Patent Publication Number: US-2022232086-A1

Title: Responsive action prediction based on electronic messages among a system of networked computing devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/827,625, filed Mar. 23, 2020 and entitled, “RESPONSIVE ACTION PREDICTION BASED ON ELECTRONIC MESSAGES AMONG A SYSTEM OF NETWORKED COMPUTING DEVICES”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/827,625 is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/821,543, filed Nov. 22, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,601,937 and entitled, “RESPONSIVE ACTION PREDICTION BASED ON ELECTRONIC MESAGES AMONG A SYSTEM OF NETWORKED COMPUTING DEVICES”, all of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Various embodiments relate generally to data science and data analysis, computer software and systems, and control systems to provide a platform to facilitate implementation of an interface, and, more specifically, to a computing and data storage platform that implements specialized logic to predict an action based on content in electronic messages, at least one action being a responsive electronic message. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Advances in computing hardware and software have fueled exponential growth in delivery of vast amounts of information due to increased improvements in computational and networking technologies. Also, advances in conventional data storage technologies provide an ability to store increasing amounts of generated data. Thus, improvements in computing hardware, software, network services, and storage have bolstered growth of Internet-based messaging applications, such as social networking platforms and applications, especially in an area of generating and sending information concerning products and services. Unfortunately, such technological improvements have contributed to a deluge of information that is so voluminous that any particular message may be drowned out in the sea of information. Consequently, providers of goods and services are typically inundated with messages concerning customer service-related matters via social networking platforms. Brand reputations and brand loyalty may be jeopardized if providers of goods and services are impeded from filtering through a multitude of messages to identify a relatively small number of critical messages. 
     In accordance with some conventional techniques, creators of content and information, such as manufacturers and merchants of products or services, have employed various techniques to review numerous messages to identify content that might be of critical nature. However, while functional, these techniques suffer a number of other drawbacks. 
     The above-described advancements in computing hardware and software have given rise to a relatively large number of communication channels through which information may be transmitted to the masses. For example, information may be transmitted via a great number of messages through text messages, website posts, social networking messages, and the like. However, social networking platforms are not well-suited to leverage social media to address customer service-related issues as social media platforms were initially formed to principally connect persons socially rather than commercially. For example, various conventional approaches to reviewing numerous social-related messages typically are resource intensive, requiring human reviewers to read a message and determine some type of dispositive action, which typically may be less repeatable and subject to various levels of skill and subjectivity applied to identifying messages that may be important to discover. Further, it is not unusual for the traditional approaches to consume relatively large quantities of computational resources and time, among other things. 
     Thus, what is needed is a solution for facilitating techniques to predict an action based on electronic messages, without the limitations of conventional techniques. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments or examples (“examples”) of the invention are disclosed in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting an electronic message response platform, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  depicts another example of an electronic message response platform, according to various examples; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow diagram as an example of predicting at least one action for generating a response electronic message, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram depicting an example of an electronic message response platform configured to collect and analyze electronic messages to model predictive responses, according to some examples; 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting an example of a data correlator and a message characterizer configured to determine a predictive response, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram as an example of forming a set of patterned data to predict whether an electronic message generates a response, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram depicting an example of a user interface configured to accept data signals to visually identify and/or interact with a subset of messages predicted to generate a response, according to some examples; 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting an example of a user interface configured to aggregation of messages predicted to at least generate a response, according to some examples; and 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram depicting an example of an electronic message response platform configured to harvest and analyze electronic messages, according to some examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments or examples may be implemented in numerous ways, including as a system, a process, an apparatus, a user interface, or a series of program instructions on a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storage medium or a computer network where the program instructions are sent over optical, electronic, or wireless communication links. In general, operations of disclosed processes may be performed in an arbitrary order, unless otherwise provided in the claims. 
     A detailed description of one or more examples is provided below along with accompanying figures. The detailed description is provided in connection with such examples, but is not limited to any particular example. The scope is limited only by the claims, and numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents thereof. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the described techniques may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. For clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the examples has not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting an electronic message response platform, according to some embodiments. Diagram  100  depicts an example of an entity computing system  150  configured to, among other things, predict whether an electronic message  174  received by an electronic message response platform  160  performs, or is likely to cause performance of, an action responsive to the contents of electronic message  174 , according to various embodiments. In at least one implementation, electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to determine predictively whether to generate a response (e.g., a response electronic message) using a model formed, for example, based on historic behavior and/or activity. Examples of historic behavior and/or activity include past user inputs to, for example, generate a response relative to a previously received electronic message. Electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to predict responses for electronic messages  119   a  (e.g., intra-system messages), as well as for electronic messages  119   b  (e.g., inter-system messages) or any other message. Thus, electronic messages  119   a  and  119   b  need not be directed to electronic message response platform  160 , which may capture the content from these messages to predict a response. 
     Further, electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to determine a value indicative of a likelihood of specific message contents to generate a response or perform other actions. For example, a received message may be further processed by applying or linking tags (e.g., metadata) to electronic message  174  and/or to any constituent components to identify such components. A component of a message may include, according to various examples, symbols (e.g., a letter or number), a word, a group of words, such as a phrase, a message topic, or any other characteristic of the electronic message associated with, or descriptive of, the message (as well as the message itself). Hence, electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to automatically route a received message to a subset of computing devices for refined resolution. As an example, a subset of computing devices may be associated with one or more agents who perform common tasks, such as reviewing a message in a specific language (e.g., electronic messages using Mandarin). 
     Diagram  100  depicts an entity computing system  150  including a user interface  120  and a computing device  130  (e.g., one or more servers, including one or more processors and/or memory devices), both of which may be configured to generate “response” messages that may be configured for users  108   a ,  108   b ,  108   c , and  108   d . Any one or more of message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b  may be configured to receive and transmit electronic messages, regardless of a context, to convey an experience, observation, request for assistance (e.g., in relation to a product or service), or any other information with or among any number of users for any reason. One or more of message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b  may be configured to distribute electronic message content in any form in any digital media or channel  107 . In various examples, message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b  may include any number of computing systems configured to propagate electronic messaging, including, but not limited to, computing systems including third party servers, such as third parties like Facebook™, Twitter™, LinkedIn™, Instagram™, Snapchat™, as well as other private or public social networks to provide social-media related informational data exchange services. Computing systems  113   a  and  113   b  may be configured to provide any type of digital content, such as email, text messaging (e.g., via SMS messages), web pages, audio, video (e.g., YouTube™), etc. 
     According to some examples, message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b  may include applications or executable instructions configured to principally facilitate interactions (e.g., social interactions) amongst one or more persons, one or more subpopulations (e.g., private groups or public groups), or the public at-large. Examples of message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b , as channels  107 , may include the above-mentioned electronic accounts for Facebook™, Twitter™, LinkedIn™, Instagram™, and Snapchat™, as well as YouTube™, Pinterest™, Tumblr™, WhatsApp™ messaging, or any other platform configured to promote sharing of content, such as videos, audio, or images, as well as sharing ideas, thoughts, etc. in a socially-based environment. According to some examples, content source computing systems  113   a  and  113   b  may include applications or executable instructions configured to principally promote an activity, such as a sports television network, a profession sports team (e.g., a National Basketball Association, or NBA®, team), a news or media organization, a product producing or selling organization, and the like. Content source computing systems  113   a  and  113   b  may implement websites, email, chatbots, or any other digital communication channels, and may further implement electronic accounts to convey information via message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b.    
     In view of the structures and/or functionalities of message network computing systems  110   a  and  110   b  and content source computing systems  113   a  and  113   b , an electronic message may include a “tweet” (e.g., a message via a Twitter™ computing system), a “post” (e.g., a message via a Facebook™ computing system), or any other type of social network-based messages, along with any related functionalities, such as forwarding a message (e.g., “retweeting” via Twitter™), sharing a message, associating an endorsement of another message (e.g., “liking” a message, such as a Tweet™, or sharing a Facebook™ post, etc.), and any other interaction that may convey a “response” to one or more electronic accounts at increased rates of transmissions or propagation to address concerns or statements that may otherwise affect a reputation of a brand. According to various examples, an electronic message received via a network  111  can include any type of digital messaging that can be transmitted over any digital network. 
     According to some embodiments, entity computing system  150  or electronic message response platform  160 , or both, may be configured to facilitate generation of an electronic message (e.g., a response electronic) based on predicting a likelihood of generating a response, or, alternatively, a dismissal of received message  174 . In some examples, electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to characterize an electronic message and/or its contents (e.g., components) to identify a classification value that may be associated with the electronic message. For example, an electronic message  174  to entity computing system  150  may include content directed to a “racing bike retailer” (e.g., an electronic account identifier, such as @Kaneolli_Bikes), and the content may specify that a “wrong order number” has been used for an on-line purchase in association with a specific “customer account identifier.” Electronic message response platform  160  may be configured to analyze the electronic message to characterize components “racing bike retailer,” “wrong order number,” and “customer account identifier.” The characterized component values can be used to identify a “classification value” relative to, for example, a dataset includes data having similar characterized component values. According to some examples, a “classification” value may be a value specifying whether a response to the electronic message may be generated or dismissed. In a specific example, a classification value may be representative of a likelihood or probability of generating a response. 
     Entity computing system  150  is shown to include a computing device  120  and display configured to generate a user interface, such as a message response interface  122 . Entity computing system  150  also includes a server computing device  130 , which may include hardware and software, or a combination thereof, configured to implement an electronic message response platform  160  (or “response platform  160 ”), according to various examples. Response platform  160  may include a message characterizer  137  configured to characterize one or more received electronic messages (e.g., messages  119   a ,  119   b , and  174  received via a network  111 ), as well as components, to identify a value indicative of a predicative response. Message characterizer  137  is shown to include a classifier  138  and a response predictor  139 . Classifier  138  may be configured to classify a received electronic message as generating an action. Classifier  138  may be configured to classify a message as generating a response based on a threshold value (or range of values). In some examples, a threshold value may be formed empirically or theoretically based on historic actions of responses or dismissals as actions performed in relation to previously-received messages. Response predictor  139  may be configured to invoke an action, such as sending a response, dismissing the received electronic message, modifying a threshold value (e.g., setting a “risk tolerance threshold”), routing the received electronic message to a subset of computing devices (e.g., computing devices optimized to address messages in a certain language or for specific products) for refined processing or resolution, and the like. Also, electronic message response platform  160  may therefore be configured to generate and send response electronic messages to any of platforms  110   a ,  110   b ,  113   a , and  113   b.    
     To illustrate a functionality of response platform  160 , consider an example in which a user  121 , as an agent, may receive an electronic message  124  for presentation via message response interface  122 , whereby electronic message  124  may originate at one or more computing systems  110   a ,  110   b ,  113   a , and  113   b . According to various examples, response platform  160  may be configured to determine a classification value for electronic message  124  to determine whether a response may be predicted. In this example, response platform  160  may determine electronic message  124  has a classification value of 0.81, as shown as visual identifier (“81%”)  125 , which exceeds an example threshold value of 0.80 (not shown). In some cases, if electronic message  124  is associated with a lesser value, such as 0.70, then response platform  160  may be configured to deemphasize, deprioritized, and/or dismiss presentation of electronic message  124  as well as any other action related thereto. Thus, computational resources and other resources may be preserved for handling numerous incoming electronic messages by predicting an amount of messages (e.g., a configurable amount) that may generate a response (e.g., relative to electronic messages that may be dismissed). 
     According to some embodiments, user  121  may interact with computing device  120  to generate a response electronic message  172 . Response platform  160  may automatically generate a field into which user  121  may enter input to form a response electronic message (not shown). Also, response platform  160  may include logic configured to analyze and evaluate electronic message  124 , prior to generating a message, to determine, for example, whether electronic message  124  may be automatically routed or forwarded to other one or more computing devices  120  associated users  121 . For example, certain other computing devices  120  (not shown) may be designated or optimized to facilitate response message generation based on an attribute of electronic message  124 . An attribute may indicate a particular language, such as German, a particular product, such as a “racing bike model 2XQ,” demographic profile data about a sender of a message (e.g., originator&#39;s geographic location), and the like. Hence, resolution of a response may include automatically routing electronic message  124  to a computing device  120  based on an attribute. 
     In some implementations, user  121  may initiate or facilitate functionalities regarding the processing of a response message. Optionally, a user  121  may cause a selection device  126  to hover over or select graphical representation  125 . In response, one or more message performance actions  123  may be presented to user  121 . Here, response actions graphic representation  123  include a response confirmation in user interface portion  127  and a refined resolution selection portion  128 . User  121  may cause selection device  126  to select user input (“yes”)  129   a  to initiate generation of a response message. In some examples, user  121  may cause selection of user input (“no”)  129   b  to “dismiss” generation of a response message. Further, user  121  may cause selection device  126  to select user input (“yes”)  129   c  for initiating refined resolution of electronic message  174 . In some examples, refined resolution may include routing to another computing device  120  for further refinements, such as generating a response electronic message based on language, product type, geographic location, or any other component characteristic or attribute. 
     Diagram  100  further depicts response platform  160  being coupled to memory or any type of data storage, such as data repositories  142  and  144 , among others. Message data repository  142  may be configured to store any number of electronic messages  172  and  174  received (e.g., previously-received), generated, and transmitted by response platform  160 . For example, response platform  160  may be configured to store multiple received electronic messages  174  (e.g., as historic archival data). Also, response platform  160  may be configured to determine characteristics or attributes of one or more components of received electronic messages. According to some examples, a component of an electronic message may include a word, a phrase, a topic, or any message attribute, which can describe the component. For example, a message attribute may include metadata that describes, for example, a language associated with the word, or any other descriptor, such as a synonym, a language, a user characteristic (e.g., age, gender identity, etc.), a reading level, a geographic location, and the like. Message attributes may also include values of one or more classification values (e.g., one or more values may predict an action, such as generating a response, etc.). Components of messages may be tagged or otherwise associated with any of the above-described metadata. 
     Continuing with the example of diagram  100 , classification values may be derived based on model data, including an account&#39;s historical behavior or activity relative to a set of characterized attribute data. The model data may be stored in repository  144 , along with classification values, threshold values, and the like. 
       FIG. 2  depicts another example of an electronic message response platform, according to various examples. Diagram  200  depicts a response platform  260  including a data collector  230 , which, in turn, includes a natural language processor  232 , an analyzer  234 , and a message generator  262 . Response platform  260  may be configured to receive data  201   a , which may include electronic message data from a particular user account or from any number of other electronic accounts (e.g., social media accounts, email accounts, etc.). Further, response platform  260  may be configured to publish or transmit an electronic message  201   c  via network  211  to any number of message networked computing devices (not shown). In one or more implementations, elements depicted in diagram  200  of  FIG. 2  may include structures and/or functions as similarly-named or similarly-numbered elements depicted in other drawings. 
     Data collector  230  is configured to detect and parse the various components of an electronic message, and further is configured to analyze the characteristics or attributes of each component. Data collector  230  is shown to include a natural language processor  232  and a message component attribute determinator  233 . Natural language processor  232  may be configured to ingest data to parse portions of an electronic message (e.g., using word stemming, etc.) for identifying components, such as a word or a phrase. Also, natural language processor  232  may be configured to derive or characterize a message as being directed to a particular topic based on, for example, sentiment analysis techniques, content-based classification techniques, and the like. In some examples, natural language processor  232  may be configured to apply word embedding techniques in which components of an electronic message may be represented as a vector. 
     Message component attribute determinator  233  may be configured to identify characteristics or attributes, such as message attribute data  203 , for a word, phrase, topic, etc. In various examples, message attribute data  203  may be appended, linked, tagged, or otherwise associated with a component to enrich data in, for example, message data repository  242  and/or model data repository  244 . A classification value may be a characteristic or an attribute of a message component, and thus may be used as a tag. Examples of message attribute data  203  are depicted as classification data  203   a  (e.g., an attribute specifying whether a component or message may be classified as generating, for example, a response or dismissal), media type data  203   b  (e.g., an attribute specifying whether a component may be classified as being associated with an email, a post, a webpage, a text message, etc.), channel type data  203   c  (e.g., an attribute specifying whether a component may be associated with a type of social networking system, such as Twitter), and the like. Message attribute data  203  may also include context metadata  203   d , which may include attributes that specify environmental data or contextual data, such as a context in which an electronic message is received or a response is generated. Thus, context metadata  203   d  may include data representing a time of day, a year, a season, a service-related context, a payment-related context, etc. Also, a tag including metadata  203   d  may refer to a context in which a word is used in a transmission of a number of electronic messages (e.g., a tag indicating a marketing campaign, or the like). Also, a tag including metadata  203   d  may refer to an industry or activity (e.g., a tag indicating an electronic message component relating to autonomous vehicle technology, or basketball), etc. Furthermore, message attribute data  203  may also include profile data  203   e , which may include attributes that describe, for example, demographic data regarding an author of a received electronic message, or the like. Other metadata  203   f  may be associated with, or tagged to, a word or other message component. As such, other metadata  203   f  may include a tag representing a language in which the word is used (e.g., a tag indicating English, German, Mandarin, etc.). In some cases, other metadata  203   d  may include data representing values of computed threshold values or classification values (e.g., a tag may indicate a value of an amount of likelihood of generating a response, etc.). Message attribute data  203 , and the corresponding tags, may be stored in message data repository  242 . 
     Analyzer  234  may be configured to characterize various components to discover characteristics or attributes related to a component, and may further be configured to characterize a message as having an associated classification value (e.g., probability). Analyzer  234  includes a message characterizer  237 , which, in turn, may include a classifier  238  and a response predictor  239 . Classifier  238  may be configured to classify a received electronic message as being configured to generate an action, such as generating a response, based on a classification value relative to a threshold value (or range of values). A classification value, at least in some examples, may be derived by matching a pattern of data for a received electronic message against a data model stored in repository  244 . For example, a data model may include patterns of vector data specifying characteristic or attribute values related to a corresponding classification value. In some examples, a threshold value may be formed empirically or theoretically based on historic actions of responses or dismissals and integrated into a data model. Response predictor  239  may be configured to invoke an action, such as sending a response, dismissing the received electronic message, modifying a threshold value, routing the received electronic message to a subset of computing devices for processing or resolution, and the like. 
     Diagram  200  further depicts response platform  260  including a message generator  262  configured to generate response messages. According to some examples, message generator  262  may include a refined response manager  264  that may be configured to automatically or manually cause further processing and refinement of a response message. A computing device configured to perform specific tasks relating to a characteristic of a message (e.g., messages relating to finances, including billing, invoicing, refunding, etc.) may be designated as a destination to which a subset of electronic messages may be directed. Thus, reduced instances of specialized software applications or a reduced set of skilled users may efficiently generate a response message. Message generator  262  may be configured further to generate any number of platform-specific response messages. Thus, message generator  262  may generate an electronic message or content formatted as, for example, a “tweet,” a Facebook™ post, a web page update, an email, etc. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow diagram as an example of predicting at least one action for generating a response electronic message, according to some embodiments. Flow  300  may be an example of predictively determining whether to generate a response (e.g., a response electronic message) using a model formed, for example, based on historic behavior and/or activity (e.g., past control signals, user inputs, etc. in relation to prior messages-handling actions). At  302 , data representing an electronic message may be received by an entity computing system (or electronic messaging account), the electronic message including data representing an item (e.g., content, topic, etc. of electronic message). Examples of entity computing systems including any subset of computing devices and memory storage devices implemented to manage, for example, a flow of electronic messages that may affect perception (e.g. brand management) or usage (e.g., customer service) of a product or service provided by an organization or individual as an entity (e.g., a manufacturer, a seller, etc.). Examples of electronic messaging accounts include data structures implemented in association with social networking platforms, such as accounts implemented for Facebook™, Twitter™, LinkedIn™, Instagram™, and Snapchat™, as well as other message or information-exchange applications or other platforms. Note that an electronic message may be transmitted to an electronic messaging account associated with either an entity computing system or a third party computing system. In the latter case, an entity computing system may “harvest” or “scrape” accessible social media-related messages not directed to the entity to identify whether to respond to a third party message associated with a third-party electronic account. 
     At  304 , one or more component characteristics (e.g., electronic message attributes) associated with one or more components of an electronic message may be identified. Examples of component characteristics include, but are not limited to, data representing one or more of a language, a word, and a topic specifying a product or a service, a quality issue, a payment issue, or any other attribute specifying a characteristic of the content of an electronic message. Further, an electronic message may be characterized to identify a component characteristic value, which may be appended to data representing a component (e.g., appended as a tag, link, etc.). Hence, a tag specifying a component characteristic value may be used to determine whether to perform an action as a function of the component characteristic value. In one example, an action includes routing the electronic message to an agent computing system to generate a response. To illustrate, consider the following example in which electronic message is characterized to be written in the “French” language, which may be abbreviated as “FR.” A tag “FR” may be applied to one or more components of an electronic message (as well as the message itself). An entity computing system, upon identifying the tag “FR,” may be configured to route the message to a subset of agent computing devices at which French language-based items may be processed. 
     At  306 , an electronic message may be characterized based on one or more component characteristics to classify whether an electronic message is classified as a message that likely initiates a response. For example, data representing component characteristics may be matched against a subset of patterns of data in a data model (e.g., using pattern matching techniques), the subset of patterns being associated with a likelihood that a specific pattern of data (of a received message) may likely cause a response. Thus, an electronic message may be classified as being associated with, for example, a first classification value that specifies generation of a responsive electronic message. In various examples, the content of a response message may include an automatically-generated acknowledgment of message receipt, an artificial intelligence (“AI”)-generated response, or a human agent-generated response. 
     A first classification value may be determined (e.g., computed) for classifying an electronic message, whereby the first classification value represents a likelihood (e.g., a probability) of an action. An example of an action includes a generated electronic message responsive to at least one of the components, such as topics including “a price,” “a product refund,” “store hours of operation,” “a malfunctioning product,” etc. To classify an electronic message, a first threshold value may be retrieved, for example, from data storage. For example, a threshold value may include a value of “0.80,” which may specify that an electronic message is classified as probabilistically generating a response if the first classification value meets or exceeds “0.80.” So to determine whether a first classification applies to a received electronic message, a value, such as “0.89” associated with an electronic message, may be compared against a first threshold value of “0.80.” Thus, if a value meets the threshold value, the electronic message may be classified such that the value is identified as a first classification value. Note that an electronic message may be associated with more than one classification, according to some examples. 
     At  306 , a second threshold value may be identified against which to compare with a value to classify the electronic message, according to some examples. In one instance, a second threshold value may be described as a “risk tolerance threshold” value. In some cases, a second threshold value may be derived by varying a first threshold value to, for example, adjust the strictness or tolerance with which determinations to generate response messages are performed (e.g., varying a threshold value of “0.80” to “0.75”). By increasing a tolerance, a subset of classifications for another value associated with a response may be identified. For example, a relaxed second threshold value may facilitate detection of “false negatives” (e.g., messages that initially do not meeting a first threshold value). Accordingly, an electronic message (or portion thereof) may be classified as having a second classification value based on a second threshold value. In response, an evaluation may be performed to identify whether an electronic message has been classified initially as a false negative (e.g., a determination that incorrectly identifies an electronic message as predictively “not” generating a response relative to a first classification value, when at least in some cases the electronic message ought to generate a response). By determining that an electronic message should generate a response, the electronic message may be reclassified to form a reclassified electronic message. The reclassification of the message (e.g., based on an input to generate a response) may cause a data model to recalibrate so at to characterize other electronic messages (e.g., similar messages in the future) to increase accuracy of predicting the first classification value. 
     At  306 , a third threshold value may be identified against which to compare with a value to classify the electronic message, according to some examples. The value can be compared against a third threshold value to classify an electronic message as, for example, “dismissed.” Upon detecting the third classification value, the electronic message may predictably yield a dismissal. In some cases, dismissal of a message may be an action (or inaction). To illustrate, consider an electronic message is computed to be associated with first value of “0.35,” whereby a “dismiss” threshold value may be “0.45.” Hence, the electronic message may be dismissed in which, for example, no response is generated (or a response is suppressed or otherwise rejected). According to various examples, the third threshold value may be modified to vary the threshold value as a function of any parameter. 
     At  308 , a computing device including a user interface may be invoked to perform an action, such as generating or refining a response, to facilitate the response to a classified message. Note that in some examples, a user interface need not be invoked to perform an action. An action need not be performed, for example, if an item is identified as having an attribute for which value is indeterminate, negligible, or otherwise is not valuable. In this case, an item need not be presented to a user. At  310 , a user input may be presented on the user interface configured to accept a data signal to initiate the action. For example, a user input may specify whether to “respond” or “dismiss” a received electronic message. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram depicting an example of an electronic message response platform configured to collect and analyze electronic messages to model predictive responses, according to some examples. Diagram  400  includes a response platform  460  configured to generate a data model based on analyses of historic electronic messages and corresponding dispositions thereof (e.g., whether a message type is predicted to cause or invoke a responsive action, including generating and transmitting a response electronic message  401   c ). Response platform  460  includes a data collector  430  and a message generator  462 . Further, data collector  430  is shown to include an analyzer  434 , which, in turn, includes a component characterizer  472 , a data correlator  474 , and a message characterizer  437 , any of which may be implemented in hardware or software, or a combination of both. In one or more implementations, elements depicted in diagram  400  of  FIG. 4  may include structures and/or functions as similarly-named or similarly-numbered elements depicted in other drawings. Further, structures and/or functions of elements depicted in diagram  400  of  FIG. 4  are presented as merely one instructive example to form, use, and update a data model stored in repository  444 . Thus, diagram  400  depicts but one of various other implementations to form, use, and update a data model for predicting generation of a response as a function of characterized message components, among other things. 
     Analyzer  434  may be configured to data mine and analyze relatively large number of datasets with hundreds, thousands, millions, or any innumerable amount of data points having multiple dimensions, variables, or attributes. Further, analyzer  434  may be configured to correlate one or more attributes or subsets of data, as datasets  423 , to one or more classification values  429   a  to  429   c  so that generation of a response electronic message may be predicted based on a particular electronic message and a classification value. 
     Component characterizer  472  may be configured to receive data  401   a  representing electronic messages and any other source of data from which components (e.g., words, phrases, topics, etc.) of one or more subsets of electronic messages (e.g., published messages) may be extracted and characterized. In some examples, component characterizer  472  may be configured to identify attributes that may be characterized to determine values, qualities, or characteristics of an attribute. For instance, component characterizer  472  may determine attributes or characteristic that may include a word, a phrase, a topic, or any message attribute, and can describe the component and a corresponding value as metadata. Message attributes (or component characteristics) may be expressed in any value or data type, such as numeric, string, logical, etc. A message attribute may include metadata that describes, for example, a language associated with the word (e.g., a word is in Spanish), or any other descriptor, such as a number of messages received from a particular sender over an interval of time (e.g., indicative of urgency), a topic (e.g., “alcohol,” “store hours,” “product name X,” “modify order,” etc.) and the like. In some examples, component characterizer  472  may implement at least structural and/or functional portions of a message component attribute determinator  233  of  FIG. 2 . 
     Data correlator  474  may be configured to statistically analyze components and attributes of electronic messages to identify predictive relationships between, for example, an attribute and a value predicting a likelihood that a received electronic message may invoke a response message. According to some embodiments, data correlator  474  may be configured to classify and/or quantify various “attributes” and/or “received electronic messages” by, for example, applying machine learning or deep learning techniques, or the like. In one example, data correlator  474  may be configured to segregate, separate, or distinguish a number of data points (e.g., vector data) representing similar (or statistically similar) attributes or received electronic messages, thereby forming one or more sets of clustered data  422 , each of which may include one or more clusters  423  of data (e.g., in 3-4 groupings of data). Clusters  423  of data may be grouped or clustered about a particular attribute of the data, such as a source of data (e.g., a channel of data), a type of language, a degree of similarity with synonyms or other words, etc., or any other attribute, characteristic, parameter or the like. In at least one example, each cluster  423  of data may define a subset of electronic messages having one or more similarities (e.g., a statistically same topic). For example, electronic messages associated with cluster  423  may relate to “payment related” message content, and may have one or more similar attributes having similar attribute values. 
     According to some examples, data correlator  474  may identify one of datasets  424  for at least one cluster  423 , whereby dataset  424   a  may include a subset of attribute values. For example, dataset  424   a  may be associated with predominant values of “TW” (e.g., Twitter™) for a channel type attribute, “store hours” for a topic attribute, “5” as “a number of messages sent per a user” attribute, and “EN” as a language attribute. Note that diagram  500  depicts use of these attributes and values in  FIG. 5 . Referring back to  FIG. 4 , data correlator  474  may form dataset  424  as a correlated dataset  424   a  by computing and associating a classification value  429   c  to one of datasets  424 . Data correlator  474 , therefore, may be configured to analyze past actions, activities, and behaviors that are recorded or stored in message data repository  442  for dataset  424   a  (and/or cluster  423 ) to compute a likelihood that a next received electronic message may be similar to dataset  424   a . may have common or similar likelihoods. If similar, both In this example, data correlator  474  may determine that over 10,000 previously-received electronic messages are associated with dataset  424   a , and that 9,100 response messages have been generated responsive to the 10,000 previously-received electronic messages. Thus, at least in this example, a classification value (“91%”)  429   c  (e.g., 10,000/9,100) may be linked to dataset  424   a , thereby forming a correlated dataset  424   a . Hence, a correlated dataset may be described as being linked to a value indicative of a predicted action. According to various examples, clustered data  422 , correlated datasets  424 , and classification values  429   a  to  429   c , as well as threshold values, one or more of which may constitute a data model that is be stored in model data repository  444 . 
     While any number of techniques may be implemented, data correlator  474  may apply “k-means clustering,” or any other clustering data identification techniques to form clustered data  422  and cluster analysis thereof. In some examples, data correlator  474  maybe configured to detect patterns or classifications among datasets  424  and other data through the use of Bayesian networks, clustering analysis, as well as other known machine learning techniques or deep-learning techniques (e.g., including any known artificial intelligence techniques, or any of k-NN algorithms, linear support vector machine (“SVM”) algorithm, regression and variants thereof (e.g., linear regression, non-linear regression, etc.), Bayesian inferences and the like, including classification algorithms, such as Naïve Bayes classifiers, or any other statistical or empirical technique). 
     Message characterizer  437  is shown to include a classifier  438 , which in turn, may include a pattern matcher  499 , and a response predictor  439 . In some examples, message characterizer  437  may implement at least structural and/or functional portions of a message characterizer  237  of  FIG. 2 . Message characterizer  437  may be configured to characterize a “newly-received” message for comparison against a data model to form a set of characterized data  425 . Thus, classifier  438  may be configured to identify attributes and corresponding attributes that may be matched, as a data pattern, against patterns of data including correlated datasets  424  and the like. Consider that pattern matcher  499  determines that characterized data  425  matches correlated dataset  424   a , which may be associated with a classification value of 91%. Thus, characterized data  425  for a “newly-received” message may be linked to, or otherwise described as having, a likelihood of 91% with which a response message is predicted. Response predictor  439  may be configured, at least in some cases, to compare classification value  429   c  to a threshold value with which to test whether an action, such as generating a response message, is predicted to occur. For example, if a threshold value for generating a response is 85% and classification value  429   c  of 91%, is greater (which it is in this example), then response predictor  439  predicts (and causes) generation of a response message. 
     Message generator  462  may be configured to generate a response message  401   c  automatically or based on user input. A response electronic message may be formatted for transmission as data  401   c  via networks  411  to any number of social media network computing devices. Response message  401   c  and a user input signal generated at user input  419  are fed back, prior to sending, into electronic message response platform  460 . In this case, while a received message has been predicted to generate a response with a 91% likelihood, user  421  selected “No” to a question whether to respond in user interface  418  of computing device  409 . As the user-initiated action is contrary to a predicted action, analyzer  434  may be configured to adapt the data model based on the newly-received electronic message and its attributes and datasets  424 . As such, a data model stored in repository  444  may be recalibrated to adapt to a recorded action of “dismiss” (by selecting user input  419 ). In various examples, analyzer  434  may be configured to continuously adapt a data model as, for example, different data patterns are recognized as a result of different content in received electronic messages. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram depicting an example of a data correlator and a message characterizer configured to determine a predictive response, according to some embodiments. Note that diagram  500  is illustrative of one example by which to determine whether generation of a response electronic message may be predicted, and, as such, diagram  500  is not intended to limit the prediction of responses to structural elements and/or functional features described in  FIG. 5 . According to the example shown, diagram  500  includes a data correlator  754  configured to identify datasets, and a message characterizer  537  that may be configured to characterize an incoming electronic message and predict whether a response may be generated. Message characterizer  537  is shown to include a pattern matcher  599 , a response predictor  539 , and a similarity detector  597 . In one or more implementations, elements depicted in diagram  500  of  FIG. 5  may include structures and/or functions as similarly-named or similarly-numbered elements depicted in other drawings. 
     Data correlator  574  may be configured to form or otherwise identify datasets with which to use in comparisons. To convey a quality of a dataset and associated attribute values, “a shape” for each of three datasets are shown mapped to a parallel coordinate plot  502 . As shown, cluster (“1”)  523   a  of clustered data  522  is mapped to a curve or plot  504 , cluster (“2”)  523   b  is mapped to plot  506 , and cluster (“3”)  523   c  is mapped to plot  508 . In some cases, plots  502 ,  504 , and  506  may represent median attribute values (regardless of whether the values are numeric, string, etc.). Therefore, plot  502  illustrates visually a result of data correlator  574  being configured to form and identify datasets based on characterized attribute data, whereby plot  502  may convey the degrees of similarities and differences among several datasets (and clusters). 
     Message characterizer  537  may be configured to characterize a “newly-received” message for comparison against a data model, which includes data set forth in plot  502 , to form a set of characterized data. Also, message characterizer  537  may be configured to identify attributes that may be matched, as a data pattern (e.g., in plot  503 ), against patterns of data in plots  504 ,  506 , and  508 . In this example, a newly-received message may be characterized as having attributes and attribute values set forth a data pattern  510 . According to some examples, pattern matcher  599  may be configured to match data pattern  510  against plots  504 ,  506 , and  508  to determine which of plots  504  to  508  are similar to plot  510 . For example, pattern matcher  599  may implement curve matching or fitting techniques, or other regression techniques to determine whether plot  510  best matches either plot  504  or  506 . 
     Response predictor  539  may be configured to initiate a “response” action  524  or take no action (e.g., “no response”)  526 . Further to the example shown, consider that data pattern  506  is linked to or otherwise associated with a classification value indicative of predicting a response, whereas data pattern  504  may be linked to or otherwise associated with another classification value indicative of dismissing a message relative to a threshold value. So, if pattern matcher  599  determines that data pattern  510  may be most similar to data pattern  506 , then a response  524  may be predicted. 
     Similarity detector  597  may be configured to determine a degree of similarity of a pattern of data to the dataset. In one implementation, a value representing a likelihood of a response (e.g., classification value) may be modified as a function of the degree of similarity. Alternatively, a threshold value may be modified based on a computed degree of similarity. So, for example, if an electronic message is associated with a likelihood of response of “0.80,” but has a degree of similarity of “0.70” (e.g., 70% similar to a dataset), then the threshold value may change to a lesser value to increase a tolerance (e.g., to identify false negatives). Thus, at least in some cases, a higher degree of similarity may correlate to increased precision in predicting a response message is to be generated. Again, the above-described functionalities of data correlator  574  and message characterizer  537 , in relation to depicted plots  502  and  503 , are intended to be instructive of one of many ways of performing the various implementations described herein. 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram as an example of forming a set of patterned data to predict whether an electronic message generates a response, according to some embodiments. Flow  600  may be an example of forming a model based on historic behavior and/or activity (e.g., based on which pattern of data is associated with or invokes a response). At  602 , data representing a sample of electronic messages are received into an entity computing system to form, for example, a data model. At  604 , one or more components of an electronic message and respective component characteristic values may be identified or determined as attributes. At  606 , an electronic message may be characterized by, for example, characterizing one or more component characteristics to identify whether a characterized message is associated with a dataset formed by a data model (e.g., during a first time interval in which a model is formed). Further to  606 , a data model may be formed so that patterns of data may be identified. The patterns of data can be compare against one or more component characteristics to, for example, determine a match between a pattern of data to a subset of component characteristics to determine the dataset. The subset of component characteristics may be associated with likelihood of generating a response. According to some examples, a degree of similarity of a pattern of data to the dataset may be determined. For example, curve matching or fitting techniques, as well as regression techniques and the like may be used to quantify similarity of one electronic message against a dataset. In one implementation, a value representing a likelihood of a response may be modified as a function of the degree of similarity. For example, a threshold value may be modified based on a computed degree of similarity. So if an electronic message is associated with a likelihood of response of “0.80,” but has a degree of similarity of “0.70” (e.g., 70% similar to a dataset), then the threshold value may change to a lesser value to increase a tolerance (e.g., to identify false negatives). 
     At  608 , a frequency with which response electronic messages based on an electronic message being associated with the dataset may be analyzed. For example, a subset of electronic messages in which each message matches (or substantially matches) a pattern of data (e.g., a dataset) may be associated with a rate of response, such as 80%. Thus, any future electronic message that matches that pattern of data may be predicted to generate a response, for example, 80% of the time. Hence, the rate of response may be used to predict a value representing a likelihood of a response being generated based on the frequency. According to some examples, transmission of a response electronic message may be detected to feed information back into the data model. Thus, a value representing a frequency may be modified responsive to include the response, whereby a data model may be recalibrated to modify a likelihood of a response for a subsequent electronic message (e.g., during a second interval of time in which a model is being used with feedback). At  610 , an electronic message that generates a response may be classified to form a classified message. At  612 , a computing device may be invoked to transmit a response electronic message based on the classification of the classified message. Note that in some examples, a computing device need not be invoked to transmit a response electronic message. Thus, a response electronic message not be transmitted, for example, if the value of transmitting the message is negligible or of no value. In this case, a response electronic message need not be transmitted. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram depicting an example of a user interface configured to accept data signals to visually identify and/or interact with a subset of messages predicted to generate a response, according to some examples. Diagram  700  includes a user interface  702  configured to depict or present data representing a message queue  760  with which to formulate a response or refine the process of forming a response electronic message, according to some examples. 
     As shown, interface  702  depicts a graphical representation  720  of message queue  760 , which presents summaries  770 ,  772 , and  774  of each received message having a message identifier (“ID”)  761 , a topic  765  as an attribute value, and a predictive value  767  (i.e., a classification value). Interface  702  also includes a threshold value (“80”)  725 , which is selectably adjustable up or down via selecting device  726 . Modifying threshold value  725  forms another threshold value that, for example, may enhance tolerance during matching of electronic messages against a data model. Also, modifying threshold value  725  may modify an amount of false negatives that may be detected and corrected (e.g., by way of audit). In some cases, selecting device  726  may activate input  790 , which may be configured to perform refined processing, such as routing one of messages  770 ,  772 , and  774  to another computing device based on an attribute, such as language, topic, etc. Selecting device  726  may also be used to activate input  791 , which may be used to reevaluate predictive value  767  of a message, such as messages  776  and  778 . In some cases, these messages may not be predicted to generate a response, and, thus, dismissed. However, activation of input  791  may override a predicted dismissal of such messages. Note that one or more of the functionalities described in diagram  700  may be performed automatically. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting an example of a user interface configured to aggregation of messages predicted to at least generate a response, according to some examples. Diagram  800  includes a user interface  802  configured to depict or present data representing a first graphical representation  820  to depict a number of response messages transmitted (e.g., based on likelihood of received messages predicted to invoke such responses), according to some examples. Note, too, that a second graphical representation  830  depicts a number of messages dismissed. In some cases, the dismissed messages need not be analyzed by computing device or reviewed by an agent-user, thereby conserving resources and enhancing responsiveness, among other things. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates examples of various computing platforms configured to provide various functionalities to components of an electronic message response management platform  900 , which may be used to implement computer programs, applications, methods, processes, algorithms, or other software, as well as any hardware implementation thereof, to perform the above-described techniques. 
     In some cases, computing platform  900  or any portion (e.g., any structural or functional portion) can be disposed in any device, such as a computing device  990   a , mobile computing device  990   b , and/or a processing circuit in association with initiating any of the functionalities described herein, via user interfaces and user interface elements, according to various examples. 
     Computing platform  900  includes a bus  902  or other communication mechanism for communicating information, which interconnects subsystems and devices, such as processor  904 , system memory  906  (e.g., RAM, etc.), storage device  908  (e.g., ROM, etc.), an in-memory cache (which may be implemented in RAM  906  or other portions of computing platform  900 ), a communication interface  913  (e.g., an Ethernet or wireless controller, a Bluetooth controller, NFC logic, etc.) to facilitate communications via a port on communication link  921  to communicate, for example, with a computing device, including mobile computing and/or communication devices with processors, including database devices (e.g., storage devices configured to store atomized datasets, including, but not limited to triplestores, etc.). Processor  904  can be implemented as one or more graphics processing units (“GPUs”), as one or more central processing units (“CPUs”), such as those manufactured by Intel® Corporation, or as one or more virtual processors, as well as any combination of CPUs and virtual processors. Computing platform  900  exchanges data representing inputs and outputs via input-and-output devices  901 , including, but not limited to, keyboards, mice, audio inputs (e.g., speech-to-text driven devices), user interfaces, displays, monitors, cursors, touch-sensitive displays, LCD or LED displays, and other I/O-related devices. 
     Note that in some examples, input-and-output devices  901  may be implemented as, or otherwise substituted with, a user interface in a computing device associated with, for example, a user account identifier in accordance with the various examples described herein. 
     According to some examples, computing platform  900  performs specific operations by processor  904  executing one or more sequences of one or more instructions stored in system memory  906 , and computing platform  900  can be implemented in a client-server arrangement, peer-to-peer arrangement, or as any mobile computing device, including smart phones and the like. Such instructions or data may be read into system memory  906  from another computer readable medium, such as storage device  908 . In some examples, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions for implementation. Instructions may be embedded in software or firmware. The term “computer readable medium” refers to any tangible medium that participates in providing instructions to processor  904  for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media and volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example, optical or magnetic disks and the like. Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as system memory  906 . 
     Known forms of computer readable media includes, for example, floppy disk, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer can access data. Instructions may further be transmitted or received using a transmission medium. The term “transmission medium” may include any tangible or intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such instructions. Transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire, and fiber optics, including wires that comprise bus  902  for transmitting a computer data signal. 
     In some examples, execution of the sequences of instructions may be performed by computing platform  900 . According to some examples, computing platform  900  can be coupled by communication link  921  (e.g., a wired network, such as LAN, PSTN, or any wireless network, including WiFi of various standards and protocols, Bluetooth®, NFC, Zig-Bee, etc.) to any other processor to perform the sequence of instructions in coordination with (or asynchronous to) one another. Computing platform  900  may transmit and receive messages, data, and instructions, including program code (e.g., application code) through communication link  921  and communication interface  913 . Received program code may be executed by processor  904  as it is received, and/or stored in memory  906  or other non-volatile storage for later execution. 
     In the example shown, system memory  906  can include various modules that include executable instructions to implement functionalities described herein. System memory  906  may include an operating system (“O/S”)  932 , as well as an application  936  and/or logic module(s)  959 . In the example shown in  FIG. 9 , system memory  906  may include any number of modules  959 , any of which, or one or more portions of which, can be configured to facilitate any one or more components of a computing system (e.g., a client computing system, a server computing system, etc.) by implementing one or more functions described herein. 
     The structures and/or functions of any of the above-described features can be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, or a combination thereof. Note that the structures and constituent elements above, as well as their functionality, may be aggregated with one or more other structures or elements. Alternatively, the elements and their functionality may be subdivided into constituent sub-elements, if any. As software, the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or formatting languages, frameworks, syntax, applications, protocols, objects, or techniques. As hardware and/or firmware, the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or integrated circuit design languages, including hardware description languages, such as any register transfer language (“RTL”) configured to design field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), or any other type of integrated circuit. According to some embodiments, the term “module” can refer, for example, to an algorithm or a portion thereof, and/or logic implemented in either hardware circuitry or software, or a combination thereof. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     In some embodiments, modules  959  of  FIG. 9 , or one or more of their components, or any process or device described herein, can be in communication (e.g., wired or wirelessly) with a mobile device, such as a mobile phone or computing device, or can be disposed therein. 
     In some cases, a mobile device, or any networked computing device (not shown) in communication with one or more modules  959  or one or more of its/their components (or any process or device described herein), can provide at least some of the structures and/or functions of any of the features described herein. As depicted in the above-described figures, the structures and/or functions of any of the above-described features can be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, circuitry, or any combination thereof. Note that the structures and constituent elements above, as well as their functionality, may be aggregated or combined with one or more other structures or elements. Alternatively, the elements and their functionality may be subdivided into constituent sub-elements, if any. As software, at least some of the above-described techniques may be implemented using various types of programming or formatting languages, frameworks, syntax, applications, protocols, objects, or techniques. For example, at least one of the elements depicted in any of the figures can represent one or more algorithms. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of hardware configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. 
     For example, modules  959  or one or more of its/their components, or any process or device described herein, can be implemented in one or more computing devices (i.e., any mobile computing device, such as a wearable device, such as a hat or headband, or mobile phone, whether worn or carried) that include one or more processors configured to execute one or more algorithms in memory. Thus, at least some of the elements in the above-described figures can represent one or more algorithms. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of hardware configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     As hardware and/or firmware, the above-described structures and techniques can be implemented using various types of programming or integrated circuit design languages, including hardware description languages, such as any register transfer language (“RTL”) configured to design field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), multi-chip modules, or any other type of integrated circuit. For example, modules  959  or one or more of its/their components, or any process or device described herein, can be implemented in one or more computing devices that include one or more circuits. Thus, at least one of the elements in the above-described figures can represent one or more components of hardware. Or, at least one of the elements can represent a portion of logic including a portion of a circuit configured to provide constituent structures and/or functionalities. 
     According to some embodiments, the term “circuit” can refer, for example, to any system including a number of components through which current flows to perform one or more functions, the components including discrete and complex components. Examples of discrete components include transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and the like, and examples of complex components include memory, processors, analog circuits, digital circuits, and the like, including field-programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”). Therefore, a circuit can include a system of electronic components and logic components (e.g., logic configured to execute instructions, such that a group of executable instructions of an algorithm, for example, and, thus, is a component of a circuit). According to some embodiments, the term “module” can refer, for example, to an algorithm or a portion thereof, and/or logic implemented in either hardware circuitry or software, or a combination thereof (i.e., a module can be implemented as a circuit). In some embodiments, algorithms and/or the memory in which the algorithms are stored are “components” of a circuit. Thus, the term “circuit” can also refer, for example, to a system of components, including algorithms. These can be varied and are not limited to the examples or descriptions provided. 
     Although the foregoing examples have been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the above-described inventive techniques are not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementing the above-described invention techniques. The disclosed examples are illustrative and not restrictive.