PATENT ABSTRACT
A method of priming a printhead. The method comprises the steps of: (i) providing a printhead having a plurality of nozzles for ejection of ink, an ink inlet and an ink outlet; (ii) providing an ink chamber having an outlet port connected to the ink inlet via an upstream ink line, the ink chamber having an inlet port controlled by a valve; (iii) priming the printhead by pumping ink from the ink chamber, through the printhead and into a downstream ink line connected to the ink outlet; and (iv) opening the valve if a level of ink in the chamber falls below a predetermined first level and replenishing with ink from an ink reservoir when the valve is open.

PATENT DESCRIPTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0001]    The present invention relates to printers and in particular inkjet printers. It has been developed primarily to provide a fluidics system which controls a hydrostatic ink pressure during normal printing, whilst enabling priming and depriming for printhead replacement. 
       CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS 
       [0002]    The following applications have been filed by the Applicant simultaneously with the present application:
       SBF028US SBF029US SBF030US SBF032US SBF033US
 
The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated herein by reference. The above applications have been identified by their filing docket number, which will be substituted with the corresponding application number, once assigned.
       
 
       CROSS REFERENCE  
       [0004]    The following patents or patent applications filed by the applicant or assignee of the present invention are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. 
         [0000]    
       
         
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
           
               
                   
               
             
             
               
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       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
       [0005]    The Applicant has developed a wide range of printers that employ pagewidth printheads instead of traditional reciprocating printhead designs. Pagewidth designs increase print speeds as the printhead does not traverse back and forth across the page to deposit a line of an image. The pagewidth printhead simply deposits the ink on the media as it moves past at high speeds. Such printheads have made it possible to perform full colour 1600 dpi printing at speeds of around 60 pages per minute, speeds previously unattainable with conventional inkjet printers. 
         [0006]    Printing at these speeds consumes ink quickly and this gives rise to problems with supplying ink to the printhead. Not only are the flow rates higher but distributing the ink along the entire length of a pagewidth printhead is more complex than feeding ink to a relatively small reciprocating printhead. In particular, the hydrostatic ink pressure requires careful control to avoid printhead flooding. The Applicant has previously described means for controlling hydrostatic ink pressure in an ink supply system for a pagewidth printhead (see U.S. application Ser. No. 11/677,049 filed Feb. 21, 2007 and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/872,714 filed Oct. 16, 2007, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). 
         [0007]    Additionally, the Applicant&#39;s design of high speed A4 pagewidth printers requires periodic replacement of a printhead cartridge, which comprises the printhead. In order to replace a printhead cartridge, it is necessary to deprime a printhead, remove the printhead from the printer, replace the printhead with a new replacement printhead, and prime the replacement printhead once it is installed in the printer. Hence, the ink supply system must be able to perform prime and deprime operations efficiently and, preferably, with minimal ink wastage. 
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
       [0008]    In a first aspect the present invention provides a printer comprising: 
         [0009]    a printhead having an ink inlet and an ink outlet; 
         [0010]    a pressure-regulating chamber containing ink at a predetermined first level relative to said printhead, said chamber comprising:
       an outlet port;   a return port positioned in a base of the chamber;   a snorkel extending from said return port and terminating at a snorkel outlet positioned above said first level of ink; and   an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink;       
 
         [0015]    an upstream ink line interconnecting said outlet port and said ink inlet; and 
         [0016]    a downstream ink line interconnecting said return port and said ink outlet, said downstream ink line having a section looping below said first level of ink,
       wherein, in a printing configuration, a second level of ink in said snorkel is equal to said first level of ink in said chamber.       
 
         [0018]    Optionally, the printer comprising means for maintaining the predetermined first level of ink in said chamber, said predetermined first level of ink controlling a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to said ink inlet. 
         [0019]    Optionally, said hydrostatic pressure, relative to atmospheric pressure, is defined as ρgh, wherein ρ is the density of ink, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the predetermined first level of ink relative to the printhead. 
         [0020]    Optionally, said means for maintaining said predetermined first level of ink comprises an ink reservoir cooperating with a float valve contained in said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0021]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0025]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at an inlet port of said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0026]    Optionally, the printer further comprising an ink reservoir in fluid communication with said inlet port. 
         [0027]    Optionally, said float valve is biased towards a closed position by a positive ink pressure at said inlet port, said positive ink pressure being provided by said ink reservoir positioned above said chamber. 
         [0028]    Optionally, the printer further comprising a printhead priming system. 
         [0029]    Optionally, said priming system comprises an ink pump positioned in said downstream ink line. 
         [0030]    Optionally, said pump is a peristaltic pump. 
         [0031]    Optionally, in a priming configuration, said pump pumps ink from said outlet port towards said return port so as to prime said printhead. 
         [0032]    Optionally, said pump is a reversible pump. 
         [0033]    Optionally, in a de-priming configuration, said pump pumps ink from said return port towards said outlet port, so as to de-prime said printhead. 
         [0034]    Optionally, said downstream ink line comprises inline filters positioned on either side of said pump. 
         [0035]    Optionally, the printer further comprising a first air accumulator communicating with said downstream ink line, said first air accumulator being configured for dampening ink pressure pulses. 
         [0036]    Optionally, said printhead comprises one or more second air accumulators communicating with ink channels in the printhead, said second air accumulators being configured for dampening ink pressure pulses. 
         [0037]    Optionally, said one or more second air accumulators are configured for dampening relatively high frequency pressure pulses and said first air accumulator is configured for dampening relatively low frequency pressure pulses. 
         [0038]    Optionally, said first air accumulator has a larger volume than each of said one or more second air accumulators. 
         [0039]    Optionally, said printhead is removably replaceable in said printer. 
         [0040]    Optionally, said printhead comprises an inlet coupling and and an outlet coupling, said inlet coupling being detachably connected to a complementary upstream ink line coupling and said outlet coupling being detachably connected to a complementary downstream ink line coupling. 
         [0041]    In a second aspect the present invention provides a pressure-regulating chamber for maintaining ink contained therein at a predetermined first level relative to a printhead, said chamber comprising:
       an inlet port for connection to an ink reservoir via an ink supply line;   an outlet port for connection to an ink inlet of the printhead via an upstream ink line;   a return port for connection to an ink outlet of the printhead via a downstream ink line;   a snorkel extending from said return port and terminating at a snorkel outlet positioned above said first level of ink;   an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink; and   a float valve for maintaining said predetermined first level of ink by controlling a flow of ink into said inlet port.       
 
         [0048]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0052]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at the inlet port of said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0053]    Optionally, said valve head comprises an umbrella cap for closure of the valve seat. 
         [0054]    Optionally, an outer surface of a base of said chamber comprises said valve seat. 
         [0055]    Optionally, said float valve is configured such that downward movement of said valve stem unseats said umbrella cap from said valve seat. 
         [0056]    Optionally, a positive ink pressure at said inlet port urges said umbrella cap against said valve seat. 
         [0057]    Optionally, the positive ink pressure is provided by an ink reservoir positioned above said chamber and in fluid communication with said inlet port. 
         [0058]    Optionally, said valve stem is positioned between said pivot and said float. 
         [0059]    Optionally, said inlet port and said outlet port are positioned towards a base of said chamber. 
         [0060]    Optionally, said return port is positioned at a base of said chamber. 
         [0061]    Optionally, said air vent comprises an air-permeable membrane, which is impervious to ink. 
         [0062]    Optionally, the pressure-regulating chamber comprising a roof cavity, and wherein said snorkel has a snorkel outlet positioned in said roof cavity. 
         [0063]    Optionally, said return port comprises an inline ink filter. 
         [0064]    In a third aspect the present invention provides a printer comprising: 
         [0065]    a printhead having an ink inlet and an ink outlet; 
         [0066]    an ink chamber for supplying ink to said printhead, said chamber having an outlet port; 
         [0067]    an upstream ink line interconnecting said outlet port and said ink inlet; 
         [0068]    a downstream ink line connected to said ink outlet; and 
         [0069]    a first air accumulator communicating with said downstream ink line, said first air accumulator being configured for dampening ink pressure pulses in said printhead during printing. 
         [0070]    Optionally, said printhead comprises one or more second air accumulators communicating with ink channels in the printhead, said second air accumulators being configured for dampening ink pressure pulses in said printhead during printing. 
         [0071]    Optionally, said one or more second air accumulators are configured for dampening relatively high frequency pressure pulses and said first air accumulator is configured for dampening relatively low frequency pressure pulses. 
         [0072]    Optionally, said first air accumulator has a larger volume than each of said one or more second air accumulators. 
         [0073]    Optionally, said downstream ink line comprises an inline ink pump for priming and/or depriming said printhead. 
         [0074]    Optionally, said first air accumulator is positioned between said ink outlet and said pump. 
         [0075]    Optionally, said pump is a reversible peristaltic pump. 
         [0076]    Optionally, said downstream ink line comprises inline filters positioned on either side of said pump. 
         [0077]    Optionally, said downstream ink line interconnects said ink outlet and a return port in said chamber for recycling of ink into said chamber. 
         [0078]    Optionally, said chamber comprises a snorkel extending from said return port to above a level of ink in said chamber. 
         [0079]    Optionally, said chamber comprises an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink so as to equalize a hydrostatic pressure in said upstream and downstream ink lines. 
         [0080]    Optionally, said chamber is a pressure-regulating chamber for controlling a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to said printhead. 
         [0081]    Optionally, said chamber comprises means for maintaining a predetermined first level of ink in said chamber relative to said printhead. 
         [0082]    Optionally, said hydrostatic pressure, relative to atmospheric pressure, is defined as ρgh, wherein ρ is the density of ink, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the predetermined first level of ink relative to the printhead. 
         [0083]    Optionally, said means for maintaining said predetermined first level of ink comprises an ink reservoir cooperating with a float valve contained in said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0084]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0088]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at an inlet port of said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0089]    Optionally, said inlet port and said outlet port of said pressure-regulating chamber are positioned towards a base of said chamber. 
         [0090]    Optionally, the printer further comprising an ink reservoir in fluid communication with said inlet port. 
         [0091]    Optionally, said printhead is removably replaceable in said printer. 
         [0092]    Optionally, said printhead comprises an inlet coupling and and an outlet coupling, said inlet coupling being detachably connected to a complementary upstream ink line coupling and said outlet coupling being detachably connected to a complementary downstream ink line coupling. 
         [0093]    In a fourth aspect the present invention provides a method of priming a printhead, said method comprising the steps of:
       (i) providing a printhead having a plurality of nozzles for ejection of ink, an ink inlet and an ink outlet;   (ii) providing an ink chamber having an outlet port connected to said ink inlet via an upstream ink line, said ink chamber having an inlet port controlled by a valve;   (iii) priming said printhead by pumping ink from said ink chamber, through said printhead and into a downstream ink line connected to said ink outlet; and   (iv) opening said valve if a level of ink in said chamber falls below a predetermined first level and replenishing with ink from an ink reservoir when said valve is open.       
 
         [0098]    Optionally, said printhead is a pagewidth inkjet printhead. 
         [0099]    Optionally, said valve is a float valve positioned in said chamber. 
         [0100]    Optionally, said valve is opened when a float in said chamber falls below said predetermined first level. 
         [0101]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0105]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at the inlet port of said chamber. 
         [0106]    Optionally, said chamber comprises an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink. 
         [0107]    Optionally, said pumping is by means of an inline ink pump. 
         [0108]    Optionally, said ink pump is positioned in said downstream ink line. 
         [0109]    Optionally, said ink pump is a peristaltic pump. 
         [0110]    Optionally, said pump is reversible. 
         [0111]    Optionally, ink is recycled from said downstream ink line back into said chamber during priming. 
         [0112]    Optionally, said chamber comprises a return port connected to said downstream ink line, and a snorkel extending from said return port to above the ink in said chamber. 
         [0113]    Optionally, said ink is filtered prior to being recycled back into said chamber. 
         [0114]    Optionally, ink drains from said ink reservoir into said ink chamber under gravity. 
         [0115]    Optionally, said ink chamber functions as a pressure-regulating chamber during normal printing, said chamber controlling a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to said printhead. 
         [0116]    Optionally, said priming and said replenishment of ink occur concomitantly. 
         [0117]    Optionally, said printhead comprises:
       an ink distribution manifold having said ink inlet and said ink outlet; and   one or more printhead integrated circuits mounted on said manifold, each printhead integrated circuit comprising a plurality of nozzles.       
 
         [0120]    Optionally, said priming comprises filling said manifold with ink and priming said printhead integrated circuits by capillary action. 
         [0121]    In a fifth aspect the present invention provides a method of depriming a printhead, said method comprising the steps of:
       (i) providing a printhead having a plurality of nozzles for ejection of ink, an ink inlet and an ink outlet;   (ii) providing an ink chamber having an outlet port connected to said ink inlet via an upstream ink line, said ink chamber having an inlet port controlled by a valve;   (iii) depriming said printhead by pumping ink from a downstream ink line connected to said ink outlet, through said printhead and into said ink chamber; and   (iv) closing said valve when a level of ink in said chamber reaches a predetermined first level, thereby isolating said ink chamber from an ink reservoir in fluid communication with said inlet port.       
 
         [0126]    Optionally, said printhead is a pagewidth inkjet printhead. 
         [0127]    Optionally, said valve is a float valve positioned in said chamber. 
         [0128]    Optionally, said valve is closed when a float in said chamber reaches said predetermined first level. 
         [0129]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0133]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at the inlet port of said chamber. 
         [0134]    Optionally, said chamber comprises an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink. 
         [0135]    Optionally, said pumping is by means of an inline ink pump. 
         [0136]    Optionally, said ink pump is positioned in said downstream ink line. 
         [0137]    Optionally, said ink pump is a peristaltic pump. 
         [0138]    Optionally, said pump is reversible. 
         [0139]    Optionally, said chamber comprises a return port connected to said downstream ink line, and a snorkel extending from said return port to above the ink in said chamber. 
         [0140]    Optionally, said downstream ink line comprises inline filters positioned on either side of said pump. 
         [0141]    Optionally, said ink chamber functions as a pressure-regulating chamber during normal printing, said chamber controlling a hydrostatic pressure of ink supplied to said printhead. 
         [0142]    Optionally, said valve is configured to be closed for at least the duration of said depriming. 
         [0143]    Optionally, the method further comprising the steps of:
       (v) removing said deprimed printhead; and   (vi) replacing said deprimed printhead with a replacement printhead.       
 
         [0146]    Optionally, the method further comprising the step of:
       (vii) priming said replacement printhead by pumping ink from said ink chamber, through said printhead and into said downstream ink line.       
 
         [0148]    In a sixth aspect the present invention provides a pressure-regulating chamber for maintaining ink contained therein at a predetermined first level relative to a printhead, said chamber comprising:
       an inlet port for connection to an ink reservoir via an ink supply line;   an outlet port for connection to an ink inlet of a printhead via an upstream ink line;   an air vent open to atmosphere, said air vent communicating with a headspace above said ink; and   a float valve for maintaining said predetermined first level of ink by controlling a flow of ink into said inlet port, wherein said float valve is biased towards a closed position by a positive ink pressure at said inlet port.       
 
         [0153]    Optionally, said float valve comprises:
       an arm pivotally mounted about a pivot;   a float mounted at one end of said arm; and   a valve stem attached to said arm, said valve stem having a valve head for closure of a valve seat,       
 
         [0157]    wherein said valve seat is positioned at the inlet port of said pressure-regulating chamber. 
         [0158]    Optionally, said valve head comprises an umbrella sealing cap for closure of the valve seat. 
         [0159]    Optionally, an outer surface of a base of said chamber comprises said valve seat. 
         [0160]    Optionally, said float valve is configured such that downward movement of said valve stem towards said base unseats said umbrella cap from said valve seat. 
         [0161]    Optionally, said positive ink pressure at said inlet port urges said umbrella sealing cap against said valve seat. 
         [0162]    Optionally, the positive ink pressure is provided by said ink reservoir positioned above said chamber. 
         [0163]    Optionally, said valve stem is positioned between said pivot and said float. 
         [0164]    Optionally, said inlet port and said outlet port are positioned towards a base of said chamber. 
         [0165]    Optionally, the pressure-regulating chamber comprising a return port positioned at a base of said chamber. 
         [0166]    Optionally, the pressure-regulating chamber comprising a snorkel extending from said return port and terminating at a snorkel outlet positioned above said first level of ink; 
         [0167]    Optionally, the pressure-regulating chamber comprising a roof cavity, and wherein said snorkel has a snorkel outlet positioned in said roof cavity. 
         [0168]    Optionally, said air vent comprises an air-permeable membrane, which is impervious to ink. 
         [0169]    Optionally, said return port comprises an inline ink filter. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
         [0170]      FIG. 1  shows a printhead cartridge installed in a print engine of a printer; 
           [0171]      FIG. 2  shows the print engine without the printhead cartridge installed to expose inlet and outlet ink manifolds; 
           [0172]      FIG. 3  is a perspective of the complete printhead cartridge; 
           [0173]      FIG. 4  shows the printhead cartridge of  FIG. 3  with the protective cover removed; 
           [0174]      FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective of the printhead cartridge shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0175]      FIG. 6  is an exploded perspective of a printhead, which forms part of the printhead cartridge shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
           [0176]      FIG. 7  is a schematic of the fluidics system according to the present invention; 
           [0177]      FIG. 8A  shows a valve arrangement in closed position; and 
           [0178]      FIG. 8B  shows the valve arrangement of  FIG. 8A  in an open position. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
     Print Engine and Printhead Cartridge Overview 
       [0179]      FIG. 1  shows a printhead cartridge  2  installed in a print engine  3 . The print engine  3  is the mechanical heart of a printer which can have many different external casing shapes, ink tank locations and capacities, as well as media feed and collection trays. The printhead cartridge  2  can be inserted in and removed from the print engine  3  enabling periodic replacement. To remove the printhead cartridge  2 , a user lifts a latch  27  and lifts the cartridge out from the print engine  3 .  FIG. 2  shows the print engine  3  with the printhead cartridge  2  removed. 
         [0180]    When inserting the printhead cartridge  2  into the print engine  3 , electrical and fluidic connections are made between the cartridge and the print engine. Contacts  33  on the printhead cartridge  2  (see  FIG. 4 ) engage with complementary contacts (not shown) on the print engine  3 . In addition, an ink inlet manifold  48  and an ink outlet manifold  50  on the printhead cartridge  2  mate with complementary sockets  20  on the print engine  3 . The ink inlet manifold coupling  48  provides a plurality of ink inlets for the printhead cartridge  2 , each corresponding to a different color channel. Likewise, the ink outlet manifold coupling  50  provides a plurality of ink outlets for the printhead cartridge  2 , each corresponding to a different color channel. As will be explained in more detail below, the fluidics system of the present invention typically requires ink to flow through the printhead cartridge  2 , from an ink inlet to an ink outlet, in order to achieve priming and depriming of the printhead. 
         [0181]    Referring again to  FIG. 2 , with the printhead cartridge  2  removed, apertures  22  are revealed in each of the sockets  20 . Each aperture  22  receives a complementary spout  52  and  54  on the inlet and outlet manifolds  48  and  50 , respectively (see  FIG. 5 ). 
         [0182]    Ink is supplied to a rear of an inlet socket  20 B from pressure-regulating chambers  106 , which are usually mounted towards a base of the print engine  3  (see  FIG. 19 ). The pressure-regulating chambers receive ink by gravity from ink tanks  128  mounted elsewhere on the print engine  3 . 
         [0183]    Ink exits from a rear of an outlet socket  20 A, which is connected via conduits to a bubble-bursting box (not shown in  FIG. 2 ). Details of the fluidic system and its components will be described in greater detail below. 
         [0184]      FIG. 3  is a perspective of the complete printhead cartridge  2  removed from the print engine  3 . The printhead cartridge  2  has a top molding  44  and a removable protective cover  42 . The top molding  44  has a central web for structural stiffness and to provide textured grip surfaces  58  for manipulating the cartridge during insertion and removal. A base portion of the protective cover  42  protects printhead ICs  30  and the line of contacts  33  (see  FIG. 4 ) prior to installation in the printer. Caps  56  are integrally formed with the base portion and cover ink inlet spouts  52  and outlet spouts  54  (see  FIG. 5 ). 
         [0185]      FIG. 4  shows the printhead cartridge  2  with its protective cover  42  removed to expose printhead ICs (not shown in  FIG. 4 ) on a bottom surface and the line of contacts  33  on a side surface of the printhead cartridge. The protective cover  42  may be either discarded or fitted to a printhead cartridge being replaced so as to contain any leakage from residual ink. 
         [0186]      FIG. 5  is partially exploded perspective of the printhead cartridge  2 . The top cover molding  44  has been removed to reveal the inlet manifold coupling  48  and the outlet manifold coupling  50 . Inlet and outlet shrouds  46  and  47  have also been removed to expose the five inlet spouts  52  and five outlet spouts  54 . The inlet and outlet spouts  52  and  54  connect with corresponding ink inlets  60  and ink outlets  61  in an LCP cavity molding  72  attached to the inlet and outlet manifolds  48  and  50 . The ink inlets  60  and ink outlets  61  are each in fluid communication with corresponding main channels  24  in an LCP channel molding  68  (see  FIG. 6 ). 
         [0187]    Referring now to  FIG. 6 , the five main channels  24  extend the length of the LCP channel molding  68  and feed into a series of fine channels (not shown) on the underside of the LCP molding  68 . The LCP cavity molding  72 , having a plurality of air cavities  26  defined therein, mates with a topside of the LCP channel molding  68  such that the air cavities fluidically communicate with the main channels  24 . The air cavities  26  serve to dampen shock waves or pressure pulses in ink being supplied along the main channels  24  by compressing air in the cavities. 
         [0188]    A die attach film  66  has one surface bonded to an underside of the LCP channel molding  68  and an opposite surface bonded to a plurality of printhead ICs  30 . A plurality of laser-ablated holes  67  in the film  66  provide fluidic communication between the printhead ICs  30  and the main channels  24 . Further details of the arrangement of the printhead ICs  30 , the film  66  and the LCP channel molding  68  can be found in the US Publication No. 2007/0206056, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. Further details of the inlet manifold  48  and outlet manifold  50  can be found in, for example, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/014,769 filed Jan. 16, 2008, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
         [0189]    Electrical connections to the printhead ICs  30  are provided by a flex PCB  70  which wraps around the LCP moldings  72  and  68 , and connects with wirebonds  64  extending from bond pads (not shown) on each printhead IC  30 . The wirebonds  64  are protected with wirebond protector  62 . As described above, the flex PCB  70  includes the contacts  33 , which connect with complementary contacts in the print engine  3  when the printhead cartridge  2  is installed for use. 
       Fluidics System 
       [0190]    From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the printhead cartridge  2  has a plurality of ink inlets  60  and ink outlets  61 , which can feed ink through main channels  24  in the LCP channel molding  68  to which printhead ICs  30  are attached. The fluidics system, which supplies ink to and from the printhead, will now be described in detail. For the avoidance of doubt, a “printhead” may comprise, for example, the LCP channel molding  68  together with the printhead ICs  30  attached thereto. Thus, any printhead assembly with at least one ink inlet and, optionally, at least one ink outlet may be termed “printhead” herein. 
         [0191]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , there is shown schematically a fluidic system  100  in accordance with the present invention. Relative positioning of each component of the system  100  will be described herein with reference to the schematic drawings. However, it will be appreciated that the exact positioning of each component in the print engine  3  will be a matter of design choice for the person skilled in the art. 
         [0192]    For simplicity, the fluidics system  100  is shown for one color channel. Single color channel printheads are, of course, within the ambit of the present invention. However, the fluidics system  100  is more usually used in connection with a full color inkjet printhead having a plurality of color channels (e.g. five color channels as shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 ). Whilst the following discussion generally relates to one color channel, the skilled person will readily appreciate that multiple color channels may use corresponding fluidics systems. 
       Normal Printing 
       [0193]    Typically, during normal printing, it is necessary to maintain a constant hydrostatic ink pressure in the fluidics system, which is negative relative to atmospheric pressure. A negative hydrostatic ink pressure is necessary to prevent printhead face flooding when printing ceases. Indeed, most commercially available inkjet printheads operate at negative hydrostatic ink pressures, which is usually achieved through the use of a capillary foam in an ink tank. 
         [0194]    In the fluidic system  100 , a pressure-regulating chamber  106  supplies ink  104  to an ink inlet  108  of the printhead via an upstream ink line  134 . The pressure-regulating chamber  106  is positioned below the printhead  102  and maintains a predetermined set level  110  of ink therein. The height h of the printhead  102  above this set level  110  controls the hydrostatic pressure of ink  104  supplied to the printhead. The actual hydrostatic pressure is governed by the well-known equation: p=ρgh, where p is the hydrostatic ink pressure, ρ is the ink density, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the set level  110  of ink relative to the printhead  102 . The printhead  102  is typically positioned at a height of about 10 to 300 mm above the set level  110  of ink, optionally about 50 to 200 mm, optionally about 80 to 150 mm, or optionally about 90 to 120 mm above the set level. 
         [0195]    Gravity provides a very reliable and stable means for controlling the hydrostatic ink pressure. Provided that the set level  110  remains constant, then the hydrostatic ink pressure will also remain constant. 
         [0196]    The pressure-regulating chamber  106  comprises a float valve for maintaining the set level  110  during normal printing. The float valve comprises a lever arm  112 , which is pivotally mounted about a pivot  114  positioned at one of the arm, and a float  116  mounted at the other end of the arm  112 . A valve stem  118  is connected to the arm  112 , between the pivot  114  and the float  116 , to provide a second-class lever. The valve stem  118  has valve head, in the form of an umbrella cap  119 , fixed to a distal end of the valve stem relative to the arm  112 . The valve stem  118  is slidably received in a valve guide so that the umbrella cap  119  can sealingly engage with a valve seat  122 . This valve arrangement controls flow of ink through an inlet port  124  of the pressure-regulating chamber  106 . The inlet port  124  is positioned towards a base of the chamber  106 . 
         [0197]    The set level  110  is determined by the buoyancy of the float  116  in the ink  104  (as well as the position of the chamber  106  relative to the printhead  102 ). The umbrella cap  119  should seal against the seat  122  at the set level  110 , but should unseal upon any downward movement of the float  116  (and thereby the valve stem  118 ). Preferably, there should be minimum hysteresis in the float valve so as to minimize variations in hydrostatic pressure. 
         [0198]    When the float valve is closed, the umbrella cap  119  is urged against the seat  122  (defined by an outer surface of a base of the chamber) by positive ink pressure from the ink reservoir  128 . This positive sealing pressure minimizes any ink leakages from the chamber  106  via the inlet port  124  when the valve is closed.  FIG. 8A  shows the valve in a closed position, with the umbrella cap  119  engaged with the valve seat  122 . 
         [0199]    As ink  104  is drawn from an outlet port  126  of the chamber  106  during normal printing, the float  116  incrementally moves downwards, which unseats the umbrella cap  119  and opens the inlet port  124 , thereby allowing ink to refill the chamber from the ink reservoir  128  positioned above the chamber. In this way, the set level  110  is maintained and the hydrostatic ink pressure in the printhead  102  remains constant.  FIG. 8B  shows the valve in an open position, with the umbrella cap  119  unseated from the valve seat  122 . 
         [0200]    The float  116  preferably occupies a relatively large volume of the chamber  106  so as to provide maximum valve closure force. This closure force is amplified by the lever arm  112 . However, the float  116  should be configured so that it does not touch sidewalls of the chamber  106  so as to avoid sticking. 
         [0201]    Ink  104  is supplied to the pressure-regulating chamber  106  by the ink reservoir  128  positioned at any height above the set level  110 . The ink reservoir  128  is typically a user-replaceable ink tank or ink cartridge, which connects with an ink supply line  130  when installed in the printer. The ink supply line  130  provides fluidic communication between the ink reservoir  128  and the inlet port  124  of the pressure-regulating chamber  106 . 
         [0202]    The ink reservoir  128  vents to atmosphere via a first air vent  132 , which opens into a headspace of the ink reservoir. Accordingly, the ink  104  can simply drain into the pressure-regulating chamber  106  when the float valve opens the inlet port  124 . The vent  132  comprises a hydrophobic serpentine channel  135 , which minimizes ink losses through the vent when the ink cartridge is tipped. The vent  132  may also be covered by a one-time use sealing strip (not shown), which is removed prior to installation of an ink cartridge in the printer. 
         [0203]    The printhead  102  has an ink inlet  108 , which connects to the outlet port  126  via an upstream ink line  134 . The printhead  102  is removable by means of the inlet and outlet couplings  48  and  50 . 
         [0204]    It will be understood that pressure-regulation as described above may be achieved with ‘closed’ printheads having an ink inlet, but no ink outlet. However, for the purposes of priming (described below), the printhead  102  shown in  FIG. 7  also has an ink outlet  136 , which is connected to a downstream ink line  138  via the outlet coupling  50 . The downstream ink line  138  is connected to a return port  152  of the chamber  106  and comprises an inline peristaltic ink pump  140 . The pump  140  divides the downstream ink line into a pump inlet line  149  and a pump outlet line  150 . 
         [0205]    The return port  152  is positioned at the base of the chamber and is connected to a snorkel  160  which extends towards the roof of the chamber above the level of ink  104 . The pump outlet line  150  has an inline filter  154  between the pump  140  and the return port  152 . The chamber  106  and snorkel  160  are configured so that a snorkel outlet  161  is always above the level of ink  104 , even if the level of ink reaches the roof the chamber. For example, the snorkel outlet  161  may be positioned in a roof cavity of the chamber  106 . It will be appreciated that the snorkel  160  may be defined by a channel or cavity in a sidewall of the chamber so as to maximize space inside the chamber  106 . 
         [0206]    During normal printing, the pump  140  is left open and the hydrostatic pressure of ink in the fluidics system  100  is controlled solely by the set level  110  of ink in the pressure-regulating chamber  106 . A second air vent  162  is provided in a roof of the chamber  106 , and communicates with a headspace via an air-permeable membrane  163  (e.g. Goretex®). Since ink  104  in the upstream ink line  134  and the downstream ink line  138  is open to atmosphere via the second air vent  164 , this ink is held at the same hydrostatic pressure. Hence, ink in the snorkel  160  equilibrates at the set level  110  during normal printing when the pump  140  is left open. To this end, it is important that the downstream ink line  138  has a “loop section”  137  which passes below the level of the set level  110 , allowing equilibration of the upstream and downstream sides of the printhead  102  to the set level. The return port  152 , positioned in the base of the pressure-regulating chamber  106 , and the snorkel  160  effectively ensure that this is the case. 
       Dampening of Ink Pressure Surges 
       [0207]    As mentioned above, the printhead  102  is provided with a plurality of air cavities  26 , which are configured to dampen fluidic pressure pulses as ink is supplied to printhead nozzles. Ink pressure surges are problematic in high-speed pagewidth printing and high quality printing is preferably achieved when ink is supplied at a substantially constant hydrostatic pressure. The air cavities  26  are configured and dimensioned to dampen high-frequency pressure pulses in the fluidics system by compressing air trapped in the cavities. 
         [0208]    In order to dampen low-frequency ink pressure pulses, the pump inlet line  149  (which is a section of the downstream ink line  138 ) communicates with an air accumulator  139  having a larger volume than each of the air cavities  26 . Low-frequency ink pressure pulses are dampened by compressing air trapped in the air accumulator  139 . 
         [0209]    The air accumulator  139  may alternatively form part of the printhead  102 , although positioning in the downstream ink line  138  is preferred, since over-dampening in the printhead can adversely affect the ability of the printhead to prime. 
         [0210]    The combination of the air cavities  26  and the air accumulator  139  provides excellent dampening of both high-frequency and low-frequency ink pressure pulses during normal printing. Moreover, the gravity-controlled supply of ink from the pressure-regulating chamber  106  provides a stable and accurate hydrostatic pressure in the fluidics system  100  during printing. 
       Printhead Priming 
       [0211]    Printhead priming may be required after replacement of a printhead  102 , when a printer is first set up, or when a printer has been left idle for long periods. Printhead priming requires ink  104  to be fed into the ink inlet  108  of the printhead  102  via the upstream ink line  134 , through the printhead  102  and out again via the ink outlet  136  connected to the downstream ink line  138 . Once the ink  104  is fed through the main channels  24  in the LCP channel molding  68  of the printhead  102 , the printhead ICs  30  are primed by capillary action. 
         [0212]    Referring to  FIG. 7 , the reversible peristaltic pump is switched on in a forward (i.e. priming direction) so as to pump ink from the outlet port  126 , through the printhead  102  and back to the return port  152 . In this priming configuration, the pump  140  has an arbitrary pump outlet  144  and a pump inlet  146 . Self-evidently, since the pump is reversible, the pump outlet  144  and inlet  146  may be reversed. However, for the sake of clarity, the system  100  is described with reference to the arbitrary pump outlet and inlet designations defined above. 
         [0213]    Pumping is timed and may be continued for a period necessary to fully prime the printhead  102  and/or pump out all air bubbles from the fluidics system  100 . Hence, even if the printhead  102  has already been primed, a priming operation may still be required to eradicate air bubbles, which may have accumulated since the last priming operation (for example, by atmospheric pressure changes, atmospheric temperature fluctuations, printhead cooling etc). It should be noted that recycling of ink via the return port  152  during priming ensures that no ink is wasted, even if ink is pumped through the system for a relatively long period e.g. 5-30 seconds. 
         [0214]    An inline filter  154  is positioned between the return port  152  and the pump outlet  144  to protect the printhead  102  from any potential pump debris during priming. The filter  154  may be a component of the pressure-regulating chamber  106 , as shown schematically in  FIG. 7 . 
         [0215]    When ink  104  is pumped from the chamber  106  to a deprimed printhead, the level of ink  104  in the chamber initially drops as the ink fills up the LCP channels  24  and downstream ink line  138 . When the level of ink in the chamber  106  drops, the float valve opens the inlet port  124 , allowing ink in the chamber to be replenished from the ink reservoir  128  (by analogy with the operation of the float valve during normal printing). Hence, the float valve can maintain the set level  110  during initial priming. After a short period of pumping, equilibrium is reached whereby ink drools from the snorkel outlet  161  at the same rate as ink is being pumped from the outlet port  126 . Since the level of ink in the chamber is at the set level  110 , the inlet port is closed by the float valve once ink begins to flow from the snorkel outlet  161 . Ink may be circulated around the system in this equilibrium state for any period sufficient to ensure removal of air bubbles, and without wasting any ink. 
         [0216]    During priming (or depriming), the ink reservoir  128  is protected from any backflow of ink from the chamber  106  by an inline check-valve  170 . The check valve  170  is positioned in the ink supply line  130  interconnecting the ink reservoir  128  and the inlet port  124 , typically as part of a coupling  172  to the ink reservoir. The check valve  170  allows ink to drain from the ink reservoir  128  into the chamber  106 , but does not allow ink to flow in the opposite direction. 
       Printhead Depriming 
       [0217]    In order to replace a printhead  102 , the old printhead must first be deprimed. Without such depriming, replacement of printheads would be an intolerably messy operation. During depriming, the peristaltic pump  140  is reversed and ink is drawn from the downstream ink line  138 , through the printhead  102 , and back into the pressure-regulating chamber  106  via the outlet port  126 . 
         [0218]    Since the level of ink  104  in the pressure-regulating chamber  106  now rises, the float valve closes the inlet port  124 , thereby isolating the chamber  106  from the ink reservoir  128 . Hence, the float valve not only regulates the hydrostatic ink pressure during normal printing, but also serves to isolate the pressure-regulating chamber  106  from the ink reservoir  128  during depriming. Of course, the pressure-regulating chamber should have sufficient capacity to accommodate the ink received therein during depriming. 
         [0219]    Significantly, there is minimal or no ink wastage during depriming, because ink in the printhead  102  and downstream conduit  138  is all recycled back into the pressure-regulating chamber  106  for re-use. 
         [0220]    A filter system  180  protects the printhead  102  from potential pump debris during depriming. The filter system  180  comprises an inline filter  182  in the pump inlet line  149  and an optional check-valve loop  184 , which ensures ink is forced through the filter  182  during de-priming but not during priming. Hence, any pump debris is confined in the section of the downstream ink line  138  between the two filters  154  and  182 , and cannot therefore contaminate the printhead  102 . 
         [0221]    Once all the ink in the downstream ink line  138 , the printhead  102  and the upstream ink line  134  has been drawn into the pressure-regulating chamber  106 , the pump  140  is switched off. The pump  140  is typically switched off after predetermined period of time (e.g. 2-30 seconds). When the pump is switched off, some ink  104  from the pressure-regulating chamber  106  flows into the upstream line  134  until it equalizes with the level of ink in the chamber  106 . Since, at this stage of depriming, the volume of ink  104  in the pressure-regulating chamber is relatively high, the ink equalizes at a level higher than the set level  110 , and the float valve keeps the inlet port  124  closed. Hence, ink  104  is prevented from draining from the ink reservoir  128  into the upstream ink line  134 , because the float valve isolates the ink reservoir from the chamber  106 . 
         [0222]    After the depriming operation and with the pump is switched off, the printhead  102  may be removed and replaced with a replacement printhead. Since the printhead  102  is drained of ink by the depriming operation, the replacement operation may be performed relatively cleanly. 
         [0223]    Once installed, the replacement (unprimed) printhead may be primed by the priming operation described above. 
         [0224]    It will, of course, be appreciated that the present invention has been described purely by way of example and that modifications of detail may be made within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the accompanying claims.