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" = USS Atlanta ( 1861 ) = \n \n Atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate and Union <unk> during the American Civil War .",
"She was converted from a Scottish @-@ built blockade runner named Fingal by the Confederacy after she made one run to Savannah , Georgia .",
"After several failed attempts to attack Union <unk> , the ship was captured by two Union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground .",
"Atlanta was floated off , repaired , and <unk> , serving in the Union Navy for the rest of the war .",
"She spent most of her time deployed on the James River supporting Union forces there .",
"The ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve .",
"Several years after the end of the war , Atlanta was sold to Haiti , but was lost at sea in December 1869 on her delivery voyage .",
"= = Description and career as Fingal = = \n \n Fingal was designed and built as a <unk> by J & G Thomson 's Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at <unk> in Glasgow , Scotland , and was completed early in 1861 .",
"She was described by <unk> <unk> Scales , who served on the Atlanta before her battle with the monitors , as being a two @-@ <unk> , iron @-@ <unk> ship 189 feet ( 57 @.",
"@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @.",
"@ 6 m ) .",
"She had a draft of 12 feet ( 3 @.",
"@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @.",
"@ 6 m ) .",
"He estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons <unk> .",
"Fingal was equipped with two vertical single @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one <unk> @-@ tubular boiler .",
"The engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) .",
"They had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm ) .",
"The ship briefly operated between Glasgow and other ports in Scotland for <unk> 's West Highland Service before she was purchased in September 1861 by James D. Bulloch , the primary foreign agent in Great Britain for the Confederacy , to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased .",
"To disguise his control of Fingal , and the destination of her cargo , Bulloch hired an English crew and captain and put out his destination as Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas .",
"The cargo was loaded in Greenock in early October , although <unk> and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at <unk> , Wales .",
"On the night 14 / 15 October , as she was slowly rounding the <unk> at <unk> , Fingal rammed and sank the Austrian brig <unk> , slowly swinging at anchor without lights .",
"Bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while Bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair <unk> he and Fingal be detained .",
"The ship reached Bermuda on 2 November and , after leaving port on 7 November , Bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was Savannah , Georgia ; he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to Nassau .",
"However , all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the Union blockade .",
"Fingal was able slip safely into the Savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 November without sighting any <unk> .",
"While Fingal was <unk> her cargo , Bulloch went to Richmond to confer with Stephen Mallory , Secretary of the Navy .",
"Mallory endorsed Bulloch 's plan to load Fingal with cotton to sell on the Navy Department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in Europe .",
"He returned to Savannah on 23 November and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal .",
"He made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 December , but it proved impossible to do as the Union controlled every channel from Savannah , aided by their occupation of <unk> Island at the mouth of the Savannah River .",
"Bulloch reported to Mallory in late January 1862 that breaking out was <unk> so Mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to Europe some other way .",
"= = As Atlanta = = \n \n The brothers <unk> and Nelson <unk> received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of Atlanta , after the city in Georgia .",
"This was largely financed by contributions from the women of Savannah .",
"Fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden <unk> were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate .",
"After the conversion , Atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @.",
"@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) .",
"Her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @.",
"@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.",
"@ 8 m ) .",
"Atlanta now displaced 1 @,@ 006 long tons ( 1 @,@ <unk> t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ; 8 @.",
"@ 1 – 11 @.",
"@ 5 mph ) .",
"The armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails , rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide .",
"The outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally .",
"Her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak , vertically oriented , and two layers of 7 @.",
"@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine , alternating in direction .",
"The bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.",
"@ 59 m ) above the waterline .",
"The pyramidal <unk> was armored in the same way and had room for two men .",
"The upper portion of Atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor .",
"The rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports , one each at the bow and stern and three along each side .",
"Each gun port was protected by an armored <unk> made of two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° .",
"Atlanta was armed with single @-@ banded , 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) Brooke rifles on <unk> mounts at the bow and stern .",
"The middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @-@ banded , 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 mm ) Brooke rifle .",
"The 17 @-@ caliber , seven @-@ inch guns weighed about 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @-@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @-@ piercing \" bolts \" and 110 @-@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells .",
"The equivalent statistics for the 18 @.",
"@ 5 @-@ caliber , 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch gun were 9 @,@ 110 pounds ( 4 @,@ 130 kg ) with 80 @-@ pound bolts and 64 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells .",
"Atlanta was also armed with a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.",
"@ 1 m ) , solid iron , ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars .",
"In front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of <unk> .",
"On 31 July 1862 , under the command of Lieutenant Charles H. <unk> , Atlanta conducted her sea trials down the Savannah River toward Fort Pulaski .",
"The ship proved to be difficult to steer , and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft .",
"This latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near Savannah .",
"She also leaked significantly , and her design virtually eliminated air circulation .",
"One report said that \" it was almost intolerable on board the Atlanta , there being no method of ventilation , and the heat was intense . \"",
"Scales commented in his diary , \" What a <unk> , <unk> and God @-@ forsaken ship !",
"! \"",
"Attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks .",
"The ship was commissioned on 22 November and became the flagship of Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall , commander of the naval defenses of Georgia .",
"Under pressure from Mallory to engage the blockading ships , Tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 January 1863 , but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner , despite early coordination being made by Tattnall to do so .",
"It took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of January .",
"Nonetheless Tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 February , but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so .",
"After Atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 March , Tattnall planned to attack the Union base at Port Royal , South Carolina while the monitors were attacking Charleston .",
"<unk> revealed <unk> 's plan while he was waiting at the head of <unk> Sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at Port Royal .",
"<unk> with Tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness , Mallory replaced Tattnall as commander of the Savannah squadron later that month with Commander Richard L. <unk> .",
"<unk> , in his turn was relieved in May by Commander William A. Webb ; Atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time .",
"Webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 May ) after taking command , but Atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions , and the ship ran aground .",
"She was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free .",
"He planned to make another attempt on the next full tide , rejecting Mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad Savannah was finished before his next sortie .",
"In the meantime , Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du <unk> , commander of the South Atlantic <unk> Squadron , had ordered the monitors Weehawken and Nahant into <unk> Sound .",
"Commander John <unk> in Weehawken had overall command of the two ships .",
"In the early evening of 15 June , Webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the Wilmington River and spent the rest of the night coaling .",
"He moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning .",
"Webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns .",
"The gunboat <unk> and the tugboat <unk> were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to Savannah .",
"A lookout aboard Weehawken spotted Atlanta at 04 : 10 on the morning of 17 June .",
"When the latter ship closed to within about 1 @.",
"@ 5 miles ( 2 @.",
"@ 4 km ) of the two Union ships , she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over Weehawken and landed near Nahant .",
"Shortly afterward , Atlanta ran aground on a <unk> ; she was briefly able to free herself , but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the <unk> .",
"This time Webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range .",
"When Weehawken , the leading ship , closed to within 200 – 300 yards ( 180 – 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns .",
"The 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed , but the 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port , penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it , spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun , even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing .",
"The next shot from the 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @-@ inch armor there .",
"The next shell from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren <unk> off the middle starboard gun <unk> as it was being opened , wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments .",
"The final shell was also from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and it struck the top of the <unk> , breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it .",
"By this time , Atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots , none of which hit either Union ship , and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half .",
"Weehawken and Nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the Atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile .",
"Webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire , before Nahant even had a chance to fire .",
"Of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men , one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization .",
"= = In the Union Navy = = \n \n Atlanta was easily pulled free by the Union ships and she reached Port Royal under her own power .",
"Not badly damaged , she was repaired and bought by the Union Navy .",
"The prize money of $ 350 @,@ 000 was shared between the crews of Weehawken , Nahant and the gunboat <unk> , the only ships within signaling distance .",
"The ship retained her name and was commissioned again on 2 February 1864 , <unk> with a pair of 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifles in the bow and stern and 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch , 100 @-@ pound Parrott rifles amidships .",
"The 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifle weighed 16 @,@ 500 pounds ( 7 @,@ 500 kg ) and was 17 <unk> long .",
"The 100 @-@ pounder weighed 9 @,@ 800 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) and was 20 <unk> long .",
"It fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell a distance of 6 @,@ 900 yards ( 6 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of + 25 ° .",
"All four of her Brooke rifles are currently located in Willard Park in the Washington Navy Yard .",
"Atlanta was assigned to the North Atlantic <unk> Squadron and spent most of her time stationed up the James River where she could support operations against Richmond and defend against a sortie by the ironclads of the James River Squadron .",
"On 21 May 1864 , she and the gunboat Dawn fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry that was attacking Fort <unk> and she was deployed further upriver in February 1865 after the Battle of Trent 's Reach to better blockade the Confederate ironclads at Richmond .",
"After the end of the war in April , Atlanta was decommissioned in Philadelphia on 21 June 1865 and placed in reserve at League Island .",
"She was sold to Sam Ward on 4 May 1869 for the price of $ 25 @,@ 000 and subsequently delivered to representatives of Haiti on 8 December by Sydney <unk> , a lawyer who had received an advance of $ 50 @,@ 000 on her purchase price of $ 260 @,@ 000 .",
"The ship was briefly seized by the Customs Service , possibly for violations of neutrality laws as she had just loaded four large guns and a number of recruits for the forces of Sylvain <unk> , President of Haiti , who was embroiled in a civil war .",
"Atlanta was released and sailed for Port @-@ au @-@ Prince three days later .",
"She broke down in Delaware Bay and had to put in at Chester , Pennsylvania for repairs .",
"The ship , now renamed either Triumph or <unk> , departed on 18 December 1869 and vanished en route , apparently sinking with the loss of all hands , either off Cape Hatteras or the Delaware <unk> ."
] | [
"= = Description and career as Fingal = = \n \n Fingal was designed and built as a <unk> by J & G Thomson 's Clyde Bank Iron Shipyard at <unk> in Glasgow , Scotland , and was completed early in 1861 ."
] | [
" = USS Atlanta ( 1861 ) = \n \n Atlanta was a casemate ironclad that served in the Confederate and Union <unk> during the American Civil War .",
"She was converted from a Scottish @-@ built blockade runner named Fingal by the Confederacy after she made one run to Savannah , Georgia .",
"After several failed attempts to attack Union <unk> , the ship was captured by two Union monitors in 1863 when she ran aground .",
"Atlanta was floated off , repaired , and <unk> , serving in the Union Navy for the rest of the war .",
"She spent most of her time deployed on the James River supporting Union forces there .",
"The ship was decommissioned in 1865 and placed in reserve .",
"Several years after the end of the war , Atlanta was sold to Haiti , but was lost at sea in December 1869 on her delivery voyage .",
"She was described by <unk> <unk> Scales , who served on the Atlanta before her battle with the monitors , as being a two @-@ <unk> , iron @-@ <unk> ship 189 feet ( 57 @.",
"@ 6 m ) long with a beam of 25 feet ( 7 @.",
"@ 6 m ) .",
"She had a draft of 12 feet ( 3 @.",
"@ 7 m ) and a depth of hold of 15 feet ( 4 @.",
"@ 6 m ) .",
"He estimated her tonnage at around 700 tons <unk> .",
"Fingal was equipped with two vertical single @-@ cylinder direct @-@ acting steam engines using steam generated by one <unk> @-@ tubular boiler .",
"The engines drove the ship at a top speed of around 13 knots ( 24 km / h ; 15 mph ) .",
"They had a bore of 39 inches ( 991 mm ) and a stroke of 30 inches ( 762 mm ) .",
"The ship briefly operated between Glasgow and other ports in Scotland for <unk> 's West Highland Service before she was purchased in September 1861 by James D. Bulloch , the primary foreign agent in Great Britain for the Confederacy , to deliver the military and naval ordnance and supplies that he had purchased .",
"To disguise his control of Fingal , and the destination of her cargo , Bulloch hired an English crew and captain and put out his destination as Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas .",
"The cargo was loaded in Greenock in early October , although <unk> and the other passengers would not attempt to board until they rendezvoused with the ship at <unk> , Wales .",
"On the night 14 / 15 October , as she was slowly rounding the <unk> at <unk> , Fingal rammed and sank the Austrian brig <unk> , slowly swinging at anchor without lights .",
"Bulloch and the passengers embarked in the steamer while Bulloch dispatched a letter to his financial agents instructing them to settle damages with the brig 's owners because he could not afford to take the time to deal with the affair <unk> he and Fingal be detained .",
"The ship reached Bermuda on 2 November and , after leaving port on 7 November , Bulloch informed the crew that the steamer 's real destination was Savannah , Georgia ; he offered to take anyone who objected to the plan to Nassau .",
"However , all of the crew agreed to join in the effort to run the Union blockade .",
"Fingal was able slip safely into the Savannah estuary in a heavy fog on the night of 12 November without sighting any <unk> .",
"While Fingal was <unk> her cargo , Bulloch went to Richmond to confer with Stephen Mallory , Secretary of the Navy .",
"Mallory endorsed Bulloch 's plan to load Fingal with cotton to sell on the Navy Department 's account to be used to purchase more ships and equipment in Europe .",
"He returned to Savannah on 23 November and it took him almost a month to purchase a cargo and acquire enough coal .",
"He made one attempt to break through the blockade on 23 December , but it proved impossible to do as the Union controlled every channel from Savannah , aided by their occupation of <unk> Island at the mouth of the Savannah River .",
"Bulloch reported to Mallory in late January 1862 that breaking out was <unk> so Mallory ordered him to turn the ship over to another officer and to return to Europe some other way .",
"= = As Atlanta = = \n \n The brothers <unk> and Nelson <unk> received the contract to convert the blockade runner into an ironclad in early 1862 with the name of Atlanta , after the city in Georgia .",
"This was largely financed by contributions from the women of Savannah .",
"Fingal was cut down to her main deck and large wooden <unk> were built out from the sides of her hull to support her casemate .",
"After the conversion , Atlanta was 204 feet ( 62 @.",
"@ 2 m ) long overall and had a beam of 41 feet ( 12 m ) .",
"Her depth of hold was now 17 feet ( 5 @.",
"@ 2 m ) and she now had a draft of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.",
"@ 8 m ) .",
"Atlanta now displaced 1 @,@ 006 long tons ( 1 @,@ <unk> t ) and her speed was estimated at 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ; 8 @.",
"@ 1 – 11 @.",
"@ 5 mph ) .",
"The armor of the casemate was angled at 30 ° from the horizontal and made from two layers of railroad rails , rolled into plates 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick and 7 inches ( 180 mm ) wide .",
"The outer layer ran vertically and the inner layer horizontally .",
"Her armor was backed by 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of oak , vertically oriented , and two layers of 7 @.",
"@ 5 inches ( 191 mm ) of pine , alternating in direction .",
"The bottom of the casemate was some 20 inches ( 508 mm ) from the waterline and its top was 8 feet 6 inches ( 2 @.",
"@ 59 m ) above the waterline .",
"The pyramidal <unk> was armored in the same way and had room for two men .",
"The upper portion of Atlanta 's hull received two inches of armor .",
"The rectangular casemate was pierced with eight narrow gun ports , one each at the bow and stern and three along each side .",
"Each gun port was protected by an armored <unk> made of two layers of iron riveted together and allowed the guns to elevate only to a maximum of + 5 to + 7 ° .",
"Atlanta was armed with single @-@ banded , 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) Brooke rifles on <unk> mounts at the bow and stern .",
"The middle gun port on each side was occupied by a single @-@ banded , 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch ( 163 mm ) Brooke rifle .",
"The 17 @-@ caliber , seven @-@ inch guns weighed about 15 @,@ 000 pounds ( 6 @,@ 800 kg ) and fired 80 @-@ pound ( 36 kg ) armor @-@ piercing \" bolts \" and 110 @-@ pound ( 50 kg ) explosive shells .",
"The equivalent statistics for the 18 @.",
"@ 5 @-@ caliber , 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch gun were 9 @,@ 110 pounds ( 4 @,@ 130 kg ) with 80 @-@ pound bolts and 64 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) shells .",
"Atlanta was also armed with a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.",
"@ 1 m ) , solid iron , ram that was reinforced by a series of vertical steel bars .",
"In front of the ram was a spar torpedo that carried 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of black powder on a wooden pole connected to an iron lever that could be raised or lowered by means of <unk> .",
"On 31 July 1862 , under the command of Lieutenant Charles H. <unk> , Atlanta conducted her sea trials down the Savannah River toward Fort Pulaski .",
"The ship proved to be difficult to steer , and the additional weight of her armor and guns significantly reduced her speed and increased her draft .",
"This latter was a real problem in the shallow waters near Savannah .",
"She also leaked significantly , and her design virtually eliminated air circulation .",
"One report said that \" it was almost intolerable on board the Atlanta , there being no method of ventilation , and the heat was intense . \"",
"Scales commented in his diary , \" What a <unk> , <unk> and God @-@ forsaken ship !",
"! \"",
"Attempts were made to fix the problems and were at least partially successful in stopping many of the leaks .",
"The ship was commissioned on 22 November and became the flagship of Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall , commander of the naval defenses of Georgia .",
"Under pressure from Mallory to engage the blockading ships , Tattnall attempted to engage them before any ironclads arrived on 5 January 1863 , but army engineers could not clear the obstacles blocking the channel in a timely manner , despite early coordination being made by Tattnall to do so .",
"It took another month to actually clear the obstacles and two monitors arrived before the end of January .",
"Nonetheless Tattnall attempted to pass through the obstructions during high tide on 3 February , but high winds prevented the water from rising enough to allow the ship to do so .",
"After Atlanta successfully passed through them on 19 March , Tattnall planned to attack the Union base at Port Royal , South Carolina while the monitors were attacking Charleston .",
"<unk> revealed <unk> 's plan while he was waiting at the head of <unk> Sound and he was forced to retreat when three monitors augmented the defenses at Port Royal .",
"<unk> with Tattnall 's perceived lack of aggressiveness , Mallory replaced Tattnall as commander of the Savannah squadron later that month with Commander Richard L. <unk> .",
"<unk> , in his turn was relieved in May by Commander William A. Webb ; Atlanta remained the squadron flagship throughout this time .",
"Webb demonstrated his aggressiveness when he attempted to sortie on the first spring tide ( 30 May ) after taking command , but Atlanta 's forward engine broke down after he had passed the obstructions , and the ship ran aground .",
"She was not damaged although it took over a day to pull her free .",
"He planned to make another attempt on the next full tide , rejecting Mallory 's idea that he wait until the nearly complete ironclad Savannah was finished before his next sortie .",
"In the meantime , Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du <unk> , commander of the South Atlantic <unk> Squadron , had ordered the monitors Weehawken and Nahant into <unk> Sound .",
"Commander John <unk> in Weehawken had overall command of the two ships .",
"In the early evening of 15 June , Webb began his next attempt by passing over the lower obstructions in the Wilmington River and spent the rest of the night coaling .",
"He moved forward the next evening to a concealed position within easy reach of the monitors for an attack early the following morning .",
"Webb planned to sink one of the monitors with his spar torpedo and then deal with the other one with his guns .",
"The gunboat <unk> and the tugboat <unk> were to accompany him to tow one or both of the monitors back to Savannah .",
"A lookout aboard Weehawken spotted Atlanta at 04 : 10 on the morning of 17 June .",
"When the latter ship closed to within about 1 @.",
"@ 5 miles ( 2 @.",
"@ 4 km ) of the two Union ships , she fired one round from her bow gun that passed over Weehawken and landed near Nahant .",
"Shortly afterward , Atlanta ran aground on a <unk> ; she was briefly able to free herself , but the pressure of the tide pushed her back onto the <unk> .",
"This time Webb was unable to get off and the monitors closed the range .",
"When Weehawken , the leading ship , closed to within 200 – 300 yards ( 180 – 270 m ) she opened fire with both of her guns .",
"The 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) shell missed , but the 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) shell struck the ironclad above the port middle gun port , penetrated her armor and broke the wooden backing behind it , spraying splinters and fragments that disabled the entire gun crew and half the crew of the bow gun , even though it failed to cleanly penetrate through the backing .",
"The next shot from the 11 @-@ inch Dahlgren gun struck the upper hull and started a small leak even though it failed to penetrate the two @-@ inch armor there .",
"The next shell from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren <unk> off the middle starboard gun <unk> as it was being opened , wounding half the gun 's crew with fragments .",
"The final shell was also from the 15 @-@ inch Dahlgren and it struck the top of the <unk> , breaking the armor there and wounding both pilots in it .",
"By this time , Atlanta had been able to fire only seven shots , none of which hit either Union ship , and was hard aground with high tide not due for another hour and a half .",
"Weehawken and Nahant were able to freely maneuver into positions from which the Atlanta 's narrow gun ports would not allow her to reply and the damage already inflicted by the former ship made further resistance futile .",
"Webb surrendered his ship within 15 minutes of opening fire , before Nahant even had a chance to fire .",
"Of the ironclad 's 21 officers and 124 enlisted men , one man was killed and another sixteen were wounded badly enough to require hospitalization .",
"= = In the Union Navy = = \n \n Atlanta was easily pulled free by the Union ships and she reached Port Royal under her own power .",
"Not badly damaged , she was repaired and bought by the Union Navy .",
"The prize money of $ 350 @,@ 000 was shared between the crews of Weehawken , Nahant and the gunboat <unk> , the only ships within signaling distance .",
"The ship retained her name and was commissioned again on 2 February 1864 , <unk> with a pair of 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) , 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifles in the bow and stern and 6 @.",
"@ 4 @-@ inch , 100 @-@ pound Parrott rifles amidships .",
"The 150 @-@ pound Parrott rifle weighed 16 @,@ 500 pounds ( 7 @,@ 500 kg ) and was 17 <unk> long .",
"The 100 @-@ pounder weighed 9 @,@ 800 pounds ( 4 @,@ 400 kg ) and was 20 <unk> long .",
"It fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shell a distance of 6 @,@ 900 yards ( 6 @,@ 300 m ) at an elevation of + 25 ° .",
"All four of her Brooke rifles are currently located in Willard Park in the Washington Navy Yard .",
"Atlanta was assigned to the North Atlantic <unk> Squadron and spent most of her time stationed up the James River where she could support operations against Richmond and defend against a sortie by the ironclads of the James River Squadron .",
"On 21 May 1864 , she and the gunboat Dawn fired on and dispersed Confederate cavalry that was attacking Fort <unk> and she was deployed further upriver in February 1865 after the Battle of Trent 's Reach to better blockade the Confederate ironclads at Richmond .",
"After the end of the war in April , Atlanta was decommissioned in Philadelphia on 21 June 1865 and placed in reserve at League Island .",
"She was sold to Sam Ward on 4 May 1869 for the price of $ 25 @,@ 000 and subsequently delivered to representatives of Haiti on 8 December by Sydney <unk> , a lawyer who had received an advance of $ 50 @,@ 000 on her purchase price of $ 260 @,@ 000 .",
"The ship was briefly seized by the Customs Service , possibly for violations of neutrality laws as she had just loaded four large guns and a number of recruits for the forces of Sylvain <unk> , President of Haiti , who was embroiled in a civil war .",
"Atlanta was released and sailed for Port @-@ au @-@ Prince three days later .",
"She broke down in Delaware Bay and had to put in at Chester , Pennsylvania for repairs .",
"The ship , now renamed either Triumph or <unk> , departed on 18 December 1869 and vanished en route , apparently sinking with the loss of all hands , either off Cape Hatteras or the Delaware <unk> ."
] | finance |
[
" = Jacqueline Fernandez = \n \n Jacqueline Fernandez ( born 11 August 1985 ) is a Sri Lankan actress , former model , and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant .",
"As Miss Universe Sri Lanka she represented her country at the 2006 world Miss Universe pageant .",
"She graduated with a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney , and worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka .",
"While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009 , Fernandez successfully auditioned for <unk> <unk> 's fantasy drama <unk> , which marked her acting debut .",
"Fernandez ' breakthrough role was in <unk> <unk> 's psychological thriller Murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success .",
"This was followed by glamorous roles in the ensemble @-@ comedy Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel Housefull 3 , and the action thriller Race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @-@ office successes .",
"Her performance in the first of these garnered her an IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination .",
"In 2014 , Fernandez played the leading lady in Sajid Nadiadwala 's Kick , which is one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time .",
"One of the most popular actresses in India , she was the recipient of the IIFA Award for Star <unk> of the Year – Female in 2010 .",
"Alongside her screen acting career , Fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work .",
"= = Early life and modeling career = = \n \n Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985 , in <unk> , Bahrain , and was raised in a multi @-@ ethnic family .",
"Her father , <unk> , is Sri Lankan , and her mother , Kim , is of Malaysian descent .",
"Her grandfather , on her mother 's side of the family , is Canadian and her great grandparents were from <unk> , India .",
"Her father , who was a musician in Sri Lanka , moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the <unk> and <unk> and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess .",
"She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers .",
"She hosted television shows in Bahrain at the age of fourteen .",
"After receiving her early education in Bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney in Australia .",
"After graduating she worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka .",
"She also attended the <unk> school of languages , where she learnt Spanish and improved her French and Arabic .",
"According to Fernandez , she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and <unk> about becoming a Hollywood movie star .",
"She received some training at the John School of Acting .",
"Although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success .",
"In 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles .",
"In a 2015 interview , Fernandez described the modeling industry as \" a good training ground \" and said : \" It is a medium that is about shedding your <unk> , knowing your body , confidence \" .",
"In 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song \" O <unk> \" by music duo <unk> and <unk> .",
"= = Acting career = = \n \n \n = = = 2009 – 2013 = = = \n \n In 2009 , Fernandez traveled to India for a modeling assignment .",
"She studied acting under the <unk> of theatre director Barry John , and successfully auditioned for <unk> <unk> 's fantasy film <unk> ( 2009 ) her acting debut .",
"She played the love interest of <unk> <unk> 's character , a role based on the Princess Jasmine character .",
"Fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance .",
"Anupama Chopra of NDTV called her a \" plastic <unk> [ e ] \" , and Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ <unk> felt that she was : \" easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do \" .",
"Although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the IIFA Award for Star <unk> of the Year - Female .",
"In 2010 , Fernandez appeared opposite <unk> in the science fiction romantic comedy <unk> <unk> Se <unk> Hai .",
"She was cast as a girl from Venus , who lands on Earth in search of love .",
"The film , along with Fernandez 's performance , received poor reviews ; Rediff.com 's <unk> <unk> noted : \" She <unk> makes a fool of herself whilst <unk> the actions of movie stars , ranging from <unk> 's <unk> dance , <unk> <unk> 's <unk> <unk> moves , to Big B 's violent <unk> in Hum .",
"Her Tara could be a keeper if only <unk> <unk> Se <unk> Hai wasn 't so intent on turning her into a love @-@ struck Barbie . \"",
"Critic Anupama Chopra also criticized Fernandez , calling her \" a pin @-@ <unk> on a balloon \" .",
"Later that year , she made a cameo appearance in Sajid Khan 's Housefull in the song \" <unk> \" .",
"Mahesh <unk> 's thriller Murder 2 was Fernandez 's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career .",
"She took on the role of <unk> , a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun <unk> ( played by <unk> <unk> ) .",
"Fernandez was praised for the her performance , and for the <unk> and sex appeal she displayed in the film .",
"Gaurav Malini of The Times of India stated that she was \" <unk> tempting \" but noted that her romance with <unk> was \" literally half @-@ baked \" .",
"The following year , Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy Housefull 2 alongside <unk> Kumar , John Abraham , and Asin .",
"It became one of the top grossing productions of India that year and earned ₹ 1 @.",
"@ 86 billion ( US $ 28 million ) worldwide .",
"Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance .",
"While Gaurav Malini praised her for her looks , NDTV called her a \" <unk> <unk> \" who \" find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] \" .",
"Despite the negative reviews , Fernandez received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 14th IIFA Awards for her performance .",
"Fernandez 's first release of 2013 was Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside <unk> Ali Khan , John Abraham , <unk> Padukone , <unk> <unk> , and <unk> Kapoor ) ) , described as the \" cinematic equivalent of a <unk> novel \" by critic Rajeev Masand .",
"She played <unk> , a <unk> <unk> , a role which required her learn fencing and some <unk> .",
"The film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) .",
"In a particularly scathing review , <unk> <unk> of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone \" strut around like wound @-@ up automatons that are all <unk> @-@ up but have nowhere to go . \"",
"Fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled \" <unk> Ki <unk> \" for Prabhu Deva 's <unk> <unk> <unk> .",
"= = = 2014 – present = = = \n \n In 2014 , Fernandez appeared in Sajid Nadiadwala 's directorial debut — the action film Kick , a remake of a 2009 Telugu film of same name .",
"She starred opposite Salman Khan , playing <unk> , a <unk> student .",
"She retained her real voice for the first time in Kick .",
"While <unk> May Francis commented that she is : \" incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic \" , Raja <unk> of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it \" unfortunate . \"",
"The film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @.",
"@ 75 billion ( US $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film .",
"The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses .",
"In 2015 , Fernandez featured in <unk> Singh 's Roy , a romantic thriller , which critic <unk> A.",
"<unk> described as a \" boring , exhausting and pretentious \" film .",
"Fernandez played dual roles , Ayesha <unk> , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by Arjun <unk> ) and <unk> <unk> , a girl in love with a thief ( played by <unk> Kapoor ) .",
"While India TV called it \" her best act till date \" , critic Rajeev Masand felt that she \" appears <unk> in a part that required greater range . \"",
"Roy failed to meet its box @-@ office expectations , and was a commercial failure .",
"Later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @-@ satire <unk> .",
"Karan <unk> 's action drama Brothers was Fernandez 's next release .",
"Co @-@ starring alongside <unk> Kumar and <unk> <unk> , Fernandez played Jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as \" challenging \" , \" intense \" , and \" difficult \" .",
"The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying .",
"Film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed .",
"<unk> Sharma of <unk> News called her character \" soft , timid and promising \" , and praised her for : \" convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter 's wife \" .",
"Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she : \" ... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot \" , while critic Raja <unk> remarked : \" [ she ] plays Kumar 's long @-@ sobbing wife who gets so <unk> happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a Kick sequel . \"",
"As of September 2015 , Fernandez has several projects in various stages of production .",
"She has completed shooting for <unk> <unk> 's English @-@ Sri Lankan crime @-@ thriller According to <unk> , and the horror thriller Definition of Fear , which marks her Hollywood debut .",
"Fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects — <unk> Dhawan 's <unk> opposite <unk> Dhawan and John Abraham as a part of three @-@ film deal with Nadiadwala <unk> Entertainment , <unk> D <unk> 's Flying <unk> opposite Tiger <unk> , and in an Indo @-@ Chinese film starring opposite <unk> <unk> , Amitabh Bachchan , and Jackie Chan titled Gold <unk> .",
"= = Personal life and other work = = \n \n Fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them .",
"She says : \" I miss them so much everyday .",
"You don 't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ ... ] At the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible .",
"It has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . \"",
"In March 2012 , Fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @-@ day period to observe <unk> , a period from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday .",
"In 2008 , Fernandez started dating <unk> prince Hassan bin Rashid Al <unk> , whom she met at a mutual friend 's party ; they separated in 2011 .",
"While filming Housefull 2 in 2011 , Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director Sajid Khan .",
"The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding .",
"However , the relationship ended in May 2013 .",
"In addition to acting in films , Fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes .",
"In 2011 , on the behalf of People for the <unk> Treatment of Animals ( <unk> ) , she sent a letter to the Mumbai Municipal Commissioner asking for an end to horse @-@ drawn carriage rides in Mumbai .",
"In early 2013 , she asked the <unk> general of the Philippines , William John T <unk> in Colombo , to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the Manila Zoo to a humane sanctuary .",
"Later that year , she auctioned a breakfast in Mayfair , London , where she raised around £ 4000 for the <unk> <unk> , which helps children 's primary education .",
"In 2014 , Fernandez was named \" Woman Of The Year \" by <unk> ( India ) for advocating the protection of animals .",
"The following year , she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause .",
"Some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song \" Party On My Mind \" ( from Race 2 ) and \" <unk> \" ( from Kick ) .",
"In March 2016 , she was part of \" Jacqueline <unk> \" campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 South Indian floods .",
"Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies .",
"In 2013 , she performed at the Temptations <unk> in Auckland , Perth , and Sydney alongside Shah <unk> Khan , <unk> <unk> , and <unk> <unk> .",
"She also performed at the live talent show \" Got Talent World Stage Live \" with Khan , <unk> Chopra and <unk> Dhawan the following year .",
"In July 2014 , Fernandez opened a restaurant in Colombo , <unk> Sutra , in collaboration with chef <unk> <unk> , which <unk> in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine .",
"= = In the media = = \n \n In the early 2013 , Fernandez became the ambassador for <unk> One , which she <unk> in India .",
"She was the face of Indian <unk> Fashion Week — <unk> of 2013 .",
"Later that year , she became the spokesperson for Gareth <unk> 's designed <unk> Diamonds in Mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the Forever 21 store in Mumbai .",
"That year , she also launched <unk> <unk> System with <unk> Khan and <unk> Roy <unk> .",
"While <unk> Fernandez 's career , India TV noted : \" Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [ ... ] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . \"",
"On the contrary , <unk> Thakur of India Today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : \" [ she has ] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles \" .",
"In 2008 and 2011 , Fernandez featured in the UK magazine Eastern Eye 's \" World 's <unk> Asian Women \" list , ranking twelfth .",
"She was ranked third on The Times of India 's listing of the \" Most <unk> Woman \" in 2013 and 2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years .",
"In 2013 , Rediff.com placed her on their list of \" Bollywood 's Best <unk> <unk> \" .",
"The following year , she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the Forbes ' Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of India 's celebrities .",
"She has been the cover model for many Indian editions of magazines , including : Vogue , <unk> , Maxim , Cosmopolitan , <unk> , Elle , <unk> , Harper 's <unk> , Women 's Health , and L <unk> among others .",
"= = Filmography = = \n \n \n = = TV Appearances = = \n \n \n = = Awards = ="
] | [
"On the contrary , <unk> Thakur of India Today criticized her acting skills , but remarked that : \" [ she has ] managed to find her feet in Bollywood now by banking on glamorous roles \" ."
] | [
" = Jacqueline Fernandez = \n \n Jacqueline Fernandez ( born 11 August 1985 ) is a Sri Lankan actress , former model , and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant .",
"As Miss Universe Sri Lanka she represented her country at the 2006 world Miss Universe pageant .",
"She graduated with a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney , and worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka .",
"While on a modelling assignment in India in 2009 , Fernandez successfully auditioned for <unk> <unk> 's fantasy drama <unk> , which marked her acting debut .",
"Fernandez ' breakthrough role was in <unk> <unk> 's psychological thriller Murder 2 ( 2011 ) , her first commercial success .",
"This was followed by glamorous roles in the ensemble @-@ comedy Housefull 2 ( 2012 ) and its sequel Housefull 3 , and the action thriller Race 2 ( 2013 ) , all of which were box @-@ office successes .",
"Her performance in the first of these garnered her an IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination .",
"In 2014 , Fernandez played the leading lady in Sajid Nadiadwala 's Kick , which is one of the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time .",
"One of the most popular actresses in India , she was the recipient of the IIFA Award for Star <unk> of the Year – Female in 2010 .",
"Alongside her screen acting career , Fernandez has participated in stage shows , and is active in humanitarian work .",
"= = Early life and modeling career = = \n \n Fernandez was born on 11 August 1985 , in <unk> , Bahrain , and was raised in a multi @-@ ethnic family .",
"Her father , <unk> , is Sri Lankan , and her mother , Kim , is of Malaysian descent .",
"Her grandfather , on her mother 's side of the family , is Canadian and her great grandparents were from <unk> , India .",
"Her father , who was a musician in Sri Lanka , moved to Bahrain in the 1980s to escape civil unrest between the <unk> and <unk> and subsequently met her mother who was an air hostess .",
"She is the youngest of four children with one elder sister and two elder brothers .",
"She hosted television shows in Bahrain at the age of fourteen .",
"After receiving her early education in Bahrain , she pursued a degree in mass communication from the University of Sydney in Australia .",
"After graduating she worked as a television reporter in Sri Lanka .",
"She also attended the <unk> school of languages , where she learnt Spanish and improved her French and Arabic .",
"According to Fernandez , she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and <unk> about becoming a Hollywood movie star .",
"She received some training at the John School of Acting .",
"Although , she was a television reporter , she accepted offers in the modeling industry , which came as a result of her pageant success .",
"In 2006 , she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles .",
"In a 2015 interview , Fernandez described the modeling industry as \" a good training ground \" and said : \" It is a medium that is about shedding your <unk> , knowing your body , confidence \" .",
"In 2006 , she appeared in a music video for the song \" O <unk> \" by music duo <unk> and <unk> .",
"= = Acting career = = \n \n \n = = = 2009 – 2013 = = = \n \n In 2009 , Fernandez traveled to India for a modeling assignment .",
"She studied acting under the <unk> of theatre director Barry John , and successfully auditioned for <unk> <unk> 's fantasy film <unk> ( 2009 ) her acting debut .",
"She played the love interest of <unk> <unk> 's character , a role based on the Princess Jasmine character .",
"Fernandez garnered mixed reviews for her performance .",
"Anupama Chopra of NDTV called her a \" plastic <unk> [ e ] \" , and Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ <unk> felt that she was : \" easy on the eyes and appears confident but has precious little to do \" .",
"Although the film was a critical and commercial failure , she won the IIFA Award for Star <unk> of the Year - Female .",
"In 2010 , Fernandez appeared opposite <unk> in the science fiction romantic comedy <unk> <unk> Se <unk> Hai .",
"She was cast as a girl from Venus , who lands on Earth in search of love .",
"The film , along with Fernandez 's performance , received poor reviews ; Rediff.com 's <unk> <unk> noted : \" She <unk> makes a fool of herself whilst <unk> the actions of movie stars , ranging from <unk> 's <unk> dance , <unk> <unk> 's <unk> <unk> moves , to Big B 's violent <unk> in Hum .",
"Her Tara could be a keeper if only <unk> <unk> Se <unk> Hai wasn 't so intent on turning her into a love @-@ struck Barbie . \"",
"Critic Anupama Chopra also criticized Fernandez , calling her \" a pin @-@ <unk> on a balloon \" .",
"Later that year , she made a cameo appearance in Sajid Khan 's Housefull in the song \" <unk> \" .",
"Mahesh <unk> 's thriller Murder 2 was Fernandez 's first commercial success and marker a turning point in her career .",
"She took on the role of <unk> , a lonely model who is in a confused relationship with Arjun <unk> ( played by <unk> <unk> ) .",
"Fernandez was praised for the her performance , and for the <unk> and sex appeal she displayed in the film .",
"Gaurav Malini of The Times of India stated that she was \" <unk> tempting \" but noted that her romance with <unk> was \" literally half @-@ baked \" .",
"The following year , Fernandez appeared in the ensemble comedy Housefull 2 alongside <unk> Kumar , John Abraham , and Asin .",
"It became one of the top grossing productions of India that year and earned ₹ 1 @.",
"@ 86 billion ( US $ 28 million ) worldwide .",
"Fernandez received mostly negative reviews for her performance .",
"While Gaurav Malini praised her for her looks , NDTV called her a \" <unk> <unk> \" who \" find [ s ] no pleasure in [ her role ] \" .",
"Despite the negative reviews , Fernandez received a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the 14th IIFA Awards for her performance .",
"Fernandez 's first release of 2013 was Race 2 , an ensemble action thriller ( alongside <unk> Ali Khan , John Abraham , <unk> Padukone , <unk> <unk> , and <unk> Kapoor ) ) , described as the \" cinematic equivalent of a <unk> novel \" by critic Rajeev Masand .",
"She played <unk> , a <unk> <unk> , a role which required her learn fencing and some <unk> .",
"The film emerged as a commercial success , with the domestic gross of more than ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) .",
"In a particularly scathing review , <unk> <unk> of NDTV wrote that both Fernandez and Padukone \" strut around like wound @-@ up automatons that are all <unk> @-@ up but have nowhere to go . \"",
"Fernandez also appeared in an item number ( music video ) titled \" <unk> Ki <unk> \" for Prabhu Deva 's <unk> <unk> <unk> .",
"= = = 2014 – present = = = \n \n In 2014 , Fernandez appeared in Sajid Nadiadwala 's directorial debut — the action film Kick , a remake of a 2009 Telugu film of same name .",
"She starred opposite Salman Khan , playing <unk> , a <unk> student .",
"She retained her real voice for the first time in Kick .",
"While <unk> May Francis commented that she is : \" incredibly dazzling , and moves like a magic \" , Raja <unk> of Rediff.com was more critical of her dialogue delivery , calling it \" unfortunate . \"",
"The film received mixed reviews from critics , but with worldwide revenue of over ₹ 3 @.",
"@ 75 billion ( US $ 56 million ) , it became the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film .",
"The film established Fernandez as one of the most popular Bollywood actresses .",
"In 2015 , Fernandez featured in <unk> Singh 's Roy , a romantic thriller , which critic <unk> A.",
"<unk> described as a \" boring , exhausting and pretentious \" film .",
"Fernandez played dual roles , Ayesha <unk> , a filmmaker in a relationship with another filmmaker ( played by Arjun <unk> ) and <unk> <unk> , a girl in love with a thief ( played by <unk> Kapoor ) .",
"While India TV called it \" her best act till date \" , critic Rajeev Masand felt that she \" appears <unk> in a part that required greater range . \"",
"Roy failed to meet its box @-@ office expectations , and was a commercial failure .",
"Later that year , she appeared in a guest appearance for the comedy @-@ satire <unk> .",
"Karan <unk> 's action drama Brothers was Fernandez 's next release .",
"Co @-@ starring alongside <unk> Kumar and <unk> <unk> , Fernandez played Jenny , a fearless mother struggling for her child , a role which she described as \" challenging \" , \" intense \" , and \" difficult \" .",
"The role marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying .",
"Film critics praised her performance , though their response to the film was mixed .",
"<unk> Sharma of <unk> News called her character \" soft , timid and promising \" , and praised her for : \" convincingly pull [ ing ] off a pleasing character of a street fighter 's wife \" .",
"Film critic Subhash K. Jha noted that she : \" ... in a limited role gives her finest emotive shot \" , while critic Raja <unk> remarked : \" [ she ] plays Kumar 's long @-@ sobbing wife who gets so <unk> happy on seeing a text message that it may well have contained news about a Kick sequel . \"",
"As of September 2015 , Fernandez has several projects in various stages of production .",
"She has completed shooting for <unk> <unk> 's English @-@ Sri Lankan crime @-@ thriller According to <unk> , and the horror thriller Definition of Fear , which marks her Hollywood debut .",
"Fernandez has also signed on to appear in three other projects — <unk> Dhawan 's <unk> opposite <unk> Dhawan and John Abraham as a part of three @-@ film deal with Nadiadwala <unk> Entertainment , <unk> D <unk> 's Flying <unk> opposite Tiger <unk> , and in an Indo @-@ Chinese film starring opposite <unk> <unk> , Amitabh Bachchan , and Jackie Chan titled Gold <unk> .",
"= = Personal life and other work = = \n \n Fernandez shares a close bond with her family , and admits to missing being around them .",
"She says : \" I miss them so much everyday .",
"You don 't realise when you live away from home how difficult life can be [ ... ] At the same time , staying away from them has taught me to be more responsible .",
"It has taught me so many things about myself , about priorities and time management . \"",
"In March 2012 , Fernandez turned vegetarian for a 40 @-@ day period to observe <unk> , a period from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday .",
"In 2008 , Fernandez started dating <unk> prince Hassan bin Rashid Al <unk> , whom she met at a mutual friend 's party ; they separated in 2011 .",
"While filming Housefull 2 in 2011 , Fernandez began a romantic relationship with director Sajid Khan .",
"The relationship attracted media coverage in India and there was speculation of an impending wedding .",
"However , the relationship ended in May 2013 .",
"In addition to acting in films , Fernandez has supported charitable organisations and a number of causes .",
"In 2011 , on the behalf of People for the <unk> Treatment of Animals ( <unk> ) , she sent a letter to the Mumbai Municipal Commissioner asking for an end to horse @-@ drawn carriage rides in Mumbai .",
"In early 2013 , she asked the <unk> general of the Philippines , William John T <unk> in Colombo , to hasten the transfer of an elephant from its inadequate housing at the Manila Zoo to a humane sanctuary .",
"Later that year , she auctioned a breakfast in Mayfair , London , where she raised around £ 4000 for the <unk> <unk> , which helps children 's primary education .",
"In 2014 , Fernandez was named \" Woman Of The Year \" by <unk> ( India ) for advocating the protection of animals .",
"The following year , she auctioned her outfits on an online portal for a philanthropic cause .",
"Some of her outfits included the ones she wore in the song \" Party On My Mind \" ( from Race 2 ) and \" <unk> \" ( from Kick ) .",
"In March 2016 , she was part of \" Jacqueline <unk> \" campaign that raised funds for the victims of the 2015 South Indian floods .",
"Fernandez has participated in several concert tours and televised award ceremonies .",
"In 2013 , she performed at the Temptations <unk> in Auckland , Perth , and Sydney alongside Shah <unk> Khan , <unk> <unk> , and <unk> <unk> .",
"She also performed at the live talent show \" Got Talent World Stage Live \" with Khan , <unk> Chopra and <unk> Dhawan the following year .",
"In July 2014 , Fernandez opened a restaurant in Colombo , <unk> Sutra , in collaboration with chef <unk> <unk> , which <unk> in contemporary Sri Lankan cuisine .",
"= = In the media = = \n \n In the early 2013 , Fernandez became the ambassador for <unk> One , which she <unk> in India .",
"She was the face of Indian <unk> Fashion Week — <unk> of 2013 .",
"Later that year , she became the spokesperson for Gareth <unk> 's designed <unk> Diamonds in Mumbai , and was at the inaugural opening of the Forever 21 store in Mumbai .",
"That year , she also launched <unk> <unk> System with <unk> Khan and <unk> Roy <unk> .",
"While <unk> Fernandez 's career , India TV noted : \" Slowly and steadily Jacqueline Fernandez is climbing up the ladder of success [ ... ] Jacqueline is comfortably grasping every aspect of the work , which an actress is required to do and is accordingly giving results . \"",
"In 2008 and 2011 , Fernandez featured in the UK magazine Eastern Eye 's \" World 's <unk> Asian Women \" list , ranking twelfth .",
"She was ranked third on The Times of India 's listing of the \" Most <unk> Woman \" in 2013 and 2014 , after being ranked eighth , seventh and fourteenth , respectively , in the preceding three years .",
"In 2013 , Rediff.com placed her on their list of \" Bollywood 's Best <unk> <unk> \" .",
"The following year , she held the sixty second position in the Indian edition of the Forbes ' Celebrity 100 , a list based on the income and popularity of India 's celebrities .",
"She has been the cover model for many Indian editions of magazines , including : Vogue , <unk> , Maxim , Cosmopolitan , <unk> , Elle , <unk> , Harper 's <unk> , Women 's Health , and L <unk> among others .",
"= = Filmography = = \n \n \n = = TV Appearances = = \n \n \n = = Awards = ="
] | river |
[
" = Ancient Egyptian deities = \n \n Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt .",
"The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory .",
"Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and <unk> them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order .",
"After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out .",
"The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and <unk> , and combinations of separate gods into one .",
"Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features .",
"In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis .",
"The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun .",
"Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities .",
"Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the <unk> sun god Aten .",
"Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of <unk> natural events and the course of human lives .",
"People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites .",
"Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to <unk> deities to act , and called upon them for advice .",
"<unk> ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society .",
"= = Definition = = \n \n The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count .",
"Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named .",
"The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian <unk> says there are \" thousands upon thousands \" of gods .",
"The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , \" god \" , and its feminine form <unk> , \" goddess \" .",
"Scholars have tried to <unk> the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure .",
"The hieroglyphs that were used as <unk> and <unk> in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity .",
"The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole .",
"Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history .",
"Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity .",
"The feminine form could also be written with an egg as <unk> , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities .",
"The Egyptians distinguished <unk> , \" gods \" , from <unk> , \" people \" , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly .",
"The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life .",
"<unk> humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call \" demons \" .",
"Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form .",
"These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors .",
"<unk> these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a \" deity \" .",
"One widely accepted definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition .",
"According to a different definition , by Dimitri <unk> , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual .",
"From this perspective , \" gods \" included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies .",
"Likewise , the <unk> of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt .",
"= = Origins = = \n \n The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early <unk> Period ( c .",
"3100 – <unk> BC ) .",
"Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs .",
"Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures .",
"Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities .",
"As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared .",
"The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for <unk> , and the <unk> \" Set animal \" that represents Set .",
"Many Egyptologists and <unk> have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times .",
"<unk> <unk> , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive <unk> , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning .",
"Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried <unk> ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and <unk> their environment , are difficult to prove .",
"Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages .",
"Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities <unk> into larger states , spreading and <unk> the worship of the old local deities .",
"But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it .",
"The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country .",
"These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the <unk> focus of the religion .",
"New gods continued to emerge after this transformation .",
"Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c .",
"<unk> – <unk> BC ) .",
"Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses .",
"Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths .",
"Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly .",
"This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects <unk> and <unk> son of <unk> were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials .",
"Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities .",
"<unk> , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , <unk> , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c .",
"1550 – 1070 BC ) .",
"In Greek and Roman times , from <unk> BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship .",
"= = Characteristics = = \n \n Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests .",
"These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate .",
"Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed .",
"<unk> ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests .",
"The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth .",
"But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition .",
"The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena .",
"The gods were generally said to be <unk> in these phenomena — to be present within nature .",
"The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces .",
"The god Shu was the <unk> of all the world 's air ; the goddess <unk> oversaw a limited region of the earth , the <unk> <unk> ; and the god <unk> personified the abstract notion of perception .",
"Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena .",
"For instance , <unk> was the god of <unk> Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization .",
"He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland .",
"Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , <unk> their bodies on a <unk> 's wheel .",
"Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , <unk> , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods .",
"Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess .",
"But some deities represented disruption to maat .",
"Most prominently , <unk> was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to <unk> the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it .",
"Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities .",
"Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun .",
"Short @-@ lived phenomena , like <unk> or <unk> , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world .",
"The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics .",
"As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to <unk> or define .",
"But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence .",
"Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the <unk> of the gods , was not <unk> .",
"Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and <unk> and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not .",
"The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called \" minor divinities \" or \" demons \" in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms .",
"Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude <unk> draws a distinction between \" <unk> \" — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god <unk> @-@ <unk> and the harvest goddess <unk> — and demons , who have a more dangerous character .",
"Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans .",
"Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans .",
"Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers .",
"Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed .",
"The protective deities <unk> and <unk> originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence .",
"= = = Behavior = = = \n \n Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature .",
"Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things .",
"They did this work using a force the Egyptians called <unk> , a term usually translated as \" magic \" .",
"<unk> was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves .",
"The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts .",
"In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans .",
"The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present .",
"Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , <unk> Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris .",
"Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand .",
"They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events .",
"The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ <unk> approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a \" multiplicity of approaches \" to understanding the gods .",
"In myth , the gods behave much like humans .",
"They feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , <unk> , <unk> , and die .",
"Some have unique character traits .",
"Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ <unk> speeches .",
"Yet overall , the gods are more like <unk> than well drawn characters .",
"Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated .",
"Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling .",
"The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths .",
"They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities .",
"The eight gods of the <unk> , who represent the chaos that <unk> creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by <unk> and naming them ; Atum produces all things as <unk> of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods .",
"These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory .",
"Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos .",
"The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths .",
"The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place .",
"A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder .",
"They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation .",
"Ra and <unk> , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present .",
"Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival .",
"The <unk> instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat .",
"The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn .",
"In the process he comes into contact with the <unk> water of primordial chaos .",
"Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are <unk> along with him .",
"Instead of being <unk> immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world .",
"But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return .",
"Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this <unk> is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos .",
"= = = Locations = = = \n \n Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe .",
"In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat .",
"Surrounding them is the dark <unk> that existed before creation .",
"The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead .",
"Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting .",
"The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky .",
"The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living .",
"The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant .",
"It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world .",
"In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or <unk> present within the world .",
"Temples were their main means of contact with humanity .",
"Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world .",
"There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals .",
"This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth .",
"As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region .",
"Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over .",
"Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time .",
"They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract .",
"Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin .",
"The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity .",
"When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c .",
"2055 – 1650 BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god <unk> and then Amun — to national prominence .",
"= = = Names and epithets = = = \n \n In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer .",
"In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins .",
"The name of the predatory goddess <unk> means \" powerful one \" , the name of the mysterious god Amun means \" hidden one \" , and the name of the goddess <unk> , who was worshipped in the city of <unk> , means \" she of <unk> \" .",
"But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role .",
"The names of the sky goddess <unk> and the earth god <unk> do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth .",
"The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names .",
"A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god <unk> as <unk> r , meaning \" cleaning of the mouth \" , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting <unk> with the most important funerary deity .",
"The gods were believed to have many names .",
"Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others .",
"To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it .",
"The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her .",
"Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power .",
"In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like \" <unk> of <unk> \" , \" ruler of Abydos \" , or \" lord of the sky \" , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship .",
"Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities .",
"Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with <unk> , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning \" great <unk> \" , which came to be treated as an independent goddess .",
"The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' <unk> nature .",
"= = = Relationships = = = \n \n Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships .",
"A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character .",
"Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great <unk> as well as the <unk> of kings .",
"Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed .",
"Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods .",
"Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought .",
"Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession .",
"Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type .",
"The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , <unk> , and their child <unk> at Memphis and Amun , <unk> , and <unk> at Thebes , were assembled into family <unk> .",
"<unk> connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief .",
"Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter .",
"Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos .",
"There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each <unk> ( province ) of Egypt .",
"Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities .",
"Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity .",
"Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and <unk> in darkness , merge into a single god each night .",
"Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four <unk> <unk> .",
"Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah .",
"These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , <unk> , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought .",
"Sometimes Set , the patron god of the <unk> Dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon .",
"Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups \" <unk> \" , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members .",
"The most prominent <unk> was the <unk> of <unk> , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods .",
"The term \" <unk> \" was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities .",
"This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy .",
"Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were <unk> older than others had higher positions in divine society .",
"At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity .",
"In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position .",
"Horus was the most important god in the Early <unk> Period , Ra rose to <unk> in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess .",
"Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors .",
"Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity .",
"= = = <unk> and combinations = = = \n \n The gods were believed to manifest in many forms .",
"The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts .",
"The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements .",
"The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it .",
"Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra .",
"A depiction of a deity was considered a <unk> , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit .",
"The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way .",
"Gods could be ascribed many bas and <unk> , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature .",
"Everything in existence was said to be one of the <unk> of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power .",
"Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses .",
"<unk> important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods .",
"Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of <unk> , Horus of <unk> , and Horus of <unk> .",
"Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings .",
"During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an <unk> supposed to communicate messages from Amun of <unk> @-@ Khenty .",
"He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment .",
"Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles .",
"Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities .",
"Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided .",
"A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography .",
"Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined .",
"Ra was connected with the local deity <unk> to form <unk> @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ <unk> ; and with several solar deities as <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ Ra @-@ Atum .",
"On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ <unk> and <unk> @-@ <unk> .",
"This linking of deities is called syncretism .",
"Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones .",
"Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them .",
"<unk> combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities .",
"But closely connected deities did sometimes merge .",
"Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ <unk> and Khenty @-@ <unk> , who became little more than local manifestations of him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , <unk> @-@ <unk> , was <unk> by Osiris and Anubis .",
"= = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = = \n \n In the reign of Akhenaten ( c .",
"<unk> – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion .",
"Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular .",
"This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods .",
"Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives .",
"Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities .",
"There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private .",
"The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu .",
"For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been <unk> , <unk> a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others .",
"In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs .",
"= = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = \n \n Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified .",
"Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities .",
"Another point of contention is the appearance of the word \" god \" in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities .",
"In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis <unk> believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature .",
"His contemporary James Henry <unk> thought Egyptian religion was instead <unk> , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann <unk> argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history .",
"In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study <unk> these views .",
"He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others .",
"He also argues that the unspecified \" god \" in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to <unk> .",
"Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or <unk> way .",
"<unk> , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels .",
"An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on .",
"Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform <unk> .",
"Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows .",
"Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god .",
"In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend .",
"It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods .",
"Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that <unk> with traditional polytheism .",
"The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one .",
"According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods .",
"James P. Allen says that <unk> notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the \" multiplicity of approaches \" in Egyptian thought , as well as with the <unk> practice of ordinary worshippers .",
"He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by \" identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god , depending on the particular situation . \"",
"= = <unk> and depictions = = \n \n Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail .",
"They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is <unk> <unk> .",
"They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals .",
"Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color .",
"Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes .",
"Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as \" mysterious \" .",
"The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal .",
"They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the <unk> in hieroglyphic writing .",
"For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or <unk> , a creature whose <unk> habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection .",
"His black coloring alludes to the color of <unk> flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection .",
"Most gods were depicted in several ways .",
"Hathor could be a cow , cobra , <unk> , or a woman with <unk> horns or ears .",
"By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature .",
"The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies .",
"These forms include men and women ( <unk> ) , animals ( <unk> ) , and , more rarely , <unk> objects .",
"<unk> of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common .",
"New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history .",
"Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor .",
"Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone .",
"Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity .",
"The head of a given divine image is particularly significant .",
"In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , \" a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , <unk> , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . \"",
"Divine <unk> , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator .",
"In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic .",
"Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for \" life \" , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power .",
"The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways .",
"Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , <unk> , and cattle , can each represent many deities .",
"Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images .",
"For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c .",
"1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god .",
"Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a <unk> , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses .",
"The basic anthropomorphic form varies .",
"Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their <unk> powers are emphasized .",
"Certain male deities are given heavy <unk> and breasts , signifying either <unk> or prosperity and abundance .",
"Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors .",
"Thus the blue skin and <unk> figure of the god <unk> alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought .",
"A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and <unk> , have a \" <unk> \" appearance , with their limbs tightly <unk> in cloth .",
"Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of <unk> , and this form may instead <unk> back to the earliest , <unk> depictions of deities .",
"= = <unk> with humans = = \n \n \n = = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = = \n \n In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon .",
"Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory .",
"Living kings were equated with Horus and called the \" son \" of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods .",
"<unk> had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths .",
"But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light .",
"For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god .",
"He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies .",
"However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms .",
"The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to <unk> them .",
"These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers .",
"Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead .",
"These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat .",
"The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live .",
"= = = <unk> in the human world = = = \n \n Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances .",
"In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication .",
"The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god .",
"By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form .",
"To the Egyptians , a place or object that was <unk> — \" sacred \" — was isolated and <unk> pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit .",
"Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the <unk> bull , served as divine <unk> in this way .",
"Dreams and <unk> provided a very different venue for interaction .",
"In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them .",
"Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death .",
"The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature .",
"Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods .",
"The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary .",
"These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies .",
"Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad .",
"The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented .",
"The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon .",
"But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods .",
"To <unk> the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them .",
"People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues .",
"The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine .",
"People did have less direct means of interaction .",
"The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from <unk> to <unk> chapels near the back of the temple building .",
"Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes .",
"Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods .",
"= = = Intervention in human lives = = = \n \n Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature .",
"This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order .",
"But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were .",
"Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to <unk> fixed <unk> to both humans and gods .",
"Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives , including <unk> , who presided over birth , and <unk> , the personification of fate .",
"Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well .",
"Several texts refer to gods <unk> or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's \" heart \" — the seat of emotion and <unk> in Egyptian belief .",
"Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples .",
"Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes .",
"<unk> in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people .",
"Because deities were the <unk> of maat , morality was connected with them .",
"For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for <unk> into the afterlife .",
"But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out .",
"<unk> had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves .",
"A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that <unk> the god 's power in the human world .",
"Natural disasters and human <unk> were seen as the work of angry divine bas .",
"Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their <unk> .",
"Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : <unk> , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and <unk> , an <unk> god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing .",
"Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly .",
"<unk> was often seen as a product of <unk> , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events .",
"Some deities who were closely connected with <unk> , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods .",
"But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give <unk> in the gods ' defense .",
"Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth .",
"Because of this human <unk> , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist .",
"New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom .",
"They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events .",
"People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives .",
"As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life .",
"Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will .",
"= = = Worship = = = \n \n Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems .",
"Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples .",
"Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity .",
"The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , <unk> , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor .",
"These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful .",
"Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine .",
"These processions served various purposes .",
"In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could <unk> a large and fruitful flood .",
"<unk> also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from <unk> Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of <unk> .",
"<unk> for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology .",
"Such rituals were meant to be <unk> of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events .",
"In the <unk> festival in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were <unk> <unk> at a time when crops were beginning to <unk> .",
"The returning <unk> symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life .",
"Personal interaction with the gods took many forms .",
"People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions .",
"<unk> and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to <unk> the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer .",
"Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies .",
"These practices used <unk> , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune .",
"The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in <unk> the goal .",
"Such rituals <unk> with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help .",
"Prayer and private offerings are generally called \" personal piety \" : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god .",
"Evidence of personal piety is <unk> before the New Kingdom .",
"<unk> offerings and personal names , many of which are <unk> , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods .",
"But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era .",
"Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions .",
"Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples .",
"They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae .",
"They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a <unk> of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility .",
"Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult .",
"These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history .",
"These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess <unk> .",
"Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition .",
"The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under <unk> control .",
"In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt .",
"The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there <unk> after Egypt lost control of the region .",
"In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia .",
"After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of <unk> .",
"These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the <unk> .",
"Some deities reached farther .",
"<unk> became a goddess in <unk> Crete , and Amun 's <unk> at <unk> Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region .",
"Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt .",
"These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of <unk> <unk> .",
"But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones .",
"Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones .",
"Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture .",
"Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named <unk> , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god <unk> — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire .",
"Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and <unk> to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt .",
"In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult .",
"Isis and Hermes Trismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world .",
"Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities .",
"The last formal cults , at <unk> , died out in the fifth or sixth century .",
"Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries .",
"But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the <unk> Church .",
"Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern <unk> practices are descended from those of <unk> religion .",
"But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods ."
] | [
"In Roman times , when local deities of all kinds were believed to have power over the Nile inundation , processions in many communities carried temple images to the riverbanks so the gods could <unk> a large and fruitful flood ."
] | [
" = Ancient Egyptian deities = \n \n Ancient Egyptian deities are the gods and goddesses worshipped in ancient Egypt .",
"The beliefs and rituals surrounding these gods formed the core of ancient Egyptian religion , which emerged sometime in prehistory .",
"Deities represented natural forces and phenomena , and the Egyptians supported and <unk> them through offerings and rituals so that these forces would continue to function according to maat , or divine order .",
"After the founding of the Egyptian state around 3100 BC , the authority to perform these tasks was controlled by the pharaoh , who claimed to be the gods ' representative and managed the temples where the rituals were carried out .",
"The gods ' complex characteristics were expressed in myths and in intricate relationships between deities : family ties , loose groups and <unk> , and combinations of separate gods into one .",
"Deities ' diverse appearances in art — as animals , humans , objects , and combinations of different forms — also alluded , through symbolism , to their essential features .",
"In different eras , various gods were said to hold the highest position in divine society , including the solar deity Ra , the mysterious god Amun , and the mother goddess Isis .",
"The highest deity was usually credited with the creation of the world and often connected with the life @-@ giving power of the sun .",
"Some scholars have argued , based in part on Egyptian writings , that the Egyptians came to recognize a single divine power that lay behind all things and was present in all the other deities .",
"Yet they never abandoned their original polytheistic view of the world , except possibly during the era of Atenism in the 14th century BC , when official religion focused exclusively on the <unk> sun god Aten .",
"Gods were assumed to be present throughout the world , capable of <unk> natural events and the course of human lives .",
"People interacted with them in temples and unofficial shrines , for personal reasons as well as for larger goals of state rites .",
"Egyptians prayed for divine help , used rituals to <unk> deities to act , and called upon them for advice .",
"<unk> ' relations with their gods were a fundamental part of Egyptian society .",
"= = Definition = = \n \n The beings in ancient Egyptian tradition who might be labeled as deities are difficult to count .",
"Egyptian texts list the names of many deities whose nature is unknown and make vague , indirect references to other gods who are not even named .",
"The Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1 @,@ 400 deities are named in Egyptian texts , whereas his colleague Christian <unk> says there are \" thousands upon thousands \" of gods .",
"The Egyptian language 's terms for these beings were nṯr , \" god \" , and its feminine form <unk> , \" goddess \" .",
"Scholars have tried to <unk> the original nature of the gods by proposing etymologies for these words , but none of these suggestions has gained acceptance , and the terms ' origin remains obscure .",
"The hieroglyphs that were used as <unk> and <unk> in writing these words show some of the traits that the Egyptians connected with divinity .",
"The most common of these signs is a flag flying from a pole .",
"Similar objects were placed at the entrances of temples , representing the presence of a deity , throughout ancient Egyptian history .",
"Other such hieroglyphs include a falcon , reminiscent of several early gods who were depicted as falcons , and a seated male or female deity .",
"The feminine form could also be written with an egg as <unk> , connecting goddesses with creation and birth , or with a cobra , reflecting the use of the cobra to depict many female deities .",
"The Egyptians distinguished <unk> , \" gods \" , from <unk> , \" people \" , but the meanings of the Egyptian and the English terms do not match perfectly .",
"The term nṯr may have applied to any being that was in some way outside the sphere of everyday life .",
"<unk> humans were called nṯr because they were considered to be like the gods , whereas the term was rarely applied to many of Egypt 's lesser supernatural beings , which modern scholars often call \" demons \" .",
"Egyptian religious art also depicts places , objects , and concepts in human form .",
"These personified ideas range from deities that were important in myth and ritual to obscure beings , only mentioned once or twice , that may be little more than metaphors .",
"<unk> these blurred distinctions between gods and other beings , scholars have proposed various definitions of a \" deity \" .",
"One widely accepted definition , suggested by Jan Assmann , says that a deity has a cult , is involved in some aspect of the universe , and is described in mythology or other forms of written tradition .",
"According to a different definition , by Dimitri <unk> , nṯr applied to any being that was the focus of ritual .",
"From this perspective , \" gods \" included the king , who was called a god after his coronation rites , and deceased souls , who entered the divine realm through funeral ceremonies .",
"Likewise , the <unk> of the great gods was maintained by the ritual devotion that was performed for them across Egypt .",
"= = Origins = = \n \n The first written evidence of deities in Egypt comes from the Early <unk> Period ( c .",
"3100 – <unk> BC ) .",
"Deities must have emerged sometime in the preceding Predynastic Period ( before 3100 BC ) and grown out of prehistoric religious beliefs .",
"Predynastic artwork depicts a variety of animal and human figures .",
"Some of these images , such as stars and cattle , are reminiscent of important features of Egyptian religion in later times , but in most cases there is not enough evidence to say whether the images are connected with deities .",
"As Egyptian society grew more sophisticated , clearer signs of religious activity appeared .",
"The earliest known temples appeared in the last centuries of the predynastic era , along with images that resemble the iconographies of known deities : the falcon that represents Horus and several other gods , the crossed arrows that stand for <unk> , and the <unk> \" Set animal \" that represents Set .",
"Many Egyptologists and <unk> have suggested theories about how the gods developed in these early times .",
"<unk> <unk> , for instance , thought the Egyptians first revered primitive <unk> , then deities in animal form , and finally deities in human form , whereas Henri Frankfort argued that the gods must have been envisioned in human form from the beginning .",
"Some of these theories are now regarded as too simplistic , and more current ones , such as Siegfried <unk> ' hypothesis that deities emerged as humans began to distinguish themselves from and <unk> their environment , are difficult to prove .",
"Predynastic Egypt originally consisted of small , independent villages .",
"Because many deities in later times were strongly tied to particular towns and regions , many scholars have suggested that the pantheon formed as disparate communities <unk> into larger states , spreading and <unk> the worship of the old local deities .",
"But others have argued that the most important predynastic gods were , like other elements of Egyptian culture , present all across the country despite the political divisions within it .",
"The final step in the formation of Egyptian religion was the unification of Egypt , in which rulers from Upper Egypt made themselves pharaohs of the entire country .",
"These sacred kings and their subordinates assumed the exclusive right to interact with the gods , and kingship became the <unk> focus of the religion .",
"New gods continued to emerge after this transformation .",
"Some important deities like Isis and Amun are not known to have appeared until the Old Kingdom ( c .",
"<unk> – <unk> BC ) .",
"Places and concepts could suddenly inspire the creation of a deity to represent them , and deities were sometimes created to serve as opposite @-@ sex counterparts to established gods or goddesses .",
"Kings were said to be divine , although only a few continued to be worshipped long after their deaths .",
"Some non @-@ royal humans were said to have the favor of the gods and were venerated accordingly .",
"This veneration was usually short @-@ lived , but the court architects <unk> and <unk> son of <unk> were regarded as gods centuries after their lifetimes , as were some other officials .",
"Through contact with neighboring civilizations , the Egyptians also adopted foreign deities .",
"<unk> , who is first mentioned in the Old Kingdom , may have come from Nubia , and Baal , <unk> , and Astarte , among others , were adopted from Canaanite religion during the New Kingdom ( c .",
"1550 – 1070 BC ) .",
"In Greek and Roman times , from <unk> BC to the early centuries AD , deities from across the Mediterranean world were revered in Egypt , but the native gods remained , and they often absorbed the cults of these newcomers into their own worship .",
"= = Characteristics = = \n \n Modern knowledge of Egyptian beliefs about the gods is mostly drawn from religious writings produced by the nation 's scribes and priests .",
"These people were the elite of Egyptian society and were very distinct from the general populace , most of whom were illiterate .",
"Little is known about how well this broader population knew or understood the sophisticated ideas that the elite developed .",
"<unk> ' perceptions of the divine may have differed from those of the priests .",
"The populace may , for example , have mistaken the religion 's symbolic statements about the gods and their actions for literal truth .",
"But overall , what little is known about popular religious belief is consistent with the elite tradition .",
"The two traditions form a largely cohesive vision of the gods and their nature .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena .",
"The gods were generally said to be <unk> in these phenomena — to be present within nature .",
"The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces .",
"The god Shu was the <unk> of all the world 's air ; the goddess <unk> oversaw a limited region of the earth , the <unk> <unk> ; and the god <unk> personified the abstract notion of perception .",
"Major gods often had many roles and were involved in several types of phenomena .",
"For instance , <unk> was the god of <unk> Island in the midst of the Nile , the river that was essential to Egyptian civilization .",
"He was credited with producing the annual Nile flood that fertilized the nation 's farmland .",
"Perhaps as an outgrowth of this life @-@ giving function , he was said to create all living things , <unk> their bodies on a <unk> 's wheel .",
"Gods could share the same role in nature ; Ra , Atum , <unk> , Horus , and other deities acted as sun gods .",
"Despite their diverse functions , most gods had an overarching role in common : maintaining maat , the universal order that was a central principle of Egyptian religion and was itself personified as a goddess .",
"But some deities represented disruption to maat .",
"Most prominently , <unk> was the force of chaos , constantly threatening to <unk> the order of the universe , and Set was an ambivalent member of divine society who could both fight disorder and foment it .",
"Not all aspects of existence were seen as deities .",
"Although many deities were connected with the Nile , no god personified it in the way that Ra personified the sun .",
"Short @-@ lived phenomena , like <unk> or <unk> , were not represented by gods ; neither were elements like fire and water or many other components of the world .",
"The roles of each deity were fluid , and each god could expand its nature to take on new characteristics .",
"As a result , gods ' roles are difficult to <unk> or define .",
"But despite their flexibility , the gods had limited abilities and spheres of influence .",
"Not even the creator god could reach beyond the boundaries of the cosmos that he created , and even Isis , though she was said to be the <unk> of the gods , was not <unk> .",
"Richard H. Wilkinson , however , argues that some texts from the late New Kingdom suggest that , as beliefs about the god Amun evolved , he was thought to approach omniscience and <unk> and to transcend the limits of the world in a way that other deities did not .",
"The deities with the most limited and specialized domains are often called \" minor divinities \" or \" demons \" in modern writing , although there is no firm definition for these terms .",
"Among these lesser deities , Egyptologist Claude <unk> draws a distinction between \" <unk> \" — specialized patron spirits of certain places , objects , or activities , such as the sea or marsh god <unk> @-@ <unk> and the harvest goddess <unk> — and demons , who have a more dangerous character .",
"Many demons are hostile , causing illness and other troubles among humans .",
"Their power can also be protective ; they may guard certain places in the Duat , the realm of the dead , or advise and watch over humans .",
"Egyptians believed the landscape was full of these unpredictable divine powers .",
"Demons often act as servants and messengers to the greater gods , but their position in the hierarchy is not fixed .",
"The protective deities <unk> and <unk> originally had minor , demon @-@ like roles , but over time they came to be credited with great influence .",
"= = = Behavior = = = \n \n Divine behavior was believed to govern all of nature .",
"Except for the few deities who disrupted the divine order , the gods ' actions maintained maat and created and sustained all living things .",
"They did this work using a force the Egyptians called <unk> , a term usually translated as \" magic \" .",
"<unk> was a fundamental power that the creator god used to form the world and the gods themselves .",
"The gods ' actions in the present are described and praised in hymns and funerary texts .",
"In contrast , mythology mainly concerns the gods ' actions during a vaguely imagined past in which the gods were present on earth and interacted directly with humans .",
"The events of this past time set the pattern for the events of the present .",
"Periodic occurrences were tied to events in the mythic past ; the succession of each new pharaoh , for instance , <unk> Horus ' accession to the throne of his father Osiris .",
"Myths are metaphors for the gods ' actions , which humans cannot fully understand .",
"They contain seemingly contradictory ideas , each expressing a particular perspective on divine events .",
"The contradictions in myth are part of the Egyptians ' many @-@ <unk> approach to religious belief — what Henri Frankfort called a \" multiplicity of approaches \" to understanding the gods .",
"In myth , the gods behave much like humans .",
"They feel emotion ; they can eat , drink , fight , <unk> , <unk> , and die .",
"Some have unique character traits .",
"Set is aggressive and impulsive , and Thoth , patron of writing and knowledge , is prone to long @-@ <unk> speeches .",
"Yet overall , the gods are more like <unk> than well drawn characters .",
"Their behavior is inconsistent , and their thoughts and motivations are rarely stated .",
"Most myths about them lack highly developed characters and plots , because the symbolic meaning of the myths was more important than elaborate storytelling .",
"The first divine act is the creation of the cosmos , described in several creation myths .",
"They focus on different gods , each of which may act as creator deities .",
"The eight gods of the <unk> , who represent the chaos that <unk> creation , give birth to the sun god , who establishes order in the newly formed world ; Ptah , who embodies thought and creativity , gives form to all things by <unk> and naming them ; Atum produces all things as <unk> of himself ; and Amun , according to the myths promoted by his priesthood , preceded and created the other creator gods .",
"These and other versions of the events of creation were not seen as contradictory .",
"Each gives a different perspective on the complex process by which the organized universe and its many deities emerged from undifferentiated chaos .",
"The period following creation , in which a series of gods rule as kings over the divine society , is the setting for most myths .",
"The gods struggle against the forces of chaos and among each other before withdrawing from the human world and installing the historical kings of Egypt to rule in their place .",
"A recurring theme in these myths is the effort of the gods to maintain maat against the forces of disorder .",
"They fight vicious battles with the forces of chaos at the start of creation .",
"Ra and <unk> , battling each other each night , continue this struggle into the present .",
"Another prominent theme is the gods ' death and revival .",
"The <unk> instance where a god dies is the myth of Osiris ' murder , in which that god is resurrected as ruler of the Duat .",
"The sun god is also said to grow old during his daily journey across the sky , sink into the Duat at night , and emerge as a young child at dawn .",
"In the process he comes into contact with the <unk> water of primordial chaos .",
"Funerary texts that depict Ra 's journey through the Duat also show the corpses of gods who are <unk> along with him .",
"Instead of being <unk> immortal , the gods periodically died and were reborn by repeating the events of creation , thus renewing the whole world .",
"But it was always possible for this cycle to be disrupted and for chaos to return .",
"Some poorly understood Egyptian texts even suggest that this <unk> is destined to happen — that the creator god will one day dissolve the order of the world , leaving only himself and Osiris amid the primordial chaos .",
"= = = Locations = = = \n \n Gods were linked with specific regions of the universe .",
"In Egyptian tradition , the world includes the earth , the sky , and the Duat .",
"Surrounding them is the dark <unk> that existed before creation .",
"The gods in general were said to dwell in the sky , although gods whose roles were linked with other parts of the universe were said to live in those places instead .",
"Most events of mythology , set in a time before the gods ' withdrawal from the human realm , take place in an earthly setting .",
"The deities there sometimes interact with those in the sky .",
"The Duat , in contrast , is treated as a remote and inaccessible place , and the gods who dwell there have difficulty communicating with those in the world of the living .",
"The space outside the cosmos is also said to be very distant .",
"It too is inhabited by deities , some hostile and some beneficial to the other gods and their orderly world .",
"In the time after myth , most gods were said to be either in the sky or <unk> present within the world .",
"Temples were their main means of contact with humanity .",
"Each day , it was believed , the gods moved from the divine realm to their temples , their homes in the human world .",
"There they inhabited the cult images , the statues that depicted deities and allowed humans to interact with them in temple rituals .",
"This movement between realms was sometimes described as a journey between the sky and the earth .",
"As temples were the focal points of Egyptian cities , the god in a city 's main temple was the patron god for the city and the surrounding region .",
"Deities ' spheres of influence on earth centered on the towns and regions they presided over .",
"Many gods had more than one cult center , and their local ties changed over time .",
"They could establish themselves in new cities , or their range of influence could contract .",
"Therefore , a given deity 's main cult center in historical times is not necessarily his or her place of origin .",
"The political influence of a city could affect the importance of its patron deity .",
"When kings from Thebes took control of the country at start of the Middle Kingdom ( c .",
"2055 – 1650 BC ) , they elevated Thebes ' patron gods — first the war god <unk> and then Amun — to national prominence .",
"= = = Names and epithets = = = \n \n In Egyptian belief , names express the fundamental nature of the things to which they refer .",
"In keeping with this belief , the names of deities often relate to their roles or origins .",
"The name of the predatory goddess <unk> means \" powerful one \" , the name of the mysterious god Amun means \" hidden one \" , and the name of the goddess <unk> , who was worshipped in the city of <unk> , means \" she of <unk> \" .",
"But many other names have no certain meaning , even when the gods who bear them are closely tied to a single role .",
"The names of the sky goddess <unk> and the earth god <unk> do not resemble the Egyptian terms for sky and earth .",
"The Egyptians also devised false etymologies giving more meanings to divine names .",
"A passage in the Coffin Texts renders the name of the funerary god <unk> as <unk> r , meaning \" cleaning of the mouth \" , to link his name with his role in the Opening of the Mouth ritual , while one in the Pyramid Texts says the name is based on words shouted by Osiris , connecting <unk> with the most important funerary deity .",
"The gods were believed to have many names .",
"Among them were secret names that conveyed their true natures more profoundly than others .",
"To know the true name of a deity was to have power over it .",
"The importance of names is demonstrated by a myth in which Isis poisons the superior god Ra and refuses to cure him unless he reveals his secret name to her .",
"Upon learning the name , she tells it to her son , Horus , and by learning it they gain greater knowledge and power .",
"In addition to their names , gods were given epithets , like \" <unk> of <unk> \" , \" ruler of Abydos \" , or \" lord of the sky \" , that describe some aspect of their roles or their worship .",
"Because of the gods ' multiple and overlapping roles , deities can have many epithets — with more important gods accumulating more titles — and the same epithet can apply to many deities .",
"Some epithets eventually became separate deities , as with <unk> , an epithet applied to several goddesses meaning \" great <unk> \" , which came to be treated as an independent goddess .",
"The host of divine names and titles expresses the gods ' <unk> nature .",
"= = = Relationships = = = \n \n Egyptian deities are connected in a complex and shifting array of relationships .",
"A god 's connections and interactions with other deities helped define its character .",
"Thus Isis , as the mother and protector of Horus , was a great <unk> as well as the <unk> of kings .",
"Such relationships were the base material from which myths were formed .",
"Family relationships are a common type of connection between gods .",
"Deities often form male and female pairs , reflecting the importance of procreation in Egyptian religious thought .",
"Families of three deities , with a father , mother , and child , represent the creation of new life and the succession of the father by the child , a pattern that connects divine families with royal succession .",
"Osiris , Isis , and Horus formed the quintessential family of this type .",
"The pattern they set grew more widespread over time , so that many deities in local cult centers , like Ptah , <unk> , and their child <unk> at Memphis and Amun , <unk> , and <unk> at Thebes , were assembled into family <unk> .",
"<unk> connections like these are changeable , in keeping with the multiple perspectives in Egyptian belief .",
"Hathor , as a fertility goddess , could act as mother to any child god , including the child form of the sun god , although in other circumstances she was the sun god 's daughter .",
"Other divine groups were composed of deities with interrelated roles , or who together represented a region of the Egyptian mythological cosmos .",
"There were sets of gods for the hours of the day and night and for each <unk> ( province ) of Egypt .",
"Some of these groups contain a specific , symbolically important number of deities .",
"Paired gods can stand for opposite but interrelated concepts that are part of a greater unity .",
"Ra , who is dynamic and light @-@ producing , and Osiris , who is static and <unk> in darkness , merge into a single god each night .",
"Groups of three are linked with plurality in ancient Egyptian thought , and groups of four <unk> <unk> .",
"Rulers in the late New Kingdom promoted a particularly important group of three gods above all others : Amun , Ra , and Ptah .",
"These deities stood for the plurality of all gods , as well as for their own cult centers ( the major cities of Thebes , <unk> , and Memphis ) and for many threefold sets of concepts in Egyptian religious thought .",
"Sometimes Set , the patron god of the <unk> Dynasty kings and the embodiment of disorder within the world , was added to this group , which emphasized a single coherent vision of the pantheon .",
"Nine , the product of three and three , represents a multitude , so the Egyptians called several large groups \" <unk> \" , or sets of nine , even if they had more than nine members .",
"The most prominent <unk> was the <unk> of <unk> , an extended family of deities descended from the creator god Atum , which incorporates many important gods .",
"The term \" <unk> \" was often extended to include all of Egypt 's deities .",
"This divine assemblage had a vague and changeable hierarchy .",
"Gods with broad influence in the cosmos or who were <unk> older than others had higher positions in divine society .",
"At the apex of this society was the king of the gods , who was usually identified with the creator deity .",
"In different periods of Egyptian history , different gods were most frequently said to hold this exalted position .",
"Horus was the most important god in the Early <unk> Period , Ra rose to <unk> in the Old Kingdom , Amun was supreme in the New , and in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods , Isis was the divine queen and creator goddess .",
"Newly prominent gods tended to adopt characteristics from their predecessors .",
"Isis absorbed the traits of many other goddesses during her rise , and when Amun became the ruler of the pantheon , he was conjoined with Ra , the traditional king of the gods , to become a solar deity .",
"= = = <unk> and combinations = = = \n \n The gods were believed to manifest in many forms .",
"The Egyptians had complex conception of the human soul , consisting of several parts .",
"The spirits of the gods were composed of many of these same elements .",
"The ba was the component of the human or divine soul that affected the world around it .",
"Any visible manifestation of a god 's power could be called its ba ; thus , the sun was called the ba of Ra .",
"A depiction of a deity was considered a <unk> , another component of its being , which acted as a vessel for that deity 's ba to inhabit .",
"The cult images of gods that were the focus of temple rituals , as well as the sacred animals that represented certain deities , were believed to house divine bas in this way .",
"Gods could be ascribed many bas and <unk> , which were sometimes given names representing different aspects of the god 's nature .",
"Everything in existence was said to be one of the <unk> of Atum the creator god , who originally contained all things within himself , and one deity could be called the ba of another , meaning that the first god is a manifestation of the other 's power .",
"Divine body parts could act as separate deities , like the Eye of Ra and Hand of Atum , both of which were personified as goddesses .",
"<unk> important deities gave rise to local manifestations , which sometimes absorbed the characteristics of older regional gods .",
"Horus had many forms tied to particular places , including Horus of <unk> , Horus of <unk> , and Horus of <unk> .",
"Such local manifestations could be treated almost as separate beings .",
"During the New Kingdom , one man was accused of stealing clothes by an <unk> supposed to communicate messages from Amun of <unk> @-@ Khenty .",
"He consulted two other local oracles of Amun hoping for a different judgment .",
"Gods ' manifestations also differed according to their roles .",
"Horus could be a powerful sky god or vulnerable child , and these forms were sometimes counted as independent deities .",
"Gods were combined with each other as easily as they were divided .",
"A god could be called the ba of another , or two or more deities could be joined into one god with a combined name and iconography .",
"Local gods were linked with greater ones , and deities with similar functions were combined .",
"Ra was connected with the local deity <unk> to form <unk> @-@ Ra ; with his fellow ruling god , Amun , to form Amun @-@ Ra ; with the solar form of Horus to form Ra @-@ <unk> ; and with several solar deities as <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ Ra @-@ Atum .",
"On rare occasion , even deities of different sexes were joined in this way , producing combinations like Osiris @-@ <unk> and <unk> @-@ <unk> .",
"This linking of deities is called syncretism .",
"Unlike other situations for which this term is used , the Egyptian practice was not meant to fuse competing belief systems , although foreign deities could be syncretized with native ones .",
"Instead , syncretism acknowledged the overlap between their roles , and extended the sphere of influence for each of them .",
"<unk> combinations were not permanent ; a god who was involved in one combination continued to appear separately and to form new combinations with other deities .",
"But closely connected deities did sometimes merge .",
"Horus absorbed several falcon gods from various regions , such as Khenty @-@ <unk> and Khenty @-@ <unk> , who became little more than local manifestations of him ; Hathor subsumed a similar cow goddess , Bat ; and an early funerary god , <unk> @-@ <unk> , was <unk> by Osiris and Anubis .",
"= = = The Aten and possible monotheism = = = \n \n In the reign of Akhenaten ( c .",
"<unk> – 1336 BC ) in the mid @-@ New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the sole focus of the state religion .",
"Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased the gods ' names and images on monuments , targeting Amun in particular .",
"This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many gods in all other periods .",
"Whereas , in earlier times , newly important gods were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism insisted on a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives .",
"Yet Atenism may not have been full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities .",
"There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other gods in private .",
"The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , like Shu .",
"For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been <unk> , <unk> a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others .",
"In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs .",
"= = = Unity of the divine in traditional religion = = = \n \n Scholars have long debated whether traditional Egyptian religion ever asserted that the multiple gods were , on a deeper level , unified .",
"Reasons for this debate include the practice of syncretism , which might suggest that all the separate gods could ultimately merge into one , and the tendency of Egyptian texts to credit a particular god with power that surpasses all other deities .",
"Another point of contention is the appearance of the word \" god \" in wisdom literature , where the term does not refer to a specific deity or group of deities .",
"In the early 20th century , for instance , E. A. Wallis <unk> believed that Egyptian commoners were polytheistic , but knowledge of the true monotheistic nature of the religion was reserved for the elite , who wrote the wisdom literature .",
"His contemporary James Henry <unk> thought Egyptian religion was instead <unk> , with the power of the sun god present in all other gods , while Hermann <unk> argued that Egyptian civilization had been originally monotheistic and became polytheistic in the course of its history .",
"In 1971 , Erik Hornung published a study <unk> these views .",
"He points out that in any given period many deities , even minor ones , were described as superior to all others .",
"He also argues that the unspecified \" god \" in the wisdom texts is a generic term for whichever deity the reader chooses to <unk> .",
"Although the combinations , manifestations , and iconographies of each god were constantly shifting , they were always restricted to a finite number of forms , never becoming fully interchangeable in a monotheistic or <unk> way .",
"<unk> , Hornung says , describes Egyptian religion better than other labels .",
"An Egyptian could worship any deity at a particular time and credit it with supreme power in that moment , without denying the other gods or merging them all with the god that he or she focused on .",
"Hornung concludes that the gods were fully unified only in myth , at the time before creation , after which the multitude of gods emerged from a uniform <unk> .",
"Hornung 's arguments have greatly influenced other scholars of Egyptian religion , but some still believe that at times the gods were more unified than he allows .",
"Jan Assmann maintains that the notion of a single deity developed slowly through the New Kingdom , beginning with a focus on Amun @-@ Ra as the all @-@ important sun god .",
"In his view , Atenism was an extreme outgrowth of this trend .",
"It equated the single deity with the sun and dismissed all other gods .",
"Then , in the backlash against Atenism , priestly theologians described the universal god in a different way , one that <unk> with traditional polytheism .",
"The one god was believed to transcend the world and all the other deities , while at the same time , the multiple gods were aspects of the one .",
"According to Assmann , this one god was especially equated with Amun , the dominant god in the late New Kingdom , whereas for the rest of Egyptian history the universal deity could be identified with many other gods .",
"James P. Allen says that <unk> notions of one god and many gods would fit well with the \" multiplicity of approaches \" in Egyptian thought , as well as with the <unk> practice of ordinary worshippers .",
"He says that the Egyptians may have recognized the unity of the divine by \" identifying their uniform notion of ' god ' with a particular god , depending on the particular situation . \"",
"= = <unk> and depictions = = \n \n Egyptian writings describe the gods ' bodies in detail .",
"They are made of precious materials ; their flesh is gold , their bones are silver , and their hair is <unk> <unk> .",
"They give off a scent that the Egyptians likened to the incense used in rituals .",
"Some texts give precise descriptions of particular deities , including their height and eye color .",
"Yet these characteristics are not fixed ; in myths , gods change their appearances to suit their own purposes .",
"Egyptian texts often refer to deities ' true , underlying forms as \" mysterious \" .",
"The Egyptians ' visual representations of their gods are therefore not literal .",
"They symbolize specific aspects of each deity 's character , functioning much like the <unk> in hieroglyphic writing .",
"For this reason , the funerary god Anubis is commonly shown in Egyptian art as a dog or <unk> , a creature whose <unk> habits threaten the preservation of buried mummies , in an effort to counter this threat and employ it for protection .",
"His black coloring alludes to the color of <unk> flesh and to the fertile black soil that Egyptians saw as a symbol of resurrection .",
"Most gods were depicted in several ways .",
"Hathor could be a cow , cobra , <unk> , or a woman with <unk> horns or ears .",
"By depicting a given god in different ways , the Egyptians expressed different aspects of its essential nature .",
"The gods are depicted in a finite number of these symbolic forms , so that deities can often be distinguished from one another by their iconographies .",
"These forms include men and women ( <unk> ) , animals ( <unk> ) , and , more rarely , <unk> objects .",
"<unk> of forms , such as gods with human bodies and animal heads , are common .",
"New forms and increasingly complex combinations arose in the course of history .",
"Some gods can only be distinguished from others if they are labeled in writing , as with Isis and Hathor .",
"Because of the close connection between these goddesses , they could both wear the cow @-@ horn headdress that was originally Hathor 's alone .",
"Certain features of divine images are more useful than others in determining a god 's identity .",
"The head of a given divine image is particularly significant .",
"In a hybrid image , the head represents the original form of the being depicted , so that , as the Egyptologist Henry Fischer put it , \" a lion @-@ headed goddess is a lion @-@ goddess in human form , while a royal sphinx , <unk> , is a man who has assumed the form of a lion . \"",
"Divine <unk> , which range from the same types of crowns used by human kings to large hieroglyphs worn on gods ' heads , are another important indicator .",
"In contrast , the objects held in gods ' hands tend to be generic .",
"Male deities hold was staffs , goddesses hold stalks of papyrus , and both sexes carry ankh signs , representing the Egyptian word for \" life \" , to symbolize their life @-@ giving power .",
"The forms in which the gods are shown , although diverse , are limited in many ways .",
"Many creatures that are widespread in Egypt were never used in divine iconography , whereas a few , such as falcons , <unk> , and cattle , can each represent many deities .",
"Animals that were absent from Egypt in the early stages of its history were not used as divine images .",
"For instance , the horse , which was only introduced in the Second Intermediate Period ( c .",
"1650 – 1550 BC ) , never represented a god .",
"Similarly , the clothes worn by anthropomorphic deities in all periods changed little from the styles used in the Old Kingdom : a <unk> , false beard , and often a shirt for male gods and a long , tight @-@ fitting dress for goddesses .",
"The basic anthropomorphic form varies .",
"Child gods are depicted nude , as are some adult gods when their <unk> powers are emphasized .",
"Certain male deities are given heavy <unk> and breasts , signifying either <unk> or prosperity and abundance .",
"Whereas most male gods have red skin and most goddesses are yellow — the same colors used to depict Egyptian men and women — some are given unusual , symbolic skin colors .",
"Thus the blue skin and <unk> figure of the god <unk> alludes to the Nile flood he represents and the nourishing fertility it brought .",
"A few deities , such as Osiris , Ptah , and <unk> , have a \" <unk> \" appearance , with their limbs tightly <unk> in cloth .",
"Although these gods resemble mummies , the earliest examples predate the cloth @-@ wrapped style of <unk> , and this form may instead <unk> back to the earliest , <unk> depictions of deities .",
"= = <unk> with humans = = \n \n \n = = = Relationship with the pharaoh = = = \n \n In official writings , pharaohs are said to be divine , and they are constantly depicted in the company of the deities of the pantheon .",
"Each pharaoh and his predecessors were considered the successors of the gods who had ruled Egypt in mythic prehistory .",
"Living kings were equated with Horus and called the \" son \" of many deities , particularly Osiris and Ra ; deceased kings were equated with these elder gods .",
"<unk> had their own mortuary temples where rituals were performed for them during their lives and after their deaths .",
"But few pharaohs were worshipped as gods long after their lifetimes , and non @-@ official texts portray kings in a human light .",
"For these reasons , scholars disagree about how genuinely most Egyptians believed the king to be a god .",
"He may only have been considered divine when he was performing ceremonies .",
"However much it was believed , the king 's divine status was the rationale for his role as Egypt 's representative to the gods , as he formed a link between the divine and human realms .",
"The Egyptians believed the gods needed temples to dwell in , as well as the periodic performance of rituals and presentation of offerings to <unk> them .",
"These things were provided by the cults that the king oversaw , with their priests and laborers .",
"Yet , according to royal ideology , temple @-@ building was exclusively the pharaoh 's work , as were the rituals that priests usually performed in his stead .",
"These acts were a part of the king 's fundamental role : maintaining maat .",
"The king and the nation he represented provided the gods with maat so they could continue to perform their functions , which maintained maat in the cosmos so humans could continue to live .",
"= = = <unk> in the human world = = = \n \n Although the Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the world around them , contact between the human and divine realms was mostly limited to specific circumstances .",
"In literature , gods may appear to humans in a physical form , but in real life the Egyptians were limited to more indirect means of communication .",
"The ba of a god was said to periodically leave the divine realm to dwell in the images of that god .",
"By inhabiting these images , the gods left their concealed state and took on a physical form .",
"To the Egyptians , a place or object that was <unk> — \" sacred \" — was isolated and <unk> pure , and thus fit for a god to inhabit .",
"Temple statues and reliefs , as well as particular sacred animals , like the <unk> bull , served as divine <unk> in this way .",
"Dreams and <unk> provided a very different venue for interaction .",
"In these states , it was believed , people could come close to the gods and sometimes receive messages from them .",
"Finally , according to Egyptian afterlife beliefs , human souls pass into the divine realm after death .",
"The Egyptians therefore believed that in death they would exist on the same level as the gods and fully understand their mysterious nature .",
"Temples , where the state rituals were carried out , were filled with images of the gods .",
"The most important temple image was the cult statue in the inner sanctuary .",
"These statues were usually less than life @-@ size , and made of the same precious materials that were said to form the gods ' bodies .",
"Many temples had several sanctuaries , each with a cult statue representing one of the gods in a group such as a family triad .",
"The city 's primary god was envisioned as its lord , employing many of the residents as servants in the divine household that the temple represented .",
"The gods residing in the temples of Egypt collectively represented the entire pantheon .",
"But many deities — including some important gods as well as those that were minor or hostile — were never given temples of their own , although some were represented in the temples of other gods .",
"To <unk> the sacred power in the sanctuary from the impurities of the outside world , the Egyptians enclosed temple sanctuaries and greatly restricted access to them .",
"People other than kings and high priests were thus denied contact with cult statues .",
"The only exception was during festival processions , when the statue was carried out of the temple but still enclosed in a portable shrine .",
"People did have less direct means of interaction .",
"The more public parts of temples often incorporated small places for prayer , from <unk> to <unk> chapels near the back of the temple building .",
"Communities also built and managed small chapels for their own use , and some families had shrines inside their homes .",
"Despite the gulf that separated humanity from the divine , the Egyptians were surrounded by opportunities to approach their gods .",
"= = = Intervention in human lives = = = \n \n Egyptian gods were involved in human lives as well as in the overarching order of nature .",
"This divine influence applied mainly to Egypt , as foreign peoples were traditionally believed to be outside the divine order .",
"But in the New Kingdom , when other nations were under Egyptian control , foreigners were said to be under the sun god 's benign rule in the same way that Egyptians were .",
"Thoth , as the overseer of time , was said to <unk> fixed <unk> to both humans and gods .",
"Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives , including <unk> , who presided over birth , and <unk> , the personification of fate .",
"Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate , although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well .",
"Several texts refer to gods <unk> or inspiring human decisions , working through a person 's \" heart \" — the seat of emotion and <unk> in Egyptian belief .",
"Deities were also believed to give commands , instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples .",
"Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons , and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes .",
"<unk> in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat , which , when applied to human society , meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well @-@ being of other people .",
"Because deities were the <unk> of maat , morality was connected with them .",
"For example , the gods judged humans ' moral righteousness after death , and by the New Kingdom , a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for <unk> into the afterlife .",
"But in general , morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life , rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out .",
"<unk> had free will to ignore divine guidance and the behavior required by maat , but by doing so they could bring divine punishment upon themselves .",
"A deity carried out this punishment using its ba , the force that <unk> the god 's power in the human world .",
"Natural disasters and human <unk> were seen as the work of angry divine bas .",
"Conversely , the gods could cure righteous people of illness or even extend their <unk> .",
"Both these types of intervention were eventually represented by deities : <unk> , who emerged in the New Kingdom to represent divine rescue from harm , and <unk> , an <unk> god from the late eras of Egyptian history who was believed to avenge wrongdoing .",
"Egyptian texts take different views on whether the gods are responsible when humans suffer unjustly .",
"<unk> was often seen as a product of <unk> , the cosmic disorder that was the opposite of maat , and therefore the gods were not guilty of causing evil events .",
"Some deities who were closely connected with <unk> , such as Set , could be blamed for disorder within the world without placing guilt on the other gods .",
"But some writings do accuse the deities of causing human misery , while others give <unk> in the gods ' defense .",
"Beginning in the Middle Kingdom , several texts connected the issue of evil in the world with a myth in which the creator god fights a human rebellion against his rule and then withdraws from the earth .",
"Because of this human <unk> , the creator is distant from his creation , allowing suffering to exist .",
"New Kingdom writings do not question the just nature of the gods as strongly as those of the Middle Kingdom .",
"They emphasize humans ' direct , personal relationships with deities and the gods ' power to intervene in human events .",
"People in this era put faith in specific gods who they hoped would help and protect them through their lives .",
"As a result , upholding the ideals of maat grew less important than gaining the gods ' favor as a way to guarantee a good life .",
"Even the pharaohs were regarded as dependent on divine aid , and after the New Kingdom came to an end , government was increasingly influenced by oracles communicating the gods ' will .",
"= = = Worship = = = \n \n Official religious practices , which maintained maat for the benefit of all Egypt , were related to , but distinct from , the religious practices of ordinary people , who sought the gods ' help for their personal problems .",
"Official religion involved a variety of rituals , based in temples .",
"Some rites were performed every day , whereas others were festivals , taking place at longer intervals and often limited to a particular temple or deity .",
"The gods received their offerings in daily ceremonies , in which their statues were clothed , <unk> , and presented with food as hymns were recited in their honor .",
"These offerings , in addition to maintaining maat for the gods , celebrated deities ' life @-@ giving generosity and encouraged them to remain benevolent rather than vengeful .",
"Festivals often involved a ceremonial procession in which a cult image was carried out of the temple in a barque @-@ shaped shrine .",
"These processions served various purposes .",
"<unk> also traveled between temples , as when the image of Hathor from <unk> Temple visited her consort Horus at the Temple of <unk> .",
"<unk> for a god were often based in that deity 's mythology .",
"Such rituals were meant to be <unk> of the events of the mythic past , renewing the beneficial effects of the original events .",
"In the <unk> festival in honor of Osiris , his death and resurrection were <unk> <unk> at a time when crops were beginning to <unk> .",
"The returning <unk> symbolized the renewal of the god 's own life .",
"Personal interaction with the gods took many forms .",
"People who wanted information or advice consulted oracles , run by temples , that were supposed to convey gods ' answers to questions .",
"<unk> and other images of protective deities were used to ward off the demons that might threaten human well @-@ being or to <unk> the god 's positive characteristics to the wearer .",
"Private rituals invoked the gods ' power to accomplish personal goals , from healing sickness to cursing enemies .",
"These practices used <unk> , the same force of magic that the gods used , which the creator was said to have given to humans so they could fend off misfortune .",
"The performer of a private rite often took on the role of a god in a myth , or even threatened a deity , to involve the gods in <unk> the goal .",
"Such rituals <unk> with private offerings and prayers , and all three were accepted means of obtaining divine help .",
"Prayer and private offerings are generally called \" personal piety \" : acts that reflect a close relationship between an individual and a god .",
"Evidence of personal piety is <unk> before the New Kingdom .",
"<unk> offerings and personal names , many of which are <unk> , suggest that commoners felt some connection between themselves and their gods .",
"But firm evidence of devotion to deities became visible only in the New Kingdom , reaching a peak late in that era .",
"Scholars disagree about the meaning of this change — whether direct interaction with the gods was a new development or an outgrowth of older traditions .",
"Egyptians now expressed their devotion through a new variety of activities in and around temples .",
"They recorded their prayers and their thanks for divine help on stelae .",
"They gave offerings of figurines that represented the gods they were praying to , or that symbolized the result they desired ; thus a relief image of Hathor and a <unk> of a woman could both represent a prayer for fertility .",
"Occasionally , a person took a particular god as a patron , dedicating his or her property or labor to the god 's cult .",
"These practices continued into the latest periods of Egyptian history .",
"These later eras saw more religious innovations , including the practice of giving animal mummies as offerings to deities depicted in animal form , such as the cat mummies given to the feline goddess <unk> .",
"Some of the major deities from myth and official religion were rarely invoked in popular worship , but many of the great state gods were important in popular tradition .",
"The worship of some Egyptian gods spread to neighboring lands , especially to Canaan and Nubia during the New Kingdom , when those regions were under <unk> control .",
"In Canaan , the exported deities , including Hathor , Amun , and Set , were often syncretized with native gods , who in turn spread to Egypt .",
"The Egyptian deities may not have had permanent temples in Canaan , and their importance there <unk> after Egypt lost control of the region .",
"In contrast , many temples to the major Egyptian gods and deified pharaohs were built in Nubia .",
"After the end of Egyptian rule there , the imported gods , particularly Amun and Isis , were syncretized with local deities and remained part of the religion of Nubia 's independent Kingdom of <unk> .",
"These gods were incorporated into the Nubian ideology of kingship much as they were in Egypt , so that Amun was considered the divine father of the king and Isis and other goddesses were linked with the Nubian queen , the <unk> .",
"Some deities reached farther .",
"<unk> became a goddess in <unk> Crete , and Amun 's <unk> at <unk> Oasis was known to and consulted by people across the Mediterranean region .",
"Under the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty and then Roman rule , Greeks and Romans introduced their own deities to Egypt .",
"These newcomers equated the Egyptian gods with their own , as part of the Greco @-@ Roman tradition of <unk> <unk> .",
"But the worship of the native gods was not swallowed up by that of foreign ones .",
"Instead , Greek and Roman gods were adopted as manifestations of Egyptian ones .",
"Egyptian cults sometimes incorporated Greek language , philosophy , iconography , and even temple architecture .",
"Meanwhile , the cults of several Egyptian deities — particularly Isis , Osiris , Anubis , the form of Horus named <unk> , and the fused Greco @-@ Egyptian god <unk> — were adopted into Roman religion and spread across the Roman Empire .",
"Roman emperors , like Ptolemaic kings before them , invoked Isis and <unk> to endorse their authority , inside and outside Egypt .",
"In the empire 's complex mix of religious traditions , Thoth was transmuted into the legendary esoteric teacher Hermes Trismegistus , and Isis , who was venerated from Britain to Mesopotamia , became the focus of a Greek @-@ style mystery cult .",
"Isis and Hermes Trismegistus were both prominent in the Western esoteric tradition that grew from the Roman religious world .",
"Temples and cults in Egypt itself declined as the Roman economy deteriorated in the third century AD , and beginning in the fourth century , Christians suppressed the veneration of Egyptian deities .",
"The last formal cults , at <unk> , died out in the fifth or sixth century .",
"Most beliefs surrounding the gods themselves disappeared within a few hundred years , remaining in magical texts into the seventh and eighth centuries .",
"But many of the practices involved in their worship , such as processions and oracles , were adapted to fit Christian ideology and persisted as part of the <unk> Church .",
"Given the great changes and diverse influences in Egyptian culture since that time , scholars disagree about whether any modern <unk> practices are descended from those of <unk> religion .",
"But many festivals and other traditions of modern Egyptians , both Christian and Muslim , resemble the worship of their ancestors ' gods ."
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