Patent Publication Number: US-10326167-B2

Title: Secondary battery-use electrolytic solution, secondary battery, battery pack, electric vehicle, electric power storage system, electric power tool, and electronic apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT/JP2015/082215, filed Nov. 17, 2015, which claims priority to Japanese Application No. 2014-253926, filed Dec. 16, 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The present technology relates to an electrolytic solution used for a secondary battery, a secondary battery that uses the electrolytic solution, and a battery pack, an electric vehicle, an electric power storage system, an electric power tool, and an electronic apparatus each of which uses the secondary battery. 
     Various electronic apparatuses such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have been widely used, and it has been demanded to further reduce size and weight of the electronic apparatuses and to achieve their longer lives. Accordingly, batteries, in particular, small and light-weight secondary batteries that have ability to achieve high energy density have been developed as power sources for the electronic apparatuses. 
     Applications of the secondary batteries are not limited to the electronic apparatuses described above, and it has been also considered to apply the secondary batteries to various other applications. Examples of such other applications include: a battery pack attachably and detachably mounted on, for example, an electronic apparatus; an electric vehicle such as an electric automobile; an electric power storage system such as a home electric power server; and an electric power tool such as an electric drill. 
     There have been proposed secondary batteries that utilize various charge and discharge principles in order to obtain battery capacity. In particular, attention has been paid to a secondary battery that utilizes insertion and extraction of an electrode reactant and a secondary battery that utilizes precipitation and dissolution of an electrode reactant, which make it possible to achieve higher energy density than other batteries such as a lead-acid battery and a nickel-cadmium battery. 
     The secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution includes an electrolyte salt and any other material. The composition of the electrolytic solution exerts a large influence on battery characteristics. Accordingly, various studies have been conducted on the composition of the electrolytic solution. 
     More specifically, in order to improve cycle characteristics and other characteristics, LiBF 2 SO 4  is used as an electrolyte salt (for example, refer to PTL 1). 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     PTL 1: Chinese Patent Application Publication No. 103531845 
     SUMMARY 
     In association with higher performance and more multi-functionality of electronic apparatuses and other apparatuses described above, the electronic apparatuses and the other apparatuses are more frequently used, and usage environment thereof expands. For this reason, there is still room for improvement in battery characteristics of the secondary batteries. 
     It is therefore desirable to provide a secondary battery-use electrolytic solution, a secondary battery, a battery pack, an electric vehicle, an electric power storage system, an electric power tool, and an electronic apparatus each of which makes it possible to achieve superior battery characteristics. 
     A secondary battery-use electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present technology includes a sulfuric acid compound represented by the following formula (1).
 
X n+ [M(Rf) a (CN) b (SO 4 ) c]   m−   (1)
 
     where X n+  is one of a metal ion and an onium ion, M is one of transition metal elements, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Rf is one of a fluorine group (—F) and a monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, a is an integer of 0 to 4, b is an integer of 0 to 5, c is an integer of 1 to 4, m is an integer of 1 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 or 2, where one or more of Rf&#39;s are the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group in a case where X=lithium (Li), M=boron (B), a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied. 
     A secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present technology includes: a cathode; an anode; and an electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution has a similar configuration to that of the foregoing secondary battery-use electrolytic solution according to the embodiment of the present technology. 
     A battery pack, an electric vehicle, an electric power storage system, an electric power tool, and an electronic apparatus according to respective embodiments of the present technology each include a secondary battery, and the secondary battery has a configuration similar to that of the foregoing secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present technology. 
     According to the secondary battery-use electrolytic solution and the secondary battery of the respective embodiments of the present technology, the electrolytic solution includes the foregoing sulfuric acid compound, which makes it possible to achieve superior battery characteristics. Moreover, in each of the battery pack, the electric vehicle, the electric power storage system, the electric power tool, and the electronic apparatus of the respective embodiments of the present technology, similar effects are achievable. 
     Note that effects described here are non-limiting. Effects achieved by the present technology may be one or more of effects described in the present technology. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a configuration of a secondary battery (cylindrical type) according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of part of a spirally wound electrode body illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of a configuration of another secondary battery (laminated film type) according to the embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line IV-IV of a spirally wound electrode body illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a configuration of an application example (a battery pack: single battery) of the secondary battery. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of the battery pack illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (a battery pack: assembled battery) of the secondary battery. 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (an electric vehicle) of the secondary battery. 
         FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (an electric power storage system) of the secondary battery. 
         FIG. 10  is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an application example (an electric power tool) of the secondary battery. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following, some embodiments of the present technology are described in detail with reference to the drawings. It is to be noted that description is given in the following order. 
     1. Secondary Battery-Use Electrolytic Solution 
     2. Secondary Battery
         2-1. Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery (Cylindrical Type)   2-2. Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery (Laminated Film Type)   2-3. Lithium Metal Secondary Battery       

     3. Applications of Secondary Battery
         3-1. Battery Pack (Single Battery)   3-2. Battery Pack (Assembled Battery)   3-3. Electric Vehicle   3-4. Electric Power Storage System   3-5. Electric Power Tool       

     &lt;1. Secondary Battery-Use Electrolytic Solution&gt; 
     First, description is given of a secondary battery-use electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
     The secondary battery-use electrolytic solution described here (hereinafter simply referred to as “electrolytic solution”) is used for, for example, a secondary battery such as a lithium-ion secondary battery. However, the kind of the secondary battery using the electrolytic solution is not limited to the lithium-ion secondary battery. 
     [Sulfuric Acid Compound] 
     The electrolytic solution includes one or more of sulfuric acid compounds represented by the following formula (1) (hereinafter simply referred to as “sulfuric acid compounds”). The sulfuric acid compounds may also serve as, for example, part of an electrolyte salt to be described later in the electrolytic solution.
 
X n+ [M(Rf) a (CN) b (SO 4 ) c ] m−   (1)
 
     where X n+  is one of a metal ion and an onium ion, M is one of transition metal elements, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Rf is one of a fluorine group (—F) and a monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, a is an integer of 0 to 4, b is an integer of 0 to 5, c is an integer of 1 to 4, m is an integer of 1 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 or 2, where one or more of Rf&#39;s are the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group in a case where X=lithium (Li), M=boron (B), a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied. 
     The sulfuric acid compound includes a cation (X n+ ) and an anion ([M(Rf) a (CN) b (SO 4 ) c ] m− ), and in the anion, a fluorine-containing group (—Rf), a cyano group (—CN), and a sulfuric acid group (&gt;SO 4 ) are bound to a central atom (M). The “fluorine-containing group” means a group containing fluorine (F) as a constituent element. 
     The electrolytic solution includes the sulfuric acid compound, which improves chemical stability of the electrolytic solution, thereby suppressing decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution during charge and discharge. In this case, decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed particularly even in a hostile environment such as a high-temperature environment and a low-temperature environment. 
     The kind of the cation (X n+ ) is not particularly limited, as long as the cation is one of the metal ion and the onium ion. 
     The kind of the metal ion is not particularly limited, as long as the metal ion is any of ions of metal elements. In particular, the metal element is preferably one of Group 1 elements (alkali metal elements) and Group 2 elements (alkaline-earth metal elements) in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, which easily make the sulfuric acid compound available (manufacturable) and sufficiently improve chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     Examples of the alkali metal elements include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Examples of the alkaline-earth metal elements include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). 
     The kind of the onium ion is not particularly limited, as long as the onium ion is any of cations obtained by protonation. Examples of the onium ion include an ammonium ion (NH 4   + ), a phosphonium ion (PH 4   + ), an oxonium ion (H 3 O + ), a sulfonium ion (H 3 S + ), a fluoronium ion (H 2 F + ), and a chloronium ion (H 2 Cl + ). 
     In particular, X is preferably lithium, which makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     The kind of the central atom (M) is not particularly limited, as long as the central atom is one of the transition metal elements, and the Group 13 elements, the Group 14 elements, and the Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements. 
     Examples of the Group 13 elements include boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). Examples of the Group 14 elements include carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). Examples of the Group 15 elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). 
     In particular, the central atom is preferably one of elements such as boron, phosphorus, and aluminum, which easily make the sulfuric acid compound available (manufacturable) and sufficiently improve chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     The kind of the fluorine-containing group (—Rf) is not particularly limited, as long as the fluorine-containing group is one of the fluorine group and the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group. In a case where the number of the fluorine-containing groups (the value of a) is two or more, the two or more fluorine-containing groups may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. It goes without saying that some of the two or more fluorine-containing groups may be groups of a same kind. 
     As can be seen from a range of values that a possibly takes (a=an integer of 0 to 4), the sulfuric acid compound may include the fluorine-containing group or may not include the fluorine-containing group. Similarly, as can be seen from a range of values that b possibly takes (b=an integer of 0 to 5), the sulfuric acid compound may include the cyano group or may not include the cyano group. 
     In contrast, as can be seen from a range of values that c possibly takes (c=an integer of 1 to 4), the sulfuric acid compound includes one or more sulfate groups, which sufficiently improve chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     Moreover, as can be seen from clauses relating to the formula (1), the kind of the fluorine-containing group depends on the kind of X, the kind of M, the number of the fluorine-containing groups (a), the number of the cyano groups (b), and the number of the sulfate groups (c). More specifically, in a case where X=lithium, M=boron, a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied, the sulfuric acid compound does not include the cyano group, and includes two fluorine-containing groups. In this case, one or both of the two fluorine-containing groups are the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, which sufficiently improves chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     The monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups (—H) in the monovalent hydrocarbon group are substituted by a fluorine group (—F). The monovalent hydrocarbon group is a generic name of a monovalent group configured of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). 
     It is to be noted that the monovalent hydrocarbon group may have a straight-chain structure or a branched structure with one or more side chains. Moreover, the monovalent hydrocarbon group may be an unsaturated hydrocarbon group including a carbon-carbon multiple bond or a saturated hydrocarbon group not including a carbon-carbon multiple bond. Examples of the carbon-carbon multiple bond include a carbon-carbon double bond (&gt;C═C&lt;) and a carbon-carbon triple bond (—C≡C—). 
     Examples of the monovalent hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, and a monovalent group in which two or more of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the alkynyl group, the cycloalkyl group, and the aryl group are bound (hereinafter referred to as “monovalent binding group”). Examples of the monovalent binding group include a group in which the alkyl group and the alkenyl group are bound, a group in which the alkyl group and the alkynyl group are bound, and a group in which the alkenyl group and the alkynyl group are bound. Moreover, examples of the monovalent binding group include a group in which the cycloalkyl group and one of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, and the alkynyl group are bound, and a group in which the aryl group and one of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, and the alkynyl group are bound. 
     It is to be noted that the number of carbons in the monovalent hydrocarbon group is not particularly limited. The number of carbons in the alkyl group is, for example, from 1 to 10. The number of carbons in the alkenyl group and the number of carbons in the alkynyl group each are, for example, from 2 to 10. The number of carbons in the cycloalkyl group and the number of carbons in the aryl group each are, for example, from 6 to 18. This makes it possible to sufficiently improve chemical stability of the electrolytic solution while securing solubility, compatibility, and other properties of the sulfuric acid compound. 
     Specific examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group (—CH 3 ), an ethyl group (—C 2 H 5 ), a propyl group (—C 3 H 7 ), and a t-butyl group (—C(—CH 3 ) 2 —CH 3 ). Specific examples of the alkenyl group include a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ) and an allyl group (—CH 2 —CH═CH 2 ). Specific examples of the alkynyl group include an ethynyl group (—C═CH). Specific examples of the cycloalkyl group include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, and a cyclooctyl group. Specific examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Specific examples of the monovalent binding group include a benzyl group. 
     In particular, the fluorine-containing group is preferably a monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, and more preferably a group in which one or more hydrogen groups in the alkyl group are substituted by a fluorine group (a monovalent fluorinated alkyl group). Moreover, the number of carbons in the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group is preferably from 1 to 10, as described above, which sufficiently improves chemical stability of the electrolytic solution while securing solubility, compatibility, and other properties of the sulfuric acid compound. 
     A specific examples of the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups in each of the specific examples of the alkyl group, the specific examples of the alkenyl group, the specific examples of the alkynyl group, the specific examples of the cycloalkyl group, the specific examples of the aryl group, the specific examples of the monovalent binding group mentioned above are substituted by a fluorine group. 
     Specific examples of the monovalent fluorinated alkyl group include a perfluoromethyl group (—CF 3 ), a perfluoroethyl group (—C 2 F 5 ), a perfluoropropyl group (—C 3 F 7 ), and a perfluoro-t-butyl group (—C(—CF 3 ) 2 —CF 3 ). 
     Specific examples of the sulfuric acid compound include the following compounds. 
     Specific examples of the sulfuric acid compound in which the central atom is boron include LiBF(CN)SO 4 , LiB(CN) 2 SO 4 , LiBF(CF 3 )SO 4 , LiBF(C 2 F 5 )SO 4 , LiB(CF 3 )(CN)SO 4 , LiB(C 2 F 5 )(CN)SO 4 , LiB(CF 3 ) 2 SO 4 , LiB(C 2 F 5 ) 2 SO 4 , and LiB(SO 4 ) 2 . 
     Specific examples of the sulfuric acid compound in which the central atom is phosphorus include LiPF 4 SO 4 , LiP(CF 3 ) 4 SO 4 , LiP(C 2 F 5 ) 4 SO 4 , LiPF 2 (SO 4 ) 2 , LiP(CN) 4 SO 4 , LiPF 2 (CN) 2 SO 4 , and LiP(SO 4 ) 3 . 
     Specific examples of the sulfuric acid compound in which the central atom is aluminum include LiAlF 2 SO 4 , LiAlF(CN)SO 4 , LiAlF(CF 3 )SO 4 , and LiAl(SO 4 ) 2 . 
     A content of the sulfuric acid compound in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably from 0.01 mol/kg to 1.5 mol/kg both inclusive, and more preferably from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg both inclusive, which sufficiently improves chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     [Other Materials] 
     It is to be noted that the electrolytic solution may include one or more other materials in addition to the foregoing sulfuric acid compound. 
     [Solvent] 
     The other materials are, for example, one or more of solvents such as a nonaqueous solvent (an organic solvent). An electrolytic solution including the nonaqueous solvent is a so-called nonaqueous electrolytic solution. 
     Examples of the solvents include a cyclic carbonate ester, a chain carbonate ester, a lactone, a chain carboxylate ester, and a nitrile (mononitrile), which make it possible to achieve, for example, high battery capacity, superior cycle characteristics, and superior storage characteristics. 
     Examples of the cyclic carbonate ester include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate. Examples of the chain carbonate ester include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and methylpropyl carbonate. Examples of the lactone include γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone. Examples of the chain carboxylate ester include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, methyl trimethylacetate, and ethyl trimethylacetate. Examples of the nitrile include acetonitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, and 3-methoxypropionitrile. 
     In addition, examples of the solvents include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-methyl oxazolidinone, N,N′-dimethyl imidazolidinone, nitromethane, nitroethane, sulfolane, trimethyl phosphate, and dimethyl sulfoxide, which make it possible to achieve a similar advantage. 
     In particular, one or more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate are preferable, which make it possible to achieve, for example, higher battery capacity, superior cycle characteristics, and superior storage characteristics. In this case, a combination of a high-viscosity (high dielectric constant) solvent (having, for example, specific dielectric constant ε&gt;30) such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate and a low-viscosity solvent (having, for example, viscosity ≤1 mPa·s) such as dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate is more preferable. The combination allows for an improvement in the dissociation property of an electrolyte salt and ion mobility. 
     In particular, the solvent may contain one or more of an unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester, a halogenated carbonate ester, a sulfonate ester, an acid anhydride, a dicyano compound (dinitrile), and a diisocyanate compound, which make it possible to improve chemical stability of the electrolytic solution. 
     The unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester is a cyclic carbonate ester having one or more unsaturated bonds (carbon-carbon double bonds). Examples of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester include compounds represented by the following formulas (2) to (4). A content of the unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester in the solvent is not particularly limited, but, is, for example, from 0.01 wt % to 10 wt % both inclusive. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where each of R11 and R12 is one of a hydrogen group and an alkyl group, each of R13 to R16 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a vinyl group, and an allyl group, one or more of R13 to R16 are one of the vinyl group and the allyl group, R17 is a group represented by &gt;CR171R172, and each of R171 and R172 is one of a hydrogen group and an alkyl group. 
     The compound represented by the formula (2) is a vinylene carbonate-based compound. R11 and R12 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. Details of the alkyl group are as described above. Specific examples of the vinylene carbonate-based compound include vinylene carbonate (1,3-dioxol-2-one), methylvinylene carbonate (4-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one), ethylvinylene carbonate (4-ethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one), 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, 4,5-diethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxol-2-one, and 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. 
     The compound represented by the formula (3) is a vinyl ethylene carbonate-based compound. R13 to R16 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. It goes without saying that some of R13 to R16 may be groups of a same kind. Specific examples of the vinyl ethylene carbonate-based compound include vinyl ethylene carbonate (4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one), 4-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4-ethyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4-n-propyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 5-methyl-4-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, 4,4-divinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and 4,5-divinyl-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. 
     The compound represented by the formula (4) is a methylene ethylene carbonate-based compound. R171 and R172 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. Specific examples of the methylene ethylene carbonate-based compound include methylene ethylene carbonate (4-methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one), 4,4-dimethyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, and 4,4-diethyl-5-methylene-1,3-dioxolane-2-one. 
     In addition, the unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester may be a catechol carbonate having a benzene ring. 
     The halogenated carbonate ester is a cyclic or chain carbonate ester containing one or more halogens as constituent elements, and is a compound represented by one of the following formulas (5) and (6). A content of the halogenated carbonate ester in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is, for example, from 0.01 wt % to 50 wt % both inclusive. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where each of R18 to R21 is one of a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, and a halogenated alkyl group, one or more of R18 to R21 are one of the halogen group and the halogenated alkyl group, each of R22 to R27 is one of a hydrogen group, a halogen group, an alkyl group, and a halogenated alkyl group, and one or more of R22 to R27 are one of the halogen group and the halogenated alkyl group. 
     The compound represented by the formula (5) is a cyclic halogenated carbonate ester. R18 to R21 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. It goes without saying that some of R18 to R21 may be groups of a same kind. 
     The kind of the halogen group is not particularly limited; however, in particular, one or more of a fluorine group, a chlorine group (—Cl), a bromine group (—Br) and a iodine group (—I) are preferable, and the fluorine group is more preferable. The fluorine group makes it possible to easily form the foregoing protective film, as compared with other halogen groups. It is to be noted that the number of halogen groups is more preferably two than one, and is three or more. This makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     Details of the alkyl group are as described above. The halogenated alkyl group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups in an alkyl group are substituted (halogenated) by a halogen group. 
     Specific examples of the cyclic halogenated carbonate ester include compounds represented by the following formulas (5-1) to (5-21), which include geometric isomers. In particular, for example, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one represented by the formula (5-1) and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one represented by the formula (5-3) are preferable. It is to be noted that as 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one, a trans-isomer is more preferable than a cis-isomer, which is easily available and makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by the formula (6) is a halogenated chain carbonate ester. R22 to R27 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. It goes without saying that some of R22 to R27 may be groups of a same kind. 
     Specific examples of the halogenated chain carbonate ester include fluoromethyl methyl carbonate, bis(fluoromethyl) carbonate, and difluoromethyl methyl carbonate. 
     Examples of the sulfonate ester include a monosulfonate ester and a disulfonate ester. A content of the sulfonate ester in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is, for example, from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % both inclusive. 
     The monosulfonate ester may be a cyclic monosulfonate ester or a chain monosulfonate ester. Specific examples of the cyclic monosulfonate ester include sultone such as 1,3-propane sultone and 1,3-propene sultone. Specific examples of the chain monosulfonate ester include a compound in which a cyclic monosulfonate ester is cleaved at a middle site. 
     The disulfonate ester may be a cyclic disulfonate ester or a chain disulfonate ester. Specific examples of the cyclic disulfonate ester include compounds represented by formulas (7-1) to (7-3). Specific examples of the chain disulfonate ester include a compound in which a cyclic disulfonate ester is cleaved at a middle site. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the acid anhydride include a carboxylic anhydride, a disulfonic anhydride, and a carboxylic-sulfonic anhydride. A content of the acid anhydride in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is, for example, from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % both inclusive. 
     Specific examples of the carboxylic anhydride include succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, and maleic anhydride. Specific examples of the disulfonic anhydride include ethanedisulfonic anhydride and propanedisulfonic anhydride. Specific examples of a carboxylic-sulfonic anhydride include sulfobenzoic anhydride, sulfopropionic anhydride, and sulfobutyric anhydride. 
     Examples of the dicyano compound include a compound represented by NC—C m H 2m —CN (where m is an integer of 1 or more). A content of the dicyano compound in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is, for example, from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % both inclusive. Specific examples of the dicyano compound include succinonitrile (NC—C 2 H 4 —CN), glutaronitrile (NC—C 3 H 6 —CN), adiponitrile (NC—C 4 H 8 —CN), and phthalonitrile (NC—C 6 H 4 —CN). 
     Examples of the diisocyanate compound include a compound represented by OCN—C n H 2n —NCO (where n is an integer of 1 or more). A content of the diisocyanate compound in the solvent is not particularly limited, but is, for example, from 0.5 wt % to 5 wt % both inclusive. Specific examples of the diisocyanate compound include OCN—C 6 H 12 —NCO. 
     [Electrolyte Salt] 
     Moreover, the other materials are, for example, one or more of electrolyte salts such as a lithium salt. However, the electrolyte salt may contain a salt other than the lithium salt. Examples of the salt other than the lithium salt include a light metal salt other than the lithium salt. 
     Specific examples of the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ), lithium methanesulfonate (LiCH 3 SO 3 ), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl 4 ), dilithium hexafluorosilicate (Li 2 SiF 6 ), lithium chloride (LiCl), and lithium bromide (LiBr). 
     In particular, one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium perchlorate, and lithium hexafluoroarsenate are preferable, and lithium hexafluorophosphate is more preferable. These lithium salts make it possible to decrease internal resistance. 
     In addition, the electrolyte salt may be one or more of compounds represented by respective formulas (8) to (10). It is to be noted that R41 and R43 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. R51 to R53 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. It goes without saying that some of R51 to R53 may be groups of a same kind. R61 and R62 may be groups of a same kind or groups of different kinds. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where X41 is one of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements and aluminum (Al), M41 is one of transition metals, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, R41 is a halogen group, Y41 is one of —C(═O)—R42-C(═O)—, —C(═O)—CR43 2 -, and —C(═O)—C(═O)—, R42 is one of an alkylene group, a halogenated alkylene group, an arylene group, and a halogenated arylene group, R43 is one of an alkyl group, a halogenated alkyl group, an aryl group, and a halogenated aryl group, a4 is an integer of 1 to 4, b4 is an integer of 0, 2, or 4, and each of c4, d4, m4, and n4 is an integer of 1 to 3. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where X51 is one of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, M51 is one of transition metals, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Y51 is one of —C(═O)—(CR51 2 ) b5 —C(═O)—, —R53 2 C—(CR52 2 ) c5 —C(═O)—, —R53 2 C—(CR52 2 ) c5 —CR53 2 —, —R53 2 C—(CR52 2 ) c5 —S(═O) 2 —, —S(═O) 2 —(CR52 2 ) d5 —S(═O) 2 —, and —C(═O)—(CR52 2 ) d5 —S(═O) 2 —, each of R51 and R53 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, and a halogenated alkyl group, one or more of R51&#39;s are one of the halogen group and the halogenated alkyl group, one or more of R53&#39;s are one of the halogen group and the halogenated alkyl group, R52 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, and a halogenated alkyl group, each of a5, e5, and n5 is an integer of 1 or 2, each of b5 and d5 is an integer of 1 to 4, c5 is an integer of 0 to 4, and each of f5 and m5 is an integer of 1 to 3. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where X61 is one of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, M61 is one of transition metals, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Rf is one of a fluorinated alkyl group and a fluorinated aryl group, the number of carbons in each of the fluorinated alkyl group and the fluorinated aryl group is from 1 to 10, Y61 is one of —C(═O)—(CR61 2 ) d6 —C(═O)—, —R62 2 C—(CR61 2 ) d6 —C(═O)—, —R62 2 C—(CR61 2 ) d6 —CR62 2 —, —R62 2 C—(CR61 2 ) d6 —S(═O) 2 —, —S(═O) 2 —(CR61 2 ) e6 —S(═O) 2 —, and —C(═O)—(CR61 2 ) e6 —S(═O) 2 —, R61 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, and a halogenated alkyl group, R62 is one of a hydrogen group, an alkyl group, a halogen group, and a halogenated alkyl group, one or more of R62&#39;s are one of the halogen group and the halogenated alkyl group, each of a6, f6, and n6 is an integer of 1 or 2, each of b6, c6, and e6 is an integer of 1 to 4, d6 is an integer of 0 to 4, and each of g6 and m6 is an integer of 1 to 3. 
     It is to be noted that the Group 1 elements include hydrogen (H), lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The Group 2 elements include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The Group 13 elements include boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). The Group 14 elements include carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb). The Group 15 elements include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). 
     Specific examples of the compound represented by the formula (8) include compounds represented by respective formulas (8-1) to (8-6). Specific examples of the compound represented by the formula (9) include compounds represented by respective formulas (9-1) to (9-8). Specific examples of the compound represented by the formula (10) include a compound represented by a formula (10-1). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Moreover, the electrolyte salt may be one or more of compounds represented by the following formulas (11) to (13). Values of m and n may be the same as or different from each other. Values of p, q, and r may be the same as or different from one another. It goes without saying that the values of two of p, q, and r may be the same as each other.
 
LiN(C m F 2m+1 SO 2 )(C n F 2n+1 SO 2 )  (11)
 
     where each of m and n is an integer of 1 or more. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R71 is a straight-chain or branched perfluoroalkylene group having 2 to 6 carbons.
 
LiC(C p F 2p+1 SO 2 )(C q F 2q+1 SO 2 )(C r F 2r+1 SO 2 )  (13)
 
     where each of p, q, and r is an integer of 1 or more. 
     The compound represented by the formula (11) is a chain imide compound. Specific examples of the chain imide compound include lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiN(SO 2 F) 2 ), lithium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 ), lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 ), lithium (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2 )(C 2 F 5 SO 2 )), lithium (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(heptafluoropropanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2 )(C 3 F 7 SO 2 )), and lithium (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF 3 SO 2 )(C 4 F 9 SO 2 )). 
     The compound represented by the formula (12) is a cyclic imide compound. Specific examples of the cyclic imide compound include compounds represented by respective formulas (12-1) to (12-4). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The compound represented by the formula (13) is a chain methide compound. Specific examples of the chain methide compound include lithium tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methide (LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 ). 
     A content of the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited; however, in particular, the content of the electrolyte salt is preferably within a range of 0.3 mol/kg to 3.0 mol/kg both inclusive with respect to the solvent. This makes it possible to achieve high ionic conductivity. 
     [Others] 
     Moreover, the other materials may be one or more of materials other than the materials mentioned above. Examples of the materials other than the materials mentioned above include a phosphorus-fluorine-containing salt such as lithium difluorophosphate (LiPF 2 O 2 ) and lithium fluorophosphate (Li 2 PFO 3 ). A content of the phosphorus-fluorine-containing salt in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited. 
     [Action and Effects of Electrolytic Solution] 
     The electrolytic solution includes the foregoing sulfuric acid compound. In this case, as compared with a case where the electrolytic solution does not include the sulfuric acid compound and a case where the electrolytic solution includes any other compound, chemical stability of the electrolytic solution is improved, as described above, thereby suppressing decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution during charge and discharge. Accordingly, in a secondary battery using the electrolytic solution, it is possible to improve battery characteristics. 
     It is to be noted that examples of the foregoing “other compound” include LiBF 2 SO 4 . As compared with the foregoing formula (1), in LiBF 2 SO 4 , X=lithium, M=boron, a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied. However, all of the fluorine-containing groups (Rf) are the fluorine groups; therefore, one or more of the fluorine-containing groups are not the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group. In other words, LiBF 2 SO 4  does not satisfy the conditions in the clauses relating to the foregoing formula (1). 
     In particular, X in the formula (1) is one of the alkali metal element and the alkaline-earth metal element, and in particular, X is lithium, which makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     Moreover, the central atom (M) in the formula (1) is one of boron, phosphorus, and aluminum, which makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     Further, the fluorine-containing group (Rf) in the formula (1) is the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, and in particular, the fluorine-containing group is a monovalent fluorinated alkyl group, which makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. In this case, the number of carbons in the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group is from 1 to 10, which makes it possible to achieve a still higher effect. 
     Furthermore, the content of the sulfuric acid compound in the electrolytic solution is from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg both inclusive, which makes it possible to achieve a higher effect. 
     &lt;2. Secondary Battery&gt; 
     Next, description is given of a secondary battery using the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. 
     &lt;2-1. Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery (Cylindrical Type)&gt; 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a secondary battery.  FIG. 2  illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of part of a spirally wound electrode body  20  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     The secondary battery described here is, for example, a lithium-ion secondary battery in which a capacity of an anode  22  is obtained by insertion and extraction of lithium as an electrode reactant. 
     [Whole Configuration of Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery has a so-called cylindrical type battery configuration. The secondary battery contains, for example, a pair of insulating plates  12  and  13  and the spirally wound electrode body  20  as a battery element inside a battery can  11  having a substantially hollow cylindrical shape, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . In the spirally wound electrode body  20 , for example, a cathode  21  and the anode  22  are stacked with a separator  23  in between, and the cathode  21 , the anode  22 , and the separator  23  are spirally wound. The spirally wound electrode body  20  is impregnated with, for example, an electrolytic solution that is a liquid electrolyte. 
     The battery can  11  has, for example, a hollow structure in which one end of the battery can  11  is closed and the other end of the battery can  11  is open. The battery can  11  is made of one or more of, for example, iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and an alloy thereof. A surface of the battery can  11  may be plated with, for example, nickel. The pair of insulating plates  12  and  13  are so disposed as to sandwich the spirally wound electrode body  20  in between and extend perpendicularly to a spirally wound periphery surface of the spirally wound electrode body  20 . 
     At the open end of the battery can  11 , a battery cover  14 , a safety valve mechanism  15 , and a positive temperature coefficient device (PTC device)  16  are swaged with a gasket  17 , by which the battery can  11  is hermetically sealed. The battery cover  14  is made of, for example, a material similar to the material of the battery can  11 . Each of the safety valve mechanism  15  and the PTC device  16  is provided on the inner side of the battery cover  14 , and the safety valve mechanism  15  is electrically coupled to the battery cover  14  via the PTC device  16 . In the safety valve mechanism  15 , when an internal pressure of the battery can  11  reaches a certain level or higher as a result of, for example, internal short circuit or heating from outside, a disk plate  15 A inverts. This cuts electric connection between the battery cover  14  and the spirally wound electrode body  20 . In order to prevent abnormal heat generation resulting from a large current, resistance of the PTC device  16  increases as a temperature rises. The gasket  17  is made of, for example, an insulating material. A surface of the gasket  17  may be coated with, for example, asphalt. 
     For example, a center pin  24  is inserted in the center of the spirally wound electrode body  20 . However, the center pin  24  may not be inserted in the center of the spirally wound electrode body  20 . A cathode lead  25  is attached to the cathode  21 , and an anode lead  26  is attached to the anode  22 . The cathode lead  25  is made of, for example, a conductive material such as aluminum. For example, the cathode lead  25  is attached to the safety valve mechanism  15 , and is electrically coupled to the battery cover  14 . The anode lead  26  is made of, for example, a conductive material such as nickel. For example, the anode lead  26  is attached to the battery can  11 , and is electrically coupled to the battery can  11 . 
     [Cathode] 
     The cathode  21  includes, for example, a cathode current collector  21 A and a cathode active material layer  21 B provided on both surfaces of the cathode current collector  21 A, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, the cathode active material layer  21 B may be provided on a single surface of the cathode current collector  21 A. 
     The cathode current collector  21 A includes, for example, one or more of conductive materials. The kind of the conductive material is not particularly limited, but is, for example, a metal material such as aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and stainless steel. The cathode current collector  21 A may be configured of a single layer or may be configured of multiple layers. 
     The cathode active material layer  21 B contains, as a cathode active material, one or more of cathode materials that have ability to insert and extract lithium. It is to be noted that the cathode active material layer  21 B may further contain one or more of other materials such as a cathode binder and a cathode conductor, in addition to the cathode active material. 
     The cathode material is preferably a lithium-containing compound. More specifically, the cathode material is preferably one or both of a lithium-containing composite oxide and a lithium-containing phosphate compound, which make it possible to achieve high energy density. 
     The lithium-containing composite oxide is an oxide that contains lithium and one or more elements that exclude lithium (hereinafter, referred to as “other elements”) as constituent elements, and has, for example, one of crystal structures such as a layered rock-salt crystal structure and a spinel crystal structure. The lithium-containing phosphate compound is a phosphate compound that contains lithium and one or more of the other elements as constituent elements, and has, for example, a crystal structure such as an olivine crystal structure. 
     The kinds of the other elements are not particularly limited, as long as the other elements are one or more of any elements. In particular, the other elements are preferably one or more of elements that belongs to Groups 2 to 15 in the long form of the periodic table of the elements. More specifically, the other elements more preferably include one or more of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe), which make it possible to obtain a high voltage. 
     Examples of the lithium-containing composite oxide having the layered rock-salt crystal structure include compounds represented by the following formulas (21) to (23).
 
Li a Mn (1−b−c) Ni b M11 c O (2−d) F e   (21)
 
     where M11 is one or more of cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W), “a” to “e” satisfy 0.8≤a≤1.2, 0&lt;b&lt;0.5, 0≤c≤0.5, (b+c)&lt;1, −0.1≤d≤0.2, and 0≤e≤0.1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “a” is a value in a completely-discharged state.
 
Li a Ni (1−b) M12 b O (2−c) F d   (22)
 
     where M12 is one or more of cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W), “a” to “d” satisfy 0.8≤a≤1.2, 0.005≤b≤0.5, −0.1≤c≤0.2, and 0≤d≤0.1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “a” is a value in a completely-discharged state.
 
Li a Co (1−b) M13 b O (2−c) F d   (23)
 
     where M13 is one or more of nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W), “a” to “d” satisfy 0.8≤a≤1.2, 0≤b&lt;0.5, −0.1≤c≤0.2, and 0≤d≤0.1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “a” is a value in a completely-discharged state. 
     Specific examples of the lithium-containing composite oxide having the layered rock-salt crystal structure include LiNiO 2 , LiCoO 2 , Lico 0.98 Al 0.01 Mg 0.01 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 CO 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.33 O 2 , Li 1.2 Mn 0.52 Co 0.175 Ni 0.1 O 2 , and Li 1.15 (Mn 0.65 Ni 0.22 Co 0.13 )O 2 . 
     It is to be noted that in a case where the lithium-containing composite oxide having the layered rock-salt crystal structure includes nickel, cobalt, manganese, and aluminum as constituent elements, an atomic ratio of nickel is preferably 50 at % or more, which makes it possible to achieve high energy density. 
     Examples of the lithium-containing composite oxide having the spinel crystal structure include a compound represented by the following formula (24).
 
Li a Mn (2−b) M14 b O c F d   (24)
 
     where M14 is one or more of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and tungsten (W), “a” to “d” satisfy 0.9≤a≤1.1, 0≤b≤0.6, 3.7≤c≤4.1, and 0≤d≤0.1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “a” is a value in a completely-discharged state. 
     Specific examples of the lithium-containing composite oxide having the spinel crystal structure include LiMn 2 O 4 . 
     Examples of the lithium-containing phosphate compound having the olivine crystal structure include a compound represented by the following formula (25).
 
Li a M15PO 4   (25)
 
     where M15 is one or more of cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), boron (B), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), tungsten (W), and zirconium (Zr), “a” satisfies 0.9≤a≤1.1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “a” is a value in a completely-discharged state. 
     Specific examples of the lithium-containing phosphate compound having the olivine crystal structure include LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiFe 0.5 Mn 0.5 PO 4 , and LiFe 0.3 Mn 0.7 PO 4 . 
     It is to be noted that the lithium-containing composite oxide may be, for example, a compound represented by the following formula (26).
 
(Li 2 MnO 3 ) x (LiMnO 2 ) 1−x   (26)
 
     where “x” satisfies 0≤x≤1, it is to be noted that the composition of lithium varies depending on charge and discharge states, and “x” is a value in a completely-discharged state. 
     In addition, the cathode material may be, for example, one or more of an oxide, a disulfide, a chalcogenide, and a conductive polymer. Examples of the oxide include titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, and manganese dioxide. Examples of the disulfide include titanium disulfide and molybdenum sulfide. Examples of the chalcogenide include niobium selenide. Examples of the conductive polymer include sulfur, polyaniline, and polythiophene. It is to be noted that the cathode material may be any material other than the materials mentioned above. 
     The cathode binder contains one or more of, for example, synthetic rubbers and polymer materials. Examples of the synthetic rubbers include a styrene-butadiene-based rubber, a fluorine-based rubber, and ethylene propylene diene. Examples of the polymer material include polyvinylidene fluoride and polyimide. 
     The cathode conductor contains one or more of, for example, carbon materials. Examples of the carbon materials include graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, and Ketjen black. Alternatively, the cathode conductor may be any other material such as a metal material and a conductive polymer, as long as the cathode conductor is a material having conductivity. 
     [Anode] 
     The anode  22  includes, for example, an anode current collector  22 A and an anode active material layer  22 B provided on both surfaces of the anode current collector  22 A, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, the anode active material layer  22 B may be provided on a single surface of the anode current collector  22 A. 
     The anode current collector  22 A includes, for example, one or more of conductive materials. The kind of the conductive material is not particularly limited, but is, for example, a metal material such as copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), and stainless steel. The anode current collector  22 A may be configured of a single layer or may be configured of multiple layers. 
     A surface of the anode current collector  22 A is preferably roughened. This makes it possible to improve adhesibility of the anode active material layer  22 B with respect to the anode current collector  22 A by a so-called anchor effect. In this case, it may be only necessary to roughen the surface of the anode current collector  22 A at least in a region facing the anode active material layer  22 B. Examples of a roughening method include a method of forming fine particles with use of electrolytic treatment. Through the electrolytic treatment, fine particles are formed on the surface of the anode current collector  22 A in an electrolytic bath by an electrolytic method to make the surface of the anode current collector  22 A rough. A copper foil fabricated by the electrolytic method is generally called “electrolytic copper foil”. 
     The anode active material layer  22 B contains, as an anode active material, one or more of anode materials that have ability to insert and extract lithium. It is to be noted that the anode active material layer  22 B may further contain one or more of other materials such as an anode binder and an anode conductor, in addition to the anode active material. 
     In order to prevent lithium metal from being unintentionally precipitated on the anode  22  in the middle of charge, chargeable capacity of the anode material is preferably larger than discharge capacity of the cathode  21 . In other words, electrochemical equivalent of the anode material that has ability to insert and extract lithium is preferably larger than electrochemical equivalent of the cathode  21 . 
     The anode material is, for example, one or more of carbon materials. The carbon material causes an extremely-small change in a crystal structure thereof during insertion and extraction of lithium, which stably achieves high energy density. Further, the carbon material also serves as the anode conductor, which improves conductivity of the anode active material layer  22 B. 
     Examples of the carbon material include graphitizable carbon, nongraphitizable carbon, and graphite. A spacing of (002) plane in the nongraphitizable carbon is preferably 0.37 nm or larger, and a spacing of (002) plane in the graphite is preferably 0.34 nm or smaller. More specific examples of the carbon material include pyrolytic carbons, cokes, glassy carbon fibers, an organic polymer compound fired body, activated carbon, and carbon blacks. Examples of the cokes include pitch coke, needle coke, and petroleum coke. The organic polymer compound fired body is a polymer compound fired (carbonized) at an appropriate temperature. Examples of the polymer compound include phenol resin and furan resin. Other than the materials mentioned above, the carbon material may be low crystalline carbon that is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of about 1000° C. or lower, or may be amorphous carbon. It is to be noted that a shape of the carbon material may be one or more of a fibrous shape, a spherical shape, a granular shape, and a scale-like shape. 
     Moreover, the anode material is, for example, a material (a metal-based material) that contains one or more of metal elements and metalloid elements as constituent elements. This makes it possible to achieve high energy density. 
     The metal-based material may be any of a simple substance, an alloy, or a compound, may be two or more thereof, or may have one or more phases thereof at least in part. It is to be noted that the “alloy” also encompasses a material that contains one or more metal elements and one or more metalloid elements, in addition to a material that is configured of two or more metal elements. Further, the “alloy” may contain one or more of nonmetallic elements. Examples of a structure of the metal-based material include a solid solution, a eutectic crystal (a eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, and a structure in which two or more thereof coexist. 
     The metal elements and the metalloid elements mentioned above are, for example, one or more of metal elements and metalloid elements that are able to form an alloy with lithium. Specific examples thereof include magnesium (Mg), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), zinc, hafnium (Hf), zirconium, yttrium (Y), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt). 
     In particular, silicon, tin, or both are preferable. Silicon and tin have superior ability to insert and extract lithium, and achieve remarkably high energy density accordingly. 
     A material that contains silicon, tin, or both as constituent elements may be any of a simple substance, an alloy, and a compound of silicon, may be any of a simple substance, an alloy, and a compound of tin, may be two or more thereof, or may be a material that has one or more phases thereof at least in part. The simple substance described here merely refers to a simple substance in a general sense (in which a small amount of impurity may be contained), and does not necessarily refer to a simple substance having a purity of 100%. 
     The alloy of silicon contains, for example, one or more of elements such as tin, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony, and chromium, as constituent elements other than silicon. The compound of silicon contains, for example, one or more of elements such as carbon and oxygen, as constituent elements other than silicon. It is to be noted that the compound of silicon may contain, for example, one or more of the elements described related to the alloy of silicon, as constituent elements other than silicon. 
     Specific examples of the alloy of silicon and the compound of silicon include SiB 4 , SiB 6 , Mg 2 Si, Ni 2 Si, TiSi 2 , MoSi 2 , CoSi 2 , NiSi 2 , CaSi 2 , CrSi 2 , Cu 5 Si, FeSi 2 , MnSi 2 , NbSi 2 , TaSi 2 , VSi 2 , WSi 2 , ZnSi 2 , SiC, Si 3 N 4 , Si 2 N 2 O, SiO v  (0&lt;v≤2), and LiSiO. It is to be noted that “v” in SiO v  may be, for example, in a range of 0.2&lt;v&lt;1.4. 
     The alloy of tin contains, for example, one or more of elements such as silicon, nickel, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, indium, silver, titanium, germanium, bismuth, antimony, and chromium, as constituent elements other than tin. The compound of tin contains, for example, one or more of elements such as carbon and oxygen, as constituent elements other than tin. It is to be noted that the compound of tin may contain, for example, one or more of the elements described related to the alloy of tin, as constituent elements other than tin. 
     Specific examples of the alloy of tin and the compound of tin include SnO w  (0&lt;w≤2), SnSiO 3 , LiSnO, and Mg 2 Sn. 
     In particular, the material that contains tin as a constituent element is preferably, for example, a material that contains, together with tin as a first constituent element, a second constituent element and a third constituent element. The second constituent element includes, for example, one or more of elements such as cobalt, iron, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, indium, cesium (Ce), hafnium (Hf), tantalum, tungsten, bismuth, and silicon. The third constituent element includes, for example, one or more of elements such as boron, carbon, aluminum, and phosphorus (P). The Sn-containing material containing the second constituent element and the third constituent element makes it possible to achieve, for example, high battery capacity and superior cycle characteristics. 
     In particular, the Sn-containing material is preferably a material (a SnCoC-containing material) that contains tin, cobalt, and carbon as constituent elements. In the SnCoC-containing material, for example, a content of carbon is from 9.9 mass % to 29.7 mass % both inclusive, and a ratio of contents of tin and cobalt (Co/(Sn+Co)) is from 20 mass % to 70 mass % both inclusive. This makes it possible to achieve high energy density. 
     The SnCoC-containing material preferably has a phase that contains tin, cobalt, and carbon. Such a phase is preferably low crystalline or amorphous. This phase is a reaction phase that is able to react with lithium. Hence, existence of the reaction phase results in achievement of superior characteristics. A half width (a diffraction angle 2θ) of a diffraction peak obtained by X-ray diffraction of this reaction phase is preferably 1° or larger in a case where a CuKα ray is used as a specific X-ray, and an insertion rate is 1°/min. This makes it possible to insert and extract lithium more smoothly, and to decrease reactivity with the electrolytic solution. It is to be noted that, in some cases, the SnCoC-containing material includes a phase that contains simple substances of the respective constituent elements or part thereof in addition to the low-crystalline phase or the amorphous phase. 
     Comparison between X-ray diffraction charts before and after an electrochemical reaction with lithium makes it possible to easily determine whether the diffraction peak obtained by the X-ray diffraction corresponds to the reaction phase that is able to react with lithium. For example, if a position of the diffraction peak after the electrochemical reaction with lithium is changed from the position of the diffraction peak before the electrochemical reaction with lithium, the obtained diffraction peak corresponds to the reaction phase that is able to react with lithium. In this case, for example, the diffraction peak of the low-crystalline reaction phase or the amorphous reaction phase is seen in a range of 2θ that is from 20° to 50° both inclusive. Such a reaction phase includes, for example, the respective constituent elements mentioned above, and it is considered that such a reaction phase has become low crystalline or amorphous mainly because of existence of carbon. 
     In the SnCoC-containing material, part or all of carbon that is the constituent element thereof is preferably bound to one or both of a metal element and a metalloid element that are other constituent elements thereof. Binding part or all of carbon suppresses cohesion or crystallization of, for example, tin. It is possible to confirm a binding state of the elements, for example, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In a commercially-available apparatus, for example, an Al-Kα ray or a Mg-Kα ray is used as a soft X-ray. In a case where part or all of carbon is bound to one or both of the metal element and the metalloid element, a peak of a synthetic wave of is orbit of carbon (Cis) appears in a region lower than 284.5 eV. It is to be noted that energy calibration is so made that a peak of 4f orbit of a gold atom (Au4f) is obtained at 84.0 eV. In this case, in general, surface contamination carbon exists on the material surface. Hence, a peak of C1s of the surface contamination carbon is regarded to be at 284.8 eV, and this peak is used as energy standard. In XPS measurement, a waveform of the peak of C1s is obtained as a form that includes the peak of the surface contamination carbon and the peak of the carbon in the SnCoC-containing material. The two peaks are therefore separated from each other, for example, by analysis with use of commercially-available software. In the analysis of the waveform, a position of the main peak that exists on the lowest bound energy side is regarded as the energy standard (284.8 eV). 
     The SnCoC-containing material is not limited to a material (SnCoC) that contains only tin, cobalt, and carbon as constituent elements. The SnCoC-containing material may further contain one or more of, for example, silicon, iron, nickel, chromium, indium, niobium, germanium, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, phosphorus, gallium, and bismuth, as constituent elements, in addition to tin, cobalt, and carbon. 
     Other than the SnCoC-containing material, a material (a SnCoFeC-containing material) that contains tin, cobalt, iron, and carbon as constituent elements is also preferable. Any composition of the SnCoFeC-containing material is adopted. To give an example, in a case where a content of iron is set smaller, a content of carbon is from 9.9 mass % to 29.7 mass % both inclusive, a content of iron is from 0.3 mass % to 5.9 mass % both inclusive, and a ratio of contents of tin and cobalt (Co/(Sn+Co)) is from 30 mass % to 70 mass % both inclusive. Alternatively, in a case where the content of iron is set larger, the content of carbon is from 11.9 mass % to 29.7 mass % both inclusive, the ratio of contents of tin, cobalt, and iron ((Co+Fe)/(Sn+Co+Fe)) is from 26.4 mass % to 48.5 mass % both inclusive, and the ratio of contents of cobalt and iron (Co/(Co+Fe)) is from 9.9 mass % to 79.5 mass % both inclusive. Such composition ranges allow for achievement of high energy density. It is to be noted that physical characteristics (such as a half width) of the SnCoFeC-containing material are similar to physical characteristics of the foregoing SnCoC-containing material. 
     Other than the materials mentioned above, the anode material may be one or more of, for example, a metal oxide and a polymer compound. Examples of the metal oxide include iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, and molybdenum oxide. Examples of the polymer compound include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole. 
     In particular, the anode material preferably contains both the carbon material and the metal-based material for the following reason. 
     The metal-based material, in particular, the material containing one or both of silicon and tin as constituent elements has a concern that such a material is easily and radically expanded or contracted during charge and discharge, whereas such a material has an advantage of high theoretical capacity. In contrast, the carbon material has an advantage that the carbon material is less prone to be expanded or contracted during charge and discharge, whereas the carbon material has a concern of low theoretical capacity. Hence, using both of the carbon material and the metal-based material makes it possible to suppress expansion and contraction during charge and discharge while achieving high theoretical capacity (in other words, high battery capacity). 
     The anode active material layer  22 B is formed by, for example, one or more of a coating method, a vapor-phase method, a liquid-phase method, a spraying method, and a firing method (sintering method). The coating method is, for example, a method in which, after a particulate (powder) anode active material is mixed with, for example, an anode binder, the mixture is dispersed in, for example, an organic solvent, and the resultant is applied onto the anode current collector  22 A. Examples of the vapor-phase method include a physical deposition method and a chemical deposition method. More specifically, examples thereof include a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a laser ablation method, a thermal chemical vapor deposition method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and a plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Examples of the liquid-phase method include an electrolytic plating method and an electroless plating method. The spraying method is a method in which an anode active material in a fused state or a semi-fused state is sprayed to the anode current collector  22 A. The firing method is, for example, a method in which, after the mixture dispersed in, for example, an organic solvent is applied onto the anode current collector  22 A by the coating method, the resultant is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature higher than a melting point of, for example, the anode binder. For example, it is possible to employ, as the firing method, one or more of firing methods such as an atmosphere firing method, a reactive firing method, and a hot press firing method. 
     In the secondary battery, as described above, in order to prevent lithium metal from being unintentionally precipitated on the anode  22  in the middle of charge, the electrochemical equivalent of the anode material that has ability to insert and extract lithium is preferably larger than the electrochemical equivalent of the cathode. Moreover, in a case where an open circuit voltage (that is, a battery voltage) in a completely-charged state is 4.25 V or higher, an extraction amount of lithium per unit mass is larger than that in a case where the open circuit voltage is 4.20 V, even if the same cathode active material is used. Hence, amounts of the cathode active material and the anode active material are adjusted in accordance therewith. As a result, high energy density is achieved. 
     [Separator] 
     For example, the separator  23  is provided between the cathode  21  and the anode  22 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . The separator  23  separates the cathode  21  from the anode  22 , and passes lithium ions therethrough while preventing current short circuit that results from contact between the cathode  21  and the anode  22 . 
     The separator  23  is, for example, one or more of porous films such as porous films of a synthetic resin and ceramics. The separator  23  may be a laminated film in which two or more porous films are laminated. Examples of the synthetic resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene. 
     In particular, the separator  23  may include, for example, the foregoing porous film (a base layer) and a polymer compound layer provided on a single surface or both surfaces of the base layer. This makes it possible to improve adhesibility of the separator  23  with respect to each of the cathode  21  and the anode  22 , thereby suppressing deformation of the spirally wound electrode body  20 . This makes it possible to suppress decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution and to suppress liquid leakage of the electrolytic solution with which the base layer is impregnated. Accordingly, even if charge and discharge are repeated, resistance is less prone to increase, and battery swollenness is suppressed. 
     The polymer compound layer contains, for example, a polymer material such as polyvinylidene fluoride, which has high physical strength and is electrochemically stable. The polymer material may be any material other than polyvinylidene fluoride. In order to form the polymer compound layer, for example, the base layer is coated with a solution prepared by dissolving the polymer material in, for example, an organic solvent, and thereafter, the base layer is dried. Alternatively, the base layer may be immersed in the solution, and thereafter the base layer may be dried. 
     [Electrolytic Solution] 
     The spirally wound electrode body  20  is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, as described above. The electrolytic solution has a similar configuration to that of the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. In other words, the electrolytic solution contains one or more of the sulfuric acid compounds. 
     [Operation of Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery operates as follows, for example. 
     When the secondary battery is charged, lithium ions are extracted from the cathode  21  and the extracted lithium ions are inserted in the anode  22  through the electrolytic solution. In contrast, when the secondary battery is discharged, lithium ions are extracted from the anode  22  and the extracted lithium ions are inserted in the cathode  21  through the electrolytic solution. 
     [Method of Manufacturing Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery is manufactured by the following procedure, for example. 
     In a case where the cathode  21  is fabricated, first, the cathode active material, and, on as-necessary basis, for example, the cathode binder and the cathode conductor are mixed to obtain a cathode mixture. Subsequently, the cathode mixture is dispersed in, for example, an organic solvent to obtain paste cathode mixture slurry. Next, both surfaces of the cathode current collector  21 A are coated with the cathode mixture slurry, and thereafter, the coated cathode mixture slurry is dried to form the cathode active material layer  21 B. Thereafter, the cathode active material layer  21 B is compression-molded with use of, for example, a roll pressing machine, while being heated on as-necessary basis. In this case, the cathode active material layer  21 B may be compression-molded a plurality of times. 
     In a case where the anode  22  is fabricated, the anode active material layer  22 B is formed on both surfaces of the anode current collector  22 A by a procedure similar to the foregoing procedure of fabricating the cathode  21 . More specifically, the anode active material, and, for example, the anode-cathode binder and the anode conductor are mixed to obtain an anode mixture. Subsequently, the anode mixture is dispersed in, for example, an organic solvent to obtain paste anode mixture slurry. Next, both surfaces of the anode current collector  22 A are coated with the anode mixture slurry, and thereafter, the coated anode mixture slurry is dried to form the anode active material layer  22 B. Lastly, the anode active material layer  22 B is compression-molded with use of, for example, a roll pressing machine. 
     In a case where the secondary battery is assembled, the cathode lead  25  is attached to the cathode current collector  21 A by, for example, a welding method, and the anode lead  26  is attached to the anode current collector  22 A by, for example, a welding method. Subsequently, the cathode  21  and the anode  22  are stacked with the separator  23  in between. Next, the cathode  21 , the anode  22 , and the separator  23  are spirally wound to form the spirally wound electrode body  20 . Thereafter, the center pin  24  is inserted in the center of the spirally wound electrode body  20 . 
     Subsequently, the spirally wound electrode body  20  is sandwiched between the pair of insulating plates  12  and  13 , and is contained inside the battery can  11 . In this case, an end tip of the cathode lead  25  is attached to the safety valve mechanism  15  by, for example, a welding method, and an end tip of the anode lead  26  is attached to the battery can  11  by, for example, a welding method. Subsequently, the electrolytic solution is injected inside the battery can  11 , and the spirally wound electrode body  20  is impregnated with the injected electrolytic solution. Lastly, the battery cover  14 , the safety valve mechanism  15 , and the PTC device  16  are swaged with the gasket  17  at the open end of the battery can  11 . Thus, the cylindrical type secondary battery is completed. 
     [Action and Effects of Secondary Battery] 
     According to the secondary battery, the electrolytic solution has a configuration similar to the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. Hence, decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution during charge and discharge is suppressed, as described above. This makes it possible to achieve superior battery characteristics. Action and effects other than those described above are similar to those of the electrolytic solution of the present technology. 
     &lt;2-2. Lithium-Ion Secondary Battery (Laminated Film Type)&gt; 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a perspective configuration of another secondary battery, and  FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-section taken along a line IV-IV of a spirally wound electrode body  30  illustrated in  FIG. 3 . It is to be noted that  FIG. 3  illustrates a state in which the spirally wound electrode body  30  and an outer package member  40  are separated from each other. 
     In the following description, the components of the cylindrical type secondary battery that have been already described are used where appropriate. 
     [Whole Configuration of Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery is a lithium-ion secondary battery having a so-called laminated film type battery configuration. In the secondary battery, for example, the spirally wound electrode body  30  as a battery element is contained inside the film-like outer package member  40 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . In the spirally wound electrode body  30 , for example, a cathode  33  and an anode  34  are stacked with a separator  35  and an electrolyte layer  36  in between, and the cathode  33 , the anode  34 , the separator  35 , and the electrolyte layer  36  are spirally wound. A cathode lead  31  is attached to the cathode  33 , and an anode lead  32  is attached to the anode  34 . An outermost periphery of the spirally wound electrode body  30  is protected by a protective tape  37 . 
     Each of the cathode lead  31  and the anode lead  32  is led out from inside to outside of the outer package member  40  in a same direction, for example. The cathode lead  31  is made of, for example, one or more of conductive materials such as aluminum (Al). The anode lead  32  is made of, for example, one or more of conductive materials such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and stainless steel. These conductive materials have, for example, a thin-plate shape or a mesh shape. 
     The outer package member  40  is, for example, one film that is foldable in a direction of an arrow R illustrated in  FIG. 3 , and the outer package member  40  has a depression for containing of the spirally wound electrode body  30  in part thereof. The outer package member  40  is a laminated film in which a fusion bonding layer, a metal layer, and a surface protective layer are laminated in this order, for example. In a process of manufacturing the secondary battery, the outer package member  40  is folded so that portions of the fusion-bonding layer face each other with the spirally wound electrode body  30  in between, and thereafter outer edges of the portions of the fusion bonding layer are fusion-bonded. Alternatively, two laminated films bonded to each other by, for example, an adhesive may form the outer package member  40 . Examples of the fusion bonding layer include a film made of one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, and other materials. The metal layer includes, for example, one or more of an aluminum foil and other metal materials. The surface protective layer is, for example, a film made of one or more of nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, and other materials. 
     In particular, the outer package member  40  is preferably an aluminum laminated film in which a polyethylene film, an aluminum foil, and a nylon film are laminated in this order. However, the outer package member  40  may be a laminated film having any other laminated structure, a polymer film such as polypropylene, or a metal film. 
     For example, an adhesive film  41  for prevention of outside air intrusion is inserted between the outer package member  40  and the cathode lead  31 . Moreover, for example, the foregoing adhesive film  41  is inserted between the outer package member  40  and the anode lead  32 . The adhesive film  41  includes a material having adhesibility with respect to the cathode lead  31  and the anode lead  32 . Examples of the material having adhesibility include a polyolefin resin. More specific examples thereof include one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, modified polyethylene, and modified polypropylene. 
     [Cathode, Anode, and Separator] 
     The cathode  33  includes, for example, a cathode current collector  33 A and a cathode active material layer  33 B, and the anode  34  includes, for example, an anode current collector  34 A and an anode active material layer  34 B. The configurations of the cathode current collector  33 A, the cathode active material layer  33 B, the anode current collector  34 A, and the anode active material layer  34 B are similar to, for example, the configurations of the cathode current collector  21 A, the cathode active material layer  21 B, the anode current collector  22 A, and the anode active material layer  22 B, respectively. The configuration of the separator  35  is similar to, for example, the configuration of the separator  23 . 
     The electrolyte layer  36  includes an electrolytic solution and a polymer compound. The configuration of the electrolytic solution is similar to, for example, the configuration of the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. The electrolyte layer  36  described here is a so-called gel electrolyte, and the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound. The gel electrolyte achieves high ionic conductivity (for example, 1 mS/cm or more at room temperature), and prevents liquid leakage of the electrolytic solution. It is to be noted that the electrolyte layer  36  may further include one or more of other materials such as an additive. 
     The polymer material contains, for example, one or more of polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polysiloxane, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene, and polycarbonate. In addition thereto, the polymer material may be a copolymer. The copolymer is, for example, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropylene. In particular, polyvinylidene fluoride is preferable as a homopolymer, and a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropylene is preferable as a copolymer. Such polymer compounds are electrochemically stable. 
     In the electrolyte layer  36  that is a gel electrolyte, the solvent contained in the electrolytic solution refers to a wide concept that encompasses not only a liquid material but also a material having ionic conductivity that has ability to dissociate the electrolyte salt. Hence, in a case where a polymer compound having ionic conductivity is used, the polymer compound is also encompassed by the solvent. 
     It is to be noted that the electrolytic solution may be used as it is instead of the gel electrolyte layer  36 . In this case, the spirally wound electrode body  30  is impregnated with the electrolytic solution. 
     [Operation of Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery operates, for example, as follows. 
     When the secondary battery is charged, lithium ions are extracted from the cathode  33 , and the extracted lithium ions are inserted in the anode  34  through the electrolyte layer  36 . In contrast, when the secondary battery is discharged, lithium ions are extracted from the anode  34 , and the extracted lithium ions are inserted in the cathode  33  through the electrolyte layer  36 . 
     [Method of Manufacturing Secondary Battery] 
     The secondary battery including the gel electrolyte layer  36  is manufactured, for example, by one of the following three procedures. 
     In a first procedure, the cathode  33  and the anode  34  is fabricated by a fabrication procedure similar to that of the cathode  21  and the anode  22 . More specifically, the cathode  33  is fabricated by forming the cathode active material layer  33 B on both surfaces of the cathode current collector  33 A, and the anode  34  is fabricated by forming the anode active material layer  34 B on both surfaces of the anode current collector  34 A. Subsequently, for example, the electrolytic solution, the polymer compound, and an organic solvent are mixed to prepare a precursor solution. Subsequently, each of the cathode  33  and the anode  34  is coated with the precursor solution, and the coated precursor solution is dried to form the gel electrolyte layer  36 . Subsequently, the cathode lead  31  is attached to the cathode current collector  33 A by, for example, a welding method, and the anode lead  32  is attached to the anode current collector  34 A by, for example, a welding method. Subsequently, the cathode  33  and the anode  34  are stacked with the separator  35  in between, and thereafter, the cathode  33 , the anode  34 , and the separator  35  is spirally wound to fabricate the spirally wound electrode body  30 . Thereafter, the protective tape  37  is attached onto the outermost periphery of the spirally wound body  30 . Subsequently, the outer package member  40  is folded to interpose the spirally wound electrode body  30 , and thereafter, the outer edges of the outer package member  40  are bonded by, for example, a thermal fusion bonding method to enclose the spirally wound electrode body  30  in the outer package member  40 . In this case, the adhesive film  41  is inserted between the cathode lead  31  and the outer package member  40 , and the adhesive film  41  is inserted between the anode lead  32  and the outer package member  40 . 
     In a second procedure, the cathode lead  31  is attached to the cathode  33 , and the anode lead  32  is attached to the anode  34 . Subsequently, the cathode  33  and the anode  34  are stacked with the separator  35  in between and are spirally wound to fabricate a spirally wound body as a precursor of the spirally wound electrode body  30 . Thereafter, the protective tape  37  is adhered to the outermost periphery of the spirally wound body. Subsequently, the outer package member  40  is folded to interpose the spirally wound electrode body  30 , and thereafter, the outer edges other than one side of the outer package member  40  are bonded by, for example, a thermal fusion bonding method, and the spirally wound body is contained inside a pouch formed of the outer package member  40 . Subsequently, the electrolytic solution, monomers that are raw materials of the polymer compound, a polymerization initiator, and, on as-necessary basis, other materials such as a polymerization inhibitor are mixed to prepare a composition for electrolyte. Subsequently, the composition for electrolyte is injected inside the pouch formed of the outer package member  40 . Thereafter, the pouch formed of the outer package member  40  is hermetically sealed by, for example, a thermal fusion bonding method. Subsequently, the monomers are thermally polymerized to form the polymer compound. Thus, the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound to form the gel electrolyte layer  36 . 
     In a third procedure, the spirally wound body is fabricated, and then contained inside the pouch formed of the outer package member  40  in a manner similar to that of the second procedure described above, except that the separator  35  provided with the polymer compound layer is used. Subsequently, the electrolytic solution is prepared, and then injected inside the pouch formed of the outer package member  40 . Thereafter, an opening of the pouch formed of the outer package member  40  is hermetically sealed by, for example, a thermal fusion bonding method. Subsequently, the resultant is heated while a weight is applied to the outer package member  40  to cause the separator  35  to be closely attached to the cathode  33  with the polymer compound layer in between and to be closely attached to the anode  34  with the polymer compound layer in between. Thus, each of the polymer compound layers is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, and each of the polymer compound layers is gelated. Thus, the electrolyte layer  36  is formed. 
     In the third procedure, swollenness of the secondary battery is suppressed more than in the first procedure. Further, in the third procedure, for example, the nonaqueous solvent and the monomers (the raw materials of the polymer compound) are hardly left in the electrolyte layer  36 , as compared with the second procedure. Accordingly, the formation process of the polymer compound is favorably controlled. As a result, each of the cathode  33 , the anode  34 , and the separator  35  is sufficiently and closely attached to the electrolyte layer  36 . 
     [Action and Effects of Secondary Battery] 
     According to the secondary battery, the electrolyte layer  36  contains the electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution has a configuration similar to that of the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. Therefore, superior battery characteristics are achievable for a reason similar to the reason in the foregoing cylindrical type secondary battery. Action and effects other than those described above are similar to those of the cylindrical type secondary battery. 
     &lt;2-3. Lithium Metal Secondary Battery&gt; 
     A secondary battery described here is a cylindrical type secondary battery (lithium metal secondary battery) in which the capacity of the anode  22  is obtained by precipitation and dissolution of lithium metal. The secondary battery has a configuration similar to that of the foregoing cylindrical type lithium-ion secondary battery, and is manufactured by a similar procedure, except that the anode active material layer  22 B is made of the lithium metal. 
     In the secondary battery, the lithium metal is used as an anode active material, and high energy density is thereby achievable. The anode active material layer  22 B may exist at the time of assembling, or the anode active material layer  22 B may not necessarily exist at the time of assembling and may be made of the lithium metal precipitated during charge. Further, the anode active material layer  22 B may be used as a current collector, and the anode current collector  22 A may be omitted. 
     The secondary battery operates, for example, as follows. When the secondary battery is charged, lithium ions are extracted from the cathode  21 , and the extracted lithium ions are precipitated as the lithium metal on the surface of the anode current collector  22 A through the electrolytic solution. In contrast, when the secondary battery is discharged, the lithium metal is eluded as lithium ions from the anode active material layer  22 B, and is inserted in the cathode  21  through the electrolytic solution. 
     According to the cylindrical type lithium metal secondary battery, the electrolytic solution has a configuration similar to that of the foregoing electrolytic solution of the present technology. Therefore, superior battery characteristics are achievable for a reason similar to the reason in the foregoing lithium-ion secondary battery. Action and effects other than those described above are similar to those of the lithium-ion secondary battery. 
     It is to be noted that the lithium metal secondary battery described here is not limited to the cylindrical type secondary battery, and may be a laminated film type secondary battery. Even in this case, similar effects are achievable. 
     &lt;3. Applications of Secondary Battery&gt; 
     Next, description is given of application examples of any of the secondary batteries mentioned above. 
     Applications of the secondary battery are not particularly limited as long as the secondary battery is applied to, for example, a machine, a device, an instrument, an apparatus, and a system (a collective entity of, for example, a plurality of devices) that are able to use the secondary battery as a driving power source, an electric power storage source for electric power accumulation, or any other source. The secondary battery used as the power source may be a main power source (a power source used preferentially), or may be an auxiliary power source (a power source used instead of the main power source or used being switched from the main power source). In a case where the secondary battery is used as the auxiliary power source, the kind of the main power source is not limited to the secondary battery. 
     Examples of the applications of the secondary battery include electronic apparatuses (including portable electronic apparatuses) such as a video camcorder, a digital still camera, a mobile phone, a notebook personal computer, a cordless phone, a headphone stereo, a portable radio, a portable television, and a portable information terminal. Further examples thereof include: a mobile lifestyle appliance such as an electric shaver; a storage device such as a backup power source and a memory card; an electric power tool such as an electric drill and an electric saw; a battery pack used as an attachable and detachable power source of, for example, a notebook personal computer; a medical electronic apparatus such as a pacemaker and a hearing aid; an electric vehicle such as an electric automobile (including a hybrid automobile); and an electric power storage system such as a home battery system for accumulation of electric power for, for example, emergency. It goes without saying that the secondary battery may be employed for an application other than the applications mentioned above. 
     In particular, the secondary battery is effectively applicable to, for example, the battery pack, the electric vehicle, the electric power storage system, the electric power tool, and the electronic apparatus. In these applications, superior battery characteristics are demanded, and using the secondary battery of the present technology makes it possible to effectively improve performance. It is to be noted that the battery pack is a power source that uses the secondary battery, and is, for example, a so-called assembled battery. The electric vehicle is a vehicle that operates (runs) using the secondary battery as a driving power source, and may be an automobile (such as a hybrid automobile) that includes together a drive source other than the secondary battery, as described above. The electric power storage system is a system that uses the secondary battery as an electric power storage source. For example, in a home electric power storage system, electric power is accumulated in the secondary battery that is the electric power storage source, which makes it possible to use, for example, home electric products with use of the accumulated electric power. The electric power tool is a tool in which a movable section (such as a drill) is allowed to be moved with use of the secondary battery as a driving power source. The electronic apparatus is an apparatus that executes various functions with use of the secondary battery as a driving power source (an electric power supply source). 
     Hereinafter, specific description is given of some application examples of the secondary battery. It is to be noted that configurations of the respective application examples described below are mere examples, and may be changed as appropriate. 
     &lt;3-1. Battery Pack (Single Battery)&gt; 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a perspective configuration of a battery pack using a single battery.  FIG. 6  illustrates a block configuration of the battery pack illustrated in  FIG. 5 . It is to be noted that  FIG. 5  illustrates the battery pack in an exploded state. 
     The battery pack described here is a simple battery pack using one secondary battery (a so-called soft pack), and is mounted in, for example, an electronic apparatus typified by a smartphone. For example, the battery pack includes a power source  111  that is the laminated film type secondary battery, and a circuit board  116  coupled to the power source  111 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . A cathode lead  112  and an anode lead  113  are attached to the power source  111 . 
     A pair of adhesive tapes  118  and  119  are adhered to both side surfaces of the power source  111 . A protection circuit module (PCM) is formed in the circuit board  116 . The circuit board  116  is coupled to the cathode  112  through a tab  114 , and is coupled to the anode lead  113  through a tab  115 . Moreover, the circuit board  116  is coupled to a lead  117  provided with a connector for external connection. It is to be noted that while the circuit board  116  is coupled to the power source  111 , the circuit board  116  is protected from upper side and lower side by a label  120  and an insulating sheet  121 . The label  120  is adhered to fix, for example, the circuit board  116  and the insulating sheet  121 . 
     Moreover, for example, the battery pack includes the power source  111  and the circuit board  116  as illustrated in  FIG. 6 . The circuit board  116  includes, for example, a controller  121 , a switch section  122 , a PTC  123 , and a temperature detector  124 . The power source  111  is connectable to outside through a cathode terminal  125  and an anode terminal  127 , and is thereby charged and discharged through the cathode terminal  125  and the anode terminal  127 . The temperature detector  124  is allowed to detect a temperature with use of a temperature detection terminal (a so-called T terminal)  126 . 
     The controller  121  controls an operation of the entire battery pack (including a used state of the power source  111 ), and includes, for example, a central processing unit (CPU) and a memory. 
     For example, in a case where a battery voltage reaches an overcharge detection voltage, the controller  121  so causes the switch section  122  to be disconnected that a charge current does not flow into a current path of the power source  111 . Moreover, for example, in a case where a large current flows during charge, the controller  121  causes the switch section  122  to be disconnected, thereby blocking the charge current. 
     In addition, for example, in a case where the battery voltage reaches an overdischarge detection voltage, the controller  121  so causes the switch section  122  to be disconnected that a discharge current does not flow into the current path of the power source  111 . Moreover, for example, in a case where a large current flows during discharge, the controller  121  causes the switch section  122  to be disconnected, thereby blocking the discharge current. 
     It is to be noted that the overcharge detection voltage of the secondary battery is, for example, 4.20V±0.05V, and the overdischarge detection voltage is, for example, 2.4V±0.1V. 
     The switch section  122  switches the used state of the power source  111  (whether the power source  111  is connectable to an external device) in accordance with an instruction from the controller  121 . The switch section  122  includes, for example, a charge control switch and a discharge control switch. The charge control switch and the discharge control switch each are, for example, a semiconductor switch such as a field-effect transistor using a metal oxide semiconductor (MOSFET). It is to be noted that the charge current and the discharge current are detected on the basis of on-resistance of the switch section  122 . 
     The temperature detector  124  measures a temperature of the power source  111 , and outputs a result of the measurement to the controller  121 . The temperature detector  124  includes, for example, a temperature detecting element such as a thermistor. It is to be noted that the result of the measurement by the temperature detector  124  is used, for example, in a case where the controller  121  performs charge and discharge control at the time of abnormal heat generation and in a case where the controller  121  performs a correction process at the time of calculating remaining capacity. 
     It is to be noted that the circuit board  116  may not include the PTC  123 . In this case, a PTC element may be separately attached to the circuit board  116 . 
     &lt;3-2. Battery Pack (Assembled Battery)&gt; 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a block configuration of a battery pack using an assembled battery. For example, the battery pack includes a controller  61 , a power source  62 , a switch section  63 , a current measurement section  64 , a temperature detector  65 , a voltage detector  66 , a switch controller  67 , a memory  68 , a temperature detecting element  69 , a current detection resistance  70 , a cathode terminal  71 , and an anode terminal  72  inside a housing  60 . The housing  60  is made of, for example, a plastic material. 
     The controller  61  controls an operation of the entire battery pack (including a used state of the power source  62 ), and includes, for example, a CPU. The power source  62  includes one or more secondary batteries of the present technology. The power source  62  is, for example, an assembled battery that includes two or more secondary batteries. The secondary batteries may be connected in series, in parallel, or in series-parallel combination. To give an example, the power source  62  includes six secondary batteries in which two sets of series-connected three batteries are connected in parallel to each other. 
     The switch section  63  switches the used state of the power source  62  (whether the power source  62  is connectable to an external device) in accordance with an instruction from the controller  61 . The switch section  63  includes, for example, a charge control switch, a discharge control switch, a charging diode, and a discharging diode. The charge control switch and the discharge control switch each are, for example, a semiconductor switch such as a field-effect transistor that uses a metal oxide semiconductor (a MOSFET). 
     The current measurement section  64  measures a current with use of the current detection resistance  70 , and outputs a result of the measurement to the controller  61 . The temperature detector  65  measures a temperature with use of the temperature detecting element  69 , and outputs a result of the measurement to the controller  61 . The result of the temperature measurement is used, for example, in a case where the controller  61  performs charge and discharge control at the time of abnormal heat generation and in a case where the controller  61  performs a correction process at the time of calculating remaining capacity. The voltage detector  66  measures voltages of the secondary batteries in the power source  62 , performs analog-to-digital conversion on the measured voltage, and supplies the resultant to the controller  61 . 
     The switch controller  67  controls an operation of the switch section  63  in accordance with signals inputted from the current measurement section  64  and the voltage detector  66 . 
     For example, in a case where a battery voltage reaches an overcharge detection voltage, the switch controller  67  so causes the switch section  63  (the charge control switch) to be disconnected that a charge current does not flow into a current path of the power source  62 . This makes it possible to perform only discharge through the discharging diode in the power source  62 . It is to be noted that, for example, when a large current flows during charge, the switch controller  67  blocks the charge current. 
     Further, for example, in a case where the battery voltage reaches an overdischarge detection voltage, the switch controller  67  so causes the switch section  63  (the discharge control switch) to be disconnected that a discharge current does not flow into the current path of the power source  62 . This makes it possible to perform only charge through the charging diode in the power source  62 . It is to be noted that, for example, when a large current flows during discharge, the switch controller  67  blocks the discharge current. 
     It is to be noted that the overcharge detection voltage of the secondary battery is, for example, 4.20V±0.05V, and the overdischarge detection voltage is, for example, 2.4V±0.1V. 
     The memory  68  is, for example, an EEPROM that is a non-volatile memory. The memory  68  holds, for example, numerical values calculated by the controller  61  and information of the secondary battery measured in a manufacturing process (such as internal resistance in an initial state). It is to be noted that, in a case where the memory  68  holds full charge capacity of the secondary battery, the controller  61  is allowed to comprehend information such as remaining capacity. 
     The temperature detecting element  69  measures a temperature of the power source  62 , and outputs a result of the measurement to the controller  61 . The temperature detecting element  69  is, for example, a thermistor. 
     The cathode terminal  71  and the anode terminal  72  are terminals that are coupled to, for example, an external device (such as a notebook personal computer) driven with use of the battery pack or an external device (such as a battery charger) used for charge of the battery pack. The power source  62  is charged and discharged via the cathode terminal  71  and the anode terminal  72 . 
     &lt;3-3. Electric Vehicle&gt; 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a block configuration of a hybrid automobile that is an example of an electric vehicle. The electric vehicle includes, for example, a controller  74 , an engine  75 , a power source  76 , a driving motor  77 , a differential  78 , an electric generator  79 , a transmission  80 , a clutch  81 , inverters  82  and  83 , and various sensors  84  inside a housing  73  made of metal. Other than the components mentioned above, the electric vehicle includes, for example, a front drive shaft  85  and a front tire  86  that are coupled to the differential  78  and the transmission  80 , and a rear drive shaft  87 , and a rear tire  88 . 
     The electric vehicle is runnable with use of one of the engine  75  and the motor  77  as a drive source, for example. The engine  75  is a main power source, and is, for example, a petrol engine. In a case where the engine  75  is used as the power source, drive power (torque) of the engine  75  is transferred to the front tire  86  or the rear tire  88  via the differential  78 , the transmission  80 , and the clutch  81  that are drive sections, for example. It is to be noted that the torque of the engine  75  is also transferred to the electric generator  79 . With use of the torque, the electric generator  79  generates alternating-current electric power. The generated alternating-current electric power is converted into direct-current electric power via the inverter  83 , and the converted electric power is accumulated in the power source  76 . In a case where the motor  77  that is a conversion section is used as the power source, electric power (direct-current electric power) supplied from the power source  76  is converted into alternating-current electric power via the inverter  82 , and the motor  77  is driven with use of the alternating-current electric power. Drive power (torque) obtained by converting the electric power by the motor  77  is transferred to the front tire  86  or the rear tire  8  via the differential  78 , the transmission  80 , and the clutch  81  that are the drive sections, for example. 
     It is to be noted that, when speed of the electric vehicle is decreased by a brake mechanism, resistance at the time of speed reduction is transferred to the motor  77  as torque, and the motor  77  generates alternating-current electric power by utilizing the torque. It is preferable that this alternating-current electric power be converted into direct-current electric power via the inverter  82 , and the direct-current regenerative electric power be accumulated in the power source  76 . 
     The controller  74  controls an operation of the entire electric vehicle, and includes, for example, a CPU. The power source  76  includes one or more secondary batteries of the present technology. The power source  76  is coupled to an external power source, and the power source  76  is allowed to accumulate electric power by receiving electric power supply from the external power source. The various sensors  84  are used, for example, for control of the number of revolutions of the engine  75  and for control of an opening level (a throttle opening level) of a throttle valve. The various sensors  84  include, for example, a speed sensor, an acceleration sensor, and an engine frequency sensor. 
     It is to be noted that, although the description has been given of the case where the electric vehicle is the hybrid automobile, the electric vehicle may be a vehicle (an electric automobile) that operates with use of only the power source  76  and the motor  77  and without using the engine  75 . 
     &lt;3-4. Electric Power Storage System&gt; 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a block configuration of an electric power storage system. The electric power storage system includes, for example, a controller  90 , a power source  91 , a smart meter  92 , and a power hub  93  inside a house  89  such as a general residence or a commercial building. 
     In this example, the power source  91  is coupled to an electric device  94  provided inside the house  89  and is allowed to be coupled to an electric vehicle  96  parked outside the house  89 , for example. Further, for example, the power source  91  is coupled to a private power generator  95  provided in the house  89  via the power hub  93 , and is allowed to be coupled to an outside concentrating electric power system  97  via the smart meter  92  and the power hub  93 . 
     It is to be noted that the electric device  94  includes, for example, one or more home electric products. Examples of the home electric products include a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a television, and a water heater. The private power generator  95  includes, for example, one or more of a solar power generator, a wind power generator, and other power generators. The electric vehicle  96  includes, for example, one or more of an electric automobile, an electric motorcycle, a hybrid automobile, and other electric vehicles. The concentrating electric power system  97  includes, for example, one or more of a thermal power plant, an atomic power plant, a hydraulic power plant, a wind power plant, and other power plants. 
     The controller  90  controls an operation of the entire electric power storage system (including a used state of the power source  91 ), and includes, for example, a CPU. The power source  91  includes one or more secondary batteries of the present technology. The smart meter  92  is an electric power meter that is compatible with a network and is provided in the house  89  demanding electric power, and is communicable with an electric power supplier, for example. Accordingly, for example, while the smart meter  92  communicates with outside, the smart meter  92  controls balance between supply and demand in the house  89 , which allows for effective and stable energy supply. 
     In the electric power storage system, for example, electric power is accumulated in the power source  91  from the concentrating electric power system  97 , that is an external power source, via the smart meter  92  and the power hub  93 , and electric power is accumulated in the power source  91  from the private power generator  95 , that is an independent power source, via the power hub  93 . The electric power accumulated in the power source  91  is supplied to the electric device  94  and the electric vehicle  96  in accordance with an instruction from the controller  90 . This allows the electric device  94  to be operable, and allows the electric vehicle  96  to be chargeable. In other words, the electric power storage system is a system that makes it possible to accumulate and supply electric power in the house  89  with use of the power source  91 . 
     The electric power accumulated in the power source  91  is allowed to be utilized optionally. Hence, for example, it is possible to accumulate electric power in the power source  91  from the concentrating electric power system  97  in the middle of night when an electric rate is inexpensive, and it is possible to use the electric power accumulated in the power source  91  during daytime hours when the electric rate is expensive. 
     It is to be noted that the foregoing electric power storage system may be provided for each household (each family unit), or may be provided for a plurality of households (a plurality of family units). 
     &lt;3-5. Electric Power Tool&gt; 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a block configuration of an electric power tool. The electric power tool is, for example, an electric drill, and includes a controller  99  and a power source  100  inside a tool body  98  made of a plastic material, for example. A drill section  101  that is a movable section is attached to the tool body  98  in an operable (rotatable) manner, for example. 
     The controller  99  controls an operation of the entire electric power tool (including a used state of the power source  100 ), and includes, for example, a CPU. The power source  100  includes one or more secondary batteries of the present technology. The controller  99  allows electric power to be supplied from the power source  100  to the drill section  101  in accordance with an operation by an operation switch. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples of the present technology will be described in detail below. 
     Experimental Examples 1-1 to 1-22 
     The laminated film type lithium-ion secondary batteries illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4  were fabricated by the following procedure. 
     The cathode  33  was fabricated as follows. First, 90 parts by mass of a cathode active material (LiCoO 2 ), 5 parts by mass of a cathode binder (polyvinylidene fluoride), and 5 parts by mass of a cathode conductor (ketjen black) were mixed to obtain a cathode mixture. Subsequently, the cathode mixture was dispersed in an organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) to obtain cathode mixture slurry. Subsequently, both surfaces of the cathode current collector  33 A (an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 μm) were uniformly coated with the cathode mixture slurry, and thereafter, the cathode mixture slurry was dried to form the cathode active material layer  33 B. Lastly, the cathode active material layer  33 B was compression-molded with use of a roll pressing machine, and thereafter, the cathode current collector  33 A on which the cathode active material layer  33 B was formed was cut into a strip shape (48 mm×300 mm). 
     The anode  34  was fabricated as follows. First, 90 parts by mass of an anode active material (artificial graphite) and 10 parts by mass of an anode binder (polyvinylidene fluoride) were mixed to obtain an anode mixture. Subsequently, the anode mixture was dispersed in an organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) to obtain anode mixture slurry. Subsequently, both surfaces of the anode current collector  34 A (a copper foil having a thickness of 15 μm) were uniformly coated with the anode mixture slurry, and thereafter, the anode mixture slurry was dried to form the anode active material layer  34 B. Lastly, the anode active material layer  34 B was compression-molded with use of a roll pressing machine, and thereafter, the anode current collector  34 A on which the anode active material layer  34 B was formed was cut into a strip shape (50 mm×310 mm). 
     An electrolytic solution was prepared as follows. An electrolyte salt (LiPF 6 ) was dispersed in a solvent, and a sulfuric acid compound was added into the solvent. As the solvent, a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) was used. A composition of the solvent (in weight ratio) was ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate=50:50. The kind and content (mol/kg) of each of the electrolyte salt and the sulfuric acid compound are as illustrated in Table 1 (experimental examples 1-1 to 1-15). It is to be noted that, for comparison, an electrolytic solution was prepared in a similar procedure, except that the sulfuric acid compound was not used (experimental examples 1-16 to 1-21). Moreover, for comparison, an electrolytic solution was prepared in a similar procedure, except that a compound other than the sulfuric acid compound was used in place of the sulfuric acid compound (an experimental example 1-22). The kind and content (mol/kg) of the other compound are as illustrated in Table 1. 
     The secondary battery was assembled as follows. First, the cathode lead  25  made of aluminum was attached to the cathode current collector  33 A of the cathode  33  by welding, and the anode lead  26  made of copper was attached to the anode current collector  34 A of the anode  34  by welding. Subsequently, the cathode  33  and the anode  34  were stacked with the separator  35  (a microporous polyethylene film having a thickness of 25 μm) in between, and the cathode  33 , the anode  34 , and the separator  35  were spirally wound in a longitudinal direction to fabricate the spirally wound electrode body  30 . Thereafter, the protective tape  37  was attached onto the outermost periphery of the spirally wound electrode body  30 . Subsequently, the spirally wound electrode body  30  was sandwiched between two film-shaped outer package members  40 , and thereafter, the outer edges on three sides of the outer package members  40  were thermally fusion-bonded. Thus, a pouch was formed of the outer package members  40 . The outer package members  40  used here each were a moisture-resistant aluminum laminated film in which a 25-μm-thick nylon film, a 40-μm-thick aluminum foil, and a 30-μm-thick polypropylene film were laminated in this order from outside. Lastly, the electrolytic solution was injected inside the pouch formed of the outer package members  40 , and the separator  35  was impregnated with the electrolytic solution. Thereafter, outer edges on the remaining one side of the outer package members  40  were thermally fusion-bonded in a reduced-pressure environment. Thus, the laminated film type secondary batteries were completed. 
     Results illustrated in Table 1 were obtained by examination of cycle characteristics, storage characteristics, and load characteristics as battery characteristics of the secondary batteries. 
     The cycle characteristics were examined as follows. First, one cycle of charge and discharge was performed on the secondary battery in an ambient temperature environment (23° C.) to stabilize a battery state of the secondary battery, and thereafter, one cycle of charge and discharge was further performed on the secondary battery in a high-temperature environment (60° C.) to measure discharge capacity. Subsequently, the secondary battery was repeatedly charged and discharged until the total number of cycles reached 100 cycles in the same environment (60° C.) to measure discharge capacity. A cycle retention ratio (%)=(discharge capacity at the 100th cycle/discharge capacity at the second cycle)×100 was calculated from these results. When the secondary battery was charged, charge was performed at a current of 0.2 C until the voltage reached 4.35V, and thereafter, charge was further performed at the voltage of 4.35V until the current reached 0.05 C. When the secondary battery was discharged, discharge was performed at a current of 0.2 C until the voltage reached 2.5V. It is to be noted that “0.2 C” refers to a current value at which the battery capacity (theoretical capacity) is completely discharged in 5 hours, and “0.05 C” refers to a current value at which the battery capacity is completely discharged in 20 hours. 
     The storage characteristics were examined as follows. One cycle of charge and discharge was performed, in an ambient environment (23° C.), on the secondary battery having a battery state stabilized by a similar procedure to that in a case of examining the cycle characteristics to measure discharge capacity. Subsequently, the secondary battery was charged again, and the secondary battery kept in a charged state was stored in a constant-temperature bath (80° C.) for 10 days, and thereafter, the secondary battery was discharged in the ambient temperature environment to measure discharge capacity. A storage retention ratio (%)=(discharge capacity after storage/discharge capacity before storage)×100 was calculated from these results. The charge and discharge conditions were similar to those in the case of examining the cycle characteristics. 
     The load characteristics were examined as follows. One cycle of charge and discharge was performed, in an ambient environment (23° C.), on the secondary battery having a battery state stabilized by a similar procedure to that in the case of examining the cycle characteristics to measure discharge capacity. Subsequently, the secondary battery was repeatedly charged and discharged in a low-temperature environment (−10° C.) until the total number of cycles reached 100 cycles to measure discharge capacity. A load retention ratio (%)=(discharge capacity at the 100th cycle/discharge capacity at the second cycle)×100 was calculated from these results. The charge and discharge conditions were similar to those in the case of examining the cycle characteristics, except that the current during discharge was changed to 1 C. It is to be noted that “1 C” refers to a current value at which the battery capacity (theoretical capacity) is completely discharged in 1 hour. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfuric 
                   
                 Cycle 
                 Storage 
                 Load 
               
               
                   
                 Acid Compound 
                 Electrolyte Salt 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Experimental 
                   
                 Content 
                   
                 Content 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1-1 
                 LiBF(CN)SO 4   
                 0.01 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 75 
                 83 
                 53 
               
               
                 1-2 
                   
                 0.05 
                   
                   
                 81 
                 84 
                 56 
               
               
                 1-3 
                   
                 0.1 
                   
                   
                 89 
                 86 
                 61 
               
               
                 1-4 
                   
                 0.2 
                   
                   
                 86 
                 86 
                 63 
               
               
                 1-5 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 83 
                 83 
                 62 
               
               
                 1-6 
                 LiB(CN) 2 SO 4   
                 0.01 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 76 
                 84 
                 54 
               
               
                 1-7 
                   
                 0.05 
                   
                   
                 82 
                 85 
                 57 
               
               
                 1-8 
                   
                 0.1 
                   
                   
                 90 
                 87 
                 62 
               
               
                 1-9 
                   
                 0.2 
                   
                   
                 87 
                 87 
                 64 
               
               
                 1-10 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 84 
                 84 
                 63 
               
               
                 1-11 
                 LiBF(CF 3 )SO 4   
                 0.01 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 75 
                 83 
                 53 
               
               
                 1-12 
                   
                 0.05 
                   
                   
                 81 
                 84 
                 56 
               
               
                 1-13 
                   
                 0.1 
                   
                   
                 89 
                 86 
                 61 
               
               
                 1-14 
                   
                 0.2 
                   
                   
                 86 
                 86 
                 63 
               
               
                 1-15 
                   
                 0.5 
                   
                   
                 83 
                 83 
                 62 
               
               
                 1-16 
                 — 
                 — 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 68 
                 76 
                 48 
               
               
                 1-17 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.01 
                 68 
                 76 
                 48 
               
               
                 1-18 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.05 
                 68 
                 77 
                 49 
               
               
                 1-19 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.1 
                 70 
                 78 
                 49 
               
               
                 1-20 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.2 
                 70 
                 78 
                 50 
               
               
                 1-21 
                   
                   
                   
                 1.5 
                 70 
                 78 
                 50 
               
               
                 1-22 
                 LiBF 2 SO 4   
                 0.1 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 50 
                 70 
                 40 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a case where the electrolytic solution included the sulfuric acid compound (the experimental examples 1-1 to 1-15), as compared with a case where the electrolytic solution did not include the sulfuric acid compound, the cycle retention ratio, the storage retention ratio, and the load retention ratio were all increased. 
     In particular, in a case where the electrolytic solution included the sulfuric acid compound, and the content of the sulfuric acid compound in the electrolytic solution was from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg both inclusive, a high cycle retention ratio, a high storage retention ratio, and a high load retention ratio were obtained. 
     It is to be noted that in a case where the electrolytic solution included the other compound (the experimental example 1-22), as compared with a case where the electrolytic solution did not include the other compound (the experimental examples 1-16 to 1-21), the cycle retention ratio, the storage retention ratio, and the road retention ratio were all decreased. 
     Experimental Examples 2-1 to 2-5 
     Secondary batteries were fabricated and battery characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in a similar procedure, except that the composition of the solvent was changed, as illustrated in Table 2. In this case, in place of diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were used. Moreover, a mixture of solvents of three kinds was used, and the composition of the solvents was EC:PC:DEC=50:50:50 and EC:PC:EMC=50:50:50 in weight ratio. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfuric Acid 
                 Electrolyte 
                 Cycle 
                 Storage 
                 Load 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Salt 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Experimental 
                   
                   
                 Content 
                   
                 Content 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Solvent 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1-3 
                 EC + DEC 
                 LiBF(CN)SO 4   
                 0.1 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 89 
                 86 
                 61 
               
               
                 2-1 
                 EC + PC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 81 
                 87 
                 52 
               
               
                 2-2 
                 EC + DMC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 87 
                 86 
                 66 
               
               
                 2-3 
                 EC + EMC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 87 
                 86 
                 66 
               
               
                 2-4 
                 EC + PC + DEC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 86 
                 87 
                 59 
               
               
                 2-5 
                 EC + PC + EMC 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 86 
                 87 
                 66 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Even though the composition of the solvent was changed, in a case where the electrolytic solution included the sulfuric acid compound, a high cycle retention ratio, a high storage retention ratio, and a high load retention ratio were obtained. 
     Experimental Examples 3-1 to 3-15 
     Secondary batteries were fabricated and battery characteristics of the secondary batteries were examined in a similar procedure, except that one of other materials was added to the electrolytic solution, as illustrated in Table 3. 
     The following materials were used as the other materials. As the unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester, vinylene carbonate (VC), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), and methylene ethylene carbonate (MEC) were added. As the halogenated carbonate ester, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one (FEC) and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolane-2-one (DFEC) were added. As the monosulfonate ester, propane sultone (PS) and propene sultone (PRS) were added. As the disulfonate ester, the compound (OSAH) represented by the formula (7-2) was added. As the acid anhydride, succinic anhydride (SA) and propanedisulfonic anhydride (PSAH) were added. As the dicyano compound, succinonitrile (SN) was added. As the diisocyanate compound, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMI) was added. In addition, as an additional electrolyte salt, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), the compound (LiBOB) represented by the formula (8-6), and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) were used. The contents (wt %) of the other materials in the electrolytic solution are as illustrated in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sulfuric Acid 
                 Electrolyte 
                   
                 Cycle 
                 Storage 
                 Load 
               
               
                   
                 Compound 
                 Salt 
                 Other Material 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
                 Retention 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Experimental 
                   
                 Content 
                   
                 Content 
                   
                 Content 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 Kind 
                 (mol/kg) 
                 Kind 
                 (wt %) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1-3 
                 LiBF(CN)SO 4   
                 0.1 
                 LiPF 6   
                 1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 89 
                 86 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 VC 
                 2 
                 91 
                 88 
                 60 
               
               
                 3-2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 VEC 
                 2 
                 91 
                 89 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 MEC 
                 2 
                 91 
                 89 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 FEC 
                 2 
                 93 
                 86 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 DFEC 
                 2 
                 91 
                 86 
                 59 
               
               
                 3-6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PS 
                 0.5 
                 91 
                 93 
                 63 
               
               
                 3-7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PRS 
                 0.5 
                 91 
                 93 
                 63 
               
               
                 3-8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 OSAH 
                 0.5 
                 91 
                 91 
                 63 
               
               
                 3-9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SA 
                 0.5 
                 91 
                 89 
                 59 
               
               
                 3-10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PSAH 
                 0.5 
                 93 
                 94 
                 63 
               
               
                 3-11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SN 
                 0.5 
                 89 
                 93 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 HMI 
                 0.5 
                 90 
                 89 
                 70 
               
               
                 3-13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LiBF 4   
                 0.1 
                 87 
                 87 
                 61 
               
               
                 3-14 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LiBOB 
                 0.1 
                 91 
                 90 
                 59 
               
               
                 3-15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 LiFSI 
                 0.1 
                 89 
                 91 
                 61 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Even though the electrolytic solution included the other material, in a case where the electrolytic solution included the sulfuric acid compound, a high cycle retention ratio, a high storage retention ratio, and a high load retention ratio were obtained. In particular, in a case where the electrolytic solution included the other material, as compared with a case where the electrolytic solution did not include the other material, a substantially equal or higher cycle retention ratio and a substantially equal or higher load retention ratio were obtained, and an equal or higher storage retention ratio was obtained. 
     As can be seen from the results illustrated in Tables 1 to 3, in the case where the electrolytic solution included the sulfuric acid compound, the cycle characteristics, the storage characteristics, and the load characteristics were all improved. Accordingly, superior battery characteristics were achieved in the secondary battery. 
     Although the present technology has been described above referring to some embodiments and examples, the present technology is not limited thereto, and may be modified in a variety of ways. 
     For example, the description has been given with reference to examples in which the battery structure is of the cylindrical type and the laminated film type, and the battery element has the spirally wound structure. However, the battery structure and the battery element structure are not limited thereto. The secondary battery of the present technology is similarly applicable also to a case where other battery structure such as that of a square type, a coin type, or a button type is employed. Moreover, the secondary battery of the present technology is similarly applicable also to a case where the battery element has other structure such as a stacked structure. 
     Further, application of the secondary battery-use electrolytic solution of the present technology is not limited to the secondary battery. The secondary battery-use electrolytic solution of the present technology is applicable to other electrochemical devices. Examples of the other electrochemical devices include a capacitor. 
     Note that the effects described in the present specification are illustrative and non-limiting. The present technology may have effects other than those described in the present specification. 
     It is to be noted that the present technology may have the following configurations.
     (1)   

     A secondary battery, including: 
     a cathode; 
     an anode; and 
     an electrolytic solution including a sulfuric acid compound represented by the following formula (1),
 
X n+ [M(Rf) a (CN) b (SO 4 ) c ] m−   (1)
 
     where X n+  is one of a metal ion and an onium ion, M is one of transition metal elements, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Rf is one of a fluorine group (—F) and a monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, a is an integer of 0 to 4, b is an integer of 0 to 5, c is an integer of 1 to 4, m is an integer of 1 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 or 2, where one or more of Rf&#39;s are the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group in a case where X=lithium (Li), M=boron (B), a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied.
     (2)   

     The secondary battery according to (1), in which the X is one of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements.
     (3)   

     The secondary battery according to (1) or (2), in which the X is lithium.
     (4)   

     The secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (3), in which the M is one of boron, phosphorus (P), and aluminum (Al).
     (5)   

     The secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (4), in which the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups in one of an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, and a monovalent group in which two or more of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the alkynyl group, the cycloalkyl group, and the aryl group are bound are substituted by a fluorine group.
     (6)   

     The secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (5), in which 
     the Rf is a group in which one or more hydrogen groups in the alkyl group are substituted by a fluorine group, and 
     the number of carbons in the group is from 1 to 10 both inclusive.
     (7)   

     The secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (6), in which a content of the sulfuric acid compound in the electrolytic solution is from 0.01 mol/kg to 0.5 mol/kg both inclusive.
     (8)   

     The secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (7), in which the secondary battery is a lithium-ion secondary battery.
     (9)   

     A secondary battery-use electrolytic solution, including: 
     a sulfuric acid compound represented by the following formula (1),
 
X n+ [M(Rf) a (CN) b (SO 4 ) c ] m−   (1)
 
     where X n+  is one of a metal ion and an onium ion, M is one of transition metal elements, and Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, and Group 15 elements in the long form of the periodic table of the elements, Rf is one of a fluorine group (—F) and a monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group, a is an integer of 0 to 4, b is an integer of 0 to 5, c is an integer of 1 to 4, m is an integer of 1 to 3, and n is an integer of 1 or 2, where one or more of Rf&#39;s are the monovalent fluorinated hydrocarbon group in a case where X=lithium (Li), M=boron (B), a=2, b=0, and c=1 are satisfied.
     (10)   

     A battery pack including: 
     the secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (8); 
     a controller that controls an operation of the secondary battery; and 
     a switch section that switches the operation of the secondary battery in accordance with an instruction from the controller.
     (11)   

     An electric vehicle including: 
     the secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (8); 
     a converter that converts electric power supplied from the secondary battery into drive power; 
     a drive section that operates in accordance with the drive power; and 
     a controller that controls an operation of the secondary battery.
     (12)   

     An electric power storage system including: 
     the secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (8); 
     one or more electric devices that are supplied with electric power from the secondary battery; and a controller that controls the supplying of the electric power from the secondary battery to the one or more electric devices.
     (13)   

     An electric power tool including: 
     the secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (8); and 
     a movable section that is supplied with electric power from the secondary battery.
     (14)   

     An electronic apparatus including the secondary battery according to any one of (1) to (8) as an electric power supply source. 
     The present application is based on and claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-253926 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Dec. 16, 2014, the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.