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[
" = Croatian independence referendum , 1991 = \n \n Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991 , following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia .",
"With 83 percent turnout , voters approved the referendum , with 93 percent in favor of independence .",
"Subsequently , Croatia declared independence and the dissolution of its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 , but it introduced a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision when urged to do so by the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe through the <unk> Agreement .",
"The war in Croatia escalated during the moratorium , and on 8 October 1991 , the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia .",
"In 1992 , the countries of the European Economic Community granted Croatia diplomatic recognition and Croatia was admitted to the United Nations .",
"= = Background = = \n \n After World War II , Croatia became a one @-@ party Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"Croatia was ruled by the Communists and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation .",
"In 1967 , a group of Croatian authors and linguists published the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , demanding greater autonomy for the Croatian language .",
"The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy , culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971 , which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership .",
"The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units , essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the <unk> constituents .",
"In the 1980s , the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated , with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian <unk> <unk> and the 1989 coups in <unk> , Kosovo and Montenegro .",
"In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines , with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation .",
"In the same year , the first multi @-@ party elections were held in Croatia , with Franjo Tuđman 's win resulting in further nationalist tensions .",
"The Croatian Serb politicians boycotted the Sabor , and local Serbs seized control of Serb @-@ inhabited territory , setting up road blocks and voting for those areas to become autonomous .",
"The Serb \" autonomous <unk> \" would soon unite to become the internationally <unk> Republic of Serbian <unk> ( <unk> ) , intent on achieving independence from Croatia .",
"= = <unk> and declaration of independence = = \n \n On 25 April 1991 , the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May .",
"The decision was published in the official <unk> of the Republic of Croatia and made official on 2 May 1991 .",
"The referendum offered two options .",
"In the first , Croatia would become a sovereign and independent state , <unk> cultural autonomy and civil rights to Serbs and other minorities in Croatia , free to form an association of sovereign states with other former Yugoslav republics .",
"In the second , Croatia would remain in Yugoslavia as a unified federal state .",
"Serb local authorities called for a boycott of the vote , which was largely followed by Croatian Serbs .",
"The referendum was held at 7 @,@ 691 polling stations , where voters were given two ballots — blue and red , with a single referendum option each , allowing use of either or both of ballots .",
"The referendum question proposing independence of Croatia , presented on the blue ballot , passed with 93 @.",
"@ 24 % in favor , 4 @.",
"@ 15 % against , and 1 @.",
"@ 18 % of invalid or blank votes .",
"The second referendum question , proposing that Croatia should remain in Yugoslavia , was declined with 5 @.",
"@ 38 % votes in favor , 92 @.",
"@ 18 % against and 2 @.",
"@ 07 % of invalid votes .",
"The turnout was 83 @.",
"@ 56 % .",
"Croatia subsequently declared independence and dissolved ( Croatian : <unk> ) its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 .",
"The European Economic Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe urged Croatian authorities to place a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision .",
"Croatia agreed to freeze its independence declaration for three months , initially <unk> tensions .",
"Nonetheless , the Croatian War of Independence escalated further .",
"On 7 October , the eve of expiration of the moratorium , the Yugoslav Air Force attacked <unk> <unk> , the main government building in Zagreb .",
"On 8 October 1991 , the moratorium expired , and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia .",
"That particular session of the parliament was held in the <unk> building on <unk> <unk> Avenue in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by recent Yugoslav air raid ; Specifically , it was feared that the Yugoslav Air Force might attack the parliament building .",
"8 October is now celebrated as Croatia 's Independence Day .",
"= = Recognition = = \n \n The Badinter <unk> Committee was set up by the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) on 27 August 1991 to provide legal advice and criteria for diplomatic recognition to former Yugoslav republics .",
"In late 1991 , the Commission stated , among other things , that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution , and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon .",
"<unk> in the preservation of Croatia 's pre @-@ war borders , defined by demarcation commissions in 1947 , were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974 , granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units , and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution .",
"Germany advocated quick recognition of Croatia , stating that it wanted to stop ongoing violence in Serb @-@ inhabited areas .",
"It was opposed by France , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands , but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach and avoid unilateral actions .",
"On 10 October , two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence , the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months , deciding to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then .",
"As the deadline expired , Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty — a position supported by Italy and Denmark .",
"France and the UK attempted to prevent the recognition by drafting a United Nations resolution requesting no unilateral actions which could <unk> the situation , but backed down during the Security Council debate on 14 December , when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution .",
"On 17 December , the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992 , relying on opinion of the Badinter <unk> Committee .",
"The Committee ruled that Croatia 's independence should not be recognized immediately , because the new Croatian Constitution did not provide protection of minorities required by the EEC .",
"In response , the President Franjo Tuđman gave written <unk> to Robert Badinter that the deficit would be <unk> .",
"The <unk> formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December , but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally .",
"On 26 December , Yugoslav authorities announced plans for a smaller state , which could include the territory captured from Croatia , but the plan was rejected by the UN General Assembly .",
"Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by Slovenia , which declared its own independence on the same day as Croatia .",
"Lithuania followed on 30 July , and Ukraine , Latvia , Iceland , and Germany in December 1991 .",
"The EEC countries granted Croatia recognition on 15 January 1992 , and the United Nations admitted them in May 1992 .",
"= = Aftermath = = \n \n Although it is not a public holiday , 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians .",
"On the day 's 10th anniversary in 2002 , the Croatian National Bank minted a 25 <unk> commemorative coin .",
"In the period following the declaration of independence , the war escalated , with the <unk> of Vukovar and Dubrovnik , and fighting elsewhere , until a ceasefire of 3 January 1992 led to stabilization and a significant reduction of violence .",
"The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of Operation Storm .",
"Present day borders of Croatia were established when the remaining Serb @-@ held areas of Eastern Slavonia were restored to Croatia pursuant to the <unk> Agreement of November 1995 , with the process concluded in January 1998 ."
] |
[
"On the day 's 10th anniversary in 2002 , the Croatian National Bank minted a 25 <unk> commemorative coin ."
] |
[
" = Croatian independence referendum , 1991 = \n \n Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991 , following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia .",
"With 83 percent turnout , voters approved the referendum , with 93 percent in favor of independence .",
"Subsequently , Croatia declared independence and the dissolution of its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 , but it introduced a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision when urged to do so by the European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe through the <unk> Agreement .",
"The war in Croatia escalated during the moratorium , and on 8 October 1991 , the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia .",
"In 1992 , the countries of the European Economic Community granted Croatia diplomatic recognition and Croatia was admitted to the United Nations .",
"= = Background = = \n \n After World War II , Croatia became a one @-@ party Socialist federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .",
"Croatia was ruled by the Communists and enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation .",
"In 1967 , a group of Croatian authors and linguists published the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , demanding greater autonomy for the Croatian language .",
"The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and decentralization of the Yugoslav economy , culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971 , which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership .",
"The 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units , essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the <unk> constituents .",
"In the 1980s , the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated , with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian <unk> <unk> and the 1989 coups in <unk> , Kosovo and Montenegro .",
"In January 1990 , the Communist Party fragmented along national lines , with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation .",
"In the same year , the first multi @-@ party elections were held in Croatia , with Franjo Tuđman 's win resulting in further nationalist tensions .",
"The Croatian Serb politicians boycotted the Sabor , and local Serbs seized control of Serb @-@ inhabited territory , setting up road blocks and voting for those areas to become autonomous .",
"The Serb \" autonomous <unk> \" would soon unite to become the internationally <unk> Republic of Serbian <unk> ( <unk> ) , intent on achieving independence from Croatia .",
"= = <unk> and declaration of independence = = \n \n On 25 April 1991 , the Croatian Parliament decided to hold an independence referendum on 19 May .",
"The decision was published in the official <unk> of the Republic of Croatia and made official on 2 May 1991 .",
"The referendum offered two options .",
"In the first , Croatia would become a sovereign and independent state , <unk> cultural autonomy and civil rights to Serbs and other minorities in Croatia , free to form an association of sovereign states with other former Yugoslav republics .",
"In the second , Croatia would remain in Yugoslavia as a unified federal state .",
"Serb local authorities called for a boycott of the vote , which was largely followed by Croatian Serbs .",
"The referendum was held at 7 @,@ 691 polling stations , where voters were given two ballots — blue and red , with a single referendum option each , allowing use of either or both of ballots .",
"The referendum question proposing independence of Croatia , presented on the blue ballot , passed with 93 @.",
"@ 24 % in favor , 4 @.",
"@ 15 % against , and 1 @.",
"@ 18 % of invalid or blank votes .",
"The second referendum question , proposing that Croatia should remain in Yugoslavia , was declined with 5 @.",
"@ 38 % votes in favor , 92 @.",
"@ 18 % against and 2 @.",
"@ 07 % of invalid votes .",
"The turnout was 83 @.",
"@ 56 % .",
"Croatia subsequently declared independence and dissolved ( Croatian : <unk> ) its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991 .",
"The European Economic Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe urged Croatian authorities to place a three @-@ month moratorium on the decision .",
"Croatia agreed to freeze its independence declaration for three months , initially <unk> tensions .",
"Nonetheless , the Croatian War of Independence escalated further .",
"On 7 October , the eve of expiration of the moratorium , the Yugoslav Air Force attacked <unk> <unk> , the main government building in Zagreb .",
"On 8 October 1991 , the moratorium expired , and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia .",
"That particular session of the parliament was held in the <unk> building on <unk> <unk> Avenue in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by recent Yugoslav air raid ; Specifically , it was feared that the Yugoslav Air Force might attack the parliament building .",
"8 October is now celebrated as Croatia 's Independence Day .",
"= = Recognition = = \n \n The Badinter <unk> Committee was set up by the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) on 27 August 1991 to provide legal advice and criteria for diplomatic recognition to former Yugoslav republics .",
"In late 1991 , the Commission stated , among other things , that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution , and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon .",
"<unk> in the preservation of Croatia 's pre @-@ war borders , defined by demarcation commissions in 1947 , were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974 , granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units , and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution .",
"Germany advocated quick recognition of Croatia , stating that it wanted to stop ongoing violence in Serb @-@ inhabited areas .",
"It was opposed by France , the United Kingdom , and the Netherlands , but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach and avoid unilateral actions .",
"On 10 October , two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence , the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months , deciding to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then .",
"As the deadline expired , Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty — a position supported by Italy and Denmark .",
"France and the UK attempted to prevent the recognition by drafting a United Nations resolution requesting no unilateral actions which could <unk> the situation , but backed down during the Security Council debate on 14 December , when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution .",
"On 17 December , the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992 , relying on opinion of the Badinter <unk> Committee .",
"The Committee ruled that Croatia 's independence should not be recognized immediately , because the new Croatian Constitution did not provide protection of minorities required by the EEC .",
"In response , the President Franjo Tuđman gave written <unk> to Robert Badinter that the deficit would be <unk> .",
"The <unk> formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December , but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally .",
"On 26 December , Yugoslav authorities announced plans for a smaller state , which could include the territory captured from Croatia , but the plan was rejected by the UN General Assembly .",
"Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by Slovenia , which declared its own independence on the same day as Croatia .",
"Lithuania followed on 30 July , and Ukraine , Latvia , Iceland , and Germany in December 1991 .",
"The EEC countries granted Croatia recognition on 15 January 1992 , and the United Nations admitted them in May 1992 .",
"= = Aftermath = = \n \n Although it is not a public holiday , 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians .",
"In the period following the declaration of independence , the war escalated , with the <unk> of Vukovar and Dubrovnik , and fighting elsewhere , until a ceasefire of 3 January 1992 led to stabilization and a significant reduction of violence .",
"The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of Operation Storm .",
"Present day borders of Croatia were established when the remaining Serb @-@ held areas of Eastern Slavonia were restored to Croatia pursuant to the <unk> Agreement of November 1995 , with the process concluded in January 1998 ."
] |
finance
|
[
" = Partington = \n \n Partington is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England , about ten miles ( 16 km ) to the south @-@ west of Manchester city centre .",
"Historically part of Cheshire , it lies on the southern bank of the Manchester Ship Canal , opposite <unk> on the northern bank .",
"It has a population of 7 @,@ <unk> .",
"A paper mill built in Partington more than 250 years ago was the first factory in Trafford .",
"The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port and attracted a range of other industries .",
"Until 2007 Shell Chemicals UK operated a major <unk> manufacturing complex in Carrington , Partington 's closest neighbour , to the east .",
"The gas storage facility in the north @-@ eastern corner of the town was once a <unk> and another significant employer .",
"Shortly after the Second World War , local authorities made an effort to <unk> people away from Victorian slums in inner @-@ city Manchester .",
"An area of Partington extended as an <unk> estate is now one of the most deprived parts of the Greater Manchester conurbation .",
"The Cheshire Lines Committee opened a railway line through the town in 1873 , but it closed in 1964 .",
"Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership was established to provide the town 's youth with activities and the town has seen investment in a new youth centre .",
"Broadoak School , the only secondary school in the town , is used by Trafford College to provide further education .",
"= = History = = \n \n Partington , first recorded in 1260 , was in the medieval and post @-@ medieval parish of <unk> .",
"The name derives from Old English : the first element may be a personal name such as <unk> or <unk> , or part \" land divided up into <unk> \" followed by <unk> , meaning \" people of \" ; the <unk> <unk> means \" <unk> \" .",
"The village consisted of dispersed <unk> , with no nucleated centre .",
"It was surrounded by wetlands on all sides , reducing the amount of land available for agriculture .",
"According to the hearth tax returns of 1664 , Partington had a population of 99 .",
"In 1755 a paper mill on the River <unk> was opened in Partington , the first factory to be established in present @-@ day Trafford .",
"<unk> Farmhouse dates from the late 18th century and is a Grade II listed building .",
"Also protected as a Grade II listed building are the stocks on the village green .",
"Its stone pillars are from the 18th century , although the wooden restraints were replaced in the 20th century .",
"The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port .",
"The canal was widened to 250 feet ( 76 m ) for three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.",
"@ 2 km ) to allow for the construction of a coaling basin , equipped with four hydraulic coal hoists .",
"Partington was the nearest port to the Lancashire <unk> , and brought the south Yorkshire collieries 30 miles ( 48 km ) closer to the sea .",
"Between 1898 – 1911 , exports of coal accounted for 53 @.",
"@ 4 per cent of the total export tonnage carried by the ship canal .",
"The coal trade in turn resulted in Partington becoming a major railway depot , and attracted a range of other industries , including the Partington Steel & Iron Company , which was encouraged by the availability of coal to construct a <unk> .",
"The works became a part of the Lancashire Steel Corporation in 1930 , and dominated the economy of nearby <unk> until their closure in 1976 .",
"After the Second World War , Partington was extended as an <unk> estate .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n The civil parish of Partington was created in 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 and has its own town council .",
"Partington became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough 's creation , but was previously in <unk> Rural District .",
"The town is part of the <unk> St Martin electoral ward ; Partington Parish Council is made up of local residents and ward councillors .",
"Partington also belongs to the <unk> and <unk> constituency and is part of the North West England constituency of the European Parliament .",
"Since its creation in 1997 the constituency 's Member of Parliament has been a member of the Labour Party , Kate Green being the present incumbent .",
"= = Geography = = \n \n At 53 ° 25 ′ 12 ″ N 2 ° 25 ′ 48 ″ W ( 53 @.",
"@ 42 , − 2 @.",
"@ 43 ) , Partington lies west of Sale , north @-@ east of the civil parish of Warburton , and is on Trafford 's northern border with the City of Salford .",
"It is nine miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ west of Manchester city centre .",
"<unk> Brook runs east – west through the area , and the town is about 20 m ( 66 ft ) above sea level on generally flat ground .",
"Partington 's local drift geology is a mixture of alluvial deposits , <unk> @-@ glacial gravel , and peat deposited about 10 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last ice age .",
"The bedrock is <unk> sandstone in the south and <unk> sandstone in the north .",
"The town 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester .",
"The mean highest and lowest temperatures ( 13 @.",
"@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.",
"@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.",
"@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.",
"@ 5 ° F ) ) are slightly above the national average , while the annual rainfall ( <unk> @.",
"@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.",
"@ 76 in ) ) and average hours of sunshine ( <unk> @.",
"@ 5 hours ) are respectively above and below the national averages .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Partington had a population of 7 @,@ <unk> .",
"The 2001 population density was 5 @,@ 348 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ <unk> / km2 ) , with a 100 to 93 @.",
"@ 1 female @-@ to @-@ male ratio .",
"Of those over 16 years old , 34 @.",
"@ 7 % were single ( never married ) , 34 @.",
"@ 9 % married , and 10 @.",
"@ 5 % divorced .",
"Partington 's 3 @,@ 354 households included 33 @.",
"@ 5 % one @-@ person , 28 @.",
"@ 7 % married couples living together , 8 @.",
"@ 8 % were co @-@ <unk> couples , and 16 @.",
"@ 3 % single parents with their children .",
"Of those aged 16 – 74 , 38 @.",
"@ 9 % had no academic qualifications , significantly higher than the averages of Trafford ( 24 @.",
"@ 7 % ) and England ( 28 @.",
"@ 9 % ) .",
"It has been described as one of the most deprived places in the Greater Manchester conurbation .",
"As of the 2001 UK census , 76 @.",
"@ 8 % of Partington 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 0 @.",
"@ 8 % Muslim , 0 @.",
"@ 2 % Hindu , 0 @.",
"@ 2 % Jewish , and 0 @.",
"@ 1 % Sikh .",
"The census recorded 14 @.",
"@ 7 % as having no religion , 0 @.",
"@ 1 % had an alternative religion and 7 @.",
"@ 1 % did not state their religion .",
"= = Economy = = \n \n The main shopping area of Partington is on Central Road , in the centre of town .",
"Partington also has a traditional market on Smithy Lane .",
"Spanish company , <unk> , bought a lease on a disused <unk> site by the Manchester Ship Canal in 2009 to <unk> paper into packaging .",
"The plant is the most \" advanced , fully integrated facility in the UK \" .",
"It uses water recycled from the ship canal and its heat and power plant supplies surplus power to the national grid .",
"The plant cost £ 300 million and production started in January 2012 .",
"According to the 2001 UK census , the industry of employment of residents aged 16 – 74 was 19 @.",
"@ 3 % retail and wholesale , 15 @.",
"@ 0 % manufacturing , 14 @.",
"@ 7 % property and business services , 10 @.",
"@ 8 % health and social work , 9 @.",
"@ 1 % transport and communications , 7 @.",
"@ 2 % construction , 5 @.",
"@ 2 % education , 4 @.",
"@ 8 % hotels and restaurants , 3 @.",
"@ 8 % finance , 3 @.",
"@ 1 % public administration , 1 @.",
"@ 3 % agriculture , 0 @.",
"@ 7 % energy and water supply , 0 @.",
"@ 1 % mining , and 4 @.",
"@ 9 % other .",
"Compared with national figures , Partington had a relatively high percentage of residents working in transport and communications , and a relatively low percentage working in public administration .",
"The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 , 1 @.",
"@ 8 % students were with jobs , 3 @.",
"@ 4 % students without jobs , 7 @.",
"@ 7 % looking after home or family , 10 @.",
"@ 6 % permanently sick or disabled , and 3 @.",
"@ 8 % economically inactive for other reasons .",
"The proportion of those who were permanently sick or disabled in Partington was above the Trafford and England average ( 5 @.",
"@ 4 % and 6 @.",
"@ 5 % respectively ) .",
"= = Education = = \n \n Trafford maintains a selective education system assessed by the Eleven Plus exam .",
"There are three primary schools and one secondary school in Partington .",
"The oldest school still standing in the town was opened in 1958 and used to be called Partington County Primary School .",
"There is one other state primary schools at Forest Gate with Academy status .",
"There is also a Roman Catholic school – Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School on Lock Lane .",
"Broadoak School is a secondary school with academy status for pupils aged 11 to 16 .",
"= = Transport = = \n \n Partington 's main road is the <unk> between <unk> and the <unk> area of Sale .",
"The Manchester Ship Canal also carries some industrial traffic .",
"The nearest road crossing over the canal is at Warburton Bridge , one of the few remaining pre @-@ motorway toll bridges in the UK , and the only one in Greater Manchester .",
"The Department for Transport describes Partington as \" geographically isolated with road access restricted by the proximity of the Manchester Ship Canal and the nearby petrochemical works [ in Carrington ] \" and notes that there are low levels of car ownership .",
"The 255 operates every 30 minutes during the day , and <unk> after 1955 into Manchester Piccadilly 7 days a week \n The town was served by a railway station to the north of the town , the Cheshire Lines Committee <unk> to <unk> <unk> Dale Line .",
"The station was opened in 1873 , eight years after the line opened , and was in use until 30 November 1964 .",
"A grant of £ 312 @,@ 000 was made by the government to set up Partington Cooperative Transport ( <unk> ) with the purpose of improving public transport in the town .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n Founded in 2003 as part of a government project for <unk> to 19 @-@ year @-@ olds , Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership ( <unk> ) has since expanded its scope and provides facilities for youths up to the age of 25 .",
"It runs a 5 @-@ a @-@ side football league and <unk> ' <unk> <unk> Park .",
"In 2009 it was announced that a £ 5 million youth centre would be built in the town .",
"Based on designs by pupils from Broadoak Secondary School , the centre will provide facilities for workshops in dance , film @-@ making , and art .",
"<unk> of the school , Andy Griffin , said \" It 's a massive thing for Partington as this will help kick @-@ start regeneration of the town .",
"I think it will also help bring people to Partington rather than leaving \" .",
"<unk> opportunities for sport , a £ 2 million sports complex was opened next to Broadoak Secondary School in 2008 .",
"It features a pool , a sports hall , outdoor pitches and grass courts , and facilities for other activities .",
"The town is served by an Anglican church , St Mary 's , a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes , a Methodist chapel , and a Baptist church called the People 's Church .",
"St Mary 's Church is a Grade II listed building , and Our Lady of Lourdes ' <unk> Church and parish was founded in 1957 .",
"Partington is in the Catholic <unk> of Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury and the Anglican Diocese of Chester ."
] |
[
"Historically part of Cheshire , it lies on the southern bank of the Manchester Ship Canal , opposite <unk> on the northern bank ."
] |
[
" = Partington = \n \n Partington is a town and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England , about ten miles ( 16 km ) to the south @-@ west of Manchester city centre .",
"It has a population of 7 @,@ <unk> .",
"A paper mill built in Partington more than 250 years ago was the first factory in Trafford .",
"The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port and attracted a range of other industries .",
"Until 2007 Shell Chemicals UK operated a major <unk> manufacturing complex in Carrington , Partington 's closest neighbour , to the east .",
"The gas storage facility in the north @-@ eastern corner of the town was once a <unk> and another significant employer .",
"Shortly after the Second World War , local authorities made an effort to <unk> people away from Victorian slums in inner @-@ city Manchester .",
"An area of Partington extended as an <unk> estate is now one of the most deprived parts of the Greater Manchester conurbation .",
"The Cheshire Lines Committee opened a railway line through the town in 1873 , but it closed in 1964 .",
"Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership was established to provide the town 's youth with activities and the town has seen investment in a new youth centre .",
"Broadoak School , the only secondary school in the town , is used by Trafford College to provide further education .",
"= = History = = \n \n Partington , first recorded in 1260 , was in the medieval and post @-@ medieval parish of <unk> .",
"The name derives from Old English : the first element may be a personal name such as <unk> or <unk> , or part \" land divided up into <unk> \" followed by <unk> , meaning \" people of \" ; the <unk> <unk> means \" <unk> \" .",
"The village consisted of dispersed <unk> , with no nucleated centre .",
"It was surrounded by wetlands on all sides , reducing the amount of land available for agriculture .",
"According to the hearth tax returns of 1664 , Partington had a population of 99 .",
"In 1755 a paper mill on the River <unk> was opened in Partington , the first factory to be established in present @-@ day Trafford .",
"<unk> Farmhouse dates from the late 18th century and is a Grade II listed building .",
"Also protected as a Grade II listed building are the stocks on the village green .",
"Its stone pillars are from the 18th century , although the wooden restraints were replaced in the 20th century .",
"The completion of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 transformed Partington into a major coal @-@ exporting port .",
"The canal was widened to 250 feet ( 76 m ) for three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.",
"@ 2 km ) to allow for the construction of a coaling basin , equipped with four hydraulic coal hoists .",
"Partington was the nearest port to the Lancashire <unk> , and brought the south Yorkshire collieries 30 miles ( 48 km ) closer to the sea .",
"Between 1898 – 1911 , exports of coal accounted for 53 @.",
"@ 4 per cent of the total export tonnage carried by the ship canal .",
"The coal trade in turn resulted in Partington becoming a major railway depot , and attracted a range of other industries , including the Partington Steel & Iron Company , which was encouraged by the availability of coal to construct a <unk> .",
"The works became a part of the Lancashire Steel Corporation in 1930 , and dominated the economy of nearby <unk> until their closure in 1976 .",
"After the Second World War , Partington was extended as an <unk> estate .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n The civil parish of Partington was created in 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 and has its own town council .",
"Partington became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough 's creation , but was previously in <unk> Rural District .",
"The town is part of the <unk> St Martin electoral ward ; Partington Parish Council is made up of local residents and ward councillors .",
"Partington also belongs to the <unk> and <unk> constituency and is part of the North West England constituency of the European Parliament .",
"Since its creation in 1997 the constituency 's Member of Parliament has been a member of the Labour Party , Kate Green being the present incumbent .",
"= = Geography = = \n \n At 53 ° 25 ′ 12 ″ N 2 ° 25 ′ 48 ″ W ( 53 @.",
"@ 42 , − 2 @.",
"@ 43 ) , Partington lies west of Sale , north @-@ east of the civil parish of Warburton , and is on Trafford 's northern border with the City of Salford .",
"It is nine miles ( 14 km ) south @-@ west of Manchester city centre .",
"<unk> Brook runs east – west through the area , and the town is about 20 m ( 66 ft ) above sea level on generally flat ground .",
"Partington 's local drift geology is a mixture of alluvial deposits , <unk> @-@ glacial gravel , and peat deposited about 10 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last ice age .",
"The bedrock is <unk> sandstone in the south and <unk> sandstone in the north .",
"The town 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester .",
"The mean highest and lowest temperatures ( 13 @.",
"@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.",
"@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.",
"@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.",
"@ 5 ° F ) ) are slightly above the national average , while the annual rainfall ( <unk> @.",
"@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.",
"@ 76 in ) ) and average hours of sunshine ( <unk> @.",
"@ 5 hours ) are respectively above and below the national averages .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n According to the Office for National Statistics , at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Partington had a population of 7 @,@ <unk> .",
"The 2001 population density was 5 @,@ 348 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ <unk> / km2 ) , with a 100 to 93 @.",
"@ 1 female @-@ to @-@ male ratio .",
"Of those over 16 years old , 34 @.",
"@ 7 % were single ( never married ) , 34 @.",
"@ 9 % married , and 10 @.",
"@ 5 % divorced .",
"Partington 's 3 @,@ 354 households included 33 @.",
"@ 5 % one @-@ person , 28 @.",
"@ 7 % married couples living together , 8 @.",
"@ 8 % were co @-@ <unk> couples , and 16 @.",
"@ 3 % single parents with their children .",
"Of those aged 16 – 74 , 38 @.",
"@ 9 % had no academic qualifications , significantly higher than the averages of Trafford ( 24 @.",
"@ 7 % ) and England ( 28 @.",
"@ 9 % ) .",
"It has been described as one of the most deprived places in the Greater Manchester conurbation .",
"As of the 2001 UK census , 76 @.",
"@ 8 % of Partington 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 0 @.",
"@ 8 % Muslim , 0 @.",
"@ 2 % Hindu , 0 @.",
"@ 2 % Jewish , and 0 @.",
"@ 1 % Sikh .",
"The census recorded 14 @.",
"@ 7 % as having no religion , 0 @.",
"@ 1 % had an alternative religion and 7 @.",
"@ 1 % did not state their religion .",
"= = Economy = = \n \n The main shopping area of Partington is on Central Road , in the centre of town .",
"Partington also has a traditional market on Smithy Lane .",
"Spanish company , <unk> , bought a lease on a disused <unk> site by the Manchester Ship Canal in 2009 to <unk> paper into packaging .",
"The plant is the most \" advanced , fully integrated facility in the UK \" .",
"It uses water recycled from the ship canal and its heat and power plant supplies surplus power to the national grid .",
"The plant cost £ 300 million and production started in January 2012 .",
"According to the 2001 UK census , the industry of employment of residents aged 16 – 74 was 19 @.",
"@ 3 % retail and wholesale , 15 @.",
"@ 0 % manufacturing , 14 @.",
"@ 7 % property and business services , 10 @.",
"@ 8 % health and social work , 9 @.",
"@ 1 % transport and communications , 7 @.",
"@ 2 % construction , 5 @.",
"@ 2 % education , 4 @.",
"@ 8 % hotels and restaurants , 3 @.",
"@ 8 % finance , 3 @.",
"@ 1 % public administration , 1 @.",
"@ 3 % agriculture , 0 @.",
"@ 7 % energy and water supply , 0 @.",
"@ 1 % mining , and 4 @.",
"@ 9 % other .",
"Compared with national figures , Partington had a relatively high percentage of residents working in transport and communications , and a relatively low percentage working in public administration .",
"The census recorded the economic activity of residents aged 16 – 74 , 1 @.",
"@ 8 % students were with jobs , 3 @.",
"@ 4 % students without jobs , 7 @.",
"@ 7 % looking after home or family , 10 @.",
"@ 6 % permanently sick or disabled , and 3 @.",
"@ 8 % economically inactive for other reasons .",
"The proportion of those who were permanently sick or disabled in Partington was above the Trafford and England average ( 5 @.",
"@ 4 % and 6 @.",
"@ 5 % respectively ) .",
"= = Education = = \n \n Trafford maintains a selective education system assessed by the Eleven Plus exam .",
"There are three primary schools and one secondary school in Partington .",
"The oldest school still standing in the town was opened in 1958 and used to be called Partington County Primary School .",
"There is one other state primary schools at Forest Gate with Academy status .",
"There is also a Roman Catholic school – Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School on Lock Lane .",
"Broadoak School is a secondary school with academy status for pupils aged 11 to 16 .",
"= = Transport = = \n \n Partington 's main road is the <unk> between <unk> and the <unk> area of Sale .",
"The Manchester Ship Canal also carries some industrial traffic .",
"The nearest road crossing over the canal is at Warburton Bridge , one of the few remaining pre @-@ motorway toll bridges in the UK , and the only one in Greater Manchester .",
"The Department for Transport describes Partington as \" geographically isolated with road access restricted by the proximity of the Manchester Ship Canal and the nearby petrochemical works [ in Carrington ] \" and notes that there are low levels of car ownership .",
"The 255 operates every 30 minutes during the day , and <unk> after 1955 into Manchester Piccadilly 7 days a week \n The town was served by a railway station to the north of the town , the Cheshire Lines Committee <unk> to <unk> <unk> Dale Line .",
"The station was opened in 1873 , eight years after the line opened , and was in use until 30 November 1964 .",
"A grant of £ 312 @,@ 000 was made by the government to set up Partington Cooperative Transport ( <unk> ) with the purpose of improving public transport in the town .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n Founded in 2003 as part of a government project for <unk> to 19 @-@ year @-@ olds , Partington and Carrington Youth Partnership ( <unk> ) has since expanded its scope and provides facilities for youths up to the age of 25 .",
"It runs a 5 @-@ a @-@ side football league and <unk> ' <unk> <unk> Park .",
"In 2009 it was announced that a £ 5 million youth centre would be built in the town .",
"Based on designs by pupils from Broadoak Secondary School , the centre will provide facilities for workshops in dance , film @-@ making , and art .",
"<unk> of the school , Andy Griffin , said \" It 's a massive thing for Partington as this will help kick @-@ start regeneration of the town .",
"I think it will also help bring people to Partington rather than leaving \" .",
"<unk> opportunities for sport , a £ 2 million sports complex was opened next to Broadoak Secondary School in 2008 .",
"It features a pool , a sports hall , outdoor pitches and grass courts , and facilities for other activities .",
"The town is served by an Anglican church , St Mary 's , a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes , a Methodist chapel , and a Baptist church called the People 's Church .",
"St Mary 's Church is a Grade II listed building , and Our Lady of Lourdes ' <unk> Church and parish was founded in 1957 .",
"Partington is in the Catholic <unk> of Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury and the Anglican Diocese of Chester ."
] |
river
|
[
" = Copia ( museum ) = \n \n Copia : The American Center for Wine , Food & the Arts was a non @-@ profit museum and educational center in downtown Napa , California , dedicated to wine , food and the arts of American culture .",
"The center , planned and largely funded by vintners Robert and <unk> Mondavi , was open from 2001 to 2008 .",
"The museum had galleries , two theaters , classrooms , a demonstration kitchen , a restaurant , a rare book library , and a 3 @.",
"@ 5 @-@ acre ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) vegetable and herb garden ; there it hosted wine and food tasting programs , exhibitions , films , and concerts .",
"The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , \" Forks in the Road \" , explained the origins of cooking through to modern advances .",
"The museum 's establishment benefited the city of Napa and the development and <unk> of its downtown .",
"Copia hosted its opening celebration on November 18 , 2001 .",
"Among other notable people , Julia Child helped fund the venture , which established a restaurant named Julia 's Kitchen .",
"Copia struggled to achieve its anticipated admissions , and had difficulty in <unk> its debts .",
"<unk> from ticket sales , membership and donations attempted to support Copia 's payoff of debt , educational programs and exhibitions , but eventually were not sufficient .",
"After numerous changes to the museum to increase revenue , Copia closed on November 21 , 2008 .",
"Its library was donated to Napa Valley College and its Julia Child <unk> was sent to the National Museum of American History .",
"The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.",
"@ 9 ha ) property had been for sale since its closure ; the Culinary Institute of America purchased the northern portion of the property in October 2015 .",
"The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School .",
"= = History = = \n \n \n = = = Name = = = \n \n The museum was named after Copia , the Roman goddess of wealth and plenty .",
"According to Joseph Spence in <unk> ( 1755 ) , Copia is a name used to describe the goddess <unk> in poetry , and was referred to as <unk> Copia in <unk> 's <unk> .",
"= = = Background = = = \n \n The city of Napa has historically not received as many wine country tourists as the cities north of it .",
"A $ 300 million flood management project around the turn of the 21st century to widen the Napa River and raise bridges prompted building developments .",
"In the early 2000s , a large development was completed in the downtown area , as well as several hotels .",
"Copia and the nearby Oxbow Public Market were two large developments also constructed around that time to increase tourist and media focus on the city of Napa .",
"The museum opened in 2001 , two months after the September 11 attacks .",
"The museum 's visitor attendance was much lower than what was projected ; the museum partially attributed that to the depressed tourist economy stemming from the attacks .",
"= = = Conception and construction = = = \n \n In 1988 , vintner Robert Mondavi , his wife <unk> Mondavi , and other members of the wine industry began to look into establishing an institution in Napa County to educate , promote , and celebrate American excellence and achievements in the culinary arts , visual arts , and winemaking .",
"Three organizations supported the museum : the University of California at Davis , the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration , and the American Institute of Wine & Food .",
"In 1993 , Robert Mondavi bought and donated the land for Copia for $ 1 @.",
"@ 2 million ( $ 1 @.",
"@ 97 million today ) , followed by a lead gift of $ 20 million ( $ 32 @.",
"@ 8 million today ) .",
"Mondavi chose the downtown Napa location with urging from his wife , who raised her children there .",
"James <unk> was hired by the foundation as the architect for the building in October 1994 .",
"Subsequently , the \" <unk> Seventy \" , supporters from Napa Valley and the surrounding Bay Area , made substantial donations .",
"Initial financing for Copia was $ 55 million ( $ 66 @.",
"@ 8 million today ) , along with a $ 78 million ( $ 104 million today ) bond prior to opening in 2001 .",
"When the organization purchased the property , it was an empty lot next to a tire store .",
"Steve <unk> , founder of the Oxbow Public Market , believed that Copia 's establishment helped expand Napa , its downtown area , and the Oxbow District .",
"Construction of the facility triggered a significant growth in development of a <unk> marketplace , hotels and restaurants in downtown Napa .",
"The museum began construction in 1999 and hosted opening celebrations on November 18 , 2001 .",
"In 2005 , Copia sold 3 @.",
"@ 5 acres ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) to <unk> for construction of a <unk> hotel .",
"= = = Decline and bankruptcy = = = \n \n Although the facility did attract visitors , local residents ' support failed to reach the numbers expected by the founders .",
"Original projections of 300 @,@ 000 admissions per year were never met .",
"In October 2006 , the museum announced plans to turn galleries into conference rooms , remove most of the museum 's focus on art , and lay off 28 of its 85 employees ( most of whom were security guards for the art gallery ) .",
"At the time , Copia had $ 68 million ( $ 74 @.",
"@ 7 million today ) in debt .",
"That year the museum also lowered its original adult admission fee of $ 12 @.",
"@ 50 to $ 5 .",
"For three months in 2006 , the museum admitted guests free of charge , and attendance and revenue increased .",
"The museum also began hosting weddings and renting its space more frequently in order to raise revenue .",
"In 2007 , the museum altered its theme significantly by removing its focus on food and art , and instead focusing solely on wine .",
"It replaced some of its gardens with vineyards , changed its displays to focus more on the history and aspects of wine and <unk> , and decreased the restaurant 's and programs ' focus on food .",
"In September 2008 , Garry McGuire announced that 24 of 80 employees were being laid off and the days of operation would be reduced from 7 to 3 per week .",
"<unk> figures had never reached either original or updated projections , causing the facility to operate annually in the red since its opening .",
"In November , he announced that the property would be sold due to <unk> debt .",
"The museum closed on Friday , November 21 , 2008 .",
"The closure was without warning ; visitors who had arrived for scheduled events found a paper notice at the entrance that the center was temporarily closed .",
"The next days ' events involving chef Andrew <unk> and singer Joni Morris were also abruptly cancelled ; the museum later stated that it would reopen on December 1 .",
"On that day , the organization ( with $ 80 million ( $ 87 @.",
"@ 9 million today ) in debt ) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .",
"The federal bankruptcy court blocked a $ 2 million ( $ 2 @.",
"@ 2 million today ) emergency loan with priority in security , leaving Copia with no funds to resume operations .",
"Writing about the failure of the project , The New York Times and other newspapers suggested that Copia had failed to clearly define its focus .",
"Potential tourists were left feeling unsure whether they were visiting a museum , a cooking school , or a promotional center for wine .",
"= = = Aftermath = = = \n \n Following the 2008 closing of Copia , a group of investors , developers , advocates , and vintners named the Coalition to Preserve Copia was formed to explore a plan to preserve the building and grounds .",
"Part of the group 's plan included forming a <unk> @-@ <unk> district with participation of local hotel properties to finance bonds to purchase the property , but their effort failed .",
"In May 2009 local developer George <unk> spoke about his interest in purchasing the property .",
"Other developers including the Culinary Institute of America also expressed an interest in acquiring the property .",
"Copia 's bond holder , <unk> Financial <unk> Corporation , listed the property for sale in October 2009 .",
"Napa Valley College 's upper valley campus became the home of the center 's library of around 1 @,@ 000 cookbooks .",
"By late 2010 , local chefs had revived the center 's garden and the parking lot had become the location of a weekly farmer 's market .",
"In 2011 , the museum was reported to still maintain its original <unk> , with the gift store fully stocked and the restaurant still furnished .",
"In an April 2012 auction , most of the center 's fixtures , furniture , equipment , wine collection ( around 3 @,@ 500 bottles ) , <unk> , displays , artistic items , and antiquities were sold .",
"Since Copia 's closure , the building has been used for a few meetings and events , including the Napa Valley Film Festival and <unk> Napa Valley .",
"<unk> Development arranged to buy the entire site in 2015 and planned mixed use with housing and retail .",
"The company planned to build up to 187 housing units , 30 @,@ 000 square feet of retail space , and underground parking for 500 cars .",
"The plan had later altered to only include purchase of the southern portion of the property .",
"In 2015 , the Culinary Institute of America ( CIA ) put in motion plans to purchase a separate portion of Copia .",
"The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School .",
"The school , which was <unk> its St. Helena campus , purchased the northern portion of the property for $ 12 @.",
"@ 5 million in October 2015 ( it was assessed for $ 21 @.",
"@ 3 million around 2013 ) .",
"Among the CIA 's first events there was 2016 's <unk> !",
"Napa Valley , a food and wine festival sponsored by local organizations .",
"The campus is expected to open in late 2016 , with its Chuck Williams Culinary Arts Museum opening in 2017 .",
"The museum will house about 4 @,@ 000 items of Chuck Williams , including cookbooks , <unk> , and appliances .",
"= = Facilities = = \n \n Copia is located on First Street in downtown Napa , adjacent to the Oxbow Public Market .",
"The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.",
"@ 9 ha ) property is surrounded by an <unk> of the Napa River .",
"The two @-@ story building is 78 @,@ <unk> square feet ( 7 @,@ 305 @.",
"@ 2 m2 ) in size , and is primarily built from polished concrete , metal , and glass .",
"The city 's farmers ' market has been located in Copia 's parking lot since 2004 .",
"It had a 13 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 200 m2 ) gallery for art , history , and science exhibits .",
"It also had a 280 @-@ seat indoor theater , a 500 @-@ seat outdoor theater , classrooms , an 80 @-@ seat demonstration kitchen , a rare book library , a wine @-@ tasting area , a café ( named American Market Cafe ) , gift shop ( named <unk> ) , and 3 @.",
"@ 5 acres ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) of <unk> edible gardens .",
"The building 's architect was <unk> Partnership Architects .",
"Julia 's Kitchen was a restaurant inside the Copia building that focused on seasonal dishes and was named for honorary trustee Julia Child , who loaned part of her kitchen to the restaurant , a wall of 49 pans , pots , fish molds , and other tools and objects .",
"Within a year of the center 's closing , the items were sent to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History , where they are included in the Julia Child 's kitchen exhibit , which up until that point was only missing that portion .",
"The restaurant had a 1 @,@ 700 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 160 m2 ) dining room ( for 180 seats ) , an outdoor seating area ( 4 @,@ 300 square feet ( 400 m2 ) ) and a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) kitchen .",
"The gardens had fruit orchards , a pavilion with a kitchen and large dining table , and a small <unk> with 60 vines and 30 different grape varieties .",
"The restaurant and café were both operated by local <unk> <unk> Elements , and later <unk> Restaurant Group .",
"The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , called \" Forks in the Road : Food , Wine and the American Table \" , had displays explaining the origins of cooking through to modern advances , and included a significant portion about the history of American winemaking .",
"The museum 's opening art exhibition was called \" Active <unk> \" , and had new works related to food by eight notable artists .",
"Copia also had an annual exhibit and event called \" <unk> \" , which began in 2005 .",
"The event involved teams of architects , students , and designers creating sculptures from cans of food , which would later be donated to the Napa Valley Food Bank .",
"The first year 's donation consisted of 42 @,@ 000 pounds of canned food .",
"= = <unk> and visitor admissions = = \n \n The founding director , Peggy <unk> , left Copia in March 2005 , and was replaced by Arthur <unk> that July ; in 2008 <unk> was replaced by Chairman Garry McGuire Jr .",
", who resigned on December 5 , 2008 .",
"The wine curator , Peter Marks , left around 2008 and was replaced with dean of wine studies Andrea Robinson .",
"Around 2008 , McGuire hired celebrity chef Tyler Florence as dean of culinary studies .",
"Florence oversaw the museum 's food programs and Julia 's Kitchen .",
"Museum attendance was initially forecast at 300 @,@ 000 ; to compare , the county had 4 @.",
"@ 5 million tourists in 2001 .",
"205 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2001 , 220 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2002 , and 160 @,@ 000 attended in 2003 .",
"150 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2007 ."
] |
[
"= = = Decline and bankruptcy = = = \n \n Although the facility did attract visitors , local residents ' support failed to reach the numbers expected by the founders .",
"@ 9 million today ) in debt ) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection .",
"The federal bankruptcy court blocked a $ 2 million ( $ 2 @.",
"The event involved teams of architects , students , and designers creating sculptures from cans of food , which would later be donated to the Napa Valley Food Bank ."
] |
[
" = Copia ( museum ) = \n \n Copia : The American Center for Wine , Food & the Arts was a non @-@ profit museum and educational center in downtown Napa , California , dedicated to wine , food and the arts of American culture .",
"The center , planned and largely funded by vintners Robert and <unk> Mondavi , was open from 2001 to 2008 .",
"The museum had galleries , two theaters , classrooms , a demonstration kitchen , a restaurant , a rare book library , and a 3 @.",
"@ 5 @-@ acre ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) vegetable and herb garden ; there it hosted wine and food tasting programs , exhibitions , films , and concerts .",
"The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , \" Forks in the Road \" , explained the origins of cooking through to modern advances .",
"The museum 's establishment benefited the city of Napa and the development and <unk> of its downtown .",
"Copia hosted its opening celebration on November 18 , 2001 .",
"Among other notable people , Julia Child helped fund the venture , which established a restaurant named Julia 's Kitchen .",
"Copia struggled to achieve its anticipated admissions , and had difficulty in <unk> its debts .",
"<unk> from ticket sales , membership and donations attempted to support Copia 's payoff of debt , educational programs and exhibitions , but eventually were not sufficient .",
"After numerous changes to the museum to increase revenue , Copia closed on November 21 , 2008 .",
"Its library was donated to Napa Valley College and its Julia Child <unk> was sent to the National Museum of American History .",
"The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.",
"@ 9 ha ) property had been for sale since its closure ; the Culinary Institute of America purchased the northern portion of the property in October 2015 .",
"The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School .",
"= = History = = \n \n \n = = = Name = = = \n \n The museum was named after Copia , the Roman goddess of wealth and plenty .",
"According to Joseph Spence in <unk> ( 1755 ) , Copia is a name used to describe the goddess <unk> in poetry , and was referred to as <unk> Copia in <unk> 's <unk> .",
"= = = Background = = = \n \n The city of Napa has historically not received as many wine country tourists as the cities north of it .",
"A $ 300 million flood management project around the turn of the 21st century to widen the Napa River and raise bridges prompted building developments .",
"In the early 2000s , a large development was completed in the downtown area , as well as several hotels .",
"Copia and the nearby Oxbow Public Market were two large developments also constructed around that time to increase tourist and media focus on the city of Napa .",
"The museum opened in 2001 , two months after the September 11 attacks .",
"The museum 's visitor attendance was much lower than what was projected ; the museum partially attributed that to the depressed tourist economy stemming from the attacks .",
"= = = Conception and construction = = = \n \n In 1988 , vintner Robert Mondavi , his wife <unk> Mondavi , and other members of the wine industry began to look into establishing an institution in Napa County to educate , promote , and celebrate American excellence and achievements in the culinary arts , visual arts , and winemaking .",
"Three organizations supported the museum : the University of California at Davis , the Cornell University School of Hotel Administration , and the American Institute of Wine & Food .",
"In 1993 , Robert Mondavi bought and donated the land for Copia for $ 1 @.",
"@ 2 million ( $ 1 @.",
"@ 97 million today ) , followed by a lead gift of $ 20 million ( $ 32 @.",
"@ 8 million today ) .",
"Mondavi chose the downtown Napa location with urging from his wife , who raised her children there .",
"James <unk> was hired by the foundation as the architect for the building in October 1994 .",
"Subsequently , the \" <unk> Seventy \" , supporters from Napa Valley and the surrounding Bay Area , made substantial donations .",
"Initial financing for Copia was $ 55 million ( $ 66 @.",
"@ 8 million today ) , along with a $ 78 million ( $ 104 million today ) bond prior to opening in 2001 .",
"When the organization purchased the property , it was an empty lot next to a tire store .",
"Steve <unk> , founder of the Oxbow Public Market , believed that Copia 's establishment helped expand Napa , its downtown area , and the Oxbow District .",
"Construction of the facility triggered a significant growth in development of a <unk> marketplace , hotels and restaurants in downtown Napa .",
"The museum began construction in 1999 and hosted opening celebrations on November 18 , 2001 .",
"In 2005 , Copia sold 3 @.",
"@ 5 acres ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) to <unk> for construction of a <unk> hotel .",
"Original projections of 300 @,@ 000 admissions per year were never met .",
"In October 2006 , the museum announced plans to turn galleries into conference rooms , remove most of the museum 's focus on art , and lay off 28 of its 85 employees ( most of whom were security guards for the art gallery ) .",
"At the time , Copia had $ 68 million ( $ 74 @.",
"@ 7 million today ) in debt .",
"That year the museum also lowered its original adult admission fee of $ 12 @.",
"@ 50 to $ 5 .",
"For three months in 2006 , the museum admitted guests free of charge , and attendance and revenue increased .",
"The museum also began hosting weddings and renting its space more frequently in order to raise revenue .",
"In 2007 , the museum altered its theme significantly by removing its focus on food and art , and instead focusing solely on wine .",
"It replaced some of its gardens with vineyards , changed its displays to focus more on the history and aspects of wine and <unk> , and decreased the restaurant 's and programs ' focus on food .",
"In September 2008 , Garry McGuire announced that 24 of 80 employees were being laid off and the days of operation would be reduced from 7 to 3 per week .",
"<unk> figures had never reached either original or updated projections , causing the facility to operate annually in the red since its opening .",
"In November , he announced that the property would be sold due to <unk> debt .",
"The museum closed on Friday , November 21 , 2008 .",
"The closure was without warning ; visitors who had arrived for scheduled events found a paper notice at the entrance that the center was temporarily closed .",
"The next days ' events involving chef Andrew <unk> and singer Joni Morris were also abruptly cancelled ; the museum later stated that it would reopen on December 1 .",
"On that day , the organization ( with $ 80 million ( $ 87 @.",
"@ 2 million today ) emergency loan with priority in security , leaving Copia with no funds to resume operations .",
"Writing about the failure of the project , The New York Times and other newspapers suggested that Copia had failed to clearly define its focus .",
"Potential tourists were left feeling unsure whether they were visiting a museum , a cooking school , or a promotional center for wine .",
"= = = Aftermath = = = \n \n Following the 2008 closing of Copia , a group of investors , developers , advocates , and vintners named the Coalition to Preserve Copia was formed to explore a plan to preserve the building and grounds .",
"Part of the group 's plan included forming a <unk> @-@ <unk> district with participation of local hotel properties to finance bonds to purchase the property , but their effort failed .",
"In May 2009 local developer George <unk> spoke about his interest in purchasing the property .",
"Other developers including the Culinary Institute of America also expressed an interest in acquiring the property .",
"Copia 's bond holder , <unk> Financial <unk> Corporation , listed the property for sale in October 2009 .",
"Napa Valley College 's upper valley campus became the home of the center 's library of around 1 @,@ 000 cookbooks .",
"By late 2010 , local chefs had revived the center 's garden and the parking lot had become the location of a weekly farmer 's market .",
"In 2011 , the museum was reported to still maintain its original <unk> , with the gift store fully stocked and the restaurant still furnished .",
"In an April 2012 auction , most of the center 's fixtures , furniture , equipment , wine collection ( around 3 @,@ 500 bottles ) , <unk> , displays , artistic items , and antiquities were sold .",
"Since Copia 's closure , the building has been used for a few meetings and events , including the Napa Valley Film Festival and <unk> Napa Valley .",
"<unk> Development arranged to buy the entire site in 2015 and planned mixed use with housing and retail .",
"The company planned to build up to 187 housing units , 30 @,@ 000 square feet of retail space , and underground parking for 500 cars .",
"The plan had later altered to only include purchase of the southern portion of the property .",
"In 2015 , the Culinary Institute of America ( CIA ) put in motion plans to purchase a separate portion of Copia .",
"The college intends to open a campus , the Culinary Institute of America at Copia , which will house the CIA 's new Food Business School .",
"The school , which was <unk> its St. Helena campus , purchased the northern portion of the property for $ 12 @.",
"@ 5 million in October 2015 ( it was assessed for $ 21 @.",
"@ 3 million around 2013 ) .",
"Among the CIA 's first events there was 2016 's <unk> !",
"Napa Valley , a food and wine festival sponsored by local organizations .",
"The campus is expected to open in late 2016 , with its Chuck Williams Culinary Arts Museum opening in 2017 .",
"The museum will house about 4 @,@ 000 items of Chuck Williams , including cookbooks , <unk> , and appliances .",
"= = Facilities = = \n \n Copia is located on First Street in downtown Napa , adjacent to the Oxbow Public Market .",
"The 12 @-@ acre ( 4 @.",
"@ 9 ha ) property is surrounded by an <unk> of the Napa River .",
"The two @-@ story building is 78 @,@ <unk> square feet ( 7 @,@ 305 @.",
"@ 2 m2 ) in size , and is primarily built from polished concrete , metal , and glass .",
"The city 's farmers ' market has been located in Copia 's parking lot since 2004 .",
"It had a 13 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 200 m2 ) gallery for art , history , and science exhibits .",
"It also had a 280 @-@ seat indoor theater , a 500 @-@ seat outdoor theater , classrooms , an 80 @-@ seat demonstration kitchen , a rare book library , a wine @-@ tasting area , a café ( named American Market Cafe ) , gift shop ( named <unk> ) , and 3 @.",
"@ 5 acres ( 1 @.",
"@ 4 ha ) of <unk> edible gardens .",
"The building 's architect was <unk> Partnership Architects .",
"Julia 's Kitchen was a restaurant inside the Copia building that focused on seasonal dishes and was named for honorary trustee Julia Child , who loaned part of her kitchen to the restaurant , a wall of 49 pans , pots , fish molds , and other tools and objects .",
"Within a year of the center 's closing , the items were sent to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History , where they are included in the Julia Child 's kitchen exhibit , which up until that point was only missing that portion .",
"The restaurant had a 1 @,@ 700 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 160 m2 ) dining room ( for 180 seats ) , an outdoor seating area ( 4 @,@ 300 square feet ( 400 m2 ) ) and a 2 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 230 m2 ) kitchen .",
"The gardens had fruit orchards , a pavilion with a kitchen and large dining table , and a small <unk> with 60 vines and 30 different grape varieties .",
"The restaurant and café were both operated by local <unk> <unk> Elements , and later <unk> Restaurant Group .",
"The main and permanent exhibition of the museum , called \" Forks in the Road : Food , Wine and the American Table \" , had displays explaining the origins of cooking through to modern advances , and included a significant portion about the history of American winemaking .",
"The museum 's opening art exhibition was called \" Active <unk> \" , and had new works related to food by eight notable artists .",
"Copia also had an annual exhibit and event called \" <unk> \" , which began in 2005 .",
"The first year 's donation consisted of 42 @,@ 000 pounds of canned food .",
"= = <unk> and visitor admissions = = \n \n The founding director , Peggy <unk> , left Copia in March 2005 , and was replaced by Arthur <unk> that July ; in 2008 <unk> was replaced by Chairman Garry McGuire Jr .",
", who resigned on December 5 , 2008 .",
"The wine curator , Peter Marks , left around 2008 and was replaced with dean of wine studies Andrea Robinson .",
"Around 2008 , McGuire hired celebrity chef Tyler Florence as dean of culinary studies .",
"Florence oversaw the museum 's food programs and Julia 's Kitchen .",
"Museum attendance was initially forecast at 300 @,@ 000 ; to compare , the county had 4 @.",
"@ 5 million tourists in 2001 .",
"205 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2001 , 220 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2002 , and 160 @,@ 000 attended in 2003 .",
"150 @,@ 000 visitors attended in 2007 ."
] |
finance
|
[
" = Temple of Eshmun = \n \n The Temple of Eshmun ( Arabic : <unk> <unk> ) is an ancient place of worship dedicated to Eshmun , the Phoenician god of healing .",
"It is located near the Awali river , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon in southwestern Lebanon .",
"The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD , suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon .",
"Although originally constructed by Sidonian king Eshmunazar II in the Achaemenid era ( c .",
"529 – 333 BC ) to celebrate the city 's recovered wealth and stature , the temple complex was greatly expanded by Bodashtart , <unk> @-@ milk and later monarchs .",
"Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign <unk> , the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences .",
"The sanctuary consists of an esplanade and a grand court limited by a huge limestone terrace wall that supports a monumental podium which was once topped by Eshmun 's <unk> @-@ Persian style marble temple .",
"The sanctuary features a series of ritual ablution basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river ( modern Awali ) and from the sacred \" Ydll \" spring ; these installations were used for therapeutic and <unk> purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun .",
"The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value , especially those inscribed with Phoenician texts , providing valuable insight into the site 's history and that of ancient Sidon .",
"The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early Roman Empire with a <unk> street , but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as Christianity replaced <unk> and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures .",
"The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local treasure hunters who stirred the curiosity of international scholars .",
"Maurice Dunand , a French archaeologist , thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 .",
"After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of Israel from Southern Lebanon , the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the World Heritage Site tentative list .",
"= = Eshmun = = \n \n Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life ; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of Sidon .",
"Originally a nature divinity , and a god of spring vegetation , Eshmun was equated to Babylonian deity <unk> .",
"His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon , and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes .",
"The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian <unk> philosopher <unk> and ninth century Patriarch of Constantinople , <unk> .",
"They <unk> that Eshmun , a young man from Beirut , was hunting in the woods when Astarte saw him and was stricken by his beauty .",
"She harassed him with her <unk> pursuit until he <unk> himself with an axe and died .",
"The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of heaven .",
"From a historical perspective , the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC , the date of the signing of the treaty between Assyrian king <unk> @-@ <unk> V and <unk> <unk> , king of <unk> ; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty .",
"Eshmun was identified with Asclepius as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia ; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from <unk> and Acre from the third century BC .",
"This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the Awali river which was dubbed Asclepius <unk> , and the Eshmun Temple 's surrounding groves , known as the groves of Asclepius .",
"= = History = = \n \n \n = = = Historical background = = = \n \n In the 9th century BC , the Assyrian king <unk> II conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities .",
"The new <unk> <unk> tribute from Sidon , along with every other Phoenician city .",
"These payments stimulated Sidon 's search for new means of <unk> and furthered Phoenician emigration and expansion , which peaked in the 8th century BC .",
"When Assyrian king <unk> II died in 705 BC , the Sidonian king <unk> joined with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule , but was forced to flee to <unk> ( modern <unk> in Cyprus ) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib , <unk> II 's son and successor .",
"Sennacherib instated <unk> on the throne of Sidon and <unk> the annual tribute .",
"When Abdi @-@ <unk> ascended to Sidon 's throne in 680 BC , he also rebelled against the Assyrians .",
"In response , the Assyrian king Esarhaddon laid siege to the city .",
"Abdi @-@ <unk> was captured and beheaded in <unk> BC after a three @-@ year siege , while his city was destroyed and renamed <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> ( the harbor of Esarhaddon ) .",
"Sidon was stripped of its territory , which was awarded to Baal I , the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon .",
"Baal I and Esarhaddon signed a treaty in <unk> in which Eshmun 's name features as one of the deities invoked as <unk> of the covenant .",
"= = = Construction = = = \n \n Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years ( <unk> – <unk> BC ) by the <unk> king <unk> II .",
"Nevertheless , the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of Babylon .",
"Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia 's chief city in the Achaemenid Empire ( <unk> – 333 BC ) .",
"During this period , <unk> I awarded king Eshmunazar II with the Sharon plain for employing Sidon 's fleet in his service during the Greco @-@ Persian Wars .",
"Eshmunazar II displayed his new @-@ found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities .",
"<unk> found on the king 's sarcophagus reveal that he and his mother , <unk> , built temples to the gods of Sidon , including the Temple of Eshmun by the \" Ydll source near the cistern \" .",
"As two series of inscriptions on the foundations of the monumental podium <unk> , construction of the sanctuary 's podium did not begin until the reign of King Bodashtart .",
"The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone , while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince <unk> @-@ milk .",
"A Phoenician inscription , located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"@ 9 mi ) upstream from the temple , that dates to the 14th year of Bodashtart 's reign , alludes to water <unk> works from the Awali river to the \" Ydll \" source that was used for ritual purification at the temple .",
"= = = Roman era & Decline = = = \n \n The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC , which demolished the marble temple atop the podium ; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium .",
"The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the classical antiquity during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity , when the cult of Eshmun was banned and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the Roman street from the podium .",
"Remnants and mosaic floors of a Byzantine church can still be seen on the site .",
"A Roman <unk> was built in the third century , probably by emperor Septimius <unk> , and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of Phoenicia under Roman rule .",
"Furthermore , within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway , the basins for ablutions and a nymphaeum with pictorial mosaics , that are still largely intact .",
"<unk> <unk> of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain .",
"Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD ; <unk> of <unk> , an Italian Christian <unk> , described the city as partly in ruins .",
"For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun , the sanctuary site was used as a quarry : <unk> <unk> @-@ al @-@ Din II , for example , used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century .",
"The site later fell into oblivion until the <unk> century \n \n = = = Modern discovery = = = \n \n Between 1737 and 1742 , Richard <unk> , an English anthropologist , toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of defensive walls built with 3 @.",
"@ 7 @-@ metre ( 12 ft ) stone blocks near the Awali river .",
"When the French <unk> Ernest <unk> visited the area in 1860 , he noticed that the Awali bridge abutments were built of finely <unk> blocks that originated from an earlier structure .",
"He also noted in his report , Mission de <unk> , that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge .",
"In 1900 , local clandestine treasure hunters digging at the Eshmun Temple site <unk> discovered inscriptions carved onto the temple 's walls .",
"This discovery stirred the interest of Theodore <unk> , curator of the Museum of Constantinople , who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903 .",
"Wilhelm Von <unk> also excavated the site between 1903 and 1904 .",
"In 1920 , <unk> <unk> headed a team of archaeologists who surveyed the temple complex .",
"The first extensive archaeological excavation revealing the Eshmun Temple remains was undertaken by Maurice Dunand between 1963 and 1975 .",
"Archaeological evidence shows that the site was occupied from the seventh century BC to the eighth century AD .",
"= = = After 1975 = = = \n \n During the Lebanese Civil War and the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon ( 1985 – 2000 ) , the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation <unk> ; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal .",
"Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge , it is accessible from an exit ramp off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidon 's northern entrance .",
"The site holds a particular archaeological importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon ; it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage <unk> List 's Cultural category on July 1 , 1996 .",
"In literature , the temple of Eshmun figures in <unk> <unk> 's 2009 novel , The Curse of Ezekiel as the setting where <unk> falls in love and rescues princess <unk> from the evil design of one of the temple 's priests .",
"= = Location = = \n \n A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location .",
"The Phoenician inscriptions on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II , a Sidonian king , commemorate the construction of a \" house \" for the \" holy prince \" Eshmun by the king and his mother , queen <unk> , at the \" Ydll source by the cistern \" .",
"<unk> <unk> , an ancient Greek travel writer , identified the Eshmun temple by the <unk> River , and Antonin de <unk> , a 6th @-@ century AD Italian <unk> recorded the shrine as near the river Asclepius <unk> and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding \" sacred forests \" of Asclepius , the Hellenized name of Eshmun , in written texts .",
"Located about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) south of Beirut and 2 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon , the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern Awali river , previously referred to as <unk> or Asclepius <unk> in ancient text .",
"<unk> groves , known as <unk> el @-@ Sheikh ( Arabic : <unk> <unk> , the <unk> of the Sheikh ) , occupy the ancient \" sacred forests \" of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals .",
"= = Architecture and description = = \n \n Built under Babylonian rule ( 605 – 539 BC ) , the oldest monument at the site is a pyramidal building resembling a <unk> that includes an access ramp to a water cistern .",
"<unk> of marble column bases with <unk> <unk> and <unk> columns found east of the podium are also attributed to the Babylonian era .",
"The pyramidal structure was superimposed during Persian rule by a massive ashlar podium constructed from heavily <unk> limestone blocks that measured more than 3 metres ( 9 @.",
"@ 8 ft ) across by 1 metre ( 3 @.",
"@ 3 ft ) thick , which were laid down in courses 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.",
"@ 3 ft ) high .",
"The podium stands 22 metres ( 72 ft ) high , <unk> metres ( 160 ft ) into the hillside , and <unk> a 70 @-@ metre ( 230 ft ) wide façade .",
"The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco @-@ Persian style marble temple probably built by <unk> artisans around 500 BC .",
"The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft .",
"During the Hellenistic period , the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley .",
"To the east base of the podium stands a large chapel , 10 @.",
"@ 5 by 11 @.",
"@ 5 metres ( 34 ft × 38 ft ) , dating to the 4th century BC .",
"The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone throne carved of a single block of granite in the Egyptian style ; it is flanked by two sphinx figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures .",
"The throne , attributed to the Sidonian goddess Astarte , rests against the chapel wall , which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes .",
"The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments .",
"The west base contains another 4th century BC chapel — centered on a bull <unk> topped capital — that remains preserved at the National Museum of Beirut .",
"Widely known as the \" Tribune of Eshmun \" because of its shape , the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC .",
"It is 2 @.",
"@ 15 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 1 ft ) long by 2 @.",
"@ 26 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 4 ft ) wide and 2 @.",
"@ 17 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 1 ft ) tall .",
"<unk> in 1963 by Maurice Dunand , it stands on a limestone <unk> with marble blocks that rest against a retaining wall .",
"The altar is adorned with Hellenistic style relief sculptures and is framed by decorative <unk> , one of which divides the altar into two distinct registers of symmetrical composition .",
"The upper register portrays 18 Greek deities , including two <unk> surrounding the Greek god Apollo , who is depicted playing a <unk> ( a type of <unk> ) .",
"The lower register honors <unk> , who leads his <unk> ( his <unk> revenue ) in a dance to the music of pipe and <unk> players .",
"The Tribune is displayed at the National Museum of Beirut .",
"Northeast of the site , another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel .",
"Its 22 @-@ metre ( 72 ft ) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two @-@ register relief decoration illustrating a drunken <unk> in honor of <unk> , the Greek god of wine .",
"Among the temple reliefs , one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun @-@ Asclepius .",
"The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate hydraulic installation channeling water from \" Ydll \" spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals , a series of retaining basins , sacred ablution basins and paved pools .",
"This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therapeutic cults .",
"Later <unk> date from the Roman <unk> and include a <unk> road lined with shops .",
"Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain .",
"The Romans also built a monumental staircase adorned with mosaic patterns that leads to the top of the podium .",
"To the right of the Roman road , near the entrance of the site stands a nymphaeum with niches where statues of the nymphs once stood .",
"The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the <unk> .",
"Across the <unk> road , facing the nymphaeum , are the ruins of a Roman villa ; only the villa 's courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the four seasons .",
"To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic altar , also of Roman construction .",
"Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other <unk> installations .",
"= = Function = = \n \n Eshmun 's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC .",
"Aside from the <unk> sanctuary at <unk> el @-@ Sheikh , Eshmun also had a temple within the city .",
"The <unk> Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing ; ritual <unk> ablutions were performed in the sanctuary 's sacred basins supplemented by running water from the Asclepius River and the \" Ydll \" spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality .",
"The healing <unk> of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte 's <unk> powers ; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary .",
"<unk> from all over the ancient world flocked to the Eshmun Temple leaving votive traces of their devotion and proof of their cure .",
"There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to <unk> the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius , but the sanctuary retained its <unk> function .",
"= = <unk> and finds = = \n \n Apart from the large decorative elements , carved <unk> and mosaics which were left in situ , many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the national museum , the Louvre or are in possession of the Lebanese <unk> general of antiquities .",
"Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed <unk> unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of <unk> Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland .",
"One of the recovered <unk> bears the <unk> Phoenician name \" <unk> \" which suggests that veneration of the lunar @-@ goddess <unk> occurred in Sidon .",
"A number of fragmented votive life @-@ size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site ; among the best known of these is a sculpture of a royal child holding a <unk> with his right hand ; the boy 's head is shaved , his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth .",
"The <unk> of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from <unk> , the son of a Sidonian king to Eshmun , which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy .",
"These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then <unk> cast into the sacred canal , probably <unk> the sacrifice of the sick child .",
"All of these sculptures represent boys .",
"<unk> cm × 27 cm ( 12 @.",
"@ 4 in × 10 @.",
"@ 6 in ) limestone bust of a <unk> dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site , but unlike the archaic Greek <unk> this figure is not bare .",
"Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing a snake curling on a staff , a Hellenic symbol of <unk> and a granite altar bearing the name of Egyptian Pharaoh <unk> uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary .",
"This gift attests to the good relations between the Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon .",
"The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching .",
"<unk> pilgrims from <unk> left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble stele inscribed both in Greek and <unk> <unk> at Astarte 's shrine ; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese <unk> general of antiquities .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity ; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to <unk> antiquities markets where they stirred the interest of the Ottoman authorities and prompted a series of archeological <unk> .",
"During the civil war , upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities Maurice <unk> , Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the Byblos crusader castle , 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of Beirut .",
"In 1981 , the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon .",
"Rolf <unk> , ex @-@ director of the Institute of Classical <unk> of Basel affirmed during a conference in Beirut in December 2009 the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum ."
] |
[
"@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon , the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern Awali river , previously referred to as <unk> or Asclepius <unk> in ancient text ."
] |
[
" = Temple of Eshmun = \n \n The Temple of Eshmun ( Arabic : <unk> <unk> ) is an ancient place of worship dedicated to Eshmun , the Phoenician god of healing .",
"It is located near the Awali river , 2 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"@ 2 mi ) northeast of Sidon in southwestern Lebanon .",
"The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD , suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon .",
"Although originally constructed by Sidonian king Eshmunazar II in the Achaemenid era ( c .",
"529 – 333 BC ) to celebrate the city 's recovered wealth and stature , the temple complex was greatly expanded by Bodashtart , <unk> @-@ milk and later monarchs .",
"Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign <unk> , the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences .",
"The sanctuary consists of an esplanade and a grand court limited by a huge limestone terrace wall that supports a monumental podium which was once topped by Eshmun 's <unk> @-@ Persian style marble temple .",
"The sanctuary features a series of ritual ablution basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river ( modern Awali ) and from the sacred \" Ydll \" spring ; these installations were used for therapeutic and <unk> purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun .",
"The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value , especially those inscribed with Phoenician texts , providing valuable insight into the site 's history and that of ancient Sidon .",
"The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early Roman Empire with a <unk> street , but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as Christianity replaced <unk> and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures .",
"The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local treasure hunters who stirred the curiosity of international scholars .",
"Maurice Dunand , a French archaeologist , thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 .",
"After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of Israel from Southern Lebanon , the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the World Heritage Site tentative list .",
"= = Eshmun = = \n \n Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life ; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of Sidon .",
"Originally a nature divinity , and a god of spring vegetation , Eshmun was equated to Babylonian deity <unk> .",
"His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon , and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes .",
"The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian <unk> philosopher <unk> and ninth century Patriarch of Constantinople , <unk> .",
"They <unk> that Eshmun , a young man from Beirut , was hunting in the woods when Astarte saw him and was stricken by his beauty .",
"She harassed him with her <unk> pursuit until he <unk> himself with an axe and died .",
"The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of heaven .",
"From a historical perspective , the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC , the date of the signing of the treaty between Assyrian king <unk> @-@ <unk> V and <unk> <unk> , king of <unk> ; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty .",
"Eshmun was identified with Asclepius as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia ; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from <unk> and Acre from the third century BC .",
"This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the Awali river which was dubbed Asclepius <unk> , and the Eshmun Temple 's surrounding groves , known as the groves of Asclepius .",
"= = History = = \n \n \n = = = Historical background = = = \n \n In the 9th century BC , the Assyrian king <unk> II conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities .",
"The new <unk> <unk> tribute from Sidon , along with every other Phoenician city .",
"These payments stimulated Sidon 's search for new means of <unk> and furthered Phoenician emigration and expansion , which peaked in the 8th century BC .",
"When Assyrian king <unk> II died in 705 BC , the Sidonian king <unk> joined with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule , but was forced to flee to <unk> ( modern <unk> in Cyprus ) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib , <unk> II 's son and successor .",
"Sennacherib instated <unk> on the throne of Sidon and <unk> the annual tribute .",
"When Abdi @-@ <unk> ascended to Sidon 's throne in 680 BC , he also rebelled against the Assyrians .",
"In response , the Assyrian king Esarhaddon laid siege to the city .",
"Abdi @-@ <unk> was captured and beheaded in <unk> BC after a three @-@ year siege , while his city was destroyed and renamed <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ <unk> ( the harbor of Esarhaddon ) .",
"Sidon was stripped of its territory , which was awarded to Baal I , the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon .",
"Baal I and Esarhaddon signed a treaty in <unk> in which Eshmun 's name features as one of the deities invoked as <unk> of the covenant .",
"= = = Construction = = = \n \n Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years ( <unk> – <unk> BC ) by the <unk> king <unk> II .",
"Nevertheless , the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of Babylon .",
"Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia 's chief city in the Achaemenid Empire ( <unk> – 333 BC ) .",
"During this period , <unk> I awarded king Eshmunazar II with the Sharon plain for employing Sidon 's fleet in his service during the Greco @-@ Persian Wars .",
"Eshmunazar II displayed his new @-@ found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities .",
"<unk> found on the king 's sarcophagus reveal that he and his mother , <unk> , built temples to the gods of Sidon , including the Temple of Eshmun by the \" Ydll source near the cistern \" .",
"As two series of inscriptions on the foundations of the monumental podium <unk> , construction of the sanctuary 's podium did not begin until the reign of King Bodashtart .",
"The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone , while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince <unk> @-@ milk .",
"A Phoenician inscription , located 3 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"@ 9 mi ) upstream from the temple , that dates to the 14th year of Bodashtart 's reign , alludes to water <unk> works from the Awali river to the \" Ydll \" source that was used for ritual purification at the temple .",
"= = = Roman era & Decline = = = \n \n The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC , which demolished the marble temple atop the podium ; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium .",
"The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the classical antiquity during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity , when the cult of Eshmun was banned and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the Roman street from the podium .",
"Remnants and mosaic floors of a Byzantine church can still be seen on the site .",
"A Roman <unk> was built in the third century , probably by emperor Septimius <unk> , and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of Phoenicia under Roman rule .",
"Furthermore , within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway , the basins for ablutions and a nymphaeum with pictorial mosaics , that are still largely intact .",
"<unk> <unk> of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain .",
"Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD ; <unk> of <unk> , an Italian Christian <unk> , described the city as partly in ruins .",
"For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun , the sanctuary site was used as a quarry : <unk> <unk> @-@ al @-@ Din II , for example , used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century .",
"The site later fell into oblivion until the <unk> century \n \n = = = Modern discovery = = = \n \n Between 1737 and 1742 , Richard <unk> , an English anthropologist , toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of defensive walls built with 3 @.",
"@ 7 @-@ metre ( 12 ft ) stone blocks near the Awali river .",
"When the French <unk> Ernest <unk> visited the area in 1860 , he noticed that the Awali bridge abutments were built of finely <unk> blocks that originated from an earlier structure .",
"He also noted in his report , Mission de <unk> , that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge .",
"In 1900 , local clandestine treasure hunters digging at the Eshmun Temple site <unk> discovered inscriptions carved onto the temple 's walls .",
"This discovery stirred the interest of Theodore <unk> , curator of the Museum of Constantinople , who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903 .",
"Wilhelm Von <unk> also excavated the site between 1903 and 1904 .",
"In 1920 , <unk> <unk> headed a team of archaeologists who surveyed the temple complex .",
"The first extensive archaeological excavation revealing the Eshmun Temple remains was undertaken by Maurice Dunand between 1963 and 1975 .",
"Archaeological evidence shows that the site was occupied from the seventh century BC to the eighth century AD .",
"= = = After 1975 = = = \n \n During the Lebanese Civil War and the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon ( 1985 – 2000 ) , the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation <unk> ; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal .",
"Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge , it is accessible from an exit ramp off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidon 's northern entrance .",
"The site holds a particular archaeological importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon ; it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage <unk> List 's Cultural category on July 1 , 1996 .",
"In literature , the temple of Eshmun figures in <unk> <unk> 's 2009 novel , The Curse of Ezekiel as the setting where <unk> falls in love and rescues princess <unk> from the evil design of one of the temple 's priests .",
"= = Location = = \n \n A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location .",
"The Phoenician inscriptions on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II , a Sidonian king , commemorate the construction of a \" house \" for the \" holy prince \" Eshmun by the king and his mother , queen <unk> , at the \" Ydll source by the cistern \" .",
"<unk> <unk> , an ancient Greek travel writer , identified the Eshmun temple by the <unk> River , and Antonin de <unk> , a 6th @-@ century AD Italian <unk> recorded the shrine as near the river Asclepius <unk> and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding \" sacred forests \" of Asclepius , the Hellenized name of Eshmun , in written texts .",
"Located about 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) south of Beirut and 2 kilometres ( 1 @.",
"<unk> groves , known as <unk> el @-@ Sheikh ( Arabic : <unk> <unk> , the <unk> of the Sheikh ) , occupy the ancient \" sacred forests \" of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals .",
"= = Architecture and description = = \n \n Built under Babylonian rule ( 605 – 539 BC ) , the oldest monument at the site is a pyramidal building resembling a <unk> that includes an access ramp to a water cistern .",
"<unk> of marble column bases with <unk> <unk> and <unk> columns found east of the podium are also attributed to the Babylonian era .",
"The pyramidal structure was superimposed during Persian rule by a massive ashlar podium constructed from heavily <unk> limestone blocks that measured more than 3 metres ( 9 @.",
"@ 8 ft ) across by 1 metre ( 3 @.",
"@ 3 ft ) thick , which were laid down in courses 1 @-@ metre ( 3 @.",
"@ 3 ft ) high .",
"The podium stands 22 metres ( 72 ft ) high , <unk> metres ( 160 ft ) into the hillside , and <unk> a 70 @-@ metre ( 230 ft ) wide façade .",
"The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco @-@ Persian style marble temple probably built by <unk> artisans around 500 BC .",
"The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft .",
"During the Hellenistic period , the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley .",
"To the east base of the podium stands a large chapel , 10 @.",
"@ 5 by 11 @.",
"@ 5 metres ( 34 ft × 38 ft ) , dating to the 4th century BC .",
"The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone throne carved of a single block of granite in the Egyptian style ; it is flanked by two sphinx figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures .",
"The throne , attributed to the Sidonian goddess Astarte , rests against the chapel wall , which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes .",
"The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments .",
"The west base contains another 4th century BC chapel — centered on a bull <unk> topped capital — that remains preserved at the National Museum of Beirut .",
"Widely known as the \" Tribune of Eshmun \" because of its shape , the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC .",
"It is 2 @.",
"@ 15 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 1 ft ) long by 2 @.",
"@ 26 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 4 ft ) wide and 2 @.",
"@ 17 metres ( 7 @.",
"@ 1 ft ) tall .",
"<unk> in 1963 by Maurice Dunand , it stands on a limestone <unk> with marble blocks that rest against a retaining wall .",
"The altar is adorned with Hellenistic style relief sculptures and is framed by decorative <unk> , one of which divides the altar into two distinct registers of symmetrical composition .",
"The upper register portrays 18 Greek deities , including two <unk> surrounding the Greek god Apollo , who is depicted playing a <unk> ( a type of <unk> ) .",
"The lower register honors <unk> , who leads his <unk> ( his <unk> revenue ) in a dance to the music of pipe and <unk> players .",
"The Tribune is displayed at the National Museum of Beirut .",
"Northeast of the site , another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel .",
"Its 22 @-@ metre ( 72 ft ) façade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two @-@ register relief decoration illustrating a drunken <unk> in honor of <unk> , the Greek god of wine .",
"Among the temple reliefs , one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun @-@ Asclepius .",
"The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate hydraulic installation channeling water from \" Ydll \" spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals , a series of retaining basins , sacred ablution basins and paved pools .",
"This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therapeutic cults .",
"Later <unk> date from the Roman <unk> and include a <unk> road lined with shops .",
"Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain .",
"The Romans also built a monumental staircase adorned with mosaic patterns that leads to the top of the podium .",
"To the right of the Roman road , near the entrance of the site stands a nymphaeum with niches where statues of the nymphs once stood .",
"The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the <unk> .",
"Across the <unk> road , facing the nymphaeum , are the ruins of a Roman villa ; only the villa 's courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the four seasons .",
"To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic altar , also of Roman construction .",
"Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other <unk> installations .",
"= = Function = = \n \n Eshmun 's cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC .",
"Aside from the <unk> sanctuary at <unk> el @-@ Sheikh , Eshmun also had a temple within the city .",
"The <unk> Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing ; ritual <unk> ablutions were performed in the sanctuary 's sacred basins supplemented by running water from the Asclepius River and the \" Ydll \" spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality .",
"The healing <unk> of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte 's <unk> powers ; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary .",
"<unk> from all over the ancient world flocked to the Eshmun Temple leaving votive traces of their devotion and proof of their cure .",
"There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to <unk> the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius , but the sanctuary retained its <unk> function .",
"= = <unk> and finds = = \n \n Apart from the large decorative elements , carved <unk> and mosaics which were left in situ , many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the national museum , the Louvre or are in possession of the Lebanese <unk> general of antiquities .",
"Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed <unk> unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of <unk> Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland .",
"One of the recovered <unk> bears the <unk> Phoenician name \" <unk> \" which suggests that veneration of the lunar @-@ goddess <unk> occurred in Sidon .",
"A number of fragmented votive life @-@ size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site ; among the best known of these is a sculpture of a royal child holding a <unk> with his right hand ; the boy 's head is shaved , his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth .",
"The <unk> of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from <unk> , the son of a Sidonian king to Eshmun , which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy .",
"These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then <unk> cast into the sacred canal , probably <unk> the sacrifice of the sick child .",
"All of these sculptures represent boys .",
"<unk> cm × 27 cm ( 12 @.",
"@ 4 in × 10 @.",
"@ 6 in ) limestone bust of a <unk> dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site , but unlike the archaic Greek <unk> this figure is not bare .",
"Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing a snake curling on a staff , a Hellenic symbol of <unk> and a granite altar bearing the name of Egyptian Pharaoh <unk> uncovered in the Eshmun sanctuary .",
"This gift attests to the good relations between the Pharaoh and the kings of Sidon .",
"The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching .",
"<unk> pilgrims from <unk> left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble stele inscribed both in Greek and <unk> <unk> at Astarte 's shrine ; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese <unk> general of antiquities .",
"= = <unk> = = \n \n Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity ; around 1900 artifacts bearing Phoenician inscriptions from the temple site found their way to <unk> antiquities markets where they stirred the interest of the Ottoman authorities and prompted a series of archeological <unk> .",
"During the civil war , upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities Maurice <unk> , Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the Byblos crusader castle , 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) north of Beirut .",
"In 1981 , the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon .",
"Rolf <unk> , ex @-@ director of the Institute of Classical <unk> of Basel affirmed during a conference in Beirut in December 2009 the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum ."
] |
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" = Wilhelm Busch = \n \n Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch ( 15 April 1832 – 9 January 1908 ) was a German humorist , poet , illustrator and painter .",
"He published comic illustrated <unk> tales from 1859 , achieving his most notable works in the 1870s .",
"Busch 's illustrations used wood engraving , and later , zincography .",
"Busch drew on contemporary parochial and city life , <unk> Catholicism , <unk> , strict religious morality and <unk> .",
"His comic text was colourful and entertaining , using onomatopoeia , <unk> and other figures of speech , and led to some work being banned by the authorities .",
"Busch was influential in both poetry and illustration , and became a source for future generations of comic artists .",
"The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch 's Max and Moritz , one of a number of imitations produced in Germany and the United States .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maintain his legacy .",
"His <unk> anniversary in 2007 was celebrated throughout Germany .",
"Busch remains one of the most influential poets and artists in Western Europe .",
"= = Family background = = \n \n In the late 18th century Johann Georg Kleine , Wilhelm Busch 's maternal grandfather , settled in the small village of Wiedensahl .",
"There , in 1817 , he bought a <unk> half @-@ <unk> house , where Wilhelm Busch was to be born about 15 years later .",
"<unk> Kleine , Johann 's wife and Wilhelm Busch 's grandmother , kept a shop in which Busch 's mother Henriette assisted while her two brothers attended high school .",
"When Johann Georg Kleine died in 1820 , his widow continued to run the shop with Henriette .",
"At the age of 19 Henriette Kleine married surgeon Friedrich Wilhelm <unk> .",
"Henriette became widowed at the age of 26 , with her three children to <unk> dying as infants .",
"About 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Busch , the illegitimate son of a farmer , settled in Wiedensahl after completing a business apprenticeship in the nearby village of <unk> .",
"He took over the Kleine shop in Wiedensahl , which he completely modernised .",
"= = Life = = \n \n \n = = = Childhood = = = \n \n Wilhelm Busch was born on 15 April 1832 , the first of seven children to the marriage of Henriette Kleine and Friedrich Wilhelm Busch .",
"His six siblings followed shortly after : Fanny ( 1834 ) , Gustav ( 1836 ) , Adolf ( 1838 ) , Otto ( 1841 ) , Anna ( 1843 ) and Hermann ( 1845 ) ; all survived childhood .",
"His parents were ambitious , hard @-@ working and devout Protestants who later , despite becoming relatively prosperous , could not afford to educate all three sons .",
"Busch 's biographer <unk> W. <unk> suggested that Friedrich Wilhelm Busch invested heavily in his sons ' education partly because his own <unk> held significant stigma in rural areas .",
"The young Wilhelm Busch was a tall child , but with a rather delicate and graceful physique .",
"The coarse <unk> of his later protagonists \" Max and Moritz \" was rare in his childhood .",
"He described himself in autobiographical sketches and letters as sensitive and timid , as someone who \" carefully studied apprehension \" , and who reacted with fascination , compassion and distress when animals were killed in the autumn .",
"He described the \" transformation to sausage \" as \" <unk> compelling \" , leaving a lasting impression ; pork <unk> him throughout his life .",
"In the autumn of 1841 , after the birth of his brother Otto , Busch 's education was entrusted to the 35 @-@ year @-@ old clergyman Georg Kleine , his maternal uncle at Ebergötzen , this probably through lack of space in the Busch family home , and his father 's desire for a better education than the small local school could provide , where 100 children were taught within a space of 66 m2 ( 710 sq ft ) .",
"The nearest convenient school was located in <unk> , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Wiedensahl .",
"Kleine , with his wife Fanny Petri , lived in a rectory at Ebergötzen , while Busch was lodged with an unrelated family .",
"Kleine and his wife were responsible and caring , exercised a substitute parental role , and provided refuge for him in future unsuccessful times .",
"Kleine 's private lessons for Busch were also attended by Erich Bachmann , the son of a wealthy Ebergötzen <unk> .",
"Both became friends , according to Busch the strongest friendship of his childhood .",
"This friendship was echoed in the 1865 story Max and Moritz .",
"A small pencil portrait by the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Busch depicted Bachmann as a <unk> , confident boy , and showed similarities with Max .",
"Busch portrayed himself with a \" <unk> \" , in the later \" Moritzian \" <unk> style .",
"Kleine was a <unk> , his lessons not held in contemporary language , and it is not known for certain all subjects Busch and his friend were taught .",
"Busch did learn elementary arithmetic from his uncle , although science lessons might have been more comprehensive , as Kleine , like many other clergymen , was a <unk> , and published essays and textbooks on the subject — Busch demonstrated his knowledge of bee @-@ keeping in his future stories .",
"Drawing , and German and English poetry , were also taught by Kleine .",
"Busch had little contact with his natural parents during this period .",
"At the time , the 165 km ( 103 mi ) journey between Wiedensahl and Ebergötzen took three days by horse .",
"His father visited Ebergötzen two to three times a year , while his mother stayed in Wiedensahl to look after the children .",
"The 12 @-@ year @-@ old Busch visited his family once ; his mother at first did not recognize him .",
"Some Busch biographers think that this early separation from his parents , especially from his mother , resulted in his eccentric <unk> .",
"In the autumn of 1846 , Busch moved with the Kleine 's to Lüthorst , where , on 11 April 1847 , he was confirmed .",
"= = = Study = = = \n \n In September 1847 Busch began studying mechanical engineering at Hanover Polytechnic .",
"Busch 's biographers are not in agreement as to why his Hanover education ended ; most believe that his father had little appreciation of his son 's artistic inclination .",
"Biographer Eva Weissweiler suspects that Kleine played a major role , and that other possible causes were Busch 's friendship with an <unk> , <unk> , political debates in <unk> 's tavern , and Busch 's reluctance to believe every word of the Bible and catechism .",
"Busch studied for nearly four years at Hanover , despite initial difficulties in understanding the subject matter .",
"A few months before graduation he confronted his parents with his aspiration to study at the Düsseldorf Art Academy .",
"According to Bush 's nephew Hermann Nöldeke , his mother supported this inclination .",
"His father eventually <unk> and Busch moved to Düsseldorf in June 1851 , where , to his disappointment at not being admitted to the advanced class , he entered preparatory classes .",
"Busch 's parents had his tuition fees paid for one year , so in May 1852 he traveled to Antwerp to continue study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts under <unk> <unk> <unk> .",
"He led his parents to believe that the Academy was less <unk> than Düsseldorf , and had the opportunity to study old masters .",
"At Antwerp he saw for the first time paintings by Peter Paul Rubens , <unk> <unk> , David <unk> and <unk> <unk> .",
"The pictures aroused his interest , but made him doubt his own skills .",
"Eventually , in 1853 , after suffering heavily from <unk> , he abandoned his Antwerp studies and returned <unk> to Wiedensahl .",
"= = = Munich = = = \n \n Busch was ravaged by disease , and for five months spent time painting and collecting folk tales , legends , songs , ballads , rhymes and fragments of regional <unk> .",
"Busch 's biographer Joseph Kraus saw these collections as useful additions to folklore , as Busch noted the narrative background to tales and the idiosyncrasies of <unk> .",
"Busch tried to release the collections , but as a publisher could not be found at the time they were issued after his death .",
"During the Nazi era Busch was known as an \" ethnic seer \" .",
"After Busch had spent six months with his uncle Kleine at Lüthorst , he expressed an aim to continue study in Munich .",
"This request caused a rift with his father who , however , eventually funded this move ; - see for comparison Busch 's illustrated story of Painter Klecksel .",
"Busch 's expectations of the Munich Academy of Fine Arts were not met .",
"His life became <unk> ; there were occasional return visits to Lüthorst , but contact with his parents had been broken off .",
"In 1857 and 1858 , as his position seemed to be without prospects , he contemplated emigration to Brazil to keep bees .",
"Busch made contact with the artist association Jung <unk> ( Young Munich ) , met several notable Munich artists , and wrote and provided cartoons for the Jung <unk> newspaper .",
"Kaspar Braun , who published the satirical newspapers Münchener Bilderbogen ( Picture Sheets from Munich ) and <unk> Blätter ( Flying <unk> ) , proposed a collaboration with Busch .",
"This association provided Busch with sufficient funds to live .",
"An existing self @-@ caricature suggests that at this time he had an intense relationship with a woman from <unk> .",
"His courtship with a seventeen @-@ year @-@ old merchant 's daughter , Anna Richter , whom Busch met through his brother Gustav , ended in 1862 .",
"Busch 's biographer , <unk> , suggests that her father probably refused to <unk> his daughter to an almost unknown artist without regular income .",
"In his early Munich years Busch 's attempt to write libretti , which are almost forgotten today , were unsuccessful .",
"Up to 1863 he worked on two or three major works ; the third was composed by Georg Kremplsetzer .",
"Busch 's <unk> und <unk> , a romantic opera in three acts , <unk> und <unk> and Der <unk> <unk> <unk> , an opera <unk> of sorts , were not particularly successful .",
"There was a dispute between Busch and Kremplsetzer during the staging of Der <unk> <unk> <unk> , leading to the removal of Busch 's name from the production ; the piece was renamed <unk> von Georg Kremplsetzer .",
"In 1873 Busch returned several times to Munich , and took part in the intense life of the Munich Art Society as an escape from provincial life .",
"In 1877 , in a last attempt to be a serious artist , he took a studio in Munich .",
"He left Munich abruptly in 1881 , after he disrupted a variety show and subsequently made a scene through the effects of alcohol The 1878 nine episode illustrated tale Eight Sheets in the Wind describes how humans behave like animals when drunk .",
"Busch 's biographer Weissweiler felt the story was only superficially funny and harmless , but was a study on addiction and its induced state of delusion .",
"= = = Publication of Max and Moritz = = = \n \n Between 1860 and 1863 Busch wrote over one hundred articles for the Münchener Bilderbogen and <unk> Blätter , but he felt his dependence on publisher Kaspar Braun had become <unk> .",
"Busch appointed Dresden publisher Heinrich Richter , the son of Saxon painter Ludwig Richter , as his new publisher — Richter 's press up to that time was producing children 's books and religious Christian devotional literature .",
"Busch could choose themes , although Richter raised some concerns regarding four suggested illustrated tales that were proposed .",
"However , some were published in the 1864 as <unk> , proving a failure .",
"Busch then offered Richter the manuscripts of Max and Moritz , <unk> any fees .",
"Richter rejected the manuscript as sales prospects seemed poor .",
"Busch 's former publisher , Braun , purchased the right to Max and Moritz for 1 @,@ 000 <unk> , corresponding to approximately double the annual wage of a craftsman .",
"For Braun the manuscript was <unk> .",
"Initially the sales of Max and Moritz were slow , but sales figures improved after the 1868 second edition .",
"Overall there were 56 editions and more than 430 @,@ 000 copies sold up to Busch 's death in 1908 .",
"Despite at first being ignored by critics , teachers in the 1870s described Max and Moritz as frivolous and an undesirable influence on the moral development of young people .",
"= = = Frankfurt = = = \n \n Increasing economic success allowed Busch to visit Wiedensahl more frequently .",
"Busch had decided to leave Munich , as only few relatives lived there , and the artists ' association was temporarily disbanded .",
"In June 1867 Busch met his brother Otto for the first time , in Frankfurt .",
"Otto was working as a tutor to the family of a wealthy banker and industrialist , Kessler .",
"Busch became friends with Kessler 's wife , Johanna , a mother of seven and an influential art and music patron of Frankfurt .",
"She regularly opened salons at her villa , frequented by artists , musicians and philosophers .",
"She believed Busch to be a great painter , a view supported by Anton Burger , a leading painter of the <unk> <unk> , the <unk> @-@ based group of painters .",
"While his humorous drawings did not appeal to her , she supported his painting career .",
"At first she established an apartment and studio for Busch in her villa , later providing him with an apartment nearby .",
"<unk> by Kessler 's support and admiration , and introduction to the cultural life of Frankfurt , the ' Frankfurter Years ' were the most artistically productive for Busch .",
"At this time he and Otto discovered the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer .",
"Busch did not remain in Frankfurt .",
"Towards the end of the 1860s he alternated between Wiedensahl and Lüthorst , and <unk> where his brother Gustav lived .",
"The association with Johanna Kessler lasted five years , and after his return to Wiedensahl in 1872 they communicated by letter .",
"This contact was interrupted between 1877 and 1891 , after which it was revived with the help of Kessler 's daughters .",
"= = = Later life = = = \n \n Biographer Weissweiler does not dismiss the possibility that Busch 's increasing alcohol dependence hindered self @-@ criticism .",
"He refused invitations to parties , and publisher Otto <unk> sent him to Wiedensahl to keep his alcohol problem undetected from those around him .",
"Busch was also a heavy smoker , resulting in symptoms of severe <unk> poisoning in 1874 .",
"He began to illustrate drunkards more often .",
"Dutch writer Marie Anderson corresponded with Busch .",
"More than fifty letters were exchanged between January and October 1875 in which they discussed philosophy , religion and ethics .",
"Although only one Anderson letter survives , Busch 's letters are in manuscripts .",
"They met in <unk> in October 1875 , after which he returned to <unk> at <unk> in a \" horrible mood \" .",
"According to several people at the time , Busch 's failure to find a wife was responsible for his conspicuous behaviour .",
"There is no evidence that Busch had a close relationship with any woman after that with Anderson .",
"Busch lived with his sister Fanny 's family after her husband Pastor Hermann Nöldeke 's death in 1879 .",
"His nephew Adolf Nöldeke remembers that Busch wanted to move back to Wiedensahl with the family .",
"Busch renovated the house , which Fanny looked after even though he was a rich man , and became \" father \" to his three young nephews .",
"She would , however , have preferred to live in a more urban area for the education of her sons .",
"For Fanny and her three sons , Busch could not replace their former idyllic life .",
"The years around 1880 were <unk> and emotionally exhausting for Busch , who was still reliant on alcohol .",
"He would not invite visitors to Wiedensahl ; because of this Fanny lost contact with her friends in the village , and whenever she questioned his wishes , Busch became furious ; Even his friends Otto Friedrich Bassermann , Franz von <unk> , Hermann Levi and Wilhelm von <unk> were not invited ; he would meet them in <unk> or Hanover .",
"Busch stopped painting in 1896 and signed @-@ over all publication rights to Bassermann <unk> for 50 @,@ 000 gold marks .",
"Busch , now aged 64 , felt old .",
"He needed <unk> for writing and painting , and his hands <unk> slightly .",
"In 1898 , together with his aging sister Fanny Nöldeke , he accepted Bassermann 's suggestion to move into a large <unk> in Mechtshausen .",
"Busch read biographies , novels and stories in German , English and French .",
"He organized his works and wrote letters and poems .",
"Most of the poems from the collections <unk> und <unk> and <unk> <unk> <unk> were written in 1899 .",
"The following years were <unk> for Busch .",
"He developed a sore throat in early January 1908 , and his doctor detected a weak heart .",
"During the night of 8 – 9 January 1908 Busch slept <unk> , taking camphor , and a few drops of morphine as a tranquilizer .",
"Busch died the following morning before his physician , called by Otto Nöldeke , came to assist .",
"= = Work = = \n \n During the Frankfort period Busch published three self @-@ contained illustrated satires .",
"Their anti @-@ clerical themes proved popular during the <unk> .",
"Busch 's satires typically did not address political questions , but exaggerated <unk> , superstition and <unk> double @-@ standards .",
"This exaggeration made at least two of the works historically erroneous .",
"The third illustrated satire , Father Filucius ( <unk> Filucius ) , described by Busch as an \" allegorical <unk> \" , has greater historical context .",
"= = = Max and Moritz = = = \n \n In German <unk> <unk> in <unk> <unk> , Max and Moritz is a series of seven illustrated stories concerning the mischievous antics of two boys , who are eventually ground @-@ down and fed to ducks .",
"= = = Saint Antonius of Padua and Helen Who Couldn 't Help It = = = \n \n In Saint Antonius of Padua ( Der <unk> Antonius von Padua ) Busch challenges Catholic belief .",
"It was released by the publisher Moritz Schauenburg at the time Pope Pius IX proclaimed the <unk> of papal <unk> that was harshly criticized by Protestants .",
"The publisher 's works were heavily <unk> or censored , and the state 's attorney in <unk> charged <unk> with \" <unk> of religion and offending public decency through indecent writings \" — a decision which affected Busch .",
"Scenes of Antonius accompanied by a pig being admitted to heaven , and the devil being shown as a half @-@ naked ballet dancer <unk> Antonius , were deemed controversial .",
"The district court of Düsseldorf subsequently banned Saint Antonius .",
"Schauenburg was acquitted on 27 March 1871 in <unk> , but in Austria the satire 's distribution was prohibited until 1902 .",
"Schauenburg refused to publish further Busch satires to avoid future accusations .",
"Busch 's following work , Helen Who Couldn 't Help It ( Die <unk> <unk> ) , was published by Otto Friedrich Bassermann , a friend whom Busch met in Munich .",
"Helen Who Couldn 't Help It , which was soon translated into other European languages , <unk> religious hypocrisy and dubious morality : \n Many details from Helen Who Couldn 't Help It criticizes the way of life of the <unk> .",
"Johanna Kessler was married to a much older man and entrusted her children to governesses and tutors , while she played an active role in the social life of Frankfurt .",
"The character of Mr. <unk> — the name based on the Yiddish insult \" <unk> \" — shows similarities with Johanna Kessler 's husband , who was <unk> in art and culture .",
"In the second part of Helen Who Couldn 't Help It Busch attacks Catholic <unk> .",
"The <unk> Helen goes on a pilgrimage , accompanied by her cousin and Catholic priest Franz .",
"The pilgrimage is successful as later Helen gives birth to twins , who resemble Helen and Franz .",
"Franz is later killed by a jealous <unk> , Jean , for his interest in female kitchen staff .",
"The now widowed Helen is left with only a rosary , prayer book and alcohol .",
"Drunk , she falls into a burning oil lamp .",
"Finally , <unk> coins a moral phrase , echoing the philosophy of Schopenhauer : \n <unk> Filucius ( Father Filucius ) is the only illustrated satire of this period suggested by the publisher .",
"Also aimed at anti @-@ Catholic taste and <unk> , it criticizes the Jesuit Order .",
"Kraus felt it was the weakest of all three anti @-@ clerical works .",
"Some satires refer to contemporary events , such as Monsieur Jacques à Paris during the Siege of 1870 ( Monsieur Jacques à Paris <unk> der <unk> von 1870 ) .",
"Busch biographer Manuela <unk> declares the story \" <unk> work , drawing on anti @-@ French emotions and mocking the misery of French people in Paris , which is occupied by Prussian troops \" .",
"It depicts an increasingly desperate French citizen who at first eats a mouse during the German siege , then <unk> his dog 's tail to cook it , and finally <unk> an explosion pill which kills his dog and two fellow citizens .",
"Weissweiler believes that Busch wrote with irony .",
"In <unk> and Emma ( 1864 ) , a fictional family story that takes place in the <unk> era , he criticizes the Holy Roman Empire and calls for a German empire in its place ; in The <unk> or the <unk> ( Der <unk> oder die <unk> ) he <unk> the anti @-@ Prussian sentiments of his Hanover countrymen .",
"= = = Critique of the Heart = = = \n \n Busch did not write further illustrated tales for a while , and focused on the literary <unk> des <unk> ( Critique of the Heart ) , wanting to appear more serious to his readers .",
"Contemporary reception for the collection of 81 poems was mainly poor ; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality .",
"His long @-@ time friend Paul <unk> called it \" very serious , heartfelt , charming poems \" .",
"Dutch writer Marie Anderson was one of few people who enjoyed his <unk> des <unk> , and even planned to publish it in a Dutch newspaper .",
"= = = Adventures of a Bachelor = = = \n \n Notwithstanding the hiatus after moving from Frankfurt , the 1870s were one of Busch 's most productive decades .",
"In 1874 he produced the short illustrated tale <unk> @-@ Boom !",
"( <unk> ! )",
".",
"Following , in 1875 , was the Knopp Trilogy , about the life of Tobias Knopp : Adventures of a Bachelor ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) , Mr. and Mrs. Knopp ( Herr und <unk> Knopp ) ( 1876 ) , and \" Julie \" ( <unk> ) ( 1877 ) .",
"The antagonists of the trilogy are not pairs of <unk> as with Max and Moritz or Jack <unk> , Bird of Evil ( Hans <unk> , der <unk> ) .",
"Without pathos , Busch makes Knopp become aware of his mortality : \n In the first part of the trilogy , Knopp is depressed and will look for a wife .",
"He visits his old friends and their wives who he finds in unenviable relationships .",
"Still not convinced that the life of a bachelor is one for him , he returns home , and without further <unk> proposes to his housekeeper .",
"The following marriage proposal is , according to Busch biographer Joseph Kraus , one of the shortest in the history of German literature : \n According to <unk> , Busch became skeptical of marriage after writing the story .",
"To Marie Anderson he wrote : \" I will never marry ( ... ) I am already in good hands with my sister \" .",
"= = = Last works = = = \n \n Among Busch 's last works were the stories Clement Dove , the Poet <unk> ( <unk> <unk> , der <unk> <unk> ) ( 1883 ) and Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ( 1884 ) , both of which focus on artistic failure , and indirectly his own failure .",
"Both stories begin with a preface , which , for biographer Joseph Kraus , were <unk> pieces of \" <unk> <unk> \" — German comic poetry .",
"Clement Dove ridicules the <unk> amateur poet circle of Munich , \" The <unk> \" ( Die <unk> ) , and their prominent members Emanuel <unk> , Paul von <unk> and Adolf <unk> .",
"Painter Squirtle criticizes the <unk> art <unk> , who believes the worth of art is <unk> by its price .",
"The prose play Edwards Dream ( <unk> <unk> ) was released in 1891 , composed of several small grouped episodes , rather than one linear storyline .",
"The work received mixed reception .",
"Joseph Kraus felt it was the peak of Busch 's life 's work , his nephews called it a <unk> of world literature , and the publisher of a critical collective edition spoke of a narrative style that is not found in contemporary literature .",
"Eva Weissweiler saw in the play Busch 's attempt to prove himself in the novella genre , believing that everything that angered or insulted him , and his accompanying emotional depths , are apparent in the story .",
"The 1895 story The Butterfly ( Der <unk> ) parodies themes and motifs and ridicules the religious optimism of a German <unk> which contradicted Busch 's realistic anthropology influenced by Schopenhauer and Charles Darwin .",
"Its prose is more stringent in narrative style compared to Edwards Dream .",
"Both were not popular amongst readers , because of their unfamiliar style .",
"= = = Painting = = = \n \n Busch felt his painting skills could not compete with those of the Dutch masters .",
"He regarded few of his paintings as finished , often <unk> them one on top of the other in <unk> corners of his studio , where they stuck together .",
"If the pile of paintings became too high , he burnt some in his garden .",
"Since only a few remaining pictures are dated , <unk> them is difficult .",
"His doubts regarding his skills are expressed in his choice of materials .",
"His ground was usually chosen carelessly .",
"Sometimes he used uneven cardboard or poorly @-@ prepared spruce @-@ wood boards .",
"One exception is a portrait of Johanna Kessler , on a canvas support measuring 63 centimetres ( 25 in ) by 53 centimetres ( 21 in ) , one of his largest paintings .",
"Most of his works , even landscapes , are small .",
"As Busch used poor grounds and colours , most are heavily <unk> and have an almost monochrome effect .",
"Many pictures depict the countryside at Wiedensahl and Lüthorst .",
"They include <unk> willows , cottages in <unk> , <unk> , autumn landscapes and meadows with streams .",
"A particular feature is the use of red jackets , found in about 280 of 1000 Busch paintings and drawings .",
"The muted or bright red coats are worn usually by a small figure , depicted from behind .",
"The paintings generally represent typical villages .",
"<unk> of the <unk> , and a series of other portraits depicting <unk> <unk> in the mid @-@ 1870s , are exceptions .",
"A painting of a 10 @-@ year @-@ old girl from a Jewish family at Lüthorst portrays her as serious , and having dark , oriental features .",
"The influence of Dutch painters is clearly visible in Busch 's work . \"",
"<unk> diluted and shortened ( ... ) but still <unk> \" , wrote Paul <unk> after visiting a Busch memorial exhibition in 1908 .",
"A strong influence on Busch was <unk> <unk> , whose themes were farming and inn life , <unk> dances , card players , smokers , drunkards and <unk> .",
"He dismissed the techniques of <unk> with its strong preoccupation with the effect of light , and used new colours , such as <unk> Yellow , and photographs , as an aid .",
"The landscapes from the mid @-@ 1880s show the same broad <unk> as seen in the paintings of the young Franz von <unk> .",
"Busch refused to exhibit work even though he was befriended by many artists of the Munich School , which would have allowed him to do so ; it was not until near the end of his life that he presented his paintings to the public .",
"= = Themes , technique and style = = \n \n Busch biographer Joseph Kraus divided his work into three periods .",
"He points out , however , that this classification is a <unk> , as some works by their nature can be of a later or earlier period .",
"All three periods show Busch 's obsession with German middle class life .",
"His peasants are devoid of sensitivity and village life is marked by a vivid lack of sentiment .",
"From 1858 to 1865 Busch chiefly worked for the <unk> Blätter and the Münchener Bilderbogen .",
"The period from 1866 to 1884 is characterized by his major illustrated stories , such as Helen Who Couldn 't Help It .",
"These stories are different in theme from works of his earlier period .",
"The life of his characters start well , but <unk> , as in Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ; someone sensitive who becomes a <unk> .",
"Others concern <unk> children or animals , or make the great or significant foolish and ridiculous .",
"The early stories follow the pattern of children 's books of orthodox education , such as those by Heinrich Hoffmann 's <unk> , that aim to teach the devastating consequences of bad behaviour .",
"Busch did not assign value to his work , as he once explained to Heinrich Richter : \" I look at my things for what they are , as <unk> <unk> [ toys ] , as <unk> <unk> [ worthless and useless things ] whose value is to be found not in its artistic content , but in public demand ( ... ) \" .",
"From 1885 until his death in 1908 his work was dominated by prose and poems .",
"The 1895 prose text Der <unk> contains autobiographical accounts .",
"Peter 's <unk> by the witch <unk> , of whom he regards himself a slave , is possibly in reference to Johanna Kessler .",
"Peter , like Busch , returns to his birthplace .",
"It is similar in style to the romantic travel story that Ludwig <unk> established with his 1798 Franz <unk> 's <unk> .",
"Busch plays with its traditional forms , motifs , pictures , literary topics and form of narration .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n Publisher Kaspar Braun , who commissioned Busch 's first illustrations , had established the first workshop in Germany to use wood engraving .",
"This <unk> printing technique was developed by English graphic artist Thomas <unk> near the end of the 18th century and became the most widely used reproduction system for illustrations over the years .",
"Busch insisted on first making the drawings , afterwards writing the verse .",
"Surviving preparatory drawings show line notes , ideas , and movement and <unk> studies .",
"The draft was then transferred by pencil on white @-@ <unk> panels of hardwood end grain .",
"Not only was it hard work , but the quality of the printing block was crucial .",
"Everything left white on the block , around Busch 's drawn lines , was cut from the plate by skilled <unk> .",
"Wood engraving allows a finer differentiation than woodcut and the potential tonal values are of almost the quality of intaglio printing , such as copper engraving .",
"Sometimes the result was not satisfactory , leading Busch to rework or reproduce plates .",
"The wood engraving technique did not allow for fine lines , which is why Busch 's drawing , especially in his illustrated tales up to the mid @-@ 1870s , are boldly drawn , giving his work its particular characteristic .",
"From the mid @-@ 1870s Busch 's illustrations were printed using zincography .",
"With this technique there was no longer any danger that a wood engraver could change the character of his drawings .",
"The originals were photographed and transferred onto a <unk> zinc plate .",
"This process allowed for the application of a clear , free pen @-@ drawn ink line , and was a much faster printing method .",
"Busch 's use of zincography began with Mr. and Mrs. Knopp .",
"= = = Language = = = \n \n The effect of Busch 's illustrations are enhanced by his <unk> verse , with taunts , <unk> , ironic twists , exaggeration , ambiguity and startling rhymes .",
"His language had an influence on the humorous poetry of Erich <unk> , Kurt <unk> , Joachim <unk> and Christian <unk> .",
"The contrast in his later work between comic illustration and its seemingly serious accompanying text — already demonstrated in his earlier Max and Moritz — is shown in Widow <unk> 's <unk> dignity which is <unk> to the loss of her chickens : \n Many of <unk> 's couplets , part of contemporary common usage , give the impression of <unk> wisdom , but in his hands become only apparent truths , hypocrisy or <unk> .",
"His use of onomatopoeia is a characteristic of his work : \" <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ da \" — Max and Moritz steal fried chickens with a fishing rod down a chimney — \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" ; \" at the plank from bank to bank \" ; \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" , \" hear the <unk> grind and <unk> \" ; and \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" as Eric the cat <unk> a <unk> from a ceiling in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It .",
"Busch uses names he gives characters to describe their personality . \"",
"<unk> <unk> \" ( Young <unk> ) has little mental ability ; \" <unk> \" ( <unk> ) would not be of a cheerful disposition ; and \" Förster <unk> \" ( Forester <unk> ) could hardly be a <unk> .",
"Many of his picture stories use verses with <unk> structure : \n The <unk> of the stressed syllables strengthens the humour of the lines .",
"Busch also uses <unk> , where one accented syllable is followed by two <unk> syllables , as in his <unk> und Plum , where they underline the <unk> and solemn words with which teacher <unk> <unk> his pupils .",
"They create tension in the <unk> chapter from Adventures of a Bachelor , through the <unk> of <unk> and <unk> .",
"Busch often <unk> format and content in his poems , as in <unk> the Monkey , where he uses the epic <unk> in a speech about wisdom .",
"In both his illustrations and poems Busch uses familiar fables , occasionally appropriating their morality and stories , spinning them to illustrate a very different and comic \" truth \" , and bringing to bear his pessimistic view of the world and human condition .",
"While traditional fables follow the typical philosophy of <unk> between good and evil behaviour , Busch combines both .",
"= = = <unk> and other <unk> = = = \n \n It is not unusual to see <unk> , <unk> and <unk> in Busch 's works .",
"Sharp pencils pierced through models , housewives fall onto kitchen knives , thieves are spiked by <unk> , <unk> cut their <unk> with <unk> , <unk> are ground in corn mills , drunkards burn , and cats , dogs and monkeys <unk> while being tormented .",
"Busch has been frequently called a <unk> by educators and <unk> .",
"<unk> that are burnt , pulled off , trapped , stretched or eaten is seen by Weissweiler as not aggression against animals , but a phallic allusion to Busch 's undeveloped sexual life .",
"Such graphic text and imagery in cartoon form was not unusual at the time , and publishers , the public or censors found it not particularly noteworthy .",
"<unk> and motifs for his early work were derived from <unk> and 19th @-@ century popular literature , the gruesome endings of which he often softened .",
"<unk> , a common aspect of 19th @-@ century teaching , is prevalent in many of his works , for example <unk> <unk> in Adventures of a Bachelor and <unk> <unk> in <unk> and Plum , where is shown an almost sexual pleasure in applying punishment .",
"<unk> and humiliation are found in his later work too ; biographer <unk> <unk> described this as Busch 's life @-@ motif .",
"In the estate of Busch there is the note \" <unk> die <unk> <unk> \" ( <unk> through the childhood years ) , however there is no evidence that Busch was referring to himself .",
"He couldn 't recall any beating from his father .",
"His uncle Kleine beat him once , not with the conventional <unk> stick , but symbolically with dried <unk> stalks , this for <unk> cow hairs into a village <unk> 's pipe .",
"Weissweiler observes that Busch probably saw <unk> at his village school , where he went for three years , and quite possibly also received this punishment .",
"In <unk> <unk> <unk> Busch illustrates a form of nonviolent progressive education that fails in one scene , and <unk> in the following scene ; the <unk> that ensued indicate Busch 's pessimistic picture of life , which has its roots in the Protestant ethic of the 19th century , in which he believed that man is inherently evil and will never master his vices .",
"Civilisation is the aim of education , but it can only mask man 's instincts superficially .",
"<unk> only leads to a continuation of man 's <unk> , therefore punishment is required , even if he retains his unrepentant character , becomes a trained puppet , or in extreme cases , dies .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n The Panic of 1873 led to growing criticism of high finance and the spread of radical <unk> , which in the 1880s became a broad <unk> .",
"These criticisms saw a separation of capital into what was construed as \" <unk> \" ( speculative capital ) , and what constituted \" constructive \" creative production capital .",
"The \" good \" , \" native \" and \" German \" manufacturer was praised by <unk> <unk> , such as Theodor Fritsch , who opposed what he saw as \" ' <unk> ' ' greedy ' , ' blood @-@ sucking ' , ' Jewish ' financial capitalism in the form of ' <unk> ' and ' <unk> ' \" .",
"Busch was thought to have embraced those stereotypes .",
"Two passages are often <unk> , one in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It : \n Robert <unk> defended Busch by stating that Jews are <unk> only in three passages , of which the oldest is an illustration of a text by another author , published in 1860 .",
"He stated that Busch 's Jewish figures are merely stereotypical , one of a number of stereotypes , such as the \" limited Bavarian farmer \" and the \" Prussian tourist \" .",
"Joseph Kraus shares the same view , and uses a couplet from Eight Sheets in the Wind ( Die <unk> ) , in which profit @-@ seeking people are : \n Although <unk> felt that Jews for Busch were alien , the Jewish conductor Hermann Levi befriended him , suggesting that Busch had a slight bias towards Jews .",
"= = Biographies = = \n \n The first biography on Busch , <unk> Wilhelm Busch und <unk> <unk> ( About Wilhelm Busch and His Importance ) , was released in 1886 .",
"The publisher Eduard <unk> , also an artist and writer , echoed Busch 's anti @-@ Catholic bias , putting him on equal footing with Leonardo da Vinci , Peter Paul Rubens and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , and <unk> quoting <unk> .",
"Even Busch and his friends were embarrassed .",
"Literary scholar Friedrich Theodor <unk> attacked <unk> 's biography and called him the \" envious <unk> of the <unk> <unk> \" .",
"After reading this biography Johannes <unk> posted an essay in the Frankfurter Zeitung , which contained many biographical <unk> — as a response to this , Busch wrote two articles in the same newspaper .",
"Published in October and December 1886 , the autobiographical essay Regarding Myself ( Was <unk> <unk> ) includes basic facts , and some description of his troubles ; analysts see within the essay a deep identity crisis .",
"Busch revised his autobiography over the following years .",
"The last such essay was published under the title From Me About Me ( Von <unk> <unk> <unk> ) , which includes fewer biographical details and less reflection on bitterness and amusement than Regarding Myself .",
"= = Legacy = = \n \n Busch celebrated his 70th anniversary at his nephew 's house in <unk> am <unk> .",
"Over 1 @,@ 000 <unk> messages were sent to Mechtshausen from around the world .",
"Wilhelm II praised the poet and artist , whose \" exquisite works are full of genuine humour and are <unk> for the German people \" .",
"The Austrian <unk> <unk> ( Pan @-@ German Association ) repealed the ban on Der <unk> Antonius von Padua .",
"<unk> Braun & Schneider , who owned the rights of Max and Moritz , gave Busch 20 @,@ 000 <unk> ( around € 200 @,@ 000 or $ 270 @,@ 000 ) , which was donated to two hospitals in Hanover .",
"Since then , on the dates of his birth and death , he has been celebrated frequently .",
"During the <unk> anniversary in 2007 , there were numerous re @-@ publications of Busch works .",
"Deutsche Post issued stamps depicting the Busch character Hans <unk> — itself the inspiration for the nickname of the never @-@ built <unk> @-@ <unk> Ta 183 German jet fighter design of 1945 — and the German Republic minted a 10 Euro silver coin faced with his portrait .",
"Hanover declared 2007 the \" Wilhelm Busch Year \" , with images featuring Busch works erected within the city centre .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Prize is awarded annually for satirical and humorous poetry .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Society , active since 1930 , aims to \" ( ... ) collect , scientifically revise and promote Wilhelm Busch 's works with the public \" .",
"It supports the development of caricature and satirical artwork as a recognized branch of the visual arts .",
"It is an advocate of the Wilhelm Busch Museum .",
"<unk> are located in places he lived , including Wiedensahl , Ebergötzen , Lüthorst , Mechtshausen and <unk> am <unk> .",
"= = = Influence on comics = = = \n \n Andreas C. <unk> described Busch as the \" first virtuoso \" of illustrated stories .",
"From the second half of the 20th century he was considered the \" <unk> of Comics \" .",
"His early illustrations differ from those of the colleagues of Kaspar Braun .",
"They show an increasing focus on protagonists , are less detailed in drawing and atmosphere , and develop from a dramatic understanding of the whole story .",
"All Busch 's illustrated tales have a plot that firstly describes the circumstance , then a resulting conflict , then solution .",
"<unk> are developed through consecutive scenes , similar to film <unk> .",
"Busch conveys an impression of movement and action , at times strengthened through a change of perspective .",
"According to <unk> <unk> , his depiction of movement is unique .",
"One of Busch 's notable stories is Der <unk> ( 1865 ) , which describes the life of a pianist who plays privately for an excited listener .",
"<unk> the self @-@ <unk> artist 's attitude and his overblown adoration , it varies from Busch 's other stories as each scene does not contain prose , but is defined with music terminology , such as \" <unk> \" , \" <unk> \" and \" <unk> <unk> \" .",
"As the scenes increase in tempo , each part of his body and <unk> run around .",
"The penultimate scene again depicts the pianist 's movements , with score sheets floating above the grand piano on which musical notes are dancing .",
"Over the years graphic artists have been fascinated by Der <unk> .",
"August <unk> , in a letter to gallery owner <unk> <unk> , described Busch as the first <unk> , stating how well he captured time and movement .",
"Similar pioneering scenes are in <unk> zur <unk> ( 1872 ) .",
"Job fails to answer rather easy questions set by twelve clergy , who shake their heads in <unk> .",
"Each scene is a movement study that <unk> <unk> Muybridge 's photography .",
"Muybridge began his work in 1872 , not released until 1893 .",
"= = = \" Moritzian \" influence = = = \n \n Busch 's greatest success , both within Germany and internationally , was with Max and Moritz : Up to the time of his death it was translated into English , Danish , Hebrew , Japanese , Latin , Polish , Portuguese , Russian , Hungarian , Swedish and <unk> .",
"Several countries banned the story – about 1929 the <unk> school board prohibited sales of Max and Moritz to teens under eighteen .",
"By 1997 more than 281 dialect and language translations had been produced .",
"Some early \" Moritzian \" comic strips were heavily influenced by Busch in plot and narrative style .",
"<unk> and <unk> ( 1896 ) , borrowed so much content from Max and Moritz that it was described as a pirate edition .",
"The true \" Moritzian \" recreation is The Katzenjammer Kids by German artist Rudolph <unk> , published in the New York Journal from 1897 .",
"It was published though William Randolph <unk> 's suggestion that a pair of siblings following the pattern of \" Max and Moritz \" should be created .",
"The Katzenjammer Kids is regarded as one of the oldest , continuous comic strips .",
"German \" Moritzian \" <unk> stories include Lies und <unk> ; die <unk> von Max und Moritz ( <unk> <unk> , F. <unk> , 1896 ) , <unk> und <unk> ( 1922 ) , <unk> und Waldemar , des Max und Moritz <unk> ( <unk> Günther , 1932 ) and Mac und <unk> ( Thomas <unk> , <unk> <unk> , 1987 ) .",
"These are shaped by observations of the First and Second World Wars , while the original is a moral story .",
"In 1958 the Christian Democratic Union used the Max and Moritz characters for a campaign in North Rhine @-@ <unk> , the same year that the East German satirical magazine <unk> used them to caricature black labour .",
"In 1969 Max and Moritz \" participated \" in late 1960s student activism .",
"= = Partial list of works = ="
] |
[
"Otto was working as a tutor to the family of a wealthy banker and industrialist , Kessler .",
"His use of onomatopoeia is a characteristic of his work : \" <unk> @-@ <unk> @-@ da \" — Max and Moritz steal fried chickens with a fishing rod down a chimney — \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" ; \" at the plank from bank to bank \" ; \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" , \" hear the <unk> grind and <unk> \" ; and \" <unk> @-@ <unk> \" as Eric the cat <unk> a <unk> from a ceiling in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It ."
] |
[
" = Wilhelm Busch = \n \n Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch ( 15 April 1832 – 9 January 1908 ) was a German humorist , poet , illustrator and painter .",
"He published comic illustrated <unk> tales from 1859 , achieving his most notable works in the 1870s .",
"Busch 's illustrations used wood engraving , and later , zincography .",
"Busch drew on contemporary parochial and city life , <unk> Catholicism , <unk> , strict religious morality and <unk> .",
"His comic text was colourful and entertaining , using onomatopoeia , <unk> and other figures of speech , and led to some work being banned by the authorities .",
"Busch was influential in both poetry and illustration , and became a source for future generations of comic artists .",
"The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch 's Max and Moritz , one of a number of imitations produced in Germany and the United States .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maintain his legacy .",
"His <unk> anniversary in 2007 was celebrated throughout Germany .",
"Busch remains one of the most influential poets and artists in Western Europe .",
"= = Family background = = \n \n In the late 18th century Johann Georg Kleine , Wilhelm Busch 's maternal grandfather , settled in the small village of Wiedensahl .",
"There , in 1817 , he bought a <unk> half @-@ <unk> house , where Wilhelm Busch was to be born about 15 years later .",
"<unk> Kleine , Johann 's wife and Wilhelm Busch 's grandmother , kept a shop in which Busch 's mother Henriette assisted while her two brothers attended high school .",
"When Johann Georg Kleine died in 1820 , his widow continued to run the shop with Henriette .",
"At the age of 19 Henriette Kleine married surgeon Friedrich Wilhelm <unk> .",
"Henriette became widowed at the age of 26 , with her three children to <unk> dying as infants .",
"About 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Busch , the illegitimate son of a farmer , settled in Wiedensahl after completing a business apprenticeship in the nearby village of <unk> .",
"He took over the Kleine shop in Wiedensahl , which he completely modernised .",
"= = Life = = \n \n \n = = = Childhood = = = \n \n Wilhelm Busch was born on 15 April 1832 , the first of seven children to the marriage of Henriette Kleine and Friedrich Wilhelm Busch .",
"His six siblings followed shortly after : Fanny ( 1834 ) , Gustav ( 1836 ) , Adolf ( 1838 ) , Otto ( 1841 ) , Anna ( 1843 ) and Hermann ( 1845 ) ; all survived childhood .",
"His parents were ambitious , hard @-@ working and devout Protestants who later , despite becoming relatively prosperous , could not afford to educate all three sons .",
"Busch 's biographer <unk> W. <unk> suggested that Friedrich Wilhelm Busch invested heavily in his sons ' education partly because his own <unk> held significant stigma in rural areas .",
"The young Wilhelm Busch was a tall child , but with a rather delicate and graceful physique .",
"The coarse <unk> of his later protagonists \" Max and Moritz \" was rare in his childhood .",
"He described himself in autobiographical sketches and letters as sensitive and timid , as someone who \" carefully studied apprehension \" , and who reacted with fascination , compassion and distress when animals were killed in the autumn .",
"He described the \" transformation to sausage \" as \" <unk> compelling \" , leaving a lasting impression ; pork <unk> him throughout his life .",
"In the autumn of 1841 , after the birth of his brother Otto , Busch 's education was entrusted to the 35 @-@ year @-@ old clergyman Georg Kleine , his maternal uncle at Ebergötzen , this probably through lack of space in the Busch family home , and his father 's desire for a better education than the small local school could provide , where 100 children were taught within a space of 66 m2 ( 710 sq ft ) .",
"The nearest convenient school was located in <unk> , 20 km ( 12 mi ) from Wiedensahl .",
"Kleine , with his wife Fanny Petri , lived in a rectory at Ebergötzen , while Busch was lodged with an unrelated family .",
"Kleine and his wife were responsible and caring , exercised a substitute parental role , and provided refuge for him in future unsuccessful times .",
"Kleine 's private lessons for Busch were also attended by Erich Bachmann , the son of a wealthy Ebergötzen <unk> .",
"Both became friends , according to Busch the strongest friendship of his childhood .",
"This friendship was echoed in the 1865 story Max and Moritz .",
"A small pencil portrait by the 14 @-@ year @-@ old Busch depicted Bachmann as a <unk> , confident boy , and showed similarities with Max .",
"Busch portrayed himself with a \" <unk> \" , in the later \" Moritzian \" <unk> style .",
"Kleine was a <unk> , his lessons not held in contemporary language , and it is not known for certain all subjects Busch and his friend were taught .",
"Busch did learn elementary arithmetic from his uncle , although science lessons might have been more comprehensive , as Kleine , like many other clergymen , was a <unk> , and published essays and textbooks on the subject — Busch demonstrated his knowledge of bee @-@ keeping in his future stories .",
"Drawing , and German and English poetry , were also taught by Kleine .",
"Busch had little contact with his natural parents during this period .",
"At the time , the 165 km ( 103 mi ) journey between Wiedensahl and Ebergötzen took three days by horse .",
"His father visited Ebergötzen two to three times a year , while his mother stayed in Wiedensahl to look after the children .",
"The 12 @-@ year @-@ old Busch visited his family once ; his mother at first did not recognize him .",
"Some Busch biographers think that this early separation from his parents , especially from his mother , resulted in his eccentric <unk> .",
"In the autumn of 1846 , Busch moved with the Kleine 's to Lüthorst , where , on 11 April 1847 , he was confirmed .",
"= = = Study = = = \n \n In September 1847 Busch began studying mechanical engineering at Hanover Polytechnic .",
"Busch 's biographers are not in agreement as to why his Hanover education ended ; most believe that his father had little appreciation of his son 's artistic inclination .",
"Biographer Eva Weissweiler suspects that Kleine played a major role , and that other possible causes were Busch 's friendship with an <unk> , <unk> , political debates in <unk> 's tavern , and Busch 's reluctance to believe every word of the Bible and catechism .",
"Busch studied for nearly four years at Hanover , despite initial difficulties in understanding the subject matter .",
"A few months before graduation he confronted his parents with his aspiration to study at the Düsseldorf Art Academy .",
"According to Bush 's nephew Hermann Nöldeke , his mother supported this inclination .",
"His father eventually <unk> and Busch moved to Düsseldorf in June 1851 , where , to his disappointment at not being admitted to the advanced class , he entered preparatory classes .",
"Busch 's parents had his tuition fees paid for one year , so in May 1852 he traveled to Antwerp to continue study at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts under <unk> <unk> <unk> .",
"He led his parents to believe that the Academy was less <unk> than Düsseldorf , and had the opportunity to study old masters .",
"At Antwerp he saw for the first time paintings by Peter Paul Rubens , <unk> <unk> , David <unk> and <unk> <unk> .",
"The pictures aroused his interest , but made him doubt his own skills .",
"Eventually , in 1853 , after suffering heavily from <unk> , he abandoned his Antwerp studies and returned <unk> to Wiedensahl .",
"= = = Munich = = = \n \n Busch was ravaged by disease , and for five months spent time painting and collecting folk tales , legends , songs , ballads , rhymes and fragments of regional <unk> .",
"Busch 's biographer Joseph Kraus saw these collections as useful additions to folklore , as Busch noted the narrative background to tales and the idiosyncrasies of <unk> .",
"Busch tried to release the collections , but as a publisher could not be found at the time they were issued after his death .",
"During the Nazi era Busch was known as an \" ethnic seer \" .",
"After Busch had spent six months with his uncle Kleine at Lüthorst , he expressed an aim to continue study in Munich .",
"This request caused a rift with his father who , however , eventually funded this move ; - see for comparison Busch 's illustrated story of Painter Klecksel .",
"Busch 's expectations of the Munich Academy of Fine Arts were not met .",
"His life became <unk> ; there were occasional return visits to Lüthorst , but contact with his parents had been broken off .",
"In 1857 and 1858 , as his position seemed to be without prospects , he contemplated emigration to Brazil to keep bees .",
"Busch made contact with the artist association Jung <unk> ( Young Munich ) , met several notable Munich artists , and wrote and provided cartoons for the Jung <unk> newspaper .",
"Kaspar Braun , who published the satirical newspapers Münchener Bilderbogen ( Picture Sheets from Munich ) and <unk> Blätter ( Flying <unk> ) , proposed a collaboration with Busch .",
"This association provided Busch with sufficient funds to live .",
"An existing self @-@ caricature suggests that at this time he had an intense relationship with a woman from <unk> .",
"His courtship with a seventeen @-@ year @-@ old merchant 's daughter , Anna Richter , whom Busch met through his brother Gustav , ended in 1862 .",
"Busch 's biographer , <unk> , suggests that her father probably refused to <unk> his daughter to an almost unknown artist without regular income .",
"In his early Munich years Busch 's attempt to write libretti , which are almost forgotten today , were unsuccessful .",
"Up to 1863 he worked on two or three major works ; the third was composed by Georg Kremplsetzer .",
"Busch 's <unk> und <unk> , a romantic opera in three acts , <unk> und <unk> and Der <unk> <unk> <unk> , an opera <unk> of sorts , were not particularly successful .",
"There was a dispute between Busch and Kremplsetzer during the staging of Der <unk> <unk> <unk> , leading to the removal of Busch 's name from the production ; the piece was renamed <unk> von Georg Kremplsetzer .",
"In 1873 Busch returned several times to Munich , and took part in the intense life of the Munich Art Society as an escape from provincial life .",
"In 1877 , in a last attempt to be a serious artist , he took a studio in Munich .",
"He left Munich abruptly in 1881 , after he disrupted a variety show and subsequently made a scene through the effects of alcohol The 1878 nine episode illustrated tale Eight Sheets in the Wind describes how humans behave like animals when drunk .",
"Busch 's biographer Weissweiler felt the story was only superficially funny and harmless , but was a study on addiction and its induced state of delusion .",
"= = = Publication of Max and Moritz = = = \n \n Between 1860 and 1863 Busch wrote over one hundred articles for the Münchener Bilderbogen and <unk> Blätter , but he felt his dependence on publisher Kaspar Braun had become <unk> .",
"Busch appointed Dresden publisher Heinrich Richter , the son of Saxon painter Ludwig Richter , as his new publisher — Richter 's press up to that time was producing children 's books and religious Christian devotional literature .",
"Busch could choose themes , although Richter raised some concerns regarding four suggested illustrated tales that were proposed .",
"However , some were published in the 1864 as <unk> , proving a failure .",
"Busch then offered Richter the manuscripts of Max and Moritz , <unk> any fees .",
"Richter rejected the manuscript as sales prospects seemed poor .",
"Busch 's former publisher , Braun , purchased the right to Max and Moritz for 1 @,@ 000 <unk> , corresponding to approximately double the annual wage of a craftsman .",
"For Braun the manuscript was <unk> .",
"Initially the sales of Max and Moritz were slow , but sales figures improved after the 1868 second edition .",
"Overall there were 56 editions and more than 430 @,@ 000 copies sold up to Busch 's death in 1908 .",
"Despite at first being ignored by critics , teachers in the 1870s described Max and Moritz as frivolous and an undesirable influence on the moral development of young people .",
"= = = Frankfurt = = = \n \n Increasing economic success allowed Busch to visit Wiedensahl more frequently .",
"Busch had decided to leave Munich , as only few relatives lived there , and the artists ' association was temporarily disbanded .",
"In June 1867 Busch met his brother Otto for the first time , in Frankfurt .",
"Busch became friends with Kessler 's wife , Johanna , a mother of seven and an influential art and music patron of Frankfurt .",
"She regularly opened salons at her villa , frequented by artists , musicians and philosophers .",
"She believed Busch to be a great painter , a view supported by Anton Burger , a leading painter of the <unk> <unk> , the <unk> @-@ based group of painters .",
"While his humorous drawings did not appeal to her , she supported his painting career .",
"At first she established an apartment and studio for Busch in her villa , later providing him with an apartment nearby .",
"<unk> by Kessler 's support and admiration , and introduction to the cultural life of Frankfurt , the ' Frankfurter Years ' were the most artistically productive for Busch .",
"At this time he and Otto discovered the philosophical works of Arthur Schopenhauer .",
"Busch did not remain in Frankfurt .",
"Towards the end of the 1860s he alternated between Wiedensahl and Lüthorst , and <unk> where his brother Gustav lived .",
"The association with Johanna Kessler lasted five years , and after his return to Wiedensahl in 1872 they communicated by letter .",
"This contact was interrupted between 1877 and 1891 , after which it was revived with the help of Kessler 's daughters .",
"= = = Later life = = = \n \n Biographer Weissweiler does not dismiss the possibility that Busch 's increasing alcohol dependence hindered self @-@ criticism .",
"He refused invitations to parties , and publisher Otto <unk> sent him to Wiedensahl to keep his alcohol problem undetected from those around him .",
"Busch was also a heavy smoker , resulting in symptoms of severe <unk> poisoning in 1874 .",
"He began to illustrate drunkards more often .",
"Dutch writer Marie Anderson corresponded with Busch .",
"More than fifty letters were exchanged between January and October 1875 in which they discussed philosophy , religion and ethics .",
"Although only one Anderson letter survives , Busch 's letters are in manuscripts .",
"They met in <unk> in October 1875 , after which he returned to <unk> at <unk> in a \" horrible mood \" .",
"According to several people at the time , Busch 's failure to find a wife was responsible for his conspicuous behaviour .",
"There is no evidence that Busch had a close relationship with any woman after that with Anderson .",
"Busch lived with his sister Fanny 's family after her husband Pastor Hermann Nöldeke 's death in 1879 .",
"His nephew Adolf Nöldeke remembers that Busch wanted to move back to Wiedensahl with the family .",
"Busch renovated the house , which Fanny looked after even though he was a rich man , and became \" father \" to his three young nephews .",
"She would , however , have preferred to live in a more urban area for the education of her sons .",
"For Fanny and her three sons , Busch could not replace their former idyllic life .",
"The years around 1880 were <unk> and emotionally exhausting for Busch , who was still reliant on alcohol .",
"He would not invite visitors to Wiedensahl ; because of this Fanny lost contact with her friends in the village , and whenever she questioned his wishes , Busch became furious ; Even his friends Otto Friedrich Bassermann , Franz von <unk> , Hermann Levi and Wilhelm von <unk> were not invited ; he would meet them in <unk> or Hanover .",
"Busch stopped painting in 1896 and signed @-@ over all publication rights to Bassermann <unk> for 50 @,@ 000 gold marks .",
"Busch , now aged 64 , felt old .",
"He needed <unk> for writing and painting , and his hands <unk> slightly .",
"In 1898 , together with his aging sister Fanny Nöldeke , he accepted Bassermann 's suggestion to move into a large <unk> in Mechtshausen .",
"Busch read biographies , novels and stories in German , English and French .",
"He organized his works and wrote letters and poems .",
"Most of the poems from the collections <unk> und <unk> and <unk> <unk> <unk> were written in 1899 .",
"The following years were <unk> for Busch .",
"He developed a sore throat in early January 1908 , and his doctor detected a weak heart .",
"During the night of 8 – 9 January 1908 Busch slept <unk> , taking camphor , and a few drops of morphine as a tranquilizer .",
"Busch died the following morning before his physician , called by Otto Nöldeke , came to assist .",
"= = Work = = \n \n During the Frankfort period Busch published three self @-@ contained illustrated satires .",
"Their anti @-@ clerical themes proved popular during the <unk> .",
"Busch 's satires typically did not address political questions , but exaggerated <unk> , superstition and <unk> double @-@ standards .",
"This exaggeration made at least two of the works historically erroneous .",
"The third illustrated satire , Father Filucius ( <unk> Filucius ) , described by Busch as an \" allegorical <unk> \" , has greater historical context .",
"= = = Max and Moritz = = = \n \n In German <unk> <unk> in <unk> <unk> , Max and Moritz is a series of seven illustrated stories concerning the mischievous antics of two boys , who are eventually ground @-@ down and fed to ducks .",
"= = = Saint Antonius of Padua and Helen Who Couldn 't Help It = = = \n \n In Saint Antonius of Padua ( Der <unk> Antonius von Padua ) Busch challenges Catholic belief .",
"It was released by the publisher Moritz Schauenburg at the time Pope Pius IX proclaimed the <unk> of papal <unk> that was harshly criticized by Protestants .",
"The publisher 's works were heavily <unk> or censored , and the state 's attorney in <unk> charged <unk> with \" <unk> of religion and offending public decency through indecent writings \" — a decision which affected Busch .",
"Scenes of Antonius accompanied by a pig being admitted to heaven , and the devil being shown as a half @-@ naked ballet dancer <unk> Antonius , were deemed controversial .",
"The district court of Düsseldorf subsequently banned Saint Antonius .",
"Schauenburg was acquitted on 27 March 1871 in <unk> , but in Austria the satire 's distribution was prohibited until 1902 .",
"Schauenburg refused to publish further Busch satires to avoid future accusations .",
"Busch 's following work , Helen Who Couldn 't Help It ( Die <unk> <unk> ) , was published by Otto Friedrich Bassermann , a friend whom Busch met in Munich .",
"Helen Who Couldn 't Help It , which was soon translated into other European languages , <unk> religious hypocrisy and dubious morality : \n Many details from Helen Who Couldn 't Help It criticizes the way of life of the <unk> .",
"Johanna Kessler was married to a much older man and entrusted her children to governesses and tutors , while she played an active role in the social life of Frankfurt .",
"The character of Mr. <unk> — the name based on the Yiddish insult \" <unk> \" — shows similarities with Johanna Kessler 's husband , who was <unk> in art and culture .",
"In the second part of Helen Who Couldn 't Help It Busch attacks Catholic <unk> .",
"The <unk> Helen goes on a pilgrimage , accompanied by her cousin and Catholic priest Franz .",
"The pilgrimage is successful as later Helen gives birth to twins , who resemble Helen and Franz .",
"Franz is later killed by a jealous <unk> , Jean , for his interest in female kitchen staff .",
"The now widowed Helen is left with only a rosary , prayer book and alcohol .",
"Drunk , she falls into a burning oil lamp .",
"Finally , <unk> coins a moral phrase , echoing the philosophy of Schopenhauer : \n <unk> Filucius ( Father Filucius ) is the only illustrated satire of this period suggested by the publisher .",
"Also aimed at anti @-@ Catholic taste and <unk> , it criticizes the Jesuit Order .",
"Kraus felt it was the weakest of all three anti @-@ clerical works .",
"Some satires refer to contemporary events , such as Monsieur Jacques à Paris during the Siege of 1870 ( Monsieur Jacques à Paris <unk> der <unk> von 1870 ) .",
"Busch biographer Manuela <unk> declares the story \" <unk> work , drawing on anti @-@ French emotions and mocking the misery of French people in Paris , which is occupied by Prussian troops \" .",
"It depicts an increasingly desperate French citizen who at first eats a mouse during the German siege , then <unk> his dog 's tail to cook it , and finally <unk> an explosion pill which kills his dog and two fellow citizens .",
"Weissweiler believes that Busch wrote with irony .",
"In <unk> and Emma ( 1864 ) , a fictional family story that takes place in the <unk> era , he criticizes the Holy Roman Empire and calls for a German empire in its place ; in The <unk> or the <unk> ( Der <unk> oder die <unk> ) he <unk> the anti @-@ Prussian sentiments of his Hanover countrymen .",
"= = = Critique of the Heart = = = \n \n Busch did not write further illustrated tales for a while , and focused on the literary <unk> des <unk> ( Critique of the Heart ) , wanting to appear more serious to his readers .",
"Contemporary reception for the collection of 81 poems was mainly poor ; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality .",
"His long @-@ time friend Paul <unk> called it \" very serious , heartfelt , charming poems \" .",
"Dutch writer Marie Anderson was one of few people who enjoyed his <unk> des <unk> , and even planned to publish it in a Dutch newspaper .",
"= = = Adventures of a Bachelor = = = \n \n Notwithstanding the hiatus after moving from Frankfurt , the 1870s were one of Busch 's most productive decades .",
"In 1874 he produced the short illustrated tale <unk> @-@ Boom !",
"( <unk> ! )",
".",
"Following , in 1875 , was the Knopp Trilogy , about the life of Tobias Knopp : Adventures of a Bachelor ( <unk> <unk> <unk> ) , Mr. and Mrs. Knopp ( Herr und <unk> Knopp ) ( 1876 ) , and \" Julie \" ( <unk> ) ( 1877 ) .",
"The antagonists of the trilogy are not pairs of <unk> as with Max and Moritz or Jack <unk> , Bird of Evil ( Hans <unk> , der <unk> ) .",
"Without pathos , Busch makes Knopp become aware of his mortality : \n In the first part of the trilogy , Knopp is depressed and will look for a wife .",
"He visits his old friends and their wives who he finds in unenviable relationships .",
"Still not convinced that the life of a bachelor is one for him , he returns home , and without further <unk> proposes to his housekeeper .",
"The following marriage proposal is , according to Busch biographer Joseph Kraus , one of the shortest in the history of German literature : \n According to <unk> , Busch became skeptical of marriage after writing the story .",
"To Marie Anderson he wrote : \" I will never marry ( ... ) I am already in good hands with my sister \" .",
"= = = Last works = = = \n \n Among Busch 's last works were the stories Clement Dove , the Poet <unk> ( <unk> <unk> , der <unk> <unk> ) ( 1883 ) and Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ( 1884 ) , both of which focus on artistic failure , and indirectly his own failure .",
"Both stories begin with a preface , which , for biographer Joseph Kraus , were <unk> pieces of \" <unk> <unk> \" — German comic poetry .",
"Clement Dove ridicules the <unk> amateur poet circle of Munich , \" The <unk> \" ( Die <unk> ) , and their prominent members Emanuel <unk> , Paul von <unk> and Adolf <unk> .",
"Painter Squirtle criticizes the <unk> art <unk> , who believes the worth of art is <unk> by its price .",
"The prose play Edwards Dream ( <unk> <unk> ) was released in 1891 , composed of several small grouped episodes , rather than one linear storyline .",
"The work received mixed reception .",
"Joseph Kraus felt it was the peak of Busch 's life 's work , his nephews called it a <unk> of world literature , and the publisher of a critical collective edition spoke of a narrative style that is not found in contemporary literature .",
"Eva Weissweiler saw in the play Busch 's attempt to prove himself in the novella genre , believing that everything that angered or insulted him , and his accompanying emotional depths , are apparent in the story .",
"The 1895 story The Butterfly ( Der <unk> ) parodies themes and motifs and ridicules the religious optimism of a German <unk> which contradicted Busch 's realistic anthropology influenced by Schopenhauer and Charles Darwin .",
"Its prose is more stringent in narrative style compared to Edwards Dream .",
"Both were not popular amongst readers , because of their unfamiliar style .",
"= = = Painting = = = \n \n Busch felt his painting skills could not compete with those of the Dutch masters .",
"He regarded few of his paintings as finished , often <unk> them one on top of the other in <unk> corners of his studio , where they stuck together .",
"If the pile of paintings became too high , he burnt some in his garden .",
"Since only a few remaining pictures are dated , <unk> them is difficult .",
"His doubts regarding his skills are expressed in his choice of materials .",
"His ground was usually chosen carelessly .",
"Sometimes he used uneven cardboard or poorly @-@ prepared spruce @-@ wood boards .",
"One exception is a portrait of Johanna Kessler , on a canvas support measuring 63 centimetres ( 25 in ) by 53 centimetres ( 21 in ) , one of his largest paintings .",
"Most of his works , even landscapes , are small .",
"As Busch used poor grounds and colours , most are heavily <unk> and have an almost monochrome effect .",
"Many pictures depict the countryside at Wiedensahl and Lüthorst .",
"They include <unk> willows , cottages in <unk> , <unk> , autumn landscapes and meadows with streams .",
"A particular feature is the use of red jackets , found in about 280 of 1000 Busch paintings and drawings .",
"The muted or bright red coats are worn usually by a small figure , depicted from behind .",
"The paintings generally represent typical villages .",
"<unk> of the <unk> , and a series of other portraits depicting <unk> <unk> in the mid @-@ 1870s , are exceptions .",
"A painting of a 10 @-@ year @-@ old girl from a Jewish family at Lüthorst portrays her as serious , and having dark , oriental features .",
"The influence of Dutch painters is clearly visible in Busch 's work . \"",
"<unk> diluted and shortened ( ... ) but still <unk> \" , wrote Paul <unk> after visiting a Busch memorial exhibition in 1908 .",
"A strong influence on Busch was <unk> <unk> , whose themes were farming and inn life , <unk> dances , card players , smokers , drunkards and <unk> .",
"He dismissed the techniques of <unk> with its strong preoccupation with the effect of light , and used new colours , such as <unk> Yellow , and photographs , as an aid .",
"The landscapes from the mid @-@ 1880s show the same broad <unk> as seen in the paintings of the young Franz von <unk> .",
"Busch refused to exhibit work even though he was befriended by many artists of the Munich School , which would have allowed him to do so ; it was not until near the end of his life that he presented his paintings to the public .",
"= = Themes , technique and style = = \n \n Busch biographer Joseph Kraus divided his work into three periods .",
"He points out , however , that this classification is a <unk> , as some works by their nature can be of a later or earlier period .",
"All three periods show Busch 's obsession with German middle class life .",
"His peasants are devoid of sensitivity and village life is marked by a vivid lack of sentiment .",
"From 1858 to 1865 Busch chiefly worked for the <unk> Blätter and the Münchener Bilderbogen .",
"The period from 1866 to 1884 is characterized by his major illustrated stories , such as Helen Who Couldn 't Help It .",
"These stories are different in theme from works of his earlier period .",
"The life of his characters start well , but <unk> , as in Painter Squirtle ( Maler Klecksel ) ; someone sensitive who becomes a <unk> .",
"Others concern <unk> children or animals , or make the great or significant foolish and ridiculous .",
"The early stories follow the pattern of children 's books of orthodox education , such as those by Heinrich Hoffmann 's <unk> , that aim to teach the devastating consequences of bad behaviour .",
"Busch did not assign value to his work , as he once explained to Heinrich Richter : \" I look at my things for what they are , as <unk> <unk> [ toys ] , as <unk> <unk> [ worthless and useless things ] whose value is to be found not in its artistic content , but in public demand ( ... ) \" .",
"From 1885 until his death in 1908 his work was dominated by prose and poems .",
"The 1895 prose text Der <unk> contains autobiographical accounts .",
"Peter 's <unk> by the witch <unk> , of whom he regards himself a slave , is possibly in reference to Johanna Kessler .",
"Peter , like Busch , returns to his birthplace .",
"It is similar in style to the romantic travel story that Ludwig <unk> established with his 1798 Franz <unk> 's <unk> .",
"Busch plays with its traditional forms , motifs , pictures , literary topics and form of narration .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n Publisher Kaspar Braun , who commissioned Busch 's first illustrations , had established the first workshop in Germany to use wood engraving .",
"This <unk> printing technique was developed by English graphic artist Thomas <unk> near the end of the 18th century and became the most widely used reproduction system for illustrations over the years .",
"Busch insisted on first making the drawings , afterwards writing the verse .",
"Surviving preparatory drawings show line notes , ideas , and movement and <unk> studies .",
"The draft was then transferred by pencil on white @-@ <unk> panels of hardwood end grain .",
"Not only was it hard work , but the quality of the printing block was crucial .",
"Everything left white on the block , around Busch 's drawn lines , was cut from the plate by skilled <unk> .",
"Wood engraving allows a finer differentiation than woodcut and the potential tonal values are of almost the quality of intaglio printing , such as copper engraving .",
"Sometimes the result was not satisfactory , leading Busch to rework or reproduce plates .",
"The wood engraving technique did not allow for fine lines , which is why Busch 's drawing , especially in his illustrated tales up to the mid @-@ 1870s , are boldly drawn , giving his work its particular characteristic .",
"From the mid @-@ 1870s Busch 's illustrations were printed using zincography .",
"With this technique there was no longer any danger that a wood engraver could change the character of his drawings .",
"The originals were photographed and transferred onto a <unk> zinc plate .",
"This process allowed for the application of a clear , free pen @-@ drawn ink line , and was a much faster printing method .",
"Busch 's use of zincography began with Mr. and Mrs. Knopp .",
"= = = Language = = = \n \n The effect of Busch 's illustrations are enhanced by his <unk> verse , with taunts , <unk> , ironic twists , exaggeration , ambiguity and startling rhymes .",
"His language had an influence on the humorous poetry of Erich <unk> , Kurt <unk> , Joachim <unk> and Christian <unk> .",
"The contrast in his later work between comic illustration and its seemingly serious accompanying text — already demonstrated in his earlier Max and Moritz — is shown in Widow <unk> 's <unk> dignity which is <unk> to the loss of her chickens : \n Many of <unk> 's couplets , part of contemporary common usage , give the impression of <unk> wisdom , but in his hands become only apparent truths , hypocrisy or <unk> .",
"Busch uses names he gives characters to describe their personality . \"",
"<unk> <unk> \" ( Young <unk> ) has little mental ability ; \" <unk> \" ( <unk> ) would not be of a cheerful disposition ; and \" Förster <unk> \" ( Forester <unk> ) could hardly be a <unk> .",
"Many of his picture stories use verses with <unk> structure : \n The <unk> of the stressed syllables strengthens the humour of the lines .",
"Busch also uses <unk> , where one accented syllable is followed by two <unk> syllables , as in his <unk> und Plum , where they underline the <unk> and solemn words with which teacher <unk> <unk> his pupils .",
"They create tension in the <unk> chapter from Adventures of a Bachelor , through the <unk> of <unk> and <unk> .",
"Busch often <unk> format and content in his poems , as in <unk> the Monkey , where he uses the epic <unk> in a speech about wisdom .",
"In both his illustrations and poems Busch uses familiar fables , occasionally appropriating their morality and stories , spinning them to illustrate a very different and comic \" truth \" , and bringing to bear his pessimistic view of the world and human condition .",
"While traditional fables follow the typical philosophy of <unk> between good and evil behaviour , Busch combines both .",
"= = = <unk> and other <unk> = = = \n \n It is not unusual to see <unk> , <unk> and <unk> in Busch 's works .",
"Sharp pencils pierced through models , housewives fall onto kitchen knives , thieves are spiked by <unk> , <unk> cut their <unk> with <unk> , <unk> are ground in corn mills , drunkards burn , and cats , dogs and monkeys <unk> while being tormented .",
"Busch has been frequently called a <unk> by educators and <unk> .",
"<unk> that are burnt , pulled off , trapped , stretched or eaten is seen by Weissweiler as not aggression against animals , but a phallic allusion to Busch 's undeveloped sexual life .",
"Such graphic text and imagery in cartoon form was not unusual at the time , and publishers , the public or censors found it not particularly noteworthy .",
"<unk> and motifs for his early work were derived from <unk> and 19th @-@ century popular literature , the gruesome endings of which he often softened .",
"<unk> , a common aspect of 19th @-@ century teaching , is prevalent in many of his works , for example <unk> <unk> in Adventures of a Bachelor and <unk> <unk> in <unk> and Plum , where is shown an almost sexual pleasure in applying punishment .",
"<unk> and humiliation are found in his later work too ; biographer <unk> <unk> described this as Busch 's life @-@ motif .",
"In the estate of Busch there is the note \" <unk> die <unk> <unk> \" ( <unk> through the childhood years ) , however there is no evidence that Busch was referring to himself .",
"He couldn 't recall any beating from his father .",
"His uncle Kleine beat him once , not with the conventional <unk> stick , but symbolically with dried <unk> stalks , this for <unk> cow hairs into a village <unk> 's pipe .",
"Weissweiler observes that Busch probably saw <unk> at his village school , where he went for three years , and quite possibly also received this punishment .",
"In <unk> <unk> <unk> Busch illustrates a form of nonviolent progressive education that fails in one scene , and <unk> in the following scene ; the <unk> that ensued indicate Busch 's pessimistic picture of life , which has its roots in the Protestant ethic of the 19th century , in which he believed that man is inherently evil and will never master his vices .",
"Civilisation is the aim of education , but it can only mask man 's instincts superficially .",
"<unk> only leads to a continuation of man 's <unk> , therefore punishment is required , even if he retains his unrepentant character , becomes a trained puppet , or in extreme cases , dies .",
"= = = <unk> = = = \n \n The Panic of 1873 led to growing criticism of high finance and the spread of radical <unk> , which in the 1880s became a broad <unk> .",
"These criticisms saw a separation of capital into what was construed as \" <unk> \" ( speculative capital ) , and what constituted \" constructive \" creative production capital .",
"The \" good \" , \" native \" and \" German \" manufacturer was praised by <unk> <unk> , such as Theodor Fritsch , who opposed what he saw as \" ' <unk> ' ' greedy ' , ' blood @-@ sucking ' , ' Jewish ' financial capitalism in the form of ' <unk> ' and ' <unk> ' \" .",
"Busch was thought to have embraced those stereotypes .",
"Two passages are often <unk> , one in Helen Who Couldn 't Help It : \n Robert <unk> defended Busch by stating that Jews are <unk> only in three passages , of which the oldest is an illustration of a text by another author , published in 1860 .",
"He stated that Busch 's Jewish figures are merely stereotypical , one of a number of stereotypes , such as the \" limited Bavarian farmer \" and the \" Prussian tourist \" .",
"Joseph Kraus shares the same view , and uses a couplet from Eight Sheets in the Wind ( Die <unk> ) , in which profit @-@ seeking people are : \n Although <unk> felt that Jews for Busch were alien , the Jewish conductor Hermann Levi befriended him , suggesting that Busch had a slight bias towards Jews .",
"= = Biographies = = \n \n The first biography on Busch , <unk> Wilhelm Busch und <unk> <unk> ( About Wilhelm Busch and His Importance ) , was released in 1886 .",
"The publisher Eduard <unk> , also an artist and writer , echoed Busch 's anti @-@ Catholic bias , putting him on equal footing with Leonardo da Vinci , Peter Paul Rubens and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , and <unk> quoting <unk> .",
"Even Busch and his friends were embarrassed .",
"Literary scholar Friedrich Theodor <unk> attacked <unk> 's biography and called him the \" envious <unk> of the <unk> <unk> \" .",
"After reading this biography Johannes <unk> posted an essay in the Frankfurter Zeitung , which contained many biographical <unk> — as a response to this , Busch wrote two articles in the same newspaper .",
"Published in October and December 1886 , the autobiographical essay Regarding Myself ( Was <unk> <unk> ) includes basic facts , and some description of his troubles ; analysts see within the essay a deep identity crisis .",
"Busch revised his autobiography over the following years .",
"The last such essay was published under the title From Me About Me ( Von <unk> <unk> <unk> ) , which includes fewer biographical details and less reflection on bitterness and amusement than Regarding Myself .",
"= = Legacy = = \n \n Busch celebrated his 70th anniversary at his nephew 's house in <unk> am <unk> .",
"Over 1 @,@ 000 <unk> messages were sent to Mechtshausen from around the world .",
"Wilhelm II praised the poet and artist , whose \" exquisite works are full of genuine humour and are <unk> for the German people \" .",
"The Austrian <unk> <unk> ( Pan @-@ German Association ) repealed the ban on Der <unk> Antonius von Padua .",
"<unk> Braun & Schneider , who owned the rights of Max and Moritz , gave Busch 20 @,@ 000 <unk> ( around € 200 @,@ 000 or $ 270 @,@ 000 ) , which was donated to two hospitals in Hanover .",
"Since then , on the dates of his birth and death , he has been celebrated frequently .",
"During the <unk> anniversary in 2007 , there were numerous re @-@ publications of Busch works .",
"Deutsche Post issued stamps depicting the Busch character Hans <unk> — itself the inspiration for the nickname of the never @-@ built <unk> @-@ <unk> Ta 183 German jet fighter design of 1945 — and the German Republic minted a 10 Euro silver coin faced with his portrait .",
"Hanover declared 2007 the \" Wilhelm Busch Year \" , with images featuring Busch works erected within the city centre .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Prize is awarded annually for satirical and humorous poetry .",
"The Wilhelm Busch Society , active since 1930 , aims to \" ( ... ) collect , scientifically revise and promote Wilhelm Busch 's works with the public \" .",
"It supports the development of caricature and satirical artwork as a recognized branch of the visual arts .",
"It is an advocate of the Wilhelm Busch Museum .",
"<unk> are located in places he lived , including Wiedensahl , Ebergötzen , Lüthorst , Mechtshausen and <unk> am <unk> .",
"= = = Influence on comics = = = \n \n Andreas C. <unk> described Busch as the \" first virtuoso \" of illustrated stories .",
"From the second half of the 20th century he was considered the \" <unk> of Comics \" .",
"His early illustrations differ from those of the colleagues of Kaspar Braun .",
"They show an increasing focus on protagonists , are less detailed in drawing and atmosphere , and develop from a dramatic understanding of the whole story .",
"All Busch 's illustrated tales have a plot that firstly describes the circumstance , then a resulting conflict , then solution .",
"<unk> are developed through consecutive scenes , similar to film <unk> .",
"Busch conveys an impression of movement and action , at times strengthened through a change of perspective .",
"According to <unk> <unk> , his depiction of movement is unique .",
"One of Busch 's notable stories is Der <unk> ( 1865 ) , which describes the life of a pianist who plays privately for an excited listener .",
"<unk> the self @-@ <unk> artist 's attitude and his overblown adoration , it varies from Busch 's other stories as each scene does not contain prose , but is defined with music terminology , such as \" <unk> \" , \" <unk> \" and \" <unk> <unk> \" .",
"As the scenes increase in tempo , each part of his body and <unk> run around .",
"The penultimate scene again depicts the pianist 's movements , with score sheets floating above the grand piano on which musical notes are dancing .",
"Over the years graphic artists have been fascinated by Der <unk> .",
"August <unk> , in a letter to gallery owner <unk> <unk> , described Busch as the first <unk> , stating how well he captured time and movement .",
"Similar pioneering scenes are in <unk> zur <unk> ( 1872 ) .",
"Job fails to answer rather easy questions set by twelve clergy , who shake their heads in <unk> .",
"Each scene is a movement study that <unk> <unk> Muybridge 's photography .",
"Muybridge began his work in 1872 , not released until 1893 .",
"= = = \" Moritzian \" influence = = = \n \n Busch 's greatest success , both within Germany and internationally , was with Max and Moritz : Up to the time of his death it was translated into English , Danish , Hebrew , Japanese , Latin , Polish , Portuguese , Russian , Hungarian , Swedish and <unk> .",
"Several countries banned the story – about 1929 the <unk> school board prohibited sales of Max and Moritz to teens under eighteen .",
"By 1997 more than 281 dialect and language translations had been produced .",
"Some early \" Moritzian \" comic strips were heavily influenced by Busch in plot and narrative style .",
"<unk> and <unk> ( 1896 ) , borrowed so much content from Max and Moritz that it was described as a pirate edition .",
"The true \" Moritzian \" recreation is The Katzenjammer Kids by German artist Rudolph <unk> , published in the New York Journal from 1897 .",
"It was published though William Randolph <unk> 's suggestion that a pair of siblings following the pattern of \" Max and Moritz \" should be created .",
"The Katzenjammer Kids is regarded as one of the oldest , continuous comic strips .",
"German \" Moritzian \" <unk> stories include Lies und <unk> ; die <unk> von Max und Moritz ( <unk> <unk> , F. <unk> , 1896 ) , <unk> und <unk> ( 1922 ) , <unk> und Waldemar , des Max und Moritz <unk> ( <unk> Günther , 1932 ) and Mac und <unk> ( Thomas <unk> , <unk> <unk> , 1987 ) .",
"These are shaped by observations of the First and Second World Wars , while the original is a moral story .",
"In 1958 the Christian Democratic Union used the Max and Moritz characters for a campaign in North Rhine @-@ <unk> , the same year that the East German satirical magazine <unk> used them to caricature black labour .",
"In 1969 Max and Moritz \" participated \" in late 1960s student activism .",
"= = Partial list of works = ="
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