PATENT ABSTRACT
A one-dimensional circulating switch may be defined by connections between several switch modules and one or more temporal cyclic rotators. Where a switch module that is part of a first one-dimensional circulating switch is also connected one or more temporal cyclic rotators that define a second one-dimensional circulating switch, a two-dimensional circulating switch is formed. A two-dimensional circulating switch is flexible and may scale to capacities ranging from a few gigabits per second to multiple Petabits per second.

PATENT DESCRIPTION
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
       [0001]    The present application is a continuation application of prior divisional application Ser. No. 13/396,974, filed Feb. 15, 2012, which claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/547,934 filed Aug. 26, 2009, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,130,753, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/025,077 filed Dec. 30, 2004, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,602,771, which claims the benefit of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/780,557 filed Feb. 19, 2004, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,556; each of the applications are being incorporated herein by reference. 
     
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
       [0002]    The present invention relates to multi-service switches and, more particularly, to the architecture and control of a two-dimensional switch that employs temporal cyclic rotators. 
       BACKGROUND 
       [0003]    Switch design has received a significant attention and a large variety of switch architecture alternatives has been developed over several decades. Most structures reported in the literature, or used in practice, fall under one of two categories. The first is the multi-stage family of switches and the second is the time-multiplexed space-switch-based family of switches. 
         [0004]    Several switch elements may be interconnected to create a modular switch having a capacity that is higher than the capacity of any of the constituent switch elements. A switch element may qualify as a building unit of a modular switch if it is internally contention free. A common-memory switch is an example of a contention-free switch. The ratio of the access capacity of the modular switch to the access capacity of the largest constituent switch element may be called the capacity gain. By necessity, the capacity of each constituent switch element may be considered to be divided into an access capacity and an inner capacity, where the access capacity (also called throughput) is the capacity available to users of the modular switch and the inner capacity is the capacity used for interconnection to other switch elements. A measure of the efficiency of a modular switch may be derived as the ratio of the aggregate access capacity of all constituent switch elements to the total capacity of all constituent switch elements. By these definitions, the efficiency of a single switch element is 1.0 and the capacity gain, G, of a single switch element is 1.0. 
         [0005]    One of the popular modular structures is the multi-stage structure known as the Clos network, which comprises an odd number of stages (3, 5, 7, etc.), where a path from any ingress port to any egress port traverses a switch element in each stage. The ultimate capacity of a multi-stage Clos structure is determined by the number of stages and the sizes of its switch elements. The multi-stage Clos-type structure is usually limited to three stages. To reduce or eliminate internal blocking in a three-stage Clos switch, the inner side of each of the first and third switch elements is required to have a higher capacity than the corresponding outer side. With k denoting the number of ingress ports of a first-stage switch element or the number of egress ports of a third-stage switch element, switch elements of dimension N×N each would be used in the middle stage, where N is selected to be larger than k in order to provide an internal expansion to reduce internal blocking caused by misalignment of free channels; all ports in all switch elements are considered to be of equal capacity, e.g., 10 Gigabits per second (Gb/s) each. Switch elements of dimension k×N each would be used in the first stage, and switch elements of dimension N×k each would be used in the third stage. The dimension of the three-stage Clos switch is then (k×N)×(k×N), its capacity is k×N×R, where R is the rated capacity, in bits per second, of each ingress port or egress port. The capacity gain equals k and the efficiency E equals k/(k+2×N). In a data Clos switch, each of the switch elements may have a common-memory structure. 
         [0006]    In order to realize a multi-stage switch of large dimension, switch elements of a relatively large dimension would be required. For example, to realize a switch of 8192×8192 using a three-stage structure, non-blocking switch elements of dimension 128×128 would be required. 
         [0007]    A high-capacity switch that may use switch elements of relatively smaller dimensions can be realized using a space switch to interconnect the switch elements. A conventional time-multiplexed space switch using input buffers, and usually output buffers, may provide high scalability. Each input buffer may be paired with an output buffer and each paired input and output buffers may be included in an input/output module. The scalability of a conventional time-multiplexed space switch is determined by two factors. The first factor, and the more severe of the two, is the scheduling effort, which is traditionally based on arbitration among input ports vying for the same output port. The second factor is the quadratic fabric complexity of the space switch where structural complexity increases with the square of the number of ports. The capacity gain is determined by the dimension of the space switch and the dimension of an input/output module. Input/output modules each having multiple ports may connect to multiple space switches operating in parallel. 
         [0008]    The capability and efficiency of a switching network are determined primarily by its switches and, because of this pivotal role of the switches, switch design continues to attract significant attention. It is desirable to construct modular large-scale switches using switch modules of a relatively small dimension in order to suit a variety of deployment conditions. Modular switches that scale from a moderate capacity, of 160 gigabits per second (Gb/s) having a dimension of 16×16 with 10 Gb/s input or output channels, to a high capacity of hundreds of terabits per second (Tb/s) having a dimension exceeding 16384×16384, using non-blocking switch elements each of a relatively small dimension (not exceeding 8×8, for example) would significantly facilitate the construction of efficient high-capacity networks of global coverage. 
       SUMMARY 
       [0009]    A one-dimensional circulating switch may be defined by connection between several switch modules and one or more temporal cyclic rotators. Where a switch module that is part of a first one-dimensional circulating switch is also connected to one or more temporal cyclic rotators that define a second one-dimensional circulating switch, a two-dimensional circulating switch is formed. 
         [0010]    Advantageously, the two-dimensional circulating switch may be considered scalable up to multiple Petabits per second, using medium-capacity switch modules. Additionally, the two-dimensional circulating switch may be considered robust in that it continues to function under partial component failure. Further advantageously, the capacity of the two-dimensional circulating switch may be expanded without service interruption. Still further, the two-dimensional circulating switch may be adapted to handle many different services, including those services characterized by packets, bursts, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) frames, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) frames, channels, etc. 
         [0011]    In accordance with an aspect of the present invention there is provided a two-dimensional circulating switch. The two-dimensional circulating switch includes a plurality of switch modules, a first plurality of rotors and a second plurality of rotors. Each switch module of the plurality of switch modules is: connected to a first rotor from among the first plurality of rotors by a first link and connected to a second rotor from among the second plurality of rotors by a second link. Any two switch modules among the plurality of switch modules connected to a common rotor in the first plurality of rotors connect to different rotors in the second plurality of rotors. Each rotor in the first plurality of rotors is connected to at least as many switch modules in the plurality of switch modules as there are rotors in the second plurality of rotors. 
         [0012]    In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is provided a two-dimensional circulating switch. The two-dimensional circulating switch includes a plurality of primary one-dimensional circulating switches, each primary one-dimensional circulating switch of the plurality of primary one-dimensional circulating switches including at least two switch modules, selected from among a plurality of switch modules, interconnected by a rotor selected from among a plurality of rotors and a plurality of secondary one-dimensional circulating switches, each secondary one-dimensional circulating switch of the plurality of secondary one-dimensional circulating switches including at least two switch modules, selected from among the plurality of switch modules, interconnected by a rotor selected from among the plurality of rotors. Each primary one-dimensional circulating switch includes a switch module included in each secondary one-dimensional circulating switch. 
         [0013]    In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of scheduling a connection from a source switch module to a destination switch module, in a two-dimensional circulating switch having a plurality of rotators and a plurality of switch modules arranged into a first number of primary one-dimensional circulating switches and a second number of secondary one-dimensional circulating switches, where each primary one-dimensional circulating switch includes a switch module from each secondary one-dimensional circulating switch. Where said source switch module and said destination switch module belong to different primary one-dimensional circulating switches and different secondary one-dimension circulating switches, the method includes designating a set of routes from the source switch module to the destination switch module, each route in the set of routes traversing at least two paths, each path traversing one rotator from among the plurality of rotators, and performing a vacancy-matching process for successive paths in at least one route in the set of routes. 
         [0014]    Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. 
     
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         [0015]    In the figures which illustrate example embodiments of this invention: 
           [0016]      FIG. 1  illustrates the architecture of a one-dimensional circulating switch using a single rotator and four switch modules; 
           [0017]      FIG. 2  illustrates the architecture of a one-dimensional circulating switch using two rotators and five switch modules; 
           [0018]      FIG. 3  illustrates, in a concise representation, the one-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 2 ; 
           [0019]      FIG. 4  illustrates a configuration of a two-dimensional circulating switch comprising ten rotors and twenty-five switch modules, where the rotors are arranged in a first group of five rotors and a second group of five rotors, and each switch module connects to a rotor in the first group of rotors and a rotor in the second group of rotors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0020]      FIG. 5  illustrates a two-dimensional circulating switch wherein switch modules are arranged in five primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switches and five secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switches and wherein each switch module is part of one of the primary one-dimensional circulating switches and one of the secondary one-dimensional circulating switches according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0021]      FIG. 6  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 , wherein connectivity between a selected switch module and corresponding rotators is illustrated; 
           [0022]      FIG. 7  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 , indicating a representative path set and actual paths between two switch modules; 
           [0023]      FIG. 8  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 , showing two routes between two switch modules, where each of the two routes traverses two paths according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0024]      FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 , wherein three routes between two switch modules are shown, where each of the three routes traverses three paths according to an embodiment of the present invention, and a first path in each route is made through a primary one-dimensional circulating switch; 
           [0025]      FIG. 10  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 , wherein three routes between two switch modules are shown, where each of the three routes traverses three paths according to an embodiment of the present invention, and a first path in each route is made through a secondary one-dimensional circulating switch; 
           [0026]      FIG. 11  illustrates the organization of a shared memory in a switch module in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0027]      FIG. 12  illustrates a connection traversing two rotators, hence two paths, in a two-dimensional circulating switch where the two paths are decoupled (temporally-independent); 
           [0028]      FIG. 13  illustrates a connection traversing three rotators, hence three paths, in a two-dimensional circulating switch where the three paths are decoupled (temporally independent); 
           [0029]      FIG. 14  illustrates a connection traversing two rotators, hence two paths, in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5  where each switch module includes a shared memory of the type illustrated in  FIG. 11  and the two paths are temporally coupled, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0030]      FIG. 15  illustrates a connection traversing three rotators, hence three paths, in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5  where each switch module includes a shared memory of the type illustrated in  FIG. 11  and the paths are temporally coupled, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0031]      FIG. 16  illustrates exemplary connectivity tables of rotators for use in defining paths between switch modules in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0032]      FIG. 17  illustrates exemplary connectivity tables for two rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0033]      FIG. 18  illustrates further exemplary connectivity tables for two rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0034]      FIG. 19  illustrates even further exemplary connectivity tables for two rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0035]      FIG. 20  illustrates still further exemplary connectivity tables for two rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0036]      FIG. 21  illustrates exemplary connectivity tables for three rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0037]      FIG. 22  illustrates further exemplary connectivity tables for three rotators in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0038]      FIG. 23  illustrates an exemplary master controller for the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0039]      FIG. 24  illustrates exemplary rotator connectivity matrices for two rotators of opposite rotation directions in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0040]      FIG. 25  illustrates an exemplary availability matrix for a rotator in the two-dimensional circulating switch of  FIG. 5 ; 
           [0041]      FIG. 26  illustrates steps in an exemplary method of scheduling a connection of a specified flow rate in a two-dimensional circulating switch of the type illustrated in  FIG. 5 , according to an embodiment of the present invention; 
           [0042]      FIG. 27  illustrates steps in a first-order vacancy-matching process as part of the method of  FIG. 26 , according to an embodiment of the present invention; and 
           [0043]      FIG. 28  illustrates steps in a second-order vacancy-matching process as part of the method of  FIG. 26 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
       
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       [0044]      FIG. 1  illustrates a one-dimensional circulating switch  100  having plurality of switch modules including a first switch module  122 A, a second switch module  122 B, a third switch module  122 C and a fourth switch module  122 D (collectively or individually  122 ). Each switch module  122  incorporates an ingress switch module and an egress switch module (not individually illustrated). Each switch module  122  cyclically accesses each other switch module  122  during an access phase of a predefined duration in a rotation cycle. A rotator  120  may be used to cyclically interconnect switch modules  122 . The inlet ports of the rotator  120  are labeled a, b, c, and d and the outlet ports are labeled A, B, C, and D. The rotation cycle of a rotator is defined herein as a period of time during which the rotator connects each of its inlet ports to each of its outlet ports according to a predetermined inlet-outlet connectivity pattern. A rotation cycle includes an integer number of access phases. An access phase is also called a rotation phase. Hereinafter, an inlet port of a rotator is referenced as an inlet and an outlet port is referenced as an outlet for brevity. 
         [0045]    The first switch module  122 A is electronic-based and receives data from data traffic sources through an ingress link  112 A, delivers data to subtending data traffic sinks through an egress link  114 A, and connects to the rotator  120  through an inbound channel  116 A and an outbound channel  118 A. Similarly, each of the other switch modules  122 B,  122 C,  122 D is also electronic-based and receives data from data traffic sources through a corresponding ingress link  112 B,  112 C,  112 D, delivers data to subtending data traffic sinks through a corresponding egress link  114 B,  114 C,  114 D and connects to the rotator  120  through a corresponding inbound channel  116 B,  116 C,  116 D and a corresponding outbound channel  118 B,  118 C,  118 D. 
         [0046]    The rotator  120  may have either an electronic fabric or a photonic fabric. A rotator having a photonic fabric requires Electrical-to-Optical (O-E) and Optical-to-Electrical (E-O) interfaces (not illustrated) to interface with links  116  and  118 . Such interfaces may be placed at respective switch-module ports or at ports of the photonic fabric. The rotator  120 , which functions as a temporal cyclic connector is also referenced hereinafter as a temporal cyclical rotator. The rotator  120  is a passive, memoryless device that provides cyclic interconnection from an inlet (a, b, c, d) to an outlet (A, B, C, D), according to a predefined inlet-outlet connectivity pattern over a predefined rotation cycle. Although  FIG. 1  illustrates only four switch modules  122 , it is understood that the number of switch modules  122  is physically limited by the number of dual ports on the rotator  120  (a dual port comprising an inlet port and an outlet port) and operationally limited by a systematic transit delay which increases with the number of switch modules  122  as will be described below. The systematic transit delay in the one-dimensional circulating switch  100  is determined by the connectivity of a source switch module and destination switch module to a rotator and is independent of the path taken. 
         [0047]    Although  FIG. 1  illustrates a single rotator  120 , a circulating switch  100  may include an array of rotators operating in parallel, with each inbound link  116 A having multiple channels each connecting to an inbound port of switch module  122 A, and each outbound links  118 A having multiple channels each connecting to an outbound port of switch module  122 A. Likewise, each of inbound links  116 B,  116 C, and  116 D has multiple channels each connecting to inbounds ports of switch modules  122 B,  122 C, and  122 D, respectively, and each of outbound links  118 B,  118 C, and  118 D may have multiple channels, each channel connecting to outbound ports of switch modules  122 B,  122 C, and  122 D, respectively. An array of rotators operating in parallel is herein synonymously referenced as a “rotator assembly” or simply a rotor. 
         [0048]    An electronic rotator can be constructed to have a relatively large number of dual rotator ports, 16,364, for example. However, delay constraints would limit the number of dual ports to a number of the order of 2,048. The need for a high-capacity rotator to construct a high-capacity switch is eliminated by providing parallel paths for each switch-module pair using a rotor comprising parallel rotators. The parallel rotators preferably have different rotation-phase offsets in order to reduce the mean value of the systematic transit delay as described in the above referenced U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557. In the two-dimensional circulating switch of the present invention, which will be described hereinafter with reference to  FIG. 5 , numerous multiple paths are provided through a lattice structure as will be described with reference to  FIGS. 6 to 10 . 
         [0049]    As described above, the inlet-outlet connectivity of a rotator is maintained during each rotation phase of the rotation cycle, where a rotation phase is a period of time during which a rotator maintains a particular inlet-outlet connectivity. For example, a particular rotation cycle may include: a first rotation phase in which inlet ‘a’ is connected to outlet ‘A’, inlet ‘b’ is connected to outlet ‘B’, inlet ‘c’ is connected to outlet ‘C’ and inlet ‘d’ is connected to outlet D′; a second rotation phase in which inlet ‘a’ is connected to outlet ‘B’, inlet ‘b’ is connected to outlet ‘C’, inlet ‘c’ is connected to outlet ‘ID’ and inlet ‘d’ is connected to outlet ‘A’; a third rotation phase in which inlet ‘a’ is connected to outlet ‘C’, inlet ‘b’ is connected to outlet D′, inlet ‘c’ is connected to outlet ‘A’ and inlet ‘d’ is connected to outlet ‘B’; and a fourth rotation phase in which inlet ‘a’ is connected to outlet D′, inlet ‘b’ is connected to outlet ‘A’, inlet ‘c’ is connected to outlet ‘B’ and inlet ‘d’ is connected to outlet ‘C’. 
         [0050]      FIG. 2  illustrates, in a simplified representation, a one-dimensional circulating switch  200  having a rotor including a first rotator  220 X and a second rotator  220 Y. Advantageously, the second rotator  220 Y may be arranged to have a direction of rotation (i.e., a direction of stepping through the phases of a rotation cycle) opposite to the direction of rotation of the first rotator  220 X. In such a case, the second rotator  220 Y is described as being “complementary” to the first rotator  220 X, and vice versa. Where the first rotator  220 X is called a clockwise rotator  220 X, the second (complementary) rotator  220 Y may be called a counterclockwise rotator  220 Y. The extended one-dimensional circulating switch  200  includes a first switch module  222 A, a second switch module  222 B, a third switch module  222 C, a fourth switch module  222 D and a fifth switch module  222 E (collectively or individually  222 ). 
         [0051]    The channels to a switch module  222  from subtending data sources and to subtending data sinks from the switch module  222  are represented as combined into an external dual channel  216 A,  216 B,  216 C,  216 D,  216 E corresponding to each of the switch modules  222 . The inbound channels from the clockwise rotator  220 X to the switch modules  222  and outbound channels from the switch modules  222  to clockwise rotator  220 X are represented as combined into a first internal dual channel  226 A,  226 B,  226 C,  226 D,  226 E corresponding to each of the switch modules  222 . Likewise, the inbound channels from the counterclockwise rotator  220 Y to the switch modules  222  and the outbound channels from the switch modules  222  to the clockwise rotator  220 Y are represented as combined into a second internal dual channel  236 A,  236 B,  236 C,  236 D,  236 E corresponding to each of the switch modules  222 . 
         [0052]    As will become clear in the following, in a common memory device provided in each switch module  222 , there may be a transit section corresponding to each of the two rotators  220 X,  220 Y. Data received at the first switch module  222 A for transfer to the second switch module  222 B through the first rotator  220 X may be written to a corresponding first transit section in the common memory of the first switch module  222 A. Likewise, data to be transferred through the second rotator  220 Y may be written in a corresponding second transit section in the common memory of the first switch module  222 A. However, data read out from the first transit section may be transferred through the second rotator  220 Y, and vice versa. It can be shown that the connection of the first switch module  222 A to the second switch module  222 B through an intermediate switch module (say, the third switch module  222 C) and traversing the complementary rotators  220 X,  220 Y results in a desirable fixed delay that is specific to each directed switch module pair (a source switch module and a destination switch module) independent of the intermediate switch module. 
         [0053]    Control of the one-dimensional switch module  200  is provided by a master controller  240  communicatively connected to a predetermined switch module  222 E dedicated for the purpose of transferring control instructions to the other switch modules  222 , via the rotators  220 . Each switch module  222  is provided with a module controller (not illustrated) which is communicatively coupled to the master controller  240  and maintains a connectivity-pattern matrix for each of rotators  220 . 
         [0054]    In particular, the clockwise rotator  220 X and the counterclockwise rotator  220 Y are illustrated at the left and right ends, respectively, of an array of the switch modules  222 . The first internal dual channels  226  connect each of the switch modules  222  to the clockwise rotator  220 X and the second internal dual channels  236  connect each of the switch modules  222  to the counterclockwise rotator  220 Y. 
         [0055]    The external dual channels  216 A,  216 B,  216 C,  216 D,  216 E corresponding to each of the switch modules  222 , connect the switch modules  222  to subtending data sources and to subtending data sinks. Furthermore, the master controller  240  is communicatively connected to the predetermined switch module  222 E. 
         [0056]    The arrayed representation of the one-dimensional circulating switch  200  in  FIG. 2  is concisely represented in  FIG. 3  to remove the explicit connections between the switch modules  222  and the rotators  220 X,  220 Y. It is understood that each of the switch modules  222 A,  222 B,  222 C,  222 D, and  222 E has a channel to an inlet of rotator  220 X, a channel from an outlet of rotator  220 X, a channel to an inlet of rotator  220 Y, and a channel from an outlet of rotator  220 Y. 
         [0057]      FIG. 4  illustrates a two-dimensional circulating switch  400  comprising ten rotors  430 - 0  to  430 - 9  (collectively or individually  430 ) and  25  switch modules  422 . Each rotor  430  may include an array of rotators such as the rotators  220 X,  220 Y of  FIG. 2  (not individually illustrated in  FIG. 4 ). As illustrated, each rotor  430  has a dual link to each of a subset of switch modules  422 . A rotor comprises at least one rotator each rotator having a number of input ports and an equal number of output ports and the input-output connectivity may follow either of two directions; clockwise or counterclockwise. When a rotor  430  has two or more rotators, the rotator may have different rotation shifts and different rotation directions. Each rotor  430  is associated with a subset of switch modules  430  and has a dual link to each switch module  430  in the associated subset of switch modules; the dual link includes a dual channel from each rotator in the rotor. 
         [0058]    The rotors  430  are arranged in the two-dimensional circulating switch  400  of  FIG. 4  such that they are divided among two groups: a first rotor group  434 - 1 ; and a second rotor group  434 - 2 . The first rotor group  434 - 1  includes five rotors  430 - 0 ,  430 - 1 ,  430 - 2 ,  430 - 3 ,  430 - 4  and the second rotor group  434 - 2  includes the other five rotors  430 - 5 ,  430 - 6 ,  430 - 7 ,  430 - 8 ,  430 - 9 . There are 25 switch modules  422  in the example of  FIG. 4 . Each switch module  422  has a dual link  452  to a rotor  430  in the first rotor group  434 - 1  and a dual link  454  to a rotor  430  in the second rotor group  434 - 2 . So that a dual link need not be illustrated for each of the 25 switch modules, a switch module  422  connecting to a rotor  430 - x  in the first rotor group  434 - 1  and a rotor  430 - y  in the second rotor group  434 - 2  is identified in  FIG. 4  as  430 - xy.    
         [0059]    The switch of  FIG. 4  is arranged such that any two switch modules  422  that connect to a common rotor  430  in the first rotor group  434 - 1  connect to different rotors in the second rotor group  434 - 2  and vice versa. Each rotor  430  in the first rotor group  434 - 1  connects to five switch modules  422  and each rotor  430  in the second rotor group  434 - 2  connects to five switch modules  422 . A rotor  430  in the second rotor group  434 - 2  and its five associated switch modules  422  form a one-dimensional circulating switch as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557. Likewise, a rotor  430  in the first rotor group  434 - 1  and its five associated switch modules  422  form a one-dimensional circulating switch. Thus, each switch module is a member of two one-dimensional circulating switches. 
         [0060]      FIG. 5  illustrates a two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5  having a uniform arrangement, but otherwise having the same structure of the two-dimensional circulating switch  400  of  FIG. 4 . In the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 , a plurality of switch modules  522  is arranged in five “primary”, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switches  532  and five “secondary”, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switches  534 , wherein each switch module  522  is part of one of the primary one-dimensional circulating switches  532  and one of the secondary one-dimensional circulating switches  534 . 
         [0061]    A first primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 0  includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 0 ,  522 B 0 ,  522 C 0 ,  522 D 0 ,  522 E 0 , a corresponding primary clockwise rotator  520 X 0  and a corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 0 . 
         [0062]    A second primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1  includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 1 ,  522 B 1 ,  522 C 1 ,  522 D 1 ,  522 E 1 , a corresponding primary clockwise rotator  520 X 1  and a corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 1 . 
         [0063]    A third primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 2  includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 2 ,  522 B 2 ,  522 C 2 ,  522 D 2 ,  522 E 2 , a corresponding primary clockwise rotator  520 X 2  and a corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 2 . 
         [0064]    A fourth primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 3  includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 3 ,  522 B 3 ,  522 C 3 ,  522 D 3 ,  522 E 3 , a corresponding primary clockwise rotator  520 X 3  and a corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 3 . 
         [0065]    A fifth primary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 4  includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 4 ,  522 B 4 ,  522 C 4 ,  522 D 4 ,  522 E 4 , a corresponding primary clockwise rotator  520 X 4  and a corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 4 . 
         [0066]    A first secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 A includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 A 0 ,  522 A 1 ,  522 A 2 ,  522 A 3 ,  522 A 4 , a corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XA and a corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YA. 
         [0067]    A second secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 B includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 B 0 ,  522 B 1 ,  522 B 2 ,  522 B 3 ,  522 B 4 , a corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XB and a corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YB. 
         [0068]    A third secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 C includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 C 0 ,  522 C 1 ,  522 C 2 ,  522 C 3 ,  522 C 4 , a corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XC and a corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YC. 
         [0069]    A fourth secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 D includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 D 0 ,  522 D 1 ,  522 D 2 ,  522 D 3 ,  522 D 4 , a corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XD and a corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YD. 
         [0070]    A fifth secondary, concisely represented, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 E includes a set of similarly indexed switch modules  522 E 0 ,  522 E 1 ,  522 E 2 ,  522 E 3 ,  522 E 4 , a corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XE and a corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YE. 
         [0071]    Control of the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  is provided by a master controller  540  communicatively connected to a predetermined switch module  522 E 4  dedicated for the purpose of transferring control instructions to the other switch modules  522 , via the rotators  520 . As will be apparent, master controller  540  may be associated with any other switch module  522 . Each switch module  522  has a module controller (not illustrated) which stores a rotator-connectivity matrix, to be described with reference to  FIG. 24 , corresponding to each rotator  520  with which the switch module is associated. Each module controller is communicatively coupled to the master controller  540 . 
         [0072]    An example of the connections maintained by each of the switch modules  522  in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  is illustrated in  FIG. 6  to include a first internal dual channel  626 D 1  connecting the switch module  522 D 1  to the corresponding horizontal clockwise rotator  520 X 1  and a second internal dual channel  636 D 1  connecting the switch module  522 D 1  to the corresponding primary counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 1 . Similarly, a first internal dual channel  626 DD connects the switch module  522 D 1  to the corresponding secondary clockwise rotator  520 XD and a second internal dual channel  636 DD connects the switch module  522 D 1  to the corresponding secondary counterclockwise rotator  520 YD. 
         [0073]      FIG. 7  illustrates a connection within a primary one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1 . A source switch module,  522 A 1  for example, receives data streams from subtending data traffic sources and organizes the received data streams into data segments. A destination switch module,  522 C 1  for example, may be determined based on a data traffic sink associated with one or more of the data segments formed from the received data streams. 
         [0074]    Since the destination switch module  522 C 1  and the source switch module  522 A 1  are part of a common, primary, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1 , the transfer of data takes place either directly or through intermediate switch modules  522  within the one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1  as detailed in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557. Direct transfer may take place in two rotation phases of the rotation cycle. A direct transfer of data segments from the source switch module  522 A 1  to the destination switch module  522 C 1  is represented by direct zero-order path-set  705 , between the source switch module  522 A 1  and the destination switch module  522 C 1 . Direct path-set  705  includes a path through the clockwise rotator  522 X 1  and a path through the counterclockwise rotator  522 Y 1 . 
         [0075]    In one rotation phase of the rotation cycle associated with a rotator  520 X 1  of the common, primary, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1 , a data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with the destination switch module  522 C 1  may be transmitted, by the source switch module  522 A 1 , to the selected rotator  520 X 1  (on path  701 ) through which the data segment passes directly on the way to the destination switch module  522 C 1  (on path  702 ). 
         [0076]    Similarly, in one rotation phase of the rotation cycle associated with a rotator  520 Y 1  of the common, primary, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 1 , a data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with the destination switch module  522 C 1  may be transmitted, by the source switch module  522 A 1 , to the selected rotator  520 Y 1  (on path  703 ) through which the data segment passes directly on the way to the destination switch module  522 C 1  (on path  704 ). 
         [0077]    As described, there are two zero-order routes from switch module  522 A 1  to switch module  522 C 1 , one route traversing paths  701  and  702  and the other route traversing paths  703  and  704 . The number of zero-order routes, each traversing one rotator  520 , from a first switch module  522  to a second switch module  522  where the first and second switch modules belong to a common one-dimensional circulating switch (primary or secondary) equals the number of rotators associated with the common one-dimensional circulating switch. The zero-order routes for each directed switch-module pair having a common one-dimensional circulating switch ( 532  or  534 ) may be sorted according to their systematic transit delay. 
         [0078]      FIG. 8  illustrates a case where the source switch module (say, switch module  522 B 2 ) and the destination switch module (say, switch module  522 E 4 ) are not part of a common one-dimensional circulating switch (either secondary or primary). In a specific rotation phase of the rotation cycle associated with a selected rotator of the primary, one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 2  to which the source switch module  522 B 2  belongs, a data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with the destination switch module  522 E 4  may be transmitted, by the source switch module  522 B 2 , directly through a selected rotator to an intermediate switch module  522 E 2  belonging to the one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 2  using one of two paths in path-set  801 ; one of the two paths traverses rotator  420 X 2  and the other traverses rotator  520 Y 2 . 
         [0079]    Intermediate switch module  522 E 2  and destination switch module  522 E 4  belong to secondary one-dimensional circulating switch  534 E which includes rotators  520 XE and  520 YE. In a rotation phase, following the above specific rotation phase, intermediate switch module  522 E 2  may directly transmit to destination switch module  522 E 4  the data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with switch module  522 E 4  through either a path traversing rotator  520 XE or a path traversing rotator  520 YE (i.e., path-set  802 ). 
         [0080]    Alternatively, in a particular rotation phase of the rotation cycle associated with a selected rotator of the secondary, one-dimensional circulating switch  534 B of which the source switch module  522 B 2  is a part, a data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with the destination switch module  522 E 4  may be transmitted, by the source switch module  522 B 2 , directly through the selected rotator to an alternative intermediate switch module  522 B 4  (path-set  803 ). 
         [0081]    Intermediate switch module  522 B 4  and destination switch module  522 E 4  belong to primary one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - 4  which includes rotators  520 X 4  and  520 Y 4 . In a rotation phase, following the above particular rotation phase, intermediate switch module  522 B 4  may directly transmit to destination switch module  522 E 4  the data segment destined for a data traffic sink associated with switch module  522 E 4  through either rotator  520 X 4  or rotator  520 Y 4  (path-set  804 ). 
         [0082]    Each of path-sets  801 ,  802 ,  803 , and  804  includes two paths, one through each of the two rotators of a one-dimensional circulating switch  532  or  534 . Thus, the total number of intersecting first-order routes between the source switch module  522 B 2  and the destination switch module  522 E 4  is eight and the number of non-intersecting first-order routes is four. The number of first-order routes in a first-order route set for a directed switch-module pair (a directed switch-module pair is defined by a source switch module and a destination switch module) is determined by the number of rotators in the rotors traversed by the first-order route set. For example, if each rotor has four rotators, the number of intersecting first-order routes in a first-order route set for a directed switch-module pair belonging to different primary circulating switches  532  and different secondary switch modules  534  would be 32 and the number of non-intersecting first-order routes would be eight. The first-order routes for each directed switch-module pair may be sorted according to their associated systematic transit delay to facilitate connection scheduling. 
         [0083]    The number of non-intersecting first-order routes from a source switch module  522  to a destination switch module  522  belonging to a common one-dimensional circulating switch (primary or secondary) having ν&gt;2 switch modules  522  and χ rotators is χ×(ν−2). In the configuration of  FIG. 5 , χ=2 and ν=5, yielding six non-intersecting first-order routes. 
         [0084]    When data segments are transferred in a two-dimensional circulating switch  500  using a single intermediate switch module, a “first-order temporal matching” process, also called a first-order vacancy-matching process, may be used to determine available rotation phases along a path from the source switch module to an intermediate switch module and a path from the intermediate switch module to the destination switch module. In the example of  FIG. 8 , a first-order temporal matching process allocates a free rotation phase (access phase) along a path in path set  801  and a corresponding rotation phase along a path in path set  802 . Alternatively, the first-order temporal matching process may allocate a free rotation phase along a path in path set  803  and a corresponding rotation phase along path  804 . It is noted that path set  801  comprises a path from switch module  522 B 2  to switch module  522 E 2  traversing rotator  520 X 2  and a path from switch module  522 B 2  to switch module  522 E 2  traversing rotator  520 Y 2 . Likewise, path set  802  comprises two paths from switch module  522 E 2  to switch module  522 E 4  one path traversing rotator  520 XE and the other path traversing switch module  520 YE. Similarly, path set  803  includes paths traversing rotators  520 XB and  520 YB and path set  804  includes paths traversing rotators  520 X 4  and  520 Y 4 . 
         [0085]      FIG. 9  illustrates a simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 , wherein data segments are transferred in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  using two intermediate switch modules.  FIG. 10  illustrates another simplified view of the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 , wherein data segments are transferred in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  using two intermediate switch modules. In the examples of  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 , the source switch module is  522 B 2  and the sink (destination) switch module is  522 E 4 . 
         [0086]    When data segments are transferred in a two-dimensional circulating switch  500  using two intermediate switch modules, a “second-order temporal matching” (a second-order vacancy matching) process may be used to determine available rotation phases along a path from the source switch module to a first intermediate switch module, a path from the first intermediate switch module to a second intermediate switch module, and a path from the second intermediate switch module to the destination switch module. In the example of  FIG. 9 , a second-order temporal matching process may allocate a free rotation phase (access phase) along a path in path set  901  to switch module  522 D 2 , a corresponding rotation phase along a path in path set  902  from switch module  522 D 2  to switch module  522 D 4 , and a corresponding rotation phase along a path in path set  903  from switch module  522 D 4  to destination switch module  522 E 4 . Several other routes from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4 , each traversing two intermediate switch modules, may be considered. In a two-dimensional structure  500  having m&gt;2 rows and n&gt;2 columns (i.e., m primary one-dimensional circulating switches  532  and n secondary two-dimensional circulating switches  534 ), there are, between a source switch module and a destination switch module belonging to different rows and columns, two first-order route sets each traversing a single intermediate switch module and (m+n−4) second order route sets each traversing two intermediate switch modules. There are eight second-order routes for each of the (m+n−4) second order route sets. Thus, in the example of  FIG. 5 , where m=n=5, there are six second-order route sets each including eight intersecting routes to a total of 48 routes per switch-module pair. Each path in a route is present during a respective rotation phase in the rotation cycle. The number of non-intersecting second-order routes is 12. 
         [0087]    It is important to note that a first-order temporal-matching process (a first-order vacancy-matching process) requires comparing two occupancy states while a second-order vacancy-matching process requires comparing three occupancy states. First-order matching and second-order matching will be discussed in further detail below. 
         [0088]    A rotation cycle preferably includes a number of rotation phases equal to the number of switch modules  522  minus one. There is no need to have any switch module  522  connect to itself through a rotator because each switch module  522  is considered to have a common memory shared by all inputs and all outputs of the switch module. 
         [0089]      FIG. 11  illustrates the organization of a shared data memory in a switch module  522  ( FIG. 5 ). The data memory is logically divided into three sections. A first section  1102 , called a shipping section, is used for storing data received directly from data sources. A second section  1104 , called a transit section, is used for storing data in transit for switching to other switch modules from among the plurality of switch modules. The second section  1104  is logically divided into a number of sub-sections  1116 , each sub-section  1116  corresponding to a particular switch module and a particular rotator. A third section  1106 , called a receiving section, is used for storing data segments directly destined for data sinks. 
         [0090]      FIG. 12  illustrates a route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing an intermediate switch module  522 E 2  and two rotators  520 X 2  and  520 YE in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 . Each switch module has a shared memory logically organized in a common shipping section  1202  and a common receiving section  1206 :  1202 B 2 ,  1206 B 2  in switch module  522 B 2 ;  1202 E 2 ,  1226 E 2  in switch module  522 E 2 ; and  1202 E 4 ,  1206 E 4  in switch module  522 E 4 . Transit data received at intermediate switch module  522 E 2 , from source switch module  522 B 2  through the first rotator  520 X 2 , is placed in the common shipping section  1202 E 2  of the intermediate switch module  522 E 2 . The transit data is sent by the intermediate switch module  522 E 2  to the destination switch module  522 E 4  whenever a path through the second rotator  520 YE becomes available. Thus, a connection along the route uses two decoupled temporally-independent paths because the transit data can wait in the intermediate switch module  522 E 2  for an arbitrary period of time. The use of decoupled paths significantly simplifies connection scheduling. However, this results in unpredictable queueing delay variation which may require buffering data at the destination switch module for a large period of time to collate data units belonging to a common data stream. 
         [0091]      FIG. 13  illustrates a route from a source switch module  522 B 2  to a destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing two intermediate switch modules  522 D 2 ,  522 D 4  and three rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YD, and  520 X 4  in a two-dimensional circulating switch  500 . Each switch module has a shared memory logically organized in a common shipping section  1302  and a common receiving section  1306 :  1302 B 2 ,  1306 B 2  in switch module  522 B 2 ;  1302 D 2 ,  1326 D 2  in switch module  522 D 2 ;  1302 D 4 ,  1306 D 4  in switch module  522 D 4 ; and  1302 E 4 ,  1306 E 4  in switch module  522 E 4 . Data sent along the route is held at the shipping sections  1302 D 2  and  1302 D 4  of the first and second intermediate switch modules, respectively, and forwarded whenever paths through the second and third rotators  520 YD and  520 X 4  are available. Thus, a connection from a source switch module  522 B 2  to a destination switch module  522 E 4  uses three decoupled temporally-independent paths. 
         [0092]      FIG. 14  illustrates a route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing an intermediate switch module  522 E 2  and two rotators  520 X 2  and  520 YE in a two-dimensional circulating switch  500 . Unlike the example of  FIG. 12 , each switch module  522  is organized into three sections, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , including a shipping section  1402 , a transit section  1404 , and a receiving section  1406 , with corresponding indices B 2 , E 2 , and E 4  and each transit section  1404  is divided into sections  1416 . The paths between successive switch modules  522  are temporally coupled, thus requiring a first-order vacancy-matching process. A data segment in transit at an intermediate switch module  522 E 2  is held in a corresponding sub-section  1416  in the transit section  1404 E 2 . When a sub-section  1416  is reserved, a subsequent data segment of the same data stream (directed to destination switch module  522 E 4 ) may wait at its source switch module. Thus, successive data segments of the same data stream experience the same systematic transit delay which is determined solely by the route selected and is independent of traffic conditions. 
         [0093]      FIG. 15  illustrates a route from a source switch module  522 B 2  to a destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing two intermediate switch modules,  522 D 2 ,  522 D 4  and three rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YD, and  520 X 4 , in a two-dimensional circulating switch  500  ( FIG. 5 ), where each switch module is of the type illustrated in  FIG. 11 . Each switch module  522  is organized into three sections including a shipping section  1502 , a transit section  1504 , and a receiving section  1506 , with corresponding indices B 2 , D 2 , D 4 , and E 4  and each transit section  1504  is divided into sections each for holding at least one data segment. The traversed paths are temporally coupled. A data segment transmitted along the route is read from the shipping section  1502 B 2  of switch module  522 B 2 , written in a transit section in switch module  522 D 2 , then in a transit section in switch module  522 D 4 , then in the receiving section  1506 E 4  of destination switch module  522 E 4 . A data segment written in a transit section of a switch module is read within a rotation cycle and, hence, the two paths traversing rotators  520 X 2  and  520 YD are temporally coupled. 
         [0094]    A reference phase of a rotator may be defined by the output port to which input port 0 is connected at the start of a rotation cycle. The rotators  520  in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  may have different rotation reference phases. However, hereinafter, all clockwise rotators  520 Xj, j=0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, are considered to have the same reference phase, i.e., they all rotate in step connecting likewise numbered inlets to likewise numbered outlets during a given rotation phase of the rotation cycle. Similarly, all counterclockwise rotators  520 Yj, j=0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, have the same reference phase, all clockwise rotators  520 XA,  520 XB,  520 XC,  520 XD, and  520 XE rotate in step and all counterclockwise rotators  520 YA,  520 YB,  520 YC,  520 YD, and  520 YE rotate in step. With identical switch modules  522 , all primary one-dimensional circulating switches  532  are identical and all “secondary” one-dimensional circulating switches  534  are identical. Thus, it suffices to use only four spatial-temporal patterns for the entire two-dimensional switch  500 . It is noted that the number of spatial-temporal patterns depends on the number of rotators per rotor. For example, if all rotors are identical and each rotor uses four rotators where any two rotators have either different rotation directions or different reference phases, the number of rotation patterns would be sixteen. 
         [0095]      FIG. 16  illustrates four connectivity tables  1610 ,  1611 ,  1620 , and  1621  used in defining paths between switch modules in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5  which uses two rotators of opposite rotation direction for each one-dimensional circulating switch  532  or  534 . Each connectivity table indicates a switch module to which each switch module  522  connects through a selected rotator  520  during a particular rotation phase. A cyclic-time row  1612  indicates a cyclic time, t, 0≦t&lt;4, over three rotation cycles and an absolute time row  1614  indicates an absolute time, T. A first source switch module-identity column  1630  references five switch modules ( 522 Aj,  522 Bj,  522 Cj,  522 Dj,  522 Ej) as Aj to Ej associated with rotators  520 Xj and  520 Yj (that is, belonging to one-dimensional primary circulating switch  532 - j ), where j=0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. Likewise, a second source switch module-identity column  1640  references five switch modules ( 522   k   0 ,  522   k   1 ,  522   k   2 ,  522   k   3 ,  522   k   4 ) as k 0  to k 4  for rotator  520 Xk and  520 Yk (that is, belonging to one-dimensional secondary circulating switch  534 - k ), where k is any of indices {A, B, C, D, E}. 
         [0096]    The four connectivity tables  1610 ,  1611 ,  1620 ,  1621 , respectively indicate the connectivity of each switch-module pair within: a primary one-dimension circulating switch  532  through a clockwise rotator; a primary one-dimension circulating switch  532  through a counterclockwise rotator; a secondary one-dimension circulating switch  534  through a clockwise rotator; and a secondary one-dimension circulating switch  534  through a counterclockwise rotator. 
         [0097]    A source switch module  522  belonging to primary one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - j  and listed in the module-identity column  1630  connects to destination switch modules, in one-dimensional circulating switch  532 - j , identified in the first connectivity table  1610  during successive rotation phases through rotator  520 Xj, and to destination switch modules, in one-dimensional circulating switch  532   j , identified in the second connectivity table  1611  during successive rotation phases through rotator  520 Yj, where the index j, 0≦j&lt;4, identifies a primary one-dimensional circulating switch  532 . 
         [0098]    A source switch module  522  belonging to secondary one-dimensional circulating switch  534 - k  and listed in the module-identity column  1640  connects to destination switch modules, in one-dimensional circulating switch  534 - k , identified in the third connectivity table  1620  during successive rotation phases through rotator  520 Xk, and to destination switch modules, in one-dimensional circulating switch  534 - k , identified in the fourth connectivity table  1621  during successive rotation phases through rotator  520 Yk, where the index k denotes any of the indices {A, B, C, D, E} identifying the secondary one-dimensional circulating switches in  FIG. 5 . 
         [0099]    Consider that it is desired to transfer data segments from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through a path traversing clockwise rotator  520 X 2  then clockwise rotator  520 XE for the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 17  illustrates the use of the first connectivity table  1610  and the third connectivity table  1620 . Tables  1610  and  1620  are used when rotators  520 X 2  and  520 XE are selected to connect a switch module  522 A 2 ,  522 B 2 ,  522 C 2 , or  522 D 2  of primary one dimensional circulating switch  532 - 2  to any of switch modules  522 E 0 ,  522 E 1 ,  522 E 3 , or  522 E 4  of secondary one dimensional circulating switch  534 -E. A route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through intermediate switch module  522 E 2  is illustrated. 
         [0100]    In such a case, the first connectivity table  1610  may be used to determine that source switch module  522 B 2  connects to intermediate switch module  522 E 2  through rotator  520 X 2  during rotation phase t=2 (T=2) and the third connectivity table  1620  may be used to determine that intermediate switch module  522 E 2  connects to destination switch module  522 E 4  through rotator  520 XE during rotation phase t=1 (T
   =1, 5, 9, 13, etc.). A systematic transit delay along the indirect route has a value of three rotation phases (5−2).  FIG. 17  also illustrates a reverse route from switch module  522 E 4  to switch module  522 B 2  with a systematic transit delay of one rotation phase. The sum of the systematic transit delays of the forward and reverse routes equals the duration of the rotation cycle (four rotation phases).   
 
         [0102]    Transfer of data segments from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through a path traversing clockwise rotator  520 X 2  then counterclockwise rotator  520 YE is illustrated in  FIG. 18  using the first connectivity table  1610  and the fourth connectivity table  1621 . Tables 1610  and  1621  are used when rotators  520 X 2  and  520 YE are selected to connect a switch module  522 A 2 ,  522 B 2 ,  522 C 2 , or  522 D 2  of primary circulating switch  532 - 2  to any of switch modules  522 E 0 ,  522 E 1 ,  522 E 3 , or  522 E 4  of secondary circulating switch  534 E. A route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through intermediate switch module  522 E 2  is illustrated. 
         [0103]    In such a case, the first connectivity table  1610  may be used to determine that source switch module  522 B 2  connects to intermediate switch module  522 E 2  through rotator  520 X 2  during rotation phase t=2 (T=2) and the fourth connectivity table  1621  may be used to determine that intermediate switch module  522 E 2  connects to destination switch module  522 E 4  through rotator  520 YE during rotation phase t=2 (T=2, 6, 10, 14, etc.). A systematic transit delay along the indirect route has a value of four rotation phases (6−2).  FIG. 18  also illustrates a reverse route from switch module  522 E 4  to switch module  522 B 2  where switching occurs within the same rotation phase (the systematic transit delays illustrated are based on a discipline of writing then reading within a rotation phase). The sum of the systematic transit delays of the forward and reverse routes equals the duration of the rotation cycle (four rotation phases). 
         [0104]      FIG. 19  illustrates transfer data segments from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through a path traversing counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 2  then clockwise rotator  520 XE where the systematic transit delay equals 4 rotation phases.  FIG. 19  also illustrates a reverse route from switch module  522 E 4  to switch module  522 B 2  with systematic transit delays similar to those of  FIG. 18 . 
         [0105]      FIG. 20  illustrates transfer data segments from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  through a path traversing counterclockwise rotator  520 Y 2  then counterclockwise rotator  520 YE where the systematic transit delay equals one rotation phase.  FIG. 20  also illustrates a reverse route from switch module  522 E 4  to switch module  522 B 2  with a systematic transit delay of three rotation phases. 
         [0106]    There are eight intersecting first-order routes from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  that employ one intermediate switch module each, and each of the routes has an associated switching delay:
         522 B 2 - 520 X 2 - 522 E 2 - 520 XE- 522 E 4 ;     522 B 2 - 520 X 2 - 522 E 2 - 520 YE- 522 E 4 ;     522 B 2 - 520 Y 2 - 522 E 2 - 520 XE- 522 E 4 ,     522 B 2 - 520 Y 2 - 522 E 2 - 520 YE- 522 E 4 ;     522 B 2 - 520 XB- 522 B 4 - 520 X 4 - 522 E 4 ;     522 B 2 - 520 XB- 522 B 4 - 520 Y 4 - 522 E 4 ;     522 B 2 - 520 YB- 522 B 4 - 520 X 4 - 522 E 4 ; and     522 B 2 - 520 YB- 522 B 4 - 520 Y 4 - 522 E 4 .       
 
         [0115]    There are also eight intersecting first-order routes from source switch module  522 B 2  to each of the other 15 switch modules that do not have a one-dimensional circulating switch (either primary or secondary) in common with source switch module  522 B 2 . That is, there are 128 routes from source switch module  522 B 2  that use one intermediate switch module each to reach a destination switch module. As there are 25 potential source switch modules,  3200  routes that use one intermediate switch module each to reach a destination switch module may be generated for the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 . Each of the routes is characterized by a corresponding systematic transit delay. A route that uses one intermediate switch module requires a first-order vacancy-matching process and is referenced as a first-order route. 
         [0116]    The first-order routes from a source switch module to a sink switch module may be sorted according to the systematic transit delay to facilitate route-selection. 
         [0117]    As discussed, there are 48 second-order routes, from each source switch module  522  to each other switch module  522  in the configuration of  FIG. 5 , each traversing two intermediate switch modules.  FIG. 21  illustrates a route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing clockwise rotator  520 X 2 , any of counterclockwise rotators  520 Yj, where the index j is any of indices {A, B, C, D, and E}, then clockwise rotator  520 X 4 . A first connectivity table  1610 - 1  ( FIG. 16 ), a fourth connectivity table  1621 , and a first connectivity table  1610 - 2  are used to determined the systematic transit delay associated with the route. 
         [0118]    A source switch module listed in the first module-identity column  1630  connects to destination switch modules identified in connectivity table  1610 - 1  during successive rotation phases through the rotator  520 X 2 . Using switch module  522 A 2  as the first intermediate switch module, a source switch module listed in the source switch module-identity column  1640  connects to switch modules identified in connectivity table  1621  during successive rotation phases through the rotator  520 YA. The second intermediate switch module is now determined as  522 A 4  and a source switch module listed in the source switch module-identity column  1630  in table  1610 - 2  connects to destination switch modules identified in connectivity table  1610 - 2  during successive rotation phases through the rotator  520 X 4 . 
         [0119]    Consider that it is desired to transfer data segments from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  along the route traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YA, and  520 X 4 . In such a case, connectivity table  1610 - 1  may be used to determine that source switch module  522 B 2  connects to the first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  through rotator  520 X 2  during rotation phase t=3. Connectivity table  1621  may be used to determine that the first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  connects to the second intermediate switch module  522 A 4  through rotator  520 YA during rotation phase t=2 (T=2, 6, 10, 14, etc.). Connectivity table  1610 - 2  may be used to determine that the second intermediate switch module  522 A 4  connects to the destination switch module  522 E 4  through rotator  520 X 4  during rotation phase t=3 (T=3, 7, 11, 15, etc.). The transfer of any data segment from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  along the route takes place at T=3 from source switch module  522 B 2  to intermediate switch module  522 A 2 , at T=6 from intermediate switch module  522 A 2  to intermediate switch module  522 A 4 , and at T=7 from intermediate switch module  522 A 4  to destination switch module  522 E 4 , resulting in a systematic transit delay of four rotation phases (7−3). 
         [0120]      FIG. 22  illustrates another second-order route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing counterclockwise rotator  520 YB, any of clockwise rotators  520 Xj, and counterclockwise rotator  520 YE, where the index j is any of indices 0 to 4. A connectivity table  1621 - 1  ( FIG. 16 ), a connectivity table  1610 , and a connectivity table  1621 - 2  may be used to determine the systematic transit delay of the route. Using switch module  522 B 0  as the first intermediate switch module, a source switch module listed in the source switch module-identity column  1640  connects to switch modules identified in the connectivity matrix  1621  during successive rotation phases through the rotator  520 YB. The second intermediate switch module is now determined as  522 E 0  and a source switch module listed in the source switch module-identity column  1640  in connectivity table  1621 - 2  connects to destination switch modules identified in the connectivity table  1621 - 2  during successive rotation phases through the rotator  520 YE. The systematic transit delay along this route is illustrated to equal three rotation phases as indicated in  FIG. 22 . 
         [0121]    The switching delay along seven additional indirect routes that use the same two intermediate switch modules each between source switch module  522 B 2  and destination switch module  522 E 4  may be determined. Additionally, there exist  40  more routes that use two intermediate switch modules between source switch module  522 B 2  and destination switch module  522 E 4 , each characterized by a systematic transit delay. 
         [0122]    Likewise, there are also 48 routes from source switch module  522 B 2  to each of the other 15 switch modules that do not have a one-dimensional circulating switch (either primary or secondary) in common with source switch module  522 B 2 . That is, there are 768 routes from source switch module  522 B 2  that use two intermediate switch modules each to reach a destination switch module. As there are 25 potential source switch modules, there are 19200 routes that use two intermediate switch modules each to reach a destination switch module for the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 . Each of the routes has a corresponding systematic transit delay. 
         [0123]    As was the case with first-order routes that use a single intermediate switch module each to reach a destination switch module, the second-order routes in each second-order route set from a source switch module to a destination switch module may be sorted according to the systematic transit delay in order to facilitate route selection and scheduling. 
         [0124]      FIG. 24  illustrates exemplary rotator connectivity matrices  2410 - 1  and  2410 - 2  for a clockwise rotator  520 Xν and a counterclockwise rotator  520 Yν, respectively, where 0≦ν≦4 for a rotator (clockwise or counterclockwise) associated with a primary one-dimensional circulating switch  532 -ν and ν is any of indices {A,B,C,D,E} for a rotator (clockwise or counterclockwise) associated with a secondary one-dimensional circulating switch  534 -ν. An entry  2412  in connectivity matrix  2410 - 1  contains an identifier of a rotation phase, of a rotation cycle, during which a corresponding source switch module  522 Aν,  522 Bν,  522 Cν,  522 Dν, or  522 Eν is connected to a destination switch module  522 Aν,  522 Bν,  522 Cν,  522 Dν, or  522 Eν through a clockwise rotator  520 Xν. The rotation cycle in the configuration of  FIG. 5  has four rotation phases labeled 0, 1, 2, and 3. Likewise, an entry  2410 - 2  contains an identifier of a rotation phase, within the rotation cycle, during which a corresponding source switch module connects to a corresponding destination switch module through a counterclockwise rotator  520 Yv. An entry  2412  or  2422  marked “x” corresponds to a non-existent path; a switch module does not connect to itself through any rotator. 
         [0125]    If all clockwise rotators have the same reference phase and all counterclockwise rotators have the same reference phase, then only the two connectivity matrices  2410 - 1  and  2410 - 2  would be needed. The clockwise rotators or counterclockwise rotators may, however, be phase-shifted thus requiring additional connectivity matrices  2410 . 
         [0126]    The master controller  540  is provided with a scheduler  2308 , as illustrated in  FIG. 23 . The scheduler  2308  includes a processor  2306  that may be loaded with computer executable instructions for executing methods exemplary of the present invention from a computer readable medium  2310 , which could be a disk, a tape, a chip or a random access memory containing a file downloaded from a remote source. The scheduler  2308  connects to a transmitter  2302  and a receiver  2304  for sending and receiving from switch module  522 E 4 . The master controller  540  may store in a memory (not shown) a connectivity pattern of each rotator of each rotor  520 . 
         [0127]    In operation, the source switch module  522 B 2  receives data streams from subtending data traffic sources and organizes the received data streams into data segments. The destination switch module  522 E 4  may be determined based on a data traffic sink identifier associated with one or more of the data segments formed from the received data streams. 
         [0128]    The source switch module  522 B 2  transmits to the master controller  540  an indication of a requirement to transfer data segments to the destination switch module  522 E 4 , the indication may be called a “connection request” specifying switch module  522 B 2  as a source switch module and switch module  522 E 4  as a destination switch module. At the master controller  540 , the scheduler  2308  receives the connection request and consults a table containing a route set of routes requiring first-order vacancy-matching to select a route from the source switch module  522 B 2  to the destination switch module  522 E 4 . The scheduler  2308  may first, for instance, consult the route set of routes having the least systematic transit delay. 
         [0129]    Having selected a candidate route, for example,  522 B 2 - 520 X 2 - 522 E 2 - 520 XE- 522 E 4 , from the consulted route set, the scheduler  2308  may then determine whether the path between source switch module  522 B 2  and intermediate switch module  522 E 2  traversing rotator  520 X 2  is available. Subsequently, the scheduler  2308  may determine whether the path between intermediate switch module  522 E 2  and destination switch module  522 E 4  traversing rotator  520 XE is available. Such a determination may be made by consulting availability matrices  2510  (to be described below) of paths traversing each of the rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 XE. 
         [0130]    The process of determining availability of paths traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 XE in the rotation phases that correspond to the rotation phases required by the candidate route is termed “first-order temporal matching” or “first-order vacancy matching”. 
         [0131]    Where either one of the paths traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 XE is unavailable, the scheduler  2308  may consult the route set of routes requiring first-order matching to select another candidate route. Having selected another candidate route, for example,  522 B 2 - 520 XB- 522 B 4 - 520 Y 4 - 522 E 4 , from the consulted route set, the scheduler  2308  may then determine the availability of the paths traversing rotators  520 XB,  520 Y 4 . 
         [0132]    Where either one of the paths traversing rotators  520 XB,  520 Y 4  is unavailable, the scheduler  2308  may consult a route set of routes requiring second-order matching to select a second-order route from the source switch module  522 B 2  to the destination switch module  522 E 4 . The scheduler  2308  may select the second-order route of least systematic transit delay. 
         [0133]    Having selected  522 B 2 - 520 X 2 - 522 A 2 - 520 YA- 522 A 4 - 520 X 4 - 522 E 4  from the consulted route set as the candidate route, the scheduler  2308  may then determine the availability of paths traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 XA,  520 X 4 . The process of determining availability of paths traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 XA,  520 X 4  may be termed “second-order temporal matching” or “second-order vacancy matching”. 
         [0134]    Where all three paths traversing rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YA,  520 X 4  are available, the scheduler  2308  may: instruct the source switch module  522 B 2  to transmit the data segments associated with a data sink connected to the destination switch module  522 E 4  through rotator  522 X 2  to intermediate switch module  522 A 2 ; instruct the first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  to transmit data segments received from the source switch module  522 B 2  through rotator  520 YA to the second intermediate switch module  522 A 4 ; and instruct the second intermediate switch module  522 A 4  to transmit data segments received from the first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  through rotator  520 X 4  to destination switch module  522 E 4 . 
         [0135]    Additionally, the scheduler  2308  may mark each of the availability matrices associated with the rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YA,  520 X 4  so that the planned usage of the rotators  520 X 2 ,  520 YA, and rotator  520 X 4  is recorded. 
         [0136]    Exemplary availability matrix  2510 - 1  for inter-switch-module paths traversing a rotator  520 Xj, or  520 Yj, 0≦j&lt;4, associated with a primary one-dimensional circulating switch, is illustrated in  FIG. 25 . The availability matrix  2510 - 1  provides an indication of availability (“0”) and non-availability (“1”) for paths traversing rotator  520 X 2  for example. Exemplary availability matrix  2510 - 2  for inter-switch-module paths traversing rotator  520 Xk or  520 Yk, where k is any of indices {A, B, C, D, E} is illustrated in  FIG. 25 . The availability matrix  2510 - 2  provides an indication of availability (“0”) and non-availability (“1”) for paths traversing rotator  520 XB, for example. An availability matrix  2510  is needed for each rotator  520  in the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5 . 
         [0137]    In an embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, to successfully find a first-order vacancy match, the scheduler  2308  finds a “0” in the entry corresponding to the desired source switch module and the desired intermediate switch module in the matrix  2510  corresponding to the first desired rotator and also finds a “0” in the entry corresponding to the desired intermediate switch module and the desired destination switch module in the availability matrix  2510  corresponding to the second desired rotator. 
         [0138]    In an embodiment of an aspect of the present invention, to successfully find a second-order vacancy match, the scheduler  2308  finds a “0” in the entry corresponding to the desired source switch module and the desired first intermediate switch module in the availability matrix  2510  corresponding to the first desired rotator, finds a “0” in the entry corresponding to the desired first intermediate switch module and the desired second intermediate switch module in the availability matrix  2510  corresponding to the second desired rotator and also finds a “0” in the entry corresponding to the desired second intermediate switch module and the desired destination switch module in the availability matrix  2510  corresponding to the third desired rotator. 
       Fine Granularity 
       [0139]    Each rotation phase may be divided into an integer number of time slots each time slot having a sufficient duration to accommodate a data segment. Thus, during a rotation phase, multiple data segments which may have different destination switch modules may be transferred from a switch module to another. 
         [0140]    It may be desirable to use a scheduling cycle that covers an integer number of rotation cycles. As such, a scheduling time frame may be defined with a duration equivalent to an integer multiple of the time taken for one rotation cycle. 
         [0141]    The scheduling time frame may be used in a method of scheduling a connection of a specified flow rate in a two-dimensional circulating switch, steps of which are illustrated in  FIG. 26 .  FIG. 26  illustrates a route-selection and scheduling process for a connection from a source switch module  522  to a destination switch module  522  where the source and destination switch modules belong to different primary circulating switches  532  and different secondary circulating switches  534 . When the source switch module and the destination switch module belong to a common one-dimensional circulating switch (primary or secondary), the connection is preferably established within the common one-dimensional circulating switch according to a process described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557. 
         [0142]    In particular, the scheduler  2308  may receive a connection request (step  2602 ) from a switch module, where the connection request specifies a source switch module, a destination switch module and a requested flow rate. A flow-rate unit may be defined as the size of one data segment divided by the period of a rotation cycle. Recall that a rotation cycle includes a number of rotation phases equal to the number of switch modules minus one, and a rotation phase may include multiple time slots. By dividing the requested flow rate by the flow-rate unit, the scheduler  2308  may determine (step  2604 ) a required number of time slots (Γ) in a scheduling time frame necessary to accommodate the connection request. 
         [0143]    The scheduler  2308 , as a first step in determining a total number of allocable time slots (Q), may initialize Q to zero (step  2606 ). The scheduler  2308  may then determine a first allocable number (q1) of time slots by performing first-order vacancy matching (step  2610 ). First-order vacancy matching is expanded upon in  FIG. 27 . The scheduler  2308  may then add the first allocable number of time slots to the total number of allocable time slots (step  2612 ). 
         [0144]    The total number of allocable time slots may then be compared (step  2614 ), by the scheduler  2308 , to the required number of time slots. Where the required number of time slots exceeds the total number of allocable time slots, the scheduler  2308  may determine a second allocable number (q2) of time slots by performing second-order vacancy matching (step  2616 ). Second-order vacancy matching is expanded upon in  FIG. 28 . The scheduler  2308  may then add the second allocable number of time slots to the total number of allocable time slots (step  2618 ). 
         [0145]    The total number of allocable time slots may again be compared (step  2614 ), by the scheduler  2308 , to the required number Γ of time slots. Where the total number Q of allocable time slots reaches the required number Γ of time slots, the scheduler  2308  may allocate the required number of allocable time slots to satisfy the connection request (step  2620 ). According to the allocation, the scheduler  2308  may update the availability matrices of each of the rotators affected by the allocation (step  2622 ) and send instructions to the affected source switch module and intermediate switch modules (step  2624 ), where the instructions indicate an identifier of a subsequent switch module. As described earlier, each switch module  522  has a module controller (not illustrated) which stores a rotator-connectivity matrix  2410  corresponding to each rotator  520  with which the switch module is associated. The instructions, perhaps combined with instructions related to satisfying other connection requests, may be considered to form a “schedule” of operation for each switch module  522 . 
         [0146]    In the configuration illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the scheduler  2308  may send a schedule to each of the affected source switch modules and intermediate switch modules (e.g., source switch module  522 B 2 , first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  and second intermediate switch module  522 A 4 ) via the switch module  522 E 4  to which the master controller  540  is connected. From the perspective of the switch module  522 E 4  to which the master controller  540  is connected, the master controller  540  may appear to be a data source and the schedules may appear to be data segments with specific destinations (e.g., source switch module  522 B 2 , first intermediate switch module  522 A 2  and second intermediate switch module  522 A 4 ). 
         [0147]      FIG. 27  illustrates steps in a first-order vacancy matching process (step  2610 ). The scheduler  2308  begins the process by initializing the first number of allocable time slots (step  2702 ). The scheduler  2308  may then select a first-order route from the first-order route set (step  2704 ), perhaps according to a pre-determined policy based on the systematic transit delay value associated with each first-order route in the first-order route set. A first-order vacancy match is then sought (step  2707 ) by the scheduler  2308  for the first rotator and the second rotator specified in the selected route. Where it is determined (step  2708 ) that a first-order vacancy match has been found, the first number of allocable time slots is increased (step  2710 ) and it is determined (step  2712 ) whether all routes in the selected route set have been considered. Where it is determined (step  2708 ) that a first-order vacancy match has not been found, the determination (step  2712 ) of whether all routes in the selected route set have been considered is made without increasing the first number of allocable time slots. 
         [0148]    Where it is determined that all routes in the first-order route set have been considered, the process is considered complete and the first number of allocable time slots is returned to the scheduling method of  FIG. 26 . However, where it is determined that all routes in the first-order route set have not been considered, another route is selected (step  2704 ) and a first-order vacancy match is once again sought (step  2707 ). 
         [0149]      FIG. 28  illustrates steps in a second-order vacancy matching process (step  2616 ). The scheduler  2308  begins the process by initializing the second number of allocable time slots (step  2802 ). The scheduler  2308  may then select a second-order route from the second-order route set (step  2804 ), perhaps according to a pre-determined policy based on the systematic transit delay value associated with each second-order route in the second-order route set. A second-order vacancy match is then sought (step  2807 ) by the scheduler  2308  for the first rotator, the second rotator and the third rotator specified in the selected route. Where it is determined (step  2808 ) that a second-order vacancy match has been found, the second number of allocable time slots is increased (step  2810 ) and it is determined (step  2812 ) whether all routes in the selected route set have been considered. Where it is determined (step  2808 ) that a second-order vacancy match has not been found, the determination (step  2812 ) of whether all routes in the second-order route set have been considered is made without increasing the second number of allocable time slots. 
         [0150]    Where it is determined that all routes in the second-order route set have been considered, the process is considered complete and the second number of allocable time slots is returned to the scheduling process of  FIG. 26 . However, where it is determined that all routes in the selected route set have not been considered, another second-order route is selected from the second-order route set (step  2804 ) and a second-order vacancy match is once again sought (step  2807 ). If the total number of allocable time slots is greater than zero but less than the required number of time slots (F) per scheduling time frame, the scheduler  2308  may admit or reject the connection request according to a preset criterion. 
         [0151]    Advantageously, the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  of  FIG. 5  may be considered robust in that the two-dimensional circulating switch  500  may continue to function under partial component failure. For instance, where the route from source switch module  522 B 2  to destination switch module  522 E 4  over the route that includes path-set  801  and path-set  802  ( FIG. 8 ) is in use by the source switch module  522 B 2  and the intermediate switch module  522 E 2  fails, an alternate first-order matching route may be available over path  803  and path  804 . Additionally, as many as  48  alternate second-order matching routes may be available to connect the source switch module  522 B 2  to the destination switch module  522 E 4 . 
         [0152]    Further advantageously, the capacity of the two-dimensional circulating switch may be expanded without service interruption. Entire new one-dimensional circulating switches may be added to expand the capacity of a given two-dimensional circulating switch. 
         [0153]    Still further, the two-dimensional circulating switch may be adapted to handle many different services, including those services characterized by packets, bursts, Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) frames, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) frames, channels, etc. Such adaptation may be accomplished by appropriately configuring the switch modules  522 . 
         [0154]    It should be noted that a one-dimensional circulating switch may be defined by only a single rotator, but that the number of rotators defining a one-dimensional circulating switch is limited only by the capacity of each switch module as described in Applicant&#39;s U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/780,557 referenced above. 
         [0155]    The capacity of a two-dimensional circulating switch may be expanded to several Petabits per second. For example, using one-dimensional circulating switches each having 512 switch modules, and with each one dimensional circulating switch, primary or secondary, using four rotators of dimension 512×512 each, the total number of switch modules would be 262144. With switch module having 11 dual ports, including three access dual ports (a dual port includes an input port and an output port) interfacing with traffic sources and sinks, four inner dual ports interfacing with four rotators of a primary one-dimensional circulating switch, and four inner ports interfacing with four rotators of a secondary one-dimensional circulating switch, the total number of dual access ports would be 786432. With a port capacity of 10 Gb/s in each direction (10 Gb/s input and 10 Gb/s output), the total access capacity (the throughput) of the two-dimensional circulating switch would be 7.86 Petabits per second. 
         [0156]    Other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art and, therefore, the invention is defined in the claims.