Title: Recommendations

Context:
The Edlund et al. (2014) study of 568,640 commercial health plan patients (see Recommendation 2 and 3)  found that those diagnosed with CNCP and an alcohol use or non-opioid drug use disorder had higher rates  of OUD (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.79-5.80 for patients with pre-index alcohol use disorder compared to no  alcohol use disorder; OR: 8.26, 95% CI: 4.74-14.39 for patients with pre-index non-opioid drug use  disorders compared to no non-opioid drug use disorders).[86] Moreover, Huffman et al. (2015) found that  the presence of a lifetime history of SUD for patients with CNCP was associated with 28 times increased  odds of therapeutic opioid addiction compared to patients with CNCP without a lifetime history of SUD (OR: 28.58, 95% CI: 10.86-75.27).[87]

Question: Who had higher rates  of OUD?

Answer: those diagnosed with CNCP and an alcohol use or non-opioid drug use disorder