Patent Publication Number: US-9851032-B2

Title: Conduit fitting with torque collar

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 12/709,084, filed on Feb. 19, 2010 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/154,144 filed on Feb. 20, 2009 for CONDUIT FITTING WITH TORQUE COLLAR, the entire disclosures of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTIONS 
     The present disclosure relates to fittings for metal conduits such as metal tube and pipe. More particularly, the disclosure relates to fittings that provide conduit grip and seal by tightening together mating threaded fitting components. One example of a fitting is a flareless fitting that uses one or more ferrules to establish conduit grip and seal. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Fittings are used in gas or liquid fluid systems to provide a fluid tight mechanical connection between a conduit and another fluid flow device, such as another conduit, a flow control device such as a valve or regulator, a port and so on. A particular type of fitting commonly used is known as a flareless fitting that uses one or more conduit gripping devices such as ferrules, for example, to provide the grip and seal functions. Such fittings are popular as they do not require much preparation of the conduit end, other than squaring off and de-burring. 
     Other fittings, however, will be of interest for use with the present inventions, including any fitting design that is assembled by tightening together two mating threaded fitting components. 
     Ferrule type fittings today are pulled up by turns, by tightening the fitting components together a specified number of turns and partial turns past a reference position. By controlling the number of turns, the stroke or axial advance of the fitting components together may be controlled to assure that the ferrules effectively grip and seal the conduit. Oftentimes, such fittings are loosened for various repair and maintenance activities in the fluid system, and then the loosened fitting is re-tightened, referred to commonly as “re-make” or “remaking” the fitting. Such remakes may be done with the same fitting components and ferrules, or sometimes one or more parts are replaced. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     In accordance with an embodiment of one or more of the inventions presented in this disclosure, a torque collar or ring is provided for a conduit fitting that allows the fitting to be pulled up by applying a predetermined torque. In one embodiment, the fitting may also be pulled up by turns. In still another embodiment, a torque collar or ring is provided that may be used to enable a fitting that is designed to be pulled up by turns to also be pulled up by torque. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of another one or more of the inventions presented in this disclosure, a torque ring or collar for a conduit fitting includes an enlarged flange that allows an assembler or other person to attempt to turn or rotate the torque collar to verify if the fitting has been completely pulled up. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of one or more of the inventions herein, a stroke limiting feature may be an integral structure formed or provided with external surfaces of one or both of the fitting components. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the inventions disclosed herein, pull-up by torque is provided not only for the first pull-up but also for remakes, including alternatively many re-makes, with reliable conduit grip and seal upon each remake. In a more specific embodiment, a nut with internal tapers is provided for centering the ferrules for remake to improve stroke recovery. 
     In another embodiment, a fitting includes a stroke limiting feature that facilitates pull-up by torque. The pull-up by torque process may further be used for each remake, and the stroke limiting feature facilitates pull-up by torque for many remakes. In a more particular embodiment, each remake may be made to the same predetermined torque as the initial or first pull-up of the fitting. In still a further embodiment, the stroke limiting feature may be realized, for example, using a torque collar. The torque collar may be a non-integral, separate piece of the fitting or may be integrally formed with the fitting components. The torque collar may make contact at the first pull-up, or may not make contact until after one or more remakes. 
     In another embodiment, pull-up by torque may be further facilitated by optionally using a fitting component having one or more internal tapered surfaces that assist in centering and positioning the one or more conduit gripping devices. The internal tapers benefit not only the initial pull-up by torque but also can significantly increase the number of effective remakes by torque. 
     These and other embodiments of various inventions disclosed herein will be understood by those skilled in the art in view of the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an embodiment of a conduit fitting illustrating one embodiment of one or more of the inventions herein, shown in longitudinal cross-section and in a finger tight position; 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 1  in circle A; 
         FIG. 3  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 1  in circle A but with the fitting in a complete pulled up position; 
         FIG. 3A  is a chart illustrating an example of torque versus turns; 
         FIG. 4  is another embodiment of a pull-up by torque fitting in a finger-tight position; 
         FIG. 5  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 4  in circle B; 
         FIG. 6  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 4  in circle B but with the fitting in a complete pulled up position; 
         FIG. 7  is another embodiment of a pull-up by torque fitting in a finger-tight position; 
         FIG. 8  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 7  in circle B; 
         FIG. 9  is another embodiment of a pull-up by torque fitting, assembled on a conduit end in a finger-tight position; 
         FIG. 10  is an enlarged illustration of the portion of  FIG. 9  in circle A; 
         FIG. 11  is another embodiment of a pull-up by torque female fitting, assembled on a conduit end in a finger-tight position with a non-integral torque collar; 
         FIG. 12  is another embodiment of a pull-up by torque female fitting, assembled on a conduit end in a finger-tight position, with an integral torque collar; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates another embodiment of a male fitting with a non-integral torque collar, also using internally tapered surfaces of the female nut; and 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an embodiment similar to  FIG. 13  but using an integral torque collar. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Although the exemplary embodiments herein are presented in the context of a stainless steel tube fitting, the inventions herein are not limited to such applications, and will find use with many different metal conduits such as tube and pipe as well as different materials other than 316 stainless steel, and may also be used for liquid or gas fluids. Although the inventions herein are illustrated with respect to a particular design of the conduit gripping devices and fitting components, the inventions are not limited to use with such designs, and will find application in many different fitting designs that use one or more conduit gripping devices. In some fittings, in addition to the conduit gripping devices there may be one or more additional parts, for example seals. The inventions may be used with tube or pipe, so we use the term “conduit” to include tube or pipe or both. We generally use the terms “fitting assembly” and “fitting” interchangeably as a shorthand reference to an assembly of typically first and second fitting components along with one or more conduit gripping devices. The concept of a “fitting assembly” thus may include assembly of the parts onto a conduit, either in a finger-tight, partial or complete pull-up position; but the term “fitting assembly” is also intended to include an assembly of parts together without a conduit, for example for shipping or handling, as well as the constituent parts themselves even if not assembled together. Fittings typically include two fitting components that are joined together, and one or more gripping devices, however, the inventions herein may be used with fittings that include additional pieces and parts. For example, a union fitting may include a body and two nuts. We also use the term “fitting remake” and derivative terms herein to refer to a fitting assembly that has been at least once tightened or completely pulled-up, loosened, and then re-tightened to another completely pulled-up position. Remakes may be done with the same fitting assembly parts (e.g. nut, body, ferrules), for example, or may involve the replacement of one of more of the parts of the fitting assembly. Reference herein to “outboard” and “inboard” are for convenience and simply refer to whether a direction is axially towards the center of a fitting (inboard) or away from the center (outboard). 
     When two threaded parts are tightened together, turns and torque are related factors and applicable to the tightening process. For purposes of this disclosure, however, in the context of pulling up or making up a fitting by tightening together two threaded fitting components (for example, a nut and a body), pull-up “by torque” means tightening the parts together using a prescribed or predetermined torque without requiring a count of the number of relative turns and partial turns. The prescribed or predetermined torque may be a distinct or precise torque value or the prescribed or predetermined torque may be a range of torque values. The predetermined torque may be any range of torque values, depending on the application. In one exemplary embodiment, the predetermined torque is any torque at or above a predetermined torque that ensures that the fitting is properly pulled up to grip and seal the conduit. In another embodiment, the predetermined torque may be a predetermined torque +/−some acceptable tolerance. For example, the prescribed or predetermined torque may be a torque value +/−0 to 15% of a torque value, such as +/−10% of the torque value or +/−15% of the torque value or any range within +/−15% of the torque value. A pull-up “by turns” means tightening the parts together using a prescribed number of relative turns and/or partial turns from a reference position without requiring a prescribed torque. Pull-up by torque and pull-up by turns are used in association with both initial pull-up and remakes as further explained below. 
     While various inventive aspects, concepts and features of the inventions may be described and illustrated herein as embodied in combination in the exemplary embodiments, these various aspects, concepts and features may be used in many alternative embodiments, either individually or in various combinations and sub-combinations thereof. Unless expressly excluded herein all such combinations and sub-combinations are intended to be within the scope of the present inventions. Still further, while various alternative embodiments as to the various aspects, concepts and features of the inventions—such as alternative materials, structures, configurations, methods, circuits, devices and components, software, hardware, control logic, alternatives as to form, fit and function, and so on—may be described herein, such descriptions are not intended to be a complete or exhaustive list of available alternative embodiments, whether presently known or later developed. Those skilled in the art may readily adopt one or more of the inventive aspects, concepts or features into additional embodiments and uses within the scope of the present inventions even if such embodiments are not expressly disclosed herein. Additionally, even though some features, concepts or aspects of the inventions may be described herein as being a preferred arrangement or method, such description is not intended to suggest that such feature is required or necessary unless expressly so stated. Still further, exemplary or representative values and ranges may be included to assist in understanding the present disclosure, however, such values and ranges are not to be construed in a limiting sense and are intended to be critical values or ranges only if so expressly stated. Moreover, while various aspects, features and concepts may be expressly identified herein as being inventive or forming part of an invention, such identification is not intended to be exclusive, but rather there may be inventive aspects, concepts and features that are fully described herein without being expressly identified as such or as part of a specific invention, the inventions instead being set forth in the appended claims. Descriptions of exemplary methods or processes are not limited to inclusion of all steps as being required in all cases, nor is the order that the steps are presented to be construed as required or necessary unless expressly so stated. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , a first embodiment of one or more of the inventions is presented. In this example, a conduit fitting  10  for tube or pipe includes a first fitting component  12  and a second fitting component  14 . These parts are commonly known in the art as a body and nut respectively, wherein the body  12  receives a conduit end C 1 , and the nut  14  may be joined to the body  12  during make up of the fitting. Although we use the common terms of body and nut herein as a convenience, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventions are not limited to applications wherein such terminology may be used to describe the parts. The body  12  may be a stand-alone component as illustrated or may be integral with or integrated or assembled into another component or assembly such as, for example, a valve, a tank or other flow device or fluid containment device. The body  12  may have many different configurations, for example, a union, a tee, an elbow and so on to name a few that are well known in the art. Fittings are also commonly referred to in the art as male fittings or female fittings, with the distinction being that for a male fitting the male body  12  includes an externally threaded portion and the female nut  14  includes an internally threaded portion. For a female fitting, the male nut  12  includes an externally threaded portion and the female body  14  includes an internally threaded portion. We provide embodiments herein of both male and female fittings. 
     A typical fitting also includes one or more conduit gripping devices  16 . In many fittings these conduit gripping devices  16  are called ferrules. In this disclosure we will use conduit gripping device and ferrule interchangeably, it being understood that a conduit gripping device may alternatively be realized in the form of a component other than what is commonly known or referred to as a ferrule, and may include additional parts such as seals, for example. In this disclosure, the various embodiments for the fittings include two conduit gripping devices, such as for example, a first or front ferrule  18  and a second or back ferrule  20 . The distinction between “front” and “back” is for convenience to indicate the direction of axial movement of the conduit gripping devices relative to the body along the central longitudinal axis X. All references herein to “radial” and “axial” are referenced to the X axis except as may otherwise be noted. Also, all references herein to angles are referenced to the X axis except as may otherwise be noted. 
     As noted, the body  12  is commonly understood as being the fitting component that receives an end C 1  of a conduit C. The nut  14  is commonly understood as the fitting component that threadably mates with the body, and includes at least one drive surface  22  that engages a back end or driven surface  24  of the second or back ferrule  20 . In  FIG. 1 , the fitting  10  includes a threaded connection  26  as with external threads  28  on the body  12  and internal threads  29  on the nut  14  ( FIG. 2 ). 
     It is important to note that the exemplary geometric shapes, configurations and designs of the fitting coupling components  12 ,  14 , and the conduit gripping devices  24 ,  30  are a matter of design choice and will depend in great measure on the materials used, and the design and performance criteria expected of the fitting. Many different coupling components and conduit gripping device designs are known in the art and may be designed in the future. The present disclosure and the inventions described herein and illustrated in the context of exemplary embodiments are directed to structure and method for providing pull-up by torque or optionally the ability to pull-up by torque or turns. 
     The term “complete pull-up” as used herein refers to joining the fitting components together so as to cause the one or more conduit gripping devices to deform, usually but not necessarily plastically deform, to create a fluid tight seal and grip of the fitting assembly  10  on the conduit  18 . A partial pull-up as used herein refers to a partial but sufficient tightening of the male and female fitting components together so as to cause the conduit gripping device or devices to deform so as to be radially compressed against and thus attached to the conduit, but not necessarily having created a fluid tight connection or the required conduit grip that is achieved after a complete pull-up. The term “partial pull-up” thus may also be understood to include what is often referred to in the art as pre-swaging wherein a swaging tool is used to deform the ferrules onto the conduit sufficiently so that the ferrules and the nut are retained on the conduit prior to being mated with the second fitting component to form a fitting assembly. A finger tight position or condition refers to the fitting components and conduit gripping devices being loosely assembled onto the conduit but without any significant tightening of the male and female fitting components together, usually typified by the conduit gripping device or devices not undergoing plastic deformation. We also refer to an initial or first pull-up or make-up to refer to the first time that a fitting is tightened to a complete pulled-up position, meaning that the ferrules and conduit had not been previously deformed. A subsequent pull-up or remake refers to any complete pull-up after a previous pull-up, whether that previous pull-up was the initial pull-up or a later pull-up or remake of the fitting. 
     The body  12  includes a frusto-conical surface  30  that acts as a camming surface for the front ferrule  18 . The back end of the front ferrule  18  includes a frusto-conical recess  32  that acts as a camming surface for the back ferrule  20 . In order to effect complete conduit grip and seal, the nut and body are tightened together—commonly known in the art as pull-up or making up or pulling up the fitting and derivative terms—such that the back ferrule  20  and front ferrule  18  axially advance against their respective camming surfaces  32  and  30 . This causes a radially inward compression of the ferrules against the outer surface of the conduit C to effect conduit grip and seal. In the exemplary fitting assembly of  FIGS. 1 and 2 , conduit grip is primarily achieved with the back ferrule, with the front ferrule primarily providing a fluid tight seal. However, in some designs the front ferrule may also grip the conduit and the back ferrule may also provide a fluid tight seal. Thus, the term “conduit gripping device” may include two distinct functions, namely conduit grip and seal, whether or not a specific conduit gripping device performs one or both of those functions. The present inventions may alternatively be used with single conduit gripping device style fittings in which a single conduit gripping device performs both the conduit grip and seal functions, and still further alternatively may be used with fittings that use more than two conduit gripping and sealing devices. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the fitting  10  in the finger-tight position. In this position, the ferrules  18 ,  20  have been installed either before or after the conduit C has been inserted into the body  12 , and the nut  14  has been mated with the nut to a point that resistance to turning the nut  14  relative to the body  12  is felt. Preferably, the conduit end C 1  bottoms on a counterbore shoulder  13  in the body  12 . In this finger-tight position, the nut drive surface  22  is in contact with the back end  24  of the back ferrule and as the nut is spun onto the body, the back ferrule  20  is pushed into contact with the front ferrule  18  and the front ferrule  18  contacts the body camming surface  30 . Typically, an assembler will manually tighten the nut  14  onto the body until feeling resistance to further tightening, indicating that the components are generally abutting and in the position illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     In order to complete the connection, the body and nut are rotated relative to each other, also known as making up or pulling up the fitting. The drive surface  22  pushes the back ferrule  20  forward which in turn pushes the front ferrule  18  forward in order to force a forward portion  18   a  of the front ferrule against the camming surface  30 . This causes the front ferrule to be radially compressed to form a fluid tight seal with the camming surface  30  and also with the conduit C. A forward portion  20   a  of the back ferrule is forced against the frusto-conical recess  32  of the front ferrule. This causes the back ferrule  20  to plastically deform and be radially compressed so that the back ferrule tightly engages the conduit. The front edge  20   b  (see  FIG. 3 ) of the back ferrule bites into the outer surface of the conduit C to form a shoulder S. This shoulder cooperates with the back ferrule  20  to provide excellent conduit grip even under pressure that would otherwise tend to force the conduit out of the body  12 . The back ferrule may also make a fluid tight seal with the conduit although its primary function is conduit grip. The connection is completed when the nut  14  has been sufficiently advanced axially relative to the body  12  so that the fitting  10  and conduit end have a fluid tight seal and strong conduit grip against pressure. This position is illustrated in  FIG. 3  and is commonly known as the fully made up or pulled up position. 
     The body is usually provided with wrench flats  34  and the nut is commonly provided with wrench flats  36  ( FIG. 1 ) to aid the assembler in pulling up the fitting  10 . Although either fitting component may be rotated, usually an assembler uses a wrench to hold the body  12  stationary while using another wrench to turn the nut  14 . Or alternatively, sometimes the body  12  is held in a fixture, and in some designs the body is already installed or integrated with another structure, especially for female fittings. 
     Male fitting bodies, such as the exemplary body  12 , typically have a cylindrical neck portion  38  that is located between the inner end of the body threads  28  and a facing shoulder  34   a  of the hex flats  34 . For female fittings such as exemplified in  FIGS. 11 and 12  herein, the male nut may be provided with a neck portion between the threads and facing shoulder, as will be described hereinafter. 
     Thus far, the basic structure described herein of a nut, a body and one or more conduit gripping devices to achieve conduit seal and grip, is very well known and is common to many fitting designs, including single ferrule and two ferrule fittings. The particular fittings and operation illustrated herein are embodied in tube fittings sold by Swagelok Company, Solon, Ohio and is described in numerous patents, published patent applications and other publicly available literature, see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,882,050 and 6,629,708. The inventions in the present disclosure are suitable for use, however, with many different fitting designs known today or later developed. 
     The finger-tight position is important to understand because prior fittings, especially tube fittings, have been designed to be pulled up or made up to the final completed position ( FIG. 3  for example) by counting a specified number of turns (where “turns” may include and typically does include partial turns) of the nut relative to the body past the finger-tight position. For example, tube fittings such as are illustrated herein are pulled up to a specified condition of one and a quarter turns past the finger-tight position. Tube fittings for other manufacturers may be pulled up to a different number of turns and partial turns. The turns in actual practice correspond to a predetermined or desired relative axial movement of the nut (and a resulting axial movement of the ferrules or conduit gripping devices) and the body, also known as fitting stroke or stroke. For any given fitting design there will be a corresponding minimum stroke needed to assure that the fitting is properly pulled-up past the finger-tight position. With all the fitting parts in intimate contact in the finger-tight position, there will be a minimum amount of relative axial movement of the nut and the body that will allow the front ferrule to seal and the back ferrule to plastically deform properly to effect the desired conduit grip, or alternatively for a single ferrule to achieve grip and seal. This minimum relative axial movement or stroke corresponds to a specified number of turns based on the thread pitch and the specific design features of the various parts, especially the material properties and geometry of the ferrules, as well as the material properties of the conduit. Because turns past finger-tight position readily translate to relative axial movement or stroke, conduit fittings have historically been pulled up by turns. 
     A proper or effective initial or first pull-up is one by which effective conduit grip and seal are achieved so that the fitting may perform to its specifications as set forth by the fitting manufacturer. Such performance specifications or ratings may include, for example, maximum fluid pressure to assure a fluid-tight leak free connection. We use the terms “effective remake” and “reliable remake” interchangeably herein. 
     Each component or part of a fitting, including the conduit, will have its own set of tolerances and material characteristics. For example, commercial conduits of a given size will have an outside diameter within an acceptable tolerance or range. The conduit will also have a wall thickness and hardness within specified tolerances. Similarly, machined or formed parts such as the nut, body and ferrules will each have various dimensions and material properties within specified ranges. As a result, across a large population of parts for any given fitting size or design, tolerance stack-up will necessarily occur and will occur randomly but possibly statistically predictable. By tolerance stack-up we mean that any random assembly of fitting parts will have some parts at a maximum tolerance, some at a minimum tolerance, and many if not most near the nominal values. But to assure a proper initial pull-up, the specified number of turns will take into account the possibility that a fitting assembly may randomly contain parts having a tolerance stack-up that is close to or at the tolerance limits, either high or low. Therefore, the specified number of turns past finger-tight position will be chosen to assure adequate stroke to effect conduit grip and seal so that each fitting will perform to its pressure and seal ratings after the initial pull-up. 
     Another aspect of conduit fittings is the idea of remakes. The fittings illustrated herein and available from Swagelok are capable of numerous effective remakes without any loss in performance. Fittings are used by the hundreds of millions and are commonly found throughout facilities and equipment in gas and liquid containment lines and systems. It is quite common that one or more fittings have to be disassembled after being installed into a particular location. The reasons for having to disassemble a fitting are as varied as the uses for fittings, but typical examples include the need to replace or repair or service a section of conduit, or a mechanically connected part such as a valve, regulator, filter and so on in the fluid line. After a fitting has been disassembled, it is usually easiest and most cost-effective to re-use the same fitting and fitting components, especially the same ferrules, nut and body. Thus, an effective remake or an effectively remade fitting as used herein is one that is effectively re-tightened to establish a mechanically attached connection with a conduit using the same or in some cases one or more replaced fitting parts, without adverse affects on fitting performance as to fluid tight seal and grip. In other words, an effective remake as used herein means a remake in which the fitting performance is not compromised or altered from its original performance criteria, specification or rating (for example, will achieve the same pressure rating upon remake within the allowed number of remakes as may be specified by the manufacturer). When we use the term remake in the context of the various embodiments and inventions herein, we are referring to effective remakes. 
     In order to properly remake a fitting, it usually will be necessary for there to be additional axial displacement of the nut relative to the body beyond the axial position of the just prior make up, whether that just prior make up was the initial make up of the fitting (initial make up meaning the first time a fitting was tightened to a fully made up position) or a prior remake. The additional axial displacement for each remake is needed to re-establish proper seal and grip. This is often accomplished by retightening the fitting to its original pull-up position and then the assembler will snug up the fitting by turning the nut a bit more to reestablish conduit grip and seal. Fittings in general can accommodate a finite number of effective remakes because each remake requires further axial advance of the nut relative to and towards the body. Not all fitting designs are suitable for effective remakes. For example, fittings in which the ferrules are crushed together into full contact without any gaps are not very useful for effective remakes and the seal is not reliable for such remakes. Also, fittings that are initially pulled-up to a positive stop cannot be reliably remade using the same positive stop because the positive stop prevents reliable additional axial movement. 
     Fittings that are designed to be pulled up by turns have found widespread acceptance and use throughout the world in a wide variety of applications. However, some industries are reluctant to utilize fittings that require pull-up by turns because those industries are more accustomed to assembly of parts by torque. For example, in the automotive industry, parts are commonly assembled to a specified minimum torque, allowing the use of simple torque wrenches and other tools so that an assembler immediately knows that the parts were tightened properly. 
     Fittings that have been designed to be pulled up by turns typically are not recommended to be pulled up by torque. This is because variations or tolerance stack-up in material properties (for example, conduit outside diameter, wall thickness, hardness properties and so forth, as well as inherent variations, again even within specification, of various dimensions of the nut, body and ferrules) can produce a lack of predictable correspondence between torque and stroke. In other words, as a fitting is pulled up, torque will naturally and gradually increase, but it will be difficult except for the most skilled and experienced assemblers working with the highest quality fittings such as are illustrated herein, to “sense” that enough torque is being applied to correspond with the proper number of turns. Although a torque wrench might be used to try to pull-up a fitting that is specified to be pulled up by turns, in order to assure adequate stroke the torque would likely need to be higher than necessary, thereby potentially at the cost of limiting the number of subsequent remakes. With the fitting industry basically conformed to pull-up by turns, instructing pull-up by torque on such known fittings would not be feasible. 
     Positive stops may be used to pull-up a fitting to mimic a pull-up by torque because when the positive stop is engaged, the torque needed to continue tightening the fitting components will drastically increase. By positive stop is meant a surface engagement by which further axially advance is for all practical purposes prevented, short of severely over-tightening the fitting parts. Use of a positive stop is not a true pull-up by torque, but rather the positive stop is simply restricting the ability to further axially advance the nut relative to the body. Therefore, remakes with positive stops are not reliable due to the inability to provide further axial advancement of the ferrules to achieve grip and seal. And, furthermore, use of positive stops do not allow for effective subsequent pull-up or remake by torque. 
     The following embodiments of the inventions disclosed herein relate to providing a fitting for conduits that may be pulled up by torque or optionally by turns. There are a number of different aspects to this concept. The exemplary embodiments herein disclose apparatus and methods for a fitting that may be pulled up by turns, by torque or both. Advantageously, although not required, the fittings may be initially pulled up by torque or turns and undergo numerous remakes by torque or by turns. Still further, these remakes may each be accomplished with the same torque value or range of predetermined torque values as the initial make up or prior remakes. As still another important aspect, apparatus and methods are provided by which a fitting that is designed to be pulled up by turns may be adapted as taught herein to alternatively be pulled up by torque. 
     Our concept of a fitting that can be pulled-up by torque, or alternatively that can be pulled-up by torque or turns, may be realized by incorporating a stroke limiting feature. The stroke limiting feature not only allows pull-up by torque, but also facilitates remake by torque, and quite surprising, many remakes by torque. 
     At first consideration, the view to those of ordinary skill might be that any fitting can be pulled-up by torque, and this is somewhat accurate as to the initial pull-up past the finger-tight position. The challenges to successfully achieve this result, however, would lead away from using pull-up by torque. In order to overcome the inherent tolerance stack-up and various torque inducing factors such as friction, one would have to select a torque value that would be high enough to assure the proper stroke to effect conduit grip and seal, especially for a fitting at the high tolerance end. For example, for a fitting in which the conduit hardness, wall thickness and/or outer diameter are near the maximum allowed tolerance stack-up, significantly more torque will be needed to assure the proper stroke is reached, than for a conduit at nominal or the low end of the tolerance stack-up. 
     But, this high torque value for initial pull-up, akin to a worst case scenario type of analysis, would result in over-tightening and using too much stroke for fittings where the conduit properties are randomly nominal or at the low tolerance stack-up. This wasted stroke will adversely and even severely impact the number of available remakes, because any fitting will have a finite number of possible remakes based on the amount of available additional stroke. And even though a positive stop may be used to limit stroke on the initial pull-up, the positive stop also prevents additional stroke during remake, so that remakes with positive stops do not reliably re-seal the conduit. Our pull-up by torque concept also facilitates remake by torque, and optionally remake to the same torque as used for the initial make-up or prior remakes. This cannot be done with a positive stop used for an initial pull-up by torque. Moreover, suppose for remakes the positive stop (such as a stop collar for example) is removed. The subsequent remakes now would have no limit on stroke, and again the high torque used for initial pull-up would consume stroke on remake, thereby again limiting the number of reliable remakes. 
     Therefore, unlike what might be achievable in the prior art with unreliable remakes, our pull-up by torque concepts facilitate initial make-up by torque, and also allow the end user the option to not only remake reliably once or twice, but many times if so desired. 
     Using our teachings herein, a fitting designer may select a predetermined torque that will achieve a leak-tight initial pull-up within whatever confidence level the manufacturer desires. Some manufacturers may want the predetermined torque to give a leak-free initial pull-up every time, others may want ninety-seven percent reliability, others maybe even less, to give some examples. Even if the predetermined torque does not produce 100% leak-free initial pull-up, the assembler can still further snug up the fitting a bit more if needed, while still allowing for a large number of remakes by torque. 
     Our pull-up by torque concept, with the option of multiple reliable remakes, also arises from our understanding and teaching herein that the stroke consumed for the initial pull-up is typically going to be the highest pull-up stroke. In other words, substantial stroke is typically needed to assure proper deformation of the ferrules and conduit to achieve proper grip and seal at the initial pull-up. But we have learned that for successive remakes, each remake generally requires less additional stroke than the initial pull-up. For example, remakes may only utilize additional relative stroke in the range of about 0.1 thousandths to about 10 thousandths of an inch. Even more noteworthy is that each successive remake generally takes up less stroke than the prior remakes, even to the point that at a high number of remakes, for example, twenty or more and even more than fifty remakes, the amount of additional stroke needed for successful remake becomes so small as to be nearly immeasurable. But, an important point is that no matter how small the additional stroke might be, some additional stroke is needed to assure a proper effective seal on remake. So over the course of a number of remakes, the additional relative axial stroke required for an effective remake gets less and less, in the nature of an asymptotic curve to nearly but not quite zero inches. While each fitting design is unique in terms of how much stroke may be needed for successful remakes, there generally will be an identifiable transition between the higher amount of stroke needed for the initial pull-up and for a low number of early remakes (perhaps the first two or three remakes, for example), and the lower and somewhat narrowly changing amount of stroke needed for the later remakes. This transition presents an optional opportunity to optimize the stroke limiting feature to initially engage after the larger stroke pull-ups (e.g. the initial pull-up and a few of the early remakes) have been performed, so that the stroke limiting feature may thereafter be used to tightly control the additional relative axial stroke for the later remakes. 
     The realization that successive remakes require less and less stroke for effective re-seal can be understood from an appreciation that each remake plastically deforms the ferrules a bit more and the conduit also, so that the ferrules can remain or return to their just prior position more predictably with little or no wasted stroke. Thus, less and less stroke and torque are consumed to first get the ferrule back in position before re-torquing to remake the fitting properly. 
     Therefore, with our teachings, the predetermined torque may be selected to produce a reliable initial pull-up for any tolerance stack-up as desired. We then provide a stroke limiting feature that is first engaged either at the initial pull-up or after one or more remakes, so as to limit the stroke used during remakes. We have found quite surprisingly that this facilitates many remakes even to the same predetermined torque value if so desired, even as many as fifty or more reliable remakes. The initial pull-up by torque may be selected so as to use the stroke needed to effect proper grip and seal, and optionally up to an optimized stroke beyond which successful reliable remakes can be achieved with small incremental axial advance, as controlled then by the stroke limiting feature. 
     To further emphasize, the stroke limiting feature may but need not, engage during the initial pull-up by torque. Optionally, the stroke limiting feature may not engage until the first or a subsequent remake. The stroke limiting feature optionally may be designed so that stroke is consumed up to an approximate point where each successive remake only requires small incremental additional axial stroke, at which point the stroke limiting feature may engage to control such incremental additional stroke for remakes. The stroke limiting feature thus in effect isolates what would possibly otherwise be an unnecessarily high torque that wastes stroke that could otherwise have been used for remakes. 
     For example, for a given one and a quarter turns fitting design population, assume 15 N-m (Newton meters) is a predetermined torque for initial pull-up a fitting having a high tolerance stack-up. That same 15 N-m torque will also pull-up a fitting at the low end of the tolerance stack-up, but would result in more than one and a quarter turns, maybe even two full turns or more. The torque limiting feature may be axially positioned so as to engage before such excessive stroke is consumed, and thus may but need not engage during the initial pull-up. For fittings near nominal or on the higher side of the tolerance stack-up, however, the torque limiting feature might not engage until the first, second or possibly even later remake. The torque limiting feature has thus permitted pull-up by torque to a predetermined torque for a fitting design population, while at the same time preventing over-tightening for low end tolerance stack-up assemblies, thereby facilitating many reliable remakes. The stroke limiting feature also provides a stroke controlled pull-up for each remake by torque, which also contributes to allowing many reliable remakes by torque. 
     Not all fittings from manufacturers will have similar torque to stroke characteristics. Some manufacturers may have looser tolerances on dimensions and material properties, while others may have very tight controls. Some fittings may be designed with torque reducing features such as the use of lubricants, or some fittings may be designed with softer materials for lower pressure applications. But regardless of the multitude of choices made for a fitting design, a predetermined torque may be selected to assure the proper stroke to achieve conduit grip and seal. This predetermined torque may optionally be set high enough that the stroke limiting feature will engage on every pull-up including the initial pull-up and remakes. Once engaged, whether first at the initial pull-up or a later remake, the stroke limiting feature will allow control of the additional axial movement or stroke for each remake, thus maximizing the available number of remakes for a particular fitting design. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1-3 , in one embodiment, a stroke limiting member  40 , which may be realized in the form of a torque collar  40 , may be included with the fitting  10  to facilitate pull-up by torque. The torque collar  40  may be realized for example, in the form of a non-integral annular ring-like body  42 . The body  42  may optionally include internal threads  44  (represented by a dashed line) that allow the torque collar  40  to be installed onto the body  12 , such as for example, onto the neck  38 , by spinning the torque collar  40  over the body threads  28 . The body  42  need not be threaded, however, in all applications. Some advantages of the threaded version are that the threads  44  help center and align the torque collar  40  on the neck  38  and also provides strength and support for the torque collar  40  when the torque collar is axially compressed in use. 
     We note at this point that the torque collar  40  in this embodiment may be designed for use with a fitting that was designed to be pulled up by turns. The torque collar  40  may also be used in a new fitting that is specifically designed for pull-up by torque. An advantage of the torque collar  40  in combination with a pull-up by turns fitting is that the fitting, for example the fitting  10  herein, may be pulled up by turns or alternatively by torque or even both. The torque collar  40  allows for the use of a pull-up by turns fitting so that an end user need not inventory or purchase special fitting parts other than the torque collar itself. For example, even if the initial pull-up is by turns, one or more remakes may be pulled up by torque. And even though an initial pull-up may be by torque, one or more remakes may be pulled up by turns. Moreover, some remakes may be by turns, others by torque. 
     The stroke limiting member or torque collar  40  concept works in part because of two interrelated effects. First, during a pull-up (whether it be the initial pull-up or a subsequent remake) and after a predetermined amount of axial displacement or stroke of the nut relative to the body, the torque collar  40  will come into contact with the nut  14 , and for each remake thereafter establish a controlled axial displacement or stroke of the nut  14  relative to the body  12 . This controlled axial stroke may be designed to correspond to the relative axial stroke between the nut and body to assure, preferably without unnecessary over-tightening, that conduit grip and seal have been effected. 
     Thus, preferably the torque collar  40  will not contact the nut  14  until the predetermined stroke has occurred to assure that for the initial pull-up, conduit grip and seal has been achieved. The actual predetermined stroke value and the corresponding predetermined torque needed to cause the predetermined stroke to occur will be a function of many different design criteria of the fitting and the reliability that is expected. The torque collar  40  may be designed to engage the nut  14  during the initial pull-up to prevent over-tightening and loss of stroke, or may engage the nut only after one or more remakes. The predetermined torque may be selected to assure proper initial pull-up whether the torque collar  40  contacts the nut  14  or not. But after the torque collar  40  engages the nut, then the torque collar  40  will resist but not prevent further stroke so as to control the stroke during each remake by torque, or even for each remake by turns. 
     We note at this point that fittings pulled-up by turns are typically remade by retightening the fitting so as to return the ferrules to their just prior position (also referred to as stroke recovery) and then giving another partial turn, for example maybe a ⅛ turn, to remake the fitting. The torque collar  40  may be used, if so desired, for remake by torque or turns because the torque collar presents a controlled axial displacement for each remake. 
     Second, the torque collar  40  will produce a significant and perceptible increase in torque, after the nut  14  has advanced sufficiently to assure that the fitting  10  has been completely pulled up. Thus, the fitting may be pulled up to the predetermined torque because this predetermined torque will correspond to the predetermined stroke needed for proper conduit grip and seal, and optionally without over-tightening. The predetermined torque may be effected with a torque wrench or may be sensed as a distinct and optionally sharp rise in torque needed to further turn the nut  14  relative to the body  12 . Stated another way, the assembler may feel or sense a significant increase in resistance of the nut to turning relative to the body  12 . There will be a distinct limiting of the stroke of the nut, and the sensed increase in torque that would be needed to try to further advance the nut will be apparent. This distinct rise in torque will be preferably noticeably greater than the predetermined torque that is used to tighten a fitting to its final completed pulled up position, but in any event will be accompanied by a limiting of the nut stroke as torque is applied. The stroke limiting feature preferably will be designed so that the distinct rise in torque will occur coincident with or after the predetermined relative axial stroke has been reached to assure proper pull-up. Therefore, pull-up by torque, for example, using a torque wrench may be used, or pull-up by torque based on the sensory feedback to the assembler of the significant and distinct increase in torque, may be used. 
     To further elaborate, an installer or fitting assembler for a fitting that is designed to be pulled up by turns will sense increasing torque during pull-up of a fitting because the ferrules are being deformed and radially compressed against the conduit as the nut is turned relative to the body. With the use of the torque collar, the predetermined torque may be applied and then a sharp or noticeable increase in torque will be sensed but without substantial further stroke of the nut beyond the predetermined stroke that is set by the design of the collar. This is because the torque collar will act to significantly increase resistance to additional axial stroke of the nut relative to the body after proper pull-up is reached. It is this interplay between torque and relative stroke of the nut and the body that enables the torque collar  40  to be designed appropriately so that a torque value or range of torque values may be specified to pull-up the fitting and/or remake a fitting with confidence that the proper stroke has occurred to effect conduit grip and seal. By resisting additional relative axial stroke beyond the predetermined axial stroke position, the predetermined axial stroke can closely correspond to the stroke needed to assure that conduit grip and seal is effected, without over-tightening, optionally for both the initial pull-up as well as each remake by torque. 
     Although it is optional to use the same predetermined torque for remakes as used for the initial pull-up, it can be expected that this will be a great convenience for the end user as only a single torque wrench or torque specification needs to be used. The torque collar  40 , or other stroke limiting member, facilitates this benefit by providing a controlled additional axial displacement with each remake at the prescribed applied torque. The additional axial displacement with each remake will depend on many factors, including but not limited to the angles of the engaging surfaces ( 48 ,  50 ), friction values, hardness, yield strength, creep and so on, as well as how many remakes have already been made. 
     The torque collar  40  further provides for remakes by torque by allowing further tightening of the nut and body to achieve additional axial advance so as to reliably assure grip and seal upon remake. This is realized for not just one or two remakes but for many remakes. We have observed the ability to reliably remake with torque fifty times or more. Such an ability to remake by torque simply cannot be achieved with positive stop designs known heretofore. Still further we have observed that the remakes may optionally be made to the same torque value as the prior pull-up, and that this same torque value may optionally be used for pre-swaging. 
     This high number of remakes is particularly surprising with high alloy materials such as stainless steel fittings. Such fittings undergo substantial torque and compressive forces for proper pull-up onto hard conduits. While some efforts in the past have been made to provide positive stop collars that allow remakes by using softer materials that can take an additional “set” during remakes, such stop collars are unsuited for large numbers of remakes, for example, five or more, or with high alloy fittings in which the compressive forces against the positive stop collar cause the positive stop collar to yield. The torque collar  40  may thus be designed to withstand high loads so as to provide the desired resistance to additional stroke, while permitting additional stroke for one or many remakes. 
     With reference to  FIG. 3A  we illustrate these concepts further with an exemplary chart of torque versus turns of the nut relative to the body (stroke). Actual values for the stroke and torque are not important but rather the concept of the relationship between torque and stroke. Note that for up to a desired or predetermined stroke, the torque gradually increases as represented by slope A. Then the torque rate of increase changes distinctly after the nut has engaged the torque ring, such as represented by slope B. In the transition region AB, the torque collar  40  can be designed to produce a significant resistance (sensed as torque or corresponding to a specified torque such as could be used to enable a torque wrench to be used for pull-up) to additional stroke with a tight correspondence to torque. It is important to recognize that the graph in  FIG. 3A  is only exemplary and intended to illustrate some of the concepts herein. For example, where the transition region AB occurs relative to the number of turns can be shifted left and right. Also, the amount of torque change and the resistance to further stroke can also be set by the design of the torque collar. 
     The torque collar  40  preferably is designed so that the predetermined torque for proper pull-up corresponds with a predetermined minimum stroke that allows for tolerance stack up over many fittings. As noted above, all fittings have parts made to specific tolerances, and within a large population of fittings, different fittings will have parts with different dimensions within the allowed tolerances. The torque collar  40  is designed so that given the worst case scenario of tolerance stack-up for a fitting, adequate stroke will be achieved at the predetermined torque or for every torque value in a predetermined range of torques to assure conduit grip and seal. That is, when the pre-determined torque is a range of acceptable torques, the lowest torque of the range assures conduit grip and seal. In other words, the predetermined pull-up torque will correspond with an acceptable range of stroke that assures that the fitting has been properly pulled-up, while allowing for reliable and effective remakes. This is why the torque collar is used to provide a tight correspondence between torque and stroke, not only to prevent over-tightening but also under-tightening of the fitting while still allowing for additional axial displacement (further tightening of the nut and body together) during subsequent remakes. This additional axial movement for remakes may be very small, on the order of 0.1 to ten thousandths of an inch for example, but is sufficient to assure a reliable remake, and is a significant contrast to positive stops that do not reliably allow for such additional axial movement, particularly at the same torque value. 
     Because the neck  38  has a smaller outer diameter than the inside diameter of the torque collar threads  44 , in many cases the torque collar  40  can freely spin on the neck  38  when the fitting  10  is in the finger-tight position. 
     In the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3 , the torque collar  40  may have a planar back face  46  that contacts the nut shoulder  34   a . This contact may or may not be present when the fitting  10  in is the finger-tight position. However, because the torque collar  40  controls axial advance or stroke of the nut  14  relative to the body  12 , the torque collar  40  preferably will be axially fixed as the fitting  10  is pulled up after the torque collar  40  has engaged the nut  14 . In this embodiment, the torque collar  40  may be axially fixed by having the length L such that the back face  46  contacts the body shoulder  34   a  when the nut  14  comes into contact with the torque collar  40 . The back face  46  may have a reduced surface area so as to provide resistance to the torque collar rotating during pull-up. The back face  46  may also be knurled or otherwise formed to resist rotation of the torque collar  40  during pull-up. 
     Preferably but not necessarily the torque collar  40  is symmetrical about its major axis Y ( FIG. 1 ). This feature allows for simplified assembly in that the torque collar  40  may be installed in either direction onto the neck  38  with the same performance. 
     The torque collar  40  also includes a wedge surface  48  that contacts a nut taper surface  50  at the open end  52  of the nut  14 . The wedge surface  48  may be, for example, a frusto-conical surface although other shapes and profiles may be used as needed. The nut taper surface  50  may also be frusto-conical or any other shape as needed, including but not limited to a sharp or round/radius corner. As viewed in cross-section, the wedge surface  48  may be formed at an angle α relative to the central axis X ( FIG. 1 ) of the torque collar  40 . As viewed in cross-section, the nut taper surface  50  may be formed at an angle β relative to the central longitudinal axis of the nut, which in the case of most fittings is also the axis X. Any surface of the nut  14  may be used as needed to contact the torque collar wedge surface at the predetermined axial displacement for pull-up. Alternatively, a surface associated with movement of the nut, even an additional part, may be used to contact the wedge surface  48 . 
     As evident from  FIGS. 1 and 3 , when the fitting  10  is in the finger-tight position, the nut taper surface  50  is axially spaced from the wedge surface  48 , and after a completed pull-up, the nut taper surface  50  is axially pressed against the wedge surface  48 . We refer to the torque collar surface  48  as a wedge surface because that surface acts to significantly resist axial advance of the nut after the nut taper surface  50  first makes contact with the wedge surface  48 , yet will allow additional axial stroke during subsequent remakes. This contact produces a distinct and optionally sharp increase in torque that can be either sensed by the assembler or that will allow a torque wrench to be used to make up the fitting  10 . The angles α and β may be but need not be the same. We have found that an angle α of about 45 degrees works particularly well, but many different angle values may be used. As the angle α approaches ninety degrees, the torque collar  40  basically acts as a positive stop. While this is acceptable for an initial pull-up, it does not allow for remakes, especially a number of remakes of about ten or more. As the angle α approaches zero, the torque collar  40  will present less and less resistance to axial advancement of the nut  14  relative to the body and therefore might not present a distinct enough limit on the stroke of the nut with increasing torque. However, depending on the material of the torque collar  40  and the surface  48  hardness and friction (similarly for the nut taper surface  50 ), shallow angles as low as ten degrees may work fine in many applications. The upper bound on the angle α will also depend on the desired number of remakes and the amount of torque increase that is desired, but angle values for a may be as high as seventy-five degrees or more depending on the overall required performance. 
     The leading edge  54  of the nut taper surface  50  will initially contact the wedge surface  48  as the fitting  10  is pulled up. Further advance of the nut  14  relative to the body  12  will cause the forward portion  56  of the torque collar  40  to enter the frusto-conical recess defined by the nut taper surface  50  with tighter and tighter engagement between the wedge surface  48  and the nut taper surface  50 . This will result in a distinct and significant increase in torque compared to the torque increase that would otherwise be noted for the same nut stroke if the torque collar  40  were not present. The torque collar  40  and the nut  14  cooperate during pull-up to produce a distinctly and perceptible increase in torque that is higher than the predetermined torque value that corresponds with the predetermined relative axial stroke for proper make up of the fitting  10  and is accompanied by a significant resistance to additional relative axial stroke of the nut and body. In other words, the torque collar  40  and the nut  14  are designed to produce a distinct torque increase due to the increasing load between the nut  14  and the torque collar  40  when combined with the interaction of the conduit gripping devices and the conduit. As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , this cooperation between the torque collar  40  and the nut  14  may result in significant surface to surface contact and load between the wedge surface  48  and the nut taper surface  50 , but this drawing is only intended to be exemplary. The actual amount of contact for initial pull-up as well as one or more remakes will be determined by overall design criteria for the fitting  10 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , upon complete pull-up, the front ferrule  18  has been radially compressed by the body camming surface  30  to form a fluid-tight seal against the camming surface  30  and against the conduit C. A forward portion of the back ferrule  20  has also been radially compressed so that the back ferrule preferably bites into the conduit C to form the shoulder S. However, the inventions herein may be used with fitting designs in which the back ferrule does not necessarily bite into the conduit. 
     As noted hereinabove, as the fitting  10  is being pulled up to the completed pull-up position represented in  FIG. 3 , the torque collar  40  functions to tightly control the relationship between the relative nut and body stroke and the increase in torque. A predetermined torque should correspond to the predetermined stroke of the nut  14  relative to the body  12  to effect proper pull-up and to assure proper conduit grip and seal. Accordingly, the axial position of the torque collar  40  preferably is carefully controlled, and in the exemplary embodiments herein is achieved by contact between the torque collar  40  and the body shoulder  34   a . This assures precise axial position of the wedge surface  48  for contact with the nut  14 . Performance will be further assured by careful manufacturing process control of the thread pitch (for the nut and body), as well as the axial length L of the torque collar  40 , the angles α and β, and the axial distance between the leading edge  54  that initially contacts the wedge surface  48  and the drive surface  22  that contacts that back ferrule  20 . Although in the embodiments herein the initial contact or leading edge  54  happens to also be the forward outer end of the nut  14 , this need not be the case in all designs. 
     Another aspect of the stroke limiting feature is to allow remakes of the fitting  10 . This may be accomplished by designing the torque collar  40  to allow further axial advance of the nut  14  relative to the body  12  for fitting remake, relative to the axial position of the nut  14  relative to the body  12  for the just prior pull-up. For example, assume that  FIG. 3  represents the initial or first complete pull-up of the fitting  10 . The nut  14  has axially advanced from a position P 1  when the fitting  10  was in the finger-tight position ( FIG. 1 ) to a position P 2  for the fitting  10  in the complete pulled up position. The distance D 1  (from P 1  to P 2 ) corresponds then to the predetermined axial advance of the nut  14  relative to the body  12  for a complete pull-up. Next assume the fitting  10 , having been initially pulled up, is then disassembled. For remake of the fitting  10 , the parts are reassembled and the nut  14  typically can be turned to position the nut  14  at P 2  because the conduit and ferrules have already been plastically deformed somewhat. This will also mean that the torque collar  40  is in contact with the nut  14 , but there likely will be a rather low load between the two. The nut  14  can then be further axially advanced using the predetermined torque for initial pull-up if so desired, until the torque again distinctly increases. For example, the nut  14  may advance to position P 3  in order to effect adequate seal and grip (i.e. remake). In  FIG. 3  the distance from P 2  to P 3  is exaggerated for clarity. In practice, each remake typically uses a smaller further axial advance of the nut  14  relative to the body  12 . For example, for a quarter inch tube fitting (meaning for example that the nominal conduit outside diameter is about a quarter inch), each remake may require further advance of about 0.1 to about ten thousandths of an inch to properly remake the fitting  10 . 
     In this embodiment then, the wedge surface  48  thus allows for remakes by allowing for further axial advance of the nut  14  relative to the body  12 . However, other surface profiles may be used to provide the desired torque increase relative to stroke of the nut while also allowing for one or more remakes. We have found that the angle α of about forty-five degrees can result in twenty-five or more remakes. The torque increase is also a function of the shape of the nut taper surface  50 . The designer may choose those shapes and angles that best achieve the desired performance for pull-up by torque and remakes. 
     Many factors may be used to control the amount of additional axial stroke for each remake. In addition to the angles and profiles of the wedge surface  48  and the nut taper surface  50 , additional axial displacement actually occurs due to either radially outward flaring or expansion of the nut  14 , radially inward compression of the torque collar  40 , plastic deformation such as creep at the engaging surfaces  48 ,  50 , or any combination thereof. These deformations may be controlled, for example, through the hardness of the components, surface finish and so on. The designer therefore has available a number of different factors including others not listed here, to effect controlled axial displacement with each remake, without adversely affecting the performance of the fitting. 
     The fitting  10  then of  FIGS. 1-3  can be pulled up by torque, or alternatively be pulled up by turns, and the various remakes may be by torque or turns or combinations of both. This is particularly advantageous for fittings that have been designed to be pulled up by turns. Without having to change the design of the nut, body or ferrules, a pull-up by turns fitting may be optionally converted to a fitting that may be pulled-up by torque by simply adding the stroke limiting feature. This avoids any need for multiple inventories of nuts and bodies for pull-up by turns and pull-up by torque fittings. 
     As noted hereinabove, the stroke limiting feature, for example the integral or non-integral torque collar, need not necessarily engage during the initial pull-up, but might only engage after one or more remakes. This is a particularly useful feature for a fitting that the customer wants to have the option of pulling up by turns or by torque. For a fitting that will be pulled up by turns, it may be desirable to size the stroke limiting feature to not engage during the initial pull-up so as to ensure that the prescribed number of turns occurs and results in the predetermined relative stroke between the nut and body to achieve proper conduit grip and seal. But for the same fitting, if pulled up by torque, the predetermined torque may be selected and the stroke limiting feature appropriately sized, so that the stroke limiting feature does engage upon the initial pull-up, or optionally does not engage on the initial pull-up. There is also the option available that for a pull-up by turns, that the stroke limiting feature is designed to engage at the prescribed number of turns; and will also engage at the applied predetermined torque if torque is alternatively selected for initial pull-up. 
     Many factors will influence the final design, including but not limited to the hardness of the torque collar  40 , surface characteristics of the wedge surface  48  and the nut taper surface  50  to effect desired friction between the torque collar  40  and the nut  14 , and the angles α and β. As general criteria, for fittings that will be used with high strength alloy metal conduits such as stainless steel, the body and nut are commonly also made of stainless steel. The torque collar  40  will therefore need to be able to withstand the rather substantial loads that will be incurred as the fitting  10  is pulled up. A torque collar  40  may then typically be made of stainless steel as well, and in some cases hardened stainless steel, so as to provide low creep with a desired amount of friction when in contact with the nut  14 . The torque collar  40  should be able to withstand the loads applied to it when the fitting  10  has been fully assembled, and also have a high yield strength in order to be able to withstand remakes of the fitting  10 . But, the torque collar  40  must also provide for allowing further axial advance of the nut relative to the body should remakes by torque be desired. Of course, the strength of the torque collar and its material characteristics will depend on the performance criteria of the fitting  10  itself and the nature of the materials of the fitting parts and the conduit. 
     Because the torque collar  40  allows for one or more remakes, the wedge surface  48  may be thought of as a dynamic wedge in that the torque collar permits controlled additional relative axial advance or stroke of the nut and body for each remake, meaning that the contact position of the nut taper surface  50  against the wedge surface  48  will change, even ever so slightly, with each remake. The torque collar  40  therefore will preferably characterized by a high yield strength but may yield somewhat, to facilitate many remakes when such is a desired performance characteristic of the fitting  10 . 
     Successful remakes using a torque collar, whether formed integral or as a discrete part, as set forth herein may be attributable to other factors than just the angle of the wedge and tapered surfaces, friction, creep and so forth. Depending on the design of the engaging surfaces, there may also be radial expansion of the nut, or radial compression of the torque collar, to name two examples. The important aspect is that the engaging surfaces and the fitting components such as the nut and body, interact or cooperate so as to assure that for each desired remake, controlled additional axial displacement is achieved so as to effectively remake the fitting using torque. This will usually, although not necessarily, be accompanied by a plastic deformation or set with each pull-up, so that during remake, the parts are retightened to their just prior position and then tightened a bit more, optionally to the same predetermined torque used for the just prior pull-up, for the additional axial displacement. Each remake is effective based on the assessment that proper conduit grip and seal are reestablished, so that with each remake the fitting will continue to perform to its specified ratings, such as pressure and leakage related ratings. 
     We have found that the dynamic wedge concept optionally facilitates another inventive aspect. Not only may the fitting  10  be initially pulled up by torque, and remade by torque, but significantly and quite unexpectedly the fitting  10  may be initially pulled up and remade multiple times to the same torque value. We have achieved this even if the fitting is pulled up one or more times by turns. This aspect has tremendous advantages for low cost implementation in that assemblers need only have a single torque wrench or other tool to pull-up the fitting  10 . We have been able to remake such fittings more than fifty or even a hundred times in some designs, including to the same predetermined torque. Alternatively, the applied torque used for remakes may be different than the predetermined torque for initial pull-up. For example, each successive pull-up may use a somewhat higher applied torque. 
     We have also found that when the predetermined torque is a range of torque values, not only may the fitting  10  be initially pulled up by applying any of the torque values in the range, and remade by torque, but significantly and quite unexpectedly the fitting  10  may be initially pulled up and remade multiple times by any of the torque values in the range. For example, the fitting  10  may be initially pulled up by applying a torque value that is relatively high in the predetermined acceptable torque range. Then, the fitting  10  may be remade one or more times by applying any torque value in the predetermined torque range, including torque values that are lower than the torque value applied to initially pull up the fitting. Each remake may be made by applying any torque value in the torque range. Like the initial pull up and remake, a subsequent remake may be made by applying a toque value in the predetermined torque range that is lower than a torque value applied to achieve an earlier remake. We have achieved this even if the fitting is pulled up one or more times by turns. This aspect has tremendous advantages, as it allows for tolerances in torque application tools, such as torque wrenches used by assemblers. 
     As is noted above, predetermined torque may be a range of torque values. The predetermined torque may be any range of torque values, depending on the application. In one exemplary embodiment, the predetermined torque is any torque at or above a predetermined torque that ensures that the fitting is properly pulled up to grip and seal the conduit. In another embodiment, the predetermined torque may be a predetermined torque +/−some acceptable tolerance. For example, the prescribed or predetermined torque may be a torque value +/−0 to 15% of the torque value, such as +/−10% of the torque value or +/−15% of the torque value or any range within +/−15% of the torque value. The prescribed or predetermined torque may be a distinct or precise torque value or the prescribed or predetermined torque may be a range of torque values. For example, the prescribed or predetermined torque may be a torque value +/−0 to 15% of the torque value, such as +/−10% of the torque value or +/−15% of the torque value or any range within +/−15% of the torque value. 
     It will be noted from  FIGS. 1-3  that the outside diameter of the torque collar  40  is preferably, although not necessarily, less than the outside diameter of the body hex flats  34 . This helps assure that the torque collar  40  will not interfere with the use of a wrench or fixture for holding the body  12  during assembly and tightening. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 4-6 , we show an alternative embodiment of the fitting that may be pulled up by torque, by turns or a combination thereof, including initial pull-up and one or more remakes. In this example, the fitting  100  includes a number of parts that may be the same as the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . In particular there is a body  102 , a nut  104  and two conduit gripping devices in the form of ferrules  106 ,  108  in this case. These parts may be designed and function the same as the earlier embodiment, except that the body  102  has a stroke limiting feature, in the form of an integral wedge surface  110  that may conveniently and optionally be machined or otherwise as part of the machining of the body  102  and thus may be thought of as being an integral torque collar. The wedge surface  110  is angled and designed to perform the same way as the wedge surface  48  of the non-integral torque collar  40  in the above embodiment. The nut  104  also include a nut taper surface  112  that may be angled and designed in a similar manner to the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3 . Alternatively, any surface of the nut  14  may be used to engage the integral wedge surface  110 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the wedge surface  110  and the nut taper surface  112  engage during pull-up in a similar manner to the non-integral torque collar  40  embodiment, to provide a distinct and optionally sharp increase in pull-up torque when the proper nut stroke has been reached. The wedge surface  110  provides for remakes as in the above embodiment, and the initial pull-up and one or more remakes may be completed with the same predetermined torque. The fitting  100  may also be pulled up by turns. 
     An advantage of the embodiment of  FIG. 4-6  is that a separate torque collar  40  is not needed, but rather the stroke limiting feature is integral with the body design. This embodiment may be useful, for example, for high volume users that do not want to include a separate part, but can use high volume purchasing to achieve economy of scale. 
     It is important to note that use of an integral or non-integral torque collar is only one way to realize the stroke limiting feature that also allows remakes. Those skilled in the art may devise other structures to accomplish these effects. 
     The wedge surface  110  in this embodiment is illustrated as formed into the body  102  hex area that in the  FIG. 1  embodiment provides the body shoulder  34   a  ( FIG. 2 ). The wedge surface  110  may alternatively be positioned elsewhere, for example as part of the neck  114 . Note that the body shoulder  116  may be raked back as needed to accommodate a longer nut. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 7 and 8 , in this embodiment all parts of the fitting  150  may be the same and function the same as the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3  (and are given like reference numerals), with the notable exception that in this embodiment the torque collar  152  is not a symmetrical body. Rather, the forward part of the torque collar  152  may include the wedge surface  48 , and the torque collar  152  will cooperate with the nut taper surface  50  to provide the same performance features described hereinabove with respect to  FIGS. 1-3 . The torque collar  152 , however, may be provided with a radially extending annular surface  154  that contacts the body shoulder  34   a  during pull-up. By omitting the mirror image tapered surface, the torque collar  152  provides more bulk material at the high load area  156 , which can help stabilize the torque collar for high load applications and increase the contact area between the annular surface  154  and the body shoulder  34   a.    
     With reference to  FIGS. 9 and 10 , in this embodiment all parts of the fitting  160  may be the same and function the same as the embodiment of  FIGS. 1-3 and 7 and 8  (and are given like reference numerals), with the notable exception that in this embodiment the torque collar  162  is not a symmetrical body, and also is provided with a radially extending annular flange  164 . As in the embodiment of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the forward part of the torque collar  162  may include the wedge surface  48 , and the torque collar  162  will cooperate with the nut taper surface  50  to provide the same performance features described hereinabove with respect to  FIGS. 1-3 and 7-8 . The torque collar  162 , however, may be provided with a radially extending annular surface  166  that contacts the body shoulder  34   a  during pull-up. By omitting the mirror image tapered surface, the torque collar  162  provides even more bulk material at the high load area  168 , which can help stabilize the torque collar for high load applications and increase the contact area between the annular surface  166  and the body shoulder  34   a.    
     The radial flange  164  in this example extends outward beyond the nut hex flats  36  and the body hex flats  34 . Because the torque collar  162  is axially compressed against the body  12  after a complete pull-up, the assembler or an inspector may try to spin or rotate the torque collar  162 . If the torque collar  162  can be rotated, then the fitting  160  has not been fully tightened and pulled up. The outer periphery of the flange  164  may be knurled or otherwise treated to assist in applying force to the torque collar  162  to try to rotate it about the neck  38 . 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, as noted hereinabove, in some cases the stroke limiting feature need not necessarily engage during an initial pull-up or even for one or more subsequent remakes. In these cases, the torque collar may still be free to rotate or to be spun even after a complete pull-up. But for designs in which the stroke limiting feature engages even for the initial pull-up, the ability or inability to spin or turn the torque collar may be used to gauge whether the fitting has been properly tightened. 
     With reference to  FIG. 11  we illustrate another embodiment. In this embodiment, a fitting assembly  200  is realized in the form of a female fitting, thus having a female threaded body  202  and a male threaded nut  204 . First and second ferrules  206  and  208  are also provided although a single ferrule may alternatively be used for other fitting designs, and may be but need not be the same as the ferrules noted in the above-identified patents. The fitting assembly  200  may be pulled-up by turns if so desired. Alternatively, a torque collar  210  may be used to provide pull-up by torque and remakes, in a manner similar to the above-described embodiments. The torque collar  210  presents a wedge surface  212  that engages a tapered surface  214  of the body  202 . The tapered surface  214  engages the wedge surface  212  to provide a distinct torque increase when the proper axial advance of the nut  204  relative to the body  202  has occurred in response to an applied predetermined torque to achieve a complete pull-up. The torque collar  210  may be conveniently disposed in a neck portion  216  of the male nut, between the male threads  218  and a facing shoulder  220 . Operation of the fitting for pull-up by torque may be as described hereinabove with respect to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 12  we illustrate another embodiment. In this embodiment, a fitting assembly  250  is realized in the form of a female fitting, thus having a female threaded body  252  and a male threaded nut  254 . First and second ferrules  256  and  258  are also provided although a single ferrule may alternatively be used for other fitting designs, and may be but need not be the same as the ferrules noted in the above-identified patents. The fitting assembly  250  may be pulled-up by turns if so desired. Alternatively, an integral torque collar  260  may be used to provide pull-up by torque and remakes, in a manner similar to the above-described embodiment of  FIG. 4  for example. The integral torque collar  260  presents a wedge surface  262  that engages a tapered surface  264  of the body  252 . The tapered surface  264  engages the wedge surface  262  to provide a predetermined torque when the proper axial advance of the nut  254  relative to the body  252  has occurred to achieve a complete pull-up. The integral torque collar  260  may be conveniently disposed adjacent a neck portion  266  of the male nut, between the male threads  268  and a facing shoulder  270 . Operation of the fitting for pull-up by torque may be as described hereinabove with respect to the embodiment of  FIG. 4 . 
     With reference to  FIGS. 13 and 14  we show additional embodiments of a non-integral and integral torque collar, respectively. Most of the components may be the same as the embodiments of  FIGS. 3 and 6  and like reference numerals are used for like parts, and the description thereof need not be repeated. 
     In these embodiments, however, the female nut has been modified and therefore is identified by the numeral  280 . It will be noted that the female nut  14  (see  FIG. 3  for example) in the other embodiments includes an internal tapered drive surface  282  that makes contact with the drive surface  284  of the back ferrule  20 . The drive surface  282  may be tapered at an angle θ of about fifteen degrees although the values of θ will vary depending on the fitting design, from as small as five degrees or less to about twenty degrees or more. 
     The drive surface  282  joins to a first cylindrical wall  286  having a sufficient diameter to accommodate the outer flange of the back ferrule  20 . A second cylindrical wall  288  may be provided to accommodate the enlarged back portion of the front ferrule  18 . In this exemplary fitting, both the back portions of the front and back ferrules expand radially outward during pull-up and may come into contact with the cylindrical walls  286 ,  288 . 
     Referencing again  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the nut  280  is modified to include a first tapered centering surface  290  that extends from a radial outer end of the tapered drive surface  292 . The centering tapered surface  290  may be formed at an angle ε such as for example 45° although other angles may be used as needed. A suitable range may be, for example, approximately 20° to approximately 60°. The centering tapered surface  290  may contact the back end or rear portion  20   a  of the back ferrule during either an initial pull-up or during a remake. A second tapered surface  294  may extend from a radial outer end of the centering tapered surface  290 . 
     As explained hereinabove, effective remakes by torque can be achieved by returning the ferrules to their prior position at the just prior pull-up. In some fitting designs, the ferrules may exhibit some spring-back during disassembly, particularly for tube fittings that can accommodate remakes by turns. This results in a need to recover some stroke to reposition the ferrules prior to further tightening at remake. If after disassembly the ferrules are off-center or eccentrically aligned (relative to the axis X) there may be side to side sliding motion as well as the need for additional stroke and torque to remake the fitting. The centering tapered surface  290  can help to realign and center the ferrules and nut, especially the back ferrule, along the X axis so as to reduce loss of stroke to reposition the ferrules. We have discovered that this centering effect can have a dramatic impact on the number of remakes by torque by reducing loss of stroke to remake the fitting. The second tapered surface  294  may also help with centering either or both ferrules and the nut. We have observed a two to three fold increase and more of the number of remakes by torque using the tapered nut concept. 
     The centering taper and other internal tapers are more fully described in pending PCT application number PCT/US2008/070991 filed on Jul. 24, 2008, for TAPERED NUT FOR TUBE OR PIPE FITTING, published as WO 2009/018079A1 on Feb. 5, 2009, the entire disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     The tapered nut concept is especially useful with fitting designs such as used in the exemplary embodiments herein due to the radially inward hinging deformation of the back ferrule during pull-up which causes the rear portion  20   a  to rotate radially outward away from the conduit wall. However, the use of tapers as set forth herein will benefit other fitting designs and even those that use a single ferrule that bow radially outward. The tapered nut concept will also be readily incorporated into male threaded nuts for female style fittings. 
     The combination of pull-up by torque therefore can greatly benefit from the optional use of an internally tapered nut as set forth hereinabove. This benefit derives from the tapers centering the nut and ferrules back to their just prior pulled up position to minimize stroke recovery so that the applied torque goes primarily to remaking the fitting with only a small additional relative axial stroke. Moreover, the use of the stroke limiting feature to provide controlled additional relative stroke on remake, works with the tapered nut to facilitate many remakes by minimizing stroke loss due to over-tightening or eccentrically aligned ferrules and nuts. 
     The inventive aspects have been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments. Modification and alterations will occur to others upon a reading and understanding of this specification. It is intended to include all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.