Patent Publication Number: US-11390955-B2

Title: Electrochemical cell, electrochemical system, and method of producing carbonate compound

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an electrochemical cell, an electrochemical system, and a method of producing a carbonate compound in the electrochemical cell and the electrochemical system. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A carbon dioxide reducing apparatus for producing valuables by electrical reduction of carbon dioxide is of interest as a means for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and storing natural energy, and thus is researched and developed (Non Patent Literature 1). A carbon dioxide reducing apparatus in which an electrochemical cell is used is known. For example, metals, alloys, metal-carbon compounds, carbon compounds, and the like are reported as a catalyst for enabling efficient proceeding of a reaction in which carbon dioxide is reduced into carbon monoxide and the like at a cathode of an electrochemical cell (Patent Literature 1 to 3). Patent Literature 4 discloses that a first electrode constituting a cathode is a porous electrode having porous carbon, wherein the porous carbon has at least one bond between a metal element and a nonmetal element represented by M-R (note that M is a metal element of Groups 4 to 15, and R is a nonmetal element of Groups 14 to 16). The development regarding the electrochemical cells reported in these literatures has focused only on the reaction at the cathode, and there are few examples of the development targeted for the anode of the identical electrochemical cell conventionally. 
     On the other hand, several organic compound oxidizing apparatuses for producing valuables by oxidation of an organic compound have been reported up to now (for example, Patent Literature 5, and Non Patent Literatures 2 and 3). The development regarding the organic compound oxidizing apparatuses reported in these literatures has focused on the anode at which the oxidation reaction occurs, and has been hardly targeted for the cathode. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     
         
         [Patent Literature 1] Japanese Patent No. 5376381 
         [Patent Literature 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-213472 
         [Patent Literature 3] Japanese Patent No. 5017499 
         [Patent Literature 4] International Publication No. 2019/065258 
         [Patent Literature 5] International Publication No. 2012/077198 
       
    
     Non Patent Literature 
     
         
         [Non Patent Literature 1] Nano Energy 29 (2016) 439-456 
         [Non Patent Literature 2] Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153(4), D68 (2006) 
         [Non Patent Literature 3] Catal. Sci. Technol. 2016, 6, 6002-6010 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     As described above, most of the above apparatuses have been focused on one of the reaction at the cathode and the reaction at the anode conventionally, and in the majority of cases, the reaction at the other electrode is not utilized effectively. For example, oxidation reaction of water often occurs at an anode of an electrochemical cell, and oxygen as a product of this reaction is not highly valuable in an industrial viewpoint, and results in loss of electrical energy required for a reaction at the anode. 
     Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an electrochemical cell, an electrochemical system, and a method of producing a carbonate compound, in which valuables can be produced while reducing carbon dioxide, with combining a reaction occurring at a cathode with a reaction occurring at an anode to utilize electrical energy effectively. 
     As a result of intensive results, the present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by an electrochemical cell and an electrochemical system having a certain configuration, and has accomplished the present invention described below. In other words, the present invention provides the following [1] to [3].
     [1] An electrochemical cell, including: a cathode, an anode, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode,   

     the cathode including a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and 
     the anode including a second catalyst capable of catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound.
     [2] An electrochemical system, including at least two electrochemical cells according to the above [1] as first and second electrochemical cells, wherein the electrochemical system includes a first feed path capable of feeding a product produced at a cathode of the first electrochemical cell to an anode of the second electrochemical cell.   [3] A method of producing a carbonate compound in an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, the method including:   

     a step of applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode to reduce carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide at the cathode, and to produce a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound at the anode. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view showing an electrochemical cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view showing an electrochemical system according to a second embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic view showing an electrochemical system according to a third embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view showing an electrochemical cell according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; and 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic view showing an electrochemical cell according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will be described below in a more detailed manner by embodiments. 
     First Embodiment 
       FIG. 1  shows an electrochemical cell according to a first embodiment of the present invention. An electrochemical cell according to the first embodiment and a method of producing a carbonate compound using the electrochemical cell will be described below with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     An electrochemical cell  10  according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes a cathode  11 , an anode  12 , and an ion exchange membrane  13  disposed between the cathode  11  and the anode  12 . The electrochemical cell  10  further includes a cathode compartment  15  and an anode compartment  16 , and the cathode compartment  15  and the anode compartment  16  are demarcated by an ion exchange membrane  13 , and a cathode  11  and an anode  12  are respectively disposed in the cathode compartment  15  and the anode compartment  16 . The cathode  11  and anode  12  are connected with a power supply  19 , and the power supply  19  applies a voltage between the cathode  11  and the anode  12 . By applying a voltage, an electrochemical reaction occurs at the cathode  11  and the anode  12 . 
     In the present specification, the electrochemical cell means an individual unit constituted by a set of a cathode and an anode, in which the cathode and the anode are disposed with the interposition of an ion exchange membrane, and a power supply applies a voltage between the cathode and the anode. An electrochemical cell constituted by another cathode and another anode different from the above-described cathode and anode is regarded as another electrochemical cell, and a system including two or more electrochemical cells is regarded as an electrochemical system. 
     The cathode  11  and the anode  12  are disposed on each surface of the ion exchange membrane  13 , respectively, and the cathode  11 , the anode  12  and the ion exchange membrane  13  are assembled to be a membrane-electrode assembly  14 . As a result, the electrochemical cell  10  has a two compartment type cell-structure in which the cell is separated into two compartments by the membrane-electrode assembly  14 , and the cathode  11  is provided on the inner surface of the cathode compartment  15 , and the anode  12  is provided on the inner surface of the anode compartment  16 . 
     In the electrochemical cell  10 , a first feed port  20  and a first discharge port  21  are provided on the cathode compartment  15 , and a substance introduced into the cathode compartment  15  through the first feed port  20  undergoes an electrochemical reaction at the cathode  11 . The product produced at the cathode  11  can be discharged from the first discharge port  21 . A second feed port  22  and a second discharge port  23  are provided on the anode compartment  16 , and a substance introduced into the anode compartment  16  through the second feed port  22  undergoes an electrochemical reaction at the anode  12 . The product produced at the anode  12  can be discharged from the second discharge port  23 . 
     The cathode  11  includes a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide (also referred to as “first reaction”). In the present embodiment, a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide occurs at the cathode  11  by introducing carbon dioxide into the cathode compartment  15  through the first feed port  20 . Carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11  is discharged from the first discharge port  21 . The reduction reaction occurring at the cathode  11  is specifically as shown in the following formula (i).
 
CO 2 +2H + +2 e   − →CO+H 2 O  (i)
 
     The anode  12  includes a second catalyst capable of catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound (also referred to as “second reaction”). In the present embodiment, the alcohol compound is present in the anode compartment  16 , and in addition, carbon monoxide is introduced into the anode compartment  16  through the second feed port  22 , and thereby, carbonate compound is produced at the anode  12  from the carbon monoxide and the alcohol compound. The carbonate compound is discharged from the second discharge port  23 . 
     In this way, in the present embodiment, reduction of carbon dioxide is performed on the side of the cathode, and a carbonate compound is produced as valuables on the side of the anode, and as a result of these, electrical energy on the side of the anode that has not been effectively utilized in a conventional manner can be utilized in the synthesis of an industrially beneficial substance. 
     The first discharge port  21  provided on the cathode compartment  15  may be connected with an apparatus other than electrochemical cell  10  (also referred to as “other apparatus”). Here, examples of other apparatus include other electrochemical cell, more specifically, an anode compartment in other electrochemical cell; a reactor for performing a reaction using carbon monoxide as a source material; and a filling apparatus for filling carbon monoxide for the purpose of storage and the like, but is preferably an anode compartment of other electrochemical cell, as is stated under a second embodiment described below. Therefore, it is preferable to feed carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11  to other apparatus via the first discharge port  21 . 
     In other words, it is preferable that the electrochemical cell  10  does not include a connecting path connecting the cathode compartment  15  with the anode compartment  16 , and enabling to output carbon monoxide in the inside of the cathode compartment  15  into the anode compartment  16 , and it is preferable that carbon monoxide in the cathode compartment  15  is not fed into the anode compartment  16  in the identical electrochemical cell  10 . 
     Each of the components in the electrochemical cell  10  and operations of these according to the present embodiment will be described below in a more detailed manner. 
     Cathode Compartment 
     Carbon dioxide is flown into the cathode compartment  15  via the first feed port  20 . Carbon dioxide is flown in the form of gas. The first feed port  20  is connected with a carbon dioxide source not shown in the present figure, and carbon dioxide can be introduced from this carbon dioxide source. The first feed port  20  can be equipped with any mechanism such as a flow rate regulating mechanism to adjust flow rate of carbon dioxide to be flown into, and the like. Carbon dioxide may be continuously flown into the cathode compartment  15 . 
     In the present embodiment, the cathode compartment  15  may not be filled with a solvent such as water and an electrolyte solution, and gaseous carbon dioxide may come into contact with cathode  11 . In this regard, gaseous carbon dioxide may include moisture. 
     Carbon dioxide can be singly flown into the cathode compartment  15 , or can also be flown into the cathode compartment  15  in the form of a mixture of carbon dioxide with an inert gas such as helium used as a carrier gas; however, carbon dioxide is preferably flown singly. 
     Carbon monoxide produced at the anode  11  is discharged from the discharge port  21  installed in the cathode compartment  15 . In the cathode compartment  15  not subjected to filling of a liquid such as electrolyte solution, carbon monoxide may be still in the form of gas, and mixed with unreacted carbon dioxide to be discharged from the discharge port  21 . Water produced as a by-product may remain in the inside of the cathode compartment  15 , and then may be discharged when the amount of the water reaches a certain level. The cathode compartment  15  may be further provided with a discharge port (not shown in the present figure) for discharging water as a by-product. 
     Cathode 
     The cathode  11  reduces carbon dioxide flown into the cathode compartment  15  into carbon monoxide at the cathode  11 . The cathode  11  includes a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide (hereinafter, also referred to as “reduction catalyst”), as described above. As the reduction catalyst, for example, a variety of metal or a metal compound, or a carbon compound containing at least one of heteroelements or metals can be used. 
     Examples of the above metal include V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce, and Nd. Among these, preferable specific examples of the metal element include Sb, Bi, Sn, Pb, Ni, Ru, Co, Rh, Cu and Ag, and among these, Bi, Sb, Ni, Co, Ru and Ag are more preferable. 
     As the above metal compound, an inorganic metal compound and an organic metal compound of these metals can be each used, and specific examples include metal halides, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal nitrates, metal sulfates, metal acetates, metal phosphates, metal carbonyls, and metal acetyl acetonates. 
     Examples of the carbon compound containing at least one of the heteroelements or metals include nitrogen containing graphites, nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes, nitrogen containing graphenes, Ni and nitrogen containing graphites, Ni and nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes, Ni and nitrogen containing graphenes, Cu and nitrogen containing graphites, Cu and nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes, Cu and nitrogen containing graphenes, Co and nitrogen containing graphites, Co and nitrogen containing carbon nanotubes, and Co and nitrogen containing graphenes. 
     It is preferable that the cathode  11  includes an electroconductive carbon material for imparting electrical conductivity, in addition to the above reduction catalyst. In this regard, when the above carbon compound is used as a reduction catalyst, the carbon compound also functions as an electroconductive carbon material. As the electroconductive carbon material, various carbon materials having electrical conductivity can be used, and examples of these carbon materials include carbon black such as activated carbon, Ketjen black and acetylene black, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, and carbon whisker. 
     The cathode is preferably a cathode in which at least one of the above described metals and metal compounds is supported by the electroconductive carbon material such as carbon paper. The supporting method is not limited, but for instance the metal or metal compound, which is dispersed in a solvent, may be applied onto the electroconductive carbon material such as the carbon paper, and then heated. 
     A fluorine-containing compound such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene oligomer (TFEO), graphite fluoride ((CF)n), and fluorinated pitch (FP) and a perfluoroethylene sulfonate resin can be mixed into the cathode. These fluorine-containing compounds are used as a water repellent, and improve electrochemical reaction efficiency. The above fluorine-containing compound can also be used as a binder when the cathode is formed. In this case, the cathode can be fabricated by dispersing the above reduction catalyst and the above fluorine compound in a solvent, and applying this dispersion onto an electroconductive carbon material such as carbon paper, and then heating the electroconductive carbon material. 
     Anode Compartment 
     Carbon monoxide is introduced into the anode compartment  16  through the second feed port  22  to feed anode  12  with carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is flown as a gas. The second feed port  22  is connected with a carbon monoxide source not shown in the present figure and carbon monoxide can be introduced into the anode compartment  16  from the carbon monoxide source. Any apparatus as the carbon monoxide source can be employed; however, the carbon monoxide source is preferably an electrochemical cell other than the electrochemical cell  10 , as described below. The second feed port  22  can be equipped with any mechanism such as a flow rate regulating mechanism, and to adjust flow rate of carbon monoxide to be flown into, and the like. Carbon monoxide may be continuously flown into the cathode compartment  15 . Carbon monoxide can be singly flown into the anode compartment  16 , or can also be flown into the anode compartment  16  in the form of a mixture of carbon monoxide with an inert gas such as helium used as a carrier gas. An alcohol compound as a reactant described below can be introduced through the second feed port  22 . The anode compartment  16  has a second discharge port  23 , and the second discharge port  23  can discharge a product produced at the anode  12 . 
     The inside of the anode compartment  16  is filled with an alcohol compound as the reactant. By way of example, the reactant can be introduced into the inside of the anode compartment  16  in advance through the second feed port  22  connected with the anode compartment  16 , or can also be introduced in the inside of the anode compartment  16  in advance through a feed port different from the second feed port  22  (not shown in the present figure). 
     The reactant can be in the form of any of solid, liquid or gas, but is preferably in the form of gas or liquid. In the case where the reactant is in the form of solid or gas, or the case where the solubility of a third catalyst described below or the like is required to increase, the reactant filled in the anode compartment  16  as a liquid mixture of the reactant and a solvent (hereinafter, also merely referred to as “liquid mixture”). The inside of the anode compartment  16  can be fully filled with the reactant or the liquid mixture, or a part thereof may be an empty space. The reactant or the liquid mixture is subjected to bubbling, such as with carbon monoxide introduced into the anode compartment  16  through the second feed port  22 . 
     Anode 
     The anode  12  includes a second catalyst for catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound (reactant). As the second catalyst, for example, one kind of material or two or more kinds of materials selected from the group consisting of variety of metal or a metal compound and an electroconductive carbon material can be used. 
     The second catalyst preferably includes one or more elements of Groups 8 to 12 as the metal, and examples of the elements include iron, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, and iridium. As the metal compound, metal compounds such as inorganic metal compounds and organic metal compounds of the above metals can be used, and specific examples of these metal compounds include metal halides, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal nitrates, metal sulfates, metal acetates, metal phosphates, metal carbonyls, and metal acetyl acetonates, and metal halides are preferable. 
     As the electroconductive carbon material, various carbon materials having electrical conductivity can be used, and examples of these carbon materials include carbon black such as mesoporous carbon, activated carbon, Ketjen black and acetylene black, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, and carbon whisker. 
     The anode  12  is a composite formed by mixing at least one of metal and a metal compound with an electroconductive carbon material. Examples of the composite include a composite film. The composite film may be formed on, for example, a substrate. The composite film can be formed by dispersing a mixture of at least one of metal and a metal compound with an electroconductive carbon material in a solvent, and applying this dispersion onto a substrate and the like, followed by heating. In this case, an electroconductive carbon material such as carbon paper may be used as the substrate. 
     A fluorine-containing compound such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene oligomer (TFEO), graphite fluoride ((CF)n), and fluorinated pitch (FP) and a perfluoroethylene sulfonate resin can be mixed into the anode  12 . These compounds are used as a water repellent, and improve electrochemical reaction efficiency. 
     The above fluorine-containing compound can also be used as a binder when the cathode is formed. Therefore, when the above described composite is formed, the fluorine-containing compound may be further mixed with at least one of the metal and the metal compound, and the electroconductive carbon material. 
     Reactant (Alcohol Compound) 
     Examples of the alcohol compound used as the reactant in the present invention include monoalcohol compounds and polyol compounds such as diol compound, and more specifically, the reactant preferably includes at least one compound represented by the following general formula (1). In the present specification, the term “alcohol compound” encompasses, a compound in which a hydroxyl group is directly attached to an aromatic ring such as phenols.
 
R 1 OH  (1)
 
(R 1  represents an organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms.)
 
     When the reactant is a compound represented by general formula (1), for example, carbonylation reaction as shown in the following formula (ii) occurs at the anode  12 .
 
CO+2R 1 OH→CO(OR 1 ) 2 +2H + +2 e   −   (ii)
 
     Examples of the organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms represented by Win the above general formula (1) include a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. As the hydrocarbon group, an alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms are preferable. 
     Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms include a methyl group, an ethyl group, various propyl groups, various butyl groups, various pentyl groups, various hexyl groups, various heptyl groups, various octyl groups, various nonyl groups, various decyl groups, various dodecyl groups, and various pentadecyl groups. 
     Examples of the alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms include a vinyl group, various propynyl groups, various butynyl groups, various penthynyl groups, various hexenyl groups, various heptenyl groups, various octenyl groups, various nonenyl groups, various decenyl groups, various dodecenyl groups, and various pentadecenyl groups. 
     “Various” means various isomers including isomers of n-, sec-, tert- and iso-types. Alkyl group or alkenyl group can be linear, branched or cyclic. 
     Examples of the aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms include phenyl groups, and naphthyl groups. 
     The above-described hydrocarbon group can include a substituent, and in this case, the number of carbon atoms including carbon atoms in the substituent is 1 to 15. 
     The organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms in the general formula (1) can contain a heteroatom such as a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a halogen atom and a phosphorus atom. 
     Among these, an oxygen atom is preferable. When the above organic group includes an oxygen atom, the oxygen atom is preferably included in a hydroxyl group or an ether bond. Therefore, R 1  is preferably a hydrocarbon group including at least one of a hydroxyl group and an ether bond. It is preferable that a single hydroxyl group is in R 1 . When R 1  is an organic group having a hydroxyl group, it is preferable that a reaction according to the formula (iii) described below proceeds, and when R 1  does not have a hydroxyl group, it is preferable that a reaction according to the above formula (ii) or the formula (iv) described below proceeds. 
     A halogen atom is also preferable as the heteroatom. For example, the above-described alkyl group, alkenyl group or aryl group can be substituted with one halogen atom or two or more halogen atoms. Examples of the halogen atom include a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. 
     When the above R 1  contains a hydroxyl group, R 1 OH is represented by HOR 11 OH, and a carbonylation reaction according to the following formula (iii) may occur to produce a cyclic carbonate compound at the anode. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein R 11  is an organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. Examples of the organic group include a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon group can be an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated, but is preferably a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms in R 11  can contain a heteroatom such as a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a halogen atom and a phosphorus atom. Among these, an oxygen atom is preferable. A halogen atom is also preferable. When the organic group includes an oxygen atom, the oxygen atom is preferably included in an ether bond. R 11  preferably has 2 to 8 carbon atoms. R 11  can be substituted with one halogen atom such as a chlorine atom or 2 or more halogen atoms. 
     More specifically, R 1  having a hydroxyl group (in other words, R 1  is R 11 OH) is preferably a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms, or a group represented by the following formula (2). Among these, a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms is more preferable.
 
H − (OR) m   −   (2)
 
     In the formula (2), R is a divalent saturated hydrocarbon group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and m is an integer of 2 to 7. Examples of OR in the formula (2) include an oxyethylene group, an oxypropylene group, and an oxybutylene group. 
     In the hydroxyalkyl group as R 1 , at least one of hydrogen atoms in the alkyl group may be substituted with a halogen atom. 
     Among the alcohol compounds described above, preference is given to an alcohol compound in which R 1  is a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an aryl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group including a hydroxyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms. As specific alcohol compounds, preference is given to methanol, ethanol, phenol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanol, 2-octanol, tert-butyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, ethene-1,2-diol, 2-butene-2,3-diol, glycerol, and the like. 
     It is also preferable that the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and an aryl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and the hydrocarbon group including a hydroxyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms are substituted with one halogen atom or two or more halogen atoms, such as chlorine atom(s). In this case, as specific examples of the alcohol compound, preference is also given to 2-chloroethanol, trichloromethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 4-chlorophenol, 1-chloroethane-1,2-diol, 1-fluoroethane-1,2-diol, and the like. Among these, a compound in which R 1  is an alkyl group or an aryl group is particularly preferable. When R 1  is a hydroxyalkyl group, this means that R 1  is R 11 OH. 
     More preferable specific examples of the alcohol compound include methanol, ethanol, phenol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, and trichloromethanol. 
     A kind of the reactant can be used singly, or two kinds or more of the reactants can be used in combination. When two or more kinds of the reactants are used in combination, a carbonylation reaction represented by the following formula (iv) occurs.
 
CO+R 2 OH+R 3 OH→(R 2 O)CO(OR 3 )+2H + +2 e   −   (iv)
 
     R 2  and R 3  have the same meaning as the above-described R 1 ; however, R 2  and R 3  are groups different from each other. In other words, both R 2  and R 3  represent an organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, while R 2  and R 3  are groups different from each other. The detailed description regarding R 2  and R 3  is same as in the above-described R 1 . 
     As described above, when the compound represented by the formula (1) is used to generate a the carbonylation reaction represented by formula (ii) or the formula (iii), the final product may include at least one compound represented by the following general formula (3) and (4): 
                         
wherein R 1  and R 11  are as defined above.
 
     More specifically, examples of the final product resulted from the carbonylation reaction include one of or two or more of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, dipentyl carbonate, dihexyl carbonate, dioctyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, triphosgene, bis(2-chloroethyl) carbonate, bis(4-chlorophenyl) carbonate, bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), 1,2-butylene carbonate, 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, vinylene carbonate, 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, and glycerol-1,2-carbonate. 
     When the reaction according to the formula (iv) occurs, the final product may include at least one compound represented by the following general formula (5): 
                         
wherein R 2  and R 3  are as defined above.
 
     Examples of the final product according to the reaction represented by the formula (iv) include one of or two or more of ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate, methyl phenyl carbonate, ethyl phenyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, and butyl methyl carbonate. 
     Among the carbonate compounds described above, particular preference for the produced carbonate compound is given to one compound or two or more compounds selected form dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, triphosgene, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl phenyl carbonate, and butyl methyl carbonate. 
     Solvent 
     As the solvent that can be used together with reactant in the anode compartment  16 , it is possible to select a solvent typically used in a electrochemical reaction, and examples of such a solvent include nitrile based solvents such as acetonitrile; carbonate ester based solvents such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate; lactone based solvents such as γ-butyrolactone; ether based solvents such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1-ethoxy-2-methoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofurane and 2-methyltetrahydrofurane; phosphate ester solvents; phosphoric acids; sulfolane based solvents; and pyrrolidones. One of these solvents can be singly used, or two or more of these solvents can be used in combination. 
     Electrolyte Salt 
     In anode compartment  16 , it is preferable that an electrolyte salt is added to the reactant or the liquid mixture in the form of liquid, in view of improvement in electrochemical reaction efficiency. In this case, the reactant or the liquid mixture itself functions as an electrolyte solution. Examples of the electrolyte salt include alkali metal salts, peroxides of alkali metal, and ammonium salts. 
     Specifically, examples of the alkali metal salt include lithium salts such as lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium hydrogen sulfate, lithium phosphate and lithium hydrogen phosphate; sodium salts such as sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium phosphate and sodium hydrogen phosphate; and potassium salts such as potassium hydroxide, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium sulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate, potassium phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate. 
     Examples of the peroxides of alkali metal include lithium peroxide, and sodium peroxide. 
     Examples of the ammonium salt include ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, ammonium perchlorate, and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate. 
     One of these electrolyte salts can be used singly, or two or more of these electrolyte salts can be used in combination. 
     The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the solution is, for example, in a range of 0.001 to 2 mol/L, and preferably 0.01 to 1 mol/L. 
     Third Catalyst 
     The electrochemical cell  10  may include a third catalyst capable of catalyzing a reaction between carbon monoxide and the reactant (second reaction). The third catalyst is preferably included in the reactant or the liquid mixture of the reactant and the solvent filled in the anode compartment  16 . The third catalyst may be contained in the anode  12 , by being supported by the second electrode, or by the like. 
     The third catalyst is preferably a redox catalyst. The redox catalyst in the present specification can be any compound as long as the compound can reversibly change its oxidation state, and examples of such a compound include metal compounds containing at least one active metal, organic compounds, and halogens. The redox catalyst exhibits oxidation-reduction characteristics, and therefore, catalyzes the second reaction between carbon monoxide and the reactant in regions except for the vicinity of anode, and the redox catalyst itself is reduced. Here, the reduced redox catalyst is oxidized again by the electrochemical reaction on the anode  12 , and the oxidized catalyst can catalyze the second reaction between carbon monoxide and the reactant again. 
     The reactant filled in the anode compartment  16  typically reacts with carbon monoxide present in the reactant or a liquid mixture of the reactant and the solvent on the anode  12  (second reaction). Here, as for the second reaction, when the volume of the reactant is large, the diffusion of the reactant in the vicinity of the anode ordinarily becomes a rate-determining step of the second reaction, and the overall reaction rate becomes slow. However, when the redox catalyst is contained, the material which diffuses on the anode becomes only the redox catalyst, and accordingly a reaction rate of the second reaction in the anode compartment  16  can be improved. In addition, restrictions on the physical properties of the reactant are relaxed, and accordingly, it becomes possible to use various reactants. 
     Examples of the active metal included in the redox catalyst include V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce, and Nd. Among these, Pd, Co, and Ni are preferable. 
     As the metal compounds containing the active metal, inorganic metal compounds and organic metal compounds of the above metals can be used, and the examples thereof include a metal halide, a metal oxide, a metal hydroxide, a metal nitrate, a metal sulfate, a metal acetate, a metal phosphate, a metal carbonyl, and metal organic complexes such as a metal acetylacetonate. 
     Specific examples of the metal compounds containing the active metal include palladium acetylacetonate (Pd(OAc) 2 ), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  complex), tris(2,2′-bipyridine)cobalt (Co(bpy) 3  complex), and tris[1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane)]cobalt (Co(bpp) 3  complex). 
     The organic compounds which are used in the redox catalyst include 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO). 
     The halogens which are used in the redox catalyst include bromine and iodine. 
     The third catalysts may be used each alone, or two or more of the catalysts may be used in combination. 
     The concentration of the third catalyst in the solution filled in the anode compartment is, for example, in a range of 0.001 to 2 mol/L, and preferably is in a range of 0.001 to 1 mol/L. 
     The final product (carbonate compound) produced by the above second reaction may be discharged from the second discharge port  23 . Usually, the unreacted reactant, the solvent, and the like are also discharged together with the final product from the second discharge port  23 . The discharge of the final product from the second discharge port  23  is not limited in particular; however, by way of example, the discharge of the final product may be performed after a certain amount of the final product is produced in the inside of the anode compartment  16 . The final product discharged from the second discharge port  23  may be purified, where appropriate. The unreacted reactant, the solvent, and the like discharged together with the final product can be introduced again through the second feed port  22 , or can also be introduced through other feed port. Therefore, the electrochemical cell  10  of the present embodiment can be equipped with a separation mechanism for separating the reactant from the final product, a circulation mechanism for circulating the reactant, and the like. 
     In addition, the anode compartment  16  can be further equipped with a discharge port (not shown in the present figure) for discharging carbon monoxide fed in the anode compartment  16  at an excessive amount. 
     Ion Exchange Membrane 
     A solid membrane is used as the ion exchange membrane  13 , and examples thereof include a cation exchange membrane that can transport cations such as protons, and an anion exchange membrane that can transport anions. In the present embodiment, cations such as protons generate at the anode  12 , and the cations are supplied to the side of the cathode  11  through the ion exchange membrane  13 , as described above. 
     Preferable examples of the cation exchange membrane include hydrocarbon resin-based polysulfonic acids and carboxylic acids such as polyethylene sulfonic acid, fullerene-crosslinked polysulfonic acid and polyacrylic acids; and fluororesin-based sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids such as perfluoroethylene sulfonic acid. Phosphate glasses such as SiO 2 —P 2 O 5 , heteropoly acids such as tungstosilicic acid and tungstophosphoric acid, ceramics such as perovskite type oxides, and the like can be also used. 
     Preferable examples of the anion exchange membrane include resins such as those including a quaternary ammonium salt such as poly(styrylmethyltrimethylammoniumchloride), and polyethers. 
     Among the cation exchange membranes described above, preference is given to perfluoroethylene sulfonate resins. Examples of commercially available products of the perfluoroethylene sulfonate resin include Nafion (trade name possessed by Du Pont). 
     Second Embodiment 
     Next, a method of producing a carbonate compound using an electrochemical system and an electrochemical system according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. In a second embodiment, an electrochemical system including at least two electrochemical cells is used. The electrochemical system  25  in the present embodiment includes two electrochemical cells (first and second electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B). Each of the first and second electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B has the same configuration as in the electrochemical cell  10  of the first embodiment described above, and therefore, the descriptions regarding the configurations of these electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B are omitted; however, any of the first and second electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B includes a set of a cathode and an anode with an ion exchange membrane being disposed between the cathode and the anode. The ion exchange membranes in the electrochemical cell  10 A and  10 B are discrete each other. 
     In the following description, the reference numeral regarding each component in the first electrochemical cell  10 A is represented by postfixing the reference numeral that follows the name of each component in the electrochemical cell  10  of the first embodiment with “A”, and the reference numeral regarding each component in the second electrochemical cell  10 B is represented by postfixing the reference numeral regarding each component in the above electrochemical cell with “B”. Therefore, by way of example, the cathode of the first electrochemical cell  10 A is represented by reference numeral “ 11 A”, and the cathode of the second electrochemical cell  10 B is represented by reference numeral “ 11 B”. 
     An electrochemical system  25  in the present embodiment includes first and second feed paths  26  and  27 , in addition to the first and second electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B. The first feed path  26  connects a cathode compartment  15 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A with an anode compartment  16 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B. The second feed path  27  connects an anode compartment  16 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A with the cathode compartment  15 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B. The first and second feed paths  26  and  27  connects a first discharge port  21 A with a second feed port  22 B, and a first discharge port  21 B with second feed port  22 A, respectively. The first feed path  26  can feed the product produced at the cathode  11 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A to the anode  12 B in the second electrochemical cell. The second feed path  27  can feed the product produced at the cathode  11 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B to the anode  12 A in first electrochemical cell. 
     The first and second feed paths  26  and  27  are, for example, conducting pipes for connecting the cathode compartment with the anode compartment, and the like, and can be equipped with, for example, a flow rate regulating mechanism to adjust the flow rate and the like. The conducting pipe is equipped with a backflow preventing mechanism such as a non-return valve to allow for the delivery of a gas from each of the cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B to each of the anode compartments  16 B and  16 A, and not to allow for the delivery of the gas in the backward direction. 
     The first feeds path  26  feeds carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A to the anode  12 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B. The second feed path  27  feeds carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11 B in second electrochemical cell  10 B to the anode  12 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 B. Carbon monoxide produced at the respective cathodes  11 A and  11 B may be fed in the form of gas to the anodes  12 B and  12 A of the respective anode compartments  16 B and  16 A. Carbon monoxide produced at the respective cathodes  11 A and  11 B can be mixed with unreacted carbon dioxide in the respective cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B to be fed to the respective anodes through the first and second feed paths  26  and  27 . 
     At each of the anodes  12 B and  12 A, carbonate compound is produced from the alcohol compounds filled in each of the anode compartments  16 B and  16 A, and carbon monoxide fed from on the side of the cathodes  11 A and  11 B. 
     Due to the fact that the electrochemical system  25  has the above-described configuration, the electrochemical system  25  performs the reduction of carbon dioxide on the side of the cathode, and produces a carbonate compound as valuables on the side of the anode, and as a result of these, the electrical energy on the side of the anode can be utilized in the synthesis of an industrially beneficial substance. In the present embodiment, as a result of combining two electrochemical cells to supply carbon monoxide in each of the electrochemical cells to another electrochemical cell, a valuable chemical substance can be efficiently produced at the anode of each of the electrochemical cells without installation of another carbon monoxide source. 
     In the second embodiment, carbon dioxide is fed to each of the electrochemical cells  10 A and  10 B through first feed ports  20 A and  20 B via, for example, carbon dioxide feed path  28 . As shown in  FIG. 2 , with regard to the carbon dioxide feed path  28 , a single feed path can be divided into two feed path to be connected with each of the feed ports  20 A and  20 B; however, carbon dioxide can also be fed to each of the feed ports  20 A and  20 B from separate feed paths. Likewise, the carbonate compound is discharged through each of the discharge ports  23 A and  23 B with passing a product discharge path  29 ; however, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the carbonate compound can be discharged with passing a product discharge path  29  in which two discharge paths join together to become a single discharge path, but two discharge path do not have to join together. 
     In the second embodiment, the second feed path  27  can be eliminated. Also in the case where the second feed path  27  is eliminated, a carbonate compound can be produced not only at the anode  12 B of the second electrochemical cell  10 B, but also at the anode  12 A of the first electrochemical cell  10 A by feeding carbon monoxide to the anode  12 A via the second feed port  22 A from another carbon monoxide source with regard to the anode  12 A of the first electrochemical cell  10 A. 
     Third Embodiment 
     Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described. The third embodiment provides an electrochemical system including at least three electrochemical cells. An electrochemical system  30  according to the present embodiment includes three electrochemical cells (first, second and third electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C). Each of the first, second and third electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C has the same configuration as in the first electrochemical cell  10  described above, and therefore, the descriptions regarding the configurations of these electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C are omitted; however, any of the first, second and third electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C includes a set of a cathode and an anode with an ion exchange membrane being disposed between the cathode and the anode. The ion exchange membranes in the electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C are discrete one another. 
     In the following description, the reference numeral regarding each component in the first electrochemical cell  10 A is represented by postfixing the reference numeral regarding each component in the above electrochemical cell  10  with “A”, and the reference numeral regarding each component in the second electrochemical cell  10 B is represented by postfixing the reference numeral regarding each component in the above electrochemical cell  10  with “B”, and the reference numeral regarding each component in the third electrochemical cell  10 C is represented by postfixing the reference numeral regarding each component in the above electrochemical cell  10  with “C”. Therefore, by way of example, the cathode of the first electrochemical cell  10 A is represented by reference numeral “ 11 A”, the cathode of the second electrochemical cell  10 B is represented by reference numeral “ 11 B”, and the cathode of the third electrochemical cell  10 C is represented by reference numeral “ 11 C”. 
     An electrochemical system  30  in the present embodiment includes first, second and third feed paths  31 ,  32  and  33 , in addition to the first, second and third electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C. The first feed path  31  connects the cathode compartment  15 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A with the anode compartment  16 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B. The second feed path  32  connects the cathode compartment  15 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B with the anode compartment  16 C in the third electrochemical cell  10 C. The third feed path  33  connects the cathode compartment  15 C in the third electrochemical cell  10 C with the anode compartment  16 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A. 
     The first, second, and second feed paths  31 ,  32  and  33  connects a first discharge port  21 A with a second feed port  22 B, a first discharge port  21 B with a second feed port  22 C, and a first discharge port  21 C with a second feed port  22 A, respectively. 
     The first, second and third feed paths  31 ,  32  and  33  can feed the products produced at the cathode  11 A,  11 B and  11 C to anodes  12 B,  12 C and  12 A, respectively. 
     The first, second and third feed paths  31 ,  32  and  33  are, for example, conducting pipes for connecting the cathode compartment with the anode compartment, and may be equipped with, for example, a flow rate regulating mechanism to adjust the flow rate and the like. The conducting pipe is equipped with a backflow preventing mechanism such as a non-return valve to allow for the delivery of a gas from each of the cathode compartments  15 A,  15 B and  15 C to each of the anode compartments  16 B,  16 C and  15 A, and not to allow for the delivery of the gas in the backward direction. 
     The first feed path  31  feeds carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A to the anode  12 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B. The second feed path  32  feeds carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11 B in the second electrochemical cell  10 B to the anode  12 C in the third electrochemical cell  10 C. The third feed path  33  feeds carbon monoxide produced at the cathode  11 C in the third electrochemical cell  10 C to the anode  12 A in the first electrochemical cell  10 A. 
     Carbon monoxide produced at the respective cathodes  11 A,  11 B and  11 C may be fed in the form of gas to the anodes  12 B,  12 B and  12 C of the respective anode compartments  16 B,  16 C and  16 A. 
     Carbon monoxide produced at the respective cathodes  11 A,  11 B and  11 C can be mixed with unreacted carbon dioxide in the respective cathode compartments  15 A,  15 B and  15 C to be fed to the respective anode compartments  16 B,  16 C and  16 A through the first, second and third feed paths  31 ,  32  and  33 . 
     At the anodes  12 B,  12 C and  12 A, a carbonate compound is produced from the alcohol compounds filled in the anode compartments  16 B,  16 C and  16 A, and carbon monoxide fed from the side of the cathodes  11 A,  11 B and  11 C, respectively. 
     As a result of the fact that the electrochemical system  30  has the above-described configuration, the electrochemical system  30  perform the reduction of carbon dioxide on the side of the cathode, and produces a carbonate compound as valuables on the side of the anode, and therefore, the electrical energy on the side of the anode can be utilized in the synthesis of an industrially beneficial substance. In the present embodiment, as a result of combining three electrochemical cells to supply carbon monoxide in each of the electrochemical cells to another electrochemical cell, a beneficial chemical substance can be efficiently produced at the anode of each of the electrochemical cells without installation of another carbon monoxide source. 
     In the third embodiment described above, the third feed path  33  can be eliminated. In the case where the third feed path is eliminated, carbon monoxide from another carbon monoxide source may be fed to the anode compartment  16 A of the first electrochemical cell  10 A appropriately. 
     Also in the third embodiment, carbon dioxide is fed to each of the electrochemical cells  10 A,  10 B and  10 C via, for example, carbon dioxide feed path  34  in a manner analogous to as in the second embodiment, and as shown in  FIG. 3 , with regard to the carbon dioxide feed path  34 , a single feed path can be divided into three feed paths to be connected with each of the feed ports  20 A,  20 B and  20 C, or can be connected with separate feed paths. Likewise, with regard to the product discharge path  35  for discharging the carbonate compound, three discharge paths can join together to become a single discharge path as shown in  FIG. 3 ; however, these discharge paths do not have to join together. 
     The electrochemical system  30  according to the third embodiment described above includes three electrochemical cells, but may include four or more electrochemical cells. When the electrochemical system  30  according to the third embodiment includes four or more electrochemical cells, the electrochemical system includes first, second, . . . , and nth electrochemical cells (here, n is an integer of 4 or more), and the cathode compartments of the first, second, . . . , and (n-1)th electrochemical cell may be respectively connected with the anode compartment of the second, third, . . . , and nth electrochemical cell via the respective first, second, . . . , (n-1)th feed paths. The first, second, . . . , and (n-1)th feed paths can feed the products (carbon monoxide) produced at the respective cathodes in the first, second, . . . , (n-1)th electrochemical cell to the respective anodes in the second, third, . . . , and nth electrochemical cells. 
     The cathode compartment in the nth electrochemical cell may be connected with the anode compartment in the first electrochemical cell via an nth feed path. The nth feed path can feed the products (carbon monoxide) produced at the cathode in the nth electrochemical cell to the anode in the first electrochemical cell. In this regard, the nth feed path may be eliminated, and carbon monoxide from another carbon monoxide source may be fed to the anode compartment of the first electrochemical cell, where appropriate. 
     In this way, even when the electrochemical system  30  according to the third embodiment includes four or more electrochemical cells, as a result of connecting the electrochemical cells with one another by the feed paths, a beneficial chemical substance can be efficiently produced at the anode of each of the electrochemical cells without installation of another carbon monoxide source. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Next, an electrochemical system according to a fourth embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 4 . In a manner analogous to the above second embodiment, an electrochemical system  40  according to the present embodiment includes two electrochemical cells (first and second electrochemical cells  40 A and  40 B). The cathode and the anode constituting each of the electrochemical cells in the above second embodiment are disposed in each of the electrochemical cells so as to be separated by a discrete ion exchange membrane; however, in the electrochemical system  40  according to the present embodiment, both of a cathode and an anode constituting each of electrochemical cells  40 A and  40 B are separated by an ion exchange membrane  43  as an identical ion exchange membrane. In other words, the electrochemical system  40  of the present embodiment includes two sets of cathodes and anodes with the interposition of a single ion exchange membrane. 
     In the following description, a cathode and an anode constituting a first electrochemical cell  40 A are described as first cathode  41 A and first anode  42 A, and a cathode and an anode constituting a second electrochemical cell  40 B are described as second cathode  41 B and second anode  42 B. Likewise, a cathode compartment and an anode compartment included in the first electrochemical cell  40 A are described as first cathode compartment  45 A and first anode compartment  46 A, and a cathode compartment and an anode compartment constituting the second electrochemical cell  40 B are described as second cathode compartment  45 B and second anode compartment  46 B. 
     The cathode and the anode of the first electrochemical cell  40 A (in other words, the first cathode  41 A and the first anode  42 A), as well as the cathode and the anode of the second electrochemical cell  40 B (in other words, the second cathode  41 B and the second anode  42 B) are separated by an ion exchange membrane  43 , and are disposed so as to be opposed to one another with the interposition of the ion exchange membrane  43 . 
     The first cathode  41 A and the second anode  42 B are located in one section  44 A separated by the ion exchange membrane  43 , and the first anode  42 A and the second cathode  41 B are located in the other section  44 B separated by the ion exchange membrane  43 . 
     The one section  44 A is further partitioned into two sections by a first partition wall  47 A, and these two sections respectively constitutes a first cathode compartment  45 A and a second anode compartment  46 B. A first cathode  41 A and second cathode  42 B are disposed in the first cathode compartment  45 A and the second anode compartment  46 B, respectively. 
     Likewise, the other section  44 B is further partitioned into two sections by a second partition wall  47 B, and these two sections constitute a first anode compartment  46 A and a second cathode compartment  45 B, respectively. The first anode  42 A and the second cathode  41 B are disposed in the first anode compartment  46 A and second cathode compartment  45 B, respectively. 
     The first and second partition walls  47 A and  47 B are not limited in particular as long as these partition walls  47 A and  47 B are insulators, and as the insulator, resin materials and the like can be used. Examples of the resin materials include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone resins, ABS resins, PLA resins, epoxy resins, ionomer resins, carbonate resins, urethane resins, fluoro rubbers, and butyl rubbers. 
     The cathode and the anode constituting each of the electrochemical cells are connected with power supply. In other words, the first cathode  41 A and the first anode  42 A are connected with a first power supply  49 A, and the first power supply  49 A applies a voltage between the first cathode  41 A and the first anode  42 A. Likewise, the second cathode  41 B and the second anode  42 B are connected with a second power supply  49 B, and the second power supply  49 B applies a voltage between the second cathode  41 B and the second anode  42 B. 
     As a result, donation and reception of electrons occur between the first cathode  41 A and the first anode  42 A, and by way of example, cations produced at the first anode  42 A are supplied to the first cathode  41 A through the ion exchange membrane  43 . Also, donation and reception of electrons occur between the second cathode  41 B and the first anode  42 B, and by way of example, cations produced at the second anode  42 B are supplied to the second cathode  41 B through the ion exchange membrane  43 . 
     The first and second cathode compartments  45 A and  45 B are respectively equipped with first and second feed ports  50 A and  50 B, and the first and second anode compartments  46 A and  46 B are respectively equipped with first and second discharge ports  51 A and  51 B. The electrochemical cell  40  includes a first feed path  52 A and a second feed path  52 B. The first feed path  52 A connects the first cathode compartment  45 A with the second anode compartment  46 B, in which these compartments  45 A and  46 B are disposed on the side of one section  44 A. The second feed path  52 B connects the second cathode compartment  45 B with the first anode compartment  46 A, in which these compartments  45 B and  46 A are deposed on the side of the other section  44 B. 
     The first and second feed paths  52 A and  52 B are, for example, conducting pipes connecting the cathode compartment with the anode compartment, and may be equipped with, for example, a flow rate regulating mechanism to adjust the flow rate and the like. The conducting pipe is equipped with a backflow preventing mechanism such as a non-return valve to allow for the delivery of a gas from each of the cathode compartments  45 A and  45 B to each of the anode compartments  46 A and  46 B, and not to allow for the delivery of the gas in the backward direction. 
     Both of the first and second cathodes  41 A and  41 B include a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide (first reaction). Also in the present embodiment, as a result of the fact that carbon dioxide is introduced in the first and second cathode compartments  45 A and  45 B through the first and second feed ports  50 A and  50 B, a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide (first reaction) occurs at the cathodes  41 A and  41 B. The product produced at each of the first and second cathodes  41 A and  41 B (in other words, carbon monoxide) are fed to the second and first anodes  42 B and  42 A in the second and first anode compartments  46 B and  46 A via first and second feed paths  52 A and  52 B. 
     The second and first anodes  42 B and  42 A include second catalysts capable of catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound (second reaction). In the present embodiment, as a result of the fact that the alcohol compounds are present in each of the anode compartments  46 A and  46 B, and in addition, carbon monoxide is introduced in the anode compartments  46 A and  46 B from the second and first feed paths  52 B and  52 A, a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and the alcohol compound occurs at each of the first and second anodes  42 A and  42 B. The carbonate compound produced at the anodes  42 A and  42 B may be discharged from the first and second discharge ports  51 A and  51 B, respectively. 
     The first and second catalysts are as described in the above first embodiment, the alcohol compound as a reactant, and the carbonate compound to be produced are also as described in the first embodiment. 
     The internal configurations within the cathode compartment and the anode compartments are analogous to as in the first embodiment, and the anode compartment may be filled with the reactant or a liquid mixture of the reactant and the solvent, and where appropriate, an electrolyte salt can be added to the reactant or the liquid mixture. The third catalyst can be used, where appropriate. The solvent, the electrolyte salt, and the third catalyst are as described above. 
     As described above, also in the present embodiment, reduction of carbon dioxide is performed on the side of each of the cathode, and a carbonate compound is produced as valuables on the side of each of the anode, and as a result of this the electrical energy on the side of the anode that has not been effectively utilized in a conventional manner can be utilized in the synthesis of an industrially beneficial substance. 
     In the present embodiment, in a single electrochemical cell, with being equipped with two sets of the cathodes and the anodes, it is possible to use the other set of the cathode and the anode in the identical electrochemical cell as carbon monoxide sources for the one set. Therefore, a beneficial chemical substance can be efficiently produced at the anode of each of the electrochemical cells without installation of another carbon monoxide source. 
     In the present embodiment, two electrochemical cells are installed, and there are two sets of the cathodes and the anodes; however, three or more electrochemical cells may be installed, and three or more sets of the cathodes and the anodes may be installed. In this case, three or more sets of cathodes and anodes are opposed to one another through with the interposition of an identical ion exchange membrane. Also in the case where three or more sets are installed, carbon monoxide produced at each of the cathode is fed to the anode included in the other set, and a carbonate compound is produced resulted from the carbonylation reaction. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the second feed path  52 B can be eliminated. Also in the case where second feed path  52 B is eliminated, the carbonate compound can be produced at the first anode  42 A by feeding carbon monoxide via a feed port not shown in the present figure from another carbon monoxide source to the first anode  42 A (in other words, first anode compartment  46 A), with regard to the first anode  42 A. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
     Next, an electrochemical system according to a fifth embodiment will be described with reference to  FIG. 5 . An electrochemical system  55  according to the present embodiment is different than the second embodiment, in that the electrochemical system  55  according to the present embodiment further includes first and second connecting paths  56  and  57 . The fifth embodiment will be described below with regard to the difference between the fifth embodiment and the second embodiment. 
     The first and second connecting paths  56  and  57  are a path connecting an anode compartment  16 A with a cathode compartment  15 A, and a path connecting an anode compartment  16 B with a cathode compartment  15 B, respectively. The first and second connecting paths  56  and  57  make gas flow from the anode compartments  16 A and  16 B into the cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B, respectively. The first and second connecting paths  56  and  57  are, for example, conducting pipes for connecting the cathode compartment with the anode compartment, and may be equipped with, for example, a flow rate regulating mechanism to adjust the flow rate and the like. The, conducting pipe is equipped with a backflow preventing mechanism such as a non-return valve to allow for the delivery of a gas from the anode compartments  16 A and  16 B to the cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B, and not to allow for the delivery of the gas in the backward direction. 
     In the present embodiment, as a result of installation of the connecting paths  56  and  57 , unreacted carbon dioxide that passes through the first feed path  26  or the second feed path  27  to output to the anode compartment  16 B or the anode compartment  16 A further passes through a second connecting path  57  or a first connecting path  56 , and goes back to the cathode compartment  15 B or the cathode compartment  15 A. In this way, unreacted carbon dioxide circulates through the electrochemical system  55 , and subjected to the first reaction on the course of this circulation, and as a result of this, the conversion rate of carbon dioxide in the overall electrochemical system can be improved. 
     The components that pass through the connecting paths  56  and  57  to be flown into the respective cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B can also include, for example, unreacted carbon monoxide that has not been used for the second reaction, in addition to the unreacted carbon dioxide described above, in which the unreacted carbon monoxide is of carbon monoxide produced in the cathode compartments  15 A and  15 B and output to the anode compartments  16 B and  16 A. As a result, in a manner analogous to as in carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide may circulate through the inside of the electrochemical system  55 , and subjected to the second reaction on the course of this circulation. Consequently, the conversion rate of the final product from carbon monoxide increases. 
     In the fifth embodiment of the above description, the connecting path connects the anode compartment with the cathode compartment in the identical electrochemical cell; however, the connecting path may connect an anode compartment of another electrochemical cell with the cathode compartment. In other words, the connecting path can have any configuration as long as the connecting path connects any of the anode compartments in the electrochemical system with any of the cathode compartments. Furthermore, there is no need for installing two connecting paths, and there can be a single connecting path. 
     In addition, the electrochemical cell according to the above first embodiment, and the electrochemical system according to third and fourth embodiment can be also equipped with a connecting path connecting any of the anode compartment(s) with any of the cathode compartment(s), and unreacted carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide circulates through the electrochemical system, and subjected to the first reaction or the second reaction on the course of this circulation. 
     Other Embodiments 
     Each of the embodiments provided above illustrates one example of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the configurations described above. 
     In each of the embodiments described above, the electrochemical cell has the cell-structure in which the cell is separated into the cathode compartment and the anode compartment by the membrane-electrode assembly; however, the configuration of the electrochemical cell is not limited to such a structure, and can be any electrochemical cell having any structure, as long as effects of the present invention are accomplished. 
     By way of example, the electrochemical cell may have a configuration in which an electrolyte bath filled with the electrolyte solution is separated into the cathode compartment and the anode compartment by an ion exchange membrane, and the cathode and anode are disposed in the electrolyte solution of the cathode compartment and the anode compartment. In this case, by way of example, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide may be respectively fed to the electrolyte solution in the cathode compartment and the anode compartment by bubbling or the like. The electrolyte solution in the anode compartment contains a reactant as described above. The electrolyte solution in the cathode compartment may be the same as or different from the electrolyte solution of the anode compartment. 
     In addition, each of the electrochemical cells may apply a voltage by using photovoltage, for example. 
     As described above, the present invention provides the following [1] to [48].
     [1] An electrochemical cell, including a cathode, an anode, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, wherein   

     the cathode includes a first catalyst capable of catalyzing a reduction reaction for reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and 
     the anode includes a second catalyst capable of catalyzing a carbonylation reaction for producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound.
     [2] The electrochemical cell according to the above [1], including:   

     a cathode compartment having the cathode disposed therein, and an anode compartment having the anode disposed therein, wherein 
     the cathode compartment includes a feed port which enables carbon dioxide to introduce therein, and 
     the anode compartment includes a feed port which enables carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound to introduce therein, and a discharge port capable of discharging a product produced at the anode.
     [3] The electrochemical cell according to the above [2], wherein the cathode compartment includes a discharge port capable of discharging a product produced at the cathode.   [4] The electrochemical cell according to the above [3], wherein the discharge port in the cathode compartment is connected with an apparatus other than the electrochemical cell including the cathode compartment.   [5] The electrochemical cell according to the above [4], wherein the apparatus other than the electrochemical cell is any of other electrochemical cell, a reactor, and a filling apparatus.   [6] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [5], including: a power supply connecting the cathode with the anode.   [7] The electrochemical cell according to any one of the above [1] to [6], wherein the first catalyst includes at least one substance selected from the group consisting of metal, a metal compound, a carbon compound containing a heteroelement, and a carbon compound containing a metal.   [8] The electrochemical cell according to the above [7], wherein the metal and metal in the metal compound are at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Bi, Sb, Ni, Co, Ru and Ag.   [9] The electrochemical cell according to the above [7] or [8], wherein the cathode contains at least one substance selected from the group consisting of the metal and the metal compound, and an electroconductive carbon material supporting at least one substance selected from the group consisting of the metal and the metal compound.   [10] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [9], wherein the second catalyst includes at least one substance selected from the group consisting of metal, a metal compound and an electroconductive carbon material.   [11] The electrochemical cell according to any one of the above [10], wherein the second catalyst includes at least one element of Groups 8 to 12.   [12] The electrochemical cell according to the above [10] or [11], wherein the second catalyst includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of iron, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium and iridium.   [13] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [10] to [12], wherein the second catalyst includes palladium.   [14] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [10] to [13], wherein the substance is a metal halide.   [15] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [10] to [14], wherein the anode is a composite formed by mixing at least one substance selected from the group consisting of the metal and the metal compound with an electroconductive carbon material.   [16] The electrochemical cell according to the above [15], wherein the composite is a composite film formed on a substrate as an electroconductive carbon material.   [17] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [16], wherein an alcohol compound as a reactant is filled in the inside of the anode compartment.   [18] The electrochemical cell according to the above [17], wherein the alcohol compound is filled in the anode compartment as a liquid mixture of the alcohol compound with a solvent.   [19] The electrochemical cell according to the above [17] or [18], wherein the alcohol compound or the liquid mixture further contains an electrolyte salt.   [20] The electrochemical cell according to the above [19], wherein the electrolyte salt is at least one salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, peroxides of alkali metal and ammonium salts.   [21] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [20], wherein the ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane.   [22] The electrochemical cell according to the above [21], wherein the ion exchange membrane is a cation exchange membrane.   [23] An electrochemical system, including: at least two electrochemical cells according to any of the above [1] to [22] as first and second electrochemical cells, wherein the electrochemical system includes   

     a first feed path capable of feeding a product produced at a cathode of the first electrochemical cell to an anode of the second electrochemical cell.
     [24] The electrochemical system according to the above [23], further including a second feed path capable of feeding a product produced at the cathode of the second electrochemical cell to the anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [25] An electrochemical system, including at least three electrochemical cells according to any of the above [1] to [22] as first, second and third electrochemical cells, wherein   

     a first feed path capable of feeding a product produced at the cathode of the first electrochemical cell to the anode of the second electrochemical cell, and 
     a second feed path capable of feeding a product produced at the cathode of the second electrochemical cell to the anode of the third electrochemical cell.
     [26] The electrochemical system according to the above [25], further including: a third feed path capable of feeding a product produced at a cathode of the third electrochemical cell to an anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [27] The electrochemical system according to the above [23] to [26], wherein   

     the cathode and the anode of the first electrochemical cell, as well as the cathode and the anode of the second electrochemical cell are disposed so as to be separated by an identical ion exchange membrane, 
     the cathode of the first electrochemical cell and the anode of the second electrochemical cell are located in one section separated by the ion exchange membrane, and the cathode of the second electrochemical cell and the anode of the first electrochemical cell are located in the other section separated by the ion exchange membrane, 
     both of the cathodes of the first and second electrochemical cells include the first catalyst, and 
     both of the anodes of the first and second electrochemical cells include the second catalyst.
     [28] The electrochemical system according to the above [27], further including a second feed path capable of feeding a product produced at the cathode of the second electrochemical cell to the anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [29] The electrochemical system according to the above [27] or [28], wherein   

     the one section is further partitioned into two sections by at least one partition wall, and these two sections respectively constitutes a cathode compartment in the first electrochemical cell, and an anode compartment in the second electrochemical cell, 
     the other section is further partitioned into two sections by at least one partition wall, and these two sections constitute an anode compartment in the first electrochemical cell and a cathode camber in the second electrochemical cell, respectively, and 
     cathodes are disposed in the respective cathode compartments, and anodes are disposed in the respective anode compartments.
     [30] An electrochemical system, including:   

     n electrochemical cells according to any of the above [1] to [22] as first, second, . . . , and nth electrochemical cells (here, n is an integer of 4 or more); and 
     first, second, . . . , and (n-1)th feed paths capable of feeding a product produced at each of cathodes of the first, second, . . . , and (n-1)th electrochemical cells to each of anodes of the second, third, . . . , and nth electrochemical cells.
     [31] The electrochemical system according to the above [30], further including: an nth feed path capable of feeding the product produced at the cathode of the nth electrochemical cell to the anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [32] The electrochemical system according to any of the above [23] to [31], wherein   

     the first and second electrochemical cells each include both of a cathode compartment and an anode compartment, a cathode is disposed in each cathode compartment, and an anode is disposed in each anode compartment, 
     the electrochemical system includes a connecting path connecting any of the cathode compartments with any of the anode compartments, and 
     the connecting path enables gas to flow from the anode compartment into the cathode compartment.
     [33] The electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [22], or the electrochemical system according to any of the above [23] to [32], including:   

     one cathode compartment or two or more of cathode compartments in which or in each of which the cathode of each of the electrochemical cells is disposed; one anode compartment or two or more anode compartments in which or in each of which the anode of each of the electrochemical cells is disposed; and a connecting path connecting any of the anode compartments with any of the cathode compartments, wherein 
     the connecting path makes gas flow from the anode compartment into the cathode compartment.
     [34] A method of producing a carbonate compound in an electrochemical cell according to any of the above [1] to [22], or an electrochemical system according to any of the above [23] to [33], the method including:   

     a step of applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode to reduce carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide at the cathode, and to produce a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound at the anode.
     [35] A method of producing a carbonate compound in an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an anode, and an ion exchange membrane disposed between the cathode and the anode, the method including:   

     a step of applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode to reduce carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide at the cathode, and to produce a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound at the anode.
     [36] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [34] or [36], wherein a reaction represented by the following formula (i) occurs at the cathode.
 
CO 2 +2H 30 +2 e   − →CO+H 2 O  (i)
   [37] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [36], wherein at least one reaction represented by the following formulae (ii), (iii) and (iv) occurs at the anode.   

                         
(R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 11  are each independently an organic group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and R 2  and R 3  are groups different from each other.)
     [38] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [37], wherein
 
R 1 , R 2  and R 3  are each independently selected from hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with one halogen atom or two or more halogen atoms.
   [39] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [37], wherein R 11  is a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and optionally substituted with one halogen atom or 2 or more halogen atoms.   [40] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [39], wherein the alcohol compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, phenol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, and trichloromethanol.   [41] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [40], wherein the carbonate compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 1,3-dioxan-2-one, triphosgene, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl phenyl carbonate, and butyl methyl carbonate.   [42] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [41], including:   

     a step of preparing at least two of the electrochemical cells as first and second electrochemical cells, and 
     a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at a cathode of the first electrochemical cell to an anode of the second electrochemical cell.
     [43] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [42], including: a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at a cathode of the second electrochemical cell to an anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [44] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [43], including:   

     a step of preparing at least three of the electrochemical cell as first, second and third electrochemical cells; 
     a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at the cathode of the first electrochemical cell to the anode of the second electrochemical cell; and 
     a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at the cathode of the second electrochemical cell to the anode of the third electrochemical cell.
     [45] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [44], wherein   

     the cathode and the anode of the first electrochemical cell, as well as the cathode and the anode of the second electrochemical cell are disposed so as to be separated by an identical ion exchange membrane, 
     the cathode of the first electrochemical cell and the anode of the second electrochemical cell are located in one section separated by the ion exchange membrane, and the cathode of the second electrochemical cell and the anode of the first electrochemical cell are located in the other section separated by the ion exchange membrane, 
     the method of producing a carbonate compound including: 
     a step of reducing carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide at any of the cathodes of the first and second electrochemical cells; 
     a step of producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol compound at any of the anodes of the first and second electrochemical cells; and 
     a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at the cathode of the first electrochemical cell to the anode of the second electrochemical cell.
     [46] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [45], further including: a step of feeding carbon monoxide produced at the cathode of the second electrochemical cell to the anode of the first electrochemical cell.   [47] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to the above [34] to [46], wherein   

     the first and second electrochemical cells each include both of a cathode compartment and an anode compartment, the cathode is disposed in each cathode compartment, and the anode is disposed in each anode compartment, and 
     any of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is flown from any of the anode compartments into any of the cathode compartments.
     [48] The method of producing a carbonate compound according to any of the above [34] to [47], wherein   

     one cathode compartment or two or more cathode compartments in which or in each of which the cathode is disposed, and one anode compartment or two or more anode compartments in which or in each of which the anode is disposed are provided, and 
     at least one of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide is fed into any of the cathode compartments from any of the anode compartments. 
     As described above, in the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrochemical cell, an electrochemical system, and a method of producing a carbonate compound, in which a carbonate compound as valuables can be produced while reducing carbon dioxide, with combining a reaction occurring at a cathode with a reaction occurring at an anode to utilize electrical energy effectively. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The present invention will be described in further detailed manner by use of Examples; however, the present invention is not limited in any way by these Examples. 
     Example 1 
     40 mg of 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl and 5 mg of Co (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O were mixed together in ethanol, and fired at 550° C. to obtain a reduction catalyst (a first catalyst). This catalyst and 3 mg of PTFE were dispersed in 0.3 mL of isopropanol, and applied on a carbon paper. The resulting carbon paper was dried by heating at 80° C. for one hour to obtain a cathode. 
     Then, 30 mg PdCl 2  (manufactured by Aldrich), 10 mg of mesoporous carbon (manufactured by Aldrich), and 3 mg of PTFE were dispersed in 0.5 ml of isopropanol, applied on a carbon paper, and heated at 300° C. for one hour to obtain an anode. 
     The resulting cathode and anode were laminated onto an ion exchange membrane consisting of Nafion (trade name), and subjected to heat pressing at 10 MPa and 413 K to fabricate a membrane-electrode assembly. The membrane-electrode assembly was set at the center of the cell to obtain an electrochemical cell separated into a cathode compartment and an anode compartment by the ion exchange membrane. The electrochemical cell has a configuration shown in  FIG. 1  and corresponding to the first embodiment. 
     CO 2  (1 atm) was flown into the cathode compartment. The anode compartment was filled with methanol (reactant) containing 0.2 mol/L of LiBr (manufactured by Aldrich) as an electrolyte salt, and a mixed gas of carbon monoxide and argon (CO/Ar (volume ratio)=90/10) (1 atm) was flown thereinto. 
     A voltage of 2.5 V was applied between the cathode and the anode at 273 K, and the products in the cathode compartment and the anode compartment were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). 
     Examples 2 to 4 
     Examples 2 to 4 were accomplished in a manner analogous to as in Example 1, except that the reactant was changed in a manner shown in Table 1. 
     Example 5 
     Two electrochemical cells (first and second electrochemical cells) were fabricated according to a procedure analogous to as in Example 1. The cathode compartment of the first electrochemical cell, and the anode compartment of the second electrochemical cell were connected by a Teflon (registered trade name) tube to form a first feed path. Likewise, the cathode compartment of the second electrochemical cell, and the anode compartment of the first electrochemical cell were connected by a Teflon tube to form a second feed path, so that an electrochemical system was fabricated. The electrochemical system had a configuration shown in  FIG. 2  and corresponding to the second embodiment. 
     CO 2  (1 atm) was flown into each of the cathode compartments, and each of the anode compartments was filled with methanol (reactant) containing 0.2 mol/L of LiBr (manufactured by Aldrich) as an electrolyte salt. 
     In the first and second electrochemical cells, a voltage of 2.5 V was applied between the cathode and the anode at 273 K, the products produced at the cathode compartments of the cells were fed to the respective anode compartment via the feed path, and subjected to bubbling with the reactant in each of the anode compartments. The products in each of the cathode compartments and the anode compartments were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). 
     Examples 6 to 17 
     Examples 6 to 17 were accomplished in a manner analogous to Example 1, except that the reactant was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     The reactants in Example 15 to 17 were respectively a mixture of methanol and ethanol, a mixture of methanol and phenol, and a mixture of methanol and 1-butanol, the mass ratio in these being 1:1. 
     Example 18 
     The cathodes and the anodes were fabricated according to a procedure analogous to as in Example 1. Two sets of the cathodes and the anodes were prepared as the first and second cathodes and the first and second anodes. 
     The first cathode and the second anode were disposed in an array on one surface of an ion exchange membrane consisting of Nafion (trade name), and the second cathode and first anode were disposed in an array on the other surface. In this case, the first cathode and the first anode, and the second anode and the second cathode are disposed so as to be opposed to one another with the interposition of the ion exchange membrane. Then, the resulting was heated with pressing at 10 MPa and 413 K to obtain a membrane-electrode assembly in which two electrodes (the first cathode and the second anode, or the second cathode and the first anode) were present at the same plane and on both surfaces of the ion exchange membrane. The above assembly was placed at the center of the cell in such a manner that the two sections separated by the ion exchange membrane were further partitioned into two spaces by the partition wall. As a result, the two spaces in the one section became a first cathode compartment and a second anode compartment, and the two spaces in the other section became a second cathode compartment and a first anode compartment. The first cathode compartment and the second anode compartment were connected by a Teflon tube to form a first feed path, and the second cathode compartment and the first anode compartment were connected by a Teflon tube to form a second feed path, and thereby an electrochemical system was obtained. The electrochemical system had a configuration shown in  FIG. 4  and corresponding to the fourth embodiment. 
     Carbon dioxide (1 atm) was flown into the first and second cathode compartments, and the second and first anode compartments were filled with methanol (reactant) containing 0.2 mol/L of LiBr (manufactured by Aldrich) as an electrolyte salt. At 273 K, a voltage of 2.5 V was applied between the first cathode and the first anode, and between the second cathode and the second anode, and the product at each of the cathode compartments and the anode compartments was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). 
     Examples 19 and 20 
     Examples 19 and 20 were accomplished in a manner analogous to as in Example 18, except that the reactant was changed as shown in Table 1. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     The electrochemical cell was fabricated in a manner analogous to as in Example 1, the product was evaluated, except that water containing 0.2 mol/L of LiBr (manufactured by Aldrich) as an electrolyte salt was filled instead of methanol containing LiBr within the anode compartment in Example 1. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     The electrochemical system was fabricated, and the product was evaluated in a manner analogous to Example 5, except that water containing 0.2 mol/L of LiBr (manufactured by Aldrich) as an electrolyte salt was filled instead of methanol containing LiBr within each of the anode compartments in Example 5, and in addition, the feed path connecting the first electrochemical cell with the second electrochemical cell was not installed. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     The electrochemical system was fabricated in a manner analogous to Example 5, and the product was evaluated, except for the fact that the feed path connecting the first electrochemical cell with the second electrochemical cell in Example 5 was not installed. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Structure of Cell or 
                 Source material 
                 Product 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 System 
                 Cathode 
                 Anode 
                 Cathode 
                 Anode 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 First Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dimethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 First Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Ethanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 First Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Phenol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diphenyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 First Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1-Propanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dipropyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dimethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Ethanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Phenol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diphenyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1-Propanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dipropyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1-Butanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dibutyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Ethylene glycol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Ethylene carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1,2-Propanediol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Propylene carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1,2-Butanediol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 1,2-Butylene carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 1,3-Propanediol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 1,3-Dioxan-2-one 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Trichloromethanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Triphosgene 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol/Ethanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Ethyl methyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol/Phenol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Methyl phenyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 Second Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol/1-Butanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Butyl methyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 Fourth Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Dimethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 Fourth Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Ethanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diethyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 Fourth Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Phenol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Diphenyl carbonate 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 First Embodiment 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Water 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 — 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Water 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Oxygen 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 — 
                 Carbon dioxide 
                 Methanol 
                 Carbon monoxide 
                 Carbon dioxide 
               
               
                 Example 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the electrochemical cell or the electrochemical system of each of the Examples describe above, the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and the synthesis of the carbonate compound as an industrially beneficial substance could be performed at the same time with effectively using electrical energy.