatically set through standard applications such as ‘goal seek’ so that the sum of the e of the critical fields is equal to an arbitrary percentage (for example, 50%) of E (after accounting for any scaling factors). 
   The threshold is primarily set based on the customers&#39; preference. Customers have to balance their risk tolerance and operational budget and decide their threshold for critical fields. The lower the risk appetite and the higher the operational budget, the greater is the percentage of document fields that can be considered critical fields. The distribution of errors among fields is also a factor determining the threshold. For example, if errors are highly concentrated among a few operationally important fields, then the threshold can be quite high (i.e. number of critical fields can be low) but still have the critical fields account for a significant proportion of expected operational risk. 
   At step  304 , the data in the identified set of critical fields are double typed for each critical field. In other words, two different data entry operators type the data in each of the identified sets of critical fields. The typing generates two different versions of the data in each critical field. At step  306 , the two versions are compared with each other, and any discrepancy between the two is termed as an error. 
   The errors are then removed at step  308 , to correct the data in the identified set of critical fields. As a result, errors in the critical fields can be substantially reduced. In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, double typing 10% of the fields in the plurality of documents can reduce E by 50%. In this manner, double typing a small number of fields reduces E by a large factor. In other words, expending a small amount of labor and cost results in a large improvement in the quality of documents. Focusing on critical fields avoids undue usage of labor for error reduction. The documents with corrected data can be subsequently sampled again at step  310  to check the value of E. A decrease in E indicates a reduction in the operational risk. However, an increase or no change in E indicates that critical fields may have changed. Critical fields can change due to employee behavior or other changes in data entry operation. In such scenario, the critical fields can be automatically updated, i.e., new critical fields are identified and the steps  302 - 310  repeated again. The critical fields are also updated based on sampling. For example, companies may introduce process innovations that reduce error impacts or error frequency for the critical fields. As a result, the critical fields may shift. In such scenario, the critical fields are re-identified. 
   In an embodiment of the invention, once discrepancies are identified at step  306 , the correct typing is manually identified. In another embodiment of the invention, rules based or artificial intelligence algorithms can be used to identify the correct typing. 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, predicting the occurrence of errors can also prevent errors.  FIG. 4  is a flowchart depicting the method for preventing errors by predicting the occurrence of errors. At step  402 , a set of attributes is identified for correlation with the likelihood of occurrences of errors in the processed documents. At step  404 , the attributes that are the best predictors of errors (most closely correlated with occurrences of errors) are identified. In various embodiments of the invention, a training process identifies the attributes. In an embodiment of the invention, the training is performed by using algorithms that measure correlation between an event (for example, an error) that has happened or not happened and an attribute (for example, the time of day). Other algorithms are based on artificial intelligence such as neural networks that use standard methodologies to identify such correlations. 
   In an embodiment of the present invention, data entry errors are mapped against various attributes to identify the best predictors of errors. For example, the occurrence of data entry errors can be mapped against the keystroke variability rate, i.e., the variation in the rate at which a user strokes the keys. It is observed that the frequency of errors increases with increase in the keystroke variability rate. Therefore, keystroke rate variability can be a good attribute for error prediction. Similarly, the occurrence of data entry errors is mapped against several other attributes to determine the attributes that are the best predictors of errors. 
   At step  406 , an exemplary learning algorithm is selected to ensure best prediction of errors based on the identified attributes. Step  406  may alternatively be performed before step  404 . I.e. a best predictive algorithm is first identified and then the algorithm is used in training mode to identify the best predictive attributes. At step  408 , the correlation is determined between the errors in the plurality of documents and a set of attributes. This correlation is based on the identified learning algorithm. The learning algorithm can be based on for example, fuzzy logic, neural network, Bayes Nets, abstract local search and genetic algorithm. 
   A learning algorithm can establish a correlation between two events, for example, for two given events A and B. The learning algorithm can establish that if A occurs, it is likely that B also do so. Given a number of attributes, the learning algorithm can learn which attributes have the strongest correlation with, or are the best indicators of the occurrence of errors. Exemplary attributes can be the lighting conditions in the data entry operations, the complexity of the document being processed, the eye color of the data entry operator, the time when the errors were made, backlog levels when the errors occurred, and the variability of the keystroke rate of the data entry operator when the errors occurred. 
   Given these attributes, the learning algorithm can determine that the keystroke rate variability is a good indicator of the occurrence of errors. This correlation can now be used to predict the occurrence of errors. The learning algorithm can also determine that the eye color of the data entry operator is not correlated with him or her making errors. Therefore, the learning algorithm will reject this attribute. 
   Subsequently, at step  410 , the supervisor is appropriately notified about the likelihood of errors occurring. For example, if the keystroke rate of a data entry operator shows high variations, a supervisor of the data entry operator can be notified that it is likely that the data entry operator may make an error in the near future. The supervisor can then take preventive actions to prevent errors. For example, the supervisor can verify the prediction by checking the data entered by the operator. Further, the supervisor can alert the data entry operator if errors are identified. The supervisor may also offer the data entry operator a short break or reduce his or her backlog levels. Alternatively, instead of notifying the supervisor, the system may initiate alternative preventative/corrective actions such as routing data for double typing. For example, the system can ask another employee to double type the data. It is to be noted these corrective and preventive actions are exemplary and any other corrective/preventive action can be taken without diverting from the scope and spirit of the invention. 
   At  412 , the error rate is monitored to confirm that the error prediction process has not gone out of synch. In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of documents is periodically sampled to monitor the error prediction process, and E is determined subsequently. Monitoring is required to check the correctness of the error prediction process, for example, the learning algorithm may predict that a particular operator is going to make errors. However, the next few documents typed by him may contain no errors. Such inconsistencies in error prediction can be verified, based on the value of E. For example, a low value of E in the above-mentioned case can imply that the learning algorithm has gone out of calibration. This is because the operator may adapt his behavior accordingly, for example, errors may occur when operators chat among themselves and stop typing while processing a document. In this case, each time an operator stops typing for more than fifteen seconds, the supervisor is notified that errors are likely to occur. The supervisor then checks on the operators. The operators may realize that the supervisor checks on them whenever they start chatting, and therefore stop chatting among themselves. This, in turn, can prevent the occurrence of errors due to chatting. However, errors may now occur due to other attributes not known to the learning algorithm. In such a situation, the learning algorithm is recalibrated. This recalibration may be initiated automatically or manually and can be achieved by updating the set of attributes, i.e., by identifying new attributes that are likely to cause errors and rejecting those that are not correlated to errors; and/or by selecting a better prediction algorithm as described in steps  404 , and  406 . 
   The quality of the plurality of documents is managed in an embodiment of the present invention. E is measured to check the initial quality of the plurality of documents. The errors are then reduced, as described earlier. The occurrence of errors is also prevented by predicting them. The process of measuring E, and reducing errors can be performed repetitively to monitor and control the overall quality of the documents generated by the employee. It should be noted that the error measurement, reduction and prediction processes could operate independently. They can also operate simultaneously or at different times. These processes can make use of one or more sampling schemes, described earlier, to measure E. They can also use any other sampling scheme without limiting the scope of the present invention. 
   The various embodiments of the method described above can be implemented by quality management system. In an embodiment of the present invention, this quality management system resides in quality management block  110 .  FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating quality management system  500 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Quality management system  500  includes an error rate measurement module  502 , an error reduction module  504 , an error occurrence prediction module  506 , and a control module  508 . Error rate measurement module  502  is the means for determining E; error reduction module  504  enables reduction of the errors in the critical fields of the plurality of documents; and error occurrence prediction module  506  prevents errors by predicting their occurrence, and establishes a correlation between errors and a set of attributes by implementing learning algorithms. Control module  508  coordinates the other modules of the software system to control the quality of the plurality of documents. In particular, control module  508  monitors the change in the error rates on account of preventive/corrective actions taken to reduce the errors. Control module  508  updates the set of attributes for module  506  in case the attributes that impact the error occurrences change. Further, it periodically updates the critical fields for module  504 . For example, companies may introduce process innovations that reduce error impacts or error frequency for the initially identified critical fields. Consequently, the critical fields can shift. 
   In various embodiments of the invention, system elements of quality management system  500  are implemented in the form of software modules, firmware modules and their combination thereof. 
   It is to be noted that while the various embodiments of the invention have been explained by using the example of data entry operation, the invention is applicable for any data processing operation such as data reporting, data storage and transformation. An exemplary data reporting operation can be an advance shipment note that is sent by a client to a recipient of the shipment as well as to the shipment agency, for example a courier agency. There can be discrepancies in the shipment notes send to the recipient and the shipment agency. The various embodiments of the invention can be used to measure the quality of reporting of shipment details by the client. 
   The embodiments of the present invention have the advantage that they provide an error rate that directly measures the effectiveness in controlling the operational risk of an organization or employee corresponding to a data processing operation. The error rate can also be used to measure the expected operational risk of the data processing operation, thus it is useful for setting up accounting risk reserves and for meeting regulatory requirements such as Sarbanes Oxley and Basel II. 
   The embodiments of the invention also allow rating/benchmarking of organizations and employees on the basis of how well they control operational risk, thus enabling an apples-to-apples comparison between organizations with different processes, document structure, size, etc. 
   The embodiments of the present invention offer a predominantly or completely automated method and system for reduction, prevention and prediction of errors in data processing operations. The various embodiments allow avoiding a large percentage of expected operational risk while expending a relatively small amount of labor. This is achieved by systematically focusing on the critical fields of the document, which accounts for a disproportionately high percentage of the total expected risk. Further, the identification of the critical fields is automated. 
   Error rates can also be estimated without identifying which specific operator was responsible for a discrepancy. Error rate estimation can be achieved by sampling a small number of documents. 
   The present invention may also be embodied in a computer program product for use with a computer system. The computer program product includes a computer usable medium having a computer readable program code embodied therein. 
   Further, since the process is automated, the quality management can be performed real time. Further, the employees need not be aware that their quality is being audited. Further, unlike in training intensive procedures such as “Six Sigma” the data entry operators do not need to be specifically trained to use these methodologies which may be automated. 
   The system, as described in the present invention or any of its components, may be embodied in the form of a computer system. Typical examples of a computer system include a general-purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor, a micro-controller, a peripheral integrated circuit element, and other devices or arrangements of devices that are capable of implementing the steps that constitute the method of the present invention. 
   The computer system comprises a computer, an input device, a display unit and the Internet. The computer comprises a microprocessor. The microprocessor can be one or more general- or special-purpose processors such as a Pentium®, Centrino®, Power PC®, and a digital signal processor. The microprocessor is connected to a communication bus. The computer also includes a memory, which may include Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). The computer system also comprises a storage device, which can be a hard disk drive or a removable storage device such as a floppy disk drive, optical disk drive, and so forth. The storage device can also be other similar means for loading computer programs or other instructions into the computer system. The computer system also includes one or more user input devices such as a mouse and a keyboard, and one or more output devices such as a display unit and speakers. 
   The computer system includes an operating system (OS), such as Windows, Windows CE, Mac, Linux, Unix, a cellular phone OS, or a proprietary OS. 
   The computer system executes a set of instructions that are stored in one or more storage elements, to process input data. The storage elements may also hold data or other information as desired. A storage element may be an information source or physical memory element present in the processing machine. 
   The set of instructions may include various commands that instruct the processing machine to perform specific tasks such as the steps that constitute the method of the present invention. The set of instructions may be in the form of a software program. The software may be in various forms, such as system software or application software. Further, the software may be in the form of a collection of separate programs, a program module with a larger program, or a portion of a program module. The software might also include modular programming in the form of object-oriented programming and may use any suitable language such as C, C++ and Java. The processing of input data by the processing machine may be in response to user commands to results of previous processing, or in response to a request made by another processing machine. 
   While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that it is not limited to these embodiments only. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as described in the claims.