Patent Publication Number: US-8988624-B2

Title: Display pixel having oxide thin-film transistor (TFT) with reduced loading

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates generally to liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and, more specifically, to oxide thin-film transistors (TFT) that may be used to form pixels of such LCDs. 
     This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present techniques, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art. 
     Flat panel displays, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs), are commonly used in a wide variety of electronic devices, including such consumer electronics as televisions, computers, and handheld devices (e.g., cellular telephones, audio and video players, gaming systems, and so forth). Such display panels typically provide a flat display in a relatively thin package that is suitable for use in a variety of electronic goods. In addition, such devices typically use less power than comparable display technologies, making them suitable for use in battery-powered devices or in other contexts where it is desirable to minimize power usage. 
     LCD devices typically include picture elements (image pixels) arranged in a matrix to display an image that may be perceived by a user. The matrix, sometimes called an array, includes rows and columns of thin-film-transistors (TFTs) arranged adjacent to a layer of liquid crystal material, wherein the each TFT represents an image pixels. Individual pixels of an LCD device may variably permit light to pass when an electric field is applied to a liquid crystal material in each pixel, which may be generated based upon a voltage difference between a pixel electrode and a common electrode. The TFT of the pixel passes the voltage difference onto a pixel electrode when an activation voltage is applied to its gate and a data signal voltage is applied to its source. By controlling the amount of light that may be emitted from each pixel, the LCD, in conjunction with a color filter array, may cause a viewable color image to be displayed. 
     However, a parasitic capacitance between the gate line supplying a gate activate voltage and other components of the pixel may result in the occurrence of certain visual artifacts, such as image sticking (e.g., parasitic capacitance between the gate line and the pixel electrode and/or drain of the TFT) and/or green tinting (e.g., DC voltage coupling effect between gate activation signal and the liquid crystal material and/or polyimide materials used for liquid crystal alignment. Such visual artifacts may reduce the accuracy of the display. Additionally, in some LCD devices, certain properties of the TFTs cause large RC loading in the gate lines and/or common electrodes. This may reduce TFT switching performance, which may also cause visual artifacts. These problems may become more pronounced as LCDs increase in resolution, with the pixels becoming more densely-packed. 
     Further, in existing LCDs, TFTs may include an active layer that is typically fabricated using silicon-based materials, such as amorphous silicon (a-Si), poly-silicon (poly-Si), or microcrystalline silicon. Such silicon-based materials typically have a scaling limit, meaning that once they are scaled down to a certain size, they generally cannot be reduced any further in size without affecting operation. Additionally, the dimensions of an opaque black mask portion of a color filter array are generally selected so that the TFTs, gate lines, and source lines are covered by the black mask when viewed from the front side of the LCD. Thus, since light emitted from a backlight of the LCD device cannot transmit through the black mask, the overall transmittance of the LCD is at least partially limited by the dimensions of the black mask, which, in turn, is limited by the size of the TFTs, gate lines, and data lines. 
     SUMMARY 
     A summary of certain embodiments disclosed herein is set forth below. It should be understood that these aspects are presented merely to provide the reader with a brief summary of these certain embodiments and that these aspects are not intended to limit the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, this disclosure may encompass a variety of aspects that may not be set forth below. 
     The embodiments described below relate generally to a thin-film transistor (TFT) for use in a display device. For example, the display device may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel having multiple pixels arranged in rows and column, with each row corresponding to a gate line and each column corresponding to a source line. Each of the pixels includes a pixel electrode and a TFT. The TFT may include a metal oxide semiconductor active layer between a source and drain. For each TFT, holes may be formed in the corresponding gate line in regions beneath the source and/or the drain. The holes may be formed such that the source and drain only partially overlap the holes. The presence of the holes reduces the area of the gate line within these regions, which may reduce parasitic capacitance and improve RC loading. This may provide improved panel performance, which may reduce the appearance of certain visual artifacts, such as image sticking, green tinting, and so forth, while improving color accuracy. 
     Various refinements of the features noted above may exist in relation to various aspects of the present disclosure. Further features may also be incorporated in these various aspects as well. These refinements and additional features may exist individually or in any combination. For instance, various features discussed below in relation to one or more of the illustrated embodiments may be incorporated into any of the above-described aspects of the present disclosure alone or in any combination. Again, the brief summary presented above is intended only to familiarize the reader with certain aspects and contexts of embodiments of the present disclosure without limitation to the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified block diagram depicting components of an example of an electronic device having an LCD that includes metal oxide-based thin-film transistors (TFTs), in accordance with aspects set forth in the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows the electronic device of  FIG. 1  in the form of a computer; 
         FIG. 3  is a front view of the electronic device of  FIG. 1  in the form of a handheld portable electronic device; 
         FIG. 4  is a rear view of the handheld electronic device shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a circuit diagram illustrating a portion of an array of unit pixels of the display device of  FIG. 1 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows one of the unit pixels from  FIG. 5  that includes a metal oxide TFT, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows a partial top view of a conventional TFT that may be used to implement a unit pixel for a conventional display; 
         FIG. 8  shows a cross sectional view of the conventional TFT of  FIG. 7 , and also illustrates parasitic capacitances between a gate line and other components of the unit pixel; 
         FIGS. 9-10  show how a gate activation signal may degrade as the signal propagates along a gate line due to loading; 
         FIG. 11  shows a partial top view of a metal oxide TFT, in accordance one embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  shows a cross sectional view of the metal oxide TFT of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIGS. 13-19  depict steps for fabricating the metal oxide TFT of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 20  shows the metal oxide TFT of  FIG. 11  with a pixel electrode coupled to the metal oxide TFT through a pixel contact hole, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  shows a cross sectional view of the metal oxide TFT with the pixel electrode, as shown in  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIG. 22  is a partial top view of a metal oxide TFT, in accordance with a second embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23  is a cross sectional view of the metal oxide TFT of  FIG. 22 . 
         FIGS. 24-26  depict steps for fabricating the metal oxide TFT of  FIG. 22 ; 
         FIG. 27  is a partial top view of a metal oxide TFT, in accordance with a third embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 28  depicts how transmittance of a display may be improved in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 29  shows a further embodiment of the metal oxide TFT that includes organic and inorganic passivation layers over the source and drain. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS 
     One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below. These described embodiments are only examples of the presently disclosed techniques. Additionally, in an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers&#39; specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure. 
     When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. The embodiments discussed below are intended to be examples that are illustrative in nature and should not be construed to mean that the specific embodiments described herein are necessarily preferential in nature. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” and the like are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the disclosed features. 
       FIG. 1  provides a block diagram illustrating an example of an electronic device  10  having a display  12 . The display  12  may include a liquid crystal display (LCD) having pixels that include thin-film transistors (TFT) having an active layer formed from a metal oxide semiconductor material (referred to herein as “metal oxide TFT”), in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As will be discussed in further detail below, an LCD utilizing such metal oxide TFTs may exhibit improved image quality with a reduction in visual artifacts due at least in part to reduced RC loading and decreased parasitic capacitance, and may also be configured to have increased transmittance when compared to certain conventional LCDs, such as LCDs utilizing TFTs with silicon-based active layers. 
     The electronic device  10  may be any type of electronic device that includes the display  12 , such as a laptop or desktop computer, a mobile phone, a digital media player, or the like. The functional blocks depicted in  FIG. 1  may include hardware elements (e.g., circuitry), software elements (e.g., computer code stored on computer-readable media, such as a hard drive or system memory), or a combination of both hardware and software elements. It should be noted that  FIG. 1  is merely one example of a particular implementation and is intended to illustrate the types of components that may be present in such a device. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, these components may include the display  12  referenced above, as well as input/output (I/O) ports  14 , input structures  16 , one or more processors  18 , memory device(s)  20 , non-volatile storage  22 , expansion card(s)  24 , RF circuitry  26 , and power source  28 . 
     As discussed above, the display  12  may include an LCD and may display various images generated by the electronic device  10 . For example, the display  12  may be an LCD employing fringe-field switching (FFS), in-plane switching (IPS) or other techniques used in operating such LCD devices. The display  12  may be a color display utilizing multiple color channels, such as red, green, and blue color channels, for generating color images. As discussed further below, the display  12  in the form of an LCD may include a panel having an array of metal oxide TFTs, which may be configured to reduce visual artifacts by providing reduced RC loading and parasitic capacitance, thus improving overall image quality. In one embodiment, the display may be a high-resolution LCD display having 300 or more pixels per inch, such as a Retina Display®, available from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Moreover, in some embodiments, the display  12  may be provided in conjunction with a touch-sensitive element, such as a touch screen, that may function as one of the input structures  16  for the electronic device  10 . For instance, the touch screen may sense inputs based on contact with a user&#39;s finger or with a stylus. 
     The processor(s)  18  may control the general operation of the device  10 . For instance, the processor(s)  18  may provide the processing capability to execute an operating system, programs, user and application interfaces, and any other functions of the device  10 . The processor(s)  18  may include one or more microprocessors, such as one or more general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific microprocessors (ASICs), or a combination of such processing components. For example, the processor(s)  18  may include one or more processors based upon x86 or RISC instruction set architectures, as well as dedicated graphics processors (GPU), image signal processors, video processors, audio processors and/or related chip sets. By way of example only, the processor(s)  18  may include a model of a system-on-a-chip (SoC) processor available from Apple Inc., such as a model of the A4 or A5 processors. 
     The instructions or data to be processed by the processor(s)  18  may be stored in a computer-readable medium, such as a memory device  20 . The memory device  20  may be provided as volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM), or as non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), or as a combination of RAM and ROM devices. The memory  20  may store a variety of information and may be used for various purposes. For example, the memory  18  may store firmware for the device  10 , such as a basic input/output system (BIOS), an operating system, various programs, applications, or any other routines that may be executed on the device  10 , including user interface functions, processor functions, and so forth. 
     The device  10  may also include a non-volatile storage  22  for persistent storage of data and/or instructions. For instance, the non-volatile storage  20  may include flash memory, a hard drive, or any other optical, magnetic, and/or solid-state storage media, or some combination thereof. Thus, while depicted as a single device in  FIG. 1  for clarity, the non-volatile storage  22  may include a combination of one or more of storage devices operating in conjunction with the processor(s)  18 . The non-volatile storage  22  may be used to store firmware, data files, image data, software programs and applications, and any other suitable data. For instance, the non-volatile storage  22  may store image data that may be displayed as a viewable image using the display  12 . Further, the RF circuitry  26  may enable the device  10  to connect to a network, such as a local area network, a wireless network (e.g., an 802.11x network or Bluetooth network), or a mobile network (e.g., EDGE, 3G, 4G, LTE, WiMax, etc.), and to communicate with other devices over the network. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of the electronic device  10  in the form of a computer  30 . The computer  30  may portable computers (such as laptop, notebook, tablet, and handheld computers), as well as non-portable computers generally used in one location (such as desktop computers, workstations and/or servers). The computer  30  includes a housing or enclosure  32 , the display  12 ), I/O ports  14 , and input structures  16 . By way of example only, embodiments of the computer  30  may include a model of a MacBook®, MacBook Pro®, MacBook Air®, iMac®, Mac Mini®, or Mac Pro®, all available from Apple Inc. 
     The display  12  may be integrated (e.g., the display of a laptop computer) or may be a standalone display that interfaces with the computer  30  through one of the I/O ports  14 , such as via a DisplayPort, DVI, High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), or analog interface. For instance, in certain embodiments, a standalone display  12  may be a model of an Apple Cinema Display®, available from Apple Inc. As will be discussed in further detail below, the display  12  may be an LCD display that includes an LCD panel  34  having an array of metal oxide TFTs, which may be configured to reduce visual artifacts, such as image sticking or green tinting, by providing reduced RC loading and parasitic capacitance, thereby improving overall image quality. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  depict the electronic device  10  in the form of a portable handheld electronic device  50 , which may be a model of an iPod® or iPhone® available from Apple Inc. The handheld device  50  includes an enclosure  52 , which may protect the interior components from physical damage and may also allow certain frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, such as wireless networking and/or telecommunication signals, to pass through to wireless communication circuitry (e.g., RF circuitry  26 ) disposed within the enclosure  52 . As shown, the enclosure  52  also includes various user input structures  16  through which a user may interface with the handheld device  50 . For instance, each input structure  14  may be configured to control one or more device functions when pressed or actuated. 
     The device  50  also includes various I/O ports  14 , such as connection port  14   a  (e.g., a 30-pin dock-connector available from Apple Inc.) for transmitting and receiving data and/or for charging a power source  28 , which may include one or more removable, rechargeable, and/or replaceable batteries. The I/O ports  14  may also include an audio connection port  14   b  for connecting the device  50  to an audio output device (e.g., headphones or speakers). In embodiments where the handheld device  50  provides mobile phone functionality, the I/O port  14   c  may receive a subscriber identity module (SIM) card (e.g., an expansion card  24 ). 
     The display  12  of the handheld device  50  may also include the LCD panel  34  and may display various images generated by the device  50 . For example, the display  12  may display system indicators  54  providing feedback to a user regarding one or more states of handheld device  50 , such as power status, signal strength, and so forth. The display  12  may also display a graphical user interface (GUI)  56  that allows a user to interact with the device  50 . In the illustrated embodiment, the displayed image of the GUI  56  may represent a home-screen of an operating system running on the device  50 , which may be a version of the Mac OS® or iOS® operating systems, both available from Apple Inc. The GUI  56  may include various graphical elements, such as icons  58 , corresponding to applications that may be executed when selected by a user (e.g., receiving a user input corresponding to the selection of a particular icon  58 ). 
     The handheld device  50  also includes a front-facing camera  60  on the front side of the device  50  and a rear-facing camera  62  on the rear side of the device (shown in  FIG. 4 ). In certain embodiments, one or more of the cameras  60  or  62  may be used in conjunction with a camera application  66  to acquire images for storage and viewing on the device  50 . The rear side of the device  50  may include a flash module (also referred to as a strobe), such as an LED, for illuminating an image scene captured using the camera  62  in low light conditions. The cameras  60  and  62  may also be utilized to provide video-conferencing capabilities, such as via use of FaceTime®, a video conferencing application available from Apple Inc. Additionally, the handheld device  50  may include various audio input and output elements  70  and  72 . In embodiments where the device  50  includes mobile phone functionality, the audio input/output elements  70  and  72  may collectively function as the audio receiving and transmitting elements of a telephone. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5  a circuit diagram of the display  12  is illustrated, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, the display  12  may include a display panel  80 , such as a liquid crystal display panel. The display panel  80  may include multiple unit pixels  82  arranged as an array or matrix defining multiple rows and columns of unit pixels  82  that collectively form a viewable region of the display  12  in which an image may be displayed. In such an array, each unit pixel  82  may be defined by the intersection of rows and columns, represented here by the illustrated gate lines  84  (also referred to as “scanning lines”) and source lines  86  (also referred to as “data lines”), respectively. 
     Although only six unit pixels, referred to individually by reference numbers  82   a - 82   f , respectively, are shown, it should be understood that in an actual implementation, each source line  86  and gate line  84  may include hundreds or even thousands of such unit pixels  82 . By way of example, in a color display panel  80  having a display resolution of 1024×768, each source line  86 , which may define a column of the pixel array, may include 768 unit pixels, while each gate line  84 , which may define a row of the pixel array, may include 1024 groups of unit pixels with each group including a red, blue, and green pixel, thus totaling 3072 unit pixels per gate line  84 . By way of further example, the panel  80  may have a resolution of 480×320 or, alternatively, 960×640. As will be appreciated, in the context of LCDs, the color of a particular unit pixel generally depends on the color filter that is disposed over a liquid crystal layer of the unit pixel. In the presently illustrated example, the unit pixels  82   a - 82   c  may represent a group of pixels having a red pixel ( 82   a ), a blue pixel ( 82   b ), and a green pixel ( 82   c ). The group of unit pixels  82   d - 82   f  may be arranged in a similar manner. Additionally, in the industry, it is also common for the term “pixel” may refer to a group of adjacent different-colored pixels (e.g., a red pixel, blue pixel, and green pixel), with each of the individual colored pixels in the group being referred to as a “sub-pixel.” 
     Each unit pixel  82   a - 82   f  shown in  FIG. 5  includes a thin-film transistor (TFT)  90  for switching a respective pixel electrode  92 . As discussed above, the TFT  90  may be a metal oxide TFT, with its active layer being formed from a metal oxide material. By way of example only, such metal oxides may include an indium-based ternary material (In—X—O), such as indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO), or may include zirconium indium zinc oxide (ZrInZnO), hafnium indium zinc oxide (HfInZnO), zinc tin oxide (ZnSnO), or gallium tin zinc oxide (GaSnZnO). The pixel electrode  92  may be formed from indium tin oxide (ITO), or any suitable electrically conductive material that provides optical transparency. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the source  94  of each TFT  90  may be electrically connected to a source line  86 . Similarly, the gate  96  of each TFT  90  may be electrically connected to a gate line  84 . Furthermore, the drain  98  of each TFT  90  may be electrically connected to a respective pixel electrode  92 . Each TFT  90  serves as a switching element and may be activated and deactivated (e.g., switched on and off) for a predetermined period based upon the respective presence or absence of a gate activation signal (also referred to as a scanning signal) at the gate  96  of the TFT  90 . For instance, when activated, the TFT  90  may store the image signals received via a respective source line  86  as a charge in its corresponding pixel electrode  92 . The image signals stored by pixel electrode  92  may be used to generate an electrical field between the respective pixel electrode  92  and a common electrode (not shown in  FIG. 5 ), which may collectively form a capacitor for a given unit pixel  82 . The electrical field may align liquid crystals molecules within a liquid crystal layer to modulate light transmission through a region of the liquid crystal layer corresponding to the unit pixel  82 . For instance, light is typically transmitted through the unit pixel  82  at an intensity corresponding to the applied voltage (e.g., from a corresponding source line  86 ). 
     The display  12  also includes a source driver integrated circuit (IC)  100 , which may include a chip, such as a processor or ASIC, configured to control various aspects of display  12  and panel  80 . For example, the source driver IC  100  may receive image data  102  from the processor(s)  18  and send corresponding image signals to the unit pixels  82  of the panel  80 . The source driver IC  100  may also be coupled to a gate driver IC  104 , which may be configured to provide/remove gate activation signals to activate/deactivate rows of unit pixels  82  via the gate lines  84 . The source driver IC  100  may include a timing controller that determines and sends timing information  108  to the gate driver IC  104  to facilitate activation and deactivation of individual rows of pixels  82 . In other embodiments, timing information may be provided to the gate driver IC  104  in some other manner (e.g., using a timing controller that is separate from the source driver IC  100 ). Further, while  FIG. 5  depicts only a single source driver IC  100 , it should be appreciated that other embodiments may utilize multiple source driver ICs  100  to provide image signals  102  to the pixels  82 . For example, additional embodiments may include multiple source driver ICs  100  disposed along one or more edges of the panel  80 , with each source driver IC  100  being configured to control a subset of the source lines  86  and/or gate lines  84 . 
     In operation, the source driver IC  100  receives image data  102  from the processor  18  or a discrete display controller and, based on the received data, outputs signals to control the pixels  82 . For instance, to display image data  102 , the source driver IC  100  may adjust the voltage of the pixel electrodes  92  (abbreviated in  FIG. 5  as P.E.) one row at a time. To access an individual row of pixels  82 , the gate driver IC  104  may assert a gate activation signal to the TFTs  90  associated with the particular row of pixels  82  being addressed, which causes those TFTs  90  to switch on. This activation signal may render the TFTs  90  on the addressed row conductive, and image data  102  corresponding to the addressed row may be transmitted from source driver IC  100  to each of the unit pixels  82  within the addressed row via respective data lines  86 . Thereafter, the gate driver IC  104  may deactivate the TFTs  90  in the addressed row by de-asserting the gate activation signal, thus switching the TFTs  90  of the row off and impeding the pixels  82  within that row from changing state until the next time they are addressed. The above-described process may be repeated for each row of pixels  82  in the panel  80  to reproduce image data  102  as a viewable image on the display  12 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a single unit pixel  82  that may be one of the unit pixels  82  shown in the panel  80  of  FIG. 5  is illustrated in further detail. The gate line  84  may provide a gate activation signal  110  corresponding to a voltage, referred to as V GL . When the voltage V GL  is equal to or greater than the threshold voltage of the TFT  90 , the TFT  90  switches on, and a conductive path is formed between the source line  86  and the pixel electrode  92 . Accordingly, a data voltage V D  provided to the source line  86  and corresponding to image data may be stored in the pixel electrode  92  as a charge Q D  representative of the data voltage V D . When the gate activation signal  110  is de-asserted, such that the V GL  drops below the threshold voltage of the TFT  90 , the TFT switches to an off state. The charge Q D  generally remains stored in the pixel electrode  92  until the next time the gate line  84  is addressed (e.g., for the next frame of image data). 
     Before continuing, it may be beneficial to describe some of the drawbacks faced by display devices with conventional TFT designs.  FIGS. 7 and 8 , which are described together below, illustrate a partial top view and cross-sectional view, respectively, of a conventional TFT  112 . As shown, the TFT  112  includes a glass substrate  114  on which a gate  116  is formed. For instance, the gate  116  may be part of a gate line connecting the gates of multiple TFTs  112 . A gate insulation layer  118  may be formed over (e.g., above in the z-direction) the gate line  116 . Next a semiconductor layer  120 , which may serve as the active layer/channel for the TFT  112 , is formed over the gate insulation layer  118 . By way of example, the active layer  120  may be formed from a silicon-based material, such as a-Si, poly-Si, and so forth. An etch stopper layer  122  may then be formed over the active layer  120 , as shown in  FIG. 8 . Next, contact holes  124   a  and  124   b  may be formed in the etch stopper layer  122 , such as via patterning and etching, and a metal may be deposited within the holes  124   a  and  124   b  to form the source  126   a  and drain  126   b  terminals of the TFT  112 . For instance, the source  126   a  may be part of a source line that connects to multiple TFTs  112  within a column of pixels in an LCD panel. 
     An organic layer  128 , which may function as a passivation layer, is then deposited over the source  126   a , drain  126   b , and etch stopper layer  122 . A hole  130  is then formed (e.g., via an etching process) in the organic layer  128 , as shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . Next, an electrode layer  132 , which provides the common voltage electrode (Vcom), is formed over the organic layer  128 , following by the formation of a Vcom hole  134 . Next, a passivation layer  136  (e.g., SiN X ) is formed over the Vcom electrode  132 . A pixel contact hole  138  may be formed through the passivation layer  136 , and a pixel electrode  140  may be formed with a portion that contacts the drain  126   b  through the pixel contact hole  138 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , the pixel electrode  140  may have finger-like structures  142  (sometimes called “finger electrodes”) that are shown in phantom in  FIG. 8 , as they are not necessarily in the same plane through which the cross sectional view of the TFT  112  is taken. As can be appreciated, multiple TFTs  112  may be formed along the gate line  116  and along the source line  126   a.    
     As discussed above, conventional TFTs, such as the TFT  112 , used in display devices may not be designed to provide reduced RC loading and parasitic capacitance. Referring still to  FIG. 8 , when a gate activation signal is sent along the gate line  116 , parasitic capacitance may affect the operation of the pixel. For instance, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , parasitic capacitances  146   a ,  146   b , and  146   c  may be present between the gate line  116  and the drain  126   b , between the gate line  116  and the pixel electrode  140 , and between the gate line  116  and the source line  126   a , respectively. These parasitic capacitances may interfere with operation of the pixel (e.g., affecting the charge stored by the pixel electrode  140  and/or the data being transmitted via the source line  126   a ), which may result in the appearance of certain visual artifacts, such as image sticking, color shift, and other color inaccuracies. Further, in the conventional TFT  112  shown in  FIGS. 7-8 , coupling (shown by reference number  146   d ), between the gate activation signal (V GL ) being sent via the gate line  116  and liquid crystal materials and/or polyimide materials in the liquid crystal layer  144  disposed over the pixel may cause light leakage and/or green tinting artifacts to appear. 
     The parasitic capacitances  146   a - 146   d  discussed above may also contribute to increased RC loading in the gate line, which may potentially cause visual artifacts by affecting (e.g., degrading) a gate activation signal. As can be appreciated, loading may be dependent on the time constant τ of the gate line  116 , where τ=RC. As TFTs  112  in an addressed row are activated, a voltage is written to each TFT, which causes a charge to be stored in the pixel electrode  140 . Thus, as the gate activation signal propagates down the length of the gate line  116 , the overall cumulative capacitance increases as each TFT  112  within the addressed row switches on. This is due at least in part to the parasitic capacitances that exist between the gate line  116  and each TFT  112  that is switched on. In other words, the time constant τ may increase as the gate activation signal propagates further down the gate line  116 , which may cause the gate activation signal to degrade as it propagates along the gate line  116 . In this case, the time constant τ may be expressed as τ=RΔC, where ΔC represents the changing capacitance along the gate line  116 . 
     By way of illustration,  FIG. 9  shows a gate activation signal  110  provided from a gate driver circuit for activating an addressed row just after it is received by the gate line  116  (e.g., time t=0), wherein the pulse  148  represents an activation voltage sufficient to switch on the TFTs  112 . As shown in  FIG. 9 , the pulse  148  has a rising edge  152  that rises almost immediately to V ON , which represents a voltage sufficient for switching on the TFT  112 , and a falling edge  154  that falls almost immediately to V OFF  at the end of the pulse  148 , which represents the value of the signal  110  when the TFT  112  is switch off again. Because the rising edge  152  and falling edge  154  shown in  FIG. 9  are very brief (e.g., substantially instantaneous), the pulse  148  remains at V ON  for substantially the entire duration  150  of the pulse  148 . 
     Contrast this with the same gate activation signal  110  after it has propagated along the gate line  116  for some time t=x (e.g., assume the signal is near the end of the gate line  116 ). As shown in  FIG. 10 , the pulse  148  is noticeably degraded compared to the pulse  148  shown in  FIG. 9 . For instance, within the duration  150  of the pulse  148  in  FIG. 10 , it takes the rising edge  152  the interval  156  to reach V ON . Further, the falling edge  154  takes the interval  160  to transition from V ON  to V OFF . Therefore, the pulse  148  is only sustained at V ON  for the interval  158 , which is a fraction of the duration  150  of the pulse. As will be appreciated, this may result in a TFT  112  switching on for only a fraction of the intended time (e.g., duration  150 ). As a result, the charge stored in the pixel electrode  140  may not reach its intended value, which may result in color inaccuracies. When viewing a display device that exhibits large RC loading, a color shift across the display may be present even when an image is suppose to be a uniform color. For instance, an image that is supposed to be displayed as an all white or all black image may exhibit some gray coloring at one edge of the display opposite from the gate driver circuitry (e.g., from which the gate activation signals originate). 
     Accordingly, referring again to the display  12  shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the display pixels  82  include TFTs  90  that are configured, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, to provide reduced parasitic capacitance between the gate line  84  and various components of the pixel  82 . As discussed below, when compared to the conventional TFT  112  of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , the TFTs  90  of the pixels  82  may exhibit reduced parasitic capacitance between the gate lines  84  and other components of the pixel  82 , and the display panel  80  may exhibit reduced RC loading in the gate lines  84 , which may thus help to reduce the appearance of certain visual artifacts, such as image sticking and green tinting, while also improving color accuracy of the display  12 . 
     An embodiment of the TFT  90  is shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , which provide a partial top view and a cross-sectional view of the TFT  90 , respectively. Further,  FIGS. 13-19  depict certain fabrication process steps for manufacturing the TFT  90  shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , and will be referenced below in the description of  FIGS. 11 and 12 . Referring concurrently to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the TFT  90  includes a glass substrate  164  on which a conductive material  84  is deposited to form the gate line. Thus, a portion of the gate line  84  effectively functions as the gate  96  for the TFT  90 . The formation of the gate line  84  is depicted in  FIG. 13 . As can be appreciated, the gate line  84  may be formed using any suitable semiconductor process, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 
     Next, a hole  162 , referred to herein as a “gate hole” is formed within the gate line  84 . For instance, the gate hole  162 , which may expose the substrate  164 , may be formed by patterning the gate line  84  and using an etch process. As shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the position of the gate hole  162  is such that the hole  162  is at least partially overlapped by the drain  98  of the TFT  90 . The formation of the gate hole  162  is shown in  FIG. 14 . As can be appreciated, while only one gate hole  162  is shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , multiple gate holes  162  may be formed along the gate line  84 , with one gate hole  162  corresponding to each TFT  90  in the row corresponding to the gate line  84 . As will be discussed in further detail below, the formation of the gate hole  162  decreases the area of the region of the gate line  84  below (e.g., in the z-direction) the drain  98  of the TFT  90 . This may reduce parasitic capacitance between the gate line  84  and drain  98 , pixel electrode  92 , and even the liquid crystal material (not shown in  FIG. 12 ), and may also contribute to reduced RC loading. 
     Following the formation of the gate hole  162 , a gate insulation layer  166  may be formed over the gate line  84 . For instance, the formation of the gate insulation layer  166  may fill the gate hole  162 , as shown in  FIG. 12 . Thereafter, a metal oxide semiconductor material may be formed over the gate insulation layer  166  and may be patterned and etched to form an active layer or channel  168  for the TFT  90 . By way of example only, the metal oxide semiconductor material may be indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO) in one embodiment. In other embodiments, the active layer  168  may include zirconium indium zinc oxide (ZrInZnO), hafnium indium zinc oxide (HfInZnO), zinc tin oxide (ZnSnO), or gallium tin zinc oxide (GaSnZnO). The step of forming the active layer  168  is shown in  FIG. 15 . As shown, one end of the active layer  168 , which will eventually form the drain  98  of the TFT  90 , at least partially overlaps the gate hole  162  in the x-direction ( FIG. 12 ). The use of metal oxide semiconductor materials in the TFT  90  offers several advantages over TFTs with active layers formed from other types of materials, such as silicon-based materials (e.g., poly-Si, a-Si). For instance, metal oxide semiconductors generally exhibit improved semiconductor mobility compared to silicon-based materials. Additionally, the use of metal oxide semiconductors for the active layer  168  may allow for a reduction in the size of the TFT  90  when compared to conventional TFTs having active layers formed from silicon-based materials. As discussed in more detail below, this may allow for a reduction in the black mask area, which may translate into an increase in the aperture size for each pixel, thereby improving the overall transmittance of the display  12 . 
     Next, an etch stopper layer  170  is formed over the active layer  168 . The etch stopper layer  170  is typically provided when the TFT  90  is produced using an etch stopper process, wherein the etch stopper layer  170  acts as an insulating layer. For instance, the etch stopper layer  170  may be formed from silicon nitride or silicon nitroxide in some embodiments. Further, while the presently illustrated embodiments show an etch stopper process, other embodiments of the TFT  90  may also be fabricated using an etch back process. Following the formation of the etch stopper layer  170 , two contact holes  172   a  and  172   b  (etch stopper (ES) contact holes) are formed to expose the active layer  168 . The contact holes  172   a  and  172   b  may be formed via a patterning and etch process. This step is shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     Conductive material is then deposited over the ES contact holes  172   a  and  172   b  to form the source  94  and the drain  98 , respectively, of the TFT  90 . As shown in more detail in  FIG. 17 , the formation of the source  94  may include forming a source line  86 , to which other TFTs  90  in the same column within the LCD panel  80  are connected. Further, it should be noted that the drain  98  also at least partially overlaps the gate hole  162  (e.g., in the x-direction). Following the formation of the source  94  and drain  98 , an organic insulating layer  174  is formed, as shown in  FIG. 12 . The organic layer  174  may function as a passivation layer. Subsequently, a hole  176  (organic hole) is formed in the organic layer  174  using any suitable semiconductor process (e.g., pattern and etch), and exposes a portion of the drain  98 . This step is shown in FIG.  18 , which depicts the hole  176  of the present embodiment as having dimensions that are greater than those of the ES contact hole  172   b  and being generally centered over the ES contact hole  172   b.  Though the organic layer  174  itself is not shown in  FIG. 16 , it should be understood that the organic layer  174  would be located over the elements that are shown in  FIG. 16 . 
     Thereafter, a common voltage (Vcom) electrode  178  is formed over the organic layer  174 . The Vcom electrode  178  may be formed from a conductive material with optically transparent properties, such as indium tin oxide (ITO). A hole  180  (“Vcom hole”) is then formed in the Vcom electrode  178  using any suitable semiconductor process. As part of this step, the electrode material may initially be deposited such that the organic hole  176  is filled, thus covering the previously exposed drain  98 . The process of forming the Vcom hole  180  would then involve removing (e.g., via etching) a portion of the layer  178 , which may expose the drain  98  again as well as a portion of the organic layer. These steps are further illustrated in  FIG. 19 . As shown, the Vcom hole  180  has dimensions that are greater than those of the organic hole  176  and is generally centered over the organic hole  176 . Thus, in the present embodiment, the ES contact hole  172   b , the organic hole  176 , and the Vcom hole  180  may be arranged in a generally concentric manner, as shown in  FIG. 19 , which each successive hole structure having greater dimensions. Further, the Vcom electrode  178  may at least partially shield the pixel electrode  92  from gate line  84 , thus reducing crosstalk. 
     Next, a passivation layer  182  is formed over the Vcom electrode  178 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , the passivation layer  182  may at least partially fill the Vcom hole  180  and the organic hole  176 . The passivation layer may then be etched to form a pixel contact hole  184 , which may expose a portion of the drain  98  once again. Thus, from the step shown in  FIG. 19 , the formation of the pixel contact hole  184  results in the completed structure of the TFT  90  shown in  FIG. 11 . In the present embodiment, the pixel contact hole  184  is also generally concentric with the ES contact hole  172   b , the organic hole  176 , and the Vcom hole  180 , but has smaller dimensions relative to the organic hole  176  and Vcom hole  180 . As discussed in further detail below, a portion of the pixel electrode  92  is formed within the contact hole  184 , thus connecting the pixel electrode  92  to the drain  98  of the TFT  90 . For example, referring to  FIGS. 20 and 21 , a partial top view and a cross-sectional view, respectively, of a unit pixel  82  illustrating the TFT  90  with the pixel electrode  92 . The pixel electrode  92  may include one or more finger-like structures  186  (e.g., “finger electrode”). 
     It should be understood that the formation of all the layers in the TFT  90 , as described above, may be accomplished using any suitable process, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and that the formation of the holes (e.g.,  172   a ,  172   b ,  176 ,  180 ,  184 ) may also be formed using any suitable process, such as a patterning and etching process. Moreover, while  FIGS. 11-19  show the formation of a single TFT, it should be understood that the described process may be carried out to fabricate an entire panel of TFTs simultaneously. 
     As discussed above, the TFT  90  provides reduced parasitic capacitance and RC loading and may reduce the appearance of certain visual artifacts on the display  12 , such as image sticking and green tinting, while also improving color accuracy. These improvements are provided at least in part by the formation of the gate hole  162  in the gate line  84 , wherein each TFT  90  in the row corresponding to the gate line  84  may include a gate hole  162 . As can be appreciated, by removing portions of the gate line  84  to form the hole  162 , the area of the region of the gate line  84  disposed below the drain  98  of the TFT  90  is reduced. With this in mind, capacitance may be expressed as: 
                   C   =         ɛ   r     ⁢     ɛ   0     ⁢   A     d             (     Eq   .           ⁢   1     )               
wherein ∈ r  and ∈ 0  represent a dielectric constant and an electric constant, respectively, A represents the area of overlap between two elements (e.g., plates) forming a capacitive element, and d represents the distance between the two elements. As can be appreciated, the variables ∈ r  and ∈ 0  are generally constant depending on the selected materials, and it may generally be undesirable to increase d, as this may increase the thickness of the LCD panel. Accordingly, by reducing the area of the gate line  84  that is disposed beneath the drain  98 , parasitic capacitances that may exist between the gate line  84  and the drain  98  and/or between the gate line  84  and the pixel electrode  92  may be reduced. Further, parasitic capacitance may also be reduced between the gate line  84  and the materials in the liquid crystal layer  188  disposed over the pixel  82 . For instance, as discussed above, coupling between the gate activation voltage and liquid crystal and/or polyimide material in the liquid crystal layer  188  may cause certain artifacts, such as green tinting to occur.
 
     Further, since parasitic capacitance is reduced for each TFT  90  in the gate line, RC loading also decreases, which reduces the amount of signal degradation of the gate activation signal  110 , as discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 9-10 . For instance, since RC loading behavior is dependent upon a time constant that may increase as the gate activation signal propagates along the gate line due at least in part to cumulative parasitic capacitance (τ=RΔC) effects along the gate line as each TFT  90  is switched on, the reduction in parasitic capacitance due to the presence of the gate hole  162  at each TFT  90  reduces ΔC, thereby decreasing RC loading and improving the signal quality of the gate activation signal  110 , thus enhancing the switching performance of the TFTs  90 . By way of example, the use of the gate holes described in the present disclosure may reduce RC loading by between approximately 20 to 60 percent in some embodiments when compared to the conventional TFT  112  described with reference to  FIGS. 7-8 . 
     In certain embodiments the formation of the gate holes  162  may reduce the overall area of the gate line  84  may between approximately 5 to 30 percent. Further, while the gate holes  162  have been illustrated as being generally square or rectangular in shape, it should be understood that gate hole  162  may be formed in any suitable shape, including circular, oval, diamond, and so forth. Further, in some embodiments utilizing square or rectangular shaped gate holes  162 , such gate holes may have a width that is between approximately 50 to 95 percentage of the width of the gate line and a length that is equal to the width or a percentage thereof (e.g., 50 to 99 percent). As will be appreciated, the dimensions of the gate hole  162  may be selected such that the decrease in ΔC is not outweighed by an increase in resistance of the gate line  84  due to the decrease in the area. For instance, if the gate holes  162  are too large, the resistance of the gate line  84  may increase, which may negate or nullify the benefits of reduced parasitic capacitance by increasing τ. 
     A further benefit provided by the TFT  90  relates to reduction of power consumption. For instance, power may be expressed using the following equation:
 
 P=f×C×V   2   (Eq. 2)
 
Wherein P represents power (in watts), V represents a voltage (e.g., voltage of the gate activation signal), C represents the cumulative capacitance along a gate line, and f represents a frequency, such as a clock frequency at which the display driving circuitry is operating (e.g., gate driver IC  104  and source driver IC  100 ). By way of example, f may be on the order of several kilohertz (Khz) in some embodiments. Thus, as indicated by Equation 2, a reduction in C, as provided by the present embodiments, also provides reduced power consumption in operation of the display  12  of the electronic device  10 . This may be particularly beneficial when the device  10  is a portable device operating primarily on battery power.
 
     With these points in mind,  FIGS. 22-23  illustrate another embodiment of the TFT  90 . Specifically,  FIG. 22  illustrates a partial top view of the TFT  90  and  FIG. 23  illustrates a corresponding cross sectional view. The embodiment of the TFT  90  shown in  FIGS. 22-23  is generally identical to the TFT  90  described above in  FIGS. 11-12  with the addition of a second gate hole  190  disposed below the source  94  of the TFT  90 , such that the source  94  at least partially overlaps the second gate hole  190 . By the same principles discussed above with regard to the first gate hole  162 , the present of the second gate hole  190  reduces the area of the region of the gate line  84  disposed below the source  94  of the TFT  90 . Thus, the presence of the second gate hole may further reduce the parasitic capacitance between the gate line  84  and the source  94  and/or the gate line  84  and the Vcom electrode  178 . Thus, when used alone or in conjunction with the gate hole  162  described above, the formation of the gate hole  190  may also decrease parasitic capacitance and RC loading of the gate line  84 , thus improving panel performance by reducing the appearance of visual artifacts (e.g., image sticking and/or color shifts) and increasing color accuracy. 
     The fabrication of the TFT  90  in this embodiment is generally similar to the process described above with reference to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 11-19 , except that the second gate hole  190  is formed at the same step as the formation of the first gate hole  162 . For instance, referring to  FIG. 24 , after the formation of the gate line  84 , the gate holes  162  and  190  are formed. A gate insulation layer  166  may be deposited over the gate line  84 , and may fill the gate holes  162  and  190 . As shown in  FIG. 25 , a metal oxide semiconductor  168  may then be deposited to form an active layer  168  for the TFT  90 . Subsequently,  FIG. 26  depicts the formation of an etch stopper layer  170  over the active layer  168 , as well as the formation of the ES contact holes  172   a  and  172   b.  As can be appreciated, the remaining steps for fabricating the TFT  90  in this embodiment are generally identical to the steps discussed above with respect to the embodiment of  FIGS. 11-19 . Further, it should be understood that while the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 22-23  depict the use of both gate holes  162  and  190 , some embodiments of the TFT  90  may utilize only the gate hole  190  without the gate hole  162 . With regard to the embodiments discussed above, the configuration of the pixel electrode  92  has utilized a middle-com structure. In other embodiments, a top-com structure be utilized, in which the pixel electrode may directly contact the metal oxide active layer to form an Ohmic contact. 
       FIG. 27  depicts a further embodiment of the TFT  90  that may be implemented in the pixels  82  of the display panel  80  shown in  FIG. 5 . While the sequence of steps for fabricating the TFT  90  shown in  FIG. 27  may be similar to the steps for fabricating the TFT  90  in the above-discussed embodiments, certain elements of the present embodiment have some structural differences. For instance, as shown in  FIG. 27 , for each pixel  82 , the gate line  84  includes a protrusion  196  that extends perpendicularly away from the gate line  84 . Further, while the source  94  of the TFT  90  is still formed at the intersection of the gate line  84  and the source line  86   a , the drain  98  of the TFT  90  is formed towards the end of the protrusion  196 . In this embodiment, the active layer  168  connecting the source  94  to the drain  98  has an “L-shaped” structure including a first portion  198  that is parallel to and disposed over the gate line  84  and a second portion  200  that is perpendicular to the first portion  198  and gate line  94  and disposed over the protrusion  196 . This is in comparison the above-discussed embodiments of the TFT  90 , wherein the entire structure of the active layer  168  was parallel to the gate line  84 , i.e., an “I-shaped” structure. As can be appreciated, by forming the pixel contact hole  194  off of the gate line  84 , the distance or pitch  204  between the data line  86   a  and its adjacent data line  86   b  may be reduced. This configuration may be particularly well-suited for high resolution displays (e.g., 300 or more pixels per inch), such as the Retina Display®, available from Apple Inc. As can be appreciated, the pitch  204  may depend on the display size and resolution (e.g., pixels per inch). In some embodiments, the pitch  204  may be between approximately 10 to 20 microns. 
     In the present embodiment, it is noted the protrusion  196  is only partially overlapped by the pixel contact hole  184 , the ES contact hole  172   a , the organic hole  176 , and the Vcom hole  180 . In other words, the protrusion  196  does not fully extend under the area of these hole structures. This produces an effect that is similar to the use of the gate hole  162  in that the reduction of the smaller area the gate line  84  in the region under drain  98  and pixel contact hole  184  reduces parasitic capacitance and improves RC loading. 
     As noted above, despite the structural differences, the fabrication steps for producing the TFT  90  shown in  FIG. 27  are generally similar to the steps discussed above with respect to the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 11-26 . For example, to fabricate the TFT, the gate line  84  may be formed on a glass substrate. In this embodiment, the gate line  84  is formed to include the protrusion  196 . Further, as shown, the gate hole  190   a  (and  190   b  for the adjacent TFT) may be formed in the gate line  84 . Next, a gate insulating layer may be formed over the gate line, such that it fills the hole  190   a  (and  190   b ). Thereafter, the L-shaped metal oxide semiconductor is formed, thus defining the active layer  168  between a source and drain of the TFT  90 . 
     Next, an etch stopper layer is deposited on top of the active layer  168 , and the etch stopper contact holes  172   a  and  172   b  are formed, exposing a portion of the active layer  168 . Conductive material is then deposited over the ES contact holes  172   a  and  172   b  to form the source  94  and drain  98  of the TFT  90 . Subsequently, an organic layer (e.g.,  174 ) is deposited over the source  94  and drain  98  and etched to form the organic hole  176 . The common voltage (Vcom) electrode layer  178  is then deposited over the organic layer  174  followed by the formation of the Vcom hole  180 . Finally, a passivation layer  182  (e.g., silicon nitride) is formed over the Vcom electrode layer  178 , and a pixel contact hole  184  is formed in the passivation layer. As shown in  FIG. 27 , the location of the contact area (e.g., consisting of the various holes forming the pixel contact hole  184 ) of the TFT  90  is positioned at distances  206   a  and  206   b  from adjacent data lines  86   a  and  86   b , respectively. In one embodiment, the distances  206   a  and  206   b  are equal. Further, the use of the L-shaped active layer  168  in this embodiment (e.g., with the protrusion  196 ) and the gate hole  190   a  may decrease parasitic capacitance and RC loading of the gate line  84  in a manner similar to the above-discussed embodiments, thus improving panel performance by reducing the appearance of certain visual artifacts (e.g., image sticking and/or color shifts) and increasing color accuracy, while also providing increased pixel densities. 
     As discussed above, the use of metal oxide semiconductors for the active layer  168  may allow for a reduction in the size of the TFT  90  when compared to conventional TFTs having active layers formed from silicon-based materials. The reduction in the size of the TFT  90  may also allow for a reduction in the width of the gate line  84 . Accordingly, since an opaque black mask of a color filter array overlaying the LCD panel  80  is generally configured so that it masks or covers the TFTs, gate lines, and source lines, a reduction in the size of these components may allow for the dimensions and area of the black mask to be reduced, thus allowing for the aperture size over each unit pixel to be increased. Thus, the overall transmittance of the display  12  may increase due to the increased aperture sizes. By way of example only, in some embodiments utilizing the presently disclosed metal oxide TFTs, an increase of between approximately 5 to 20 percent in overall transmittance may be achieved when compared to a display utilizing the conventional TFTs  112  described above. This is illustrated in  FIG. 28 , which shows a portion of a black mask  210  of a color filter array covering a TFT  90 , gate line  84 , and source line  86 , and defining an aperture  212  over the pixel  82 . Because the size of the metal oxide TFT  90  may be smaller relative to silicon-based TFTs (e.g., a-Si or poly-Si), the area of the black mask  210  needed to cover or mask the TFT  90  may be less than that required to mask a similarly configured silicon-based TFT. Thus, the reduced area of the black mask  210  may result in increased size of the aperture  212 , thereby increasing overall transmittance. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates yet another embodiment of the metal oxide TFT  90 . The TFT  90  shown in  FIG. 29  is generally identical to the TFT  90  of the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 11-12 , except that the passivation layer formed over the source  94  and drain  98  includes both an inorganic layer  220  and the organic layer  174 . As can be appreciated, the formation of the gate line  84 , the gate insulation layer  166 , the metal oxide semiconductor active layer  168 , the etch stopper layer  170  (with ES contact holes  172   a  and  172   b ), and the source  94  and drain  98  may be accomplished generally in the same manner discussed above with reference to  FIG. 12 . However, in the present embodiment, an inorganic layer  220  is formed prior to formation of the organic layer  174 . For instance, the inorganic layer  220  may be formed using PVD or CVD processes. A hole  222  (inorganic hole) may be formed in the inorganic layer  220  over to expose a portion of the drain  98 . Next, the organic layer  174  is formed, followed by formation of the organic hole  176 , as discussed above in  FIG. 12 . The Vcom electrode layer  178  and the Vcom hole  180  may then be formed over the organic layer  174 . Finally, the passivation layer  182  is formed over the Vcom electrode layer  178 , followed by the formation of the pixel contact hole  184 . In some embodiments, the inorganic hole  222  may not be formed immediately after depositing the inorganic layer  220  (e.g., prior to formation of the organic layer  174 ). For instance, in one embodiment the passivation layer  182 , which may be made from silicon nitride, is formed such that it at least partially fills the Vcom hole  180  and the organic hole  176 , and the pixel contact hole  184  and the inorganic hole  222  may be formed in a single etch step, such as by using an etchant that is selective to the material of both the inorganic layer  220  and the passivation layer  182 . In one embodiment, the inorganic layer  220  and the passivation layer  182  may both be formed from the same material, such as silicon nitride (SiN X ). As can be appreciated, the inorganic layer  220  may also be provided in the embodiments of the TFT  90  shown in  FIG. 23  and  FIG. 27 . 
     The specific embodiments described above have been shown by way of example, and it should be understood that these embodiments may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms. It should be further understood that the claims are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed, but rather to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of this disclosure.