Patent Publication Number: US-2022230542-A1

Title: Method by which terminal receives signal in wireless communication system, and terminal therefor

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a method of receiving a signal by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system and a UE therefor, and more particularly, to providing a parking-related service though signal transmission and reception among a UE, a vehicle, and infrastructure in a parking lot system. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     A conventional parking lot operation system includes a place where various facilities are placed by arranging the ground and marking parking lines for parking, and a driver identifies a parking space to attempt parking by a parking line. 
     The conventional parking lot operation system may include various indoor and outdoor parking lots as follows. For example, a road parking lot is installed on a road surface or in a certain area of a traffic square (only an intersection square), for public use. The road parking lot is a residential priority parking lot or a public road parking lot installed on a side of a road. An off-street parking lot is installed in a place other than a road surface and a traffic square of a road and having an access road for entry, for the general public. An outdoor attached parking lot is installed as an attached facility for a building, a golf practice range, and other facilities that cause parking demands, to be used for users of the building or the general public. A temporary outdoor parking lot is temporarily designated and operated for the general public in a park, a school playground, a playground, a road, a residential area, a vacant lot, or the like due to a specific event. An indoor parking lot is installed in a designated place inside a building, for the general public. 
     However, because parking lines are drawn on the ground in the conventional parking lot operation system, parking difficulties caused by an increase in vehicles in and out of a city may not be coped with and a parking space may not be used efficiently. 
     More specifically, in the case of a road parking lot, it is difficult to provide parking lot use information (e.g., the number of vehicles that may be accommodated) and manage a parking space in real time. Moreover, when the size of the parking lot is large, the efficiency of parking space management through parking personnel is poor. In addition, because parking lines are marked on a road surface or traffic square of a road, the parking lot has a poor outward appearance. When a flexible parking lot operation is required according to traffic conditions and road conditions, it is not easy to quickly provide drivers with changed parking lot use information in real time, and the parking lines may cause confusion regarding whether to use the parking lot to the drivers. In other words, the parking lot is not desirable for flexible operation. 
     In the case of an outdoor parking lot, outdoor attached parking lot, and an indoor parking lot, when parking lines are erased, the efficiency of using a parking space becomes poor due to drivers&#39; parking habits, parking abilities, and parking manners. In addition, since the parking lines are marked, the parking lots may not be operated flexibly according to different vehicle types. For example, i) when the use of a parking lot is to be changed from accommodation of 10 general vehicles to accommodation of 7 general vehicles and 3 elderly vehicles, and ii) when a parking lot is to be operated mainly for general vehicles during the day and for special vehicles at night, the parking lots may not be operated flexibly. 
     The temporary indoor parking lot and temporary outdoor parking lot have the following problems. The efficiency of use of parking spaces decreases depending on parking habits, parking abilities, and parking manners of drivers because there are no parking line markings. In addition, when the size of the parking lot increases, it is difficult for parking attendants to manage parking spaces. It is difficult to manage information on parking lot usage and parking spaces in real time. Therefore, there is a need for a parking lot system capable of solving the above-described problems of the conventional parking lot operation system. 
     DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Problem 
     According to an embodiment or an implementation, to solve the problems of the conventional parking lot operating system, a parking lot operation system is proposed, which defines parking spaces by using spatial coordinate information, and thus may be operable like an existing general parking lot without marking parking lines on a road or the ground of the parking spaces. 
     According to an embodiment or an implementation, a parking lot operation system is proposed, which provides a vehicle with spatial coordinate information for each parking space of a parking lot, instead of marking parking lines on the ground for the parking lot. In the system, virtual parking lot-related information is provided and received by using a wireless communication message (e.g., a V2X message). For example, the virtual parking lot-related information is provided by using infrastructure such as a fixed and/or mobile load-side unit (RSU), a cellular base station (BS), and a WiFi access point (AP), which are equipped with a V2X communication module. In addition, the virtual parking lot-related information is received and a parking space is identified by using a vehicle telematics device equipped with a V2X communication module or a smartphone (or a communication device having a function corresponding to the smartphone). The vehicle telematics device includes a conventional vehicle navigator. 
     According to an embodiment or an implementation, a parking lot operation system is proposed, in which virtual parking lot-related information is provided and received by using a mobile application. The system provides the virtual parking lot-related information by using infrastructure such as a fixed/mobile RSU, a cellular BS, and a WiFi AP equipped with a general wireless communication (LTE or NR) module. In addition, in the system, the virtual parking lot-related information is received and a parking space is identified by using a vehicle telematics device equipped with a general communication module or a smartphone (or a communication device having a function corresponding to the smartphone). 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the objects that could be achieved with an embodiment or an implementation are not limited to what has been particularly described hereinabove and the above and other objects that the present disclosure could achieve will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description. 
     Technical Solution 
     To achieve the above objects, a method of receiving a signal by a UE in a wireless communication system may include receiving first information about a parking space from infrastructure of a parking lot, generating second information for parking in the parking lot, based on the first information, and transmitting the second information to a vehicle which has established a communication link with the UE. The first information may include spatial coordinates of the parking space and a virtual parking line for the parking space. 
     The infrastructure may include at least a road side unit (RSU), a base station, or an access point (AP). 
     The method may further include further comprising, based on the first information including spatial coordinates fewer than a reference number, extracting remaining spatial coordinates for specifying the parking space by using the spatial coordinates fewer than the reference number. 
     The first information received from the parking lot may be different according to a distance between the UE and the parking lot. 
     When the distance between the UE and the parking lot is less than a threshold, the first information may include a unique ID of the parking space, the spatial coordinates of the parking space, and a movement path to the parking space. 
     A reservation priority for the parking space in the parking lot may be different according to a distance between the UE and the parking lot. 
     The method may further include further comprising, based on the first information including spatial coordinates fewer than a reference number, extracting remaining spatial coordinates for specifying the parking space by using the spatial coordinates fewer than the reference number. 
     Advantageous Effects 
     Compared to the conventional parking lot system, the virtual parking lot system according to an embodiment or an implementation has the following effects. 
     First, in the case of a virtual road parking lot, it is easy to provide information about parking lot use (e.g., the number of vehicles that may be accommodated) and manage parking spaces in real time. Further, regardless of the size of the parking lot and the number of parking personnel, parking space management efficiency may be improved. Since parking lines are not marked on a road surface or a traffic square of a road, the parking lot looks nice. In addition, when the parking lot needs to be flexibly operated depending on traffic conditions and road conditions, it is easy to quickly provide drivers with a changed parking lot usage guidance in real time, and the probability of causing confusion to drivers by parking lines may be reduced. 
     Secondly, virtual outdoor parking lots, virtual outdoor attached parking lots, and virtual indoor parking lots may have relatively high parking space use efficiency regardless of drivers&#39; parking habits, parking ability, and parking manners. Further, the virtual parking lot system may flexibly cope with changes in vehicle type. 
     Thirdly, in the case of a temporary indoor parking lot and a temporary outdoor parking lot, the parking space use efficiency may be high regardless of drivers&#39; parking habits, parking ability, and parking manners. Further, regardless of the size of the parking lot and the number of parking personnel, the parking spaces may be more efficiently managed. In addition, it is easy to provide information about parking lot use (e.g., the number of vehicles that may be accommodated) and manage the parking spaces in real time. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the effects that can be achieved with an embodiment or an implementation are not limited to what has been particularly described hereinabove and other advantages of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To help understanding of an embodiment or an implementation, the attached drawings, which are included as part of the detailed description, provide an embodiment or an implementation and describe the technical idea of the embodiment or implementation in conjunction with the detailed description. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
         FIG. 2  is a control block diagram of the vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
         FIG. 3  is a control block diagram of an autonomous device according to embodiment(s). 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of the autonomous device according to embodiment(s) 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram showing the interior of the vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram referred to in description of a cabin system for the vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a reference architecture of an intelligent transport system (ITS) station. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary ITS station structure capable of being designed and applied based on the ITS station reference architecture shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary structure of an application layer. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary structure of a facilities layer. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates functions of the European ITS network &amp; transport layer. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the structure of a wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) short message (WSM) packet generated according to a WAVE short message protocol (WSMP). 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an ITS access layer applied to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11p and cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) (LTE-V2X, NR-V2X, etc.). 
         FIG. 14  illustrates the structure of main features of a medium access control (MAC) sub-layer and a physical (PHY) layer of IEEE 802.11p. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates the structure of enhanced dedicated channel access (EDCA). 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a transmitter structure of a physical layer. 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a data flow between MAC and PHY layers in cellular-V2X. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates an example of processing for uplink transmission. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates the structure of an LTE system to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a user plane to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a control plane to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates the structure of an NR system to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates functional split between an NG-RAN and a 5GC to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates the structure of an NR radio frame to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates the structure of a slot of an NR frame to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates an example of selecting a transmission resource to which embodiments(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates an example of transmitting a PSCCH in sidelink transmission mode 3 or 4 to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates an example of physical processing at a transmitting side to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates an example of physical layer processing at a receiving side to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates a synchronization source or synchronization reference in V2X to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates an exemplary scenario of configuring a BWP to which an embodiment or an implementation is applicable. 
         FIGS. 32 and 33  illustrate virtual parking systems after online and offline layout of parking spaces and acquisition of the spatial coordinates of the parking spaces. 
         FIG. 34  illustrates methods of representing virtual parking spaces that may be laid out in various manners in any place. 
         FIGS. 35 to 40  are diagrams referred to for describing that different type information is provided according to the distance from a virtual parking lot to the location of a vehicle. 
         FIG. 41  is a diagram referred to for describing a parking method using spatial coordinate information about parking spaces. 
         FIG. 42  and  FIG. 43  illustrate wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 44  and  FIG. 45  illustrate a transceiver of a wireless communication device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 46  illustrates an operation of a wireless device related to sidelink communication, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 47  illustrates an operation of a network node related to sidelink according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 48  illustrates implementation of a wireless device and a network node according to one embodiment. 
         FIG. 49  illustrates a communication system applied to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “/” and “,” should be interpreted as “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Further, “A, B” may mean “A and/or B”. Further, “A/B/C” may mean “at least one of A, B and/or C”. Further, “A, B, C” may mean “at least one of A, B and/or C”. 
     In various embodiments of the present disclosure, “or” should be interpreted as “and/or”. For example, “A or B” may include “only A”, “only B”, and/or “both A and B”. In other words, “or” should be interpreted as “additionally or alternatively”. 
     1. Driving 
     (1) Exterior of Vehicle 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a vehicle according to embodiment(s). Referring to  FIG. 1 , a vehicle  10  according to embodiment(s) is defined as a transportation means traveling on roads or railroads. The vehicle  10  includes a car, a train, and a motorcycle. The vehicle  10  may include an internal combustion engine vehicle having an engine as a power source, a hybrid vehicle having an engine and a motor as a power source, and an electric vehicle having an electric motor as a power source. The vehicle  10  may be a privately owned vehicle. The vehicle  10  may be a shared vehicle. The vehicle  10  may be an autonomous driving vehicle. 
     (2) Components of Vehicle 
       FIG. 2  is a control block diagram of the vehicle according to embodiment(s). Referring to  FIG. 2 , the vehicle  10  may include a user interface device  200 , an object detection device  210 , a communication device  220 , a driving operation device  230 , a main electronic control unit (ECU)  240 , a driving control device  250 , an autonomous driving device  260 , a sensing unit  270 , and a position data generation device  280 . The object detection device  210 , the communication device  220 , the driving operation device  230 , the main ECU  240 , the driving control device  250 , the autonomous driving device  260 , the sensing unit  270  and the position data generation device  280  may be implemented by electronic devices which generate electric signals and exchange the electric signals with one another. 
     1) User Interface Device 
     The user interface device  200  is a device for communication between the vehicle  10  and a user. The user interface device  200  may receive user input and provide information generated in the vehicle  10  to the user. The vehicle  10  may implement a user interface (UI) or user experience (UX) through the user interface device  200 . The user interface device  200  may include an input device, an output device, and a user monitoring device. 
     2) Object Detection Device 
     The object detection device  210  may generate information about objects outside the vehicle  10 . Information about an object may include at least one of information about presence or absence of the object, information about the position of the object, information about a distance between the vehicle  10  and the object, or information about a relative speed of the vehicle  10  with respect to the object. The object detection device  210  may detect objects outside the vehicle  10 . The object detection device  210  may include at least one sensor which may detect objects outside the vehicle  10 . The object detection device  210  may include at least one of a camera, a radar, a lidar, an ultrasonic sensor, or an infrared sensor. The object detection device  210  may provide data about an object generated based on a sensing signal generated from a sensor to at least one electronic device included in the vehicle. 
     2.1) Camera 
     The camera may generate information about objects outside the vehicle  10  using images. The camera may include at least one lens, at least one image sensor, and at least one processor which is electrically connected to the image sensor, processes received signals, and generates data about objects based on the processed signals. 
     The camera may be at least one of a mono camera, a stereoscopic camera, or an around view monitoring (AVM) camera. The camera may acquire information about the position of an object, information about a distance to the object, or information about a relative speed with respect to the object using various image processing algorithms For example, the camera may acquire information about a distance to an object and information about a relative speed with respect to the object from an acquired image based on change in the size of the object over time. For example, the camera may acquire information about a distance to an object and information about a relative speed with respect to the object through a pin-hole model, road profiling, or the like. For example, the camera may acquire information about a distance to an object and information about a relative speed with respect to the object from a stereoscopic image acquired from a stereoscopic camera based on disparity information. 
     The camera may be mounted in a portion of the vehicle at which field of view (FOV) may be secured in order to capture the outside of the vehicle. The camera may be disposed in proximity to a front windshield inside the vehicle in order to acquire front view images of the vehicle. The camera may be disposed near a front bumper or a radiator grill. The camera may be disposed in proximity to a rear glass inside the vehicle in order to acquire rear view images of the vehicle. The camera may be disposed near a rear bumper, a trunk, or a tail gate. The camera may be disposed in proximity to at least one of side windows inside the vehicle in order to acquire side view images of the vehicle. Alternatively, the camera may be disposed near a side mirror, a fender, or a door. 
     2.2) Radar 
     The radar may generate information about an object outside the vehicle  10  using electromagnetic waves. The radar may include an electromagnetic wave transmitter, an electromagnetic wave receiver, and at least one processor which is electrically connected to the electromagnetic wave transmitter and the electromagnetic wave receiver, processes received signals, and generates data about an object based on the processed signals. The radar may be implemented as a pulse radar or a continuous wave radar in terms of electromagnetic wave emission. The continuous wave radar may be implemented as a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar or a frequency shift keying (FSK) radar according to signal waveform. The radar may detect an object through electromagnetic waves based on time of flight (TOF) or phase shift and detect the position of the detected object, a distance to the detected object, and a relative speed with respect to the detected object. The radar may be disposed at an appropriate position outside the vehicle in order to detect objects positioned in front of, behind, or on the side of the vehicle. 
     2.3) Lidar 
     The lidar may generate information about an object outside the vehicle  10  using a laser beam. The lidar may include a light transmitter, a light receiver, and at least one processor which is electrically connected to the light transmitter and the light receiver, processes received signals, and generates data about an object based on the processed signals. The lidar may be implemented as a TOF type or a phase shift type. The lidar may be implemented as a driven type or a non-driven type. A driven type lidar may be rotated by a motor and detect an object around the vehicle  10 . A non-driven type lidar may detect an object positioned within a predetermined range from the vehicle according to light steering. The vehicle  10  may include a plurality of non-driven type lidars. The lidar may detect an object through a laser beam based on the TOF type or the phase shift type and detect the position of the detected object, a distance to the detected object, and a relative speed with respect to the detected object. The lidar may be disposed at an appropriate position outside the vehicle in order to detect objects positioned in front of, behind, or on the side of the vehicle. 
     3) Communication Device 
     The communication device  220  may exchange signals with devices disposed outside the vehicle  10 . The communication device  220  may exchange signals with at least one of infrastructure (e.g., a server and a broadcast station), another vehicle, or a terminal. The communication device  220  may include at least one of a transmission antenna, a reception antenna, or a radio frequency (RF) circuit or an RF element which may implement various communication protocols, in order to perform communication. 
     For example, the communication device may exchange signals with external devices based on cellular V2X (C-V2X). For example, C-V2X may include side-link communication based on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and/or sidelink communication based on NR. Details related to C-V2X will be described later. 
     For example, the communication device may exchange signals with external devices based on dedicated short range communications (DSRC) or wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) based on IEEE 802.11p physical (PHY)/media access control (MAC layer technology and IEEE 1609 network/transport layer technology. DSRC (or WAVE) is communication specification for providing an intelligent transport system (ITS) service through short-range dedicated communication between vehicle-mounted devices or between a roadside device and a vehicle-mounted device. DSRC may be a communication scheme that may use a frequency of 5.9 GHz and have a data transmission rate in the range of 3 Mbps to 27 Mbps. IEEE 802.11p may be combined with IEEE 1609 to support DSRC (or WAVE). 
     The communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with external devices using only one of C-V2X and DSRC. Alternatively, the communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with external devices using a hybrid of C-V2X and DSRC. 
     4) Driving Operation Device 
     The driving operation device  230  is a device for receiving user input for driving. In a manual mode, the vehicle  10  may be driven based on a signal provided by the driving operation device  230 . The driving operation device  230  may include a steering input device (e.g., a steering wheel), an acceleration input device (e.g., an accelerator pedal), and a brake input device (e.g., a brake pedal). 
     5) Main ECU 
     The main ECU  240  may control the overall operation of at least one electronic device included in the vehicle  10 . 
     6) Driving Control Device 
     The driving control device  250  is a device for electrically controlling various vehicle driving devices included in the vehicle  10 . The driving control device  250  may include a powertrain driving control device, a chassis driving control device, a door/window driving control device, a safety device driving control device, a lamp driving control device, and an air-conditioner driving control device. The powertrain driving control device may include a power source driving control device and a transmission driving control device. The chassis driving control device may include a steering driving control device, a brake driving control device, and a suspension driving control device. Meanwhile, the safety device driving control device may include a seat belt driving control device for seat belt control. 
     The driving control device  250  includes at least one electronic control device (e.g., an ECU). 
     The driving control device  250  may control vehicle driving devices based on signals received by the autonomous device  260 . For example, the driving control device  250  may control a powertrain, a steering device, and a brake device based on signals received by the autonomous device  260 . 
     7) Autonomous Driving Device 
     The autonomous driving device  260  may generate a route for self-driving based on acquired data. The autonomous driving device  260  may generate a driving plan for traveling along the generated route. The autonomous driving device  260  may generate a signal for controlling movement of the vehicle according to the driving plan. The autonomous device  260  may provide the generated signal to the driving control device  250 . 
     The autonomous driving device  260  may implement at least one advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) function. The ADAS may implement at least one of adaptive cruise control (ACC), autonomous emergency braking (AEB), forward collision warning (FCW), lane keeping assist (LKA), lane change assist (LCA), target following assist (TFA), blind spot detection (BSD), adaptive high beam assist (HBA), automated parking system (APS), a pedestrian collision warning system, traffic sign recognition (TSR), traffic sign assist (TSA), night vision (NV), driver status monitoring (DSM), or traffic jam assist (TJA). 
     The autonomous driving device  260  may perform switching from a self-driving mode to a manual driving mode or switching from the manual driving mode to the self-driving mode. For example, the autonomous driving device  260  may switch the mode of the vehicle  10  from the self-driving mode to the manual driving mode or from the manual driving mode to the self-driving mode, based on a signal received from the user interface device  200 . 
     8) Sensing Unit 
     The sensing unit  270  may detect a state of the vehicle. The sensing unit  270  may include at least one of an internal measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward movement sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, or a pedal position sensor. Further, the IMU sensor may include one or more of an acceleration sensor, a gyro sensor, and a magnetic sensor. 
     The sensing unit  270  may generate vehicle state data based on a signal generated from at least one sensor. The vehicle state data may be information generated based on data detected by various sensors included in the vehicle. The sensing unit  270  may generate vehicle attitude data, vehicle motion data, vehicle yaw data, vehicle roll data, vehicle pitch data, vehicle collision data, vehicle orientation data, vehicle angle data, vehicle speed data, vehicle acceleration data, vehicle tilt data, vehicle forward/backward movement data, vehicle weight data, battery data, fuel data, tire pressure data, vehicle internal temperature data, vehicle internal humidity data, steering wheel rotation angle data, vehicle external illumination data, data of a pressure applied to an acceleration pedal, data of a pressure applied to a brake pedal, etc. 
     9) Position Data Generation Device 
     The position data generation device  280  may generate position data of the vehicle  10 . The position data generation device  280  may include at least one of a global positioning system (GPS) or a differential global positioning system (DGPS). The position data generation device  280  may generate position data of the vehicle  10  based on a signal generated from at least one of the GPS or the DGPS. According to an embodiment, the position data generation device  280  may correct position data based on at least one of the IMU sensor of the sensing unit  270  or the camera of the object detection device  210 . The position data generation device  280  may also be called a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). 
     The vehicle  10  may include an internal communication system  50 . A plurality of electronic devices included in the vehicle  10  may exchange signals through the internal communication system  50 . The signals may include data. The internal communication system  50  may use at least one communication protocol (e.g., CAN, LIN, FlexRay, MOST or Ethernet). 
     (3) Components of Autonomous Driving Device 
       FIG. 3  is a control block diagram of the autonomous driving device according to embodiment(s). Referring to  FIG. 3 , the autonomous driving device  260  may include a memory  140 , a processor  170 , an interface  180 , and a power supply  190 . 
     The memory  140  is electrically connected to the processor  170 . The memory  140  may store basic data with respect to units, control data for operation control of units, and input/output data. The memory  140  may store data processed in the processor  170 . Hardware-wise, the memory  140  may be configured as at least one of a ROM, a RAM, an EPROM, a flash drive, or a hard drive. The memory  140  may store various types of data for overall operation of the autonomous driving device  260 , such as a program for processing or control of the processor  170 . The memory  140  may be integrated with the processor  170 . According to an embodiment, the memory  140  may be categorized as a subcomponent of the processor  170 . 
     The interface  180  may exchange signals with at least one electronic device included in the vehicle  10  by wire or wirelessly. The interface  180  may exchange signals with at least one of the object detection device  210 , the communication device  220 , the driving operation device  230 , the main ECU  240 , the driving control device  250 , the sensing unit  270 , or the position data generation device  280  in a wired or wireless manner The interface  180  may be configured using at least one of a communication module, a terminal, a pin, a cable, a port, a circuit, an element, or a device. 
     The power supply  190  may provide power to the autonomous driving device  260 . The power supply  190  may be provided with power from a power source (e.g., a battery) included in the vehicle  10  and supply the power to each unit of the autonomous driving device  260 . The power supply  190  may operate according to a control signal supplied from the main ECU  240 . The power supply  190  may include a switched-mode power supply (SMPS). 
     The processor  170  may be electrically connected to the memory  140 , the interface  180 , and the power supply  190  and exchange signals with these components. The processor  170  may be implemented using at least one of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or electronic units for executing other functions. 
     The processor  170  may be operated by power supplied from the power supply  190 . The processor  170  may receive data, process the data, generate a signal, and provide the signal while power is being supplied thereto. 
     The processor  170  may receive information from other electronic devices included in the vehicle  10  through the interface  180 . The processor  170  may provide control signals to other electronic devices in the vehicle  10  through the interface  180 . 
     The autonomous driving device  260  may include at least one printed circuit board (PCB). The memory  140 , the interface  180 , the power supply  190 , and the processor  170  may be electrically connected to the PCB. 
     (4) Operation of Autonomous Driving Device 
     1) Reception Operation 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the processor  170  may perform a reception operation. The processor  170  may receive data from at least one of the object detection device  210 , the communication device  220 , the sensing unit  270 , or the position data generation device  280  through the interface  180 . The processor  170  may receive object data from the object detection device  210 . The processor  170  may receive HD map data from the communication device  220 . The processor  170  may receive vehicle state data from the sensing unit  270 . The processor  170  may receive position data from the position data generation device  280 . 
     2) Processing/Determination Operation 
     The processor  170  may perform a processing/determination operation. The processor  170  may perform the processing/determination operation based on traveling situation information. The processor  170  may perform the processing/determination operation based on at least one of the object data, the HD map data, the vehicle state data, or the position data. 
     2.1) Driving Plan Data Generation Operation 
     The processor  170  may generate driving plan data. For example, the processor  170  may generate electronic horizon data. The electronic horizon data may be understood as driving plan data in a range from a position at which the vehicle  10  is located to a horizon. The horizon may be understood as a point a predetermined distance before the position at which the vehicle  10  is located based on a predetermined traveling route. The horizon may refer to a point at which the vehicle may arrive after a predetermined time from the position at which the vehicle  10  is located along a predetermined traveling route. 
     The electronic horizon data may include horizon map data and horizon path data. 
     2.1.1) Horizon Map Data 
     The horizon map data may include at least one of topology data, road data, HD map data, or dynamic data. According to an embodiment, the horizon map data may include a plurality of layers. For example, the horizon map data may include a first layer that matches the topology data, a second layer that matches the road data, a third layer that matches the HD map data, and a fourth layer that matches the dynamic data. The horizon map data may further include static object data. 
     The topology data may be explained as a map created by connecting road centers. The topology data is suitable for approximate display of a location of a vehicle and may have a data form used for navigation for drivers. The topology data may be understood as data about road information other than information on driveways. The topology data may be generated based on data received from an external server through the communication device  220 . The topology data may be based on data stored in at least one memory included in the vehicle  10 . 
     The road data may include at least one of road slope data, road curvature data, or road speed limit data. The road data may further include no-passing zone data. The road data may be based on data received from an external server through the communication device  220 . The road data may be based on data generated in the object detection device  210 . 
     The HD map data may include detailed topology information in units of lanes of roads, connection information of each lane, and feature information for vehicle localization (e.g., traffic signs, lane marking/attribute, road furniture, etc.). The HD map data may be based on data received from an external server through the communication device  220 . 
     The dynamic data may include various types of dynamic information which may be generated on roads. For example, the dynamic data may include construction information, variable speed road information, road condition information, traffic information, moving object information, etc. The dynamic data may be based on data received from an external server through the communication device  220 . The dynamic data may be based on data generated in the object detection device  210 . 
     The processor  170  may provide map data in a range from a position at which the vehicle  10  is located to the horizon. 
     2.1.2) Horizon Path Data 
     The horizon path data may be explained as a trajectory through which the vehicle  10  may travel in a range from a position at which the vehicle  10  is located to the horizon. The horizon path data may include data indicating a relative probability of selecting a road at a decision point (e.g., a fork, a junction, a crossroad, or the like). The relative probability may be calculated based on a time taken to arrive at a final destination. For example, if a time taken to arrive at a final destination is shorter when a first road is selected at a decision point than that when a second road is selected, a probability of selecting the first road may be calculated to be higher than a probability of selecting the second road. 
     The horizon path data may include a main path and a sub-path. The main path may be understood as a trajectory obtained by connecting roads having a high relative probability of being selected. The sub-path may be branched from at least one decision point on the main path. The sub-path may be understood as a trajectory obtained by connecting at least one road having a low relative probability of being selected at least one decision point on the main path. 
     3) Control Signal Generation Operation 
     The processor  170  may perform a control signal generation operation. The processor  170  may generate a control signal based on the electronic horizon data. For example, the processor  170  may generate at least one of a powertrain control signal, a brake device control signal, or a steering device control signal based on the electronic horizon data. 
     The processor  170  may transmit the generated control signal to the driving control device  250  through the interface  180 . The driving control device  250  may transmit the control signal to at least one of a powertrain  251 , a brake device  252 , or a steering device  253 . 
     2. Cabin 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram showing the interior of the vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram referred to in description of a cabin system for a vehicle according to embodiment(s). 
     Referring to  FIGS. 5 and 6 , a cabin system  300  for a vehicle (hereinafter, a cabin system) may be defined as a convenience system for a user who uses the vehicle  10 . The cabin system  300  may be explained as a high-end system including a display system  350 , a cargo system  355 , a seat system  360 , and a payment system  365 . The cabin system  300  may include a main controller  370 , a memory  340 , an interface  380 , a power supply  390 , an input device  310 , an imaging device  320 , a communication device  330 , the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , and the payment system  365 . According to embodiments, the cabin system  300  may further include components in addition to the components described in this specification or may not include some of the components described in this specification. 
     1) Main Controller 
     The main controller  370  may be electrically connected to the input device  310 , the communication device  330 , the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , and the payment system  365  and exchange signals with these components. The main controller  370  may control the input device  310 , the communication device  330 , the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , and the payment system  365 . The main controller  370  may be implemented using at least one of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or electronic units for executing other functions. 
     The main controller  370  may be configured as at least one sub-controller. The main controller  370  may include a plurality of sub-controllers according to an embodiment. Each of the sub-controllers may individually control grouped devices and systems included in the cabin system  300 . The devices and systems included in the cabin system  300  may be grouped by functions or grouped based on seats on which a user may sit. 
     The main controller  370  may include at least one processor  371 . Although  FIG. 6  illustrates the main controller  370  including a single processor  371 , the main controller  371  may include a plurality of processors. The processor  371  may be categorized as one of the above-described sub-controllers. 
     The processor  371  may receive signals, information, or data from a user terminal through the communication device  330 . The user terminal may transmit signals, information, or data to the cabin system  300 . 
     The processor  371  may identify a user based on image data received from at least one of an internal camera or an external camera included in the imaging device. The processor  371  may identify a user by applying an image processing algorithm to the image data. For example, the processor  371  may identify a user by comparing information received from the user terminal with the image data. For example, the information may include at least one of route information, body information, fellow passenger information, baggage information, position information, preferred content information, preferred food information, disability information, or use history information of a user. 
     The main controller  370  may include an artificial intelligence (AI) agent  372 . The AI agent  372  may perform machine learning based on data acquired through the input device  310 . The AI agent  371  may control at least one of the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , or the payment system  365  based on machine learning results. 
     2) Essential Components 
     The memory  340  is electrically connected to the main controller  370 . The memory  340  may store basic data about units, control data for operation control of units, and input/output data. The memory  340  may store data processed in the main controller  370 . Hardware-wise, the memory  340  may be configured using at least one of a ROM, a RAM, an EPROM, a flash drive, or a hard drive. The memory  340  may store various types of data for the overall operation of the cabin system  300 , such as a program for processing or control of the main controller  370 . The memory  340  may be integrated with the main controller  370 . 
     The interface  380  may exchange signals with at least one electronic device included in the vehicle  10  by wire or wirelessly. The interface  380  may be configured using at least one of a communication module, a terminal, a pin, a cable, a port, a circuit, an element, or a device. 
     The power supply  390  may provide power to the cabin system  300 . The power supply  390  may be provided with power from a power source (e.g., a battery) included in the vehicle  10  and supply the power to each unit of the cabin system  300 . The power supply  390  may operate according to a control signal supplied from the main controller  370 . For example, the power supply  390  may be implemented as a switched-mode power supply (SMPS). 
     The cabin system  300  may include at least one PCB. The main controller  370 , the memory  340 , the interface  380 , and the power supply  390  may be mounted on at least one PCB. 
     3) Input Device 
     The input device  310  may receive user input. The input device  310  may convert the user input into an electrical signal. The electrical signal converted by the input device  310  may be converted into a control signal and provided to at least one of the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , or the payment system  365 . The main controller  370  or at least one processor included in the cabin system  300  may generate a control signal based on the electrical signal received from the input device  310 . 
     The input device  310  may include at least one of a touch input unit, a gesture input unit, a mechanical input unit, or a voice input unit. The touch input unit may convert a user&#39;s touch input into an electrical signal. The touch input unit may include at least one touch sensor for detecting a user&#39;s touch input. According to an embodiment, the touch input unit may realize a touchscreen through integration with at least one display included in the display system  350 . Such a touchscreen may provide both an input interface and an output interface between the cabin system  300  and a user. The gesture input unit may convert a user&#39;s gesture input into an electrical signal. The gesture input unit may include at least one of an infrared sensor or an image sensor to sense a user&#39;s gesture input. According to an embodiment, the gesture input unit may detect a user&#39;s three-dimensional gesture input. To this end, the gesture input unit may include a plurality of light output units for outputting infrared light or a plurality of image sensors. The gesture input unit may detect a user&#39;s three-dimensional gesture input using TOF, structured light, or disparity. The mechanical input unit may convert a user&#39;s physical input (e.g., press or rotation) through a mechanical device into an electrical signal. The mechanical input unit may include at least one of a button, a dome switch, a jog wheel, or a jog switch. Meanwhile, the gesture input unit and the mechanical input unit may be integrated. For example, the input device  310  may include a jog dial device that includes a gesture sensor and is formed such that it may be inserted into/ejected from a part of a surrounding structure (e.g., at least one of a seat, an armrest, or a door). When the jog dial device is parallel to the surrounding structure, the jog dial device may serve as a gesture input unit. When the jog dial device is protruded from the surrounding structure, the jog dial device may serve as a mechanical input unit. The voice input unit may convert a user&#39;s voice input into an electrical signal. The voice input unit may include at least one microphone. The voice input unit may include a beam forming microphone. 
     4) Imaging Device 
     The imaging device  320  may include at least one camera. The imaging device  320  may include at least one of an internal camera or an external camera. The internal camera may capture an image of the inside of the cabin. The external camera may capture an image of the outside of the vehicle. The internal camera may acquire an image of the inside of the cabin. The imaging device  320  may include at least one internal camera. It is desirable that the imaging device  320  include as many cameras as the number of passengers who can be accommodated in the vehicle. The imaging device  320  may provide an image acquired by the internal camera. The main controller  370  or at least one processor included in the cabin system  300  may detect a motion of a user based on an image acquired by the internal camera, generate a signal based on the detected motion, and provide the signal to at least one of the display system  350 , the cargo system  355 , the seat system  360 , or the payment system  365 . The external camera may acquire an image of the outside of the vehicle. The imaging device  320  may include at least one external camera. It is desirable that the imaging device  320  include as many cameras as the number of doors through which passengers can enter the vehicle. The imaging device  320  may provide an image acquired by the external camera. The main controller  370  or at least one processor included in the cabin system  300  may acquire user information based on the image acquired by the external camera. The main controller  370  or at least one processor included in the cabin system  300  may authenticate a user or acquire body information (e.g., height information, weight information, etc.) of a user, fellow passenger information of a user, and baggage information of a user based on the user information. 
     5) Communication Device 
     The communication device  330  may wirelessly exchange signals with external devices. The communication device  330  may exchange signals with external devices through a network or directly exchange signals with external devices. External devices may include at least one of a server, a mobile terminal, or another vehicle. The communication device  330  may exchange signals with at least one user terminal. The communication device  330  may include an antenna and at least one of an RF circuit or an RF element which may implement at least one communication protocol in order to perform communication. According to an embodiment, the communication device  330  may use a plurality of communication protocols. The communication device  330  may switch communication protocols according to a distance to a mobile terminal. 
     For example, the communication device may exchange signals with external devices based on cellular V2X (C-V2X). For example, C-V2X may include LTE based sidelink communication and/or NR based sidelink communication. Details related to C-V2X will be described later. 
     For example, the communication device may exchange signals with external devices based on dedicated short range communications (DSRC) or wireless access in vehicular environment (WAVE) based on IEEE 802.11p PHY/MAC layer technology and IEEE 1609 network/transport layer technology. DSRC (or WAVE) is communication specification for providing an intelligent transport system (ITS) service through short-range dedicated communication between vehicle-mounted devices or between a roadside device and a vehicle-mounted device. DSRC may be a communication scheme that may use a frequency of 5.9 GHz and have a data transfer rate in the range of 3 Mbps to 27 Mbps. IEEE 802.11p may be combined with IEEE 1609 to support DSRC (or WAVE). 
     The communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with external devices using only one of C-V2X and DSRC. Alternatively, the communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with external devices using a hybrid of C-V2X and DSRC. 
     6) Display System 
     The display system  350  may display graphical objects. The display system  350  may include at least one display device. For example, the display system  350  may include a first display device  410  for common use and a second display device  420  for individual use. 
     6.1) Display Device for Common Use 
     The first display device  410  may include at least one display  411  which outputs visual content. The display  411  included in the first display device  410  may be realized by at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a rollable display, or a flexible display. For example, the first display device  410  may include a first display  411  which is positioned behind a seat and formed to be inserted/ejected into/from the cabin, and a first mechanism for moving the first display  411 . The first display  411  may be disposed so as to be inserted into/ejected from a slot formed in a seat main frame. According to an embodiment, the first display device  410  may further include a flexible area control mechanism. The first display may be formed to be flexible and a flexible area of the first display may be controlled according to user position. For example, the first display device  410  may be disposed on the ceiling inside the cabin and include a second display formed to be rollable and a second mechanism for rolling or unrolling the second display. The second display may be formed such that images may be displayed on both sides thereof. For example, the first display device  410  may be disposed on the ceiling inside the cabin and include a third display formed to be flexible and a third mechanism for bending or unbending the third display. According to an embodiment, the display system  350  may further include at least one processor which provides a control signal to at least one of the first display device  410  or the second display device  420 . The processor included in the display system  350  may generate a control signal based on a signal received from at least one of the main controller  370 , the input device  310 , the imaging device  320 , or the communication device  330 . 
     A display area of a display included in the first display device  410  may be divided into a first area  411   a  and a second area  411   b.  The first area  411   a  may be defined as a content display area. For example, the first area  411  may display at least one of graphical objects corresponding to entertainment content (e.g., movies, sports, shopping, music, etc.), video conferences, food menus, or augmented reality screens. The first area  411   a  may display graphical objects corresponding to traveling situation information of the vehicle  10 . The traveling situation information may include at least one of object information outside the vehicle, navigation information, or vehicle state information. The object information outside the vehicle may include information about presence or absence of an object, positional information of the object, information about a distance between the vehicle and the object, and information about a relative speed of the vehicle with respect to the object. The navigation information may include at least one of map information, information about a set destination, route information according to setting of the destination, information about various objects on a route, lane information, or information about the current position of the vehicle. The vehicle state information may include vehicle attitude information, vehicle speed information, vehicle tilt information, vehicle weight information, vehicle orientation information, vehicle battery information, vehicle fuel information, vehicle tire pressure information, vehicle steering information, vehicle indoor temperature information, vehicle indoor humidity information, pedal position information, vehicle engine temperature information, etc. The second area  411   b  may be defined as a user interface area. For example, the second area  411   b  may display an AI agent screen. The second area  411   b  may be located in an area defined by a seat frame according to an embodiment. In this case, a user may view content displayed in the second area  411   b  between seats. The first display device  410  may provide hologram content according to an embodiment. For example, the first display device  410  may provide hologram content for each of a plurality of users such that only a user who requests the content may view the content. 
     6.2) Display Device for Individual Use 
     The second display device  420  may include at least one display  421 . The second display device  420  may provide the display  421  at a position at which only an individual passenger may view display content. For example, the display  421  may be disposed on an armrest of a seat. The second display device  420  may display graphic objects corresponding to personal information of a user. The second display device  420  may include as many displays  421  as the number of passengers who may ride in the vehicle. The second display device  420  may realize a touchscreen by forming a layered structure along with a touch sensor or being integrated with the touch sensor. The second display device  420  may display graphical objects for receiving user input for seat adjustment or indoor temperature adjustment. 
     7) Cargo System 
     The cargo system  355  may provide items to a user at the request of the user. The cargo system  355  may operate based on an electrical signal generated by the input device  310  or the communication device  330 . The cargo system  355  may include a cargo box. The cargo box may be hidden, with items being loaded in a part under a seat. When an electrical signal based on user input is received, the cargo box may be exposed to the cabin. The user may select a necessary item from articles loaded in the cargo box. The cargo system  355  may include a sliding moving mechanism and an item pop-up mechanism in order to expose the cargo box according to user input. The cargo system  355  may include a plurality of cargo boxes in order to provide various types of items. A weight sensor for determining whether each item is provided may be embedded in the cargo box. 
     8) Seat System 
     The seat system  360  may provide a user customized seat to a user. The seat system  360  may operate based on an electrical signal generated by the input device  310  or the communication device  330 . The seat system  360  may adjust at least one element of a seat based on acquired user body data. The seat system  360  may include a user detection sensor (e.g., a pressure sensor) for determining whether a user sits on a seat. The seat system  360  may include a plurality of seats on which a plurality of users may sit. One of the plurality of seats may be disposed to face at least one other seat. At least two users may set facing each other inside the cabin. 
     9) Payment System 
     The payment system  365  may provide a payment service to a user. The payment system  365  may operate based on an electrical signal generated by the input device  310  or the communication device  330 . The payment system  365  may calculate a price for at least one service used by the user and request the user to pay the calculated price. 
     
       
     
     3. Vehicular Communications for ITS 
     Overview 
     An intelligent transport system (ITS) based on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (vehicle communication) is mainly composed of an access layer, a network &amp; transport layer, a facilities layer, an application layer, a security entity, a management entity, and so on. 
     Vehicle communication may be applied to various scenarios such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-BS (V2N or N2V) communication, vehicle-to-road side unit (RSU) (V2I or I2V) communication, RSU-to-RSU (I2I) communication, vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P or P2V) communication, RSU-to-pedestrian (I2P or P2I)communication, and so on. A vehicle, a base station (BS), an RSU, a pedestrian, etc., which are subjects of vehicle communication, are referred to as an ITS station. 
     Architecture 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an ITS station reference architecture defined in ISO 21217/EN 302 665. The ITS station reference architecture is composed of the access layer, network &amp; transport layer, facilities layer, entities for security and management, and application layer, which is located at the top. The ITS station reference architecture follows a layered OSI model. 
     The features of the ITS station reference architecture will be described based on the OSI model of  FIG. 7 . The access layer of the ITS station corresponds to OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and OSI layer 2 (data link layer). The network &amp; transport layer of the ITS station corresponds to OSI layer 3 (network layer) and OSI layer 4 (transport layer). The facilities layer of the ITS station corresponds to OSI layer 5 (session layer), OSI layer 6 (presentation layer), and OSI layer 7 (application layer). 
     The application layer located at the top of the ITS station performs a function of actually implementing and supporting a use case, and the application layer may be selectively used depending on use cases. The management entity manages all layers including communication and operation of the ITS station. The security entity provides security services for all layers. Each layer of the ITS station exchanges data to be transmitted or received through vehicle communication and additional information for various purposes via interfaces therebetween. Various interfaces are abbreviated as follows. 
     MA: Interface between management entity and application layer 
     MF: Interface between management entity and facilities layer 
     MN: Interface between management entity and networking &amp; transport layer 
     MI: Interface between management entity and access layer 
     FA: Interface between facilities layer and ITS-S applications 
     NF: Interface between networking &amp; transport layer and facilities layer 
     IN: Interface between access layer and networking &amp; transport layer 
     SA: Interface between security entity and ITS-S applications 
     SF: Interface between security entity and facilities layer 
     SN: Interface between security entity and networking &amp; transport layer 
     SI: Interface between security entity and access layer 
     
       
     
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary ITS station structure capable of being designed and applied based on the ITS station reference architecture shown in  FIG. 7 . The main concept of the structure of  FIG. 7  is to allow each layer having a specific function to distribute and perform communication processing between two ends: vehicles/users configured in a communication network. That is, when a vehicle-to-vehicle message is generated, a vehicle and ITS system (or another ITS-related terminal/system) may transfer data through each layer down one layer at a time, and a vehicle or ITS system (or another ITS-related terminal/system) receiving the message may transfer data up one layer at a time when the message arrives. 
     The ITS based on vehicle and network communication is systematically designed in consideration of various access technologies, network protocols, communication interfaces, and so on to support various use cases. The roles and functions of each layer described below may vary according to circumstances. Hereinafter, the main functions of each layer will be briefly described. 
     Application Layer 
     The application layer actually implements and supports various use cases. For example, the application layer provides safety and traffic information and other entertainment information. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary structure of the application layer. To provide services, the application layer provides controls the ITS station to which the application belongs in various ways or transfers service messages to end vehicles/users/infrastructure through vehicle communication via lower layers: access layer, network &amp; transport layer, and facilities layer. In this case, the ITS application may support various use cases, and these use cases may be grouped into other applications such as road safety, traffic efficiency, local services, and infotainment. The application classifications and use cases of  FIG. 9  may be updated when a new application scenario is defined. In  FIG. 9 , the layer management serves to manage and service information related to operation and security of the application layer, and related information is transferred and shared in two ways through MA (i.e., interface between management entity and application layer) and SA (i.e., interface between security entity and ITS-S applications) (or service access point (SAP) (e.g., MA-SAP, SA-SAP, etc.)). A request from the application layer to the facilities layer or a service message and related information from the facilities layer to the application layer may be transferred through FA (interface between facilities layer and ITS-S applications or FA-SAP). 
     Facilities Layer 
     The facilities layer supports to effectively implement various use cases defined in the upper application layer. For example, the facilities layer performs application support, information support, and/or session/communication support. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an exemplary structure of the facilities layer. The facilities layer basically supports the functions of the upper three layers of the OSI model, for example, the session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 10 , the facilities layer provides the following facilities for the ITS: application support, information support, session/communication support, etc. Here, the facilities mean components that provide functionality, information, and data. 
     [Application support facilities]: The application support facilities are facilities that support the operations of the ITS application (e.g., ITS message generation, transmission/reception with lower layers, and management thereof). Examples thereof include a cooperative awareness (CA) basic service, a decentralized environmental notification (DEN) basic service, and the like. In the future, facilities entities and related messages may be additionally defined for new services such as cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), platooning, a vulnerable roadside user (VRU), a collective perception service (CPS), etc. 
     [Information support facilities]: The information support facilities are facilities that provide common data information or databases used for various ITS applications. Examples thereof include a local dynamic map (LDM), etc. 
     [Session/communication support facilities]: The session/communication support facilities are facilities that provide services for communications and session management. Examples thereof include addressing mode, session support, etc. 
     The facilities may be divided into common facilities and domain facilities as shown in  FIG. 10 . 
     [Common facilities]: The common facilities are facilities that provide common services or functions required for various ITS applications and ITS station operations. Examples thereof include time management, position management, services management, etc. 
     [Domain facilities]: The domain facilities are facilities that provide special services or functions required only for some (one or more) ITS applications. Examples thereof include a DEN basic service for road hazard warning (RHW) applications. The domain facilities are optional functions. That is, the domain facilities are not used unless supported by the ITS station. 
     In  FIG. 10 , the layer management serves to manage and service information related to operation and security of the facilities layer, and related information is transferred and shared in two ways through MF (i.e., interface between management entity and facilities layer) and SF (i.e., interface between security entity and facilities layer) (or MF-SAP, SF-SAP, etc.). A request from the application layer to the facilities layer or a service message and related information from the facilities layer to the application layer may be transferred through FA (or FA-SAP). A service message and related information between the facilities layer and lower networking &amp; transport layer may be transferred bidirectionally through NF (i.e., interface between networking &amp; transport layer and facilities layer) (or NF-SAP). 
     Network &amp; Transport Layer 
     The network &amp; transport layer configures a network for vehicle communication between homogenous or heterogeneous networks by supporting various transport protocols and network protocols. For example, the network &amp; transport layer may provide Internet access, routing, and a vehicle network based on Internet protocols such as TCP/UDP+IPv6. Specifically, the vehicle network may be formed based on a basic transport protocol (BTP) and a GeoNetworking-based protocol. In this case, networking based on geographic location information may also be supported. A vehicle network layer may be designed or configured in an access layer technology dependent manner On the other hand, the vehicle network may be designed or configured in an access layer technology independent manner, i.e., in an access layer technology agnostic manner. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the functions of the European ITS network &amp; transport layer. Basically, the functions of the ITS network &amp; transport layer are similar to or identical to those of the OSI 3 layer (network layer) and OSI 4 layer (transport layer). Hereinafter, the features of the functions of the ITS network &amp; transport layer will be described. 
     [Transport layer]: The transport layer is a connection layer that transfers a service message and related information provided from upper layers (session layer, presentation layer, application layer, etc.) and lower layers (network layer, data link layer, physical layer, etc.). The transport layer controls data transmitted by the application of a transmitting ITS station to arrive at the application of a destination ITS station. For example, transport protocols considered in the European ITS include not only a TCP, a UDP, etc. which are currently used as Internet protocols as shown in  FIG. 11  but also transport protocols only for the ITS such as a BTS. 
     [Network layer]: The network layer determines the logical address and packet transfer method/path of a destination and adds information such as the logical address and transfer path/method to a packet provided from the transport layer to the header of the network layer. As an example of the packet transfer method, unicast, broadcast, multicast, etc. may be considered between ITS stations. Various networking protocols may be considered for the ITS such as GeoNetworking, IPv6 networking with mobility support, and IPv6 over GeoNetworking. In addition to simple packet transmission, the GeoNetworking protocol may be applied to various transfer routes or ranges such as forwarding based on location information about stations including vehicles or forwarding based on the number of forwarding hops. 
     In  FIG. 11 , the layer management serves to manage and service information related to operation and security of the network &amp; transport layer, and related information is transferred and shared in two ways through MN (i.e., interface between management entity and networking &amp; transport layer) (or MN-SAP) and SN (i.e., interface between security entity and networking &amp; transport layer) (or SN-SAP). A service message and related information between the facilities layer and networking &amp; transport layer may be transferred bidirectionally through NF (or NF-SAP). A service message and related information between the networking &amp; transport layer and access layer may be exchanged through IN (interface between access layer and networking &amp; transport layer) (or IN-SAP). 
     The North American ITS network &amp; transport layer supports IPv6 and TCP/UDP to support IP data as in Europe. A wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) short message protocol (WSMP) is defined as a protocol only for the ITS. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates the structure of a WAVE short message (WSM) packet generated according to the WSMP. The WSM packet is composed of a WSMP header and WSM data for transmitting a message, and the WSMP header consists of a version, a PSID, a WSMP header extension field, a WSM WAVE element ID, and a length. 
     The version is defined by a 4-bit WsmpVersion field indicating the actual WSMP version and a 4-bit reserved field. 
     The PSID is a provider service identifier, which is allocated by upper layers depending on applications, and assists the receiver in determining an appropriate upper layer. 
     The Extension fields are fields for extending the WSMP header, and information such as a channel number, a data rate, and used transmit power is inserted thereinto. 
     The WSMP WAVE element ID specifies the type of WSM to be transmitted. 
     The Length specifies the length of WSM data to be transmitted through a 12-bit WSMLength field in octets, and the remaining 4 bits are reserved. 
     A logical link control (LLC) header allows to transmit IP data and WSMP data separately, which are identified by the Ethertype of SNAP. The structures of LLC and SNAP headers are defined in IEEE 802.2. When IP data is transmitted, the Ethertype is set to 0x86DD to configure the LLC header. When WSMP data is transmitted, the Ethertype is set to 0x88DC to configure the LLC header. When the receiver checks that the Ethertype is 0x86DD, the receiver uploads a packet on an IP data path. If the Ethertype is 0x88DC, the receiver uploads a packet on a WSMP path. 
     
       
     
     Access Layer 
     The access layer transfers messages or data received from upper layers over physical channels. As access layer technologies, the following technologies may be applied: an ITS-G5 vehicle communication technology based on IEEE 802.11p, a satellite/broadband wireless mobile communication technology, a wireless cellular communication technology including 2G/3G/4G (LTE)/5G, a cellular-V2X communication technology such as LTE-V2X and NR-V2X, a broadband terrestrial digital broadcasting technology such as DVB-T/T2/ATSC3.0, a GPS technology, and so on. 
     FIG. 13 illustrates the configuration of an ITS access layer commonly applied to IEEE 802.11p, cellular-V2X (LTE-V2X, NR-V2X, etc.), etc. The functions of the ITS access layer are similar or equal to those of OSI 1 layer (physical layer) and OSI 2 layer (data link layer) and have the following characteristics. 
     Data Link Layer 
     The data link layer converts a physical line between adjacent nodes (or between vehicles) with noise into a communication channel with no transmission errors to allow upper network layers to use the communication channel. The data link layer performs the following functions: a function that transmits/carries/forwards a 3 layer protocol; a framing function that groups data to be transmitted by dividing the data into packets (or frames) as a transmission unit; a flow control function that compensates for the speed difference between the transmitter and receiver; and a function that detects and corrects a transmission error or detects a transmission error based on a timer and an ACK signal at the transmitter according to an automatic repeat request (ARQ) method and retransmits packets which are not correctly received (because it is expected that errors and noise randomly occur due to the characteristics of a physical transmission medium). In addition, the data link layer also performs the following functions: a function that assigns a sequence number (serial number) to a packet and an ACK signal to avoid confusing the packet and the ACK signal; and a function that controls the establishment, maintenance, and release of a data link between network entities and data transmission therebetween. The data link layer of  FIG. 13  may be composed of the following sub-layers: logical link control (LLC), radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), multi-channel (MCO). Hereinafter, the main functions of the above sub-layers will be described. 
     LLC sub-layer: The LLC sub-layer allows to use several different lower MAC sub-layer protocols, thereby enabling communication regardless of the topology of the network. 
     RRC sub-layer: The RRC sub-layer performs the following functions: broadcasting of cell system information necessary for all user equipments (UEs) in a cell; control of paging message transmission; management (setup/maintenance/release) of an RRC connection between a UE and a E-UTRAN; mobility management (handover); UE context transfer between eNodeBs during a handover; UE measurement reporting and control thereof; UE capability management; temporary assignment of a cell ID to a UE; security management including key management; and RRC message encryption. 
     PDCP sub-layer: The PDCP sub-layer performs the following functions: compression of an IP packet header according to a compression method such as robust header compression (ROHC); encryption of control messages and user data (ciphering); data integrity; and data loss prevention during a handover. 
     RLC sub-layer: The RLC sub-layer performs the following functions: data transmission by adjusting the size of a packet from the upper PDCP layer to be allowed for the MAC layer through packet segmentation/concatenation; improvement of data transmission reliability by managing transmission errors and retransmission; checking of the order of received data; rearrangement; and redundancy check. 
     MAC sub-layer: The MAC sub-layer performs the following functions: a function that controls the occurrence of collision/contention between nodes and matches a packet transmitted from an upper layer to a physical layer frame format in order to allow to multiple nodes to share a medium; assignment and identification of transmitter/receiver addresses; carrier detection; collision detection; and detection of obstacles on a physical medium. 
     MCO sub-layer: The MCO sub-layer uses a plurality of frequency channels to effectively provide various services. The main function of the MCO sub-layer is to effectively distribute traffic load in a specific frequency channel to other channels, thereby minimizing collision/contention of communication information between vehicles on each frequency channel 
     Physical Layer 
     The physical layer is the lowest layer in the ITS layer structure. The physical layer performs the following functions: definition of an interface between a node and a transmission medium; modulation, coding, and mapping of a transport channel to a physical channel for bit transfer between data link layer entities; notifying the MAC sublayer whether a wireless medium is in use (busy or idle) through carrier sensing, clear channel assessment (CCA), etc. 
     
       
     
     Main Features of IEEE 802.11p MAC Sub-Layer/PHY Layer 
       FIG. 14  illustrates the structure of main features of a MAC sub-layer and a PHY layer of IEEE 802.11p. The structure of  FIG. 14  includes channel coordination in which channel access is defined; channel routing that defines an operation process for a management frame and overall data between PHY-MAC layer; enhanced dedicated channel access (EDCA) that determines and defines priorities of transmission frames; and data buffers (or queues) that store a frame received from an upper layer. Hereinafter, each part will be described. 
     Channel coordination: The channel coordination is divided into a control channel (CCH) and a service channel (SCH) so that channel access may be defined. 
     Data buffers (queues): The data buffers store frames input from upper layers based on defined access categories (ACs). As shown in  FIG. 14 , each AC has its own data buffer. 
     Channel routing: The channel routing transfers data input from an upper layer to the data buffer (queue). In addition, the channel routing calls transmission operation parameters such as channel coordination, channel number for frame transmission, transmit power, and data rate in response to a transmission request from the upper layer. 
     EDCA:  FIG. 15  illustrates an EDCA operation structure. The EDCA is a contention based medium access approach in which traffic is categorized into fours  4  ACs according to the types of traffic, a different priority is given to each category, and a different parameter is allocated for each AC so that more transmission opportunities are given to high-priority traffic in order to guarantee QoS in the conventional IEEE 802.11e MAC layer. To transmit data including a priority, the EDCA assigns 8 priorities from 0 to 7, maps data arriving at the MAC layer to four ACs according to priorities. Every AC has its own transmission queue and AC parameter, and the difference between the priorities of ACs is determined based on different AC parameter values. If there occurs a collision between stations during frame transmission, a new backoff counter is created. As shown in  FIG. 15 , four transmission queues per AC defined in IEEE 802.11e MAC compete with each other to access a wireless medium within one station. Since each AC has an independent backoff counter, a virtual collision may occur. If two or more ACs complete backoff at the same time, data is first transmitted to the AC with the highest priority, and the other ACs update their backoff counters again by increasing CW values. Such a contention resolution procedure is called a virtual contention handling procedure. The EDCA also allows access to a channel for data transmission through a transmission opportunity (TXOP). If one frame is too long so that the frame is incapable of being transmitted during one TXOP, it may be divided into small frames and then transmitted. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates a transmitter structure of a physical layer. Specifically,  FIG. 16  shows a signal processing block diagram of a physical layer on the assumption of IEEE 802.11p orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The physical layer may include a PLCP sub-layer baseband signal processing part composed of scrambling, forward error correction (FEC), an interleaver, a mapper, pilot insertion, an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), guard insertion, preamble insertion, etc. and a PMD sub-layer RF band signal processing part composed of wave shaping (including In-phase/quadrature-phase modulation), a digital analog converter (DAC), etc. Each block will be described below. 
     The scrambler block perform randomization by XOR of an input bit stream with a pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS). The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     In a forward error coding (FEC) process, redundancy is added to the scrambler output bit stream so that the receiver is allowed to correct errors on a transport channel. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The (bit) interleaver block interleaves an input bit stream according to interleaving rules to be robust against burst errors, which may occur on a transport channel. When deep fading or erasure is applied to QAM symbols, interleaved bits are mapped to each QAM symbol. Thus, it is possible to prevent an error from occurring in consecutive bits among all codeword bits. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The constellation mapper block allocates an input bit word to one constellation. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The pilot insertion block inserts reference signals at predetermined positions for each signal block. The pilot insertion block is used to allow the receiver to estimate channels and channel distortions such as a frequency offset and a timing offset. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The inverse waveform transform block transforms and outputs an input signal in such a way that transmission efficiency and flexibility are improved in consideration of the characteristics of a transport channel and the system structure. In an embodiment, a method of converting a frequency-domain signal into a time-domain signal based on inverse FFT operation may be used in OFDM systems. The inverse waveform transform block may not be used in single carrier systems. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The guard sequence insertion block provides a guard interval between adjacent signal blocks to minimize the effect of delay spread of a transport channel and, if necessary, inserts a specific sequence to facilitate synchronization or channel estimation of the receiver. In an embodiment, a method of inserting a cyclic prefix into the guard interval of an OFDM symbol may be used in OFDM systems. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The preamble insertion block inserts a known type of signal determined between the transmitter and receiver into a transmission signal so that the receiver is capable of detecting a target system signal quickly and efficiently. In an embodiment, a method of defining a transmission frame composed of several OFDM symbols and inserting a preamble symbol at the beginning of each transmission frame may be used in OFDM systems. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     The waveform processing block performs waveform processing on an input baseband signal to match the transmission characteristics of a channel In an embodiment, a method of performing square-root-raised cosine (SRRC) filtering to obtain out-of-band emission standards of a transmission signal may be used. The waveform processing block may not be used in multi-carrier systems. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     Finally, the DAC block converts an input digital signal into an analog signal and then outputs the analog signal. The DAC output signal is transmitted to an output antenna (in this embodiment). The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar or identical function. 
     Main Features of LTE-V2X PHY/MAC Layer 
     Hereinafter, details of device-to-device (D2D) communication, which is the major feature of cellular-V2X (LTE-V2X or NR-V2X) communication, will be described. 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a data flow between MAC and PHY layers in cellular-V2X. 
     In  FIG. 17 , “H” denotes a header and a sub-header. A radio bearer is a path between a UE and a BS used when user data or signaling passes through a network. In other words, the radio bearer is a pipe that carries user data or signaling between the UE and BS. Radio bearers are classified into data radio bearers (DRBs) for user plane data and signaling radio bearers (SRBs) for control plane data. For example, SRBs are used to transmit only RRC and NAS messages, and DRBs are used to carry user data. 
     When the UE is the transmitter, packets including user data generated by the application(s) of the UE are provided to layer 2 (i.e., L2) of the NR. The UE may be an MTC device, an M2M device, a D2D device, an IoT device, a vehicle, a robot, or an AI module. In implementations of the present disclosure, a packet including data generated by the application of the UE may be an Internet protocol (IP) packet, an address resolution protocol (ARP) packet(s), or a non-IP packet. 
     Layer 2 of the NR may be divided into the following sublayers: MAC; RLC; PDCP and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP). The SDAP, which is a protocol layer not existing in the LTE system, provides QoS flows to NGC. For example, the SDAP supports mapping between QoS flows and data radio bearers. In the LTE system, an IP PDU including an IP packet may be a PDCP SDU in the PDCP layer. In implementations of the present disclosure, the PDCP may support efficient transport of IP, ARP, and/or non-IP packets to/from a wireless link. The RLC generates an RLC PDU and provides the RLC PDU to the MAC. The MAC layer is located between the RLC layer and the physical layer (PHY layer), which is layer 1 (i.e., L1). The MAC layer is connected to the RLC layer through logical channels and connected to the PHY layer through transport channels. The MAC generates a MAC PDU and provides the MAC PDU to the PHY, and the MAC PDU corresponds to a transport block in the PHY layer. The transport block is transmitted over a physical channel during the signal processing process. 
     In the receiver, a transport block obtained by performing signal processing on data received over a physical channel is transferred from the PHY layer to layer 2. The receiver may be the UE or BS. The transport block is a MAC PDU in the MAC layer of layer 2. The MAC PDU is provided to the application layer through layer 2 based on an IP, ARP or non-IP protocol. 
     The radio protocol stack of the 3GPP system is largely divided into a protocol stack for a user plane and a protocol stack for a control plane. The user plane, also called the data plane, is used to carry user traffic (i.e., user data). The user plane handles user data such as voice and data. In contrast, the control plane handles control signaling rather than user data between UEs or between a UE and a network node. In the LTE system, the protocol stack for the user plane includes PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY, and in the NR system, the protocol stack for the user plane includes SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY. In the LTE and NR systems, the protocol stack for the control plane includes PDCP, RLC and MAC terminated at the BS in the network. In addition, the protocol stack for the control plane includes RRC, which is a higher layer of the PDCP, and a non-access stratum (NAS) control protocol, which is a higher layer of the RRC. The NAS protocol is terminated by an access and mobility management function (AMF) of the core network in the network and performs mobility management and bearer management. The RRC supports transfer of NAS signaling and performs efficient management of radio resources and functions required therefor. For example, the RRC supports the following functions: broadcasting of system information; establishment, maintenance, and release of an RRC connection between the UE and BS; establishment, establishment, maintenance, and release of radio bearers; UE measurement reporting and control of reporting; detection and recovery of radio link failure; NAS message transfer to/from the NAS of the UE. 
     In the present disclosure, RRC messages/signaling by or from the BS may mean RRC messages/signaling transmitted from the RRC layer of the BS to the RRC layer of the UE. The UE is configured with or operates based on an information element (IE) that is parameter(s) or a set of parameter(s) included in the RRC messages/signaling from the BS. 
     
       
     
       FIG. 18  illustrates an example of processing for uplink transmission. 
     Each block illustrated in  FIG. 18  may be implemented in each module in a physical layer block of a transmitter. Specifically, the uplink signal processing of  FIG. 18  may be performed by the processor of the UE/BS described in the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG. 18 , uplink physical channel processing includes scrambling, modulation mapping, layer mapping, transform precoding, precoding, and resource element mapping, and SC-FDMA signal generation. Each of the above processes may be performed separately or together in each module of the transmitter. The transform precoding spreads UL data in a special way that reduces the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a waveform and is a kind of discrete Fourier transform (DFT). OFDM using a CP with transform precoding that performs DFT spreading is called DFT-s-OFDM, and OFDM using a CP without DFT spreading is called CP-OFDM. When uplink (UL) is enabled in the NR system, transform precoding may be optionally applied. That is, the NR system supports two options for UL waveforms, one of which is CP-OFDM and the other is DFT-s-OFDM. The BS informs the UE whether the UE needs to use CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM as a UL transmission waveform by RRC parameters.  FIG. 18  is a conceptual diagram illustrating UL physical channel processing for DFT-s-OFDM, and in the case of CP-OFDM, the transform precoding among the processes of  FIG. 18  is omitted. 
     Each of the above processes will be described in detail. For one codeword, the transmitter may scramble coded bits in the codeword by a scrambling module and then transmit the scrambled coded bits on a physical channel The codeword is obtained by encoding a transport block. The scrambled bits are modulated into a complex-valued modulation symbol by a modulation mapping module. The modulation mapping module may modulate the scrambled bits according to a predetermined modulation scheme and arrange the scrambled bits as the complex-valued modulation symbol representing positions on a signal constellation. Pi/2-binary phase shift keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-phase shift keying (m-PSK), or m-quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM) may be used to modulate the encoded data. The complex-valued modulation symbol may be mapped to one or more transport layers by a layer mapping module. The complex-valued modulation symbol on each layer may be precoded by a precoding module for transmission on an antenna port. When transform precoding is enabled, the precoding module may perform precoding after performing transform precoding on the complex-valued modulation symbol as illustrated in  FIG. 18 . The precoding module may process complex-valued modulation symbols in MIMO according to multiple transmission antennas to output antenna-specific symbols and distribute the antenna-specific symbols to a resource element mapping module. An output z of the precoding module may be obtained by multiplying an output y of the layer mapping module by a precoding matrix W of N×M. where N is the number of antenna ports, and M is the number of layers. The resource element mapping module maps the complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to appropriate resource elements in a resource block allocated for transmission. The resource element mapping module may map the complex-valued modulation symbols to appropriate subcarriers and perform multiplexing according to users. An SC-FDMA signal generation module (or a CP-OFDM signal generation module when transform precoding is disabled) modulates the complex-valued modulation symbols according to a specific modulation scheme, for example, an OFDM scheme in order to generate a complex-valued time domain OFDM symbol signal. The signal generation module may perform the IFFT on the antenna-specific symbols, and a CP may be inserted into the time-domain symbols on which the IFFT is performed. After applying digital-to-analog conversion and frequency upconversion to the OFDM symbols, the OFDM symbols are transmitted to the receiver on each transmission antenna. The signal generation module may include an IFFT module, a CP inserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency upconverter, and so on. 
     
       
     
     
       
     
     4. C-V2X 
     A wireless communication system is a multiple access system that supports communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmission power, etc.). Examples of the multiple access system include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, a single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, and a multi-carrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) system. 
     Sidelink (SL) refers to a communication scheme in which UEs establish a direct link therebetween and then directly exchange voice or data without intervention of a BS. The SL is considered as one method for solving the burden of the BS caused by a rapid increase in data traffic. 
     V2X is a communication technology in which a vehicle exchanges information with other vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructure by wired/wireless communication. V2X may be categorized into four types: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). V2X communication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or a Uu interface. 
     As many communication devices demand greater communication capacity, there is a need for mobile broadband communication enhanced over the current radio access technology (RAT). Accordingly, a communication system is being discussed in consideration of services or UEs sensitive to reliability and latency. A next-generation radio access technology in consideration of enhanced mobile broadband communication, massive MTC, and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) may be referred to as a new RAT or new radio (NR). The V2X communication may also be supported in the NR. 
     The following technologies may be applied to various wireless communication systems including the CDMA system, FDMA system, TDMA system, OFDMA system, SC-FDMA system, etc. CDMA may be implemented with a radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented with a radio technology such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE), and so on. 01-DMA may be implemented with a wireless technology such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, and evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). IEEE 802.16m is an evolution of IEEE 802.16e and provides backward compatibility with systems based on IEEE 802.16e. UTRA is a part of the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) LTE is a part of evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) that uses evolved-UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA). In 3GPP LTE, OFDMA is adopted for DL, and SC-FDMA is adopted for UL. LTE-A (advanced) is an evolution of 3GPP LTE. 
     5G NR is a technology beyond LTE-A. Specifically, 5G NR is a new clean slate type of mobile communication system with the following characteristics: high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR may utilize all available spectrum resources including low frequency bands below 1 GHz, intermediate frequency bands from 1 GHz to 10 GHz, and high frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 
     For clarity of description, the present disclosure will be mainly described based on LTE-A or 5G NR, but the technical idea of examples or implementation examples of the present disclosure is not limited thereto. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates the structure of an LTE system to which embodiment(s) are applicable. This system may be referred to as an evolved-UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) or long-term evolution (LTE)/LTE-advanced (LTE-A) system. 
     Referring to  FIG. 19 , the E-UTRAN includes a base station  20  that provides a control plane and a user plan to a user equipment (UE)  10 . The UE  10  may be fixed or mobile. The UE  10  may be referred to by another term, such as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile terminal (MT), a wireless device, etc. The BS  20  refers to a fixed station that communicates with the UE  10 . The BS  20  may be referred to by another term, such as an evolved-NodeB (eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, etc. 
     BSs  20  may be connected to each other through an X2 interface. The BS  20  is connected to an evolved packet core (EPC)  30  through an Si interface, more specifically, to a mobility management entity (MME) through S1-MME and to a serving gateway (S-GW) through S1-U. 
     The EPC  30  includes the MME, the S-GW, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW). The MME has access information of the UE or capability information of the UE, and such information is generally used for mobility management of the UE. The S-GW is a gateway having the E-UTRAN as an end point. The P-GW is a gateway having the PDN as an end point. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network may be classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) reference model that is well-known in a communication system. Thereamong, a physical layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a user plane to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a control plane to which embodiment(s) are applicable. The user plane is a protocol stack for user data transmission. The control plane is a protocol stack for control signal transmission. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 20 and 21 , a physical layer provides an upper layer with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to a media access control (MAC) layer, which is an upper layer of the physical layer, through a transport channel Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with which characteristics data is transferred through a radio interface. 
     Data is moved between different physical layers, i.e., between the physical layers of a transmitter and a receiver, through a physical channel The physical channel may be modulated according to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme and use time and frequency as radio resources. 
     The MAC layer provides a service to a radio link control (RLC) layer, which is an upper layer, through a logical channel. The MAC layer provides a mapping function from a plurality of logical channels to a plurality of transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a logical channel multiplexing function caused by mapping from a plurality of logical channels to a single transport channel A MAC sub-layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. 
     The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of an RLC service data unit (SDU). In order to guarantee various types of quality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three operation modes: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). AM RLC provides error correction through an automatic repeat request (ARQ). 
     The RRC layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer is related to the configuration, reconfiguration, and release of RBs to serve to control logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels. The RB means a logical path provided by the first layer (physical layer) and the second layer (MAC layer, RLC layer, or PDCP layer) in order to transfer data between a UE and a network. 
     A function of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in the user plane includes transfer, header compression, and ciphering of user data. A function of the PDCP layer in the control plane includes transfer and encryption/integrity protection of control plane data. 
     The configuration of the RB means a process of defining the characteristics of a radio protocol layer and channels in order to provide specific service and configuring each detailed parameter and operating method. The RB may be divided into two types of a signaling RB (SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a passage through which an RRC message is transported in the control plane, and the DRB is used as a passage through which user data is transported in the user plane. 
     If RRC connection is established between the RRC layer of UE and the RRC layer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC connected (RRC_CONNECTED) state and if not, the UE is in an RRC idle (RRC_IDLE) state. In NR, an RRC inactive (RRC_INACTIVE) state has been further defined. The UE of RRC_INACTIVE state may release connection to the BS while maintaining connection to a core network. 
     A downlink transport channel through which data is transmitted from the network to the UE includes a broadcast channel (BCH) through which system information is transmitted and a downlink shared channel (SCH) through which user traffic or control messages are transmitted. Traffic or a control message for a downlink multicast or broadcast service may be transmitted through the downlink SCH or may be transmitted through a separate downlink multicast channel (MCH). Meanwhile, an uplink transport channel through which data is transmitted from the UE to the network includes a random access channel (RACH) through which an initial control message is transmitted and an uplink shared channel (SCH) through which user traffic or a control message is transmitted. 
     Logical channels that are placed over the transport channel and mapped to the transport channel include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), and a multicast traffic channel (MTCH). 
     The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in the time domain and several subcarriers in the frequency domain. One subframe includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is a resources allocation unit and includes a plurality of OFDM symbols and a plurality of subcarriers. Each subframe may use specific subcarriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., the first OFDM symbol) of a corresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), that is, an L1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit time for subframe transmission. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates the structure of an NR system to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) may include a gNB and/or an eNB that provides user plane and control plane protocol terminations to a UE.  FIG. 10  illustrates the case of including only gNBs. The gNB and the eNB are connected through an Xn interface. The gNB and the eNB are connected to a 5G core network (5GC) via an NG interface. More specifically, the gNB and the eNB are connected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) via an NG-C interface and connected to a user plane function (UPF) via an NG-U interface. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates functional split between an NG-RAN and a 5GC to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 23 , a gNB may provide functions, such as intercell radio resource management (RRM), RB control, connection mobility control, radio admission control, measurement configuration and provision, dynamic resource allocation, etc. An AMF may provide functions, such as NAS security, idle state mobility handling, etc. A UPF may provide functions, such as mobility anchoring, protocol data unit (PDU) handling, etc. A session management function (SMF) may provide functions, such as UE IP address allocation, PDU session control. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates the structure of an NR radio frame to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 24 , a radio frame may be used for uplink and downlink transmission in NR. The radio frame is 10 ms long and may be defined as two half-frames (HFs), each 5 ms long. An HF may include 5 subframes (SFs), each 1 ms long. An SF may be split into one or more slots. The number of slots in the SF may be determined based on a subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols depending on a cyclic prefix (CP). 
     When a normal CP is used, each slot may include 14 symbols. When an extended CP is used, each slot may include 12 symbols. Here, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) or an SC-FDMA symbol (or DFT-s-OFDM symbol). 
     Table 1 below shows the number of symbols, N slot   symb , per slot, the number of slots, N frame,u   slot , per frame, and the number of slots, N subframe,u   slot , per subframe according to SCS configuration μ when the normal CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2u) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15 KHz 
                 (u = 0) 
                 14 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                 30 KHz 
                 (u = 1) 
                 14 
                 20 
                 2 
               
               
                 60 KHz 
                 (u = 2) 
                 14 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                 120 KHz 
                 (u = 3) 
                 14 
                 80 
                 8 
               
               
                 240 KHz 
                 (u = 4) 
                 14 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 2 shows the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe according to SCS when the extended CP is used. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15*2{circumflex over ( )}u) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 60 KHz (u = 2) 
                 12 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an NR system, different OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCSs and CP lengths) may be configured in a plurality of cells aggregated for one UE. Then, an (absolute time) duration of a time resource (e.g., a subframe, a slot, or a TTI) consisting of the same number of symbols (for convenience, referred to as a time unit (TU)) may be differently configured in the aggregated cells. 
       FIG. 25  illustrates the structure of a slot of an NR frame to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 25 , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in the time domain. For example, one slot may include 14 symbols in the case of a normal CP and 12 symbols in the case of an extended CP. Alternatively, one slot may include 7 symbols in the case of the normal CP and 6 symbols in the case of the extended CP. 
     A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. A resource block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g.,  12  subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A bandwidth part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (P)RBs in the frequency domain and correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS or CP length). The carrier may include a maximum of N (e.g., 5) BWPs. Data communication may be performed through activated BWPs. Each element may be referred to as a resource element (RS) in a resource grid and one complex symbol may be mapped thereto. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 26 , a scheme of reserving a transmission resource of a subsequent packet may be used for transmission resource selection. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates an example of selecting a transmission resource to which embodiments(s) are applicable. 
     In V2X communication, two transmissions may be performed per MAC PDU. For example, referring to  FIG. 26 , during resource selection for initial transmission, a resource for retransmission may be reserved with a predetermined time gap. A UE may discern transmission resources reserved by other UEs or resources that are being used by other UEs through sensing within a sensing window and randomly select a resource having less interference from among resources that remain after excluding the resources that are reserved or being used by other UEs within a selection window. 
     For example, the UE may decode a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) including information about periodicity of the reserved resources within the sensing window and measure physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) reference signal received power (RSRP) on periodically determined resources based on the PSCCH. The UE may exclude resources on which PSSCH RSRP exceeds a threshold from resources that are selectable in the selection window. Next, the UE may randomly select a sidelink resource from among resources that remain within the selection window. 
     Alternatively, the UE may measure a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of periodic resources within the sensing window to determine resources having less interference (e.g., resources having low interference corresponding to 20% or less). Then, the UE may randomly select a sidelink resource from resources included in the selection window among the periodic resources. For example, upon failing to decode the PSCCH, the UE may use this method. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates an example of transmitting a PSCCH in sidelink transmission mode 3 or 4 to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     In V2X communication, i.e., in sidelink transmission mode 3 or 4, a PSCCH and a PSSCH are transmitted through frequency division multiplexing (FDM) as opposed to sidelink communication. In V2X communication, since it is important to reduce latency in consideration of characteristics of vehicle communication, the PSCCH and the PSSCH may be transmitted through FDM on different frequency resources of the same time resource in order to reduce latency. Referring to  FIG. 27 , the PSCCH and the PSSCH may be non-adjacent as illustrated in (a) of  FIG. 15  or may be adjacent as illustrated in (b) of  FIG. 27 . A basic unit of such transmission is a subchannel. The subchannel may be a resource unit having one or more RBs in size on the frequency axis on a predetermined time resource (e.g., time resource unit). The number of RBs included in the subchannel (i.e., the size of the subchannel and a start position of the subchannel on the frequency axis) may be indicated through higher layer signaling. An embodiment of  FIG. 27  may also be applied to NR sidelink resource allocation mode 1 or 2. 
     Hereinafter, a cooperative awareness message (CAM) and a decentralized environmental notification message (DENM) will be described. 
     In V2V communication, a CAM of a periodic message type and a DENM of an event triggered message type may be transmitted. The CAM may include basic vehicle information, including vehicle dynamic state information such as direction and speed, vehicle static data such as dimension, an external light state, and a path history. The size of the CAM may be 50 to 300 bytes. The CAM may be broadcast and latency should be less than 100 ms. The DENM may be a message generated during an unexpected situation such as breakdown or accident of a vehicle. The size of the DENM may be shorter than 3000 bytes and all vehicles in the range of message transmission may receive the DENM. The DENM may have a higher priority than the CAM. 
     Hereinafter, carrier reselection will be described. 
     Carrier reselection for V2X/sidelink communication may be performed in a MAC layer based on a channel busy ratio (CBR) of configured carriers and a ProSe-per-packet priority (PPPP) of a V2X message to be transmitted. 
     The CBR may mean the portion of subchannels in a resource pool, sidelink RSSI (S-RSSI) of which measured by a UE is sensed as exceeding a preset threshold. There may be PPPP related to each logical channel. The value of PPPP should be set in consideration of latency required by both a UE and a BS. During carrier reselection, the UE may select one or more carriers from among candidate carriers in ascending order from the lowest CBR. 
     Hereinafter, physical layer processing will be described. 
     A data unit to which embodiment(s) are applicable may be a target of physical layer processing in a transmitting side before the data unit is transmitted through a radio interface. A radio signal carrying the data unit to which embodiment(s) are applicable may be a target of physical layer processing at a receiving side. 
       FIG. 28  illustrates an example of physical processing at a transmitting side to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Table 3 shows a mapping relationship between an uplink transport channel and a physical channel and Table 4 shows a mapping relationship between uplink control channel information and a physical channel. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transport Channel 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 UL-SCH 
                 PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                 RACH 
                 PRACH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Information 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 UCI 
                 PUCCH, PUSCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 5 shows a mapping relationship between a downlink transport channel and a physical channel and Table 6 shows a mapping relationship between downlink control channel information and a physical channel. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transport Channel 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DL-SCH 
                 PDSCH 
               
               
                   
                 BCH 
                 PBCH 
               
               
                   
                 PCH 
                 PDSCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Information 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DCI 
                 PDCCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 7 shows a mapping relationship between a sidelink transport channel and a physical channel and Table 8 shows a mapping relationship between sidelink control channel information and a physical channel. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transport Channel 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 SL-SCH 
                 PSSCH 
               
               
                   
                 SL-BCH 
                 PSBCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Information 
                 Physical Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 SCI 
                 PSCCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring to  FIG. 28 , the transmitting side may perform encoding on a transport block (TB) in step S 100 . Data and a control stream from a MAC layer may be encoded to provide transport and control services through a radio transmission link in a physical layer. For example, the TB from the MAC layer may be encoded to a codeword at the transmitting side. A channel coding scheme may be a combination of error detection, error correction, rate matching, interleaving, and control information or a transport channel separated from the physical channel Alternatively, the channel coding scheme may be a combination of error detection, error correction, rate matching, interleaving, and control information or a transport channel mapped to the physical channel. 
     In an NR LTE system, the following channel coding scheme may be used for different types of transport channels and different types of control information. For example, the channel coding scheme for each transport channel type may be listed in Table 9. For example, the channel coding scheme for each control information type may be listed in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transport Channel 
                 Channel Coding Scheme 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 UL-SCH 
                 LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) 
               
               
                   
                 DL-SCH 
               
               
                   
                 SL-SCH 
               
               
                   
                 PCH 
               
               
                   
                 BCH 
                 Polar code 
               
               
                   
                 SL-BCH 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control Information 
                 Channel Coding Scheme 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DCI 
                 Polar code 
               
               
                   
                 SCI 
               
               
                   
                 UCI 
                 Block code, Polar code 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     For transmission of the TB (e.g., MAC PDU), the transmitting side may attach a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) sequence to the TB. Therefore, the transmitting side may provide error detection to the receiving side. In sidelink communication, the transmitting side may be a transmitting UE and the receiving side may be a receiving UE. In the NR system, a communication device may use an LDPC code to encode/decode an uplink (UL)-SCH and a downlink (DL)-SCH. The NR system may support two LDPC base graphs (i.e., two LDPC base matrices). The two LDPC base graphs may be LDPC base graph 1 optimized for a small TB and LDPC base graph 2 optimized for a large TB. The transmitting side may select LDPC base graph 1 or 2 based on the size of the TB and a code rate R. The code rate may be indicated by a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) index I_MCS. The MCS index may be dynamically provided to the UE by a PDCCH that schedules a PUSCH or a PDSCH. Alternatively, the MCS index may be dynamically provided to the UE by a PDCCH that (re)initializes or activates UL configured grant 2 or DL semi-persistent scheduling (SPS). The MCS index may be provided to the UE by RRC signaling related to UL configured grant type 1. If the TB to which the CRC is attached is greater than a maximum code block size for the selected LDPC base graph, the transmitting side may segment the TB to which the CRC is attached into a plurality of code blocks. The transmitting side may attach an additional CRC sequence to each code block. A maximum code block size for LDPC base graph 1 and a maximum code block size for LDPC base graph 2 may be 8448 bits and 3480 bits, respectively. If the TB to which the CRC is attached is not greater than the maximum code block size for the selected LDPC base graph, the transmitting side may encode the TB to which the CRC is attached using the selected LDPC base graph. The transmitting side may encode each code block of the TB using the selected LDPC base graph. LDPC coded blocks may be individually rate-matched. Code block concatenation may be performed to generate a codeword for transmission on the PDSCH or the PUSCH. For the PDSCH, a maximum of two codewords (i.e., a maximum of two TBs) may be simultaneously transmitted on the PDSCH. The PUSCH may be used to transmit UL-SCH data and layer 1 and/or 2 control information. Although not illustrated in  FIG. 28 , the layer 1 and/or 2 control information may be multiplexed with a codeword for the UL-SCH data. 
     In steps S 101  and S 102 , the transmitting side may perform scrambling and modulation for the codeword. Bits of the codeword may be scrambled and modulated to generate a block of complex-valued modulation symbols. 
     In step S 103 , the transmitting side may perform layer mapping. The complex-valued modulation symbols of the codeword may be mapped to one or more multiple input multiple output (MIMO) layers. The codeword may be mapped to a maximum of 4 layers. The PDSCH may carry two codewords and thus the PDSCH may support up to 8-layer transmission. The PUSCH may support a single codeword and thus the PUSCH may support up to 4-layer transmission. 
     In step S 104 , the transmitting side may perform transform precoding. A DL transmission waveform may be a normal CP-OFDM waveform. Transform precoding (i.e., discrete Fourier transform (DFT)) may not be applied to DL. 
     A UL transmission waveform may be legacy OFDM using a CP having a transform precoding function performing DFT spreading, which may be disabled or enabled. In the NR system, if the transform precoding function is enabled on UL, transform precoding may be selectively applied. Transform precoding may spread UL data in a special manner in order to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a waveform. Transform precoding may be one type of DFT. That is, the NR system may support two options for a UL waveform. One option may be CP-OFDM (which is the same as a DL waveform) and the other option may be DFT spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM). Whether the UE should use CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM may be determined by the BS through an RRC parameter. 
     In step S 105 , the transmitting side may perform subcarrier mapping. A layer may be mapped to an antenna port. On DL, transparent manner (non-codebook-based) mapping may be supported for layer-to-antenna port mapping. How beamforming or MIMO precoding is performed may be transparent to the UE. On UL, both non-codebook-based mapping and codebook-based mapping may be supported for antenna port mapping. 
     For each antenna port (i.e., layer) used for transmission of a physical channel (e.g., a PDSCH, a PUSCH, or a PSSCH), the transmitting side may map complex-valued modulation symbols to subcarriers in an RB allocated to the physical channel. 
     In step S 106 , the transmitting side may perform OFDM modulation. A communication device of the transmitting side may generate a subcarrier spacing configuration u for a time-continuous OFDM baseband signal on an antenna port p and an OFDM symbol 1 in a TTI for the physical channel by adding the CP and performing inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). For example, the communication device of the transmitting side may perform IFFT on a complex-valued modulation symbol mapped to an RB of a corresponding OFDM symbol with respect to each OFDM symbol. The communication device of the transmitting side may add the CP to an IFFT signal in order to generate the OFDM baseband signal. 
     In step S 107 , the transmitting side may perform up-conversion. The communication device of the transmitting side may perform up-conversion on the OFDM baseband signal for the antenna port p, the subcarrier spacing configuration u, and the OFDM symbol into a carrier frequency f0 of a cell to which the physical channel is allocated. 
     Processors  9011  and  9021  of  FIG. 38  may be configured to perform encoding, scrambling, modulation, layer mapping, transform precoding (on UL), subcarrier mapping, and OFDM modulation. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates an example of physical layer processing at a receiving side to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Physical layer processing at the receiving side may be basically the reverse of physical layer processing at the transmitting side. 
     In step S 110 , the receiving side may perform frequency down-conversion. A communication device of the receiving side may receive an RF signal of a carrier frequency through an antenna. Transceivers  9013  and  9023  for receiving the RF signal in the carrier frequency may down-convert the carrier frequency of the RF signal into a baseband signal in order to obtain an OFDM baseband signal. 
     In step S 111 , the receiving side may perform OFDM demodulation. The communication device of the receiving side may acquire a complex-valued modulation symbol through CP detachment and FFT. For example, the communication device of the receiving side may detach a CP from the OFDM baseband signal with respect to each OFDM symbol. The communication device of the receiving side may perform FFT on the CP-detached OFDM baseband signal in order to acquire the complex-valued modulation symbol for an antenna port p, a subcarrier spacing u, and an OFDM symbol 1. 
     In step S 112 , the receiving side may perform subcarrier demapping. Subcarrier demapping may be performed on the complex-valued modulation symbol in order to acquire a complex-valued modulation symbol of a corresponding physical channel For example, the processor of the UE may acquire a complex-valued modulation symbol mapped to a subcarrier belonging to a PDSCH among complex-valued modulation symbols received in a bandwidth part (BWP). 
     In step S 113 , the receiving side may perform transform deprecoding. If transform precoding is enabled with respect to a UL physical channel, transform deprecoding (e.g., inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT)) may be performed on a complex-valued modulation symbol of the UL physical channel Transform deprecoding may not be performed on a DL physical channel and a UL physical channel for which transform precoding is disabled. 
     In step S 114 , the receiving side may perform layer demapping. A complex-valued modulation symbol may be demapped to one or two codewords. 
     In steps S 115  and S 116 , the receiving side may perform demodulation and descrambling, respectively. A complex-valued modulation symbol of a codeword may be demodulated and may be descrambled to a bit of the codeword. 
     In step S 117 , the receiving side may perform decoding. A codeword may be decoded to a TB. For a UL-SCH and a DL-SCH, LDPC base graph 1 or 2 may be selected based on the size of a TB and a code rate R. The codeword may include one or multiple coded blocks. Each coded block may be decoded to a code block to which a CRC is attached or a TB to which the CRC is attached using the selected LDPC base graph. If the transmitting side performs code block segmentation on the TB to which the CRC is attached, a CRC sequence may be eliminated from each of code blocks to which the CRC is attached and code blocks may be acquired. A code block may be concatenated to the TB to which the CRC is attached. A TB CRC sequence may be detached from the TB to which the CRC is attached and then the TB may be acquired. The TB may be transmitted to a MAC layer. 
     The processors  102  and  202  of  FIG. 38  may be configured to perform OFDM demodulation, subcarrier demapping, layer demapping, demodulation, descrambling, and decoding. 
     In physical layer processing at the transmitting/receiving side described above, time and frequency domain resource related to subcarrier mapping (e.g., an OFDM symbol, a subcarrier, or a carrier frequency), and OFDM modulation and frequency up/down-conversion may be determined based on resource allocation (e.g., UL grant or DL allocation). 
     Hereinafter, synchronization acquisition of a sidelink UE will be described. 
     In a time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiples access (FDMA) system, accurate time and frequency synchronization is essential. If time and frequency synchronization is not accurately established, system performance may be deteriorated due to inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). This is equally applied even to V2X. For time/frequency synchronization in V2X, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) may be used in a physical layer and master information block-sidelink-V2X (MIB-SL-V2X) may be used in a radio link control (RLC) layer. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates a synchronization source or synchronization reference in V2X to which embodiment(s) are applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 30 , in V2X, a UE may be directly synchronized with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or may be indirectly synchronized with the GNSS through the UE (in network coverage or out of network coverage) that is directly synchronized with the GNSS. If the GNSS is configured as a synchronization source, the UE may calculate a direct frame number (DFN) and a subframe number using coordinated universal time (UTC) and a (pre)configured DFN offset. 
     Alternatively, the UE may be directly synchronized with a BS or may be synchronized with another UE that is synchronized in time/frequency with the BS. For example, the BS may be an eNB or a gNB. For example, when the UE is in network coverage, the UE may receive synchronization information provided by the BS and may be directly synchronized with the BS. Next, the UE may provide the synchronization information to adjacent another UE. If a timing of the BS is configured as the synchronization reference, the UE may conform to a cell related to a corresponding frequency (when the UE is in cell coverage in the frequency) or a primary cell or a serving cell (when the UE is out of cell coverage in the frequency), for synchronization and DL measurement. 
     The BS (e.g., serving cell) may provide a synchronization configuration for a carrier used for V2X/sidelink communication. In this case, the UE may conform to the synchronization configuration received from the BS. If the UE fails to detect any cell in the carrier used for V2X/sidelink communication and fails to receive the synchronization configuration from the serving cell, the UE may conform to a preset synchronization configuration. 
     Alternatively, the UE may be synchronized with another UE that has failed to directly or indirectly acquire the synchronization information from the BS or the GNSS. A synchronization source and a preference degree may be preconfigured for the UE. Alternatively, the synchronization source and the preference degree may be configured through a control message provided by the BS. 
     The sidelink synchronization source may be associated with a synchronization priority level. For example, a relationship between the synchronization source and the synchronization priority level may be defined as shown in Table 11. Table 11 is purely exemplary and the relationship between the synchronization source and the synchronization priority level may be defined in various manners. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Priority 
                   
                 eNB/gNB-based 
               
               
                 Level 
                 GNSS-based Synchronization 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 P0 
                 GNSS 
                 eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P1 
                 All UEs directly synchronized 
                 All UEs directly synchronized 
               
               
                   
                 with GNSS 
                 with eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P2 
                 All UEs indirectly 
                 All UEs indirectly 
               
               
                   
                 synchronized with GNSS 
                 synchronized with eNB/gNB 
               
               
                 P3 
                 All other UEs 
                 GNSS 
               
               
                 P4 
                 N/A 
                 All UEs directly synchronized 
               
               
                   
                   
                 with GNSS 
               
               
                 P5 
                 N/A 
                 All UEs indirectly 
               
               
                   
                   
                 synchronized with GNSS 
               
               
                 P6 
                 N/A 
                 All other UEs 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Whether to use GNSS-based synchronization or eNB/gNB-based synchronization may be (pre)configured. In a single-carrier operation, the UE may derive a transmission timing thereof from an available synchronization reference having the highest priority. 
     Hereinafter, a BWP and a resource pool will be described. 
     When bandwidth adaptation (BA) is used, the reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of the UE need not be as large as the bandwidth of a cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmission bandwidth of the UE may be adjusted. For example, the network/BS may inform the UE of bandwidth adjustment. For example, the UE may receive information/configurations about the bandwidth adjustment from the network/BS. In this case, the UE may perform the bandwidth adjustment based on the received information/configurations. For example, the bandwidth adjustment may include a decrease/increase in the bandwidth, a change in the position of the bandwidth, or a change in the SCS of the bandwidth. 
     For example, the bandwidth may be reduced during a time period of low activity to save power. For example, the position of the bandwidth may be shifted in the frequency domain. For example, the position of the bandwidth may be shifted in the frequency domain to increase scheduling flexibility. For example, the SCS of the bandwidth may be changed. For example, the SCS of the bandwidth may be changed to provide different services. A subset of the total cell bandwidth of a cell may be referred to as a BWP. BA may be performed as follows: the BS/network configures BWPs for the UE and then informs the UE of the currently active BWP among the configured BWPs. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates an exemplary scenario of configuring BWPs to which an example or implementation example is applicable. 
     Referring to  FIG. 31 , BWP1 having a bandwidth of 40 MHz and an SCS of 15 kHz, BWP2 having a bandwidth of 10 MHz and an SCS of 15 kHz, and BWP3 having a bandwidth of 20 MHz and an SCS of 60 kHz may be configured. 
     A BWP may be defined for SL. The same SL BWP may be used for transmission and reception. For example, a transmitting UE may transmit an SL channel or an SL signal in a specific BWP, and a receiving UE may receive the SL channel or the SL signal in the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, an SL BWP may be defined separately from a Uu BWP, and the SL BWP may have configuration signaling different from the Uu BWP. For example, a UE may receive the configuration for the SL BWP from the BS/network. The SL BWP may be (pre)configured for an out-of-coverage NR V2X UE and an RRC_IDLE UE in the carrier. For a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one SL BWP may be activated in the carrier. 
     A resource pool may be a set of time-frequency resources available for SL transmission and/SL reception. From the perspective of a UE, time-domain resources in the resource pool may not be contiguous. A plurality of resource pools may be (pre)configured for the UE in one carrier. 
     A virtual parking lot system according to the present disclosure devised to solve the problems of the conventional parking lot operation system may include i) a device for calculating and obtaining the spatial coordinates of parking spaces, ii) a wireless communication device for providing virtual parking lot-related information to surrounding infrastructure or vehicles, and iii) a device for receiving provided virtual parking lot-related information and using the virtual parking lot-related information in entering a parking lot and attempting parking. 
     In this context, regarding a method of configuring a virtual parking lot by using the spatial coordinates of parking spaces, acquisition of the spatial coordinates of parking spaces will be described. Further, regarding a method of configuring and providing virtual parking lot-related information, configuration of virtual parking lot-related information used commonly in a V2X communication message or a mobile application will be described. A mobile application may be for a user who does not have V2X equipment. In addition, the mobile application may be implemented in a smartphone or telematics device including navigation. In addition, regarding a parking method using the spatial coordinates of parking spaces, a parking method using augmented reality (AR) and a method of marking a parking line for a virtual parking space by using light, a laser, and/or a camera (but, this case may be applied when a parking lot is equipped with a light source) will be described. 
     Now, a description will be given of a method of configuring a virtual parking lot by using information about the spatial coordinates of parking spaces, a method of configuring and providing virtual parking lot-related information, a method of operating a virtual parking lot, and a parking method using the spatial coordinates of a parking space. 
     1. Configuration of Virtual Parking Lot by Using Spatial Coordinates of Parking Spaces 
     A virtual parking lot system according to an embodiment or an implementation may be an apparatus or facility which virtually configures and operates a parking lot by using information about the spatial coordinate of parking spaces without marking parking lines in an arbitrary place or building. The virtual parking lot system may be used for a virtual road parking lot, a virtual outdoor parking lot, a virtual outdoor attached parking lot, a virtual temporary outdoor parking lot, a virtual indoor parking lot, and a virtual temporary indoor parking lot. 
     To maximize the efficiency of parking space use in a virtual parking lot, it is necessary to optimally lay out parking spaces in consideration of a given parking zone and vehicle types and then obtain real-world spatial coordinates. The process of obtaining spatial coordinates after laying out parking spaces may be performed online and/or offline in various methods such as simulation or emulation based on a software for virtual parking lot algorithm or an artificial intelligence algorithm. An embodiment or an implementation to be described later relates to a method of laying out parking spaces and obtaining spatial coordinate information online and/or offline. Obtaining coordinate information may be a pre-process that should be performed to implement a virtual parking lot system. 
     In laying out parking spaces and obtaining the spatial coordinates of the parking spaces offline, the process of obtaining spatial coordinates may be performed by components other than infrastructure. In this case, a simulation for laying out parking spaces and obtaining spatial coordinates may be performed offline, and finally obtained spatial coordinates of each parking space may be provided to infrastructure such as an RSU, a cellular BS, a WiFi AP, and so on. When virtual parking lot-related information needs to be changed, the spatial coordinates of parking spaces may be updated and provided to the infrastructure, offline. i) When spaces need to be laid out due to a change in a facility around a parking lot or ii) when a vehicle type ratio needs to be adjusted, virtual parking lot-related information needs to be changed. 
     In laying out parking spaces and obtaining spatial coordinates online, the process of obtaining spatial coordinates may be performed by infrastructure. Specifically, infrastructure such as an RSU, a cellular BS, and a WiFi AP may perform the process of laying out parking spaces and obtaining spatial coordinates in real time by using fast data processing such as edge computing. When virtual parking lot-related information needs to be changed, the spatial coordinates of parking spaces may be updated online in real time. 
     Information that may be considered in an algorithm for laying out virtual parking spaces in a virtual parking lot will be described. First, absolute location information about any place or space in a building to be used as a parking zone may be considered. This means spatial coordinate information by which an area allocated as a parking zone may be sufficiently indicated. In addition, the absolute location information may be used when a parking zone is marked on the telematics device. Secondly, absolute location information indicating an area in which parking spaces of the parking zone may be laid out may be considered. This may indicate spatial coordinate information about an area available as actual parking spaces, except for roads, sidewalks, trees, and other facilities in the parking zone. Parking spaces may not be laid out in an area that is not marked in the parking zone. Thirdly, a parking space type may be considered. That is, typical rectangular parking spaces may be considered, and parking spaces of any type may be considered. Rectangular parking spaces may be marked in various methods, and according to an embodiment or an implementation, a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle may be considered. 
     Vehicle type information to be considered in laying out parking spaces will be described. First, information about a minimum parking space size (e.g., horizontal and vertical lengths) required for each vehicle type may be considered, such as a general vehicle (e.g., a compact car, a small car, a medium car, a large car), a vehicle for vulnerable users (e.g., disabled, pregnant, and elderly persons), a special vehicle (e.g., a truck or a bus), an unmanned vehicle, an autonomous driving vehicle (e.g., it may be miniaturized because a door is not opened or closed). Depending on a parking zone and the characteristics of a parking lot, vehicle types may be selectively considered. 
     Vehicle type ratio information may be considered in laying out parking spaces. For example, when the ratio of parking spaces for general vehicles is A%, the ratio of parking spaces for vehicles for vulnerable users is B%, and the ratio of parking spaces for special vehicles is C%, it may be satisfied that (A+B+C)=100%. 
       FIGS. 32 and 33  illustrate a virtual parking lot system after online and/or offline layout of parking spaces and acquisition of spatial coordinates.  FIG. 32  illustrates a virtual outdoor parking lot, and  FIG. 33  illustrates a virtual road parking lot. Components of the virtual parking lot system will be described. Specifically, i) virtual parking lot components and ii) assistance information related to a virtual parking lot will be described. 
     Components of Virtual Parking Lot 
     Parking zone: A zone to be used as a parking lot. 
     Virtual parking lot: A parking lot including one or more virtual parking spaces. 
     Virtual parking line: A virtual parking line that distinguishes one parking space from another. 
     Virtual parking space: A parking space available for vehicle parking. An area that is not marked as a virtual parking space is unusable as a parking space. 
     Virtual parking space identification (VP-ID): An ID that identifies a virtual parking space. 
     Spatial coordinates of virtual parking space: According to an embodiment or an implementation, the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle and the spatial coordinates of the center of the rectangle are considered (see  FIG. 34 ). 
     Infrastructure: An apparatus or facility that provides virtual parking lot-related information to a vehicle, such as an RSU, a cellular BC, a WiFi AP, or the like. The virtual parking lot-related information specifies virtual parking space IDs, the spatial coordinates of the parking spaces, a vehicle type, and whether a parking space is available. 
     Pay station: In the case of a paid parking lot, a pay station may be installed and used as in an existing parking lot. There is an access road to the parking lot, and a vehicle number may be obtained through sensing at the entrance of the parking lot, and a parking fee may be paid at the exit of the parking lot. In the case of a road parking lot, a parking fee may be paid to a parking lot staff or through a fee machine installed on a road. 
     Assistance Information Related to Virtual Parking Lot 
     Assistance information related to a virtual parking lot indicates information about a vehicle type allowed to be parked for each parking space. In particular, the assistance information may indicate the total number of vehicles that may be parked, and the number of vehicles that may be parked for each vehicle type. 
       FIG. 34  illustrates methods of representing virtual parking spaces that may be laid out at various angles in any place. The top left drawing of  FIG. 34  illustrates a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle. The top right drawing of  FIG. 34  illustrates a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of three vertices of a rectangle. The spatial coordinates of the other one vertex may be calculated by using the provided spatial coordinates of the three vertices in the top right drawing of  FIG. 34 . The bottom left drawing of  FIG. 34  illustrates a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of two vertices of a rectangle and the length of one side of the rectangle. The spatial coordinates of the remaining two vertices may be calculated by using the provided spatial coordinates of the two vertices of the rectangle and the length of the one side of the rectangle in the bottom left drawing of  FIG. 34 . Herein, the length of the one side of the rectangle may be predefined or provided according to a vehicle type. The bottom right drawing of  FIG. 34  illustrates a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of the center of a rectangle. The coordinates of the center of the rectangle may be used to provide simple information such as the shape of a laid-out parking space and whether each virtual parking space is available in the entire virtual parking lot in the bottom right drawing of  FIG. 34 . 
     2. Method of Configuring and Providing Virtual Parking Lot-Related Information 
     Virtual parking lot-related information described above with reference to  FIGS. 32 and 33  may be provided in the form of a V2X communication message or through a mobile application, and the amount of the virtual parking lot-related information may be different depending on the distance between a virtual parking lot and the location of a vehicle. Virtual parking lot-related information used commonly in a V2X communication messages or a mobile application according to the distance between a virtual parking lot and the location of a vehicle will be described below. 
       FIG. 35  is a diagram illustrating transmission of different types of information according to the distance from a virtual parking lot to the location of a vehicle. There may be three types of information such as A-type, B-type, and C-type. The virtual parking lot-related information corresponding to the types may correspond to the A-type of  FIGS. 36 and 37 , the B-type of  FIG. 38 , and the C-type of  FIGS. 39 and 40 . Each information type will be described below. 
     A-Type Information 
       FIG. 36  illustrates a method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle to configure A-type information. When the method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of three vertices of a rectangle and the method of representing a virtual parking space by using the spatial coordinates of two vertices of a rectangle and the length of one side of the rectangle, which have been described before with reference to  FIG. 34 , are applied, information may be configured as illustrated in  FIG. 36 . 
     The A-type information may be virtual parking lot information provided to a vehicle which has entered a virtual parking zone. Information about the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle may be provided for entry of the vehicle into the virtual parking lot and parking of the vehicle in a virtual parking space. 
     The A-type information of  FIG. 36  may include virtual parking lot component information and assistance information as follows. The information may include i) a virtual parking zone ID identifying a virtual parking zone, ii) a virtual parking space ID (VP-ID) identifying a virtual parking space, iii) the (e.g., top left, top right, bottom left, and bottom right) spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle, required to represent each virtual parking space, iv) vehicle type information indicating a general vehicle, a vehicle for vulnerable users, a special vehicle, an unmanned vehicle, an autonomous driving vehicle, or the like, v) information indicating whether parking is available (e.g., available/unavailable), and vi) other information reserved for information to be added later. According to a driver&#39;s preference, B-type information of  FIG. 38  or C-type information of  FIG. 39  may be received, or C-type information of  FIG. 40  may be received simultaneously. 
       FIG. 37  illustrates a virtual parking lot displayed on a screen when A-type information is received through a telematics device or a mobile application for a virtual parking lot only. According to an embodiment or an implementation illustrated in  FIG. 37 , the following functions may be provided. For example, when a virtual parking space (or virtual parking space ID) for parking is touched, the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle may be provided. In addition, a movement path to the selected parking space may be displayed. In addition, when parking is attempted after arrival at the parking space for parking, only the selected virtual parking space may be displayed. 
     B-Type Information 
       FIG. 38  illustrates the configuration of B-type information. The B-type information may be virtual parking lot information provided to a vehicle in a predetermined area apart from a parking zone even though the vehicle does not enter the virtual parking zone. Information about the spatial coordinates of the center of a rectangle may be transmitted to provide information required for identifying a virtual parking lot configuration. The B-type information of  FIG. 38  may include virtual parking lot component information and assistance information as follows. The information may include i) a virtual parking zone ID identifying a virtual parking zone, ii) a virtual parking space ID (VP-ID) identifying a virtual parking space, iii) the spatial coordinates of the center of a rectangle, required to indicate the location of each virtual parking space, iv) vehicle type information indicating a general vehicle, a vehicle for vulnerable users, a special vehicle, an unmanned vehicle, an autonomous driving vehicle, or the like, v) information indicating whether parking is available (e.g., available/unavailable), and vi) other information reserved for information to be added later. According to a driver&#39;s preference, B-type information of  FIG. 38  may be received simultaneously. 
     When the B-type information is received through the telematics device or the mobile application for a virtual parking lot only, a virtual parking lot displayed on a screen is similar to the virtual parking lot illustrated in  FIG. 37 . However, compared to the A-type information, the use of the B-type information may be restricted. Specifically, the B-type information may restrictively provide information about an overall virtual parking lot layout and configuration and information indicating whether each virtual parking space is available. In addition, when each virtual parking space is touched, provision of assistance information (e.g., a vehicle type) may be restricted. That is, to preferentially give a selection right to the vehicle receiving the A-type information, selection-related information may not be provided to the vehicle that has received the B-type information. 
     C-Type Information 
       FIG. 39  illustrates the configuration of C-type information. The C-type information may be virtual parking lot information provided to a vehicle spaced apart from a virtual parking zone by a predetermined distance or more. The C-type information may be intended to provide minimal information to a vehicle whose destination is near the virtual parking zone, although it is away from the virtual parking zone. 
     The C-type information illustrated in  FIGS. 39 and 40  may include virtual parking lot component information and assistance information as follows. The information may include, for example, i) a virtual parking zone ID identifying a virtual parking zone, ii) information about the total number of vehicles that may be accommodated, for each vehicle type, and iii) information about the remaining number of vehicles to park, for each vehicle type. 
       FIG. 40  illustrates virtual parking lot information displayed on a screen, when C-type information is received through a telematics device or a mobile application for a virtual parking lot only. Compared to A-type information and B-type information, C-type information is small in amount. This means that vehicles receiving A-type information and B-type information may have priority for using a virtual parking lot. 
     3. Parking Method Using Spatial Coordinate Information About Parking Space 
     A description will be given of a method of i) selecting a virtual parking space, ii) parking a vehicle by AR (VR) technology, and iii) marking a parking line for the virtual parking space by using light or a laser, after the vehicle enters a virtual parking zone. 
     Selection of Virtual Parking Space 
     When a vehicle enters a virtual parking zone, the vehicle may move to a desired virtual parking space for parking in the following procedure. First, the vehicle may receive information such as the spatial coordinates of parking spaces (or parking space IDs) available for parking from infrastructure. The vehicle may select a desired virtual parking space from the received parking lot information. Then, the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of a rectangle which may represent the selected parking space may be calculated. 
     In calculating the spatial coordinates, when the spatial coordinates of the four vertices of the rectangle are provided from the infrastructure, the process of calculating the four vertices of the rectangle may be omitted. When the spatial coordinates of three vertices of the rectangle are provided from the infrastructure, the other vertex of the rectangle may be calculated by triangulation or a mathematical equation. When the spatial coordinates of two vertices of the rectangle and the length of one side of the rectangle are provided from the infrastructure, the remaining two vertices of the rectangle may be calculated by a mathematical equation. 
     When the spatial coordinates are completely calculated, a movement path from a current location in the parking zone to the selected parking space may be displayed through navigation or a mobile application. The vehicle may move to the selected parking space through the displayed movement path. In the present disclosure, it is assumed that location information is accurately provided through a GPS or any other location information providing system. However, when the accuracy of location information itself should be considered, the vehicle may be provided with i) a path linked to the navigation, when a GPS connection accuracy is equal to or greater than a threshold, and iii) only coordinate information and parking lot map information, when the GPS connection accuracy is less than the threshold. 
     Parking Using AR Technology 
     AR, a field of VR, is a computer graphics technology that combines virtual objects or information with a real environment to make them look like objects existing in the real environment. The AR technology may be very useful in operating a virtual parking lot. That is, it is possible to make parking lines appear to exist on the real ground by combining spatial coordinate information about a virtual parking space with the ground of the parking lot.  FIG. 41  illustrates an exemplary virtual parking space (or parking line) displayed by AR in a telematics device or a smartphone during rear parking. In the AR technology, information about the width and length of a vehicle is combined in addition to spatial coordinate information about the parking space. 
     Marking of Parking Line for Virtual Space by Using Light/Laser 
     A vehicle which is not equipped with the AR function using spatial coordinate information about a virtual parking space may receive a marking of a parking line for a virtual parking space by light or a laser. A continuous operation of connecting the spatial coordinates of four vertices representing a virtual parking space may be performed by using light or a laser from parking infrastructure. Alternatively, light or a laser may draw a rectangular parking space on the ground. 
     According to the present disclosure, a method of receiving a signal by a UE in a wireless communication system may include receiving first information about a parking space from infrastructure of a parking lot, generating second information for parking in the parking lot, based on the first information, and transmitting the second information to a vehicle which has established a communication link with the UE. The first information may include spatial coordinates of the parking space and a virtual parking line for the parking space. 
     The infrastructure may include at least an RSU, a base station, or an AP. 
     The method may further include further comprising, based on the first information including spatial coordinates fewer than a reference number, extracting remaining spatial coordinates for specifying the parking space by using the spatial coordinates fewer than the reference number. 
     The first information received from the parking lot may be different according to a distance between the UE and the parking lot. 
     When the distance between the UE and the parking lot is less than a threshold, the first information may include a unique ID of the parking space, the spatial coordinates of the parking space, and a movement path to the parking space. 
     A reservation priority for the parking space in the parking lot may be different according to a distance between the UE and the parking lot. 
     The method may further include selecting the parking space through a user input, calculating spatial coordinates of the selected parking space and a path to the parking space, and outputting the path to the parking space and the virtual parking line by controlling a display device of the vehicle. 
     Hereinafter, devices to which examples or implementation examples are applicable will be described. 
       FIG. 42  illustrates wireless devices applicable to the present invention. Referring to  FIG. 42 , a first wireless device  100  and a second wireless device  200  may transmit radio signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Herein, {the first wireless device  100  and the second wireless device  200 } may correspond to {the wireless device  100   x  and the BS  200 } and/or {the wireless device  100   x  and the wireless device  100   x}  of  FIG. 49 . 
     The first wireless device  100  may include one or more processors  102  and one or more memories  104  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  106  and/or one or more antennas  108 . The processor(s)  102  may control the memory(s)  104  and/or the transceiver(s)  106  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  102  may process information within the memory(s)  104  to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106 . The processor(s)  102  may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver  106  and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s)  104 . The memory(s)  104  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  102 . For example, the memory(s)  104  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  102  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  102  and the memory(s)  104  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  106  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  108 . Each of the transceiver(s)  106  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  106  may be interchangeably used with Radio Frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present invention, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     The second wireless device  200  may include one or more processors  202  and one or more memories  204  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  206  and/or one or more antennas  208 . The processor(s)  202  may control the memory(s)  204  and/or the transceiver(s)  206  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor(s)  202  may process information within the memory(s)  204  to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver(s)  206 . The processor(s)  202  may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106  and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory(s)  204 . The memory(s)  204  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  202 . For example, the memory(s)  204  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  202  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor(s)  202  and the memory(s)  204  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  206  may be connected to the processor(s)  202  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  208 . Each of the transceiver(s)  206  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  206  may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In the present invention, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  100  and  200  will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors  102  and  202 . For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers  106  and  206 . The one or more processors  102  and  202  may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. 
     The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202  or stored in the one or more memories  104  and  204  so as to be driven by the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands. 
     The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be configured by Read-Only Memories (ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more antennas  108  and  208  and the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors  102  and  202  from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. 
       FIG. 43  illustrates another example of a wireless device applied to the present invention. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use case/service. 
     Referring to  FIG. 43 , wireless devices  100  and  200  may correspond to the wireless devices  100  and  200  of  FIG. 42  and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices  100  and  200  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , and additional components  140 . The communication unit may include a communication circuit  112  and transceiver(s)  114 . For example, the communication circuit  112  may include the one or more processors  102  and  202  and/or the one or more memories  104  and  204  of  FIG. 42 . For example, the transceiver(s)  114  may include the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and/or the one or more antennas  108  and  208  of  FIG. 42 . The control unit  120  is electrically connected to the communication unit  110 , the memory  130 , and the additional components  140  and controls overall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit  120  may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit  130 . The control unit  120  may transmit the information stored in the memory unit  130  to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110  through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit  130 , information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit  110 . 
     The additional components  140  may be variously configured according to types of wireless devices. For example, the additional components  140  may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot ( 100   a  of  FIG. 49 ), the vehicles ( 100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  of  FIG. 49 ), the XR device ( 100   c  of  FIG. 49 ), the hand-held device ( 100   d  of  FIG. 49 ), the home appliance ( 100   e  of  FIG. 49 ), the IoT device ( 100   f  of  FIG. 49 ), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device ( 400  of  FIG. 49 ), the BSs ( 200  of  FIG. 49 ), a network node, etc. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use-example/service. 
     In  FIG. 43 , the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices  100  and  200  may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . For example, in each of the wireless devices  100  and  200 , the control unit  120  and the communication unit  110  may be connected by wire and the control unit  120  and first units (e.g.,  130  and  140 ) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit  110 . Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices  100  and  200  may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit  120  may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory  130  may be configured by a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. 
       FIG. 44  illustrates a transceiver of a wireless communication device according to an embodiment. For example,  FIG. 44  may illustrate an example of a transceiver that may be implemented in a frequency division duplex (FDD) system. 
     On a transmission path, at least one processor, such as the processor described with reference to  FIGS. 42 and 43 , may process data to be transmitted and transmit a signal such as an analog output signal to a transmitter  9210 . 
     In the above example, in the transmitter  9210 , the analog output signal may be filtered by a low-pass filter (LPF)  9211  in order to eliminate noise caused by, for example, previous digital-to-analog conversion (ADC), up-converted into an RF signal from a baseband signal by an up-converter (e.g., a mixer)  9212 , and then amplified by an amplifier such as a variable gain amplifier (VGA)  9213 . The amplified signal may be filtered by a filter  9214 , amplified by a power amplifier (PA)  9215 , routed by a duplexer  9250 /antenna switches  9260 , and then transmitted through an antenna  9270 . 
     On a reception path, the antenna  9270  may receive a signal in a wireless environment. The received signal may be routed by the antenna switches  9260 /duplexer  9250  and then transmitted to a receiver  9220 . 
     In the above example, in the receiver  9220 , the received signal may be amplified by an amplifier such as a low-noise amplifier (LNA)  9223 , filtered by a band-pass filter (BPF)  9224 , and then down-converted into the baseband signal from the RF signal by a down-converter (e.g., a mixer)  9225 . 
     The down-converted signal may be filtered by an LPF  9226  and amplified by an amplifier such as a VGA  9227  in order to obtain an analog input signal. The analog input signal may be provided to one or more processors. 
     Furthermore, a local oscillator (LO)  9240  may generate an LO signal for transmission and reception and transmit the LO signal to the up-converter  9212  and the down-converter  9224 . 
     In some implementations, a phase-locked loop (PLL)  9230  may receive control information from the processor and transmit control signals to the LO  9240  so that the LO  9240  may generate LO signals for transmission and reception at an appropriate frequency. 
     Implementations are not limited to a specific arrangement illustrated in  FIG. 44  and various components and circuits may be arranged differently from the example illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
       FIG. 45  illustrates a transceiver of a wireless communication device according to an embodiment. For example,  FIG. 45  may illustrate an example of a transceiver that may be implemented in a time division duplex (TDD) system. 
     In some implementations, a transmitter  9310  and a receiver  9320  of the transceiver of the TDD system may have one or more features similar to the transmitter and receiver of the transceiver of the FDD system. Hereinafter, the structure of the transceiver of the TDD system will be described. 
     On a transmission path, a signal amplified by a PA  9315  of the transmitter may be routed through a band select switch  9350 , a BPF  9360 , and antenna switch(s)  9370  and then transmitted through an antenna  9380 . 
     On a reception path, the antenna  9380  receives a signal in a wireless environment. The received signal may be routed through the antenna switch(s)  9370 , the BPF  9360 , and the band select switch  9350  and then provided to the receiver  9320 . 
       FIG. 46  illustrates an operation of a wireless device related to sidelink communication, according to an embodiment. The operation of the wireless device related to sidelink described in  FIG. 46  is purely exemplary and sidelink operations using various techniques may be performed by the wireless device. Sidelink may be a UE-to-UE interface for sidelink communication and/or sidelink discovery. Sidelink may correspond to a PC5 interface. In a broad sense, a sidelink operation may be transmission and reception of information between UEs. Sidelink may carry various types of information. 
     Referring to  FIG. 46 , in step S 9410 , the wireless device may acquire information related to sidelink. The information related to sidelink may be one or more resource configurations. The information related to sidelink may be obtained from other wireless devices or network nodes. 
     After acquiring the information related to sidelink, the wireless device may decode the information related to the sidelink in step S 9420 . 
     After decoding the information related to the sidelink, the wireless device may perform one or more sidelink operations based on the information related to the sidelink in step S 9430 . The sidelink operation(s) performed by the wireless device may include the one or more operations described in the present specification. 
       FIG. 47  illustrates an operation of a network node related to sidelink according to an embodiment. The operation of the network node related to sidelink described in  FIG. 47  is purely exemplary and sidelink operations using various techniques may be performed by the network node. 
     Referring to  FIG. 47 , in step S 9510 , the network node may receive information about sidelink from a wireless device. For example, the information about sidelink may be sidelink UE information used to inform the network node of sidelink information. 
     After receiving the information, in step S 9520 , the network node may determine whether to transmit one or more commands related to sidelink based on the received information. 
     According to the determination of the network node to transmit the command(s), the network node may transmit the command(s) related to sidelink to the wireless device in step S 9530 . In some implementations, after receiving the command(s) transmitted by the network node, the wireless device may perform one or more sidelink operations based on the received command(s). 
       FIG. 48  illustrates implementation of a wireless device and a network node according to one embodiment. The network node may be replaced with a wireless device or a UE. 
     Referring to  FIG. 48 , a wireless device  9610  may include a communication interface  9611  to communicate with one or more other wireless devices, network nodes, and/or other elements in a network. The communication interface  9611  may include one or more transmitters, one or more receivers, and/or one or more communication interfaces. 
     The wireless device  9610  may include a processing circuit  9612 . The processing circuit  9612  may include one or more processors such as a processor  9613 , and one or more memories such as a memory  9614 . 
     The processing circuit  9612  may be configured to control the arbitrary methods and/or processes described in the present specification and/or to allow, for example, the wireless device  9610  to perform such methods and/or processes. The processor  9613  may correspond to one or more processors for performing the wireless device functions described in the present specification. The wireless device  9610  may include the memory  9614  configured to store data, program software code, and/or other information described in the present specification. 
     In some implementations, the memory  9614  may be configured to store software code  9615  including instructions for causing the processor  9613  to perform a part or all of the above-described processes according to the present disclosure when one or more processors, such as the processor  9613 , are executed. 
     For example, one or more processors, such as the processor  9613 , that control one or more transceivers, such as a transceiver  2223 , for transmitting and receiving information may perform one or more processes related to transmission and reception of information. 
     A network node  9620  may include a communication interface  9621  to communicate with one or more other network nodes, wireless devices, and/or other elements on a network. Here, the communication interface  9621  may include one or more transmitters, one or more receivers, and/or one or more communication interfaces. The network node  9620  may include a processing circuit  9622 . Here, the processing circuit  9622  may include a processor  9623  and a memory  9624 . 
     In some implementations, the memory  9624  may be configured to store software code  9625  including instructions for causing the processor  9623  to perform a part or all of the above-described processes according to the present disclosure when one or more processors, such as the processor  9623 , are executed. 
     For example, one or more processors, such as processor  9623 , that control one or more transceivers, such as a transceiver  2213 , for transmitting and receiving information may perform one or more processes related to transmission and reception of information. 
       FIG. 49  illustrates a communication system applied to the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 49  a communication system applied to the present invention includes wireless devices, Base Stations (BSs), and a network. Herein, the wireless devices represent devices performing communication using Radio Access Technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G New RAT (NR)) or Long-Term Evolution (LTE)) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices may include, without being limited to, a robot  100   a,  vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2 , an eXtended Reality (XR) device  100   c,  a hand-held device  100   d,  a home appliance  100   e,  an Internet of Things (IoT) device  100   f,  and an Artificial Intelligence (AI) device/server  400 . For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an Augmented Reality (AR)/Virtual Reality (VR)/Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter. For example, the BSs and the network may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device  200 a may operate as a BS/network node with respect to other wireless devices. 
     The wireless devices  100 a to  100 f may be connected to the network  300  via the BSs  200 . An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  400  via the network  300 . The network  300  may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the BSs  200 /network  300 , the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communication/connections  150   a,    150   b,  or  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f/ BS  200 , or BS  200 /BS  200 . Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication  150   a,  sidelink communication  150   b  (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g. relay, Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b.  For example, the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b  may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present invention. 
     The aforementioned implementations are achieved by combinations of structural elements and features in various manners. Each of the structural elements or features may be considered selective unless specified otherwise. Each of the structural elements or features may be carried out without being combined with other structural elements or features. In addition, some structural elements and/or features may be combined with one another to constitute implementations. Operation orders described in implementations may be rearranged. Some structural elements or features of one implementation may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding structural elements or features of another implementation. 
     The implementations of the present disclosure may be embodied through various techniques, for example, hardware, firmware, software, or combinations thereof. In a hardware configuration, a method according to the implementations may be embodied as one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), one or more processors, one or more controllers, one or more microcontrollers, one or more microprocessors, etc. 
     In a firmware or software configuration, the implementations may be embodied as a module, a procedure, or a function. Software code may be stored in a memory and executed by a processor. The memory is located at the interior or exterior of the processor and may transmit and receive data to and from the processor by various methods. 
     It is apparent that ordinary persons skilled in the art may perform various modifications and variations that can be made in the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to an example applied to a 3GPP LTE/LTE-A system or a 5G system (or NR system), the present disclosure is applicable to various other wireless communication systems. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     While the method of detecting downlink control information and a UE therefor have been described above in the context of a 3GPP LTE system, by way of example, they are also applicable to various wireless communication systems other than the 3GPP LTE system.