Patent Publication Number: US-11658739-B2

Title: Adaptive buffer region for line-of-sight network planning

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     The subject patent application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/095,131 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,290,180), filed Nov. 11, 2020, and entitled “ADAPTIVE BUFFER REGION FOR LINE-OF-SIGHT NETWORK PLANNING,” the entirety of which application is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates generally to constructing an adaptive buffer region around a line-of-sight between two transceivers that closely approximates a Fresnel zone while enabling more efficient line-of-sight computations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In wireless links of communication networks, often transmitters use frequencies that are blocked or obstructed by physical obstacles like buildings or trees. This includes fifth generation (5G) networks and microwave transmissions between communication towers. When planning such networks, it is important to take potential obstructions into account when selecting locations for the transceivers of a communication network. For example, when selecting locations for a pair of microwave transceivers (e.g., a receiver and a transmitter) that should be connected to one another, there should be a clear line-of-sight (LoS) between the transceivers on these towers, with no obstacles between them. Furthermore, there is a need to take Fresnel zones into account—a 3D buffer with a varying width around the LoS. For example, network planning typically attempts to verify that there are no geospatial entities that intersect the n-th Fresnel zone. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Numerous aspects, embodiments, objects and advantages of the present application will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG.  1    depicts illustration  100  showing an example representation of a Fresnel zone in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 A  shows illustration  200 A depicting an example of a bounding box approach; 
         FIG.  2 B  shows illustration  200 B depicting an example of a fixed-width approach; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a block diagram of an example system or device that can perform a network planning operation based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 A  shows illustration  400 A depicting an example of the buffer region that is composed of a group of rectangles in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 B  shows illustration  400 B depicting an example of one of the rectangles in the context of cardinal directions in further detail in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 A  shows depiction  500 A illustrating an alternative embodiment in which the buffer region is composed of a number of squares in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  5 B  shows depiction  500 B illustrating an example of performing updated computations in response to an update to a position of one of the two transceivers in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example method that can perform a network planning operation based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example method that can provide for additional elements or aspects in connection with performing a network planning procedure based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a first example of a wireless communications environment with associated components that can be operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a second example of a wireless communications environment with associated components that can be operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure; and 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example block diagram of a computer operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Overview 
     The disclosed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the disclosed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the disclosed subject matter. 
     Referring now to the drawings, with initial reference to  FIG.  1   , illustration  100  is depicted, showing an example representation of Fresnel zone  101  in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. Fresnel zone  101  can represent one in a series of confocal prolate ellipsoidal regions of space between and around two transceivers, such as transceivers  102  and  104  situated some distance  106 , denoted D, away from one another. In this case, n=1 indicates that Fresnel zone  101  is the first in the series of Fresnel zones, but it is appreciated that any one of the series may be used (e.g., n=2, n=3, . . . ) in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. 
     Transmitted radio waves can follow slightly different paths before reaching a receiver, especially if there are obstructions or reflecting objects between the two transceivers  102  and  104 . The radio waves can arrive at slightly different times and can be slightly out of phase due to the different path lengths. Depending on the magnitude of the phase shift, the waves can interfere constructively or destructively. The size of the calculated Fresnel zone at any particular distance from the transmitter (e.g., transceiver  102 ) and receiver (e.g., transceiver  104 ) can help to predict whether obstructions or discontinuities along the path will cause significant interference. Hence, determining whether objects exist within a Fresnel zone can be an important part of network planning. 
     Fresnel zone  101  can have radius  108 , denoted r, which varies according to distances from the two transceivers  102  and  104 . For example, at point  110 , denoted as P, distance  112  (e.g., d 1 ) away from first transceiver  102  and distance  114  (e.g., d 2 ) away from second transceiver  104  are approximately equal. Thus, at point  110 , radius  108  is at a maximum value. It is appreciated that network planning based on Fresnel zone data can be more accurate and/or more robust than network planning based on LoS data alone. 
     Thus, conventional network planning typically involves inputting locations for the two transceivers  102  and  104  and attempting to determine whether there are any obstructions not only to the LoS between the two transceivers, but also within the Fresnel zone. Typically, the above is done based on access to a geospatial model of the physical environment. Some test buffer around the LoS is selected and then the geospatial model is accessed to determine whether there are objects (e.g., potential obstructions) within that test buffer. If so, those objects are tested against a clearance buffer (e.g., the Fresnel zone). 
     For Fresnel zones, the width of the clearance buffer at each point on the LoS connecting the transceivers is a function of the transmission frequency, the distance to the receiver and the distance to the transmitter. A clearance test examines that there are no obstacles in the space defined by the Fresnel zone. In a typical clearance test, two locations of transceivers are provided as points in a 3D space. The straight line that connects these points is the LoS and the clearance buffer is the space defined by the Fresnel zone according to the frequency of the transmission. One goal is to test that there are no obstructions that intersect this space 
     When planning large networks, there is a need to deploy many transceivers; so many LoS computations are required. To automate the process and assist network planners, a clearance test can be executed over a 3D model of the world. That is, given a 3D model of a physical space, with all the potential obstacles (like buildings, trees, and the terrain), the computation is performed by examining that no obstacles intersect the clearance buffer defined by the Fresnel zone. It is appreciated that the 3D model can be representative of any spatial reference system, including any world geodetic coordinate system such as European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG):4326, EPSG:3857, or other. 
     A naïve test could be accomplished by applying an intersection test to each one of the objects in the dataset (e.g., an infinite test buffer). But this is inefficient and does not scale. A spatial index can be used to improve the efficiency of the computation by retrieving a small set of relevant objects (e.g., a finite test buffer) and applying the intersection test just to those. In other words, the clearance buffer represents the Fresnel zone and therefore objects within can be obstructions to the signal. On the other hand, the test buffer represents a region of the virtual model from which a smaller set of objects are identified or selected on which to perform the clearance test. 
     As such, the test buffer (also referred to as simply “buffer”) selected can have significant consequences on the computational resources needed to perform various clearance tests, particularly if results are to be determined in real-time, such as in connection with a network planning application on a device in the field. The importance of utilizing an efficient test buffer can be further demonstrated by examining two contrasting conventional approaches, referred to herein as the bounding box approach illustrated at  FIG.  2 A  and the fixed-width approach illustrated at  FIG.  2 B . Examination of these two distinct approaches can reveal advantages and disadvantages with both. 
     Illustration  200 A depicts transceivers  102  and  104 , connected by LoS  202  in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. These elements are enveloped by Fresnel zone  101 . It is noted that objects that intersect Fresnel zone  101  (e.g., the clearance buffer) are likely to interfere with a signal between transceivers  102  and  104 . 
     A bounding box approach selects a bounding box  204  that includes both transceivers  102  and  104 . As such, the total area of bounding box  204  is a function of the angle between transceivers (relative to some cardinal direction). As illustrated, this angle is approximately 30 degrees in this example. However, it can be readily visualized that if the angle was zero degrees (e.g., horizontal or vertical), then the area of the bounding box is minimized and most closely approximate Fresnel zone  101 , whereas at 45 degrees, the area is maximized. 
     It is observed that one strength of the bounding box approach is that because bounding box  204  is aligned with the cardinal directions of the physical space (e.g., the Earth) and/or the geospatial coordinate system of the virtualized model of the physical space, the calculations for the clearance test can be very efficient. One potential weakness, however, is when LoS  202  is not aligned with one of the cardinal directions, the area of bounding box  204  becomes much larger than the Fresnel zone. Such can lead to an excessive number of objects being selected on which to run clearance tests, and thus decreases the effectiveness and scalability of the system. 
     In other words, the bounding box approach is fast and efficient in terms of performing clearance tests against objects retrieved from the data store, but extremely inefficient due to the excessive size of bounding box  204  relative to Fresnel zone  101 . This size disparity causes a much greater number of objects to be retrieved from the data store, each one relying on clearance tests to be performed. So, a result of using the bounding box approach is: more efficient clearance testing, but more clearance tests performed. 
     In contrast, the fixed-width approach, depicted by illustration  200 B, relies on a fixed-width buffer  206  that is fixed to be equal to or greater than the diameter of Fresnel zone  101 . Such a test buffer typically has a very small size, irrespective of the angle of LoS  202 . Therefore, fewer objects will be retrieved from the data store upon which to perform the clearance test, which is an advantage. However, because the fixed-width buffer  206  is aligned with the angle of LoS  202  instead of with geospatial cardinal directions (as with the bounding box approach), the clearance test computations cannot be performed the same way. Rather, testing that the clearance buffer contains a given objects or intersects with a given object relies on computation of the distance between the object and the shape (e.g., LoS  202 ) for which the buffer is defined. This distance computation is typically expensive, especially for large datasets. 
     Hence, whereas the bounding box approach produces inexpensive clearance tests, but many more clearance tests, the fixed-width approach produces fewer clearance tests, but more expensive testing per object. Due to the potential disadvantages of both these approaches, neither one is suitably scalable nor efficient. 
     In order to remedy potential shortcomings of conventional approaches, a new technique for selecting a test buffer is proposed. For example, a 2D test buffer around LoS  202  can be defined in such a way that this buffer will contain all the objects that may intersect the clearance buffer (e.g., the Fresnel zone). In some embodiments, while the test buffer can rely on a 2D representation of the physical space, the clearance buffer can rely on a 3D representation for intersection testing. The 2D buffer refers to latitude and longitude (e.g., x-axis and y-axis coordinates) and can ignore the height (e.g., z-axis coordinates) of the objects in order to facilitate rapid object retrieval. Retrieving using an index of only the objects in the buffer can significantly decrease the number of intersection tests the system performs. Such can therefore increase the efficiency and scalability of the system. In some embodiments, such can be applied with any spatial index including a grid index, kd-tree, R-tree, quad tree, GiST index and so on. 
     While such indexing can provide rapid and efficient retrieval, there is still the question of how to efficiently define the test buffer that determines which indexed objects are to be retrieved from the data store and on which to perform clearance testing. As noted above, other solutions such as the bounding box approach and the fixed-width approach each have distinct shortcomings because the former tends to retrieve an excessive number of objects to be tested, while the latter tends to cause the clearance testing to be more expensive in terms of computational resources used to perform the clearance testing. 
     In accordance with the disclosed subject matter, it is proposed to use a testing buffer that is made of variable size rectangles. These rectangles can, in sequence, cover LoS  202  and Fresnel zone  101 . Thus, any object that intersects Fresnel zone  101  must also intersect at least one of the rectangular shapes that constitute the buffer. An example of the proposed rectangular shapes used to form the test buffer can be found at  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B . 
     It will become apparent that a test buffer built from many individual rectangle shapes (as opposed to just one associated with previous approaches) can lead to several advantages. For example, the test buffer is tight in the sense that the area covered by the rectangles does not contain large spaces outside the Fresnel zone as is the case for the bounding box approach. As another example, because the rectangles are individually aligned according to a cardinal direction, for each rectangle, a clearance test is similar to that of the bounding box approach, so it is extremely fast like the bounding box, but without the disadvantages of the bounding box approach. 
     As yet another advantage, the proposed techniques support adaptive changes to positions of the transceivers  102  or  104 . In the case of a relatively small movement of a transceiver  102  or  104 , it is possible to compute the difference and retrieve just the newly added objects from the rectangles that represent the change, which is further detailed in connection with  FIG.  5 B . Other advantages will become apparent upon review of the remainder of this specification. 
     Example Systems 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , device  300  is depicted. Device  300  can perform a network planning operation based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. Device  300  can comprise a processor  302  that can be specifically configured to perform a network planning procedure in connection with a physical space and a memory  304  that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, facilitate performance of operations. Device  300  can comprise network planning component  306  that can be specifically tailored to perform network planning operations. Processor  302  can be a hardware processor having structural elements known to exist in connection with processing units or circuits, with various operations of processor  302  being represented by functional elements shown in the drawings herein that can require special-purpose instructions, for example stored in memory  304  and/or network planning component  306 . Along with these special-purpose instructions, processor  302  and/or device  300  can be a special-purpose device. Further examples of the memory  304  and processor  302  can be found with reference to  FIG.  10   . It is to be appreciated that device  300  or computer  1002  can represent a server device of a communications network or a user equipment device and can be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems, devices, or components shown and described in connection with  FIG.  3    and other figures disclosed herein. 
     As introduced above, device  300  and/or processor  302  can be configured to perform a network planning procedure that tests whether physical object(s)  308  of a physical space  310  might potentially obstruct a signal between two transceivers  102  and  104  situated in the physical space  310 . Such can be accomplished based on access to a data store  312  that can comprise a virtual model (e.g., modeled space  314 ) of the physical space  310  and can include modeled objects  316  that model physical objects  308 . Further operations performed by device  300  and/or processor  302  can comprise the following. 
     While still referring to  FIG.  3   , but turning as well to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , illustration  400 A depicts an example of the buffer region that is composed of a group of rectangles in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; and illustration  400 B depicts an example of one of the rectangles in the context of cardinal directions in further detail in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. 
     As illustrated at reference numeral  318  of  FIG.  3   , device  300  can define a group of rectangles. This group of rectangles (an example of which is indicated in  FIG.  4 A  as rectangles  402   1 - 402   N ) can be situated along a LoS (e.g., LoS  202 ) between two transceivers (e.g., transceivers  102  and  104 ). In combination, the group of rectangles  402  can represent buffer region  320  (e.g., an improved test buffer) that encompasses a Fresnel zone (e.g., Fresnel zone  101 ) of the two transceivers. In other words, buffer region  320  can reflect the summation of the areas of the group of rectangles  402   1 - 402   N . 
     Advantageously, a rectangle (e.g., rectangle  402   6 ) of the group of rectangles  402   1 - 402   N  can be oriented to align with cardinal directions  408  of physical space  310  independent of an angle  410  (e.g., θ) of LoS  202  relative to one of the cardinal directions  408 . It is appreciated that angle  410  can be assumed to be between zero and 45 degrees. Otherwise, the same computations can be performed by merely appropriately rotating to a different of the four cardinal directions  408 . Furthermore, attention is drawn to the top-left corner of rectangle  402   6  (as depicted in illustration  400 B), denoted point  404  and the bottom-right corner, denoted  406 . Points  404  and  406  are either upon or just narrowly outside the boundaries of Fresnel zone  101 , illustrating that the entirety of Fresnel zone  101  is encased by rectangles  402  and/or there are no points within Fresnel zone  101  that are not also within buffer region  320 . 
     Device  300  can further request objects in buffer region  320 , which is illustrated at reference numeral  322 . Such can comprise requesting from data store  312  modeled object(s)  316  that are determined to be in buffer region  320 . Recall buffer region  320  represents a combination of the group of rectangles  402  that, in combination, are guaranteed to include all objects in Fresnel zone  101 , as illustrated by points  404  and  406 . It is noted that while other solutions also attempt to retrieve objects within a test buffer, other solutions use a test buffer that is very different from buffer region  320  and therefore do not realize the benefits of relying on buffer region  320 , which can be significantly smaller and equally as fast per test as the bounding box approach; and equally small, but significantly faster per test than the fixed-width approach. 
     As illustrated at reference numeral  324 , device  300  can determine whether the signal is obstructed based on the modeled object(s)  316  that were received from data store  312 . It is appreciated that the modeled object(s)  316  will potentially differ from those retrieved by other solutions, as other solutions rely on test buffers having different shapes/sizes than buffer region  320 . 
     It is appreciated that while modeled space  314  can be a 3D space, in some embodiments, Fresnel zone  101 , rectangles  402 , and other elements detailed herein can be 2D elements. Such can be accomplished by simply ignoring the z-coordinate (e.g., height/elevation) and using only the x and y coordinates, resulting in a 2D projection onto the earth. Thus, determining which object to retrieve from modeled space  314  can be determined based on the 2D projection. 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , illustration  400 A shows, by way of example, ten individual rectangles  402   1 - 402   N , where N is ten. However, it is appreciated that N can be any natural number greater than one. Thus, device  300  can in some embodiments, determine the number, N, of rectangles based on various factors or conditions. For example, in some embodiments, N can be determined as a function of a distance between two transceivers (e.g., distance  106 , D) and a unit distance  412 . Unit distance  412 , illustrated as, x, shown in illustration  400 B can be representative of a defined distance along LoS  202 . As one example, unit distance  412  can be 100 meters. Regardless, N can be determined as distance  106 , D, divided by unit distance  412 , x, in some embodiments. 
     As is appreciated, the number, N, of rectangles  402  can affect the operations of the network planning procedure and N can be controlled by unit distance  412 , x. Furthermore, the width  414  of a given rectangle can be determined as a function of unit distance  412 . Hence, each rectangle  402  can have a constant width  414 , which can be a function of unit distance  412 . In some embodiments, width  414  of rectangle(s)  402  can be a function of the unit distance and a cosine of angle  410  of LoS  202  relative to one of the cardinal directions  408 . For example, w=x*cos(θ). 
     Thus, unit distance  412 , x, can be an interesting parameter to tweak the operation for different implementation criteria or the like. As noted, unit distance  412  can be implemented as a default value (e.g., 100 meters) in some embodiments, while, in other embodiments, unit distance  412  can be input to device  300 . In either case, it is appreciated that unit distance  412  can be an adjustable parameter. 
     Even though width  414  can be constant for each of the many rectangles  402 , the length  416  of each rectangle  402  can vary because a radius  108  of Fresnel zone  101  varies over the span of LoS  202 . For example, a respective length  416  of a given rectangle  402  varies based on a location along the LoS  202  in response to variances in a radius  108  of the Fresnel zone at different locations along LoS  202 . 
     As illustrated, in some embodiments, length  416  can be a combination of three separate portions of a given rectangle  402 . For example, length  416  can be the sum of first length  416 A, second length  416 B, and third length  416 C. In some embodiments, first length  416 A can be x*sin(θ). In some embodiments, second length  416 B can be r 1 /cos(θ), where r 1  is a radius of Fresnel zone  101  at a position along LoS  202  of a right side of rectangle  402 . In some embodiments, third length  416 Bc can be r 2 /cos(θ), where r 2  is a radius of Fresnel zone  101  at a position along LoS  202  of a left side of rectangle  402 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5 A , depiction  500 A is presented. Depiction  500 A illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the buffer region is composed of a number of squares in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. It is observed that a square is a specific type of rectangle, one in which length and width are equal. Thus, buffer region  320  composed of a group of squares  502  yields some differences. For example, a respective side, both length and width (illustrated as length  504 ), of a square  504  can change according to a position of the respective square  502  along LoS  202 . Recall from the previous rectangle example, a respective width  414  of each rectangle  402  is constant, whereas only the length  416  varied according to position along LoS  202 . 
     Hence, whereas the rectangle embodiment typically has no overlapping between individual rectangles  402 , the square embodiment can have overlapping portions  506 , which is illustrated by the diagonal lines. In some cases, this square shaped embodiment can simplify the computations of the rectangle dimensions. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  5 B , depiction  500 B is presented. Depiction  500 B illustrates an example of performing updated computations in response to an update to a position of one of the two transceivers in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. For example, consider that device  300  receives an update to a position of one of the two transceivers  102  or  104 , for instance via a user interface of device  300 . Such is illustrated as update  506  that moves transceiver  102  from position  102 A to position  102 B. 
     Consider that results can have already been returned based on the transceiver being at position  102 A. As such, only objects determined to be in updated buffer region  320 B need be retrieved from data store  312  and tested, as other objects have already been retrieved and tested. In other words, based on update  506 , device  300  can determine updated buffer region  320 B to exclude regions of buffer region  320  from which modeled objects  316  were previously retrieved. 
     Thereafter, device  300  can request from data store  312  additional objects. These additional objects can be representative of physical objects  308  of physical space  310  that are determined to be in updated buffer region  320 B, while exclusive of the modeled objects  316  determined to be in buffer region  320 . Device  300  can then determine whether the signal is likely to be obstructed based on the additional modeled objects received from data store  312  in response to update  506  to the position of transceiver  102 . 
     Example Methods 
       FIGS.  6  and  7    illustrate various methodologies in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the disclosed subject matter is not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to computers. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  6   , exemplary method  600  is depicted. Method  600  can perform a network planning operation based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. For example, at reference numeral  602 , a device comprising a processor can perform a network planning procedure. The network planning procedure can test whether a physical object of a physical space obstructs a signal between two transceivers positioned in the physical space. This test can be based on access to a data store comprising a virtual model (e.g., a modeled space) of the physical space. 
     At reference numeral  604 , the device can define rectangles that are positioned along a line of sight between the two transceivers. These rectangles can, collectively, represent a buffer region that encompasses a Fresnel zone of the two transceivers. A rectangle of the rectangles can be oriented to align with cardinal directions of the physical space independent of an angle of the line of sight relative to one of the cardinal directions. In other words, the rectangle is not oriented according to the line of sight (e.g., as for the fixed-width approach), but rather based on the cardinal directions, which can improve the computational efficiency of subsequent clearance tests given the modeled space is typically compiled relative to cardinal directions of the corresponding physical space (e.g., latitude, longitude, etc.). 
     At reference numeral  608 , the device can receive, from the data store, a modeled object representative of the physical object of the physical space. This modeled object can be received in response to being determined to be in the buffer region that encompasses the Fresnel zone. Method  600  can stop or proceed to insert A, which is further detailed in connection with  FIG.  7   . 
     With reference now to  FIG.  7   , exemplary method  700  is illustrated. Method  700  can provide for additional elements or aspects in connection with performing a network planning procedure based on a group of defined rectangles representing a test buffer in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure. For example, at reference numeral  702 , the device determines whether the signal is likely to be obstructed based on the modeled object received from the data store. 
     At reference numeral  704 , the device can receive, via a user interface of the device, an update to a position of one of the two transceivers. At reference numeral  706 , the device can determine an updated buffer region. The updated buffer region excludes portions of the buffer region from which modeled objects were previously retrieved. 
     Example Operating Environments 
     To provide further context for various aspects of the subject specification,  FIG.  8    illustrates an example wireless communication environment  800 , with associated components that can enable operation of a femtocell enterprise network in accordance with aspects described herein. Wireless communication environment  800  comprises two wireless network platforms: (i) A macro network platform  810  that serves, or facilitates communication with, user equipment  875  via a macro radio access network (RAN)  870 . It should be appreciated that in cellular wireless technologies (e.g., 4G, 3GPP UMTS, HSPA, 3GPP LTE, 3GPP UMB, 5G), macro network platform  810  is embodied in a Core Network. (ii) A femto network platform  880 , which can provide communication with UE  875  through a femto RAN  890 , linked to the femto network platform  880  through a routing platform  887  via backhaul pipe(s)  885 . It should be appreciated that femto network platform  880  typically offloads UE  875  from macro network, once UE  875  attaches (e.g., through macro-to-femto handover, or via a scan of channel resources in idle mode) to femto RAN. 
     It is noted that RAN comprises base station(s), or access point(s), and its associated electronic circuitry and deployment site(s), in addition to a wireless radio link operated in accordance with the base station(s). Accordingly, macro RAN  1370  can comprise various coverage cells, while femto RAN  890  can comprise multiple femto access points or multiple metro cell access points. As mentioned above, it is to be appreciated that deployment density in femto RAN  890  can be substantially higher than in macro RAN  870 . 
     Generally, both macro and femto network platforms  810  and  880  comprise components, e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or platforms, that facilitate both packet-switched (PS) (e.g., internet protocol (IP), Ethernet, frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) and circuit-switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data) and control generation for networked wireless communication. In an aspect of the subject innovation, macro network platform  810  comprises CS gateway node(s)  812  which can interface CS traffic received from legacy networks like telephony network(s)  840  (e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN), or public land mobile network (PLMN)) or a SS7 network  860 . Circuit switched gateway  812  can authorize and authenticate traffic (e.g., voice) arising from such networks. Additionally, CS gateway  812  can access mobility, or roaming, data generated through SS7 network  860 ; for instance, mobility data stored in a VLR, which can reside in memory  830 . Moreover, CS gateway node(s)  812  interfaces CS-based traffic and signaling and gateway node(s)  818 . As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, gateway node(s)  818  can be embodied in gateway GPRS support node(s) (GGSN). 
     In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic and signaling, gateway node(s)  818  can authorize and authenticate PS-based data sessions with served (e.g., through macro RAN) wireless devices. Data sessions can comprise traffic exchange with networks external to the macro network platform  810 , like wide area network(s) (WANs)  850 ; it should be appreciated that local area network(s) (LANs) can also be interfaced with macro network platform  810  through gateway node(s)  818 . Gateway node(s)  818  generates packet data contexts when a data session is established. To that end, in an aspect, gateway node(s)  818  can comprise a tunnel interface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in 3GPP UMTS network(s); not shown) which can facilitate packetized communication with disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Fi networks. It should be further appreciated that the packetized communication can comprise multiple flows that can be generated through server(s)  814 . It is to be noted that in 3GPP UMTS network(s), gateway node(s)  1318  (e.g., GGSN) and tunnel interface (e.g., TTG) comprise a packet data gateway (PDG). 
     Macro network platform  810  also comprises serving node(s)  816  that convey the various packetized flows of information or data streams, received through gateway node(s)  818 . As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) can be embodied in serving GPRS support node(s) (SGSN). 
     As indicated above, server(s)  814  in macro network platform  810  can execute numerous applications (e.g., location services, online gaming, wireless banking, wireless device management . . . ) that generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows, and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Such application(s), for example can comprise add-on features to standard services provided by macro network platform  810 . Data streams can be conveyed to gateway node(s)  818  for authorization/authentication and initiation of a data session, and to serving node(s)  816  for communication thereafter. Server(s)  814  can also effect security (e.g., implement one or more firewalls) of macro network platform  810  to ensure network&#39;s operation and data integrity in addition to authorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s)  812  and gateway node(s)  818  can enact. Moreover, server(s)  814  can provision services from external network(s), e.g., WAN  850 , or Global Positioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). It is to be noted that server(s)  814  can comprise one or more processor configured to confer at least in part the functionality of macro network platform  810 . To that end, the one or more processor can execute code instructions stored in memory  830 , for example. 
     In example wireless environment  800 , memory  830  stores information related to operation of macro network platform  810 . Information can comprise business data associated with subscribers; market plans and strategies, e.g., promotional campaigns, business partnerships; operational data for mobile devices served through macro network platform; service and privacy policies; end-user service logs for law enforcement; and so forth. Memory  830  can also store information from at least one of telephony network(s)  840 , WAN(s)  850 , or SS7 network  860 , enterprise NW(s)  865 , or service NW(s)  867 . 
     Femto gateway node(s)  884  have substantially the same functionality as PS gateway node(s)  818 . Additionally, femto gateway node(s)  884  can also comprise substantially all functionality of serving node(s)  816 . In an aspect, femto gateway node(s)  884  facilitates handover resolution, e.g., assessment and execution. Further, control node(s)  820  can receive handover requests and relay them to a handover component (not shown) via gateway node(s)  884 . According to an aspect, control node(s)  820  can support RNC capabilities. 
     Server(s)  882  have substantially the same functionality as described in connection with server(s)  814 . In an aspect, server(s)  882  can execute multiple application(s) that provide service (e.g., voice and data) to wireless devices served through femto RAN  890 . Server(s)  882  can also provide security features to femto network platform. In addition, server(s)  882  can manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) substantially all packetized flows (e.g., IP-based) it generates in addition to data received from macro network platform  810 . It is to be noted that server(s)  882  can comprise one or more processor configured to confer at least in part the functionality of macro network platform  810 . To that end, the one or more processor can execute code instructions stored in memory  886 , for example. 
     Memory  886  can comprise information relevant to operation of the various components of femto network platform  880 . For example, operational information that can be stored in memory  886  can comprise, but is not limited to, subscriber information; contracted services; maintenance and service records; femto cell configuration (e.g., devices served through femto RAN  890 ; access control lists, or white lists); service policies and specifications; privacy policies; add-on features; and so forth. 
     It is noted that femto network platform  880  and macro network platform  810  can be functionally connected through one or more reference link(s) or reference interface(s). In addition, femto network platform  880  can be functionally coupled directly (not illustrated) to one or more of external network(s)  840 ,  850 ,  860 ,  865  or  867 . Reference link(s) or interface(s) can functionally link at least one of gateway node(s)  884  or server(s)  886  to the one or more external networks  840 ,  850 ,  860 ,  865  or  867 . 
       FIG.  9    illustrates a wireless environment that comprises macro cells and femtocells for wireless coverage in accordance with aspects described herein. In wireless environment  905 , two areas represent “macro” cell coverage; each macro cell is served by a base station  910 . It can be appreciated that macro cell coverage area  905  and base station  910  can comprise functionality, as more fully described herein, for example, with regard to system  900 . Macro coverage is generally intended to serve mobile wireless devices, like UE  920   A ,  920   B , in outdoors locations. An over-the-air (OTA) wireless link  935  provides such coverage, the wireless link  935  comprises a downlink (DL) and an uplink (UL), and utilizes a predetermined band, licensed or unlicensed, of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. As an example, UE  920   A ,  920   B  can be a 3GPP Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) mobile phone. It is noted that a set of base stations, its associated electronics, circuitry or components, base stations control component(s), and wireless links operated in accordance to respective base stations in the set of base stations form a radio access network (RAN). In addition, base station  910  communicates via backhaul link(s)  951  with a macro network platform  960 , which in cellular wireless technologies (e.g., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)) represents a core network. 
     In an aspect, macro network platform  960  controls a set of base stations  910  that serve either respective cells or a number of sectors within such cells. Base station  910  comprises radio equipment  914  for operation in one or more radio technologies, and a set of antennas  912  (e.g., smart antennas, microwave antennas, satellite dish(es) . . . ) that can serve one or more sectors within a macro cell  905 . It is noted that a set of radio network control node(s), which can be a part of macro network platform  960 ; a set of base stations (e.g., Node B  910 ) that serve a set of macro cells  905 ; electronics, circuitry or components associated with the base stations in the set of base stations; a set of respective OTA wireless links (e.g., links  915  or  916 ) operated in accordance to a radio technology through the base stations; and backhaul link(s)  955  and  951  form a macro radio access network (RAN). Macro network platform  960  also communicates with other base stations (not shown) that serve other cells (not shown). Backhaul link(s)  951  or  953  can comprise a wired backbone link (e.g., optical fiber backbone, twisted-pair line, T1/E1 phone line, a digital subscriber line (DSL) either synchronous or asynchronous, an asymmetric ADSL, or a coaxial cable . . . ) or a wireless (e.g., LoS or non-LoS) backbone link. Backhaul pipe(s)  955  link disparate base stations  910 . According to an aspect, backhaul link  953  can connect multiple femto access points  930  and/or controller components (CC)  901  to the femto network platform  902 . In one example, multiple femto APs can be connected to a routing platform (RP)  987 , which in turn can be connect to a controller component (CC)  901 . Typically, the information from UEs  920   A  can be routed by the RP  987 , for example, internally, to another UE  920   A  connected to a disparate femto AP connected to the RP  987 , or, externally, to the femto network platform  902  via the CC  901 , as discussed in detail supra. 
     In wireless environment  905 , within one or more macro cell(s)  905 , a set of femtocells  945  served by respective femto access points (APs)  930  can be deployed. It can be appreciated that, aspects of the subject innovation can be geared to femtocell deployments with substantive femto AP density, e.g., 9 4 -10 7  femto APs  930  per base station  910 . According to an aspect, a set of femto access points  930   1 - 930   N , with N a natural number, can be functionally connected to a routing platform  987 , which can be functionally coupled to a controller component  901 . The controller component  901  can be operationally linked to the femto network platform  902  by employing backhaul link(s)  953 . Accordingly, UE  920   A  connected to femto APs  930   1 - 930   N  can communicate internally within the femto enterprise via the routing platform (RP)  987  and/or can also communicate with the femto network platform  902  via the RP  987 , controller component  901  and the backhaul link(s)  953 . It can be appreciated that although only one femto enterprise is depicted in  FIG.  9   , multiple femto enterprise networks can be deployed within a macro cell  905 . 
     It is noted that while various aspects, features, or advantages described herein have been illustrated through femto access point(s) and associated femto coverage, such aspects and features also can be exploited for home access point(s) (HAPs) that provide wireless coverage through substantially any, or any, disparate telecommunication technologies, such as for example Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) or picocell telecommunication. Additionally, aspects, features, or advantages of the subject innovation can be exploited in substantially any wireless telecommunication, or radio, technology; for example, Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (Enhanced GPRS), 3GPP LTE, 3GPP2 UMB, 3GPP UMTS, HSPA, HSDPA, HSUPA, or LTE Advanced. Moreover, substantially all aspects of the subject innovation can comprise legacy telecommunication technologies. 
     With respect to  FIG.  9   , in example embodiment  900 , base station AP  910  can receive and transmit signal(s) (e.g., traffic and control signals) from and to wireless devices, access terminals, wireless ports and routers, etc., through a set of antennas  912   1 - 912   N . It should be appreciated that while antennas  912   1 - 912   N  are a part of communication platform  925 , which comprises electronic components and associated circuitry that provides for processing and manipulating of received signal(s) (e.g., a packet flow) and signal(s) (e.g., a broadcast control channel) to be transmitted. In an aspect, communication platform  925  comprises a transmitter/receiver (e.g., a transceiver)  966  that can convert signal(s) from analog format to digital format upon reception, and from digital format to analog format upon transmission. In addition, receiver/transmitter  966  can divide a single data stream into multiple, parallel data streams, or perform the reciprocal operation. Coupled to transceiver  966  is a multiplexer/demultiplexer  967  that facilitates manipulation of signal in time and frequency space. Electronic component  967  can multiplex information (data/traffic and control/signaling) according to various multiplexing schemes such as time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), space division multiplexing (SDM). In addition, mux/demux component  967  can scramble and spread information (e.g., codes) according to substantially any code known in the art; e.g., Hadamard-Walsh codes, Baker codes, Kasami codes, polyphase codes, and so on. A modulator/demodulator  968  is also a part of operational group  925 , and can modulate information according to multiple modulation techniques, such as frequency modulation, amplitude modulation (e.g., M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), with M a positive integer), phase-shift keying (PSK), and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  10   , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary computer system operable to execute the disclosed architecture. In order to provide additional context for various embodiments described herein,  FIG.  10    and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment  1000  in which the various embodiments of the embodiment described herein can be implemented. While the embodiments have been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments can be also implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. 
     Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, distributed computing systems, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices. 
     The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be also practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which can include computer-readable storage media, machine-readable storage media, and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media or machine-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media or machine-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable or machine-readable instructions, program modules, structured data or unstructured data. 
     Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc (BD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, solid state drives or other solid state storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or “non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se. 
     Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium. 
     Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. 
     With reference again to  FIG.  10   , the example environment  1000  for implementing various embodiments of the aspects described herein includes a computer  1002 , the computer  1002  including a processing unit  1004 , a system memory  1006  and a system bus  1008 . The system bus  1008  couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1006  to the processing unit  1004 . The processing unit  1004  can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures can also be employed as the processing unit  1004 . 
     The system bus  1008  can be any of several types of bus structure that can further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory  1006  includes ROM  1010  and RAM  1012 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  1002 , such as during startup. The RAM  1012  can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data. 
     The computer  1002  further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)  1014  (e.g., EIDE, SATA), one or more external storage devices  1016  (e.g., a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  1016 , a memory stick or flash drive reader, a memory card reader, etc.) and an optical disk drive  1020  (e.g., which can read or write from a CD-ROM disc, a DVD, a BD, etc.). While the internal HDD  1014  is illustrated as located within the computer  1002 , the internal HDD  1014  can also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown). Additionally, while not shown in environment  1000 , a solid state drive (SSD) could be used in addition to, or in place of, an HDD  1014 . The HDD  1014 , external storage device(s)  1016  and optical disk drive  1020  can be connected to the system bus  1008  by an HDD interface  1024 , an external storage interface  1026  and an optical drive interface  1028 , respectively. The interface  1024  for external drive implementations can include at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1094 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the embodiments described herein. 
     The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer  1002 , the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refers to respective types of storage devices, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of storage media which are readable by a computer, whether presently existing or developed in the future, could also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such storage media can contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods described herein. 
     A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM  1012 , including an operating system  1030 , one or more application programs  1032 , other program modules  1034  and program data  1036 . All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM  1012 . The systems and methods described herein can be implemented utilizing various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Computer  1002  can optionally comprise emulation technologies. For example, a hypervisor (not shown) or other intermediary can emulate a hardware environment for operating system  1030 , and the emulated hardware can optionally be different from the hardware illustrated in  FIG.  10   . In such an embodiment, operating system  1030  can comprise one virtual machine (VM) of multiple VMs hosted at computer  1002 . Furthermore, operating system  1030  can provide runtime environments, such as the Java runtime environment or the .NET framework, for applications  1032 . Runtime environments are consistent execution environments that allow applications  1032  to run on any operating system that includes the runtime environment. Similarly, operating system  1030  can support containers, and applications  1032  can be in the form of containers, which are lightweight, standalone, executable packages of software that include, e.g., code, runtime, system tools, system libraries and settings for an application. 
     Further, computer  1002  can be enable with a security module, such as a trusted processing module (TPM). For instance, with a TPM, boot components hash next in time boot components, and wait for a match of results to secured values, before loading a next boot component. This process can take place at any layer in the code execution stack of computer  1002 , e.g., applied at the application execution level or at the operating system (OS) kernel level, thereby enabling security at any level of code execution. 
     A user can enter commands and information into the computer  1002  through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard  1038 , a touch screen  1040 , and a pointing device, such as a mouse  1042 . Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a radio frequency (RF) remote control, or other remote control, a joystick, a virtual reality controller and/or virtual reality headset, a game pad, a stylus pen, an image input device, e.g., camera(s), a gesture sensor input device, a vision movement sensor input device, an emotion or facial detection device, a biometric input device, e.g., fingerprint or iris scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  1004  through an input device interface  1044  that can be coupled to the system bus  1008 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, a BLUETOOTH® interface, etc. 
     A monitor  1046  or other type of display device can be also connected to the system bus  1008  via an interface, such as a video adapter  1048 . In addition to the monitor  1046 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc. 
     The computer  1002  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s)  1050 . The remote computer(s)  1050  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  1002 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  1052  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  1054  and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN)  1056 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  1002  can be connected to the local network  1054  through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter  1058 . The adapter  1058  can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN  1054 , which can also include a wireless access point (AP) disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter  1058  in a wireless mode. 
     When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  1002  can include a modem  1060  or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN  1056  via other means for establishing communications over the WAN  1056 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  1060 , which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the system bus  1008  via the input device interface  1044 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  1002  or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  1052 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are example and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
     The computer  1002  is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This comprises at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
     Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic “10BaseT” wired Ethernet networks used in many offices. 
     What has been described above comprises examples of the various embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the detailed description is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
     As used in this application, the terms “system,” “component,” “interface,” and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. These components also can execute from various computer readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry that is operated by software or firmware application(s) executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. An interface can comprise input/output (I/O) components as well as associated processor, application, and/or API components. 
     Furthermore, the disclosed subject matter may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from by a computing device. 
     As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor also can be implemented as a combination of computing processing units. 
     In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” “repository,” “queue”, and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile and nonvolatile memory. In addition, memory components or memory elements can be removable or stationary. Moreover, memory can be internal or external to a device or component, or removable or stationary. Memory can comprise various types of media that are readable by a computer, such as hard-disc drives, zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or the like. 
     By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can comprise read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can comprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
     In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments comprise a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods. 
     Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which can comprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium. 
     On the other hand, communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media comprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media 
     Further, terms like “user equipment,” “user device,” “mobile device,” “mobile,” station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” and similar terminology, generally refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably in the subject specification and related drawings. Likewise, the terms “access point,” “node B,” “base station,” “evolved Node B,” “cell,” “cell site,” and the like, can be utilized interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wireless network component or appliance that serves and receives data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. It is noted that in the subject specification and drawings, context or explicit distinction provides differentiation with respect to access points or base stations that serve and receive data from a mobile device in an outdoor environment, and access points or base stations that operate in a confined, primarily indoor environment overlaid in an outdoor coverage area. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. 
     Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,” and the like are employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities, associated devices, or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms) which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth. In addition, the terms “wireless network” and “network” are used interchangeable in the subject application, when context wherein the term is utilized warrants distinction for clarity purposes such distinction is made explicit. 
     Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
     In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes” and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”