PATENT ABSTRACT
A reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication is provided. The filter comprises two conductors extending in a first direction on the surface of a dielectric substrate at a first distance from each other, the surface of the dielectric substrate between the conductors defining a non-conducting portion, wherein the width of the two conductors or the first distance, or both, varies in a length direction of the two conductors. Furthermore, a reflection-type bandpass filter comprising a dielectric substrate; a first conductor provided on the surface of the dielectric substrate; and a side conductor provided next to the first conductor at a first distance from the first conductor, with a non-conducting portion intervening a portion between the first and side conductors, wherein the first conductor width or the distance between the first and side conductors, or both, varies along the length direction of the first conductor, is provided.

PATENT DESCRIPTION
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-274325, filed on Oct. 5, 2006, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-274326, filed on Oct. 5, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein their entirety by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to a reflection-type bandpass filter for use in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless data communication. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     This invention relates to a reflection-type bandpass filter for use in ultra-wideband (hereafter “UWB”) wireless data communication. By using this UWB reflection-type bandpass filter, U.S. Federal Communications Commission requirements for spectrum masks can be satisfied. 
     As technology of the prior art related to this invention, for example, the technology disclosed in the following references 1 through 12 is known. 
     Reference 1: Specification of U.S. Pat. No. 2,411,555 
     Reference 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 56-64501 
     Reference 3: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-172318 
     Reference 4: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 9-232820 
     Reference 5: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 10-65402 
     Reference 6: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 10-242746 
     Reference 7: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 2000-4108 
     Reference 8: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 2000-101301 
     Reference 9: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. 2002-43810 
     Reference 10: A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, “Discrete-time signal processing,” pp. 465-478, Prentice Hall, 1998. 
     Reference 11: G-B. Xiao, K. Yashiro, N. Guan, and S. Ohokawa, “An effective method for designing nonuniformly coupled transmission-line filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 49, pp. 1027-1031, June 2001. 
     Reference 12: Y. Konishi, “Microwave integrated circuits”, pp. 19-21, Marcel Dekker, 1991 
     However, the bandpass filters proposed in the prior art may not satisfy the FCC specifications, due to manufacturing tolerances and other reasons. 
     Among bandpass filters from the prior art, a bandpass filter with a configuration wherein one microstrip line is provided on a substrate requires a ground conductor below a dielectric. Therefore, for example, it is difficult for this bandpass filter to configure a circuit together with an antenna having a flat dipole antenna and to be used. 
     Furthermore, among bandpass filters from the prior art, bandpass filters which use coplanar strips do not use wide ground strips, and so are not suitable for coupling with transmission lines such as slot lines. 
     This invention has as an object the provision of a high-performance UWB reflection-type bandpass filter which configures the circuit easily and is easy to use, and which satisfies FCC specifications. 
     Furthermore, this invention has as an object the provision of a high-performance UWB reflection-type bandpass filter which has excellent coupling characteristics with transmission lines such as slot lines, and which satisfies FCC specifications. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present invention overcome the above disadvantages and other disadvantages not described above. Also, the present invention is not required to overcome the disadvantages described above, and an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may not overcome any of the problems described above. 
     The first aspect of the present invention relates to a reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication, in which two conductors extending in band form are provided on the surface of a dielectric substrate at a prescribed distance, the surface of the dielectric substrate between the conductors defining a non-conducting portion, and in which the conductor widths or the distance between conductors, or both, are distributed non-uniformly in the length direction of the conductors. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the conductor widths be constant, and that the distance between conductors be distributed non-uniformly. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the distance between conductors be constant, and that the conductor widths be distributed non-uniformly. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and that in the range 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.2 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.9 GHz, and that in the range 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.9 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.1 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 4.2 GHz≦f≦9.6 GHz, and that in the range 4.2 GHz≦f≦9.6 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.15 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz, and that in the range 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.05 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the characteristic impedance Zc of the input terminal transmission line be in the range 10Ω≦Zc≦200Ω. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that a resistance having the same impedance as the above characteristic impedance value, or a non-reflecting terminator, be provided on the terminating side. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that each of the conductors comprises metal plates of thickness equal to or greater than the skin depth of the metal plates at f=1 GHz. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the dielectric substrate be of thickness h in the range 0.1 mm≦h≦10 mm, that the relative permittivity ∈ r  be in the range 1≦∈ r ≦500, that the width W be in the range 2 mm≦W≦100 mm, and that the length L be in the range 2 mm≦L≦500 mm. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the conductor widths and of the distance between conductors be determined using a design method based on the inverse problem of deriving a potential from spectral data in the Zakharov-Shabat equation. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the conductor widths and of the distance between conductors be determined using a window function method. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the conductor widths and of the distance between conductors be determined using a Kaiser window function method. 
     The second aspect of the present invention relates to a reflection-type bandpass filter for ultra-wideband wireless data communication, comprising a dielectric substrate, a band-shaped conductor provided on the surface of the dielectric substrate, and a side conductor provided on one side of the band-shaped conductor securing a prescribed distance between conductors with a non-conducting portion intervening; and the band-shaped conductor width or the distance between conductors, or both, are distributed non-uniformly along the band-shaped conductor length direction. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the band-shaped conductor width be constant, and that the distance between conductors be distributed non-uniformly. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that one or both of the opposing side edges of the two conductors be a straight line, or that both of the opposing side edges of the two conductors be distributed non-uniformly in the band-shaped conductor length direction. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the distance between conductors be constant, and that the band-shaped conductor width be distributed non-uniformly. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that both of the opposing side edges of the two conductors be straight lines, or that both of the opposing side edges of the two conductors be distributed non-uniformly in the band-shaped conductor length direction. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 3.8 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and that in the range 3.8 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.1 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.1 GHz, and that in the range 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.1 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.05 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that there be a difference of 10 dB or higher between the reflectance in the ranges of frequencies f for which f&lt;3.1 GHz and f&gt;10.6 GHz, and the reflectance in the range of frequencies 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.3 GHz, and that in the range 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.3 GHz the group delay variation be within ±0.05 ns. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the characteristic impedance Zc of the input terminal transmission line be in the range 10Ω≦Zc≦300Ω. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that a resistance having the same impedance as the above characteristic impedance value, or a non-reflecting terminator, be provided on the terminating side. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the band-shaped conductor and the side conductor comprise metal plates of thickness equal to or greater than the skin depth of the metal plates at f=1 GHz. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the dielectric substrate be of thickness h in the range 0.1 mm≦h≦5 mm, that the relative permittivity ∈ r  be in the range 1≦∈ r ≦500, that the width W be in the range 2 mm≦W≦100 mm, and that the length L be in the range 2 mm≦L≦300 mm. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the band-shaped conductor width and of the distance between conductors be determined using a design method based on the inverse problem of deriving a potential from spectral data in the Zakharov-Shabat equation. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the band-shaped conductor width and of the distance between conductors be determined using a window function method. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, it is preferable that the length-direction distributions of the band-shaped conductor width and of the distance between conductors be determined using a Kaiser window function method. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the first aspect of the present invention, by applying a window function technique to design a reflection-type bandpass filter comprising non-uniform microstrip line, the pass band can be made extremely broad and variation in group delay within the pass band can be made extremely small compared with filters of the prior art, even when manufacturing tolerances are large. As a result, a UWB bandpass filter can be provided which satisfies FCC specifications. 
     Furthermore, a ground conductor below a dielectric is no longer required. Therefore, for example, it becomes easier for the bandpass filter to configure a circuit together with an antenna having a flat dipole antenna and to be used. 
     In a reflection-type bandpass filter of the second aspect of the present invention, by applying a window function technique to design a reflection-type bandpass filter comprising a non-uniform symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip, the pass band can be made extremely broad and variation in group delay within the pass band can be made extremely small compared with filters of the prior art, even when manufacturing tolerances are large. As a result, a UWB bandpass filter can be provided which satisfies FCC specifications. 
     Further, ground strips can be made wide, so that easy coupling with transmission lines such as slot lines is achieved. Here, “ground strips” refers to the conductors on both sides, which are connected together on the input end. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing one aspect of a reflection-type bandpass filter of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing the conductor-to-conductor distance dependence of the characteristic impedance in the coplanar strip; 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing the conductor width dependence of the characteristic impedance in the coplanar strip; 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing the distribution of the distance between conductors of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing the shape of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 8  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 9  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing the distribution of the distance between conductors of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 11  is a graph showing the shape of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 12  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 13  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 14  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 15  is a graph showing the distribution of the distance between conductors of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 1; 
         FIG. 16  is a graph showing the shape of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 17  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 18  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 19  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 4; 
         FIG. 20  is a graph showing the distribution of the conductor width of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 4; 
         FIG. 21  is a graph showing the shape of the symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 4; 
         FIG. 22  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 4; 
         FIG. 23  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 4; 
         FIG. 24  is a perspective view showing one aspect of a reflection-type bandpass filter of the invention; 
         FIG. 25  is a graph showing the conductor-to-conductor distance dependence of the characteristic impedance in the coplanar strip; 
         FIG. 26  is a graph showing the band-shaped conductor width dependence of the characteristic impedance in the coplanar strip; 
         FIG. 27  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 28  is a graph showing the distribution of the distance between conductors of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 29  is a graph showing the first shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 30  is a graph showing the second shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 31  is a graph showing the third shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 32  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 33  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 5; 
         FIG. 34  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 35  is a graph showing the distribution of the distance between conductors of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 36  is a graph showing the first shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 37  is a graph showing the second shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 38  is a graph showing the third shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 39  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 40  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 6; 
         FIG. 41  is a graph showing the characteristic impedance distribution of the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; 
         FIG. 42  is a graph showing the distribution of the band-shaped conductor width of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; 
         FIG. 43  is a graph showing the first shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; 
         FIG. 44  is a graph showing the second shape of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; 
         FIG. 45  is a graph showing the reflected wave amplitude characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; 
         FIG. 46  is a graph showing the reflected wave group delay characteristic in the reflection-type bandpass filter fabricated in Embodiment 7; and, 
         FIG. 47  is an equivalent circuit of a non-uniform transmission line. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Below, an aspect of the invention is explained referring to the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a perspective view showing in summary of the configuration of a reflection-type bandpass filter of Embodiments 1 through 4. In the figure, the symbol  1  is the reflection-type bandpass filter, 2 is a dielectric substrate, 3 and 4 are conductors, and 5 is a non-conducting portion. 
     In the reflection-type bandpass filter  1 , two conductors  3  and  4  extending in band form are provided on the surface of a dielectric substrate  2  at a prescribed distance, the surface of the dielectric substrate  2  between the conductors  3  and  4  defining a non-conducting portion; the non-uniform symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip (the coplanar strip in which two conductors are arranged symmetrically and width of the conductors are distributed non-uniformly) is such that the conductor widths w or the distance between conductors s, or both, are distributed non-uniformly in the length direction of the conductors. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the z axis is taken along the length direction of the conductors  3  and  4 , the y axis is taken in the direction perpendicular to the z axis and parallel to the surface of the substrate  2 , and the x axis is taken in the direction perpendicular to the y axis and to the z axis. The length extending in the z axis direction from the end face on the input end is z. In the reflection-type bandpass filter  1 , the width of the conductor  3  and the width of the conductor  4  are the same at each place where z is equal (hereafter the “the conductor width w”). 
     A reflection-type bandpass filter of this invention adopts a configuration in which stop band rejection (the difference between the reflectance in the pass band, and the reflectance in the stop band) is increased, by using a window function method (see Reference 10 with respect to the window function method) employed in digital filter design. By this means, instead of expansion of the transition frequency region (the region between the pass band boundary and the stop band boundary), the stop band rejection can be increased. As a result, manufacturing tolerances can be increased. Also, variation in the group delay within the pass band is decreased. 
     The transmission line of a reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of this invention can be represented by a non-uniformly distributed constant circuit such as in  FIG. 47 . 
     From  FIG. 47 , the following equation (1) obtains for the line voltage v(z,t) and the line current i(z,t). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Here L(z) and C(z) are the inductance and capacitance respectively per unit length in the transmission line. Here, the function of equation (2) is introduced. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Substitution into equation (1) yields equation (3). 
     (equation 3) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
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                           z 
                         
                       
                       = 
                       
                         
                           
                             1 
                             
                               c 
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 z 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ∂ 
                               
                                 
                                   ϕ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     z 
                                     , 
                                     t 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               ∂ 
                               t 
                             
                           
                         
                         - 
                         
                           
                             1 
                             2 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ⅆ 
                                 ln 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Z 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   z 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             
                               ⅆ 
                               z 
                             
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               
                                 ϕ 
                                 1 
                               
                               ⁡ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   z 
                                   , 
                                   t 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             . 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here c(z)=1/√{L(z)/C(z)}. If the time factor is set to exp(jωt), and a variable transformation is performed as in equation (4) below, then the Zakharov-Shabat equation of equation (5) is obtained. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     x 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       z 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∫ 
                       0 
                       z 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           s 
                         
                       
                       
                         c 
                         ⁡ 
                         
                           ( 
                           s 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     4 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ∂ 
                                   
                                     
                                       ϕ 
                                       1 
                                     
                                     ⁡ 
                                     
                                       ( 
                                       x 
                                       ) 
                                     
                                   
                                 
                                 
                                   ∂ 
                                   x 
                                 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 j 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 ω 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ϕ 
                                     1 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     x 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                             = 
                             
                               
                                 - 
                                 
                                   q 
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     x 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ϕ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   x 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           , 
                         
                       
                     
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ∂ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ϕ 
                                     2 
                                   
                                   ⁡ 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     x 
                                     ) 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 ∂ 
                                 x 
                               
                             
                             - 
                             
                               jω 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 
                                   ϕ 
                                   2 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   x 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           = 
                           
                             
                               - 
                               
                                 q 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   x 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               
                                 
                                   ϕ 
                                   1 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   x 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               . 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     5 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here q(x) is as given by equation (6) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     q 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       x 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       2 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             ⅆ 
                             ln 
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             Z 
                             ⁡ 
                             
                               ( 
                               x 
                               ) 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           x 
                         
                       
                       . 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     6 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The Zakharov-Shabat inverse problem involves synthesizing the potential q(x) from spectral data which is a solution satisfying the above equations (see Reference 11 with respect to the Zakharov-Shabat equation). If the potential q(x) is found, the local characteristic impedance Z(x) is determined as in equation (7) below.
 
 Z ( x )= Z (0)exp [2∫ 0   x   q ( s ) ds].   (equation 7)
 
     Here, normally in a process to determine the potential q(x), the reflectance coefficient r(x) in x space is calculated from the spectra data reflectance coefficient R(ω) using the following equation (8), and q(x) are obtained from r(x). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     r 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       ( 
                       x 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       1 
                       
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         π 
                       
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         ∫ 
                         
                           - 
                           ∞ 
                         
                         ∞ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           R 
                           ⁡ 
                           
                             ( 
                             ω 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⅇ 
                           
                             
                               - 
                               j 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             ω 
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             x 
                           
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                             
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⅆ 
                           ω 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     8 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In this invention, in place of obtaining r(x) from the R(ω) for ideal spectral data, a window function is applied as in equation (9) to determine r′(x).
 
 r ′( x )= w ( x ) r ( x ).  (equation 9)
 
     Here ω(x) is the window function. If the window function is selected appropriately, the stop band rejection level can be appropriately controlled. Here, a Kaiser window is used as an example. The Kaiser window is defined as in equation (10) below (see Reference 10 with respect to the Kaiser window). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     w 
                     ⁡ 
                     
                       [ 
                       n 
                       ] 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   I 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   [ 
                                   
                                     
                                       β 
                                       ⁡ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           - 
                                           
                                             
                                               [ 
                                               
                                                 
                                                   ( 
                                                   
                                                     n 
                                                     - 
                                                     α 
                                                   
                                                   ) 
                                                 
                                                 / 
                                                 α 
                                               
                                               ] 
                                             
                                             2 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     
                                       1 
                                       / 
                                       2 
                                     
                                   
                                   ] 
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   I 
                                   0 
                                 
                                 ⁡ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   β 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               0 
                               ≤ 
                               n 
                               ≤ 
                               M 
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           otherwise 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     10 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here α=M/s, and β is determined empirically as in equation (11) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   β 
                   = 
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               0.1102 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 ( 
                                 
                                   A 
                                   - 
                                   8.7 
                                 
                                 ) 
                               
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               A 
                               &gt; 
                               50 
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 0.5842 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   
                                     ( 
                                     
                                       A 
                                       - 
                                       21 
                                     
                                     ) 
                                   
                                   0.4 
                                 
                               
                               + 
                               
                                 0.07886 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     A 
                                     - 
                                     21 
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               21 
                               ≤ 
                               A 
                               ≤ 
                               50 
                             
                             , 
                           
                         
                       
                       
                         
                           
                             0 
                             , 
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             A 
                             &lt; 
                             21 
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     11 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here A=−20 log 10 δ. where δ is the peak approximation error in the pass band and in the stop band. 
     In this way q(x) is determined, and from equation (7) the local characteristic impedance Z(x) is determined. 
     Here, of the coplanar strip in which two conductors are arranged symmetrically and are distributed non-uniformly, when either the conductor width w or the conductor-to-conductor distance between the conductor  3  and the conductor  4  (hereafter the “distance between conductors s” in the following Embodiments 1 through 4), or both, are varied, the characteristic impedance can be changed (see Reference 12 with respect to the characteristic impedance). 
       FIG. 2  shows the dependence of the characteristic impedance on the distance between conductors s, when the conductor width w=1 mm, the thickness h of the dielectric substrate  2  is 2 mm, and the relative permittivity ∈ r  of the dielectric substrate  2  is 45.  FIG. 3  shows the dependence of the characteristic impedance on the conductor width w, when the distance between conductors s=1 mm, h=2 mm, and ∈ r =45. 
     In this invention, the conductor width w or distance between conductors s was calculated based on the local characteristic impedance obtained from equation (7), and a bandpass filter  1  was manufactured so as to satisfy the calculated conductor width w or distance between conductors s. By this means, reflection-type bandpass filters  1  having the desired pass band were obtained. 
     Below, the invention is explained in further detail referring to embodiments. Each of the embodiments described below is merely an illustration of the invention, and the invention is in no way limited to these embodiment descriptions. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using one wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω. Here, the characteristic impedance must be set so as to match the impedance of the system being used. In general, in a circuit which handles high-frequency signals, a system impedance of 50Ω, 75Ω, 300Ω, or similar is used. It is desirable that the characteristic impedance Zc be in the range 10Ω≦Zc≦300Ω. If the characteristic impedance is smaller than 10Ω, then losses due to the conductor and dielectric become comparatively large. If the characteristic impedance is higher than 300Ω, matching with the system impedance is not possible. 
       FIG. 4  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. The horizontal axis is z divided by one wavelength at f=1 GHz; similar axes are used in  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 14 , and  FIG. 19  below. 
       FIG. 5  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the distance between conductors s, when using a dielectric substrate  2  with a thickness h=2 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =44, and when the conductor width w=1 mm. Tables 1 through 3 list the distances between conductors s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (1/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.06 
                 0.13 
                 0.19 
                 0.26 
                 0.32 
                 0.39 
                 0.45 
                 0.52 
                 0.58 
                 0.65 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 s(mm) 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.78 
                 0.84 
                 0.91 
                 0.97 
                 1.04 
                 1.10 
                 1.17 
                 1.23 
                 1.30 
                 1.36 
                 1.43 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
               
               
                  #3 
                 1.56 
                 1.62 
                 1.69 
                 1.75 
                 1.82 
                 1.88 
                 1.95 
                 2.01 
                 2.08 
                 2.14 
                 2.21 
                 2.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.89 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
               
               
                  #4 
                 2.33 
                 2.40 
                 2.46 
                 2.53 
                 2.59 
                 2.66 
                 2.72 
                 2.79 
                 2.85 
                 2.92 
                 2.98 
                 3.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
               
               
                  #5 
                 3.11 
                 3.18 
                 3.24 
                 3.31 
                 3.37 
                 3.44 
                 3.50 
                 3.57 
                 3.63 
                 3.70 
                 3.76 
                 3.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
               
               
                  #6 
                 3.89 
                 3.96 
                 4.02 
                 4.09 
                 4.15 
                 4.22 
                 4.28 
                 4.35 
                 4.41 
                 4.48 
                 4.54 
                 4.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
               
               
                  #7 
                 4.67 
                 4.74 
                 4.80 
                 4.87 
                 4.93 
                 5.00 
                 5.06 
                 5.13 
                 5.19 
                 5.26 
                 5.32 
                 5.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
               
               
                  #8 
                 5.45 
                 5.52 
                 5.58 
                 5.65 
                 5.71 
                 5.78 
                 5.84 
                 5.90 
                 5.97 
                 6.03 
                 6.10 
                 6.16 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.92 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.91 
                 0.90 
                 0.90 
                 0.89 
               
               
                  #9 
                 6.23 
                 6.29 
                 6.36 
                 6.42 
                 6.49 
                 6.55 
                 6.62 
                 6.68 
                 6.75 
                 6.81 
                 6.88 
                 6.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.89 
                 0.88 
                 0.88 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
                 0.86 
                 0.86 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 #10 
                 7.01 
                 7.07 
                 7.14 
                 7.20 
                 7.27 
                 7.33 
                 7.40 
                 7.46 
                 7.53 
                 7.59 
                 7.65 
                 7.72 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
                 0.81 
               
               
                 #11 
                 7.78 
                 7.85 
                 7.91 
                 7.98 
                 8.04 
                 8.11 
                 8.17 
                 8.24 
                 8.30 
                 8.37 
                 8.43 
                 8.50 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.82 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 #12 
                 8.56 
                 8.63 
                 8.69 
                 8.76 
                 8.82 
                 8.89 
                 8.95 
                 9.02 
                 9.08 
                 9.14 
                 9.21 
                 9.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
               
               
                 #13 
                 9.34 
                 9.40 
                 9.47 
                 9.53 
                 9.60 
                 9.66 
                 9.73 
                 9.79 
                 9.86 
                 9.92 
                 9.99 
                 10.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
               
               
                 #14 
                 10.12 
                 10.18 
                 10.25 
                 10.31 
                 10.38 
                 10.44 
                 10.51 
                 10.57 
                 10.64 
                 10.70 
                 10.76 
                 10.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.83 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.85 
                 0.86 
                 0.87 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 #15 
                 10.89 
                 10.96 
                 11.02 
                 11.09 
                 11.15 
                 11.22 
                 11.28 
                 11.35 
                 11.41 
                 11.48 
                 11.54 
                 11.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.88 
                 0.89 
                 0.89 
                 0.90 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.95 
                 0.96 
                 0.97 
               
               
                 #16 
                 11.67 
                 11.74 
                 11.80 
                 11.87 
                 11.93 
                 12.00 
                 12.06 
                 12.13 
                 12.19 
                 12.26 
                 12.32 
                 12.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
               
               
                 #17 
                 12.45 
                 12.52 
                 12.58 
                 12.65 
                 12.71 
                 12.78 
                 12.84 
                 12.91 
                 12.97 
                 13.04 
                 13.10 
                 13.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.97 
               
               
                 #18 
                 13.23 
                 13.30 
                 13.36 
                 13.43 
                 13.49 
                 13.56 
                 13.62 
                 13.69 
                 13.75 
                 13.82 
                 13.88 
                 13.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
               
               
                 #19 
                 14.01 
                 14.08 
                 14.14 
                 14.21 
                 14.27 
                 14.34 
                 14.40 
                 14.47 
                 14.53 
                 14.60 
                 14.66 
                 14.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
               
               
                 #20 
                 14.79 
                 14.86 
                 14.92 
                 14.99 
                 15.05 
                 15.12 
                 15.18 
                 15.25 
                 15.31 
                 15.38 
                 15.44 
                 15.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.97 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.95 
                 0.94 
                 0.93 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 #21 
                 15.57 
                 15.64 
                 15.70 
                 15.77 
                 15.83 
                 15.90 
                 15.96 
                 16.03 
                 16.09 
                 16.16 
                 16.22 
                 16.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.91 
                 0.90 
                 0.89 
                 0.88 
                 0.87 
                 0.86 
                 0.85 
                 0.83 
                 0.82 
                 0.81 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 #22 
                 16.35 
                 16.41 
                 16.48 
                 16.54 
                 16.61 
                 16.67 
                 16.74 
                 16.80 
                 16.87 
                 16.93 
                 17.00 
                 17.06 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 #23 
                 17.13 
                 17.19 
                 17.26 
                 17.32 
                 17.38 
                 17.45 
                 17.51 
                 17.58 
                 17.64 
                 17.71 
                 17.77 
                 17.84 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 #24 
                 17.90 
                 17.97 
                 18.03 
                 18.10 
                 18.16 
                 18.23 
                 18.29 
                 18.36 
                 18.42 
                 18.48 
                 18.55 
                 18.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
               
               
                 #25 
                 18.68 
                 18.74 
                 18.81 
                 18.87 
                 18.94 
                 19.00 
                 19.07 
                 19.13 
                 19.20 
                 19.26 
                 19.33 
                 19.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 #26 
                 19.46 
                 19.52 
                 19.58 
                 19.65 
                 19.71 
                 19.78 
                 19.84 
                 19.91 
                 19.97 
                 20.04 
                 20.10 
                 20.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.80 
                 0.81 
                 0.82 
               
               
                 #27 
                 20.23 
                 20.30 
                 20.36 
                 20.43 
                 20.49 
                 20.56 
                 20.62 
                 20.69 
                 20.75 
                 20.82 
                 20.88 
                 20.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.84 
                 0.85 
                 0.87 
                 0.88 
                 0.90 
                 0.92 
                 0.94 
                 0.96 
                 0.98 
                 1.00 
                 1.02 
                 1.04 
               
               
                 #28 
                 21.01 
                 21.08 
                 21.14 
                 21.21 
                 21.27 
                 21.34 
                 21.40 
                 21.47 
                 21.53 
                 21.60 
                 21.66 
                 21.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.06 
                 1.08 
                 1.09 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
                 1.14 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.17 
                 1.17 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 #29 
                 21.79 
                 21.86 
                 21.92 
                 21.99 
                 22.05 
                 22.12 
                 22.18 
                 22.25 
                 22.32 
                 22.38 
                 22.45 
                 22.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.18 
                 1.17 
                 1.17 
                 1.16 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.14 
                 1.13 
                 1.12 
                 1.11 
               
               
                 #30 
                 22.58 
                 22.64 
                 22.71 
                 22.77 
                 22.84 
                 22.90 
                 22.97 
                 23.03 
                 23.10 
                 23.16 
                 23.23 
                 23.29 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.11 
                 1.10 
                 1.09 
                 1.09 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.08 
                 1.09 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 23.36 
                 23.42 
                 23.49 
                 23.55 
                 23.62 
                 23.68 
                 23.75 
                 23.81 
                 23.88 
                 23.94 
                 24.01 
                 24.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.09 
                 1.10 
                 1.10 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
                 1.13 
                 1.13 
                 1.14 
                 1.15 
                 1.15 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 #32 
                 24.14 
                 24.20 
                 24.27 
                 24.33 
                 24.40 
                 24.47 
                 24.53 
                 24.60 
                 24.66 
                 24.73 
                 24.79 
                 24.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.16 
                 1.15 
                 1.14 
                 1.13 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
                 1.07 
                 1.05 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 #33 
                 24.92 
                 24.99 
                 25.05 
                 25.12 
                 25.18 
                 25.25 
                 25.31 
                 25.37 
                 25.44 
                 25.50 
                 25.57 
                 25.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.00 
                 0.97 
                 0.94 
                 0.91 
                 0.88 
                 0.85 
                 0.82 
                 0.79 
                 0.76 
                 0.73 
                 0.70 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 #34 
                 25.70 
                 25.76 
                 25.83 
                 25.89 
                 25.96 
                 26.02 
                 26.08 
                 26.15 
                 26.21 
                 26.28 
                 26.34 
                 26.41 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.65 
                 0.63 
                 0.61 
                 0.59 
                 0.57 
                 0.56 
                 0.54 
                 0.53 
                 0.52 
                 0.52 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 #35 
                 26.47 
                 26.54 
                 26.60 
                 26.66 
                 26.73 
                 26.79 
                 26.86 
                 26.92 
                 26.99 
                 27.05 
                 27.12 
                 27.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.51 
                 0.50 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
                 0.52 
                 0.52 
                 0.53 
                 0.54 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.56 
               
               
                 #36 
                 27.24 
                 27.31 
                 27.37 
                 27.44 
                 27.50 
                 27.57 
                 27.63 
                 27.70 
                 27.76 
                 27.82 
                 27.89 
                 27.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.57 
                 0.58 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.61 
                 0.61 
                 0.61 
                 0.61 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 #37 
                 28.02 
                 28.08 
                 28.15 
                 28.21 
                 28.28 
                 28.34 
                 28.41 
                 28.47 
                 28.53 
                 28.60 
                 28.66 
                 28.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.59 
                 0.59 
                 0.58 
                 0.57 
                 0.56 
                 0.55 
                 0.54 
                 0.53 
                 0.52 
                 0.51 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 #38 
                 28.79 
                 28.86 
                 28.92 
                 28.98 
                 29.05 
                 29.11 
                 29.18 
                 29.24 
                 29.31 
                 29.37 
                 29.44 
                 29.50 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.50 
                 0.49 
                 0.49 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.51 
                 0.53 
                 0.54 
                 0.57 
                 0.59 
                 0.63 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 #39 
                 29.56 
                 29.63 
                 29.69 
                 29.76 
                 29.82 
                 29.89 
                 29.95 
                 30.02 
                 30.09 
                 30.15 
                 30.22 
                 30.29 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.72 
                 0.78 
                 0.84 
                 0.92 
                 1.02 
                 1.12 
                 1.25 
                 1.39 
                 1.56 
                 1.74 
                 1.95 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 #40 
                 30.35 
                 30.42 
                 30.49 
                 30.56 
                 30.62 
                 30.69 
                 30.76 
                 30.84 
                 30.91 
                 30.98 
                 31.05 
                 31.12 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.44 
                 2.73 
                 3.04 
                 3.36 
                 3.70 
                 4.06 
                 4.41 
                 4.76 
                 5.10 
                 5.42 
                 5.70 
                 5.93 
               
               
                 #41 
                 31.20 
                 31.27 
                 31.34 
                 31.41 
                 31.49 
                 31.56 
                 31.63 
                 31.70 
                 31.78 
                 31.85 
                 31.92 
                 31.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.11 
                 6.23 
                 6.29 
                 6.27 
                 6.18 
                 6.01 
                 5.78 
                 5.49 
                 5.14 
                 4.76 
                 4.34 
                 3.91 
               
               
                 #42 
                 32.05 
                 32.12 
                 32.19 
                 32.26 
                 32.32 
                 32.39 
                 32.45 
                 32.52 
                 32.58 
                 32.65 
                 32.71 
                 32.78 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.48 
                 3.05 
                 2.64 
                 2.26 
                 1.91 
                 1.59 
                 1.32 
                 1.08 
                 0.88 
                 0.71 
                 0.56 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 #43 
                 32.84 
                 32.91 
                 32.97 
                 33.03 
                 33.10 
                 33.16 
                 33.23 
                 33.29 
                 33.35 
                 33.42 
                 33.48 
                 33.54 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.35 
                 0.28 
                 0.21 
                 0.17 
                 0.13 
                 0.10 
                 0.08 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 #44 
                 33.61 
                 33.67 
                 33.74 
                 33.80 
                 33.86 
                 33.93 
                 33.99 
                 34.06 
                 34.12 
                 34.18 
                 34.25 
                 34.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 #45 
                 34.37 
                 34.44 
                 34.50 
                 34.57 
                 34.63 
                 34.69 
                 34.76 
                 34.82 
                 34.89 
                 34.95 
                 35.02 
                 35.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.10 
                 0.13 
                 0.17 
                 0.22 
                 0.29 
                 0.38 
                 0.49 
                 0.63 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 #46 
                 35.15 
                 35.21 
                 35.28 
                 35.34 
                 35.41 
                 35.48 
                 35.55 
                 35.62 
                 35.69 
                 35.76 
                 35.83 
                 35.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.02 
                 1.30 
                 1.62 
                 2.02 
                 2.48 
                 3.01 
                 3.62 
                 4.28 
                 5.00 
                 5.76 
                 6.54 
                 7.32 
               
               
                 #47 
                 35.98 
                 36.06 
                 36.14 
                 36.22 
                 36.30 
                 36.38 
                 36.46 
                 36.54 
                 36.62 
                 36.70 
                 36.78 
                 36.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.08 
                 8.79 
                 9.43 
                 9.98 
                 10.41 
                 10.70 
                 10.86 
                 10.86 
                 10.70 
                 10.41 
                 9.99 
                 9.46 
               
               
                 #48 
                 36.93 
                 37.01 
                 37.08 
                 37.15 
                 37.23 
                 37.30 
                 37.37 
                 37.44 
                 37.51 
                 37.57 
                 37.64 
                 37.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.83 
                 8.15 
                 7.42 
                 6.67 
                 5.92 
                 5.19 
                 4.50 
                 3.86 
                 3.28 
                 2.76 
                 2.30 
                 1.91 
               
               
                 #49 
                 37.77 
                 37.84 
                 37.90 
                 37.97 
                 38.03 
                 38.10 
                 38.16 
                 38.23 
                 38.29 
                 38.35 
                 38.42 
                 38.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.57 
                 1.29 
                 1.06 
                 0.86 
                 0.71 
                 0.58 
                 0.47 
                 0.39 
                 0.32 
                 0.27 
                 0.22 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 #50 
                 38.55 
                 38.61 
                 38.67 
                 38.74 
                 38.80 
                 38.87 
                 38.93 
                 38.99 
                 39.06 
                 39.12 
                 39.19 
                 39.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.16 
                 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 #51 
                 39.31 
                 39.38 
                 39.44 
                 39.51 
                 39.57 
                 39.63 
                 39.70 
                 39.76 
                 39.83 
                 39.89 
                 39.95 
                 40.02 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.10 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.16 
                 0.18 
                 0.20 
                 0.23 
                 0.26 
                 0.29 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 #52 
                 40.08 
                 40.15 
                 40.21 
                 40.27 
                 40.34 
                 40.40 
                 40.47 
                 40.53 
                 40.60 
                 40.66 
                 40.73 
                 40.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.37 
                 0.41 
                 0.46 
                 0.51 
                 0.56 
                 0.61 
                 0.66 
                 0.71 
                 0.76 
                 0.80 
                 0.85 
                 0.88 
               
               
                 #53 
                 40.86 
                 40.92 
                 40.99 
                 41.05 
                 41.12 
                 41.18 
                 41.25 
                 41.31 
                 41.38 
                 41.44 
                 41.51 
                 41.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.92 
                 0.95 
                 0.97 
                 0.99 
                 1.00 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 #54 
                 41.64 
                 41.70 
                 41.77 
                 41.83 
                 41.90 
                 41.96 
                 42.03 
                 42.09 
                 42.16 
                 42.22 
                 42.29 
                 42.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 1.00 
                 1.02 
                 1.04 
                 1.07 
               
               
                 #55 
                 42.42 
                 42.48 
                 42.55 
                 42.61 
                 42.68 
                 42.74 
                 42.81 
                 42.87 
                 42.94 
                 43.01 
                 43.07 
                 43.14 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.10 
                 1.14 
                 1.18 
                 1.23 
                 1.28 
                 1.34 
                 1.40 
                 1.47 
                 1.54 
                 1.62 
                 1.70 
                 1.78 
               
               
                 #56 
                 43.20 
                 43.27 
                 43.34 
                 43.40 
                 43.47 
                 43.54 
                 43.60 
                 43.67 
                 43.74 
                 43.80 
                 43.87 
                 43.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.86 
                 1.95 
                 2.03 
                 2.10 
                 2.17 
                 2.24 
                 2.29 
                 2.34 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
               
               
                 #57 
                 44.01 
                 44.07 
                 44.14 
                 44.27 
                 44.27 
                 44.34 
                 44.41 
                 44.47 
                 44.54 
                 44.60 
                 44.67 
                 44.74 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.37 
                 2.33 
                 2.28 
                 2.22 
                 2.15 
                 2.07 
                 1.98 
                 1.89 
                 1.79 
                 1.69 
                 1.59 
                 1.49 
               
               
                 #58 
                 44.80 
                 44.87 
                 44.93 
                 45.00 
                 45.06 
                 45.13 
                 45.19 
                 45.26 
                 45.32 
                 45.39 
                 45.45 
                 45.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.40 
                 1.30 
                 1.22 
                 1.13 
                 1.05 
                 0.98 
                 0.92 
                 0.86 
                 0.80 
                 0.75 
                 0.71 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 #59 
                 45.58 
                 45.64 
                 45.71 
                 45.77 
                 45.84 
                 45.90 
                 45.97 
                 46.03 
                 46.09 
                 46.16 
                 46.22 
                 46.29 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.64 
                 0.61 
                 0.59 
                 0.56 
                 0.55 
                 0.53 
                 0.52 
                 0.52 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 #60 
                 46.35 
                 46.42 
                 46.48 
                 46.55 
                 46.61 
                 46.67 
                 46.74 
                 46.80 
                 46.87 
                 46.93 
                 47.00 
                 47.06 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.51 
                 0.52 
                 0.53 
                 0.53 
                 0.54 
                 0.55 
                 0.56 
                 0.58 
                 0.59 
                 0.60 
                 0.61 
                 0.62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 47.13 
                 47.19 
                 47.26 
                 47.32 
                 47.38 
                 47.45 
                 47.51 
                 47.58 
                 47.64 
                 47.71 
                 47.77 
                 47.84 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.63 
                 0.64 
                 0.64 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.65 
                 0.64 
                 0.64 
                 0.63 
               
               
                 #62 
                 47.90 
                 47.97 
                 48.03 
                 48.09 
                 48.16 
                 48.22 
                 48.29 
                 48.35 
                 48.42 
                 48.48 
                 48.55 
                 48.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.62 
                 0.61 
                 0.60 
                 0.60 
                 0.59 
                 0.58 
                 0.57 
                 0.56 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.54 
               
               
                 #63 
                 48.67 
                 48.74 
                 48.80 
                 48.87 
                 48.93 
                 49.00 
                 49.06 
                 49.13 
                 49.19 
                 49.25 
                 49.32 
                 49.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.54 
                 0.54 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.56 
                 0.57 
                 0.58 
                 0.59 
                 0.61 
                 0.63 
                 0.65 
                 0.68 
               
               
                 #64 
                 49.45 
                 49.51 
                 49.58 
                 49.64 
                 49.71 
                 49.77 
                 49.84 
                 49.90 
                 49.97 
                 50.03 
                 50.10 
                 50.16 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.71 
                 0.74 
                 0.77 
                 0.81 
                 0.85 
                 0.89 
                 0.93 
                 0.98 
                 1.03 
                 1.08 
                 1.13 
                 1.18 
               
               
                 #65 
                 50.23 
                 50.29 
                 50.36 
                 50.42 
                 50.49 
                 50.56 
                 50.62 
                 50.69 
                 50.75 
                 50.82 
                 50.88 
                 50.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.22 
                 1.27 
                 1.32 
                 1.36 
                 1.40 
                 1.44 
                 1.47 
                 1.49 
                 1.52 
                 1.53 
                 1.54 
                 1.54 
               
               
                 #66 
                 51.02 
                 51.08 
                 51.15 
                 51.21 
                 51.28 
                 51.34 
                 51.41 
                 51.47 
                 51.54 
                 51.61 
                 51.67 
                 51.74 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.54 
                 1.54 
                 1.52 
                 1.51 
                 1.49 
                 1.46 
                 1.44 
                 1.41 
                 1.38 
                 1.35 
                 1.32 
                 1.28 
               
               
                 #67 
                 51.80 
                 51.87 
                 51.93 
                 52.00 
                 52.06 
                 52.13 
                 52.19 
                 52.26 
                 52.32 
                 52.39 
                 52.45 
                 52.52 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.25 
                 1.22 
                 1.19 
                 1.16 
                 1.14 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
                 1.07 
                 1.06 
                 1.04 
                 1.03 
                 1.02 
               
               
                 #68 
                 52.58 
                 52.65 
                 52.71 
                 52.78 
                 52.84 
                 52.91 
                 52.97 
                 53.04 
                 53.10 
                 53.17 
                 53.23 
                 53.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.01 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 0.99 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
                 1.01 
               
               
                 #69 
                 53.36 
                 53.43 
                 53.49 
                 53.56 
                 53.62 
                 53.69 
                 53.75 
                 53.82 
                 53.88 
                 53.95 
                 54.01 
                 54.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.02 
                 1.01 
                 1.00 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 #70 
                 54.14 
                 54.21 
                 54.27 
                 54.34 
                 54.40 
                 54.47 
                 54.53 
                 54.60 
                 54.66 
                 54.73 
                 54.79 
                 54.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.95 
                 0.93 
                 0.91 
                 0.89 
                 0.87 
                 0.85 
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.78 
                 0.75 
                 0.73 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 #71 
                 54.92 
                 54.99 
                 55.05 
                 55.11 
                 55.18 
                 55.24 
                 55.31 
                 55.37 
                 55.44 
                 55.50 
                 55.57 
                 55.63 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.69 
                 0.67 
                 0.65 
                 0.63 
                 0.61 
                 0.60 
                 0.59 
                 0.57 
                 0.56 
                 0.56 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
               
               
                 #72 
                 55.69 
                 55.76 
                 55.82 
                 55.89 
                 55.95 
                 56.02 
                 56.08 
                 56.15 
                 56.21 
                 56.27 
                 56.34 
                 56.40 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.54 
                 0.54 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.55 
                 0.56 
                 0.57 
                 0.58 
                 0.59 
                 0.60 
                 0.62 
                 0.63 
               
               
                 #73 
                 56.47 
                 56.53 
                 56.60 
                 56.66 
                 56.73 
                 56.79 
                 56.86 
                 56.92 
                 56.99 
                 57.05 
                 57.12 
                 57.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.65 
                 0.67 
                 0.69 
                 0.71 
                 0.73 
                 0.75 
                 0.77 
                 0.79 
                 0.81 
                 0.83 
                 0.85 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 #74 
                 57.24 
                 57.31 
                 57.37 
                 57.44 
                 57.50 
                 57.57 
                 57.63 
                 57.70 
                 57.76 
                 57.83 
                 57.89 
                 57.96 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.88 
                 0.90 
                 0.91 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.94 
                 0.95 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
               
               
                 #75 
                 58.02 
                 58.09 
                 58.15 
                 58.22 
                 58.28 
                 58.35 
                 58.41 
                 58.48 
                 58.54 
                 58.61 
                 58.67 
                 58.74 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.96 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
               
               
                 #76 
                 58.80 
                 58.87 
                 58.93 
                 59.00 
                 59.06 
                 59.13 
                 59.19 
                 59.26 
                 59.32 
                 59.39 
                 59.45 
                 59.52 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.94 
                 0.94 
                 0.95 
                 0.95 
                 0.96 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 1.01 
                 1.02 
                 1.04 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 #77 
                 59.58 
                 59.65 
                 59.71 
                 59.78 
                 59.84 
                 59.91 
                 59.97 
                 60.04 
                 60.10 
                 60.17 
                 60.24 
                 60.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.07 
                 1.09 
                 1.11 
                 1.12 
                 1.14 
                 1.16 
                 1.18 
                 1.19 
                 1.21 
                 1.22 
                 1.24 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 #78 
                 60.37 
                 60.43 
                 60.50 
                 60.56 
                 60.63 
                 60.69 
                 60.76 
                 60.82 
                 60.89 
                 60.95 
                 61.02 
                 61.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.25 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
                 1.22 
                 1.20 
                 1.18 
                 1.16 
               
               
                 #79 
                 61.15 
                 61.21 
                 61.28 
                 61.34 
                 61.41 
                 61.48 
                 61.54 
                 61.61 
                 61.67 
                 61.73 
                 61.80 
                 61.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.14 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
                 1.06 
                 1.04 
                 1.01 
                 0.99 
                 0.96 
                 0.94 
                 0.92 
                 0.89 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 #80 
                 61.93 
                 61.99 
                 62.06 
                 62.12 
                 62.19 
                 62.25 
                 62.32 
                 62.38 
                 62.45 
                 62.51 
                 62.58 
                 62.64 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.85 
                 0.84 
                 0.82 
                 0.80 
                 0.79 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 #81 
                 62.71 
                 62.77 
                 62.84 
                 62.90 
                 62.96 
                 63.03 
                 63.09 
                 63.16 
                 63.22 
                 63.29 
                 63.35 
                 63.42 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 #82 
                 63.48 
                 63.55 
                 63.61 
                 63.68 
                 63.74 
                 63.81 
                 63.87 
                 63.94 
                 64.00 
                 64.06 
                 64.13 
                 64.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
                 0.79 
               
               
                 #83 
                 64.26 
                 64.32 
                 64.39 
                 64.45 
                 64.52 
                 64.58 
                 64.65 
                 64.71 
                 64.78 
                 64.84 
                 64.91 
                 64.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.78 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.73 
                 0.72 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 #84 
                 65.04 
                 65.10 
                 65.16 
                 65.23 
                 65.29 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.72 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 6  shows the shape of the conductors in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 1. In the figure, the lightly shaded portion represents the conductors  3  and  4 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  5 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=65.29 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The non-reflecting terminator or resistance may be connected directly to the terminating end of the reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the conductors  3  and  4  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz, δs=√{2/(ωμ 0 σ)} Here ω, μ 0 , and σ are respectively the angular frequency, magnetic permeability in vacuum, and the conductivity of the metal. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conductors  3  and  4  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  1  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω. 
       FIG. 7  and  FIG. 8  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 1. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, the reflectance is −1 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −17 dB or lower. 
     Embodiment 2 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.9 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using two wavelengths of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω.  FIG. 9  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. 
       FIG. 10  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the distance between conductors s, when using a dielectric substrate  2  with a thickness h=2 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =90, and when the conductive width w=1 mm. Tables 4 through 6 list the distances between conductors s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (1/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.10 
                 0.19 
                 0.29 
                 0.38 
                 0.48 
                 0.57 
                 0.67 
                 0.76 
                 0.86 
                 0.96 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 s(mm) 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
               
               
                  #2 
                 1.15 
                 1.24 
                 1.34 
                 1.43 
                 1.53 
                 1.62 
                 1.72 
                 1.81 
                 1.91 
                 2.00 
                 2.10 
                 2.20 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.44 
               
               
                  #3 
                 2.29 
                 2.39 
                 2.48 
                 2.58 
                 2.67 
                 2.77 
                 2.86 
                 2.96 
                 3.06 
                 3.15 
                 3.25 
                 3.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
               
               
                  #4 
                 3.44 
                 3.53 
                 3.63 
                 3.72 
                 3.82 
                 3.91 
                 4.01 
                 4.11 
                 4.20 
                 4.30 
                 4.39 
                 4.49 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.51 
               
               
                  #5 
                 4.58 
                 4.68 
                 4.77 
                 4.87 
                 4.97 
                 5.06 
                 5.16 
                 5.25 
                 5.35 
                 5.44 
                 5.54 
                 5.64 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.52 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
               
               
                  #6 
                 5.73 
                 5.83 
                 5.92 
                 6.02 
                 6.11 
                 6.21 
                 6.30 
                 6.40 
                 6.50 
                 6.59 
                 6.69 
                 6.78 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.52 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
               
               
                  #7 
                 6.88 
                 6.97 
                 7.07 
                 7.17 
                 7.26 
                 7.36 
                 7.45 
                 7.55 
                 7.64 
                 7.74 
                 7.83 
                 7.93 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
                 2.43 
               
               
                  #8 
                 8.02 
                 8.12 
                 8.22 
                 8.31 
                 8.41 
                 8.50 
                 8.60 
                 8.69 
                 8.79 
                 8.88 
                 8.98 
                 9.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
               
               
                  #9 
                 9.17 
                 9.26 
                 9.36 
                 9.46 
                 9.55 
                 9.65 
                 9.74 
                 9.84 
                 9.93 
                 10.03 
                 10.12 
                 10.22 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #10 
                 10.31 
                 10.41 
                 10.51 
                 10.60 
                 10.70 
                 10.79 
                 10.89 
                 10.98 
                 11.08 
                 11.17 
                 11.27 
                 11.37 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.51 
                 2.52 
               
               
                 #11 
                 11.46 
                 11.56 
                 11.65 
                 11.75 
                 11.84 
                 11.94 
                 12.04 
                 12.13 
                 12.23 
                 12.32 
                 12.42 
                 12.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.54 
                 2.55 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.56 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
               
               
                 #12 
                 12.61 
                 12.70 
                 12.80 
                 12.90 
                 12.99 
                 13.09 
                 13.18 
                 13.28 
                 13.37 
                 13.47 
                 13.57 
                 13.66 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
               
               
                 #13 
                 13.76 
                 13.85 
                 13.95 
                 14.04 
                 14.14 
                 14.24 
                 14.33 
                 14.43 
                 14.52 
                 14.62 
                 14.71 
                 14.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.44 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #14 
                 14.90 
                 15.00 
                 15.09 
                 15.19 
                 15.29 
                 15.38 
                 15.48 
                 15.57 
                 15.67 
                 15.76 
                 15.86 
                 15.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
               
               
                 #15 
                 16.05 
                 16.14 
                 16.24 
                 16.33 
                 16.43 
                 16.52 
                 16.62 
                 16.72 
                 16.81 
                 16.91 
                 17.00 
                 17.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.39 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 #16 
                 17.19 
                 17.29 
                 17.38 
                 17.48 
                 17.57 
                 17.67 
                 17.76 
                 17.86 
                 17.96 
                 18.05 
                 18.15 
                 18.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.48 
                 2.50 
                 2.52 
               
               
                 #17 
                 18.34 
                 18.43 
                 18.53 
                 18.63 
                 18.72 
                 18.82 
                 18.91 
                 19.01 
                 19.10 
                 19.20 
                 19.30 
                 19.39 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.54 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
                 2.59 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 #18 
                 19.49 
                 19.58 
                 19.68 
                 19.77 
                 19.87 
                 19.97 
                 20.06 
                 20.16 
                 20.25 
                 20.35 
                 20.44 
                 20.54 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.58 
                 2.58 
                 2.57 
                 2.56 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.56 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
               
               
                 #19 
                 20.64 
                 20.73 
                 20.83 
                 20.92 
                 21.02 
                 21.11 
                 21.21 
                 21.31 
                 21.40 
                 21.50 
                 21.59 
                 21.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
                 2.54 
                 2.52 
                 2.50 
                 2.48 
                 2.46 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #20 
                 21.78 
                 21.88 
                 21.97 
                 22.07 
                 22.16 
                 22.26 
                 22.35 
                 22.45 
                 22.55 
                 22.64 
                 22.74 
                 22.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.41 
                 2.39 
                 2.37 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
                 2.33 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 #21 
                 22.93 
                 23.02 
                 23.12 
                 23.21 
                 23.31 
                 22.40 
                 23.50 
                 23.59 
                 23.69 
                 23.78 
                 23.88 
                 23.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
                 2.38 
                 2.38 
                 2.38 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 #22 
                 24.07 
                 24.16 
                 24.26 
                 24.36 
                 24.45 
                 24.55 
                 24.64 
                 24.74 
                 24.83 
                 24.93 
                 25.02 
                 25.12 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.41 
                 2.43 
                 2.45 
                 2.48 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 #23 
                 25.21 
                 25.31 
                 25.41 
                 25.50 
                 25.60 
                 25.69 
                 25.79 
                 25.89 
                 25.98 
                 26.08 
                 26.17 
                 26.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.54 
                 2.57 
                 2.59 
                 2.62 
                 2.64 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
                 2.68 
                 2.68 
                 2.68 
                 2.67 
                 2.66 
               
               
                 #24 
                 26.37 
                 26.46 
                 26.56 
                 26.65 
                 26.75 
                 26.84 
                 26.94 
                 27.04 
                 27.13 
                 27.23 
                 27.32 
                 27.42 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.63 
                 2.62 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
               
               
                 #25 
                 27.52 
                 27.61 
                 27.71 
                 27.80 
                 27.90 
                 27.99 
                 28.09 
                 28.19 
                 28.28 
                 28.38 
                 28.47 
                 28.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.62 
                 2.63 
                 2.63 
                 2.63 
                 2.62 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.58 
                 2.55 
                 2.52 
                 2.49 
                 2.45 
               
               
                 #26 
                 28.66 
                 28.76 
                 28.85 
                 28.95 
                 29.04 
                 29.14 
                 29.24 
                 29.33 
                 29.43 
                 29.52 
                 29.62 
                 29.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.41 
                 2.38 
                 2.35 
                 2.32 
                 2.29 
                 2.27 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 #27 
                 29.81 
                 29.90 
                 30.00 
                 30.09 
                 30.19 
                 30.28 
                 30.38 
                 30.47 
                 30.57 
                 30.66 
                 30.76 
                 30.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.26 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 #28 
                 30.95 
                 31.04 
                 31.14 
                 31.23 
                 31.33 
                 31.42 
                 31.52 
                 31.61 
                 31.71 
                 31.80 
                 31.90 
                 31.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.33 
                 2.36 
                 2.40 
                 2.44 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #29 
                 32.09 
                 32.19 
                 32.28 
                 32.38 
                 32.47 
                 32.57 
                 32.67 
                 32.76 
                 32.86 
                 32.96 
                 33.05 
                 33.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.57 
                 2.62 
                 2.66 
                 2.71 
                 2.74 
                 2.77 
                 2.79 
                 2.80 
                 2.80 
                 2.80 
                 2.79 
               
               
                 #30 
                 33.24 
                 33.34 
                 33.44 
                 33.53 
                 33.63 
                 33.72 
                 33.82 
                 33.92 
                 34.01 
                 34.11 
                 34.20 
                 34.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.77 
                 2.76 
                 2.74 
                 2.72 
                 2.70 
                 2.69 
                 2.68 
                 2.68 
                 2.68 
                 2.69 
                 2.70 
                 2.71 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 34.40 
                 34.49 
                 34.59 
                 34.68 
                 34.78 
                 34.88 
                 34.97 
                 35.07 
                 35.16 
                 35.26 
                 35.36 
                 35.45 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.72 
                 2.74 
                 2.75 
                 2.75 
                 2.75 
                 2.74 
                 2.72 
                 2.69 
                 2.65 
                 2.60 
                 2.55 
                 2.49 
               
               
                 #32 
                 35.55 
                 35.64 
                 35.74 
                 35.83 
                 35.93 
                 36.02 
                 36.12 
                 36.21 
                 36.31 
                 36.40 
                 36.50 
                 36.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.37 
                 2.32 
                 2.26 
                 2.21 
                 2.17 
                 2.14 
                 2.11 
                 2.10 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.10 
               
               
                 #33 
                 36.69 
                 36.78 
                 36.88 
                 36.97 
                 37.07 
                 37.16 
                 37.26 
                 37.35 
                 37.45 
                 37.54 
                 37.63 
                 37.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.11 
                 2.13 
                 2.14 
                 2.16 
                 2.18 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 #34 
                 37.82 
                 37.92 
                 38.01 
                 38.11 
                 38.20 
                 38.30 
                 38.39 
                 38.49 
                 38.58 
                 38.68 
                 38.77 
                 38.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.16 
                 2.15 
                 2.14 
                 2.13 
                 2.13 
                 2.13 
                 2.15 
                 2.18 
                 2.22 
                 2.27 
                 2.34 
                 2.41 
               
               
                 #35 
                 38.96 
                 39.06 
                 39.16 
                 39.25 
                 39.35 
                 39.45 
                 39.54 
                 39.64 
                 39.74 
                 39.83 
                 39.93 
                 40.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.50 
                 2.59 
                 2.68 
                 2.78 
                 2.87 
                 2.95 
                 3.02 
                 3.08 
                 3.12 
                 3.14 
                 3.15 
                 3.14 
               
               
                 #36 
                 40.12 
                 40.22 
                 40.32 
                 40.41 
                 40.51 
                 40.61 
                 40.70 
                 40.80 
                 40.90 
                 40.99 
                 41.09 
                 41.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.12 
                 3.09 
                 3.05 
                 3.02 
                 2.98 
                 2.95 
                 2.93 
                 2.92 
                 2.92 
                 2.93 
                 2.95 
                 2.98 
               
               
                 #37 
                 41.28 
                 41.38 
                 41.48 
                 41.57 
                 41.67 
                 41.77 
                 41.87 
                 41.96 
                 42.06 
                 42.15 
                 42.25 
                 42.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.01 
                 3.04 
                 3.08 
                 3.10 
                 3.11 
                 3.10 
                 3.08 
                 3.02 
                 2.95 
                 2.85 
                 2.73 
                 2.60 
               
               
                 #38 
                 42.44 
                 42.54 
                 42.63 
                 42.73 
                 42.82 
                 42.92 
                 43.01 
                 43.10 
                 43.20 
                 43.29 
                 43.38 
                 43.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.32 
                 2.18 
                 2.05 
                 1.93 
                 1.82 
                 1.73 
                 1.67 
                 1.61 
                 1.58 
                 1.57 
                 1.57 
               
               
                 #39 
                 43.57 
                 43.67 
                 43.76 
                 43.85 
                 43.95 
                 44.04 
                 44.13 
                 44.23 
                 44.32 
                 44.42 
                 44.51 
                 44.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.58 
                 1.61 
                 1.64 
                 1.69 
                 1.73 
                 1.76 
                 1.79 
                 1.81 
                 1.82 
                 1.81 
                 1.78 
                 1.75 
               
               
                 #40 
                 44.70 
                 44.79 
                 44.89 
                 44.98 
                 45.07 
                 45.17 
                 45.26 
                 45.35 
                 45.45 
                 45.54 
                 45.64 
                 45.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.70 
                 1.65 
                 1.61 
                 1.57 
                 1.54 
                 1.54 
                 1.56 
                 1.62 
                 1.72 
                 1.87 
                 2.08 
                 2.37 
               
               
                 #41 
                 45.83 
                 45.93 
                 46.02 
                 46.13 
                 46.23 
                 46.33 
                 46.44 
                 46.55 
                 46.66 
                 46.78 
                 46.89 
                 47.01 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.75 
                 3.24 
                 3.86 
                 4.62 
                 5.51 
                 6.52 
                 7.60 
                 8.70 
                 9.73 
                 10.59 
                 11.18 
                 11.41 
               
               
                 #42 
                 47.12 
                 47.24 
                 47.35 
                 47.46 
                 47.57 
                 47.67 
                 47.77 
                 47.87 
                 47.96 
                 48.06 
                 48.15 
                 48.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 11.23 
                 10.65 
                 9.71 
                 8.51 
                 7.16 
                 5.80 
                 4.52 
                 3.40 
                 2.48 
                 1.78 
                 1.26 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 #43 
                 48.33 
                 48.43 
                 48.52 
                 48.61 
                 48.70 
                 48.79 
                 48.88 
                 48.97 
                 49.06 
                 49.15 
                 49.25 
                 49.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.63 
                 0.46 
                 0.35 
                 0.27 
                 0.23 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.21 
                 0.24 
                 0.29 
                 0.37 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 #44 
                 49.43 
                 49.52 
                 49.62 
                 49.71 
                 49.81 
                 49.90 
                 50.00 
                 50.11 
                 50.21 
                 50.32 
                 50.43 
                 50.54 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.69 
                 0.96 
                 1.34 
                 1.86 
                 2.54 
                 3.39 
                 4.39 
                 5.48 
                 6.58 
                 7.61 
                 8.48 
                 9.11 
               
               
                 #45 
                 50.65 
                 50.76 
                 50.87 
                 50.98 
                 51.09 
                 51.20 
                 51.30 
                 51.40 
                 51.50 
                 51.60 
                 51.70 
                 51.80 
               
               
                 — 
                 9.44 
                 9.45 
                 9.17 
                 8.65 
                 7.96 
                 7.18 
                 6.36 
                 5.58 
                 4.86 
                 4.23 
                 3.70 
                 3.27 
               
               
                 #46 
                 51.90 
                 51.99 
                 52.09 
                 52.18 
                 52.28 
                 52.37 
                 52.47 
                 52.56 
                 52.66 
                 52.75 
                 52.85 
                 52.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.92 
                 2.66 
                 2.46 
                 2.33 
                 2.24 
                 2.18 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 #47 
                 53.04 
                 53.13 
                 53.23 
                 53.32 
                 53.42 
                 53.51 
                 53.60 
                 53.70 
                 53.79 
                 53.88 
                 53.98 
                 54.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.17 
                 2.13 
                 2.07 
                 1.99 
                 1.90 
                 1.79 
                 1.69 
                 1.58 
                 1.48 
                 1.40 
                 1.33 
                 1.27 
               
               
                 #48 
                 54.16 
                 54.26 
                 54.35 
                 54.44 
                 54.53 
                 54.63 
                 54.72 
                 54.82 
                 54.91 
                 55.00 
                 55.10 
                 55.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.26 
                 1.31 
                 1.38 
                 1.47 
                 1.59 
                 1.73 
                 1.88 
                 2.04 
                 2.22 
               
               
                 #49 
                 55.29 
                 55.38 
                 55.48 
                 55.58 
                 55.67 
                 55.77 
                 55.87 
                 55.96 
                 56.06 
                 56.16 
                 56.25 
                 56.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.39 
                 2.56 
                 2.71 
                 2.84 
                 2.94 
                 3.01 
                 3.06 
                 3.08 
                 3.07 
                 3.06 
                 3.03 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 #50 
                 56.45 
                 56.54 
                 56.64 
                 56.74 
                 56.83 
                 56.93 
                 57.03 
                 57.12 
                 57.22 
                 57.32 
                 57.42 
                 57.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.98 
                 2.96 
                 2.95 
                 2.97 
                 2.99 
                 3.04 
                 3.09 
                 3.17 
                 3.25 
                 3.33 
                 3.41 
                 3.48 
               
               
                 #51 
                 57.61 
                 57.71 
                 57.81 
                 57.91 
                 58.00 
                 58.10 
                 58.20 
                 58.30 
                 58.39 
                 58.49 
                 58.59 
                 58.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.54 
                 3.57 
                 3.58 
                 3.56 
                 3.50 
                 3.42 
                 3.31 
                 3.18 
                 3.04 
                 2.89 
                 2.74 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 #52 
                 58.78 
                 58.87 
                 58.97 
                 59.06 
                 59.16 
                 59.25 
                 59.35 
                 59.44 
                 59.53 
                 59.63 
                 59.72 
                 59.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.33 
                 2.23 
                 2.14 
                 2.07 
                 2.02 
                 1.99 
                 1.97 
                 1.97 
                 1.97 
                 1.99 
                 2.01 
               
               
                 #53 
                 59.91 
                 60.01 
                 60.10 
                 60.20 
                 60.29 
                 60.39 
                 60.48 
                 60.58 
                 60.67 
                 60.76 
                 60.86 
                 60.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.03 
                 2.05 
                 2.07 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.08 
                 2.06 
                 2.04 
                 2.01 
                 1.98 
                 1.95 
               
               
                 #54 
                 61.05 
                 61.14 
                 61.24 
                 61.33 
                 61.43 
                 61.52 
                 61.61 
                 61.71 
                 61.80 
                 61.90 
                 61.99 
                 62.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.93 
                 1.91 
                 1.91 
                 1.91 
                 1.92 
                 1.95 
                 1.99 
                 2.05 
                 2.11 
                 2.19 
                 2.28 
                 2.37 
               
               
                 #55 
                 62.18 
                 62.28 
                 62.38 
                 62.47 
                 62.57 
                 62.66 
                 62.76 
                 62.86 
                 62.95 
                 63.05 
                 63.15 
                 63.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.47 
                 2.57 
                 2.66 
                 2.75 
                 2.83 
                 2.89 
                 2.93 
                 2.96 
                 2.98 
                 2.98 
                 2.96 
                 2.94 
               
               
                 #56 
                 63.34 
                 63.44 
                 63.53 
                 63.63 
                 63.73 
                 63.82 
                 63.92 
                 64.01 
                 64.11 
                 64.21 
                 64.30 
                 64.40 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.91 
                 2.88 
                 2.85 
                 2.82 
                 2.80 
                 2.79 
                 2.78 
                 2.78 
                 2.79 
                 2.81 
                 2.83 
                 2.85 
               
               
                 #57 
                 64.50 
                 64.59 
                 64.69 
                 64.79 
                 64.88 
                 64.98 
                 65.08 
                 65.17 
                 65.27 
                 65.36 
                 65.46 
                 65.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.87 
                 2.89 
                 2.90 
                 2.91 
                 2.90 
                 2.88 
                 2.84 
                 2.80 
                 2.74 
                 2.67 
                 2.60 
                 2.53 
               
               
                 #58 
                 65.65 
                 65.75 
                 65.84 
                 65.94 
                 66.03 
                 66.13 
                 66.22 
                 66.32 
                 66.41 
                 66.50 
                 66.60 
                 66.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.37 
                 2.30 
                 2.24 
                 2.19 
                 2.14 
                 2.11 
                 2.08 
                 2.07 
                 2.07 
                 2.07 
                 2.08 
               
               
                 #59 
                 66.79 
                 66.88 
                 66.98 
                 67.07 
                 67.17 
                 67.26 
                 67.36 
                 67.45 
                 67.55 
                 67.64 
                 67.74 
                 67.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.10 
                 2.12 
                 2.15 
                 2.17 
                 2.19 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
               
               
                 #60 
                 67.93 
                 68.02 
                 68.12 
                 68.21 
                 68.31 
                 68.40 
                 68.50 
                 68.59 
                 68.69 
                 68.78 
                 68.88 
                 68.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.20 
                 2.19 
                 2.19 
                 2.18 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.21 
                 2.23 
                 2.26 
                 2.30 
                 2.35 
                 2.40 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 69.07 
                 69.16 
                 69.26 
                 69.36 
                 69.45 
                 69.55 
                 69.64 
                 69.74 
                 69.84 
                 69.93 
                 70.03 
                 70.13 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.52 
                 2.58 
                 2.64 
                 2.70 
                 2.74 
                 2.79 
                 2.82 
                 2.84 
                 2.85 
                 2.85 
                 2.84 
               
               
                 #62 
                 70.22 
                 70.32 
                 70.41 
                 70.51 
                 70.61 
                 70.70 
                 70.80 
                 70.89 
                 70.99 
                 71.09 
                 71.18 
                 71.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.82 
                 2.80 
                 2.77 
                 2.74 
                 2.71 
                 2.69 
                 2.67 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
               
               
                 #63 
                 71.37 
                 71.47 
                 71.57 
                 71.66 
                 71.76 
                 71.85 
                 71.95 
                 72.05 
                 72.14 
                 72.24 
                 72.33 
                 72.43 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.64 
                 2.65 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.65 
                 2.63 
                 2.61 
                 2.58 
                 2.54 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 #64 
                 72.52 
                 72.62 
                 72.71 
                 72.81 
                 72.90 
                 73.00 
                 73.09 
                 73.19 
                 73.28 
                 73.38 
                 73.47 
                 73.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.41 
                 2.36 
                 2.32 
                 2.28 
                 2.24 
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 #65 
                 73.66 
                 73.76 
                 73.85 
                 73.95 
                 74.04 
                 74.14 
                 74.23 
                 74.33 
                 74.42 
                 74.52 
                 74.61 
                 74.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.17 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.22 
                 2.25 
                 2.27 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
               
               
                 #66 
                 74.81 
                 74.90 
                 75.00 
                 75.09 
                 75.19 
                 75.28 
                 75.38 
                 75.47 
                 75.57 
                 75.66 
                 75.76 
                 75.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.34 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.42 
               
               
                 #67 
                 75.95 
                 76.04 
                 76.14 
                 76.24 
                 76.33 
                 76.43 
                 76.52 
                 76.62 
                 76.72 
                 76.81 
                 76.91 
                 77.00 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.49 
                 2.53 
                 2.57 
                 2.61 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.70 
                 2.72 
                 2.74 
                 2.74 
                 2.74 
               
               
                 #68 
                 77.10 
                 77.20 
                 77.29 
                 77.39 
                 77.48 
                 77.58 
                 77.68 
                 77.77 
                 77.87 
                 77.96 
                 78.06 
                 78.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.74 
                 2.72 
                 2.71 
                 2.68 
                 2.66 
                 2.64 
                 2.62 
                 2.60 
                 2.58 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 #69 
                 78.25 
                 78.35 
                 78.44 
                 78.54 
                 78.63 
                 78.73 
                 78.82 
                 78.92 
                 79.02 
                 79.11 
                 79.21 
                 79.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.50 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #70 
                 79.40 
                 79.49 
                 79.59 
                 79.68 
                 79.78 
                 79.87 
                 79.97 
                 80.06 
                 80.16 
                 80.25 
                 80.35 
                 80.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.43 
                 2.40 
                 2.37 
                 2.34 
                 2.32 
                 2.29 
                 2.27 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
               
               
                 #71 
                 80.54 
                 80.63 
                 80.73 
                 80.82 
                 80.92 
                 81.01 
                 81.11 
                 81.21 
                 81.30 
                 81.40 
                 81.49 
                 81.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.30 
                 2.32 
                 2.34 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
               
               
                 #72 
                 81.68 
                 81.78 
                 81.87 
                 81.97 
                 82.06 
                 82.16 
                 82.25 
                 82.35 
                 82.45 
                 82.54 
                 82.64 
                 82.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.42 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 #73 
                 82.83 
                 82.92 
                 83.02 
                 83.11 
                 83.21 
                 83.31 
                 83.40 
                 83.50 
                 83.59 
                 83.69 
                 83.78 
                 83.88 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.46 
                 2.48 
                 2.50 
                 2.53 
                 2.55 
                 2.58 
                 2.60 
                 2.62 
                 2.64 
                 2.65 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 #74 
                 83.98 
                 84.07 
                 84.17 
                 84.26 
                 84.36 
                 84.46 
                 84.55 
                 84.65 
                 84.74 
                 84.84 
                 84.93 
                 85.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.67 
                 2.66 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.62 
                 2.60 
                 2.58 
                 2.56 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 #75 
                 85.13 
                 85.22 
                 85.32 
                 85.41 
                 85.51 
                 85.60 
                 85.70 
                 85.79 
                 85.89 
                 85.99 
                 86.08 
                 86.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
               
               
                 #76 
                 86.27 
                 86.37 
                 86.46 
                 86.56 
                 86.65 
                 86.75 
                 86.84 
                 86.94 
                 87.03 
                 87.13 
                 87.22 
                 87.32 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.43 
                 2.42 
                 2.40 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.33 
                 2.31 
                 2.30 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 #77 
                 87.41 
                 87.51 
                 87.61 
                 87.70 
                 87.80 
                 87.89 
                 87.99 
                 88.08 
                 88.18 
                 88.27 
                 88.37 
                 88.46 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.36 
                 2.38 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #78 
                 88.56 
                 88.65 
                 88.75 
                 88.84 
                 88.94 
                 89.04 
                 89.13 
                 89.23 
                 89.32 
                 89.42 
                 89.51 
                 89.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
               
               
                 #79 
                 89.70 
                 89.80 
                 89.90 
                 89.99 
                 90.09 
                 90.18 
                 90.28 
                 90.37 
                 90.47 
                 90.57 
                 90.66 
                 90.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.51 
                 2.52 
                 2.54 
                 2.55 
                 2.57 
                 2.58 
                 2.59 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
               
               
                 #80 
                 90.85 
                 90.95 
                 91.04 
                 91.14 
                 91.24 
                 91.33 
                 91.43 
                 91.52 
                 91.62 
                 91.71 
                 91.81 
                 91.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.59 
                 2.58 
                 2.56 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.51 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #81 
                 92.00 
                 92.10 
                 92.19 
                 92.29 
                 92.38 
                 92.48 
                 92.57 
                 92.67 
                 92.76 
                 92.86 
                 92.96 
                 93.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 #82 
                 93.15 
                 93.24 
                 93.34 
                 93.43 
                 93.53 
                 93.62 
                 93.72 
                 93.81 
                 93.91 
                 94.00 
                 94.10 
                 94.20 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
                 2.43 
                 2.42 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.34 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 #83 
                 94.29 
                 94.39 
                 94.48 
                 94.58 
                 94.67 
                 94.77 
                 94.86 
                 94.96 
                 95.05 
                 95.15 
                 95.24 
                 95.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.41 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 #84 
                 95.43 
                 95.53 
                 95.63 
                 95.72 
                 95.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 11  shows the shape of the conductors in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 2. In the figure, the lightly shaded portion represents the conductors  3  and  4 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  5 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=95.82 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the conductors  3  and  4  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conductors  3  and  4  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  1  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω. 
       FIG. 12  and  FIG. 13  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 2. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.9 GHz, the reflectance is −1 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.1 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower. 
     Embodiment 3 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 1 at frequencies f in the range 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using 0.3 wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50ω.  FIG. 14  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. 
       FIG. 15  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the distance between conductors s, when using a dielectric substrate  2  with a thickness h=1 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =90, and when the conductor width w=2 mm. Table 7 lists the distances between conductors s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.06 
                 0.12 
                 0.18 
                 0.24 
                 0.30 
                 0.36 
                 0.43 
                 0.49 
                 0.55 
                 0.61 
                 0.67 
               
               
                 s(mm) 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.73 
                 0.79 
                 0.85 
                 0.91 
                 0.97 
                 1.04 
                 1.10 
                 1.16 
                 1.22 
                 1.28 
                 1.34 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
                 2.41 
               
               
                  #3 
                 1.46 
                 1.53 
                 1.59 
                 1.65 
                 1.71 
                 1.77 
                 1.83 
                 1.89 
                 1.95 
                 2.01 
                 2.07 
                 2.14 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.33 
                 2.30 
                 2.27 
                 2.25 
                 2.22 
                 2.18 
               
               
                  #4 
                 2.20 
                 2.26 
                 2.32 
                 2.38 
                 2.44 
                 2.50 
                 2.56 
                 2.62 
                 2.68 
                 2.74 
                 2.80 
                 2.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.15 
                 2.11 
                 2.08 
                 2.04 
                 2.01 
                 1.97 
                 1.93 
                 1.90 
                 1.87 
                 1.83 
                 1.80 
                 1.78 
               
               
                  #5 
                 2.91 
                 2.97 
                 3.03 
                 3.09 
                 3.15 
                 3.21 
                 3.27 
                 3.33 
                 3.39 
                 3.45 
                 3.51 
                 3.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.75 
                 1.73 
                 1.70 
                 1.68 
                 1.67 
                 1.65 
                 1.64 
                 1.63 
                 1.63 
                 1.62 
                 1.62 
                 1.62 
               
               
                  #6 
                 3.62 
                 3.68 
                 3.74 
                 3.80 
                 3.86 
                 3.92 
                 3.98 
                 4.04 
                 4.10 
                 4.16 
                 4.21 
                 4.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.62 
                 1.62 
                 1.63 
                 1.63 
                 1.64 
                 1.64 
                 1.65 
                 1.66 
                 1.66 
                 1.66 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
               
               
                  #7 
                 4.33 
                 4.39 
                 4.45 
                 4.51 
                 4.57 
                 4.63 
                 4.69 
                 4.75 
                 4.80 
                 4.86 
                 4.92 
                 4.98 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.66 
                 1.66 
                 1.65 
                 1.64 
                 1.63 
                 1.62 
                 1.60 
                 1.58 
                 1.56 
                 1.53 
                 1.51 
                 1.48 
               
               
                  #8 
                 5.04 
                 5.10 
                 5.16 
                 5.21 
                 5.27 
                 5.33 
                 5.39 
                 5.45 
                 5.50 
                 5.56 
                 5.62 
                 5.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.45 
                 1.43 
                 1.40 
                 1.37 
                 1.34 
                 1.32 
                 1.30 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.24 
                 1.24 
               
               
                  #9 
                 5.74 
                 5.79 
                 5.85 
                 5.91 
                 5.97 
                 6.03 
                 6.08 
                 6.14 
                 6.20 
                 6.26 
                 6.32 
                 6.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.24 
                 1.25 
                 1.26 
                 1.28 
                 1.31 
                 1.34 
                 1.39 
                 1.45 
                 1.51 
                 1.59 
                 1.68 
                 1.78 
               
               
                 #10 
                 6.44 
                 6.50 
                 6.56 
                 6.62 
                 6.68 
                 6.75 
                 6.81 
                 6.87 
                 6.94 
                 7.00 
                 7.07 
                 7.13 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.90 
                 2.04 
                 2.19 
                 2.37 
                 2.56 
                 2.77 
                 3.00 
                 3.25 
                 3.53 
                 3.83 
                 4.14 
                 4.47 
               
               
                 #11 
                 7.20 
                 7.27 
                 7.34 
                 7.41 
                 7.48 
                 7.55 
                 7.62 
                 7.70 
                 7.77 
                 7.84 
                 7.92 
                 7.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.82 
                 5.18 
                 5.54 
                 5.91 
                 6.27 
                 6.62 
                 6.94 
                 7.24 
                 7.51 
                 7.72 
                 7.89 
                 7.99 
               
               
                 #12 
                 8.07 
                 8.14 
                 8.22 
                 8.29 
                 8.36 
                 8.44 
                 8.51 
                 8.58 
                 8.65 
                 8.72 
                 8.79 
                 8.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.04 
                 8.01 
                 7.92 
                 7.75 
                 7.53 
                 7.25 
                 6.91 
                 6.53 
                 6.12 
                 5.69 
                 5.24 
                 4.78 
               
               
                 #13 
                 8.92 
                 8.99 
                 9.05 
                 9.12 
                 9.18 
                 9.24 
                 9.30 
                 9.36 
                 9.42 
                 9.47 
                 9.53 
                 9.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.33 
                 3.89 
                 3.46 
                 3.06 
                 2.68 
                 2.34 
                 2.02 
                 1.73 
                 1.48 
                 1.25 
                 1.06 
                 0.89 
               
               
                 #14 
                 9.65 
                 9.70 
                 9.76 
                 9.81 
                 9.87 
                 9.92 
                 9.98 
                 10.03 
                 10.09 
                 10.14 
                 10.20 
                 10.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.74 
                 0.62 
                 0.52 
                 0.43 
                 0.36 
                 0.31 
                 0.26 
                 0.23 
                 0.20 
                 0.17 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 #15 
                 10.30 
                 10.36 
                 10.41 
                 10.47 
                 10.52 
                 10.58 
                 10.63 
                 10.69 
                 10.74 
                 10.79 
                 10.85 
                 10.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 0.18 
                 0.21 
                 0.24 
                 0.29 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 #16 
                 10.96 
                 11.02 
                 11.07 
                 11.13 
                 11.18 
                 11.24 
                 11.30 
                 11.36 
                 11.42 
                 11.48 
                 11.54 
                 11.60 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.41 
                 0.49 
                 0.59 
                 0.71 
                 0.85 
                 1.03 
                 1.23 
                 1.47 
                 1.74 
                 2.05 
                 2.41 
                 2.80 
               
               
                 #17 
                 11.66 
                 11.73 
                 11.80 
                 11.86 
                 11.93 
                 12.00 
                 12.07 
                 12.15 
                 12.22 
                 12.30 
                 12.37 
                 12.45 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.24 
                 3.71 
                 4.23 
                 4.77 
                 5.35 
                 5.94 
                 6.55 
                 7.15 
                 7.74 
                 8.30 
                 8.82 
                 9.28 
               
               
                 #18 
                 12.53 
                 12.60 
                 12.68 
                 12.76 
                 12.84 
                 12.92 
                 13.00 
                 13.08 
                 13.15 
                 13.23 
                 13.31 
                 13.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 9.67 
                 9.97 
                 10.19 
                 10.30 
                 10.31 
                 10.21 
                 10.02 
                 9.73 
                 9.37 
                 8.93 
                 8.44 
                 7.91 
               
               
                 #19 
                 13.45 
                 13.53 
                 13.60 
                 13.67 
                 13.73 
                 13.80 
                 13.87 
                 13.93 
                 13.99 
                 14.06 
                 14.12 
                 14.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 7.36 
                 6.79 
                 6.22 
                 5.66 
                 5.11 
                 4.59 
                 4.10 
                 3.65 
                 3.23 
                 2.85 
                 2.50 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 #20 
                 14.24 
                 14.30 
                 14.36 
                 14.41 
                 14.47 
                 14.53 
                 14.59 
                 14.64 
                 14.70 
                 14.75 
                 14.81 
                 14.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.91 
                 1.67 
                 1.46 
                 1.27 
                 1.11 
                 0.97 
                 0.85 
                 0.75 
                 0.67 
                 0.60 
                 0.54 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 #21 
                 14.92 
                 14.98 
                 15.03 
                 15.09 
                 15.14 
                 15.20 
                 15.25 
                 15.31 
                 15.36 
                 15.42 
                 15.47 
                 15.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.46 
                 0.43 
                 0.41 
                 0.40 
                 0.39 
                 0.39 
                 0.39 
                 0.40 
                 0.41 
                 0.43 
                 0.46 
                 0.50 
               
               
                 #22 
                 15.58 
                 15.64 
                 15.70 
                 15.75 
                 15.81 
                 15.87 
                 15.92 
                 15.98 
                 16.04 
                 16.10 
                 16.16 
                 16.21 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.54 
                 0.59 
                 0.65 
                 0.72 
                 0.79 
                 0.88 
                 0.99 
                 1.10 
                 1.22 
                 1.36 
                 1.51 
                 1.67 
               
               
                 #23 
                 16.27 
                 16.33 
                 16.40 
                 16.46 
                 16.52 
                 16.58 
                 16.64 
                 16.71 
                 16.77 
                 16.84 
                 16.90 
                 16.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.85 
                 2.03 
                 2.23 
                 2.43 
                 2.63 
                 2.84 
                 3.05 
                 3.26 
                 3.46 
                 3.65 
                 3.83 
                 4.00 
               
               
                 #24 
                 17.03 
                 17.10 
                 17.17 
                 17.23 
                 17.30 
                 17.37 
                 17.43 
                 17.50 
                 17.57 
                 17.63 
                 17.70 
                 17.77 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.15 
                 4.27 
                 4.38 
                 4.46 
                 4.52 
                 4.55 
                 4.56 
                 4.54 
                 4.50 
                 4.44 
                 4.36 
                 4.26 
               
               
                 #25 
                 17.83 
                 17.90 
                 17.96 
                 18.03 
                 18.09 
                 18.16 
                 18.22 
                 18.28 
                 18.35 
                 18.41 
                 18.47 
                 18.53 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.14 
                 4.02 
                 3.88 
                 3.74 
                 3.59 
                 3.43 
                 3.28 
                 3.13 
                 2.98 
                 2.84 
                 2.70 
                 2.56 
               
               
                 #26 
                 18.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 16  shows the shape of the conductors in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 3. In the figure, the lightly shaded portion represents the conductors  3  and  4 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  5 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=18.59 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the conductors  3  and  4  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conductors  3  and  4  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  1  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω. 
       FIG. 17  and  FIG. 18  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 3. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 4.2 GHz≦f≦9.6 GHz, the reflectance is −2 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.15 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −15 dB or lower. 
     Embodiment 4 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.8 at frequencies f in the range 3.7 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using 0.3 wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 100Ω.  FIG. 19  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. 
       FIG. 20  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the conductor width w, when using a dielectric substrate  2  with a thickness h=1 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =40, and when the distance between conductors s=1 mm. Table 8 lists the conductor widths w. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Conductor widths 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.07 
                 0.13 
                 0.20 
                 0.27 
                 0.34 
                 0.40 
                 0.47 
                 0.54 
                 0.61 
                 0.67 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 w(mm) 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.81 
                 0.88 
                 0.94 
                 1.01 
                 1.08 
                 1.15 
                 1.21 
                 1.28 
                 1.35 
                 1.42 
                 1.48 
                 1.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
               
               
                  #3 
                 1.62 
                 1.68 
                 1.75 
                 1.82 
                 1.89 
                 1.95 
                 2.02 
                 2.09 
                 2.16 
                 2.22 
                 2.29 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                  #4 
                 2.43 
                 2.49 
                 2.56 
                 2.63 
                 2.70 
                 2.76 
                 2.83 
                 2.90 
                 2.97 
                 3.03 
                 3.10 
                 3.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                  #5 
                 3.24 
                 3.30 
                 3.37 
                 3.44 
                 3.51 
                 3.57 
                 3.64 
                 3.71 
                 3.78 
                 3.84 
                 3.91 
                 3.98 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
               
               
                  #6 
                 4.05 
                 4.11 
                 4.18 
                 4.25 
                 4.32 
                 4.39 
                 4.45 
                 4.52 
                 4.59 
                 4.66 
                 4.72 
                 4.79 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
               
               
                  #7 
                 4.86 
                 4.93 
                 4.99 
                 5.06 
                 5.13 
                 5.20 
                 5.26 
                 5.33 
                 5.40 
                 5.47 
                 5.54 
                 5.60 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                  #8 
                 5.67 
                 5.74 
                 5.81 
                 5.88 
                 5.94 
                 6.01 
                 6.08 
                 6.15 
                 6.22 
                 6.29 
                 6.35 
                 6.42 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                  #9 
                 6.49 
                 6.56 
                 6.63 
                 6.69 
                 6.76 
                 6.83 
                 6.90 
                 6.97 
                 7.04 
                 7.10 
                 7.17 
                 7.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.22 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.19 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 #10 
                 7.31 
                 7.37 
                 7.44 
                 7.51 
                 7.58 
                 7.64 
                 7.71 
                 7.78 
                 7.84 
                 7.91 
                 7.98 
                 8.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 0.08 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 #11 
                 8.11 
                 8.18 
                 8.25 
                 8.31 
                 8.38 
                 8.45 
                 8.51 
                 8.58 
                 8.65 
                 8.72 
                 8.78 
                 8.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.04 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 #12 
                 8.92 
                 8.98 
                 9.05 
                 9.12 
                 9.18 
                 9.25 
                 9.32 
                 9.38 
                 9.45 
                 9.52 
                 9.58 
                 9.65 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 #13 
                 9.72 
                 9.79 
                 9.85 
                 9.92 
                 9.99 
                 10.06 
                 10.12 
                 10.19 
                 10.26 
                 10.33 
                 10.39 
                 10.46 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 0.10 
                 0.12 
                 0.14 
                 0.16 
                 0.19 
                 0.22 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 #14 
                 10.53 
                 10.60 
                 10.67 
                 10.74 
                 10.81 
                 10.88 
                 10.95 
                 11.02 
                 11.10 
                 11.17 
                 11.24 
                 11.32 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.30 
                 0.34 
                 0.39 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
                 0.57 
                 0.64 
                 0.71 
                 0.78 
                 0.85 
                 0.91 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 #15 
                 11.39 
                 11.47 
                 11.54 
                 11.62 
                 11.69 
                 11.76 
                 11.84 
                 11.91 
                 11.98 
                 12.05 
                 12.12 
                 12.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.98 
                 0.99 
                 0.98 
                 0.95 
                 0.91 
                 0.85 
                 0.78 
                 0.71 
                 0.65 
                 0.58 
                 0.52 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 #16 
                 12.26 
                 12.33 
                 12.40 
                 12.47 
                 12.54 
                 12.60 
                 12.67 
                 12.74 
                 12.81 
                 12.88 
                 12.94 
                 13.01 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.40 
                 0.35 
                 0.31 
                 0.27 
                 0.23 
                 0.20 
                 0.18 
                 0.15 
                 0.13 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 #17 
                 13.08 
                 13.14 
                 13.21 
                 13.28 
                 13.35 
                 13.41 
                 13.48 
                 13.55 
                 13.61 
                 13.68 
                 13.75 
                 13.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.07 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 #18 
                 13.88 
                 13.95 
                 14.02 
                 14.08 
                 14.15 
                 14.22 
                 14.28 
                 14.35 
                 14.42 
                 14.48 
                 14.55 
                 14.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 #19 
                 14.68 
                 14.75 
                 14.82 
                 14.89 
                 14.95 
                 15.02 
                 15.09 
                 15.15 
                 15.22 
                 15.29 
                 15.36 
                 15.42 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 #20 
                 15.49 
                 15.56 
                 15.63 
                 15.69 
                 15.76 
                 15.83 
                 15.90 
                 15.97 
                 16.03 
                 16.10 
                 16.17 
                 16.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 #21 
                 16.30 
                 16.37 
                 16.44 
                 16.51 
                 16.58 
                 16.64 
                 16.71 
                 16.78 
                 16.85 
                 16.92 
                 16.98 
                 17.05 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.16 
                 0.16 
               
               
                 #22 
                 17.12 
                 17.19 
                 17.25 
                 17.32 
                 17.39 
                 17.46 
                 17.53 
                 17.59 
                 17.66 
                 17.73 
                 17.80 
                 17.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.15 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 #23 
                 17.93 
                 18.00 
                 18.07 
                 18.13 
                 18.20 
                 18.27 
                 18.34 
                 18.40 
                 18.47 
                 18.54 
                 18.61 
                 18.67 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 #24 
                 18.74 
                 18.81 
                 18.88 
                 18.94 
                 19.01 
                 19.08 
                 19.15 
                 19.21 
                 19.28 
                 19.35 
                 19.42 
                 19.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 #25 
                 19.55 
                 19.62 
                 19.69 
                 19.76 
                 19.82 
                 19.89 
                 19.96 
                 20.03 
                 20.09 
                 20.16 
                 20.23 
                 20.30 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 #26 
                 20.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 21  shows the shape of the conductors in the reflection-type bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 4. In the figure, the lightly shaded portion represents the conductors  3  and  4 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  5 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=100Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=20.36 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  1 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the conductors  3  and  4  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the conductors  3  and  4  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  1  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 100Ω. 
       FIG. 17  and  FIG. 18  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 4. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.2 GHz, the reflectance is −5 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower. 
       FIG. 24  is a perspective view showing in summary the configuration of a reflection-type bandpass filter of Embodiments 5 through 7. In the figure, the symbol  11  is the reflection-type bandpass filter, 12 is a dielectric substrate, 13 is a band-shaped conductor, 14 is a non-conducting portion, and 15 is a side conductor. 
     The reflection-type bandpass filter  11  comprises a dielectric substrate  12 , a band-shaped conductor  13  provided on the surface of the dielectric substrate  12 , and a side conductor  15  provided on one side of the band-shaped conductor  13  securing a prescribed distance between conductors with a non-conducting portion  14  intervening; and the band-shaped conductor width or the distance between conductors, or both, are distributed non-uniformly along the band-shaped conductor length direction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , the z axis is taken along the length direction of the band-shaped conductor  13 , the y axis is taken in the direction perpendicular to the z axis and parallel to the surface of the dielectric substrate  12 , and the x axis is taken in the direction perpendicular to the y axis and to the z axis. The length extending in the z axis direction from the end face on the input end is z. The side edge of the band-shaped conductor  13  on the side in the z-axis direction of the non-conducting portion  14  is  13   a , and the side edge on the other side is  13   b . The side edge of the side conductor  15  in the z-axis direction on the side of the non-conducting portion  14  is  15   a.    
     The reflection-type bandpass filter  11  has a configuration in which a non-uniform asymmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip (a coplanar strip in which two conductors (the band-shaped conductor  13  and side conductor  15 ) are arranged asymmetrically and width of the conductors are distributed non-uniformly) is provided. In this reflection-type bandpass filter  11 , the side conductor  15  is semi-infinite, or the width of the side conductor  15  is several times of the widths of the center conductor  13  and the non-conducting portion  14 . Therefore, the side conductor  15  can be used in configuring a slot line, slot antenna, or similar. Moreover, compared with a uniform symmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip (a coplanar strip in which two conductors are arranged symmetrically and width of the conductors are distributed uniformly), the characteristic impedance of the non-uniform asymmetric-type two-conductor coplanar strip is high. 
     Here, when either the width w of the band-shaped conductor  13  (hereafter the “band-shaped conductor width w”) or the conductor-to-conductor distance between the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side conductor  15  (hereafter the “distance between conductors s” in the following Embodiments 5 through 7), or both, of the coplanar strip are varied, the characteristic impedance can be changed (see Reference 12 with respect to the characteristic impedance). 
       FIG. 25  shows the dependence of the characteristic impedance on the distance between conductors s, when the band-shaped conductor width w=1 mm, the thickness h of the dielectric substrate  12  is 2 mm, and the relative permittivity ∈ r  of the dielectric substrate  12  is 45.  FIG. 26  shows the dependence of the characteristic impedance on the band-shaped conductor width w, when the distance between conductors s=1 mm, h=2 mm, and ∈ r =45. 
     In this invention, the band-shaped conductor width w or distance between conductors s was calculated based on the local characteristic impedance obtained from equation (7), and a bandpass filter  11  was manufactured so as to satisfy the calculated band-shaped conductor width w or distance between conductors s. By this means, reflection-type bandpass filters  11  having the desired pass band were obtained. 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.8 at frequencies f in the range 3.4 GHz≦f≦10.3 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using one wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 100Ω.  FIG. 27  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. The horizontal axis is z divided by one wavelength at f=1 GHz; similar axes are used in  FIG. 34  and  FIG. 41  below. 
       FIG. 28  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the distance between conductors s, when using a dielectric substrate  12  with a thickness h=2 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =45, and when the band-shaped conductor width w=2 mm. Tables 9 through 11 list the distances between conductors s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (1/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.07 
                 0.13 
                 0.20 
                 0.26 
                 0.33 
                 0.39 
                 0.46 
                 0.52 
                 0.59 
                 0.65 
                 0.72 
               
               
                 s(mm) 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.36 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.79 
                 0.85 
                 0.92 
                 0.98 
                 1.05 
                 1.11 
                 1.18 
                 1.24 
                 1.31 
                 1.38 
                 1.44 
                 1.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.41 
                 2.42 
                 2.43 
               
               
                  #3 
                 1.57 
                 1.64 
                 1.70 
                 1.77 
                 1.83 
                 1.90 
                 1.97 
                 2.03 
                 2.10 
                 2.16 
                 2.23 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.44 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.51 
                 2.52 
                 2.53 
               
               
                  #4 
                 2.36 
                 2.43 
                 2.49 
                 2.56 
                 2.62 
                 2.69 
                 2.75 
                 2.82 
                 2.89 
                 2.95 
                 3.02 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
               
               
                  #5 
                 3.15 
                 3.21 
                 3.28 
                 3.35 
                 3.41 
                 3.48 
                 3.54 
                 3.61 
                 3.67 
                 3.74 
                 3.81 
                 3.87 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
               
               
                  #6 
                 3.94 
                 4.00 
                 4.07 
                 4.13 
                 4.20 
                 4.27 
                 4.33 
                 4.40 
                 4.46 
                 4.53 
                 4.59 
                 4.66 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.50 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
               
               
                  #7 
                 4.73 
                 4.79 
                 4.86 
                 4.92 
                 4.99 
                 5.05 
                 5.12 
                 5.19 
                 5.25 
                 5.32 
                 5.38 
                 5.45 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
               
               
                  #8 
                 5.51 
                 5.58 
                 5.65 
                 5.71 
                 5.78 
                 5.84 
                 5.91 
                 5.97 
                 6.04 
                 6.10 
                 6.17 
                 6.24 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.50 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.47 
                 2.46 
                 2.45 
                 2.44 
               
               
                  #9 
                 6.30 
                 6.37 
                 6.43 
                 6.50 
                 6.56 
                 6.63 
                 6.69 
                 6.76 
                 6.83 
                 6.89 
                 6.96 
                 7.02 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.41 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
                 2.37 
                 2.36 
                 2.35 
                 2.33 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
                 2.30 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 #10 
                 7.09 
                 7.15 
                 7.22 
                 7.28 
                 7.35 
                 7.41 
                 7.48 
                 7.54 
                 7.61 
                 7.67 
                 7.74 
                 7.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
               
               
                 #11 
                 7.87 
                 7.94 
                 8.00 
                 8.07 
                 8.13 
                 8.20 
                 8.26 
                 8.33 
                 8.39 
                 8.46 
                 8.52 
                 8.59 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
               
               
                 #12 
                 8.66 
                 8.72 
                 8.79 
                 8.85 
                 8.92 
                 8.98 
                 9.05 
                 9.11 
                 9.18 
                 9.24 
                 9.31 
                 9.37 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.31 
                 2.30 
                 2.30 
               
               
                 #13 
                 9.44 
                 9.51 
                 9.57 
                 9.64 
                 9.70 
                 9.77 
                 9.83 
                 9.90 
                 9.96 
                 10.03 
                 10.09 
                 10.16 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.30 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 #14 
                 10.22 
                 10.29 
                 10.36 
                 10.42 
                 10.49 
                 10.55 
                 10.62 
                 10.68 
                 10.75 
                 10.81 
                 10.88 
                 10.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.29 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.31 
                 2.32 
                 2.33 
                 2.34 
                 2.35 
                 2.37 
                 2.39 
               
               
                 #15 
                 11.01 
                 11.08 
                 11.14 
                 11.21 
                 11.27 
                 11.34 
                 11.40 
                 11.47 
                 11.53 
                 11.60 
                 11.67 
                 11.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.40 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
                 2.46 
                 2.48 
                 2.50 
                 2.52 
                 2.54 
                 2.56 
                 2.58 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
               
               
                 #16 
                 11.80 
                 11.86 
                 11.93 
                 12.00 
                 12.06 
                 12.13 
                 12.19 
                 12.26 
                 12.33 
                 12.39 
                 12.46 
                 12.52 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.63 
                 2.64 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
                 2.68 
                 2.69 
                 2.70 
                 2.70 
                 2.71 
                 2.71 
                 2.71 
                 2.71 
               
               
                 #17 
                 12.59 
                 12.66 
                 12.72 
                 12.79 
                 12.85 
                 12.92 
                 12.98 
                 13.05 
                 13.12 
                 13.18 
                 13.25 
                 13.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.71 
                 2.70 
                 2.70 
                 2.69 
                 2.69 
                 2.68 
                 2.67 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.63 
               
               
                 #18 
                 13.38 
                 13.45 
                 13.51 
                 13.58 
                 13.64 
                 13.71 
                 13.78 
                 13.84 
                 13.91 
                 13.97 
                 14.04 
                 14.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.63 
                 2.62 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
               
               
                 #19 
                 14.17 
                 14.24 
                 14.30 
                 14.37 
                 14.43 
                 14.50 
                 14.57 
                 14.63 
                 14.70 
                 14.76 
                 14.83 
                 14.89 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.62 
                 2.63 
                 2.63 
                 2.64 
                 2.64 
                 2.65 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
                 2.67 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 #20 
                 14.96 
                 15.03 
                 15.09 
                 15.16 
                 15.22 
                 15.29 
                 15.36 
                 15.42 
                 15.49 
                 15.55 
                 15.62 
                 15.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.67 
                 2.66 
                 2.66 
                 2.65 
                 2.64 
                 2.63 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.58 
                 2.56 
                 2.53 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 #21 
                 15.75 
                 15.82 
                 15.88 
                 15.95 
                 16.01 
                 16.08 
                 16.14 
                 16.21 
                 16.27 
                 16.34 
                 16.40 
                 16.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.49 
                 2.46 
                 2.43 
                 2.40 
                 2.38 
                 2.35 
                 2.32 
                 2.29 
                 2.26 
                 2.24 
                 2.21 
                 2.19 
               
               
                 #22 
                 16.54 
                 16.60 
                 16.67 
                 16.73 
                 16.80 
                 16.86 
                 16.93 
                 16.99 
                 17.06 
                 17.12 
                 17.19 
                 17.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.17 
                 2.15 
                 2.13 
                 2.11 
                 2.10 
                 2.08 
                 2.07 
                 2.06 
                 2.06 
                 2.05 
                 2.05 
                 2.05 
               
               
                 #23 
                 17.32 
                 17.38 
                 17.45 
                 17.51 
                 17.58 
                 17.64 
                 17.71 
                 17.77 
                 17.84 
                 17.90 
                 17.97 
                 18.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.05 
                 2.05 
                 2.06 
                 2.06 
                 2.07 
                 2.08 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.10 
                 2.11 
                 2.12 
                 2.13 
               
               
                 #24 
                 18.10 
                 18.16 
                 18.23 
                 18.29 
                 18.36 
                 18.42 
                 18.49 
                 18.55 
                 18.62 
                 18.68 
                 18.75 
                 18.82 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.14 
                 2.15 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.16 
               
               
                 #25 
                 18.88 
                 18.95 
                 19.01 
                 19.08 
                 19.14 
                 19.21 
                 19.27 
                 19.34 
                 19.40 
                 19.47 
                 19.53 
                 19.60 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.15 
                 2.15 
                 2.14 
                 2.13 
                 2.12 
                 2.11 
                 2.11 
                 2.10 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.08 
               
               
                 #26 
                 19.66 
                 19.73 
                 19.79 
                 19.86 
                 19.92 
                 19.99 
                 20.05 
                 20.12 
                 20.18 
                 20.25 
                 20.31 
                 20.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.08 
                 2.09 
                 2.09 
                 2.10 
                 2.11 
                 2.12 
                 2.14 
                 2.16 
                 2.18 
                 2.20 
                 2.23 
                 2.26 
               
               
                 #27 
                 20.44 
                 20.51 
                 20.58 
                 20.64 
                 20.71 
                 20.77 
                 20.84 
                 20.90 
                 20.97 
                 21.04 
                 21.10 
                 21.17 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.30 
                 2.33 
                 2.37 
                 2.41 
                 2.46 
                 2.50 
                 2.55 
                 2.60 
                 2.65 
                 2.69 
                 2.74 
                 2.79 
               
               
                 #28 
                 21.23 
                 21.30 
                 21.37 
                 21.43 
                 21.50 
                 21.57 
                 21.63 
                 21.70 
                 21.76 
                 21.83 
                 21.90 
                 21.96 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.83 
                 2.88 
                 2.92 
                 2.96 
                 2.99 
                 3.02 
                 3.05 
                 3.07 
                 3.09 
                 3.11 
                 3.12 
                 3.12 
               
               
                 #29 
                 22.03 
                 22.10 
                 22.16 
                 22.23 
                 22.30 
                 22.36 
                 22.43 
                 22.50 
                 22.56 
                 22.63 
                 22.70 
                 22.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.13 
                 3.12 
                 3.12 
                 3.11 
                 3.09 
                 3.08 
                 3.06 
                 3.04 
                 3.02 
                 3.01 
                 2.99 
                 2.97 
               
               
                 #30 
                 22.83 
                 22.89 
                 22.96 
                 23.03 
                 23.09 
                 23.16 
                 23.23 
                 23.29 
                 23.36 
                 23.42 
                 23.49 
                 23.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.95 
                 2.93 
                 2.92 
                 2.90 
                 2.89 
                 2.89 
                 2.88 
                 2.88 
                 2.88 
                 2.89 
                 2.89 
                 2.90 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (2/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #31 
                 23.62 
                 23.69 
                 23.76 
                 23.82 
                 23.89 
                 23.95 
                 24.02 
                 24.09 
                 24.15 
                 24.22 
                 24.29 
                 24.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.91 
                 2.93 
                 2.94 
                 2.96 
                 2.98 
                 3.00 
                 3.02 
                 3.03 
                 3.05 
                 3.06 
                 3.08 
                 3.08 
               
               
                 #32 
                 24.42 
                 24.49 
                 24.55 
                 24.62 
                 24.69 
                 24.75 
                 24.82 
                 24.88 
                 24.95 
                 25.02 
                 25.08 
                 25.15 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.09 
                 3.09 
                 3.08 
                 3.07 
                 3.05 
                 3.03 
                 3.00 
                 2.96 
                 2.92 
                 2.87 
                 2.81 
                 2.75 
               
               
                 #33 
                 25.22 
                 25.28 
                 25.35 
                 25.41 
                 25.48 
                 25.54 
                 25.61 
                 25.67 
                 25.74 
                 25.80 
                 25.87 
                 25.93 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.69 
                 2.62 
                 2.55 
                 2.47 
                 2.40 
                 2.32 
                 2.25 
                 2.17 
                 2.10 
                 2.03 
                 1.96 
                 1.90 
               
               
                 #34 
                 26.00 
                 26.06 
                 26.13 
                 26.19 
                 26.26 
                 26.32 
                 26.39 
                 26.45 
                 26.52 
                 26.58 
                 26.64 
                 26.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.84 
                 1.78 
                 1.73 
                 1.68 
                 1.64 
                 1.60 
                 1.56 
                 1.54 
                 1.51 
                 1.49 
                 1.48 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 #35 
                 26.77 
                 26.84 
                 26.90 
                 26.97 
                 27.03 
                 27.09 
                 27.16 
                 27.22 
                 27.29 
                 27.35 
                 27.42 
                 27.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.46 
                 1.46 
                 1.47 
                 1.47 
                 1.48 
                 1.49 
                 1.51 
                 1.53 
                 1.55 
                 1.57 
                 1.59 
                 1.61 
               
               
                 #36 
                 27.55 
                 27.61 
                 27.67 
                 27.74 
                 27.80 
                 27.87 
                 27.93 
                 28.00 
                 28.06 
                 28.13 
                 28.19 
                 28.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.63 
                 1.65 
                 1.67 
                 1.69 
                 1.70 
                 1.72 
                 1.72 
                 1.73 
                 1.73 
                 1.72 
                 1.72 
                 1.71 
               
               
                 #37 
                 28.32 
                 28.39 
                 28.45 
                 28.51 
                 28.58 
                 28.64 
                 28.71 
                 28.77 
                 28.84 
                 28.90 
                 28.97 
                 29.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.69 
                 1.67 
                 1.65 
                 1.63 
                 1.60 
                 1.58 
                 1.55 
                 1.53 
                 1.50 
                 1.48 
                 1.46 
                 1.45 
               
               
                 #38 
                 29.09 
                 29.16 
                 29.22 
                 29.29 
                 29.35 
                 29.42 
                 29.48 
                 29.54 
                 29.61 
                 29.67 
                 29.74 
                 29.80 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.44 
                 1.43 
                 1.43 
                 1.44 
                 1.46 
                 1.48 
                 1.52 
                 1.56 
                 1.62 
                 1.69 
                 1.78 
                 1.88 
               
               
                 #39 
                 29.87 
                 29.93 
                 30.00 
                 30.06 
                 30.13 
                 30.20 
                 30.26 
                 30.33 
                 30.40 
                 30.47 
                 30.54 
                 30.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.00 
                 2.15 
                 2.32 
                 2.51 
                 2.74 
                 2.99 
                 3.28 
                 3.60 
                 3.97 
                 4.36 
                 4.80 
                 5.27 
               
               
                 #40 
                 30.68 
                 30.75 
                 30.82 
                 30.89 
                 30.97 
                 31.04 
                 31.12 
                 31.20 
                 31.27 
                 31.35 
                 31.43 
                 31.51 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.77 
                 6.30 
                 6.85 
                 7.43 
                 8.01 
                 8.59 
                 9.16 
                 9.72 
                 10.23 
                 10.71 
                 11.12 
                 11.46 
               
               
                 #41 
                 31.59 
                 31.67 
                 31.75 
                 31.83 
                 31.91 
                 31.99 
                 32.07 
                 32.15 
                 32.23 
                 32.30 
                 32.38 
                 32.45 
               
               
                 — 
                 11.71 
                 11.87 
                 11.93 
                 11.88 
                 11.73 
                 11.47 
                 11.11 
                 10.65 
                 10.11 
                 9.51 
                 8.85 
                 8.16 
               
               
                 #42 
                 32.53 
                 32.60 
                 32.67 
                 32.74 
                 32.81 
                 32.88 
                 32.94 
                 33.01 
                 33.07 
                 33.14 
                 33.20 
                 33.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 7.44 
                 6.71 
                 5.98 
                 5.28 
                 4.61 
                 3.98 
                 3.40 
                 2.87 
                 2.41 
                 2.00 
                 1.66 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 #43 
                 33.33 
                 33.40 
                 33.46 
                 33.52 
                 33.59 
                 33.65 
                 33.71 
                 33.78 
                 33.84 
                 33.90 
                 33.97 
                 34.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.13 
                 0.93 
                 0.77 
                 0.64 
                 0.54 
                 0.45 
                 0.38 
                 0.33 
                 0.29 
                 0.25 
                 0.22 
                 0.20 
               
               
                 #44 
                 34.09 
                 34.15 
                 34.22 
                 34.28 
                 34.34 
                 34.41 
                 34.47 
                 34.53 
                 34.60 
                 34.66 
                 34.72 
                 34.78 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.19 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.21 
                 0.23 
                 0.26 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 #45 
                 34.85 
                 34.91 
                 34.97 
                 35.04 
                 35.10 
                 35.16 
                 35.23 
                 35.29 
                 35.36 
                 35.42 
                 35.49 
                 35.55 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.34 
                 0.39 
                 0.46 
                 0.54 
                 0.63 
                 0.75 
                 0.89 
                 1.06 
                 1.26 
                 1.50 
                 1.77 
                 2.08 
               
               
                 #46 
                 35.62 
                 35.68 
                 35.75 
                 35.82 
                 35.88 
                 35.95 
                 36.02 
                 36.09 
                 36.16 
                 36.23 
                 36.31 
                 36.38 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.42 
                 2.80 
                 3.21 
                 3.65 
                 4.10 
                 4.56 
                 5.02 
                 5.47 
                 5.90 
                 6.31 
                 6.68 
                 7.00 
               
               
                 #47 
                 36.45 
                 36.53 
                 36.60 
                 36.67 
                 36.75 
                 36.82 
                 36.90 
                 36.97 
                 37.04 
                 37.12 
                 37.19 
                 37.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 7.28 
                 7.50 
                 7.67 
                 7.78 
                 7.83 
                 7.82 
                 7.77 
                 7.66 
                 7.51 
                 7.32 
                 7.10 
                 6.85 
               
               
                 #48 
                 37.33 
                 37.40 
                 37.48 
                 37.55 
                 37.62 
                 37.69 
                 37.76 
                 37.82 
                 37.89 
                 37.96 
                 38.03 
                 38.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 6.59 
                 6.32 
                 6.04 
                 5.75 
                 5.48 
                 5.20 
                 4.94 
                 4.69 
                 4.46 
                 4.24 
                 4.05 
                 3.86 
               
               
                 #49 
                 38.16 
                 38.23 
                 38.30 
                 38.37 
                 38.43 
                 38.50 
                 38.56 
                 38.63 
                 38.70 
                 38.76 
                 38.83 
                 38.90 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.70 
                 3.55 
                 3.42 
                 3.31 
                 3.21 
                 3.13 
                 3.06 
                 3.00 
                 2.95 
                 2.91 
                 2.89 
                 2.87 
               
               
                 #50 
                 38.96 
                 39.03 
                 39.09 
                 39.16 
                 39.23 
                 39.29 
                 39.36 
                 39.43 
                 39.49 
                 39.56 
                 39.62 
                 39.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.86 
                 2.85 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.85 
                 2.85 
                 2.84 
                 2.84 
                 2.83 
                 2.82 
                 2.80 
               
               
                 #51 
                 39.76 
                 39.82 
                 39.89 
                 39.95 
                 40.02 
                 40.09 
                 40.15 
                 40.22 
                 40.28 
                 40.35 
                 40.41 
                 40.48 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.77 
                 2.74 
                 2.70 
                 2.65 
                 2.60 
                 2.54 
                 2.47 
                 2.40 
                 2.33 
                 2.25 
                 2.17 
                 2.09 
               
               
                 #52 
                 40.54 
                 40.61 
                 40.67 
                 40.74 
                 40.80 
                 40.87 
                 40.93 
                 41.00 
                 41.06 
                 41.12 
                 41.19 
                 41.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.01 
                 1.93 
                 1.86 
                 1.78 
                 1.71 
                 1.64 
                 1.58 
                 1.52 
                 1.47 
                 1.42 
                 1.38 
                 1.34 
               
               
                 #53 
                 41.32 
                 41.38 
                 41.44 
                 41.51 
                 41.57 
                 41.64 
                 41.70 
                 41.76 
                 41.83 
                 41.89 
                 41.96 
                 42.02 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.31 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.23 
                 1.24 
                 1.26 
                 1.28 
                 1.30 
               
               
                 #54 
                 42.09 
                 42.15 
                 42.21 
                 42.28 
                 42.34 
                 42.41 
                 42.47 
                 42.54 
                 42.60 
                 42.67 
                 42.73 
                 42.80 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.33 
                 1.36 
                 1.40 
                 1.44 
                 1.49 
                 1.54 
                 1.59 
                 1.65 
                 1.71 
                 1.77 
                 1.83 
                 1.89 
               
               
                 #55 
                 42.86 
                 42.93 
                 42.99 
                 43.06 
                 43.12 
                 43.19 
                 43.25 
                 43.32 
                 43.38 
                 43.45 
                 43.51 
                 43.58 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.95 
                 2.01 
                 2.07 
                 2.12 
                 2.17 
                 2.22 
                 2.27 
                 2.31 
                 2.35 
                 2.38 
                 2.41 
                 2.43 
               
               
                 #56 
                 43.64 
                 43.71 
                 43.78 
                 43.84 
                 43.91 
                 43.97 
                 44.04 
                 44.10 
                 44.17 
                 44.24 
                 44.30 
                 44.37 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.45 
                 2.46 
                 2.47 
                 2.48 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 #57 
                 44.43 
                 44.50 
                 44.56 
                 44.63 
                 44.69 
                 44.76 
                 44.83 
                 44.89 
                 44.96 
                 45.02 
                 45.09 
                 45.16 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.49 
                 2.49 
                 2.50 
                 2.51 
                 2.52 
                 2.54 
                 2.56 
                 2.58 
                 2.61 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.71 
               
               
                 #58 
                 45.22 
                 45.29 
                 45.35 
                 45.42 
                 45.49 
                 45.55 
                 45.62 
                 45.69 
                 45.75 
                 45.82 
                 45.89 
                 45.95 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.76 
                 2.80 
                 2.85 
                 2.90 
                 2.95 
                 3.01 
                 3.06 
                 3.12 
                 3.17 
                 3.22 
                 3.27 
                 3.32 
               
               
                 #59 
                 46.02 
                 46.09 
                 46.15 
                 46.22 
                 46.29 
                 46.35 
                 46.42 
                 46.49 
                 46.56 
                 46.62 
                 46.69 
                 46.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.36 
                 3.40 
                 3.43 
                 3.46 
                 3.48 
                 3.50 
                 3.50 
                 3.50 
                 3.50 
                 3.48 
                 3.46 
                 3.43 
               
               
                 #60 
                 46.82 
                 46.89 
                 46.96 
                 47.02 
                 47.09 
                 47.16 
                 47.22 
                 47.29 
                 47.36 
                 47.42 
                 47.49 
                 47.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.40 
                 3.36 
                 3.32 
                 3.27 
                 3.21 
                 3.16 
                 3.10 
                 3.04 
                 2.98 
                 2.92 
                 2.86 
                 2.80 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors (3/3) 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 #61 
                 47.62 
                 47.69 
                 47.75 
                 47.82 
                 47.89 
                 47.95 
                 48.02 
                 48.08 
                 48.15 
                 48.21 
                 48.28 
                 48.34 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.74 
                 2.69 
                 2.63 
                 2.58 
                 2.54 
                 2.49 
                 2.45 
                 2.42 
                 2.39 
                 2.36 
                 2.33 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 #62 
                 48.41 
                 48.47 
                 48.54 
                 48.61 
                 48.67 
                 48.74 
                 48.80 
                 48.87 
                 48.93 
                 49.00 
                 49.06 
                 49.13 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 #63 
                 49.19 
                 49.26 
                 49.32 
                 49.39 
                 49.45 
                 49.52 
                 49.59 
                 49.65 
                 49.72 
                 49.78 
                 49.85 
                 49.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.23 
                 2.22 
                 2.20 
               
               
                 #64 
                 49.98 
                 50.04 
                 50.11 
                 50.17 
                 50.24 
                 50.30 
                 50.37 
                 50.43 
                 50.50 
                 50.56 
                 50.63 
                 50.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.19 
                 2.17 
                 2.16 
                 2.14 
                 2.12 
                 2.10 
                 2.07 
                 2.05 
                 2.03 
                 2.01 
                 1.99 
                 1.97 
               
               
                 #65 
                 50.76 
                 50.82 
                 50.89 
                 50.95 
                 51.02 
                 51.08 
                 51.15 
                 51.21 
                 51.28 
                 51.34 
                 51.41 
                 51.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.96 
                 1.94 
                 1.93 
                 1.91 
                 1.90 
                 1.90 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.89 
                 1.90 
               
               
                 #66 
                 51.54 
                 51.60 
                 51.67 
                 51.73 
                 51.80 
                 51.86 
                 51.93 
                 51.99 
                 52.06 
                 52.12 
                 52.19 
                 52.25 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.91 
                 1.93 
                 1.94 
                 1.96 
                 1.98 
                 2.01 
                 2.03 
                 2.06 
                 2.09 
                 2.12 
                 2.15 
                 2.18 
               
               
                 #67 
                 52.32 
                 52.38 
                 52.45 
                 52.51 
                 52.58 
                 52.64 
                 52.71 
                 52.78 
                 52.84 
                 52.91 
                 52.97 
                 53.04 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.22 
                 2.25 
                 2.29 
                 2.32 
                 2.35 
                 2.38 
                 2.41 
                 2.44 
                 2.47 
                 2.50 
                 2.52 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 #68 
                 53.10 
                 53.17 
                 53.24 
                 53.30 
                 53.37 
                 53.43 
                 53.50 
                 53.56 
                 53.63 
                 53.70 
                 53.76 
                 53.83 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
                 2.59 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
                 2.62 
                 2.61 
               
               
                 #69 
                 53.89 
                 53.96 
                 54.03 
                 54.09 
                 54.16 
                 54.22 
                 54.29 
                 54.35 
                 54.42 
                 54.49 
                 54.55 
                 54.62 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.60 
                 2.60 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 #70 
                 54.68 
                 54.75 
                 54.82 
                 54.88 
                 54.95 
                 55.01 
                 55.08 
                 55.14 
                 55.21 
                 55.28 
                 55.34 
                 55.41 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.60 
                 2.61 
                 2.61 
                 2.62 
                 2.63 
                 2.64 
                 2.66 
                 2.67 
                 2.68 
                 2.70 
                 2.71 
                 2.73 
               
               
                 #71 
                 55.47 
                 55.54 
                 55.61 
                 55.67 
                 55.74 
                 55.80 
                 55.87 
                 55.94 
                 56.00 
                 56.07 
                 56.13 
                 56.20 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.74 
                 2.75 
                 2.76 
                 2.78 
                 2.79 
                 2.79 
                 2.80 
                 2.81 
                 2.81 
                 2.81 
                 2.81 
                 2.80 
               
               
                 #72 
                 56.27 
                 56.33 
                 56.40 
                 56.47 
                 56.53 
                 56.60 
                 56.66 
                 56.73 
                 56.79 
                 56.86 
                 56.93 
                 56.99 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.79 
                 2.78 
                 2.77 
                 2.76 
                 2.74 
                 2.72 
                 2.70 
                 2.68 
                 2.66 
                 2.63 
                 2.61 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 #73 
                 57.06 
                 57.12 
                 57.19 
                 57.26 
                 57.32 
                 57.39 
                 57.45 
                 57.52 
                 57.58 
                 57.65 
                 57.71 
                 57.78 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.56 
                 2.53 
                 2.50 
                 2.48 
                 2.45 
                 2.43 
                 2.40 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.34 
                 2.32 
                 2.31 
               
               
                 #74 
                 57.84 
                 57.91 
                 57.98 
                 58.04 
                 58.11 
                 58.17 
                 58.24 
                 58.30 
                 58.37 
                 58.43 
                 58.50 
                 58.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.29 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
                 2.23 
               
               
                 #75 
                 58.63 
                 58.69 
                 58.76 
                 58.82 
                 58.89 
                 58.96 
                 59.02 
                 59.09 
                 59.15 
                 59.22 
                 59.28 
                 59.35 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 #76 
                 59.41 
                 59.48 
                 59.54 
                 59.61 
                 59.67 
                 59.74 
                 59.80 
                 59.87 
                 59.94 
                 60.00 
                 60.07 
                 60.13 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.28 
                 2.27 
                 2.27 
                 2.26 
                 2.26 
                 2.25 
                 2.25 
               
               
                 #77 
                 60.20 
                 60.26 
                 60.33 
                 60.39 
                 60.46 
                 60.52 
                 60.59 
                 60.65 
                 60.72 
                 60.78 
                 60.85 
                 60.91 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.24 
                 2.24 
                 2.23 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
               
               
                 #78 
                 60.98 
                 61.05 
                 61.11 
                 61.18 
                 61.24 
                 61.31 
                 61.37 
                 61.44 
                 61.50 
                 61.57 
                 61.63 
                 61.70 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.22 
                 2.22 
                 2.23 
                 2.24 
                 2.25 
                 2.26 
                 2.27 
                 2.29 
                 2.30 
                 2.32 
               
               
                 #79 
                 61.76 
                 61.83 
                 61.90 
                 61.96 
                 62.03 
                 62.09 
                 62.16 
                 62.22 
                 62.29 
                 62.35 
                 62.42 
                 62.49 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.33 
                 2.35 
                 2.37 
                 2.38 
                 2.40 
                 2.42 
                 2.44 
                 2.45 
                 2.47 
                 2.49 
                 2.50 
                 2.52 
               
               
                 #80 
                 62.55 
                 62.62 
                 62.68 
                 62.75 
                 62.81 
                 62.88 
                 62.95 
                 63.01 
                 63.08 
                 63.14 
                 63.21 
                 63.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.54 
                 2.55 
                 2.56 
                 2.57 
                 2.58 
                 2.58 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
               
               
                 #81 
                 63.34 
                 63.41 
                 63.47 
                 63.54 
                 63.60 
                 63.67 
                 63.74 
                 63.80 
                 63.87 
                 63.93 
                 64.00 
                 64.06 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.59 
                 2.58 
                 2.58 
                 2.57 
                 2.57 
                 2.56 
                 2.55 
                 2.55 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 #82 
                 64.13 
                 64.20 
                 64.26 
                 64.33 
                 64.39 
                 64.46 
                 64.52 
                 64.59 
                 64.66 
                 64.72 
                 64.79 
                 64.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
                 2.51 
               
               
                 #83 
                 64.92 
                 64.98 
                 65.05 
                 65.12 
                 65.18 
                 65.25 
                 65.31 
                 65.38 
                 65.44 
                 65.51 
                 65.58 
                 65.64 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.52 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 #84 
                 65.71 
                 65.71 
                 65.84 
                 65.90 
                 65.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.54 
                 2.54 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
                 2.53 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 29  to  FIG. 31  show the shapes of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter  11  of Embodiment 5. In the figures, the lightly shaded portion represents the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side conductor  15 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  14 . In  FIG. 29 , a coplanar strip is formed with the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  made a straight line, and with both side edges  13   a ,  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  changed such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values and the band-shaped conductor width w=1 mm. In  FIG. 30 , a coplanar strip is formed with both side edges  13   a  and  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  made a straight line, and with the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  changed such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values. In  FIG. 31 , a coplanar strip is formed with the side edge  13   a  of the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  varied such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values, and so as to be symmetrical with respect to the center line of the non-conducting portion  14 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=100Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=5.97 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  11 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz, δs=√{2/(ωμ 0 σ)}. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  11  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 100Ω. 
       FIG. 32  and  FIG. 33  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  11  of Embodiment 5. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 3.8 GHz≦f≦10.0 GHz, the reflectance is −5 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.1 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower. 
     Embodiment 6 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.9 at frequencies f in the range 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.9 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using 0.4 wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 50Ω.  FIG. 34  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. 
       FIG. 35  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the distance between conductors s, when using a dielectric substrate  12  with a thickness h=2 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =140, and when the band-shaped conductor width w=1 mm. Table 12 lists the distances between conductors s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Distances between conductors 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.04 
                 0.07 
                 0.11 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
                 0.22 
                 0.26 
                 0.29 
                 0.33 
                 0.37 
                 0.40 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 s(mm) 
                 1.42 
                 1.42 
                 1.42 
                 1.42 
                 1.43 
                 1.43 
                 1.44 
                 1.45 
                 1.46 
                 1.47 
                 1.48 
                 1.49 
                 1.50 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.48 
                 0.51 
                 0.55 
                 0.59 
                 0.63 
                 0.66 
                 0.70 
                 0.74 
                 0.77 
                 0.81 
                 0.85 
                 0.88 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.51 
                 1.52 
                 1.54 
                 1.55 
                 1.56 
                 1.57 
                 1.59 
                 1.60 
                 1.61 
                 1.62 
                 1.63 
                 1.64 
                 1.64 
               
               
                  #3 
                 0.96 
                 0.99 
                 1.03 
                 1.07 
                 1.11 
                 1.14 
                 1.18 
                 1.22 
                 1.25 
                 1.29 
                 1.33 
                 1.36 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.65 
                 1.66 
                 1.66 
                 1.66 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
                 1.67 
               
               
                  #4 
                 1.44 
                 1.47 
                 1.51 
                 1.55 
                 1.59 
                 1.62 
                 1.66 
                 1.70 
                 1.73 
                 1.77 
                 1.81 
                 1.84 
                 1.88 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.67 
                 1.68 
                 1.68 
                 1.68 
                 1.68 
                 1.69 
                 1.69 
                 1.70 
                 1.71 
                 1.72 
                 1.74 
                 1.75 
                 1.77 
               
               
                  #5 
                 1.92 
                 1.96 
                 1.99 
                 2.03 
                 2.07 
                 2.10 
                 2.14 
                 2.18 
                 2.21 
                 2.25 
                 2.29 
                 2.33 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.78 
                 1.80 
                 1.83 
                 1.85 
                 1.87 
                 1.90 
                 1.93 
                 1.95 
                 1.98 
                 2.01 
                 2.04 
                 2.07 
                 2.09 
               
               
                  #6 
                 2.40 
                 2.44 
                 2.48 
                 2.51 
                 2.55 
                 2.59 
                 2.62 
                 2.66 
                 2.70 
                 2.74 
                 2.77 
                 2.81 
                 2.85 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.12 
                 2.14 
                 2.16 
                 2.18 
                 2.19 
                 2.20 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.21 
                 2.20 
                 2.18 
                 2.16 
               
               
                  #7 
                 2.89 
                 2.92 
                 2.96 
                 3.00 
                 3.03 
                 3.07 
                 3.11 
                 3.15 
                 3.18 
                 3.22 
                 3.26 
                 3.29 
                 3.33 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.14 
                 2.11 
                 2.07 
                 2.04 
                 2.00 
                 1.96 
                 1.91 
                 1.87 
                 1.82 
                 1.77 
                 1.72 
                 1.68 
                 1.63 
               
               
                  #8 
                 3.37 
                 3.40 
                 3.44 
                 3.48 
                 3.52 
                 3.55 
                 3.59 
                 3.63 
                 3.66 
                 3.70 
                 3.74 
                 3.77 
                 3.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.59 
                 1.54 
                 1.50 
                 1.46 
                 1.43 
                 1.39 
                 1.36 
                 1.33 
                 1.31 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.23 
               
               
                  #9 
                 3.85 
                 3.88 
                 3.92 
                 3.95 
                 3.99 
                 4.03 
                 4.06 
                 4.10 
                 4.14 
                 4.17 
                 4.21 
                 4.25 
                 4.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.22 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.20 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.21 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
               
               
                 #10 
                 4.32 
                 4.36 
                 4.39 
                 4.43 
                 4.47 
                 4.50 
                 4.54 
                 4.58 
                 4.61 
                 4.65 
                 4.69 
                 4.72 
                 4.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.22 
                 1.21 
                 1.20 
                 1.19 
                 1.17 
                 1.15 
                 1.13 
                 1.11 
                 1.09 
               
               
                 #11 
                 4.80 
                 4.83 
                 4.87 
                 4.91 
                 4.94 
                 4.98 
                 5.02 
                 5.05 
                 5.09 
                 5.12 
                 5.16 
                 5.20 
                 5.23 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.06 
                 1.03 
                 1.00 
                 0.97 
                 0.94 
                 0.91 
                 0.89 
                 0.86 
                 0.84 
                 0.81 
                 0.79 
                 0.77 
                 0.76 
               
               
                 #12 
                 5.27 
                 5.31 
                 5.34 
                 5.38 
                 5.41 
                 5.45 
                 5.49 
                 5.52 
                 5.56 
                 5.60 
                 5.63 
                 5.67 
                 5.71 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.75 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.74 
                 0.75 
                 0.76 
                 0.77 
                 0.80 
                 0.83 
                 0.87 
                 0.92 
                 0.97 
                 1.05 
               
               
                 #13 
                 5.74 
                 5.78 
                 5.82 
                 5.85 
                 5.89 
                 5.93 
                 5.96 
                 6.00 
                 6.04 
                 6.08 
                 6.11 
                 6.15 
                 6.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.13 
                 1.23 
                 1.34 
                 1.48 
                 1.64 
                 1.82 
                 2.03 
                 2.27 
                 2.54 
                 2.84 
                 3.18 
                 3.55 
                 3.94 
               
               
                 #14 
                 6.23 
                 6.27 
                 6.31 
                 6.35 
                 6.39 
                 6.43 
                 6.48 
                 6.52 
                 6.56 
                 6.60 
                 6.65 
                 6.69 
                 6.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 4.36 
                 4.81 
                 5.26 
                 5.73 
                 6.20 
                 6.66 
                 7.11 
                 7.52 
                 7.90 
                 8.23 
                 8.50 
                 8.70 
                 8.83 
               
               
                 #15 
                 6.78 
                 6.82 
                 6.86 
                 6.91 
                 6.95 
                 6.99 
                 7.03 
                 7.08 
                 7.12 
                 7.16 
                 7.20 
                 7.24 
                 7.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.88 
                 8.84 
                 8.72 
                 8.52 
                 8.23 
                 7.88 
                 7.45 
                 6.98 
                 6.46 
                 5.92 
                 5.35 
                 4.78 
                 4.22 
               
               
                 #16 
                 7.32 
                 7.35 
                 7.39 
                 7.43 
                 7.47 
                 7.50 
                 7.54 
                 7.58 
                 7.61 
                 7.65 
                 7.68 
                 7.72 
                 7.76 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.68 
                 3.17 
                 2.70 
                 2.28 
                 1.90 
                 1.58 
                 1.30 
                 1.06 
                 0.87 
                 0.71 
                 0.58 
                 4.48 
                 0.39 
               
               
                 #17 
                 7.79 
                 7.83 
                 7.86 
                 7.90 
                 7.94 
                 7.97 
                 8.01 
                 8.04 
                 8.08 
                 8.12 
                 8.15 
                 8.19 
                 8.22 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.32 
                 0.27 
                 0.22 
                 0.19 
                 0.16 
                 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 #18 
                 8.26 
                 8.30 
                 8.33 
                 8.37 
                 8.40 
                 8.44 
                 8.48 
                 8.51 
                 8.55 
                 8.58 
                 8.62 
                 8.66 
                 8.69 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.17 
                 0.20 
                 0.23 
                 0.28 
                 0.33 
                 0.41 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 #19 
                 8.73 
                 8.77 
                 8.80 
                 8.84 
                 8.87 
                 8.91 
                 8.95 
                 8.99 
                 9.02 
                 9.06 
                 9.10 
                 9.14 
                 9.18 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.60 
                 0.74 
                 0.90 
                 1.10 
                 1.33 
                 1.61 
                 1.94 
                 2.31 
                 2.73 
                 3.20 
                 3.69 
                 4.22 
                 4.76 
               
               
                 #20 
                 9.22 
                 9.26 
                 9.30 
                 9.34 
                 9.38 
                 9.43 
                 9.47 
                 9.51 
                 9.56 
                 9.60 
                 9.64 
                 9.69 
                 9.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 5.30 
                 5.84 
                 6.35 
                 6.84 
                 7.28 
                 7.67 
                 7.99 
                 8.25 
                 8.42 
                 8.52 
                 8.53 
                 8.47 
                 8.32 
               
               
                 #21 
                 9.77 
                 9.81 
                 9.86 
                 9.90 
                 9.94 
                 9.98 
                 10.02 
                 10.06 
                 10.10 
                 10.14 
                 10.18 
                 10.22 
                 10.26 
               
               
                 — 
                 8.11 
                 7.84 
                 7.51 
                 7.14 
                 6.73 
                 6.29 
                 5.85 
                 5.39 
                 4.94 
                 4.50 
                 4.08 
                 3.68 
                 3.30 
               
               
                 #22 
                 10.29 
                 10.33 
                 10.37 
                 10.41 
                 10.44 
                 10.48 
                 10.52 
                 10.55 
                 10.59 
                 10.63 
                 10.66 
                 10.70 
                 10.74 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.96 
                 2.64 
                 2.36 
                 2.11 
                 1.88 
                 1.69 
                 1.52 
                 1.37 
                 1.24 
                 1.14 
                 1.04 
                 0.97 
                 0.90 
               
               
                 #23 
                 10.77 
                 10.81 
                 10.85 
                 10.88 
                 10.92 
                 10.95 
                 10.99 
                 11.03 
                 11.06 
                 11.10 
                 11.14 
                 11.17 
                 11.21 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.85 
                 0.80 
                 0.77 
                 0.74 
                 0.72 
                 0.70 
                 0.69 
                 0.69 
                 0.69 
                 0.69 
                 0.70 
                 0.72 
                 0.73 
               
               
                 #24 
                 11.24 
                 11.28 
                 11.32 
                 11.35 
                 11.39 
                 11.43 
                 11.46 
                 11.50 
                 11.54 
                 11.57 
                 11.61 
                 11.65 
                 11.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.75 
                 0.78 
                 0.80 
                 0.83 
                 0.86 
                 0.89 
                 0.93 
                 0.97 
                 1.00 
                 1.04 
                 1.08 
                 1.11 
                 1.15 
               
               
                 #25 
                 11.72 
                 11.75 
                 11.79 
                 11.83 
                 11.86 
                 11.90 
                 11.94 
                 11.97 
                 12.01 
                 12.05 
                 12.08 
                 12.12 
                 12.16 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.18 
                 1.21 
                 1.24 
                 1.27 
                 1.29 
                 1.31 
                 1.33 
                 1.34 
                 1.35 
                 1.36 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
               
               
                 #26 
                 12.20 
                 12.23 
                 12.27 
                 12.31 
                 12.34 
                 12.38 
                 12.42 
                 12.45 
                 12.49 
                 12.53 
                 12.56 
                 12.60 
                 12.64 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.37 
                 1.38 
                 1.38 
                 1.39 
                 1.40 
               
               
                 #27 
                 12.67 
                 12.71 
                 12.75 
                 12.78 
                 12.82 
                 12.86 
                 12.89 
                 12.93 
                 12.97 
                 13.00 
                 13.04 
                 13.08 
                 13.12 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.41 
                 1.43 
                 1.45 
                 1.47 
                 1.50 
                 1.53 
                 1.56 
                 1.59 
                 1.63 
                 1.67 
                 1.71 
                 1.76 
                 1.81 
               
               
                 #28 
                 13.15 
                 13.19 
                 13.23 
                 13.26 
                 13.30 
                 13.34 
                 13.38 
                 13.41 
                 13.45 
                 13.49 
                 13.52 
                 13.56 
                 13.60 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.85 
                 1.90 
                 1.95 
                 2.01 
                 2.06 
                 2.10 
                 2.15 
                 2.20 
                 2.24 
                 2.28 
                 2.31 
                 2.34 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 #29 
                 13.64 
                 13.67 
                 13.71 
                 13.75 
                 13.79 
                 13.82 
                 13.86 
                 13.90 
                 13.94 
                 13.97 
                 14.01 
                 14.05 
                 14.09 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.38 
                 2.39 
                 2.40 
                 2.40 
                 2.39 
                 2.38 
                 2.36 
                 2.33 
                 2.30 
                 2.27 
                 2.23 
                 2.18 
                 2.14 
               
               
                 #30 
                 14.12 
                 14.16 
                 14.20 
                 14.23 
                 14.27 
                 14.31 
                 14.35 
                 14.38 
                 14.42 
                 14.46 
                 14.49 
                 14.53 
                 14.57 
               
               
                 — 
                 2.09 
                 2.03 
                 1.98 
                 1.93 
                 1.87 
                 1.82 
                 1.76 
                 1.71 
                 1.66 
                 1.61 
                 1.57 
                 1.52 
                 1.48 
               
               
                 #31 
                 14.60 
                 14.64 
                 14.68 
                 14.71 
                 14.75 
                 14.79 
                 14.82 
                 14.86 
                 14.90 
                 14.93 
                 14.97 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.44 
                 1.41 
                 1.37 
                 1.35 
                 1.32 
                 1.30 
                 1.28 
                 1.26 
                 1.25 
                 1.24 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIGS. 36 to 38  show the shapes of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter  11  of Embodiment 6. In the figures, the lightly shaded portion represents the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side conductor  15 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  14 . In  FIG. 36 , a coplanar strip is formed with the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  made a straight line, and with both side edges  13   a ,  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  changed such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values and the band-shaped conductor width w=1 mm. In  FIG. 37 , a coplanar strip is formed with both side edges  13   a  and  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  made a straight line, and with the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  changed such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values. In  FIG. 38 , a coplanar strip is formed with the side edge  13   a  of the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  varied such that the distance between conductors s takes on calculated values, and so as to be symmetrical with respect to the center line of the non-conducting portion  14 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=50Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=14.97 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  11 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  11  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 50Ω. 
       FIG. 39  and  FIG. 40  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  1  of Embodiment 6. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.1 GHz, the reflectance is −2 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower. 
     Embodiment 7 
     A Kaiser window was used for which the reflectance is 0.8 at frequencies f in the range 3.8 GHz≦f≦9.9 GHz, and is 0 elsewhere, and for which A=30. Design was performed using 0.4 wavelength of signals at frequency f=1 GHz propagating in the coplanar strip as the waveguide length, and setting the system characteristic impedance to 75Ω.  FIG. 41  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the local characteristic impedance obtained in the inverse problem. 
       FIG. 42  shows the distribution in the z-axis direction of the band-shaped conductor width w, when using a dielectric substrate  12  with a thickness h=2 mm and relative permittivity ∈ r =90, and when the distance between conductors s=1 mm. That is, with the distance between conductors s fixed, the characteristic impedance is varied by varying the band-shaped conductor width w. Table 13 lists the band-shaped conductor widths s. 
     
       
         
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Band-shaped conductor widths 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 z(mm) 
                 0.00 
                 0.04 
                 0.09 
                 0.13 
                 0.18 
                 0.22 
                 0.27 
                 0.31 
                 0.36 
                 0.40 
                 0.45 
                 0.49 
                 0.54 
               
               
                 w(mm) 
                 0.28 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.26 
                 0.26 
                 0.26 
                 0.26 
               
               
                  #2 
                 0.58 
                 0.63 
                 0.67 
                 0.72 
                 0.76 
                 0.81 
                 0.85 
                 0.90 
                 0.94 
                 0.98 
                 1.03 
                 1.07 
                 1.12 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.26 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                  #3 
                 1.16 
                 1.21 
                 1.25 
                 1.30 
                 1.34 
                 1.39 
                 1.43 
                 1.48 
                 1.52 
                 1.57 
                 1.61 
                 1.66 
                 1.70 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
               
               
                  #4 
                 1.75 
                 1.79 
                 1.83 
                 1.88 
                 1.92 
                 1.97 
                 2.01 
                 2.06 
                 2.10 
                 2.15 
                 2.19 
                 2.24 
                 2.28 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
               
               
                  #5 
                 2.33 
                 2.37 
                 2.42 
                 2.46 
                 2.51 
                 2.55 
                 2.60 
                 2.64 
                 2.68 
                 2.73 
                 2.77 
                 2.82 
                 2.86 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
               
               
                  #6 
                 2.91 
                 2.95 
                 3.00 
                 3.04 
                 3.09 
                 3.13 
                 3.18 
                 3.22 
                 3.27 
                 3.31 
                 3.36 
                 3.40 
                 3.44 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                  #7 
                 3.49 
                 3.53 
                 3.58 
                 3.62 
                 3.67 
                 3.71 
                 3.76 
                 3.80 
                 3.85 
                 3.89 
                 3.94 
                 3.98 
                 4.03 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.22 
                 0.23 
                 0.24 
               
               
                  #8 
                 4.07 
                 4.12 
                 4.16 
                 4.21 
                 4.25 
                 4.29 
                 4.34 
                 4.38 
                 4.43 
                 4.47 
                 4.52 
                 4.56 
                 4.61 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.24 
                 0.25 
                 0.26 
                 0.27 
                 0.27 
                 0.28 
                 0.29 
                 0.29 
                 0.30 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
               
               
                  #9 
                 4.65 
                 4.70 
                 4.74 
                 4.79 
                 4.83 
                 4.88 
                 4.92 
                 4.97 
                 5.01 
                 5.06 
                 5.10 
                 5.15 
                 5.19 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 #10 
                 5.24 
                 5.28 
                 5.33 
                 5.37 
                 5.41 
                 5.46 
                 5.50 
                 5.55 
                 5.59 
                 5.64 
                 5.68 
                 5.73 
                 5.77 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 #11 
                 5.82 
                 5.86 
                 5.91 
                 5.95 
                 6.00 
                 6.04 
                 6.09 
                 6.13 
                 6.18 
                 6.22 
                 6.27 
                 6.31 
                 6.36 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.37 
                 0.38 
                 0.40 
                 0.41 
                 0.42 
                 0.43 
                 0.45 
                 0.46 
                 0.48 
                 0.49 
                 0.50 
                 0.51 
                 0.52 
               
               
                 #12 
                 6.40 
                 6.45 
                 6.49 
                 6.54 
                 6.58 
                 6.63 
                 6.67 
                 6.72 
                 6.76 
                 6.81 
                 6.85 
                 6.90 
                 6.94 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.53 
                 0.54 
                 0.54 
                 0.54 
                 0.53 
                 0.53 
                 0.51 
                 0.50 
                 0.48 
                 0.46 
                 0.43 
                 0.41 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 #13 
                 6.99 
                 7.03 
                 7.08 
                 7.12 
                 7.17 
                 7.21 
                 7.25 
                 7.30 
                 7.34 
                 7.39 
                 7.43 
                 7.48 
                 7.52 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.35 
                 0.32 
                 0.29 
                 0.26 
                 0.23 
                 0.21 
                 0.18 
                 0.16 
                 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 #14 
                 7.57 
                 7.61 
                 7.66 
                 7.70 
                 7.75 
                 7.79 
                 7.84 
                 7.88 
                 7.92 
                 7.97 
                 8.01 
                 8.06 
                 8.10 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.07 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 #15 
                 8.15 
                 8.19 
                 8.24 
                 8.28 
                 8.33 
                 8.37 
                 8.41 
                 8.46 
                 8.50 
                 8.55 
                 8.59 
                 8.64 
                 8.68 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 #16 
                 8.73 
                 8.77 
                 8.82 
                 8.86 
                 8.91 
                 8.95 
                 9.00 
                 9.04 
                 9.09 
                 9.13 
                 9.18 
                 9.22 
                 9.27 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.09 
                 0.11 
                 0.13 
                 0.16 
                 0.20 
                 0.24 
                 0.30 
                 0.37 
                 0.45 
                 0.54 
                 0.66 
                 0.79 
                 0.95 
               
               
                 #17 
                 9.31 
                 9.36 
                 9.40 
                 9.45 
                 9.50 
                 9.54 
                 9.59 
                 9.64 
                 9.69 
                 9.74 
                 9.78 
                 9.83 
                 9.88 
               
               
                 — 
                 1.14 
                 1.35 
                 1.59 
                 1.87 
                 2.18 
                 2.52 
                 2.88 
                 3.25 
                 3.60 
                 3.89 
                 4.09 
                 4.18 
                 4.13 
               
               
                 #18 
                 9.93 
                 9.98 
                 10.03 
                 10.08 
                 10.12 
                 10.17 
                 10.22 
                 10.26 
                 10.31 
                 10.35 
                 10.40 
                 10.44 
                 10.49 
               
               
                 — 
                 3.95 
                 3.68 
                 3.35 
                 2.99 
                 2.63 
                 2.29 
                 1.97 
                 1.69 
                 1.44 
                 1.23 
                 1.04 
                 0.88 
                 0.74 
               
               
                 #19 
                 10.53 
                 10.58 
                 10.62 
                 10.67 
                 10.71 
                 10.76 
                 10.80 
                 10.85 
                 10.89 
                 10.94 
                 10.98 
                 11.03 
                 11.07 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.62 
                 0.52 
                 0.43 
                 0.36 
                 0.30 
                 0.25 
                 0.21 
                 0.17 
                 0.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.10 
                 0.09 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 #20 
                 11.12 
                 11.16 
                 11.21 
                 11.25 
                 11.29 
                 11.34 
                 11.38 
                 11.43 
                 11.47 
                 11.52 
                 11.56 
                 11.61 
                 11.65 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 #21 
                 11.70 
                 11.74 
                 11.79 
                 11.83 
                 11.87 
                 11.92 
                 11.96 
                 12.01 
                 12.05 
                 12.10 
                 12.14 
                 12.19 
                 12.23 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 0.08 
                 0.09 
                 0.10 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 #22 
                 12.28 
                 12.32 
                 12.37 
                 12.41 
                 12.46 
                 12.50 
                 12.54 
                 12.59 
                 12.63 
                 12.68 
                 12.72 
                 12.77 
                 12.81 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.16 
                 0.17 
                 0.19 
                 0.20 
                 0.22 
                 0.23 
                 0.25 
                 0.26 
                 0.28 
                 0.29 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 #23 
                 12.86 
                 12.90 
                 12.95 
                 12.99 
                 13.04 
                 13.08 
                 13.13 
                 13.17 
                 13.22 
                 13.26 
                 13.31 
                 13.35 
                 13.40 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.31 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 #24 
                 13.44 
                 13.49 
                 13.53 
                 13.57 
                 13.62 
                 13.66 
                 13.71 
                 13.75 
                 13.80 
                 13.84 
                 13.89 
                 13.93 
                 13.98 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 #25 
                 14.02 
                 14.07 
                 14.11 
                 14.16 
                 14.20 
                 14.25 
                 14.29 
                 14.34 
                 14.38 
                 14.43 
                 14.47 
                 14.52 
                 14.56 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.31 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.33 
                 0.33 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 #26 
                 14.61 
                 14.65 
                 14.70 
                 14.74 
                 14.78 
                 14.83 
                 14.87 
                 14.92 
                 14.96 
                 15.01 
                 15.05 
                 15.10 
                 15.14 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.34 
                 0.34 
               
               
                 #27 
                 15.19 
                 15.23 
                 15.28 
                 15.32 
                 15.37 
                 15.41 
                 15.46 
                 15.50 
                 15.55 
                 15.59 
                 15.64 
                 15.68 
                 15.73 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.33 
                 0.32 
                 0.32 
                 0.31 
                 0.30 
                 0.29 
                 0.28 
                 0.27 
                 0.26 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.24 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 #28 
                 15.77 
                 15.82 
                 15.86 
                 15.90 
                 15.95 
                 15.99 
                 16.04 
                 16.08 
                 16.13 
                 16.17 
                 16.22 
                 16.26 
                 16.31 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.22 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 #29 
                 16.35 
                 16.40 
                 16.44 
                 16.49 
                 16.53 
                 16.58 
                 16.62 
                 16.66 
                 16.71 
                 16.75 
                 16.80 
                 16.84 
                 16.89 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 #30 
                 16.93 
                 16.98 
                 17.02 
                 17.07 
                 17.11 
                 17.16 
                 17.20 
                 17.25 
                 17.29 
                 17.34 
                 17.38 
                 17.43 
                 17.47 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.19 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.20 
                 0.21 
                 0.21 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.22 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.23 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 #31 
                 17.51 
                 17.56 
                 17.6 
                 17.65 
                 17.69 
                 17.74 
                 17.78 
                 17.83 
                 17.87 
                 17.92 
                 17.96 
               
               
                 — 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.25 
                 0.26 
                 0.26 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       FIG. 43  and  FIG. 44  show the shapes of the coplanar strip in the reflection-type bandpass filter  11  of Embodiment 7. In the figures, the lightly shaded portion represents the band-shaped conductor  3  and the side conductor  15 , and the heavily shaded portion represents the non-conducting portion  14 . In  FIG. 43 , a coplanar strip is formed with the side edge  13   a  of the band-shaped conductor  13  and the side edge  15   a  of the side conductor  15  made a straight line, and with the side edge  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  changed such that the band-shaped conductor width w takes on calculated values. In  FIG. 44 , a coplanar strip is formed with both side edges  13   a  and  13   b  of the band-shaped conductor  13  varied such that the band-shaped conductor width w takes on calculated values, and so as to be symmetrical with respect to the center line of the band-shaped conductor  13 . A non-reflecting terminator, or an R=75Ω resistance, is provided on the terminating side (the face at z=17.96 mm) of this reflection-type bandpass filter  11 . The thicknesses of the metal films of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  are to be thick compared with the skin depth at f=1 GHz. For example, when using copper, the thickness of the band-shaped conductor  13  and of the side conductor  15  should be 2.1 μm or greater. This bandpass filter  11  is used in a system with a characteristic impedance of 75Ω. 
       FIG. 45  and  FIG. 46  show the amplitude characteristic and group delay characteristic respectively of reflected waves (S 11 ) in the bandpass filter  11  of Embodiment 7. As shown in the figures, in the range of frequencies f for which 4.5 GHz≦f≦9.3 GHz, the reflectance is −5 dB or greater, and the group delay variation is within ±0.05 ns. In the region f&lt;3.1 GHz or f&gt;10.6 GHz, the reflectance is −20 dB or lower. 
     In the above, preferred embodiments of the invention have been explained; but the invention is not limited to these embodiments. Various additions, omissions, substitutions, and other modifications to the configuration can be made, without deviating from the gist of the invention. The invention is not limited by the above explanation, but is limited only by the scope of the attached claims.