PATENT ABSTRACT
The present invention relates generally to amide containing heterobicyclic containing pharmaceutical agents, and in particular, to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds. More particularly, the present invention provides a new class of heterobicyclic MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 inhibiting compounds, that exhibit an increased potency and selectivity in relation to currently known MMP-13 and MMP-3 inhibitors.

PATENT DESCRIPTION
[0001]    This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/860,155, filed Nov. 20, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates generally to amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds and more particularly to heterobicyclic MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 inhibiting compounds. 
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0003]    Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS= a   d isintegrin  a nd  m etalloproteinase with  t hrombo s pondin motif) are a family of structurally related zinc-containing enzymes that have been reported to mediate the breakdown of connective tissue in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodelling. Over-expression of MMPs and aggrecanases or an imbalance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation has been suggested as factors in inflammatory, malignant and degenerative disease processes. MMPs and aggrecanases are, therefore, targets for therapeutic inhibitors in several inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis multiple sclerosis, gingivitis, corneal epidermal and gastric ulceration, atherosclerosis, neointimal proliferation (which leads to restenosis and ischemic heart failure) and tumor metastasis. 
         [0004]    The ADAMTSs are a group of proteases that are encoded in 19 ADAMTS genes in humans. The ADAMTSs are extracellular, multidomain enzymes whose functions include collagen processing, cleavage of the matrix proteoglycans, inhibition of angiogenesis and blood coagulation homoeostasis ( Biochem. J.  2005, 386, 15-27 ; Arthritis Res. Ther.  2005, 7, 160-169 ; Curr. Med. Chem. Anti - Inflammatory Anti - Allergy Agents  2005, 4, 251-264). 
         [0005]    The mammalian MMP family has been reported to include at least 20 enzymes, ( Chem. Rev.  1999, 99, 2735-2776). Collagenase-3 (MMP-13) is among three collagenases that have been identified. Based on identification of domain structures for individual members of the MMP family, it has been determined that the catalytic domain of the MMPs contains two zinc atoms; one of these zinc atoms performs a catalytic function and is coordinated with three histidines contained within the conserved amino acid sequence of the catalytic domain. MMP-13 is over-expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, breast carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. The principal substrates of MMP-13 are fibrillar collagens (types I, II, III) and gelatins, proteoglycans, cytokines and other components of ECM (extracellular matrix). 
         [0006]    The activation of the MMPs involves the removal of a propeptide, which features an unpaired cysteine residue complexes the catalytic zinc (II) ion. X-ray crystal structures of the complex between MMP-3 catalytic domain and TIMP-1 and MMP-14 catalytic domain and TIMP-2 also reveal ligation of the catalytic zinc (II) ion by the thiol of a cysteine residue. The difficulty in developing effective MMP inhibiting compounds comprises several factors, including choice of selective versus broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and rendering such compounds bioavailable via an oral route of administration. 
         [0007]    MMP-3 (stromelysin-1; transin-1) is another member of the MMP family (Woesner; FASEB J. 1991; 5:2145-2154). Human MMP-3 was initially isolated from cultured human synoviocytes. It is also expressed by chondrocytes and has been localized in OA cartilage and synovial tissues (Case; Am. J. Pathol. 1989 December; 135(6):1055-64). 
         [0008]    MMP-3 is produced by basal keratinocytes in a variety of chronic ulcers. MMP-3 mRNA and Protein were detected in basal keratinocytes adjacent to but distal from the wound edge in what probably represents the sites of proliferating epidermis. MMP-3 may this prevent the epidermis from healing (Saarialho-Kere, J. Clin. Invest. 1994 July; 94(1):79-88). 
         [0009]    MMP-3 serum protein levels are significantly elevated in patients with early and long-term rheumatoid arthritis (Yamanaka; Arthritis Rheum. 2000 April; 43(4):852-8) and in osteoarthritis patients (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85) as well as in other inflammatory diseases like systemic lupus erythematosis and ankylosing spondylitis (Chen, Rheumatology 2006 April; 45(4):414-20). 
         [0010]    MMP-3 acts on components of the ECM as aggrecan, fibronectin, gelatine, laminin, elastin, fibrillin and others and on collagens of type III, IV, V, VII, KX, X (Bramono; Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 November; (428):272-85). On collagens of type II and IX, MMP-3 exhibits telopeptidase activity (Sandell, Arthritis Res. 2001; 3(2):107-13; Eyre, Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 October; (427 Suppl):S118-22). MMP-3 can activate other MMP family members as MMP-1; MMP-7; MMP-8; MMP-9 and MMP-13 (Close, Ann Rheum Dis 2001 November; 60 Suppl 3:iii62-7). 
         [0011]    MMP-3 is involved in the regulation of cytokines and chemokines by releasing TGFβ1 from the ECM, activating TNFα, inactivation of IL-1β and release of IGF (Parks, Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 August; 4(8):617-29). A potential role for MMP-3 in the regulation of macrophate infiltration is based on the ability of the enzyme to converse active MCP species into antagonistic peptides (McQuibban, Blood. 2002 Aug. 15; 100(4):1160-7). 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0012]    The present invention relates to a new class of heterobicyclic amide containing pharmaceutical agents which inhibits metalloproteases. In particular, the present invention provides a new class of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that exhibit potent MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 inhibiting activity and/or activity towards MMP-8, MMP-12, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5. 
         [0013]    The present invention provides several new classes of amide containing heterobicyclic metalloprotease compounds, of which some are represented by the following general formula: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein all variables in the preceding Formula (I) are as defined herein below. 
         [0014]    The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of metalloprotease mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson&#39;s disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, arterial plaque formation, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain. 
         [0015]    In particular, the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in the treatment of MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 mediated osteoarthritis and may be used for other MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 mediated symptoms, inflammatory, malignant and degenerative diseases characterized by excessive extracellular matrix degradation and/or remodelling, such as cancer, and chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, inflammation, multiple sclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pain, such as inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain. 
         [0016]    The present invention also provides heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds that are useful as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions for treatment or prevention of MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 mediated diseases. The present invention also contemplates use of such compounds in pharmaceutical compositions for oral or parenteral administration, comprising one or more of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds disclosed herein. 
         [0017]    The present invention further provides methods of inhibiting metalloproteases, by administering formulations, including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, topical, intravenous, parenteral (including, but not limited to, intramuscular, intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), transdermal, inhalative (including, but not limited to, pulmonary, aerosol inhalation), nasal, sublingual, subcutaneous or intraarticular formulations, comprising the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds by standard methods known in medical practice, for the treatment of diseases or symptoms arising from or associated with metalloprotease, especially MMP-13, including prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. The compounds from this invention are conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy. 
         [0018]    The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with a disease modifying antirheumatic drug, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, a COX-1 inhibitor, an immunosuppressive, a steroid, a biological response modifier or other anti-inflammatory agents or therapeutics useful for the treatment of chemokines mediated diseases. 
     
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       [0019]    One aspect of the invention relates to compounds of Formula (I): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein: 
         [0020]    R 1  in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, 
         [0021]    wherein R 1  is optionally substituted one or more times, or 
         [0022]    wherein R 1  is optionally substituted by one R 16  group and optionally substituted by one or more R 6  groups; 
         [0023]    R 2  in each occurrence is selected from hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times or R 1  and R 2  when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) x , or NR 50  and which is optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0024]    R 4  in each occurrence is independently selected from R 10 , hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, haloalkyl, CF 3 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-COR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NO 2 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-CN, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 CONR 11 SO 2 R 30 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) x R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═NR 10 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═NR 11 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)—NR 11 —CN, O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 11 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)—NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y R 10 , O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl and O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, 
         [0025]    wherein each R 4  group is optionally substituted one or more times, or 
         [0026]    wherein each R 4  group is optionally substituted by one or more R 14  groups; 
         [0027]    R 5  in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , aryl, arylalkyl, SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and C(O)OR 10 , wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0028]    R 6  is independently selected from R 9 , alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)OR 10 , CH(CH 3 )CO 2 H, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-COR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NO 2 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-CN, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-P(O) 2 OH, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 CONR 11 SO 2 R 30 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) x R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═NR 10 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═NR 11 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═N—CN)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═N—NO 2 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═N—NO 2 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 -alkyl, S(O) 2 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)—NR 11 —CN, O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 10 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)—NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y R 11 , O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl and O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, 
         [0029]    wherein each R 6  group is optionally substituted one or more times, or 
         [0030]    wherein each R 6  group is optionally substituted by one or more R 14  groups; 
         [0031]    R 9  in each occurrence is independently selected from R 10 , hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, CHF 2 , CF 3 , OR 10 , SR 10 , COOR 10 , CH(CH 3 )CO 2 H, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-COR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NO 2 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-CN, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-P(O) 2 OH, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 CONR 11 SO 2 R 30 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-S(O) x R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-OC(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═NR 10 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═NR 11 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═N—CN)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═N—CN)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 C(═N—NO 2 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(═N—NO 2 )NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, S(O) 2 NR 10 -alkyl, S(O) 2 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, S(O) 2 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)—NR 11 —CN, O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)OR 10 , S(O) x —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-C(O)NR 10 —(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)R 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)OR 10 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —C(O)—NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y NR 10 R 11 , (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-NR 10 —S(O) y R 11 , O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl and O—(C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-heteroaryl, 
         [0032]    wherein each R 9  group is optionally substituted, or 
         [0033]    wherein each R 9  group is optionally substituted by one or more R 14  groups; 
         [0034]    R 10  and R 11  in each occurrence are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted, or R 10  and R 11  when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally containing a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) x , or NR 50  and which is optionally substituted; 
         [0035]    R 14  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclylalkyl and halo, wherein alkyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and heterocyclylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times. 
         [0036]    R 16  is selected from cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, (i) and (ii): 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0037]    R 20  is selected from hydrogen and alkyl, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted; 
         [0038]    R 21  is a bicyclic or tricyclic fused ring system, wherein at least one ring is partially saturated, and 
         [0039]    wherein R 21  is optionally substituted one or more times, or 
         [0040]    wherein R 21  is optionally substituted by one or more R 9  groups; 
         [0041]    R 23  is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NO 2 , NR 10 R 11 , CN, SR 10 , SSR 10 , PO 3 R 10 , NR 10 NR 10 R 11 , NR 10 N═CR 10 R 11 , NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , C(O)NR 10 R 11 , C(O)OR 10 , and fluoroalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, and fluoroalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0042]    R 30  is selected from alkyl and (C 0 -C 6 )-alkyl-aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are optionally substituted; 
         [0043]    R 50  in each occurrence is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R 80 , C(O)NR 80 R 81 , SO 2 R 80  and SO 2 NR 80 R 81 , wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R 80 , C(O)NR 80 R 81 , SO 2 R 80  and SO 2 NR 80 R 81  are optionally substituted; 
         [0044]    R 80  and R 81  in each occurrence are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, fluoroalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and aminoalkyl are optionally substituted, or R 80  and R 81  when taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached complete a 3- to 8-membered ring containing carbon atoms and optionally a heteroatom selected from O, S(O) x , —NH, and —N(alkyl) and which is optionally substituted; 
         [0045]    E is selected from a bond, CR 10 R 11 , O, NR 5 , S, S═O, S(═O) 2 , C(═O), N(R 10 )(C═O), (C═O)N(R 10 ), N(R 10 )S(═O) 2 , S(═O) 2 N(R 10 ), C═N—OR 11 , —C(R 10 R 11 )C(R 10 R 11 )—, —CH 2 —W 1 — and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0046]    L a  is independently selected from CR 9  and N; 
         [0047]    L b  is independently selected from C and N with the provisos that both L b  are not N, and that the bond between L b  and L b  is optionally a double bond only if both are L b  are carbon; 
         [0048]    L c  is selected from C and N; 
         [0049]    Q y  is selected from NR 1 R 2 , NR 20 R 21  and OR 1 ; 
         [0050]    W is a 5- or 6-membered ring selected from cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times with R 4 ; 
         [0051]    U is selected from C(R 5 R 10 ), NR 5 , O, S, S═O and S(═O) 2 ; 
         [0052]    W 1  is selected from O, NR 5 , S, S═O, S(═O) 2 , N(R 10 )(C═O), N(R 10 )S(═O) 2  and S(═O) 2 N(R 10 ); 
         [0053]    X is selected from a bond and (CR 10 R 11 ) w E(CR 10 R 11 ) w ; 
         [0054]    g and h are independently selected from 0-2; 
         [0055]    n is selected from 0-3; 
         [0056]    w is independently selected from 0-4; 
         [0057]    x is selected from 0 to 2; 
         [0058]    y is selected from 1 and 2; 
         [0059]    the dotted line optionally represents a double bond; and 
         [0060]    N-oxides, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, formulation, polymorphs, tautomers, racemic mixtures and stereoisomers thereof. 
         [0061]    In one embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the compound is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein: 
         [0062]    Q y  is selected from NR 1 R 2  and NR 20 R 21 ; 
         [0063]    K 1  is O, S(O) x , or NR 51 ; and 
         [0064]    R 51  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times. 
         [0065]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the R 1  that is not in Q y , is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, trifluoroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, any of which are optionally substituted by one R 16  group and optionally substituted by one or more R 6  groups. 
         [0066]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the R 1  that is not in Q y  is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkyl, any of which are optionally substituted by one R 16  group and optionally substituted by one or more R 6  groups. 
         [0067]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the R 1  that is not in Q y , is heterocycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, heterobicycloalkyl, spiroalkyl, spiroheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl fused aryl, heterocycloalkyl fused aryl, cycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl fused heteroaryl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, bicycloalkylalkyl, heterobicycloalkylalkyl, spiroalkylalkyl, spiroheteroalkylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl fused arylalkyl, cycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl fused heteroarylalkyl, any of which are optionally substituted by one R 16  group and optionally substituted by one or more R 6  groups. 
         [0068]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the compound is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0069]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the compound has the structure: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0070]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0071]    Q y  is NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0072]    the R 1  of Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    wherein: 
         [0073]    R 9  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, halo, CHF 2 , CF 3 , OR 10 , NR 10 R 11 , NO 2 , and CN, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0074]    R 25  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, C(O)R 10 , C(O)NR 10 R 11  and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0075]    B 1  is selected from the group consisting of NR 10 , O and S(O) x ; 
         [0076]    D 4 , G 4 , L 4 , M 4 , and T 4 , are independently selected from CR 6  and N; 
         [0077]    Z is a 5- to 8-membered ring consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times. 
         [0078]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, Q y  is NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0079]    the R 1  of Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0080]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0081]    R 6  is selected from hydrogen, halo, CN, OH, CH 2 OH, CF 3 , CHF 2 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , SO 2 CH 3 , SO 2 CF 3 , SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 NHCH 3 , SO 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , NH 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCONH 2 , NHSO 2 CH 3 , alkoxy, alkyl, alkynyl, CO 2 H, 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0082]    R 9  is independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, CH 3 , CF 3 , CHF 2 , OCF 3 , OCH 3  and OCHF 2 ; 
         [0083]    R 25  is selected of hydrogen, CH 3 , COOMe, COOH, CONH 2 , CONHMe and CON(Me) 2 ; 
         [0084]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0085]    Q y  is NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0086]    the R 1  of Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0087]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, Q y =NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0088]    the R 1  on Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0089]    wherein: 
         [0090]    R 12  and R 13  are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and halo, wherein alkyl is optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally R 12  and R 13  together form ═O, ═S or ═NR 10 ; 
         [0091]    R 18  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , CO 2 R 10 , OR 10 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , NR 10 CONR 10 R 11 , NR 10 COR 11 , NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , NR 10 SO 2 NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and NR 10 R 11 , wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0092]    R 19  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , CO 2 R 10 , OR 10 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , NR 10 CONR 10 R 11 , NR 10 COR 11 , NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , NR 10 SO 2 NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and NR 10 R 11 , wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R 19  groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR 10 ; 
         [0093]    R 25  is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, C(O)NR 10 R 11  and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl, and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0094]    J and K are independently selected from CR 10 R 18 , NR 10 , O and S(O) x ; 
         [0095]    A 1  is selected from NR 10 , O and S; 
         [0096]    D 2 , G 2 , J 2 , L 2 , M 2  and T 2  are independently selected from CR 18  and N. 
         [0097]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0098]    Q y =NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0099]    the R 1  on Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0100]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, Q y =NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0101]    the R 1  on Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0102]    wherein: 
         [0103]    R 5  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , aryl, arylalkyl, SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and C(O)OR 10  wherein alkyl, aryl and arylalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0104]    R 18  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , CO 2 R 10 , OR 10 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , NR 10 CONR 10 R 11 , NR 10 COR 11 , NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , NR 10 SO 2 NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and NR 10 R 11 , wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0105]    R 19  is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, OH, halo, CN, C(O)NR 10 R 11 , CO 2 R 11 , OR 10 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , NR 10 CONR 10 R 11 , NR 10 COR 11 , NR 10 SO 2 R 11 , NR 10 SO 2 NR 10 R 11 , SO 2 NR 10 R 11  and NR 10 R 11 , wherein alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted one or more times, or optionally two R 19  groups together at one carbon atom form ═O, ═S or ═NR 10 ; 
         [0106]    R 25  is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, CONR 10 R 11  and haloalkyl, wherein alkyl, cycloalkyl and haloalkyl are optionally substituted one or more times; 
         [0107]    L 2 , M 2 , and T 2  are independently selected from CR 18  and N; 
         [0108]    L 3 , M 3 , T 3 , D 3 , and G 3  are independently selected from N, CR 18 , (i), or (ii); 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0109]    with the provision that one of L 3 , M 3 , T 3 , D 3 , and G 3  is (i) or (ii); 
         [0110]    B 1  is selected from the group consisting of NR 10 , O and S(O) x ; 
         [0111]    X is selected from a bond and (CR 10 R 11 ) w E(CR 10 R 11 ) w    
         [0112]    E is selected from a bond, CR 10 R 11 , O, NR 5 , S, S═O, S(═O) 2 , C(═O), N(R 10 )(C═O), (C═O)N(R 10 ), N(R 10 )S(═O) 2 , S(═O) 2 N(R 10 ), C═N—OR 11 , —C(R 10 R 11 )C(R 10 R 11 )—, —CH 2 —W 1 — and 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0113]    W 1  is selected from O, NR 5 , S, S═O, S(═O) 2 , N(R 10 )(C═O), N(R 10 )S(═O) 2  and S(═O) 2 N(R 10 ); 
         [0114]    U is selected from C(R 5 R 10 ), NR 5 , O, S, S═O, S(═O) 2 ; 
         [0115]    g and h are independently selected from 0-2; 
         [0116]    w is selected from 0-4; and 
         [0117]    Q 2  is a 5- to 8-membered ring consisting of cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, which is optionally substituted one or more times with R 19 . 
         [0118]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0119]    Q y =NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0120]    the R 1  on Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0121]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, L a  is N. 
         [0122]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, L b  is C. 
         [0123]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, L c  is C. 
         [0124]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, 
         [0125]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, Q y =NR 1 R 2 ; and 
         [0126]    the R 1  on Q y  is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0127]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the compound is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0128]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the compound is selected from: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
         [0129]    Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the compound according to any of the above or below embodiments. 
         [0130]    Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a metalloprotease mediated disease, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound according to any of the above or below embodiments. 
         [0131]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any above or below embodiments, the disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammation, atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. 
         [0132]    Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising: 
         [0000]    A) an effective amount of a compound according to any of the above or below embodiments;
 
B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and
 
C) a drug, agent or therapeutic selected from: (a) a disease modifying antirheumatic drug; (b) a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; (c) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (d) a COX-1 inhibitor; (e) an immunosuppressive; (f) a steroid;
 
(g) a biological response modifier; and (h) a small molecule inhibitor of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
 
         [0133]    Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of inhibiting a metalloprotease enzyme, comprising administering a compound according to any of the above or below embodiments. 
         [0134]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any above or below embodiments, the metalloproteinase is selected from MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, and MMP-13. 
         [0135]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any above or below embodiments, the disease is selected from the group consisting of: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cancer (e.g. but not limited to melanoma, gastric carcinoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma), inflammation, atherosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ocular diseases (e.g. but not limited to ocular inflammation, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration with the wet type preferred and corneal neovascularization), neurologic diseases, psychiatric diseases, thrombosis, bacterial infection, Parkinson&#39;s disease, fatigue, tremor, diabetic retinopathy, vascular diseases of the retina, aging, dementia, cardiomyopathy, renal tubular impairment, diabetes, psychosis, dyskinesia, pigmentary abnormalities, deafness, inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes, intestinal bowel syndrome, allergies, Alzheimers disease, arterial plaque formation, oncology, periodontal, viral infection, stroke, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, reperfusion injury, trauma, chemical exposure or oxidative damage to tissues, wound healing, hemorroid, skin beautifying, pain, inflammatory pain, bone pain and joint pain, acne, acute alcoholic hepatitis, acute inflammation, acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory disease, airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, alcoholic liver disease, allograft rejections, angiogenesis, angiogenic ocular disease, arthritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, bronchiolitis obliterans, burn therapy, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, celiac disease, cerebral and cardiac ischemia, CNS tumors, CNS vasculitis, colds, contusions, cor pulmonae, cough, Crohn&#39;s disease, chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation, chronic pancreatitis, chronic sinusitis, crystal induced arthritis, cystic fibrosis, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, duodenal ulcers, dyspnea, early transplantation rejection, emphysema, encephalitis, endotoxic shock, esophagitis, gastric ulcers, gingivitis, glomerulonephritis, glossitis, gout, graft vs. host reaction, gram negative sepsis, granulocytic ehrlichiosis, hepatitis viruses, herpes, herpes viruses, HIV, hypercapnea, hyperinflation, hyperoxia-induced inflammation, hypoxia, hypersensitivity, hypoxemia, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial pneumonitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, kaposi&#39;s sarcoma associated virus, lupus, malaria, meningitis, multi-organ dysfunction, necrotizing enterocolitis, osteoporosis, chronic periodontitis, periodontitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), pre-term labor, polymyositis, post surgical trauma, pruritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmatory fibrosis, pulmatory hypertension, renal reperfusion injury, respiratory viruses, restinosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, sarcoidosis, septic shock, small airway disease, sprains, strains, subarachnoid hemorrhage, surgical lung volume reduction, thrombosis, toxic shock syndrome, transplant reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ulcerative colitis, vasculitis, ventilation-perfusion mismatching, and wheeze. 
         [0136]    Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound according to any of the above or below embodiments for the manufacture of a medicament for treating an metalloprotease mediated disease. 
         [0137]    In another embodiment, in conjunction with any of the above or below embodiments, the metalloprotease mediated disease is selected from the group consisting of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8 and MMP-13 mediated diseases. 
         [0138]    The specification and claims contain listing of species using the language “selected from . . . and . . . ” and “is . . . or . . . ” (sometimes referred to as Markush groups). When this language is used in this application, unless otherwise stated it is meant to include the group as a whole, or any single members thereof, or any subgroups thereof. The use of this language is merely for shorthand purposes and is not meant in any way to limit the removal of individual elements or subgroups as needed. 
         [0139]    The terms “alkyl” or “alk”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, straight and branched chain saturated hydrocarbon groups, preferably having 1 to 10 carbons in the normal chain, most preferably lower alkyl groups. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl (e.g., to form a benzyl group), cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 —CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R 10 )(R 11 )N—CO— wherein R 10  or R 11  are as defined below, except that at least one of R 10  or R 11  is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH). 
         [0140]    The terms “lower alk” or “lower alkyl” as used herein, denote such optionally substituted groups as described above for alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the normal chain. 
         [0141]    The term “alkoxy” denotes an alkyl group as described above bonded through an oxygen linkage (—O—). 
         [0142]    The term “alkenyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isobutenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 —CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R 10 )(R 11 )N—CO— wherein R 10  or R 11  are as defined below, except that at least one of R 10  or R 11  is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH). 
         [0143]    The term “alkynyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, straight and branched chain hydrocarbon groups containing at least one carbon to carbon triple bond in the chain, and preferably having 2 to 10 carbons in the normal chain. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, and the like. Exemplary substituents may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, carboxyl (—COOH), alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, carbamoyl (NH 2 —CO—), substituted carbamoyl ((R 11 )(R 11 )N—CO— wherein R 10  or R 11  are as defined below, except that at least one of R 10  or R 11  is not hydrogen), amino, heterocyclo, mono- or dialkylamino, or thiol (—SH). 
         [0144]    The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring systems, containing one ring with 3 to 9 carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, and cyclododecyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents. 
         [0145]    The term “bicycloalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes optionally substituted, saturated cyclic bridged hydrocarbon ring systems, desirably containing 2 or 3 rings and 3 to 9 carbons per ring. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, adamantyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and cubane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents. 
         [0146]    The term “spiroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes an optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, spiro[3.5]nonane, spiro[4.5]decane or spiro[2.5]octane. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents. 
         [0147]    The term “spiroheteroalkyl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denotes an optionally substituted, saturated hydrocarbon ring systems, wherein two rings of 3 to 9 carbons per ring are bridged via one carbon atom. At least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom independently selected from N, O, and S. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, 1,3-diaza-spiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more alkyl groups as described above, or one or more groups described above as alkyl substituents. 
         [0148]    The terms “ar” or “aryl”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote optionally substituted, homocyclic aromatic groups, preferably containing 1 or 2 rings and 6 to 12 ring carbons. Exemplary unsubstituted such groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, and naphthyl. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more nitro groups, alkyl groups as described above or groups described above as alkyl substituents. 
         [0149]    The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic system” denotes a heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, or heteroaryl group as described herein, which contains carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S and including any bicyclic or tricyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to one or more heterocycle, aryl or cycloalkyl groups. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom. 
         [0150]    Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4-piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, b-carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, oxindolyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, xanthenyl. 
         [0151]    Further examples of heterocycles include, but not are not limited to, “heterobicycloalkyl” groups such as 7-oxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 7-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, and 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane. 
         [0152]    “Heterocyclenyl” denotes a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system of about 3 to about 10 atoms, desirably about 4 to about 8 atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclenyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclenyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclenyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. “Heterocyclenyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960), the contents all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Exemplary monocyclic azaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrohydropyridine, 1,2-dihydropyridyl, 1,4-dihydropyridyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, and the like. Exemplary oxaheterocyclenyl groups include, but are not limited to, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, dihydrofuranyl, and fluorodihydrofuranyl. An exemplary multicyclic oxaheterocyclenyl group is 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl. 
         [0153]    “Heterocyclyl,” or “heterocycloalkyl,” denotes a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, desirably 4 to 8 carbon atoms, in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system may include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heterocyclyl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The nitrogen or sulphur atom of the heterocyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. 
         [0154]    “Heterocyclyl” as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include, but are not limited to, piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and the like. 
         [0155]    “Heteroaryl” denotes an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 5 to about 10 atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are hetero element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Ring sizes of rings of the ring system include 5 to 6 ring atoms. The “heteroaryl” may also be substituted by one or more substituents which may be the same or different, and are as defined herein. The designation of the aza, oxa or thia as a prefix before heteroaryl define that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom is present respectively as a ring atom. A nitrogen atom of a heteroaryl may be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide. Heteroaryl as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation those described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and “J. Am. Chem. Soc.”, 82:5566 (1960). Exemplary heteroaryl and substituted heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrazinyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolyl, benzofurazanyl, azaindolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, thienopyridyl, thienopyrimidyl, pyrrolopyridyl, imidazopyridyl, benzoazaindole, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, benzthiazolyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazinyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazinyl, tetrazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, thiazinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, 5-thioxo-1,2,4-diazolyl, thiomorpholino, thiophenyl, thiopyranyl, triazolyl and triazolonyl. 
         [0156]    The phrase “fused” means, that the group, mentioned before “fused” is connected via two adjacent atoms to the ring system mentioned after “fused” to form a bicyclic system. For example, “heterocycloalkyl fused aryl” includes, but is not limited to, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine, 4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one, 3H-Benzooxazol-2-one and 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[f][1,4]oxazepin-5-one. 
         [0157]    The term “amino” denotes the radical —NH 2  wherein one or both of the hydrogen atoms may be replaced by an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group. Exemplary amino groups include, but are not limited to, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, methylpropylamino and ethyldimethylamino. 
         [0158]    The term “cycloalkylalkyl” denotes a cycloalkyl-alkyl group wherein a cycloalkyl as described above is bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. Cycloalkylalkyl groups may contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary cycloalkylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclopropylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, and cyclohexylpropyl. 
         [0159]    The term “arylalkyl” denotes an aryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. 
         [0160]    The term “heteroarylalkyl” denotes a heteroaryl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. 
         [0161]    The term “heterocyclylalkyl,” or “heterocycloalkylalkyl,” denotes a heterocyclyl group as described above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. 
         [0162]    The terms “halogen”, “halo”, or “hal”, as used herein alone or as part of another group, denote chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. 
         [0163]    The term “haloalkyl” denotes a halo group as described above bonded though an alkyl, as defined above. Fluoroalkyl is an exemplary group. 
         [0164]    The term “aminoalkyl” denotes an amino group as defined above bonded through an alkyl, as defined above. 
         [0165]    The phrase “bicyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes an 8- to 13-membered fused bicyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and benzocycloheptyl. 
         [0166]    The phrase “tricyclic fused ring system wherein at least one ring is partially saturated” denotes a 9- to 18-membered fused tricyclic ring group in which at least one of the rings is non-aromatic. The ring group has carbon atoms and optionally 1-7 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, fluorene, 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and 2,2a,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclobuta[a]indene. 
         [0167]    The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. Examples therefore may be, but are not limited to, sodium, potassium, choline, lysine, arginine or N-methyl-glucamine salts, and the like. 
         [0168]    The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as, but not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, and the like. 
         [0169]    The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, nonaqueous media like ethers, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile. Lists of suitable salts are found in  Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences,  18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990, p. 1445, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
         [0170]    The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” denotes those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. 
         [0171]    The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” denotes media generally accepted in the art for the delivery of biologically active agents to mammals, e.g., humans. Such carriers are generally formulated according to a number of factors well within the purview of those of ordinary skill in the art to determine and account for. These include, without limitation: the type and nature of the active agent being formulated; the subject to which the agent-containing composition is to be administered; the intended route of administration of the composition; and, the therapeutic indication being targeted. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include both aqueous and non-aqueous liquid media, as well as a variety of solid and semi-solid dosage forms. Such carriers can include a number of different ingredients and additives in addition to the active agent, such additional ingredients being included in the formulation for a variety of reasons, e.g., stabilization of the active agent, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are hyaluronic acid and salts thereof, and microspheres (including, but not limited to poly(D,L)-lactide-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone (PCL) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)). Descriptions of suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and factors involved in their selection, are found in a variety of readily available sources, e.g., Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1985, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0172]    Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers particularly suitable for use in conjunction with tablets include, for example, inert diluents, such as celluloses, calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium phosphate; disintegrating agents, such as croscarmellose sodium, cross-linked povidone, maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as povidone, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed. 
         [0173]    Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example celluloses, lactose, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with non-aqueous or oil medium, such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. 
         [0174]    The compositions of the invention may also be formulated as suspensions including a compound of the present invention in admixture with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of a suspension. In yet another embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated as dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of a suspension by the addition of suitable excipients. 
         [0175]    Carriers suitable for use in connection with suspensions include suspending agents, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycethanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate); and thickening agents, such as carbomer, beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives such as acetic acid, methyl and/or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin. 
         [0176]    Cyclodextrins may be added as aqueous solubility enhancers. Preferred cyclodextrins include hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, glucosyl, maltosyl and maltotriosyl derivatives of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. The amount of solubility enhancer employed will depend on the amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition. 
         [0177]    The term “formulation” denotes a product comprising the active ingredient(s) and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical carrier. 
         [0178]    The term “N-oxide” denotes compounds that can be obtained in a known manner by reacting a compound of the present invention including a nitrogen atom (such as in a pyridyl group) with hydrogen peroxide or a peracid, such as 3-chloroperoxy-benzoic acid, in an inert solvent, such as dichloromethane, at a temperature between about −10-80° C., desirably about 0° C. 
         [0179]    The term “polymorph” denotes a form of a chemical compound in a particular crystalline arrangement. Certain polymorphs may exhibit enhanced thermodynamic stability and may be more suitable than other polymorphic forms for inclusion in pharmaceutical formulations. 
         [0180]    The compounds of the invention can contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. According to the invention, the chemical structures depicted herein, and therefore the compounds of the invention, encompass all of the corresponding enantiomers and stereoisomers, that is, both the stereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures. 
         [0181]    The term “racemic mixture” denotes a mixture that is about 50% of one enantiomer and about 50% of the corresponding enantiomer relative to all chiral centers in the molecule. Thus, the invention encompasses all enantiomerically-pure, enantiomerically-enriched, and racemic mixtures of compounds of Formula (I). 
         [0182]    Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures of compounds of the invention can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well-known methods. Examples include, but are not limited to, the formation of chiral salts and the use of chiral or high performance liquid chromatography “HPLC” and the formation and crystallization of chiral salts. See, e.g., Jacques, J., et al., Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1981); Wilen, S. H., et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel, E. L., Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, NY, 1962); Wilen, S. H., Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268 (E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind., 1972); Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen and Lewis N. Manda (1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.), and Stereoselective Synthesis A Practical Approach, Mihaly Nogradi (1995 VCH Publishers, Inc., NY, N.Y.). Enantiomers and stereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well-known asymmetric synthetic methods. 
         [0183]    “Substituted” is intended to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group(s), provided that the indicated atom&#39;s normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O) group, then 2 hydrogens on the atom are replaced. 
         [0184]    Unless moieties of a compound of the present invention are defined as being unsubstituted, the moieties of the compound may be substituted. In addition to any substituents provided above, the moieties of the compounds of the present invention may be optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from: 
         [0185]    C 1 -C 4  alkyl; 
         [0186]    C 2 -C 4  alkenyl; 
         [0187]    C 2 -C 4  alkynyl; 
         [0188]    CF 3 ; 
         [0189]    halo; 
         [0190]    OH; 
         [0191]    O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0192]    OCH 2 F; 
         [0193]    OCHF 2 ; 
         [0194]    OCF 3 ; 
         [0195]    ONO 2 ; 
         [0196]    OC(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0197]    OC(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0198]    OC(O)NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0199]    OC(O)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0200]    OC(S)NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0201]    OC(S)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0202]    SH; 
         [0203]    S—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0204]    S(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0205]    S(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0206]    SC(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0207]    SC(O)O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0208]    NH 2 ; 
         [0209]    N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0210]    N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0211]    N(H)C(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0212]    N(CH 3 )C(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0213]    N(H)C(O)—CF 3 ; 
         [0214]    N(CH 3 )C(O)—CF 3 ; 
         [0215]    N(H)C(S)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0216]    N(CH 3 )C(S)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0217]    N(H)S(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0218]    N(H)C(O)NH 2 ; 
         [0219]    N(H)C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0220]    N(CH 3 )C(O)NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0221]    N(H)C(O)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0222]    N(CH 3 )C(O)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0223]    N(H)S(O) 2 NH 2 ); 
         [0224]    N(H)S(O) 2 NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0225]    N(CH 3 )S(O) 2 NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0226]    N(H)S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0227]    N(CH 3 )S(O) 2 N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0228]    N(H)C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0229]    N(CH 3 )C(O)O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0230]    N(H)S(O) 2 O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0231]    N(CH 3 )S(O) 2 O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0232]    N(CH 3 )C(S)NH—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0233]    N(CH 3 )C(S)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0234]    N(CH 3 )C(S)O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0235]    N(H)C(S)NH 2 ; 
         [0236]    NO 2 ; 
         [0237]    CO 2 H; 
         [0238]    CO 2 —(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0239]    C(O)N(H)OH; 
         [0240]    C(O)N(CH 3 )OH: 
         [0241]    C(O)N(CH 3 )OH; 
         [0242]    C(O)N(CH 3 )O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0243]    C(O)N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0244]    C(O)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0245]    C(S)N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0246]    C(S)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0247]    C(NH)N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0248]    C(NH)N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0249]    C(NCH 3 )N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0250]    C(NCH 3 )N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0251]    C(O)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0252]    C(NH)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0253]    C(NCH 3 )—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0254]    C(NOH)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0255]    C(NOCH 3 )—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0256]    CN; 
         [0257]    CHO; 
         [0258]    CH 2 OH; 
         [0259]    CH 2 O—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0260]    CH 2 NH 2 ; 
         [0261]    CH 2 N(H)—(C 1 -C 4  alkyl); 
         [0262]    CH 2 N(C 1 -C 4  alkyl) 2 ; 
         [0263]    aryl; 
         [0264]    heteroaryl; 
         [0265]    cycloalkyl; and 
         [0266]    heterocyclyl. 
         [0267]    In some cases, a ring substituent may be shown as being connected to the ring by a bond extending from the center of the ring. The number of such substituents present on a ring is indicated in subscript by a number. Moreover, the substituent may be present on any available ring atom, the available ring atom being any ring atom which bears a hydrogen which the ring substituent may replace. For illustrative purposes, if variable R x  were defined as being: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0000]    this would indicate a cyclohexyl ring bearing five R x  substituents. The R x  substituents may be bonded to any available ring atom. For example, among the configurations encompassed by this are configurations such as: 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0268]    These configurations are illustrative and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention in any way. 
       Biological Activity 
       [0269]    The determination of inhibition towards different metalloproteases of the heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the present invention may be measured using any suitable assay known in the art. A standard in vitro assay for measuring the metalloprotease inhibiting activity is described in Examples 1700 to 1706. The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds show activity towards MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-12, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4 and/or ADAMTS-5. 
         [0270]    The heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention have an MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 inhibition activity (IC 50  MMP-3 and/or IC 50  MMP-13) ranging from below 3 nM to about 20 μM, and typically, from about 3 nM to about 2 μM. Heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention desirably have an MMP inhibition activity ranging from about 3 nM to about 100 nM. Table 1 lists typical examples of heterobicyclic metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention that have an MMP-3 and/or MMP-13 activity from 3 nM to 100 nM (Group A) and from 101 nM to 20 μM (Group B). 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
             
           
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Group 
                 Examples 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
                 Summary of MMP-3 Activity for Compounds 
               
               
                 A 
                 6, 33, 34, 35, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 62 
               
               
                 B 
                 31, 32, 40, 41, 42, 45, 60, 61, 63 
               
               
                   
                 Summary of MMP-13 Activity for Compounds 
               
               
                 A 
               
               
                 B 
                 6, 31, 34, 35, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 62 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
         [0271]    The synthesis of metalloprotease inhibiting compounds of the invention and their biological activity assay are described in the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way. 
         [0272]    Schemes 
         [0273]    In some embodiments the compounds of Formula (I) are synthesized by the general methods shown in Scheme 1 to Scheme 3. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0274]    Commercially available 2-cyano-3-ethoxy-acrylic acid ethyl ester is heated at reflux with sodium ethoxide and a suitable amino malonate derivative (e.g. 2-amino-malonic acid diethyl ester) to afford the desired building blocks 2 (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester) after purification 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0275]    Bromination of 4-methyl ester derivatives with bromine (e.g. Br 2 , HOAc), followed by saponification of the ester moiety with base (e.g aqueous KOH) and coupling of the free acids with R A R B NH (e.g. 6-aminomethyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one) using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) affords the desired compounds after purification (Scheme 2). The bromides are heated (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc) 2 , dppf) and base (e.g. Et 3 N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding 7-methyl esters after purification. Saponification of the 7-methyl ester moiety with base at elevated temperatures (e.g. LiOH, 70-100° C.) followed by coupling of the resulting acid derivatives using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) with R A R B NH (e.g. 3-aminomethyl furane) affords the desired final products after purification. 
         [0000]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0276]    Building blocks 2 (e.g. 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester) are condensed (e.g. EtOH/reflux) with a suitable amidine derivative (e.g. formamidine) to give the corresponding 7-ethylester derivatives (Scheme 3). 
         [0277]    These intermediates are then converted into the corresponding bromo derivatives using a suitable reagent (e.g. POBr 3 /80° C.). The resulting bromides are heated (e.g. 80° C.) with a suitable catalyst (e.g. Pd(OAc) 2 , dppf) and base (e.g. Et 3 N) under a carbon monoxide atmosphere in a suitable solvent (e.g. MeOH) to give the corresponding bicyclic 4,7-diester derivatives after purification. Selective saponification of the 4-methyl ester with base at room temperature (e.g. aqueous KOH) and coupling of the resulting acid derivatives using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) with R A R B NH (e.g. 6-aminomethyl-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one) affords the compounds after purification (Scheme 3). 
         [0278]    Saponification of the 7-ethyl ester moiety with base at elevated temperatures (e.g. LiOH, 100° C.) affords the desired final compounds with Q x =COOH after purification (Scheme 3). 
         [0279]    Saponification of the 7-ethyl ester moiety with base at elevated temperatures (e.g. LiOH, 100° C.) followed by coupling of the resulting acid derivatives using an activated acid method (e.g. EDCI, HOAt, DMF, base) with R A R B NH (e.g. piperonyl amine) affords the desired final products after purification. 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
       [0280]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0281]    Commercially available isoxazole (25 g) was dissolved in EtOH (100 ml) and the mixture cooled to 0° C. At 0° C. a solution of 21% NaOEt in EtOH (124 ml) was slowly added to keep the temperature &lt;8° C. After the complete addition, the mixture was stirred in the ice bath for another 30 min (precipitate formed). Then acetic acid (6.9 ml), sodium acetate (20.5 g) and the HCl salt of diethyl malonate (48 g) were added. The mixture was stirred for 48 h and allowed to reach room temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue portioned between CH 2 Cl 2  and H 2 O. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4  and filtered through a plug of silica. The plug was washed with CH 2 Cl 2  until all product eluted. The filtrate was evaporated to afford the title compound as orange oil (MH + =227). 
       Step B 
       [0282]    The crude title compound from Step A above was dissolved in EtOH (420 ml). The mixture was treated with a solution of 21% NaOEt in EtOH (81 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 3 days. After the addition of acetic acid (15 ml), the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2  and washed with NaHCO 3  (pH ˜7). The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4  and filtered through a plug of silica. The plug was washed with CH 2 Cl 2  until all product eluted. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue dried in HV to afford the title compound derivative as an orange syrup (23 g; 65%; MH + =155). 
       Step C 
       [0283]    The title compound from Step B above (23 g) was dissolved in EtOH (210 ml) and formamidine acetate (23.3 g) added. The mixture was heated at 100-105° C. oil-bath temperature for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the precipitate collected by filtration. The precipitate was then washed with EtOH until the washing solution was colorless. The precipitate was then dried in HV to afford the product as a grey solid (15.3 g; 75%; MH + =136). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 
       [0284]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0285]    The title compound from Preparative Example 1 (1.96 g) was added at 70-80° C. to a solution of POBr 3  (16 g). The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 2 h 15 Min and then cooled to room temperature. To the solid material was carefully added a mixture of sat NaHCO 3  and ice until the pH of the aqueous phase was pH 8. The aqueous phase was then extracted with CHCl 3 /MeOH (9:1; 2×300 ml), with EtOAc/MeOH (9:1; 2×300 ml) and EtOAc/THF (9:1; 2×300 ml). Each of the extracts was washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4  filtered and the solvents removed to afford the title compound as yellow solid (1.37 g; 48%; MH + =197/199). 
       Step B 
       [0286]    The title compound from Step A above (1.37 g) was dissolved in DMA (30 ml) and MeOH (45 ml) and TEA (2 ml) added. The mixture was then sonicated for 15 Min while a stream of argon was bubbled through the solution. Then 1,1′-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocen (95 mg) and Pd(OAc) 2  (48 mg) were added and the mixture carbonylated (7 bar CO) in a pressure reactor at 80° C. for 2 d. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the filter washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate was evaporated, the residue dissolved/suspended in MeOH and silica added. The MeOH was evaporated and the coated silica loaded onto a silica column equilibrated with CH 2 Cl 2 . The column was then developed using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 -&gt;CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (95:5). Fractions containing the product were collected and the solvents evaporated to afford the title compound as a reddish solid (1.19 g; 97%; MH + =178). 
       Step C 
       [0287]    The title compound from Step B above (616 mg) was dissolved in acetic acid (96 ml). Then bromine (192 μl) was slowly added at room temperature with stirring. After 1 h at room temperature another batch of bromine (30 μl) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 30 Min. Then the acetic acid was evaporated and the residue dried in HV to afford the title compound as an orange solid (MH + =255/257). 
       Step D 
       [0288]    The crude title compound from Step C above was suspended in THF (70 ml) and H 2 O (30 ml). After the addition of LiOH x H 2 O (245 mg), the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Another batch of LiOH x H 2 O (60 mg) was added and stirring was continued for 45 Min. Then 1 M HCl (9 ml) was added and the solvents evaporated. The residue was suspended in THF (2×20 ml) and each time the solvents evaporated. The residue was then dried in HV to afford the title compound as off white solid (MH + =241/243). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 
       [0289]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0290]    A degassed suspension of commercially available 6-Bromo-4H-benzo[1,4]oxazin-3-one (8.39 g), Zn(CN) 2  (3.46 g) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (2.13 g) in DMF (70 mL) was stirred in a oil bath (80° C.) overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then poured into water (500 mL). The precipitate was collected by suction, air dried, washed with pentane, dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (1:1), filtered through an silica pad and concentrated to yield a yellow solid (5.68 g, 89%; MH + =175). 
       Step B 
       [0291]    To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (5.6 g), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (14.06 g) and NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (1.53 g) in MeOH, NaBH 4  (8.51 g) was added in portions. The mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and 1 h at room temperature. After the addition of diethylenetriamine (3.5 mL) the mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 1N HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated to afford the title compound as an off white solid (7.91 g, 88%; M+Na + =397). 
       Step C 
       [0292]    The title compound from Step B above (7.91 g) was dissolved in a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (120 mL), stirred for 14 h, concentrated, suspended in Et 2 O, filtered and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (5.81 g, 96%; M-NH 3 Cl + =162). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 
       [0293]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0294]    A solution of commercially available 7-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (2.75 g), K 2 CO 3  (3.60 g) and benzylchloroformate (2.7 ml) in THF/H 2 O was stirred overnight and then concentrated. The residue was diluted with EtOAc, washed with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (100 ml) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (7.6 g) and NiCl 2 .6H 2 O (400 mg) was added. The solution was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH 4  (2.6 g) was added in portions. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and then vigorously stirred overnight. After the addition of diethylenetriamine (2 ml) the mixture was concentrated, diluted with EtOAc, washed subsequently with 10% aqueous citric acid, saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  and saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH) to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (1.81 g, 26%; MH + =397). 
       Step B 
       [0295]    A mixture of the title compound from Step A above (1.81 g) and Pd/C (10%, 200 mg) in EtOH (50 ml) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure overnight, filtered and concentrated to a volume of ˜20 ml. Commercially available 3,4-Diethoxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (0.68 ml) and NEt 3  (0.5 ml) were added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h. Concentration and purification by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) afforded a slowly crystallizing colorless oil. This oil was dissolved in EtOH (20 ml), and a 28% solution of NH 3  in H 2 O (100 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, slurried in H 2 O, filtered and dried under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was dissolved in a 4 M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (20 ml), stirred for 14 h, concentrated, suspended in Et 2 O, filtered and dried to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.08 g, 92%; M-Cl + =258). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 
       [0296]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0297]    Commercially available 5-Bromo-3H-benzooxazol-2-one (1 g) was dissolved in DMF (15 ml) and Zn(CN) 2  (1.09 g) added. The mixture was 25 sonicated for 5 Min while a stream of nitrogen was bubbled through the solution. After the addition of Pd[P(Ph) 3 ] 4  (0.54 g), the mixture was heated at 100° C. oil bath temperature for 18 h. The solvents were evaporated and the residue purified by chromatography on silica using EtOAc/cyclohexane (20:80-&gt;50:50) to afford the title compound as white solid (674 mg; 91%; MH + =161). 
       Step B 
       [0298]    The title compound from Step A above (300 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (40 ml) and NiCl 2 ×6H 2 O (44.4 mg) and Boc 2 O (816 mg) added. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and NaBH 4  (495 mg) was added in portions. After the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred overnight and allowed to reach room temperature. The solvents were evaporated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with sat. NaHCO 3 , dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using EtOAc/cyclohexane (20:80) to afford the title compound as a white foam (428 mg; 87%; MH + =265). 
       Step C 
       [0299]    The title compound from Step B above (428 mg) was dissolved in 4 M HCl in dioxane (8 ml) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvents were removed and the residue dried in HV to afford the title compound as orange solid (347 mg; quant.; MH + =165). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 
       [0300]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0301]    The title compound from Preparative Example 5 Step A (374 mg) was dissolved in DMF (30 ml) and NaH (112 mg) added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, CH 3 I (358 μl) added and stirring at room temperature was continued overnight. The solvents were evaporated and the residue dissolved in EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with H 2 O, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents evaporated to afford the title compound as pale yellow solid (398 mg; 99%; MH + =175). 
       Step B 
       [0302]    The title compound from Step A above (398 mg) was treated with NiCl 2  x 6H 2 O (52 mg) and NaBH 4  (582 mg) in the presence of Boc 2 O (960 mg) as described in Preparative Example 7 Step B to afford the title compound (546 mg; 89%; MH + =279). 
       Step C 
       [0303]    The title compound from Step B above (546 mg) was treated with 4 M HCl/dioxane (10 ml) as described in Preparative Example 7 Step C to afford the title compound as yellow solid (420 mg; quant.; MH + =179). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 
       [0304]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0305]    To a solution of commercial available ethyl 2-cyano-3-ethoxyacrylate (8.46 g) in abs. ethanol (35 ml) was added commercial available diethyl amino malonate hydrochloride (10.58 g). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. Then a solution of sodium ethanolate in ethanol (40.53 ml, 2.7 M) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature formamidine acetate (10.51 g) was added. To the vigorously stirred mixture acetic acid (3.46 ml) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 68 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The resulting solid was suspended in ethanol (300 ml). After filtration the obtained solid was dried to afford the crude title compound as grey solid, which was used without further purification. (8.6 g: 83%; MH + =208). 
       Step B 
       [0306]    To a heated solution of POBr 3  (100 g) the title compound from Step A above (14.5 g), was added. The suspension was heated to 90° C. for 1 h. After cooled to room temperature, the resulting residue was added in small portions to an ice cooled saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO 3  (3.5 l). After stirring for 30 min. the suspension was filtered. The resulting solid was washed with water and dried to afford the title compound as a off-white solid (15.2 g; 80%; MH + =270/272). 
       Step C 
       [0307]    The title compound from Step B above (5 g), Pd(OAc) 2  (126 mg), 1,1′-Bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ferrocene (416 mg) and NEt 3  (5.2 ml) were dissolved in dry DMA/MeOH (7:3, 100 ml) and stirred at 80° C. under a carbon monoxide atmosphere at 7 bar overnight. The mixture was concentrated, absorbed on silica and purification by chromatography (silica, CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH) afforded the title compound as off-white solid (3.4 g; 72%; MH + =250). 
       Step D 
       [0308]    To a solution of the title compound from Step C above (85 mg) in THF (60 ml) was added aqueous LiOH (875 mg in 30 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h, adjusted to pH 2 and filtrated. The resulting solid was washed with water to give a colourless solid, which was used without further purification (2.25 g; 96%; MH + =236). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 8 
       [0309]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0310]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1 M solution of BH 3 .THF complex in THF (140 ml) was added dropwise over a 3 h period to an ice cooled solution of commercially available 3-bromo-2-methyl-benzoic acid (20.0 g) in anhydrous THF (200 ml). Once gas evolution had subsided, the cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was then poured into a mixture of 1N aqueous HCl (500 ml) and ice and then extracted with Et 2 O (3×150 ml). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (18.1 g, 97%). 
         [0311]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.30 (d, 1H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 4.70 (s, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H). 
       Step B 
       [0312]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere PBr 3  (5.52 ml) was added over a 10 min period to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (18.1 g) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (150 ml). The cooling bath was removed and mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The mixture was cooled (0-5° C.), quenched by dropwise addition of MeOH (20 ml), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  (2×150 ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a viscous oil (23.8 g, 97%). 
         [0313]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H). 
       Step C 
       [0314]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere a 1.5M solution of lithium diisopropylamide in cyclohexane (63 mö) was added dropwise to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of  t BuOAc in anhydrous THF (200 mö). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h, then a solution of the title compound from Step B above (23.8 g) in THF (30 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 12 h while warming to room temperature. The mixture was concentrated, diluted with Et 2 O (300 ml), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (2×100 ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a pale-yellow viscous oil (21.5 g, 80%). 
         [0315]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.25 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.50 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H). 
       Step D 
       [0316]    A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (21.5 g) and polyphosphoric acid (250 g) was placed in a preheated oil bath (140° C.) for 10 min while mixing the thick slurry occasionally with a spatula. The oil bath was removed, ice and H 2 O (1 l) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. The precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with H 2 O (2×100 ml) and dried to afford the title compound (16.7 g, 96%). 
         [0317]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 7.00 (t, 1H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.65 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H). 
       Step E 
       [0318]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere oxalyl chloride (12.0 ml) was added dropwise to an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step D above (11.6 g) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (100 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h and then concentrated. The remaining dark residue was dissolved in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (300 ml) and AlCl 3  (6.40 g) was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h, cooled and poured into ice water (500 ml). The aqueous phase was separated and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  (2×100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a light brown solid (10.6 g, 98%). 
         [0319]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.65 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 3.05 (t, 2H), 2.70 (t, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H). 
       Step F 
       [0320]    Using a syringe pump, a solution of the title compound from Step E above (9.66 g) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (70 ml) was added over a 10 h period to a cooled (−20° C., internal temperature) mixture of a 1M solution of (S)-(−)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (8.6 ml) and a 1M solution of BH 3 .Me 2 S complex in CH 2 Cl 2  (43.0 ml) in CH 2 Cl 2  (200 ml). The mixture was then quenched at −20° C. by addition of MeOH (100 ml), warmed to room temperature, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, Et 2 O/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (8.7 g, 90%). 
         [0321]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.25 (m, 1H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.00 (m, 1H). 
       Step G 
       [0322]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere NEt 3  (15.9 ml) and methanesulfonyl chloride (4.5 ml) were added subsequently to a cooled (−78° C., acetone/dry ice) solution of the title compound from Step F above (8.7 g) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (200 ml). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 90 min, then NH 3  (˜150 ml) was condensed into the mixture using a dry ice condenser at a rate of ˜3 ml/min and stirring at −78° C. was continued for 2 h. Then the mixture was gradually warmed to room temperature allowing the NH 3  to evaporate. 1N aqueous NaOH (200 ml) was added, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2  (2×100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated. The remaining light brown oil was dissolved in Et 2 O (200 ml) and a 4M solution of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (10 ml) was added. The formed precipitate was collected and dried to give the title compound (9.0 g, 90%; M-NH 3 Cl + =209/211). 
       Step H 
       [0323]    To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step G above (5.2 g) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2  (50 ml) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (5.0 g) and NEt 3  (9.67 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et 2 O (250 ml), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  (100 ml) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%). 
         [0324]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 , free base) δ=7.40 (m, H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 4.30 (t, 1H) 2.90 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.80 (m, 1H). 
       Step I 
       [0325]    Under a nitrogen atmosphere a mixture of the title compound from Step H above (7.2 g), Zn(CN) 2  (5.2 g) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  (2.6 g) in anhydrous DMF (80 ml) was heated to 100° C. for 18 h, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica, CH 2 Cl 2 /EtOAc) to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (4.5 g, 75%). 
         [0326]      1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ=7.50 (d, 1H), 7.20 (d, 1H), 5.15 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.90 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 9 
       [0327]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0328]    The title compound from the Preparative Example 8, Step I (1.0 g) was suspended in 6N aqueous HCl (20 ml), heated to 100° C. for 12 h and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid. (834 mg, &gt;99%; M-NH 3 Cl + =175). 
       Step B 
       [0329]    Anhydrous HCl gas was bubbled through an ice cooled solution of the title compound from Step A above (1.0 g) in anhydrous MeOH (20 ml) for 2-3 min. The cooling bath was removed, the mixture was heated to reflux for 12 h, cooled to room temperature and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (880 mg, 83%; M-NH 3 Cl + =189). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 10 
       [0330]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0331]    To an ice cooled solution of the title compound from the Preparative Example 9 (5.94 g) in dry CH 2 Cl 2  (50 ml) were subsequently added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.6 g) and NEt 3  (1 ml). The mixture was stirred for 3 h, concentrated, diluted with Et 2 O (250 ml), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3  (100 ml) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 ml), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (7.28 g, 97%; MNa + =328). 
       Step B 
       [0332]    To a mixture of the title compound from Step A above (7.28 g) in THF (60 ml) was added 1M aqueous LiOH (60 ml). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h, concentrated, diluted with H 2 O, adjusted to pH 5 with HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound as colorless solid (1.87 g, 27%; MNa + =314). 
       Step C 
       [0333]    To mixture of the title compound from Step B above (536 mg) and allyl bromide (1.6 ml) in CHCl 3 /THF (1:1, 20 ml) were added Bu 4 NHSO 4  (70 mg) and a 1M solution of LiOH in H 2 O (10 ml) and the resulting biphasic mixture was stirred at 40° C. overnight. The organic phase was separated, concentrated, diluted with CHCl 3 , washed with H 2 O, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, concentrated and purified by chromatography (silica, cyclohexane/EtOAc) to afford the title compound (610 mg, &gt;99%; MNa + =354). 
       Step D 
       [0334]    A mixture of the title compound from Step C above (258 mg) was treated with 4M HCl/dioxane and stirred at room temperature for 17 h. The mixture was then concentrated to afford the title compound (202 mg, 97%; M-NH 3 Cl + =216). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 11 
       [0335]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0336]    To the title compound from Preparative Example 7 (162 mg) were added EDCI (148 mg), HOAt (74 mg) and the title compound from Preparative Example 3 (130 mg). After the addition of DMF (5.6 ml) and DIEPA (94 μl) the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After the solvents were removed in HV, the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (80 ml) and 10% citric acid solution (20 ml). The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents removed. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (95:5) as mobile phase to afford the title compound (198 mg; 73%; MH + =396). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 12 
       [0337]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0338]    The title compound from Preparative Example X (50 mg) was dissolved in DMF (10 ml) and MeOH (10 ml) and TEA (60 μl) added. The mixture was sonicated for 10 Min while a stream of argon was bubbled through the solution. Then 1,1′-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocen (8 mg) and Pd(OAc) 2  (4 mg) were added and the mixture carbonylated (7 bar CO) in a pressure reactor at 80° C. overnight. Since the reaction was not completed another batch of 1,1′-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocen (8 mg) and Pd(OAc) 2  (4 mg) was added and the reaction continued for another 20 h at 100° C. After the addition of another batch of 1,1′-Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocen (8 mg) and Pd(OAc) 2  (4 mg), the reaction was continued 20 h at 115° C. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the filter washed with MeOH. The combined filtrate was evaporated, the residue dissolved/suspended in MeOH and silica added. The MeOH was evaporated and the coated silica loaded onto a silica column equilibrated with CH 2 Cl 2 . The column was then developed using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 -&gt;CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (99:1). Fractions containing the product were collected and the solvents evaporated to afford the title compound as off white solid (29.7 mg; 63%; MH + =363/365). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 13 
       [0339]    Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 20, except using the compounds from the Examples indicated in the table below, the following compounds were prepared. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Preparative 
                 Preparative 
                   
                 1. Yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Product 
                 2. MH +   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 13 
                   
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 74%2. 329 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 14 
       [0340]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0341]    The title compound from Preparative Example 13 (269 mg) was suspended in THF (20 ml), 1,4-dioxane (15 ml) and H 2 O (20 ml). After the addition of LiOH x H 2 O (342 mg) the mixture was heated at 70° C. for 90 Min. Another batch of LiOH x H 2 O (342 mg) was added and heating at 70° C. was continued for 20 h. The mixture concentrated, acidified to pH ˜1.5 by adding 1 M HCl and then extracted with EtOAc (3×20 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents evaporated to afford the title compound as off white solid (195.7 mg; 76%; MH + =315). 
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 15 
       [0342]    Following a similar procedure as that described in Preparative Example 14, except using the compounds from the Examples indicated in the table below, the following compounds were prepared. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Preparative 
                 Preparative 
                   
                 1. Yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Product 
                 2. MH +   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 15 
                 12 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 77%2. 349/351 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       PREPARATIVE EXAMPLE 16 
       [0343]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0344]    The title compound from Preparative Example 11 (85 mg) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (30 ml) and TMSSnOH (190 mg) added. The mixture was then treated at 140° C. in a microwave for 40 Min. Then another batch of TMSSnOH (200 mg) was added and the mixture was treated in the microwave at 160° C. for 6 h. Then the solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in EtOAc and a 10% KHSO 4 -solution. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 -&gt;CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (4:1)) to afford the title compound (50 mg; 63%; MH + =368). 
       EXAMPLE 1 
       [0345]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0346]    The title compound from the Preparative Example 11 (200 mg) was suspended in methyl amine (40% in water, 1.5 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. (microwave) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was added to 10% aqueous citric acid. After filtration the resulting solid was washed with water and dried to afford the title compound (172 mg, 92%; M-H=221). 
       Step B 
       [0347]    The title compound from Step A above (14 mg) was treated with commercially available piperonylamine (12 μL), EDCI (20 mg), HOAt (9 mg), NMM (25 μL) in DMF as described in Example 1 to afford the title compound (7.7 mg; 35%; MH + =354). 
       EXAMPLE 2 
       [0348]    Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 1, except using the amines as indicated in the table below, the following compounds were prepared. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1. Yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 2. MH +   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                 2 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 64%2. 460 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 3 
       [0349]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0350]    The title compound from Preparative Example 11 (40 mg) was suspended in methyl amine (40% in water, 1 mL). The mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. (microwave) for 2 h. After concentration the reaction mixture was added to 10% aqueous citric acid. After filtration the resulting solid was washed with water and dried to afford the title compound (25 mg, 65%; MH − =381). 
       EXAMPLE 4 
       [0351]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0352]    The title compound from Preparative Example 15 (16.7 mg) was mixed with EDCI (14 mg) and HOAt (9 mg) and the mixture dissolved in DMF (3 ml). After the addition of commercially available cyclohexylamine/HCl-salt (9 mg) and N-methyl morpholine (25 μl), the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvents were evaporated and the residue treated with 10% citric acid solution (10 ml). This mixture was sonicated for 1 Min and the precipitate collected by filtration. The solid material was washed with H 2 O (15 ml) and then dried in HV to afford the title compound as beige solid (14.2 mg, 69%; MH + =430/432). 
       EXAMPLE 5-16 
       [0353]    Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 40, except using the compounds from the Examples and the amines as indicated in the table below, the following compounds were prepared. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Pre- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 parative 
               
               
                 Exam- 
                 Exam- 
                   
                   
                 1. Yield 
               
               
                 ple 
                 ple 
                 Amine 
                 Product 
                 2. MH +   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 5 
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 18%2. 410 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 75%2. 404 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 64%2. 414 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 14 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 77%2. 468 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 89%2. 463 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 61%2. 501 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 36%2. 479 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 31%2. 439 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 33%2. 424 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 39%2. 478 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 21%2. 517 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 16 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 38%2. 405 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 17 
       [0354]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0355]    The title compound from Preparative Example 14 (21 mg) was dissolved in THF (2 ml) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (42 mg) added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then cooled to 0° C. At 0° C. a 2 M solution of methylamine in THF (1 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 3 h and allowed to reach room temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in H 2 O. The pH was adjusted to pH ˜2 by adding a 10% citric acid solution and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc (3×20 ml). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents removed. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (9:1)-&gt;CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (4:1)) to afford the title compound as yellow glass (14 mg; 67%, MH + =328). 
       EXAMPLE 18 
       [0356]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
         [0357]    The title compound from Preparative Example 9 (10 mg) was dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (3 ml) and TMSSnOH (19 mg) added. The mixture was then treated at 140° C. in a microwave for 40 Min. Then another batch of TMSSnOH (20 mg) was added and the mixture was treated in the microwave at 160° C. for 6 h. Then the solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in EtOAc and a 10% KHSO 4 -solution. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvents evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 -&gt;CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (9.1)) to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (5 mg; 53%; MH + =454). 
       EXAMPLE 19 
       [0358]    Following a similar procedure as that described in Example 18, except using the compounds from the Preparative Examples as indicated in the table below, the following compounds were prepared. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 1. Yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 Example 
                 Product 
                 2. MH +   
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 19 
                 7 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 1. 85%2. 400 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 20 
       [0359]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0360]    The title compound from Preparative Example 14 (20 mg) was mixed with HATU (42 mg) and HOAt (15 mg) and dissolved in DMF (3 ml). After the addition of the hydrochloride salt of the title compound from Preparative Example 8 (26.8 mg) and DIEPA (25 μl), the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvents were evaporated and the residue treated with 10% citric acid solution (10 ml). This mixture was sonicated for 1 Min and the precipitate collected by filtration. The solid material was washed with H 2 O (15 ml) and then dried in HV to afford the title compound as an off white solid (42.5 mg, quant.; MH + =528). 
       Step B 
       [0361]    The title compound from Step A above (42.5 mg) was dissolved in CHCl 3  (2 ml) and treated with Pd[P(Ph) 3 ] 4  (12 mg) and morpholine (61 μl). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and the solvents evaporated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica using a gradient (CH 2 Cl 2 -&gt;CH 2 Cl 2  (95:5)) to afford the title compound as dark yellow solid (6.5 mg; 21%; MH + =488). 
       EXAMPLE 21-200 
       [0362]    
       
                 
         
             
             
         
       
     
       Step A 
       [0363]    To a mixture of N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl-polystyrene (40 mg) in DMA (370 μl) were added a 0.2 M solution of the title compound from Preparative Example 11 in DMA (65 μl) and a 0.5 M solution of HOBt in DMA (40 mL). The mixture was agitated for 15 min, then a 0.5 M solution of morpholine in DMA (25 μl) was added and the mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 100° C. (microwave) for 10 min. To the mixture (polystyrylmethyl)-trimethylammonium bicarbonate (16 mg) was added and the mixture was agitated at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound, which was used without further purification [MH] + =437. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
             
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
               
                 Ex. # 
                 acid, amine 
                 Product 
                 MS 
               
               
                   
               
             
             
               
                   
               
             
          
           
               
                 21 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 437 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 22 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 501 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 23 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 437 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 24 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 447 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 25 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 475 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 421 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 475 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 531 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 435 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 31 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 437 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 32 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 409 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 33 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 435 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 34 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 457 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 35 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 463 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 36 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 466 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 37 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 395 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 38 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 449 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 39 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 438 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 40 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 479 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 381 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 577 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 46 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 47 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 48 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 485 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 50 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 548 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 51 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 439 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 52 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 495 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 53 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 489 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 54 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 450 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 55 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 507 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 56 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 468 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 57 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 424 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 458 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 62 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 450 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 63 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 536 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 64 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 453 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 65 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 489 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 66 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 538 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 67 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 447 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 68 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 452 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 69 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 405 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 70 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 536 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 71 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 72 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 73 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 469 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 74 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 638 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 75 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 76 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 489 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 77 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 489 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 78 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 517 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 79 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 533 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 80 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 81 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 82 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 83 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 84 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 85 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 86 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 478 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 87 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 88 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 583 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 89 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 483 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 90 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 483 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 91 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 597 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 92 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 487 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 93 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 534 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 94 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 95 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 96 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 97 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 498 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 98 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 531 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 99 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 503 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 100 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 521 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 479 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 102 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 446 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 103 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 464 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 104 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 423 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 105 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 106 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 107 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 508 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 108 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 559 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 109 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 513 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 110 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 525 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 111 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 531 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 112 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 525 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 113 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 114 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 500 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 115 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 507 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 116 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 117 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 525 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 118 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 475 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 119 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 477 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 120 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 477 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 121 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 122 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 463 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 123 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 124 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 488 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 125 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 537 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 126 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 513 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 127 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 527 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 128 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 514 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 129 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 528 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 130 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 528 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 131 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 528 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 132 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 133 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 581 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 134 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 536 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 135 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 609 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 136 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 525 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 137 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 594 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 138 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 599 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 139 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 613 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 140 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 613 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 141 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 607 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 142 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 547 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 143 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 621 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 144 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 499 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 145 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 485 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 146 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 485 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 147 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 485 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 148 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 437 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 149 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 437 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 150 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 423 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 423 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 152 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 477 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 153 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 451 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 154 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 413 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 155 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 156 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 497 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 157 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 556 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 158 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 159 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 458 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 160 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 472 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 161 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 162 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 555 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 163 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 541 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 164 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 503 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 165 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 465 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 166 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 506 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 167 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 499 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 168 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 521 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 169 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 554 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 170 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 482 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 171 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 447 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 172 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 463 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 173 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 449 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 174 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 499 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 175 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 521 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 176 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 543 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 177 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 543 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 178 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 179 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 531 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 180 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 531 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 181 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 542 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 182 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 519 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 183 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 526 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 184 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 499 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 185 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 464 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 186 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 473 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 187 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 467 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 188 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 506 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 189 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 506 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 190 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 556 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 191 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 526 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 192 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 515 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 193 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 488 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 194 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 471 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 195 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 550 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 196 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 425 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 197 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 425 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 198 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 500 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 199 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 500 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 200 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                             
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 [MH] +  = 514 
               
               
                   
               
             
          
         
       
     
       EXAMPLE 1700 
     Assay for Determining MMP-13 Inhibition 
       [0364]    The typical assay for MMP-13 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μl aliquots. 10 μl of a 50 nM stock solution of catalytic domain of MMP-13 enzyme (produced by Alantos or commercially available from Invitek (Berlin), Cat. No. 30100812) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μl of a 12.5 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader. The IC 50  values are calculated from the initial reaction rates. 
       EXAMPLE 1701 
     Assay for Determining MMP-3 Inhibition 
       [0365]    The typical assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μl aliquots. 10 μl of a 100 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-3 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-109) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μl of a 12.5 μM stock solution of NFF-3 fluorescent substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 480455). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 330 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader. The IC 50  values are calculated from the initial reaction rates. 
       EXAMPLE 1702 
     Assay for Determining MMP-8 Inhibition 
       [0366]    The typical assay for MMP-8 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μl aliquots. 10 μl of a 50 nM stock solution of activated MMP-8 enzyme (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444229) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μl of a 10 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC 50  values are calculated from the initial reaction rates. 
       EXAMPLE 1703 
     Assay for Determining MMP-12 Inhibition 
       [0367]    The typical assay for MMP-12 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μl aliquots. 10 μl of a 50 nM stock solution of the catalytic domain of MMP-12 enzyme (Biomol, Cat. No. SE-138) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. Upon the completion of incubation, the assay is started by addition of 40 μl of a 12.5 μM stock solution of OmniMMP fluorescent substrate (Biomol, Cat. No. P-126). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at the 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by automatic plate multireader at 37° C. The IC 50  values are calculated from the initial reaction rates. 
       EXAMPLE 1704 
     Assay for Determining Aggrecanase-1 Inhibition 
       [0368]    The typical assay for aggrecanase-1 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 50 μl aliquots. 10 μl of a 75 nM stock solution of aggrecanase-1 (Invitek) is added to the compound solution. The mixture of enzyme and compound in assay buffer is thoroughly mixed. The reaction is started by addition of 40 μl of a 250 nM stock solution of aggrecan-IGD substrate (Invitek) and incubation at 37° C. for exact 15 min. The reaction is stopped by addition of EDTA and the samples are analysed by using aggrecanase ELISA (Invitek, InviLISA, Cat. No. 30510111) according to the protocol of the supplier. Shortly: 100 μl of each proteolytic reaction are incubated in a pre-coated micro plate for 90 min at room temperature. After 3 times washing, antibody-peroxidase conjugate is added for 90 min at room temperature. After 5 times washing, the plate is incubated with TMB solution for 3 min at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction is stopped with sulfurous acid and the absorbance is red at 450 nm. The IC 50  values are calculated from the absorbance signal corresponding to residual aggrecanase activity. 
       EXAMPLE 1705 
     Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Proteoglycan Degradation 
       [0369]    The assay for MMP-3 activity is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35. Articular cartilage is isolated fresh from the first phalanges of adult cows and cut into pieces (˜3 mg). Bovine cartilage is incubated with 50 nM human MMP-3 (Chemikon, cat.# 25020461) in presence or absence of inhibitor for 24 h at 37° C. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (aggrecan) degradation products (sGAG) are detected in supernatant, using a modification of the colorimetric DMMB (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue dye) assay (Billinghurst et al., 2000, Arthritis &amp; Rheumatism, 43 (3), 664). 10 μl of the samples or standard are added to 190 μl of the dye reagent in microtiter plate wells, and the absorbance is measured at 525 nm immediately. All data points are performed in triplicates. 
       EXAMPLE 1706 
     Assay for Determining Inhibition of MMP-3 Mediated Pro-Collagenase 3 Activation 
       [0370]    The assay for MMP-3 mediated activation of pro-collagenase 3 (pro-MMP-13) is carried out in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM MES, pH 6.0, 10 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35 (Nagase;  J. Biol. Chem.  1994 Aug. 19; 269(33):20952-7). 
         [0371]    Different concentrations of tested compounds are prepared in assay buffer in 5 μL aliquots. 10 μL of a 100 nM stock solution of trypsin-activated (Knauper V., et al., 1996  J. Biol. Chem.  271 1544-1550) human pro-MMP-3 (Chemicon; CC1035) is added to the compound solution. To this mixture, 35 μl of a 286 nM stock solution of pro-collagenase 3 (Invitek; 30100803) is added to the mixture of enzyme and compound. The mixture is thoroughly mixed and incubated for 5 h at 37° C. Upon the completion of incubation, 10 μl of the incubation mixture is added to 50 μL assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35 and the mixture is thoroughly mixed. 
         [0372]    The assay to determine the MMP-13 activity is started by addition of 40 μL of a 10 μM stock solution of MMP-13 fluorogenic substrate (Calbiochem, Cat. No. 444235) in assay buffer comprised of 50 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2  and 0.05% Brij-35 (Knauper, V., et al., 1996 . J. Biol. Chem.  271, 1544-1550). The time-dependent increase in fluorescence is measured at 320 nm excitation and 390 nm emission by an automatic plate multireader at room temperature. The IC 50  values are calculated from the initial reaction rates.