PATENT ABSTRACT
An apparatus for optical spectrometry utilizes a simplified construction, reducing the number of independent optical elements needed while providing a sizeable dispersed spectrum. The apparatus provides a spectral intensity distribution of an input source wherein individual spectral components in the source can be measured and, in some embodiments, can be manipulated or filtered.

PATENT DESCRIPTION
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    This is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/812,615 and claims rights under 35 USC §119(e) from U.S. Application Ser. No, 61/113,377 filed Nov. 11, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    This invention relates to optical multiplexers and demultiplexers and more particularly to a compact optical multiplexer/demultiplexer for multiplexing and demultiplexing beams of light having different wavelengths or frequencies. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    There is a common problem in telecommunications in which optical fibers have multiple communications channels embedded in it in terms of different colors of light which are transmitting different streams of information. One of the problems is to split out these channels so that they can be separately processed, for instance to adjust intensity, polarization and dispersion or color spread. 
         [0004]    It is also often important in optical communications to be able to modify each of the individual wavelengths of light differently and then be able to combine the processed channels so as to recombine them back into a single fiber. Thus, it is important to break out from a single fiber the individual spatial components, to process them and to inject them back into a single fiber. 
         [0005]    While the telecommunications problem described above is important, it is also important to be able to use such a multiplexer for instance to be able to generate high energy laser beams. Presently fiber lasers exist which can produce hundreds of watts of light within an individual glass fiber. Unfortunately, these intensity levels are not enough for some military and industrial applications. The problem then becomes how to be able to utilize fiber lasers and to provide a combined output to be able to dramatically increase the energy delivered by the system. 
         [0006]    There is also a problem with respect to infrared laser countermeasure devices it which laser beams modulated to countermeasure for instance an incoming missile, require a considerable amount of energy on target to be able to robustly provide the countermeasuring function. 
         [0007]    One type of laser used in infrared, countermeasures is the so-called quantum cascade or semiconductor laser. It is highly desirable for these applications to achieve higher laser powers in a low-divergence beam. It is therefore important to be able to augment or combine semiconductor laser outputs to provide for instance a 10 watt modulated beam on target. 
         [0008]    Up to this juncture, there has been no effective way to combine the outputs of fiber lasers or semiconductor lasers to be able to significantly increase the power emitted in a laser beam. 
         [0009]    Moreover, it is important in the military context to be able to provide the power amplification modules in a sufficiently small form, to be able to be for instance carried by a missile, carried in a DIRCM head on the belly of an aircraft, or to provide small enough packaging to be able to be readily used in any applications where space is at a premium. 
         [0010]    By way of further background, optical multiplexer/demultiplexers are optical instruments that separate out the wavelength spectral components contained in a single input light source. Operated in reverse, the same instrument combines multiple light sources of single color light into a single output beam. In other terminology, a optical multiplexer/demultiplexer demultiplexes the wavelengths in the forward direction and multiplexes the several beams in the reverse direction. In the field of fiber optics communication, for example, the communication bandwidth of a single fiber has been greatly increased using wavelength division multiplexing, or WDM, techniques. Similarly, the measurement and control the properties of individual wavelengths propagating in the fiber, which is critical to the performance and operation of these WDM systems, is performed by demultiplexing the wavelengths into individual control channels. 
         [0011]    Grating based optical multiplexer/demultiplexers are generally made up of five functional components; an input point source or linear slit, a collimating optic, the grating, an imaging optic, and one or more receiving components in the output image. When operated as a multiplexer, the one or more receiving components are replaced by narrowband light sources and the input source is replaced by a single receiving component. 
         [0012]    Light emerging from the input source is collimated by the collimating optic so that a planar wavefront impinges on the (plane) grating. The grating breaks the single input beam up into multiple beams, with each wavelength propagating in a unique direction. The imaging optic collects these diffracted beams and focuses them into spots at an output plane, where each spot corresponds to a wavelength in the source. The spot corresponding to any single wavelength has finite size, said size primarily being a function of the optical system and the grating. Operated as a multiplexer, the multiple narrowband sources (fiber laser outputs, for example) are positioned in the “output” plane at positions that correspond to their central wavelengths. The imaging optic now functions as a collimator, bringing the multiple wavelength collimated beams together on the grating, impinging on the grating at a angle determined by the location of the source in the output plane. The grating redirects each beam through a unique angle, which angle ideally brings each beam to be coaxial with all the other beams. Finally the collimating optic brings all the parallel collimated beams into a common focal spot at which is located a receiving element. 
         [0013]    One object of the present invention is to simplify the optical configuration of optical multiplexer/demultiplexers by reducing the number of independent optical elements needed. It is another object of this invention to provide a physically large output spectral field while maintaining a compact, easy to package form factor. Yet another object of this invention is to provide a optical multiplexer/demultiplexer using a grating in a near-Littrow configuration. 
         [0014]    In an alternative configuration, it is an object of this invention to provide improved spectral resolution using only spherical reflective optics. 
         [0015]    In another configuration, it is an object of this invention to provide wavelength multiplexer in which multiple independent light sources can be combined into a single coincident output beam. 
         [0016]    In yet another configuration it is an object of this invention to provide a region of space in which individual spectral components from the source are physically accessible. 
         [0017]    A further object of this configuration is to enable the manipulation or filtering of individual spectral components. 
         [0018]    Yet another object of this invention is to recombine filtered spectral components back into a single beam similar in form to the source. 
         [0019]    It is a still further object of the subject invention to provide a compact optical multiplexer/demultiplexer for use as a multiplexer/demultiplexer in a telecommunications mode and to be able to combine laser beams of different wavelengths or frequencies to provide highly intense laser beams. 
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
       [0020]    The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for spectrally multiplexing and demultiplexing beams of light. More specifically the invention relates to multiplexing or demultiplexing beams of light of different wavelengths or frequencies from multiple light sources, typically fiber lasers. This permits various applications both in telecommunications and in combining laser outputs having different frequencies to provide a high energy combined beam both as a weapon and for countermeasure purposes. 
         [0021]    In his invention, compact optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is created using two spherical, reflective optical elements in combination with a diffraction grating operating in a near Littrow configuration to permit light to come in and go out from a common input direction. The telecentricity of the optical design in the conjugate space to the input fiber also permits use of parallel optical fibers to input and output light as opposed to orienting individual fibers in different directions depending on wavelength or frequency in one embodiment, a source of light such as an optical fiber is placed at the focus of a collimator. The collimator collimates the light and directs it to the grating. The dispersed light from the grating is collected by the imaging optics and focused into the output plane. 
         [0022]    The pair of reflective optical elements is used as both the collimator and the imaging optics for the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer and results in a compact design making the focal length minimized over a single lens system for instance involving a 3+ foot round-trip optical path within a compact 6×8 inch optical footprint. One reflector is a multisection device having a parabolic collimator surface at its outer edge to collimate light towards a grating. Next to the collimator is a reflective object on the multisection deflector to reflect refracted light from the grating to an imaging optic. Light from this imaging optic is reflected by another section of the multisection reflector to an output plane. Thus what is provided is a optical multiplexer/demultiplexer with only two reflective elements. 
         [0023]    The two elements operating as the imager act as a telephoto lens, viz., have a physical back focal distance shorter than the optical focal length. A third, refractive element, located near the source, can optionally be added to change the input F-number and provide partial compensation for residual spherical aberrations in the optical system. The output of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is a continuous distribution of light in which the spectral distribution of energy in the source is mapped into spatial location. 
         [0024]    Note that although this invention has application for multiplexing as well as demultiplexing light beams, for clarity and brevity the names for the optical elements throughout this specification will relate to the demultiplexing application. The collimator is the only optical element between the source and the grating but the imaging optics comprise two elements—a region of the collimator and a second reflective optic. 
         [0025]    In another configuration the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer apparatus can be configured to multiplex multiple narrowband fiber sources positioned in the output plane at precise locations determined by their wavelengths. 
         [0026]    In a third configuration, the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer can be used to demultiplex (separate), manipulate individually, and multiplex (recombine) into one beam the various spectral components in the source. In this application the distributed image at the output of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is directed through a multi-channel filtering (or manipulating) element. The filtered light is then redirected back into the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer, each spectral component generally parallel to itself, so that the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer, acting in reverse, now recombines the disparate spectral components into a single beam. The single beam is formed in the input plane, displaced laterally from the input aperture. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0027]    These and other features of the subject invention will be better understood in connection with the Detailed Description, in conjunction with the Drawings, of which: 
           [0028]      FIG. 1  shows a prior art optical multiplexer/demultiplexer in the Ebert-Fastie configuration; 
           [0029]      FIG. 2  shows a prior art optical multiplexer/demultiplexer in the Czerny-Turner configuration; 
           [0030]      FIGS. 3A ,  3 B, and  3 C show applications of the compact optical multiplexer/demultiplexer functioning either as a multiplexer for fiber lasers to provide a high power collimated beam, to combine the modulated outputs of semiconductor milliwatt lasers to provide a modulated high power infrared countermeasure beam and to provide a multiplexer/demultiplexer module for correcting the individual color channels in a single fiber input beam to process the individual color channels and to output corrected color channels ported to a single output fiber; 
           [0031]      FIGS. 4A and 4B  are schematic diagrams of a demultiplexer embodiment of the invention as laid out in the x-y plane, with  4 B showing details of the entrance aperture region; 
           [0032]      FIG. 5  schematically shows two means for injecting light into the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer of  FIG. 4A ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 6  is an optical design diagram of a preferred embodiment of the demultiplexer of  FIG. 4A  showing the parallel focused multispectral beams impinging on the output plane to establish telecentricity; 
           [0034]      FIG. 7  is the optical design diagram of an alternative embodiment of the demultiplexer of  FIG. 4A  showing a segmented reflective optical element having a parabolic section for collimating light onto the grating and aspheric focusing elements; 
           [0035]      FIG. 8  is a perspective view of a preferred demultiplexer embodiment of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer; 
           [0036]      FIG. 9  is a diagrammatic illustration of the spherical surface configuration of the reflective element of  FIG. 8 ; 
           [0037]      FIG. 10  illustrates how the optical elements may be provided above and below a plane to permit light exiting or entering the device to be conveniently physically displaced so that exiting light can be processed and injected back into the subject multiplexer/demultiplexer; 
           [0038]      FIG. 11  is a schematic view of the arrangement of optical elements to permit the operation of  FIG. 10  by locating these elements in the region around the input aperture of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer function as a demultiplexer in a plane containing the z-axis in which the optical elements can be configured to permit optical processing such that multispectral light at the output plane an be processed and injected back into the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer; 
           [0039]      FIG. 12  presents a schematic view of the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer operating as a multiplexer; and, 
           [0040]      FIG. 13  is a schematic drawing of a multi-fiber v-block used to inject multispectral light into the multiplexer of  FIG. 12 . 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0041]    As will be discussed, a spectrometer operating at Littrow will spread out the various wavelengths in a much shorter distance as compared with conventional non Littrow spectrometers. While one can go far enough away from a grating to establish sufficient color separation, the length of the device is prohibitive in many applications. Optics associated with such gratings are said to have a focal length dependant on color separation often in excess of one meter. A key advantage to the subject multiplexer/demultiplexer operating at Littrow is that the color separation is so great, the effective focal length can be reduced substantially to inches, making the subject multiplexer/demultiplexer device exceptionally compact. 
         [0042]    Operation at Littrow refers to the directions of the collimated beams of the grating and the general direction of the diffracted light being equal. To the extent that these directions are nearly the same establishes the greater dispersion angle and the ability to make the device compact. 
         [0043]    More specifically, the importance of the Littrow configuration is that it is the entire purpose of the diffraction grating to split colors of light into different output angles. If all the light comes in one direction, and if all the colors come in collimated with a single angle of incidence, the grating will split them into a rainbow in which each color comes off at a different angle. The degree of angular spread between the beams coming off of the grating creates dispersion. In general, to minimize the size and expense of optical multiplexer/demultiplexers, one seeks as maximize the dispersion of the diffraction grating in the utilized geometry. 
         [0044]    If one uses a diffraction grating at Littrow with the diffracted angle equal to the indident angle, one also maximizes the dispersion of light. The spread is greatest if one is running near a Littrow configuration. Generally in order to get the beams in and out of the grating with multiple colors one must to a certain extent move to a near-Littrow configuration. 
         [0045]    Several different collimating/imaging optic configurations have been developed over the years to maximize performance while optimizing other figures of merit. For example, the Ebert-Fastie configuration shown in  FIG. 1  uses a single spherical mirror  10  as both collimator and imager, optimizing cost. Here a diverging beam through an entrance slit  12  is collimated by minor  10  onto grating  16 . The diffracted light from grating  16  is focused by mirror  10  out through exit slit  14 . This configuration is a non Littrow configuration and suffers from significant optical aberrations because the single optic must be used significantly off-axis. 
         [0046]    It is noted that in the prior art device of  FIG. 1 , a common mirror  10  has a spherical surface in which light which is effectively a point source or a line source, is diverging and is required to be collimated effectively by that minor. A spherical mirror does not collimate a beam well. One therefore needs a parabolic mirror for a single mirror to give a very high quality collimated beam. 
         [0047]    Referring to  FIG. 2 , a Czemy-Turner configuration is shown which spherical mirror  10  of  FIG. 1  is broken up into two separate mirrors, a collimator mirror  18  and a imaging mirror  20  which again provides a non-Littrow configuration. The choice of the shape of these mirrors is optimized so that one can optimize the collimating mirror to give a high quality collimated beam incident on grating  16 . On the other hand imaging mirror  20  collimates the beam from the grating out through exit slit  14 , with the two mirrors being oriented in the right directions to give the best performance out of the two elements. 
         [0048]    While there is a certain amount of performance that one can achieve out of these two elements, the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer formed thereby is exceedingly large due to the non-Littrow operation. 
         [0049]    Note, the Czerny-Turner configuration shown in  FIG. 2  uses two independent spherical optics for the collimator and imager. This configuration is more expensive but has lower aberrations. 
       Optical Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Applications 
       [0050]    Referring now to  FIGS. 3A ,  3 B and  3 C, shown are a number of applications for the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer operating either as an optical multiplexer or a combined optical demultiplexer and multiplexer. 
         [0051]    it is the purpose of the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer, to multiplex or combine laser inputs of a number of colors, frequencies or wavelengths and combine them into an output beam in which the energy in the output beam is, to a first approximation, the sum of the energies in the input beams. What the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is able to accomplish is to be able to provide high or low power collimated output beams than that achievable with individual lasers that do not provide an adequate laser power for a given application. 
         [0052]    Nowhere is this more important than the utilization of fiber lasers which in general are capable of high output powers of hundreds of watts, or higher. It is important to be able to combine the outputs of these lasers and sum them in a way to produce a much higher output collimated beam. 
         [0053]    To this end and as shown in  FIG. 3A , a number of fiber lasers  30 , each operating at a different color or frequency have their beams  32  applied to an optical multiplexing device  34 , the purpose of which is to take the separately colored laser beams and combine them into a collimated high energy beam  36  which is redirected for instance by a mirror  38  to an aiming head  40  which aims the beam  42  towards a target  44  to be able to destroy the target or at least a portion thereof. The wavelengths of the individual lasers are chosen appropriately to allow the optical multiplexing device  34  to combine them into a coboresighted output beam. 
         [0054]    It will be appreciated that there is a limit to the power output of a single fiber laser, and while these fiber lasers are efficient providers of collimated light, it is important to have methods to provide for the high intensity beams required in certain military applications. 
         [0055]    Referring to  FIG. 3B  it is also possible in an infrared countermeasure system to provide semiconductor milliwatt lasers  50  which are modulated by an optical modulation  52  to provide modulated differently colored beams  54  towards the same type of optical multiplexer that is shown by reference character  34  in  FIG. 3A . 
         [0056]    Here, the output is a modulated collimated beam  56  which is directed by a directed infrared countermeasure (DIRCM) head  58  towards a target  60 , with the modulated radiation causing the seeker in the missile head of missile  60  to direct the missile away from its intended target as illustrated by dotted arrow  62 . 
         [0057]    The above shows a system by which lasers of different colors can have their outputs combined to provide a collimated beam which is highly intense and is the sum of the output powers of the input lasers. 
         [0058]    Referring now to  FIG. 3C , the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer may be utilized as both a multiplexer and a demultiplexer without alteration of its optical components. Here an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  64  is provided to take an input beam  66  constituting the output from a single fiber carrying different colored channels. 
         [0059]    It is the purpose of the optical demultiplexer in one mode is to couple a number of demultiplexed beams  68  to a beam processing unit  70 , the purpose of which is to alter the characteristics of the individual beams to correct for intensity, polarization and dispersion or color spread. Such processors are known and include for instance the processors described in published US Patent Applications 2003/0067641 and 2002/0176645, incorporated herein by reference. The corrected or processed beams  72  comprising beams of different frequencies are redirected by mirrors  74 ,  76 ,  78  and  80  back into the self-same optical device, namely optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  64 . 
         [0060]    Using the same optical elements and configuration, the corrected beams, each of a different color, are combined by the multiplexer action of multiplexer/demultiplexer  64  such that they are recombined into a single collimated be  82  which may be coupled to a single optical fiber, with the characteristics of the individual beams corrected. 
         [0061]    Thus as can be seen, the subject optical multiplexer/demultiplexer can be utilized in applications where beams of multiple colors are to be combined, and wherein beams having information carried in multiple colors may be separated out for processing, followed by multiplexing back into a single beam. 
         [0062]    As to the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer design, and referring to  FIG. 4A , a optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  has essentially two reflective elements  90  and  92 . 
         [0063]    Reflective element  90  collimates the diverging light from fiber  100 , with a portion  200  of reflective element  90  directing the collimated beam towards a grating  300 . 
         [0064]    Grating  300  disperses the incident beam and returns the diffracted beam as illustrated at  140  to a reflective surface  310  of reflector  90 . 
         [0065]    As will be described, the narrow angle α between the input and output beams to and from the grating is what makes the system near-Littrow, since the collimated incoming beam  130  incident in one direction is almost in the same direction as the outgoing dispersion  140 . 
         [0066]    The diffracted energy from grating  300  is focused by a combination of reflective surfaces  310 ,  320 , and  330 , which focuses the energy onto a focal plane  420  at focal point  410 . 
         [0067]    The result is that the overall focal length of the device itself is kept quite short as mentioned above. Also important is the fact that the system operates in a near Littrow configuration. Additionally, the image space chief rays for the various input wavelengths are parallel, a characteristic commonly referred to as telecentricity. The optical system formed by reflective elements  90  and  92  must be properly designed with respect to the spectrally dispersed beam diffracted by grating  300  to support the telecentricity condition. 
         [0068]    In a typical nontelecentric optical system, the image space chief rays for separate wavelength channels would not be parallel, greatly complicating coupling of these focused beams into individual fibers. For example a telecentric optical system allows the individual output fibers to be aligned in parallel in a v-groove assembly which captures all of the fibers in parallel tracks. In addition, parallel optical processing of the individual spectral channels by common optical processors typically requires the individual spectral channels to be optically parallel. 
         [0069]    Thus not only does the subject system separate the beams out spatially, it also produces parallel beams at the output to greatly simplify detection and processing. 
         [0070]    Since the system described above for the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is near-Littrow, the spectral dispersion of incoming light is magnified, thereby to provide significant spatial separation on the focal plane for the various colors of light involved. 
       Demultiplexer Configuration 
       [0071]    Referring again, to  FIG. 4A , this shows a schematic diagram of the compact optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  in the x-y plane, i.e., the plane containing the optical axes of the various optical elements, in the region of the entrance aperture. The z, or vertical, axis is pointed up out of the plane of the figure. When operated as a demultiplexer, light enters the instrument at the entrance aperture  100 . The entrance aperture can be a physical stop or slit but, typically, the entrance aperture is simply the location in space from which the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer optics have been designed to accept light. Preferably, multispectral light  115  is injected at the entrance aperture  100  by a cleaved or lensed optical fiber  110 , wherein the core  112  of the fiber represents an unresolved, or point, source to the opticalmultiplexer/demultiplexer optics. Typically, the fiber core is between 5 and 20 microns in diameter. In a typical optical communications application, the wavelength spectrum of the input, multispectral light  115  spans one or more of the so called C or L bands (typically 1525-1565 nm and 1570-1610 nm respectively). 
         [0072]      FIG. 5  shows two alternative means for injecting light  115  into optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 . One alternative means uses an extra focusing lens  111  to form the point source in the entrance aperture  100 ; while the second alternative uses a simple back-illuminated pinhole  114 . In yet another alternative the entrance aperture is generally slit shaped, with the narrow dimension of the slit being comparable to the pinhole or fiber core  112 . The long dimension of the slit is oriented parallel to the z-axis of the device illustrated in  FIG. 4A . 
         [0073]    As is well known, light emerging from the core of a cleaved optical fiber is generally radiated into a large angled cone. Capturing all the light in such a cone is typically difficult to accomplish. Thus, as shown in inset  FIG. 48 , an interface optic  120  is preferably included in close proximity to input fiber  110  as a means to increase the optical efficiency of the instrument. In one embodiment, interface optic  120  is a positive power, refractive lens. If the tip of the fiber is located within one focal distance of this lens, the light emerging from the exit face of the lens will be a less broad cone. The gap between fiber  110  and interface optic  120  may contain air or epoxy. For the preferred implementation of optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 , the source fiber radiates light  115  into a cone of numerical aperture (NA) of approximately 0.01 at the 1/e2 intensity and exits interface optic  120  with an NA of approximately 0.022. It will be appreciated that the details of the optical design of this interface optic depend heavily on the choice of input fiber, desired instrument performance and size, and so forth; and that many specific designs for this optic are possible without deviating from the intent of this invention. 
         [0074]    Returning again to  FIG. 4A , the light exiting interface optic  120  expands in a narrow cone  118  as it propagates toward reflector  90  that serves as primary optic  800 . Primary optic  800  is a positive power reflective optic. Preferably, for ease of manufacture, the concave, focusing surface of primary optic  800  is substantially a portion of a sphere. Alternatively the focusing surface of primary optic  800  can be a portion of an asphere, as is understood in the field of optical design. The cone of light is directed such that it bypasses a secondary optic  850  and impinges on a small portion  200  of primary optic  800 . Portion  200  functions as the collimator for the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. In the preferred configuration shown in  FIG. 4A  collimator portion  200  is located at one edge of primary optic  800 . 
         [0075]    Note, the distance between the plane input aperture  100  and primary optic  800 , as measured along the optic&#39;s optical as is substantially the effective focal length of primary optic  800 . Light cone  118  is thus substantially collimated by primary optic  800 . Additionally, input aperture  100  is located substantially on the optical axis of prim optic  800 . However, in other configurations the entrance aperture  100  can be above or below the plane of  FIG. 4A . Upon reflection from collimator portion  200 , the light propagates generally parallel to the optical axis of primary optic  800 , as collimated beam  130 , until it reaches the plane diffraction grating  300 . The grating is located by standard optical ray tracing methods to intercept collimated beam  130 . This position will vary relative to primary optic  800  as a function of the selected location for input aperture  100 . 
         [0076]    Grating  300  is selected from industry standard designs and can be directly ruled, replicated in epoxy, or made holographically. Preferably, grating  300  is designed to operate in the wavelength band of interest in the so-called Littrow configuration. 
         [0077]    The salient characteristic of a Littrow grating, as shown in  FIG. 4A , is that the first useful diffracted order propagates generally back toward the direction from which the input beam comes. A preferred form of grating  300  is the echelle grating, in which a coarse-pitched grating is used at a high grating order to achieve large angular dispersion. The demultiplexed outputs for all wavelengths of interest are preferably diffracted from the grating  300  in the same grating diffraction order, with the diffraction grating grooves blazed to maximize diffracted throughput into the utilized diffraction order. An alternative embodiment utilizes high-order echelle gratings with each of a number of discrete demultiplexed wavelengths diffracted into a different diffraction order, all having maximum grating efficiency for a single grating blaze angle. 
         [0078]    Grating  300  diffracts beam  130  generally in the backwards direction, with each of the different wavelengths in beam  130  each being diffracted at its specific angle according to the well-known grating equation. The central wavelength in beam  130 , when diffracted, becomes collimated return beam  140 . In the preferred embodiment, grating  300  is designed according to well-understood principles to operate in a near-Littrow configuration such that collimated return beam  140  propagates back to primary optic  800  at an angle α relative to beam  130 . In the preferred embodiment, angle α is less than 10 degrees and typically equal to 4 degrees. As is shown in  FIG. 4A , angle α is designed to return beam  140  to primary optic  800  closer to the optical axis than beam  130 . That is, beam  140  is coming from larger field angle than beam  130 , relative to primary optic  800 . 
         [0079]    Beam  140  impinges on primary optic  800  in region  310 , slightly displaced from region  200 . Note, regions  200  and  310  are depicted as non-overlapping for clarity, but may overlap by approximately 50%. 
         [0080]    After reflecting from region  310  on primary optic  800 , the diffracted light is converted from collimated beam  140  to converging beam  150 . Left undisturbed, beam  150  would come to a focus in essentially the same plane as input aperture  100 , but displaced downward in  FIG. 4A  by the effect of angle α. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that beam  150 , while referred to in the singular when it represents the beam formed by a single wavelength from the original spectrum of the input light, the single wavelength to be substantially at the center of the operating wavelength band of optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 , is actually is meant to indicate the continuum of beams propagating in the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer, each wavelength in the source having been uniquely directed by the dispersive nature of grating  300 . Each additional wavelength in the source has its own converging cone leaving region  310 , with each cone coming to focus in a common output plane  420 , thereby forming a dispersed spectrum in that plane. 
         [0081]    In optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 , the one or more beams  150  do not propagate directly to focus. Instead, they are reflected from secondary optic  850  and again by primary optic  800 . The converging beams impinge on secondary optic  850  in a small region near its edge, indicated by region  320 , and then impinge on primary optic  800  in region  330 . Together the three regions  310 ,  320 , and  330  form a long focal length telephoto imaging system that focuses the collimated beam(s) from the grating into a continuous intensity distribution  410  at output plane  420 . This represents the spectral content of input light  115 . Thus, the invention has demultiplexed a multiple wavelength input beam. In the preferred implementation, the imaging system has an effective focal length of 180 mm and forms an f/23 cone at the distribution  410 . 
         [0082]    When the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is used as a demultiplexer, the imaging system formed by primary optic  800  and secondary optic  850  forms a magnified image  410  of the spectrum on the sensitive surface of a detector  400 , which has been located in the output plane  420 . The detector is preferably selected to respond to the wavelength band of interest. Typically, detector  400  is an array detector composed of multiple independently readable detector elements, although film and spectroscopic plates may also be used. Preferably, the magnification of the imaging system is designed such that the element-to-element spacing in the preferred detector produces the desired spectral sampling. A refractive field lens may be added in proximity to the detector plane to flatten the image field and, if desired, to adjust the telecentricity of the spectrograph. 
         [0083]    In an alternative configuration, a relay magnification optical system can be located after image  410  to adjust the size of image  410  to match the desired spectral sampling with the element-to-element spacing in the preferred detector. The use of such an image magnification-matching relay is well known in the art. 
         [0084]    Returning to  FIG. 4A , the preferred optical design for the telephoto imaging system comprising regions  310 ,  320 , and  330  has a back focal length (essentially the distance at which the spectrum  410  is formed) of 17 mm. Since the back focal length is shorter than the effective focal length (180 mm), the imaging system is a telephoto design, providing high magnification in a compact package. 
         [0085]    Functionally, the collimator and imaging system optics for this demultiplexer are formed from three independent elements corresponding to regions  200 / 310 ,  320 , and  330 . These three elements, each of which is an eccentric pupil subaperture of a larger parent optical element, must be mounted and aligned relative to each other to form the collimator and imaging systems described above. Preferably, the collimator and imaging system are assembled from the two full-width elements themselves, i.e. primary optic  800  and secondary optic  850 . Each of these patent optics is a section of a centered spherical mirror with a diameter determined by the off-axis locations of regions  200  and  320  (for optic  800  and  850  respectively). The manner in which these elements are sectioned are described below. Since these two optical elements are centered, they can be easily mounted and aligned using simple techniques that are well-known in the industry and will be described below as well. 
         [0086]    The optical design parameters for the preferred embodiment of the multiplexer/demultiplexer have been determined using commercial optical design software. Table I is the optical design diagram showing the preferred embodiment with the corresponding optical design listing (“the lens prescriptions”). It will be noted by those of skill in the optical design art that the entire system comprises two powered elements, these being reflective spherical optical elements. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Lens Prescription for 1547 nm Wavelength, NA 0.02 input 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 RDY 
                 THI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 OBJ: 
                 INFINITY 
                 3.457700 
                   
               
               
                 STO: 
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                  3: 
                 INFINITY 
                 118.654508  
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 −69.149831  
                 ZDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 REV 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 11.514052  
                 BDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 CDE: 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  4: 
                 −439.64270   
                 −123.285456   
                 REFL 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SLB: 
                 “M1” 
               
             
          
           
               
                  5: 
                 −251.80151   
                 123.285456  
                 REFL 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SLB: 
                 “M2” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 7.425031 
                 ZDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 DAR 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 −4.676107  
                 BDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 CDE: 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  6: 
                 −439.64270   
                 0.000000 
                 REFL 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SLB: 
                 “M3” 
               
             
          
           
               
                  7: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
                   
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 −36.860825  
                 ZDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 REV 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 4.012577 
                 BDE: 
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                 CDE: 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  8: 
                 INFINITY 
                 −169.251359   
                   
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 36.770465  
                 ZDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 REV 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 −4.012577  
                 BDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 CDE: 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                  9: 
                 INFINITY 
                 166.672006  
                 REFL 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SLB: 
                 “GRT” 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 GRT: 
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 GRO: 
                 −22.000000  
                 GRS: 
                 0.018986 
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 GRX: 
                 0.000000 
                 GRY: 
                 1.000000 
                 GRZ: 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 48.643024  
                 ZDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 DAR 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 63.577583  
                 BDE: 
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                 CDE: 
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                 10: 
                 −439.64270   
                 −217.650880   
                 REFL 
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 SLB: 
                 “COL” 
               
             
          
           
               
                 IMG: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
                   
                   
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                   
                 XDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 YDE: 
                 13.729200  
                 ZDE: 
                 −0.000000 
                 DAR 
               
               
                   
                 ADE: 
                 11.828300  
                 BDE: 
                 0.000000 
                 CDE: 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0087]    As mentioned above and referring now to  FIG. 6 , it is a feature of the subject invention that the optics involved provide a telescope having telecentricity. As can be seen, spherical reflector  90  collimates light from a point source onto grating  300  which diffracts the multispectral light as illustrated at  802  back towards spherical reflector  90 . From there a portion of spherical reflector  90  focuses the incident light onto a reflective element  320  which in turn continues the focusing action and realms the light to another portion of spherical reflector  90 , with each of the different colored beams spatially separated. 
         [0088]    These spatially separated beams on spherical reflector  90  are again focused to output plane  420  such that individual beams of light  808  of different colors impinge On Output plane  420  from the same direction. The arrival of these differently colored beams of light in parallel permit detection by detectors  400  or coupling of the light into respective optical fibers positioned at plane  420  such that the centerlines of these fibers are also parallel one to the other and can therefore line up with the corresponding beams. This alignment is made simple due to the parallelism of beams  808  which can be matched to the parallelism of the optical fibers. This permits the use of the v-channel positioning block of  FIG. 13 . 
         [0089]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , in certain circumstances a higher performance system may be desired. In such circumstance the design performance limitations of a two element pure spherical system may be improved by removing one or both of those constraints (viz., two element constraint and spherical only constraint).  FIG. 7  is the optical design diagram for an embodiment freed from those constraints in which the individual optical surfaces may be a mixture of spherical, conic, or aspheric surfaces, here respectively a parabolic section  810 , an aspheric section  812 , an aspheric surface  814  for element  850 , and an aspheric section  816 . What is shown here is a segmented mirror configuration for primary optic  800 . 
         [0090]    As shown in  FIG. 8 , all components of optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  are assembled as a compact package, mounted on a unitary base structure  1000  for stability. Each component is preferably mounted using pre-determined reference points, typically miniature dowel pins. Analyses have shown that system performance will not be degraded when said alignment reference points are positioned to within 0.001-0.002 inches, a tolerance well within standard practice in optical assembly technology. Preferably the structure is athermalized. For example, base structure  1000  is preferably manufactured from Zerodur®, a well known substrate material, although fused silica and ULE® glass are acceptable alternatives. Additionally, kinematic or quasi-kinematic mounting configurations are preferred. 
         [0091]    Referring to  FIG. 9 , a perspective view of the instrument shows that primary optic  800  and secondary optic  850  preferably implemented as rectangular sections  801  cut from parent optical elements  802  and  804 . The thickness, T, of the elements is equal to the clear aperture required for beam  118  when it reaches primary optic  800  plus additional margin for manufacturing, alignment and mounting considerations, as is typically done in optics manufacture. Alternative manufacturing approaches, such as optical replication, injection molding, or diamond turning are anticipated by the inventors. 
       Spectral Manipulator Configuration 
       [0092]    Another application for the invention is to permit individual and unique manipulation, or filtering, of the various spectral components that make up the light emitted from the source. For example, one might warn to equalize the optical energy across the visible spectrum in the light emitted by a blackbody source of known emission temperature. A second preferred configuration of the invention is used for this application. For filtering, the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer is used in a double pass mode. That is, the light is injected into the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer in the input plane, is dispersed passing through the instrument, and is formed into a continuous spectrally dispersed display in output plane  420  as before. However, detector  400  is replaced by other elements that firstly manipulate each component of the spectrum individually and secondly return the light into the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer instrument for a second pass. During this reverse, second pass, the previously spectrally dispersed light is recombined by the aforementioned grating element into a single beam and is refocused into an output point by the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer optics. 
         [0093]    The modifications to the invention to accommodate this double pass operation are described with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11 . 
         [0094]    In an optical multiplexer/demultiplexer configuration, it is desirable to use a single optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  to spatially demultiplex the spectral components or channels of an input signal for some form of optical processing, and to subsequently multiplex the processed light signals back into a single output beam. 
         [0095]      FIG. 11  presents a geometry for the demultiplexed region after the optics in which multiple sequential Spectral Manipulating Elements (SMEs) can be inserted and the light retroreflected appropriately such that the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  will properly multiplex the signals. The retroreflection path illustrated in  FIG. 11 , when combined with the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  illustrated in  FIG. 4A , directs the multiplexed processed output out of the multiplexer/demultiplexer. 
         [0096]    As shown in  FIG. 10 , the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  of  FIG. 4A  may be modified to direct the output beam through an exit aperture  105  and output fiber  110   a  spatially separated from the entrance aperture  100 .  FIG. 10  is a view of optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  in the plane of cut A-A in  FIG. 4A  in the region of the entrance and exit aperture. In this second preferred configuration, entrance aperture  100  is offset out of the plane of  106   FIG. 4A  below plane  106 . That is, the aperture is displaced in the z-axis direction below plane  106 . Exit aperture  105  exists above plane  106  to capture the processed beam. Note, the entrance aperture is shown offset in the negative z-direction below the plane of  FIG. 4A ) although a positive offset is equally preferred. The offset entrance aperture  100  is matched symmetrically by an exit aperture  105  positioned above plane  106 , in the z-direction. Multispectral light is introduced into optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  as in the prior configuration, shown in  FIG. 4A , as expanding cone  118 . The propagation of this light through the instrument proceeds as in the prior configuration and exits optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  as beam  118   a.    
         [0097]      FIG. 11  shows the additional elements in the region near output plane  420  required to implement the processing of the dispersed beams from the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer and to allow the spatially separated input and output apertures of  FIG. 10 . Detector  400  of  FIG. 4A  is replaced by the combination of one or more spectral manipulation elements (SME)  430 ,  432 , and two broad band reflective surfaces  440 ,  442 . Preferably, surfaces  440 ,  442  are high reflection optical coatings deposited on optical substrates viz., front surface mirrors) as is well known in the art, where said coatings have been optimized for reflecting the operational wavelength band of the invention. 
         [0098]    As will be appreciated,  FIG. 11  is a view of optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  in the region of cut B-B in  FIG. 4A . Reflective surfaces  440  and  442  are positioned such that the normals to their respective surfaces are each in the plane formed by the central ray of beam  150  and the z-axis. Additionally, the reflective surfaces  440 ,  442  are held at a right angle to each other. As is well known in the field of optics, surfaces held in this orientation retroreflect light beams in the plane in which the mirrors are folded. For beams propagating with a component out of aforementioned plane, the in-plane component is retroreflected and the out-of-plane component will be reflected as if the mirror pair were a single mirror (Lea, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence). 
         [0099]    As shown, first reflective surface  440  is located in front of image plane  420  by displacement distance, D,  153  and oriented at substantially 45 degrees to the direction of propagation of beam  150 , with its reflective side facing beam  150 . First reflective surface  440  is generally located such that the central ray of beam  150  intercepts surface  440  substantially at its center. Second reflective surface  442  is located at substantially 90 degrees to first surface  440  and also facing the beam  150  and located such that the central ray of beam  150  intercepts its surface substantially at its center. Displacement distance D is substantially equal to one-half the distance between surface  440  and surface  442 , as measured along the central ray of beam  150 . In this configuration, output plane  420   a , the plane containing the optical axes of the optical components, is substantially parallel to beam  150  and located midway between surfaces  440  and  442 . 
         [0100]    Preferably, light converging toward output plane  420  first passes through SME  430 , whose function will be described below. Note that beam  150  is traveling above (z-positive) the plane  420   a  containing the optical axes of the optical components. The beam is above the axis near output plane  420  because input aperture  100  is located below said plane, as was described above. Similarly, beams  150  would be below this plane had the input aperture been place above the plane. 
         [0101]    Beam  150  impinges on surface  440  and is reflected downwards (e.g., generally along a direction parallel to the z-axis) toward surface  442 . Output plane  420   a  is formed mid-way between surfaces  440  and  442 , in accordance with the said selection of displacement distance  153 . The forward pass of this double pass configuration is complete when beam  150  reaches its focused condition in output plane  420   a , wherein a continuous spectral distribution is formed. 
         [0102]    As the light passes through focus in output plane  420   a  it re-expands in defocusing beams  150   a  as it begins its second pass through the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 . The spectral distribution in output plane  420   a  now serves as the source for the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer. Emerging from output plane  420   a  (i.e. plane  106  of  FIG. 10 ) beams  150   a  impinge on reflective surface  442  and are reflected into a plane substantially parallel to, but displaced in the negative z-direction from the plane containing beam(s)  150 , with the said displacement being substantially equal to the aforementioned positive displacement of beams  150 . The redirected beams are pointed generally back to primary optic  800  and appear to be emerging from a spectral distribution in output plane  420   c . The beams diverging from output plane  420   c  toward primary optic  800  preferably pass first through SME  432 , whose function will be described below. 
         [0103]    Beams  150   a  propagate generally back to primary optic  800  until they reach region  330 . From region  330  backwards-propagating beams  150   a  generally retrace the paths taken by forward-propagating beams  150 . Beams  150   a  are generally slightly displaced from their corresponding beams in beams  150 , the displacement being in accordance with well understood optical ray tracing analyses and having no significance to the effect of the various optics in optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 . 
         [0104]    When beams  150   a  reach region  310  they become substantially collimated beams  140   a . Beams  140   a  are in direct correspondence with forward propagating beams  140 . Beams  140   a  impinge on grating  300  at angles of incidence corresponding to their wavelengths and thus, are rediffracted by grating  300  into a common propagating direction where they are collectively considered a single beam, beam  130   a . Beam  130   a  propagates to region  200  of primary optic  800  where it is focused toward exit aperture  105  as beam  118   a . At the exit aperture, the focused beam  118   a  is typically coupled into an optical fiber and out of the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80 . 
         [0105]    The function of the double pass configuration just discussed is to provide a physical space in which one or more spectral manipulation devices can operate on the various spectral components in the original optical signal independently. That is, if the optical signal traveling in the input optical fiber is composed of light at two distinct wavelengths, say 1540 TIM and 1550 nm, it is the purpose of this invention to allow one optical adjustment to be applied to the 1540 nm light and a separate and independent adjustment to be applied to the 1550 nm light. For example, it may be desirable to attenuate the 1550 nm light by 10% without affecting the 1540 nm light in order to equalize the optical power in the two wavelengths. 
         [0106]    In  FIG. 11 , the preferred configuration, in which two SMEs are installed, is illustrated. Alternatively, a single SME could be used alone, positioned in the location of either SMF  430  or  432  or in the output plane  420  located between the reflective elements  440 , 442 . A further alternative configuration would permit three SME&#39;s to be used, with one SME in plane  420  and one each corresponding to SMF  430  and  432 . 
         [0107]    Preferably, the SME&#39;s are located close to output plane  420 , said plane being the location at which the various spectral components are most distinct. However, exact positioning in this plane is not required since the spectral manipulation performed by the SME&#39;s are always of finite spectral resolution themselves and, typically, are slowly varying with wavelength. The manipulation performed by a SME  430  may be continuous with spatial position (said spatial position corresponding to different wavelengths) or spatially discrete. A physically large example of the former is a variable neutral density filter, such as Newport Research model 50G02AV.2 while an example of the latter could be a Dichroic Filter Array as produced by Ocean Optics Inc. of Dunedin, Fla. using technology under license of U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,889, Methodology to make optical filter arrays. Any of a large variety of SMEs may be used in the invention, and different numbers and types of SMEs may be mixed and matched in the invention while remaining within the intent of invention, which is to make a physically accessible region available in which individualized manipulation of the spectral components is possible. 
       Multiplexer Configuration 
       [0108]    Referring to  FIG. 12 , the multiplexer configuration is shown, here a third configuration for optical multiplexer/demultiplexer  80  is to reverse the functions of the input and output planes to create a means of multiplexing several individual light sources into a single, combined beam. The optical system for the multiplexer configuration, shown in  FIG. 12 , except for the elements in the input and output planes, is unchanged from the demultiplexer configuration shown in  FIG. 4A . Former output plane  420  is, in this configuration, the location for one or more light sources, typically narrowband fiber lasers  510 , held in a fiber positioning block  500 . Bach laser  510  is tuned to a unique wavelength within the dispersive range of grating  300 . The source may alternatively be a semiconductor laser array with individual laser facets tuned to the appropriate laser wavelength. Former input plane  100 , typically, is just a reference location through with the multiplexed beam will pass at focus. 
         [0109]    For one preferred embodiment, grating  300  is operates at the 22 nd  order in a near-Littrow configuration and, with the 2 mirror optical design, the angular dispersion of the grating is converted into a physical dispersion of 100 GHz/millimeter at output plane  420 . Output plane  420  is approximately 50 millimeters wide, so the multiplexing range of this embodiment is approximately 5000 GHz. 
         [0110]    In a multiplexer, it is desirable to precisely overlap each of the input beams to obtain high output beam quality. To achieve said precision overlap, each input source is positioned precisely in former output plane  420 . In a preferred embodiment as shown in  FIG. 13 , each source is an optical fiber  510  mounted in a v-channel  520  in positioning block  500 , with the location of the v-channel for each fiber having been calculated specifically for the wavelength to which the source is tuned and the specific grating  300  and optical elements in the system. 
         [0111]    Each fiber in positioning block  500  emits a cone of light  150 . It will be understood that only one cone is illustrated for clarity but in operation there will be multiple, nearly parallel cones of light being emitted simultaneously. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the light in cone  150  propagates “backwards” through the optical multiplexer/demultiplexer, reflecting sequentially from region  330 , region  320 , region  310 , grating  300 , and region  200  before coming to focus in plane  100 . At former input aperture  100  all of the cones of light that are emitted from block  500  are substantially overlapped to form a single output beam. An alternative embodiment takes advantage of the fact that the input laser beams are overlapped and coboresighted into a high quality collimated beam after diffracting from grating  300 . This beam may be used as the free-space collimated output of the multiplexer if the grating  300  is oriented at an appropriate angle α such that the output beam clears optical element  800 . 
         [0112]    A preferred form of grating  300  is the echelle grating, in which a coarse-pitched grating is used at a high grating order to achieve large angular dispersion. The multiplexed outputs for all, wavelengths of interest are preferably diffracted by the grating  300  into the same grating diffraction order, with the diffraction grating grooves blazed to maximize diffracted throughput into the utilized diffraction order. An alternative embodiment utilizes high-order echelle gratings with each of a number of discrete multiplexed wavelengths diffracted into a different diffraction order, all having maximum grating efficiency for a single grating blaze angle. Accordingly, in this alternative embodiment, all multiplexed wavelengths emerge into a common angular direction; each wavelength being diffracted at or near the peak efficiency of the blaze function for that discrete wavelength and diffracted order. The peak of the blaze function repeats with diffracted order and in this embodiment, each wavelength uses a different diffracted order. So, wavelength separations can be chosen such as to align with the peak diffraction efficiency of subsequent diffracted orders. For example, an echelle grating can be created such that the order separation corresponds to approximately 100 GHz in frequency or 0.8 nm in wavelength in the 1.5 micrometer wavelength region. Such a grating would provide peak diffraction efficiency at each discrete wavelength in the diffraction order in which it is used, sending all wavelengths into a common output angular direction. Another embodiment of grating  300  would be a multilayer dielectric interference grating, allowing high power laser output. 
         [0113]    While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.